text: Activision Blizzard CEO Bobby Kotick has criticized PS3's high development costs and inferior attach rate and return to that of Xbox 360 and Wii. He believes these factors are pushing developers away from working on the console. In an interview with The Times Kotick stated "I'm getting concerned about Sony; the PlayStation 3 is losing a bit of momentum and they don't make it easy for me to support the platform." He continued, "It's expensive to develop for the console, and the Wii and the Xbox are just selling better. Games generate a better return on invested capital (ROIC) on the Xbox than on the PlayStation." Kotick also claimed that Activision Blizzard may stop supporting the system if the situation is not addressed. "[Sony has] to cut the [PS3's retail] price, because if they don't, the attach rates are likely to slow. If we are being realistic, we might have to stop supporting Sony." Kotick received heavy criticism for the statement, notably from developer Bioware who questioned the wisdom of the threatened move, and referred to the statement as "silly."

title: PlayStation_3

title: PlayStation_3

text: Activision

text: Blizzard

text: CEO

text: Bobby

text: Kotick

text: has

text: criticized

text: 's

text: high

text: development

text: costs

text: and

text: inferior

text: attach

text: rate

text: and

text: return

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: Xbox

text: and

text: Wii

text: He

text: believes

text: these

text: factors

text: are

text: pushing

text: developers

text: away

text: from

text: working

text: on

text: the

text: console

text: In

text: an

text: interview

text: with

text: The

text: Times

text: Kotick

text: stated

text: I

text: 'm

text: getting

text: concerned

text: about

text: Sony

text: the

text: PlayStation

text: is

text: losing

text: a

text: bit

text: of

text: momentum

text: and

text: they

text: do

text: n't

text: make

text: it

text: easy

text: for

text: me

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: platform

text: He

text: continued

text: It

text: 's

text: expensive

text: to

text: develop

text: for

text: the

text: console

text: and

text: the

text: Wii

text: and

text: the

text: Xbox

text: are

text: just

text: selling

text: better

text: Games

text: generate

text: a

text: better

text: return

text: on

text: invested

text: capital

text: ROIC

text: on

text: the

text: Xbox

text: than

text: on

text: the

text: PlayStation

text: Kotick

text: also

text: claimed

text: that

text: Activision

text: Blizzard

text: may

text: stop

text: supporting

text: the

text: system

text: if

text: the

text: situation

text: is

text: not

text: addressed

text: Sony

text: has

text: to

text: cut

text: the

text: 's

text: retail

text: price

text: because

text: if

text: they

text: do

text: n't

text: the

text: attach

text: rates

text: are

text: likely

text: to

text: slow

text: If

text: we

text: are

text: being

text: realistic

text: we

text: might

text: have

text: to

text: stop

text: supporting

text: Sony

text: Kotick

text: received

text: heavy

text: criticism

text: for

text: the

text: statement

text: notably

text: from

text: developer

text: Bioware

text: who

text: questioned

text: the

text: wisdom

text: of

text: the

text: threatened

text: move

text: and

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: statement

text: as

text: silly

question: What group does Bobby Kotick think is being discouraged from working on the PS3?

answer: developers

text: developers

question: What does "ROIC" stand for?

answer: return on invested capital

text: return on invested capital

question: What company is Kotick the CEO of?

answer: Activision Blizzard

text: Activision Blizzard

question: What newspaper reported Kotick's concerns and his threat to stop supporting the PlayStation platform?

answer: The Times

text: The Times

question: What game development company completely disagreed with Kotick's statements in The Times interview?

answer: Bioware

text: Bioware

question: What group does Bobby Kotick think is being encouraged from working on the PS3?

text: developers

question: What does "RIOC" stand for?

text: return on invested capital

question: What company is Kotick the CFO of?

text: Activision Blizzard

question: What newspaper reported Kotick's concerns and his threat to keep supporting the PlayStation platform?

text: The Times

question: What game development company completely agreed with Kotick's statements in The Times interview?

text: Bioware


text: Richmond has several historic churches. Because of its early English colonial history from the early 17th century to 1776, Richmond has a number of prominent Anglican/Episcopal churches including Monumental Church, St. Paul's Episcopal Church and St. John's Episcopal Church. Methodists and Baptists made up another section of early churches, and First Baptist Church of Richmond was the first of these, established in 1780. In the Reformed church tradition, the first Presbyterian Church in the City of Richmond was First Presbyterian Church, organized on June 18, 1812. On February 5, 1845, Second Presbyterian Church of Richmond was founded, which was a historic church where Stonewall Jackson attended and was the first Gothic building and the first gas-lit church to be built in Richmond. St. Peter's Church was dedicated and became the first Catholic church in Richmond on May 25, 1834. The city is also home to the historic Cathedral of the Sacred Heart which is the motherchurch for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Richmond.

title: Richmond,_Virginia

title: Richmond,_Virginia

text: Richmond

text: has

text: several

text: historic

text: churches

text: Because

text: of

text: its

text: early

text: English

text: colonial

text: history

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: to

text: Richmond

text: has

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: prominent

text: Anglican

text: Episcopal

text: churches

text: including

text: Monumental

text: Church

text: St.

text: Paul

text: 's

text: Episcopal

text: Church

text: and

text: St.

text: John

text: 's

text: Episcopal

text: Church

text: Methodists

text: and

text: Baptists

text: made

text: up

text: another

text: section

text: of

text: early

text: churches

text: and

text: First

text: Baptist

text: Church

text: of

text: Richmond

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: these

text: established

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: Reformed

text: church

text: tradition

text: the

text: first

text: Presbyterian

text: Church

text: in

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Richmond

text: was

text: First

text: Presbyterian

text: Church

text: organized

text: on

text: June

text: On

text: February

text: Second

text: Presbyterian

text: Church

text: of

text: Richmond

text: was

text: founded

text: which

text: was

text: a

text: historic

text: church

text: where

text: Stonewall

text: Jackson

text: attended

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: Gothic

text: building

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: gas

text: lit

text: church

text: to

text: be

text: built

text: in

text: Richmond

text: St.

text: Peter

text: 's

text: Church

text: was

text: dedicated

text: and

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: Catholic

text: church

text: in

text: Richmond

text: on

text: May

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: historic

text: Cathedral

text: of

text: the

text: Sacred

text: Heart

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: motherchurch

text: for

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Diocese

text: of

text: Richmond

question: What is the oldest Presbyterian church in Richmond?

answer: First Presbyterian Church

text: First Presbyterian Church

question: Who was a notable congregant at Second Presbyterian Church?

answer: Stonewall Jackson

text: Stonewall Jackson

question: What architectural style was Second Presbyterian Church built in?

answer: Gothic

text: Gothic

question: On what date did the oldest Catholic church open in Richmond?

answer: May 25, 1834

text: May 25, 1834

question: In what year was Richmond's First Baptist Church founded?

answer: 1780


text: Strasbourg's historic city centre, the Grande Île (Grand Island), was classified a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988, the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre. Strasbourg is immersed in the Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history, has been a bridge of unity between France and Germany for centuries, especially through the University of Strasbourg, currently the second largest in France, and the coexistence of Catholic and Protestant culture. The largest Islamic place of worship in France, the Strasbourg Grand Mosque, was inaugurated by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls on 27 September 2012.

title: Strasbourg

title: Strasbourg

text: Strasbourg

text: 's

text: historic

text: city

text: centre

text: the

text: Grande

text: Île

text: Grand

text: Island

text: was

text: classified

text: a

text: World

text: Heritage

text: site

text: by

text: UNESCO

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: such

text: an

text: honour

text: was

text: placed

text: on

text: an

text: entire

text: city

text: centre

text: Strasbourg

text: is

text: immersed

text: in

text: the

text: Franco

text: German

text: culture

text: and

text: although

text: violently

text: disputed

text: throughout

text: history

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: bridge

text: of

text: unity

text: between

text: France

text: and

text: Germany

text: for

text: centuries

text: especially

text: through

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Strasbourg

text: currently

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: coexistence

text: of

text: Catholic

text: and

text: Protestant

text: culture

text: The

text: largest

text: Islamic

text: place

text: of

text: worship

text: in

text: France

text: the

text: Strasbourg

text: Grand

text: Mosque

text: was

text: inaugurated

text: by

text: French

text: Interior

text: Minister

text: Manuel

text: Valls

text: on

text: September

question: What year was Grande Ile classified as a World Heritage site?

answer: 1988

question: What is the culture in Strasbourg?

answer: Franco-German

text: Franco-German

question: What is the largest Islamic place of worship in France?

answer: Strasbourg Grand Mosque

text: Strasbourg Grand Mosque

question: When was the Strasbourg Grand Mosque inaugurated?

answer: 27 September 2012

text: 27 September 2012

question: What is the second largest university in France?

answer: University of Strasbourg

text: University of Strasbourg

question: In what year was University of Strasbourg established?

question: What is the largest university in France?

text: University of Strasbourg

question: In what year did Manuel Valls become the French Interior Minister?

question: Besides Catholics and Protestants who else attends the University of Strasbourg?

text: Islamic

question: When did the first Islamic people start living in Strasbourg?


text: Epic poetry, notably the "acritic songs", flourished during Middle Ages. Two chronicles, one written by Leontios Machairas and the other by Georgios Voustronios, cover the entire Middle Ages until the end of Frankish rule (4th century–1489). Poèmes d'amour written in medieval Greek Cypriot date back from the 16th century. Some of them are actual translations of poems written by Petrarch, Bembo, Ariosto and G. Sannazzaro. Many Cypriot scholars fled Cyprus at troubled times such as Ioannis Kigalas (c. 1622–1687) who migrated from Cyprus to Italy in the 17th century, several of his works have survived in books of other scholars.

title: Cyprus

title: Cyprus

text: Epic

text: poetry

text: notably

text: the

text: acritic

text: songs

text: flourished

text: during

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Two

text: chronicles

text: one

text: written

text: by

text: Leontios

text: Machairas

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: by

text: Georgios

text: Voustronios

text: cover

text: the

text: entire

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: Frankish

text: rule

text: Poèmes

text: d'amour

text: written

text: in

text: medieval

text: Greek

text: Cypriot

text: date

text: back

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: Some

text: of

text: them

text: are

text: actual

text: translations

text: of

text: poems

text: written

text: by

text: Petrarch

text: Bembo

text: Ariosto

text: and

text: G.

text: Sannazzaro

text: Many

text: Cypriot

text: scholars

text: fled

text: Cyprus

text: at

text: troubled

text: times

text: such

text: as

text: Ioannis

text: Kigalas

text: c.

text: who

text: migrated

text: from

text: Cyprus

text: to

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: several

text: of

text: his

text: works

text: have

text: survived

text: in

text: books

text: of

text: other

text: scholars

question: What type of artistic form flourished at the time of the Middle Ages?

answer: Epic poetry

text: Epic poetry

question: What was the time period of Frankish rule?

answer: 4th century–1489

text: 4th century–1489

question: Who is one of the scholars that fled Cyprus during troubled times?

answer: Ioannis Kigalas

text: Ioannis Kigalas

question: Where did scholar Ioannis Kigalas flee to in the 17th century?

answer: Italy

text: Italy


text: Another example is the practice of compulsory licensing, which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works, such as compilations and live performances of music. Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works, no infringement occurs as long as a royalty, at a rate determined by law rather than private negotiation, is paid to the copyright owner or representative copyright collective. Some fair dealing laws, such as Canada's, include similar royalty requirements.

title: Copyright_infringement

title: Copyright_infringement

text: Another

text: example

text: is

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: compulsory

text: licensing

text: which

text: is

text: where

text: the

text: law

text: forbids

text: copyright

text: owners

text: from

text: denying

text: a

text: license

text: for

text: certain

text: uses

text: of

text: certain

text: kinds

text: of

text: works

text: such

text: as

text: compilations

text: and

text: live

text: performances

text: of

text: music

text: Compulsory

text: licensing

text: laws

text: generally

text: say

text: that

text: for

text: certain

text: uses

text: of

text: certain

text: works

text: no

text: infringement

text: occurs

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: a

text: royalty

text: at

text: a

text: rate

text: determined

text: by

text: law

text: rather

text: than

text: private

text: negotiation

text: is

text: paid

text: to

text: the

text: copyright

text: owner

text: or

text: representative

text: copyright

text: collective

text: Some

text: fair

text: dealing

text: laws

text: such

text: as

text: Canada

text: 's

text: include

text: similar

text: royalty

text: requirements

question: What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?

answer: compulsory licensing

text: compulsory licensing

question: What are two examples of this licensing?

answer: compilations and live performances of music

text: compilations and live performances of music

question: What happens if a royalty is paid to the copyright owner or representative?

answer: no infringement occurs

text: no infringement occurs

question: What country has fair dealing laws?

answer: Canada

text: Canada

question: What is it called when a law allows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?

text: compulsory licensing

question: What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from accepting a license for certain uses?

text: compulsory licensing

question: What aren't two examples of this licensing?

question: What happens if a royalty isn't paid to the copyright owner or representative?

text: no infringement occurs

question: What country has no fair dealing laws?

text: Canada


text: PAL, SECAM and NTSC frame rates technically apply only to analogue standard definition television, not to digital or high definition broadcasts. However, with the roll out of digital broadcasting, and later HDTV broadcasting, countries retained their heritage systems. HDTV in former PAL and SECAM countries operates at a frame rate of 25/50 Hz, while HDTV in former NTSC countries operates at 30/60 Hz.

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: PAL

text: SECAM

text: and

text: NTSC

text: frame

text: rates

text: technically

text: apply

text: only

text: to

text: analogue

text: standard

text: definition

text: television

text: not

text: to

text: digital

text: or

text: high

text: definition

text: broadcasts

text: However

text: with

text: the

text: roll

text: out

text: of

text: digital

text: broadcasting

text: and

text: later

text: HDTV

text: broadcasting

text: countries

text: retained

text: their

text: heritage

text: systems

text: HDTV

text: in

text: former

text: PAL

text: and

text: SECAM

text: countries

text: operates

text: at

text: a

text: frame

text: rate

text: of

text: Hz

text: while

text: HDTV

text: in

text: former

text: NTSC

text: countries

text: operates

text: at

text: Hz

question: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates apply to what definition televisions?

answer: analogue standard

text: analogue standard

question: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates do not apply to what broadcasts?

answer: digital or high definition

text: digital or high definition

question: In former PAL and SECAM countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?

answer: 25/50 Hz

text: 25/50 Hz

question: In former NTSC countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?

answer: 30/60 Hz

text: 30/60 Hz

question: PEL, CAM, and ETSC frame rates apply to what definition televisions?

text: analogue standard

question: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates do apply to what broadcasts?

text: digital or high definition broadcasts

question: In former PAL and SECAM countries, what frame rate does SDTV operate at?

text: 25/50 Hz

question: In former NTSC countries, what frame rate does SDTV operate at?

text: 30/60 Hz


text: One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States, and the organization has funded "Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations to produce white papers on ideas for changing the current system of federal financial aid for college students, with a goal of increasing graduation rates. One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster, but that idea has received some pushback from organizations of universities and colleges.

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: foundation

text: 's

text: goals

text: is

text: to

text: lower

text: poverty

text: by

text: increasing

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: college

text: graduates

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: organization

text: has

text: funded

text: Reimagining

text: Aid

text: Design

text: and

text: Delivery

text: grants

text: to

text: think

text: tanks

text: and

text: advocacy

text: organizations

text: to

text: produce

text: white

text: papers

text: on

text: ideas

text: for

text: changing

text: the

text: current

text: system

text: of

text: federal

text: financial

text: aid

text: for

text: college

text: students

text: with

text: a

text: goal

text: of

text: increasing

text: graduation

text: rates

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: ways

text: the

text: foundation

text: has

text: sought

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: college

text: graduates

text: is

text: to

text: get

text: them

text: through

text: college

text: faster

text: but

text: that

text: idea

text: has

text: received

text: some

text: pushback

text: from

text: organizations

text: of

text: universities

text: and

text: colleges

question: What is 1 foundation goal

answer: One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States

text: One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States

question: One way to increase college graduation by the foundation is

answer: One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster

text: One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster

question: how did they work on college financing

answer: Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations

text: Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations

question: What has the United States tried to do to increase the number of college graduates?

text: get them through college faster

question: What is the goal of think tanks to lower poverty in the United States?

question: What groups will produce grants for changing the financial aid system?

text: think tanks and advocacy organizations

question: What did the foundation fund to change the poverty rate?

question: What does the foundation want to lower by changing financial aid?

text: poverty


text: During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation. There also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Church's direction, some chose to stay and try to make constructive changes from within the Anglican Church. They became known as "Puritans" and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as the Separatists.

title: Baptists

title: Baptists

text: During

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: Anglicans

text: separated

text: from

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: There

text: were

text: some

text: Christians

text: who

text: were

text: not

text: content

text: with

text: the

text: achievements

text: of

text: the

text: mainstream

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: There

text: also

text: were

text: Christians

text: who

text: were

text: disappointed

text: that

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: had

text: not

text: made

text: corrections

text: of

text: what

text: some

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: errors

text: and

text: abuses

text: Of

text: those

text: most

text: critical

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: 's

text: direction

text: some

text: chose

text: to

text: stay

text: and

text: try

text: to

text: make

text: constructive

text: changes

text: from

text: within

text: the

text: Anglican

text: Church

text: They

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: Puritans

text: and

text: are

text: described

text: by

text: Gourley

text: as

text: cousins

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: Separatists

text: Others

text: decided

text: they

text: must

text: leave

text: the

text: Church

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: dissatisfaction

text: and

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Separatists

question: When did the Church of England separate from the Roman Catholic Church?

answer: During the Protestant Reformation

text: During the Protestant Reformation

question: Who separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?

answer: the Church of England

text: the Church of England

question: During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from who?

answer: the Roman Catholic Church

text: the Roman Catholic Church

question: Puritans are described by Gourley as what?

answer: cousins of the English Separatists

text: cousins of the English Separatists

question: Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as what?

answer: Separatists

text: Separatists

question: When did the Church of England merge with the Roman Catholic Church?

text: During the Protestant Reformation

question: Who merged with the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?

text: the Church of England

question: Who was described by Gourley as brothers of the English Separatists?

text: Puritans

question: Which group was never disappointed in the Church of England?

text: Christians


text: Santa Monica is one of the most environmentally activist municipalities in the nation. The city first proposed its Sustainable City Plan in 1992 and in 1994, was one of the first cities in the nation to formally adopt a comprehensive sustainability plan, setting waste reduction and water conservation policies for both public and private sector through its Office of Sustainability and the Environment. Eighty-two percent of the city's public works vehicles now run on alternative fuels, including nearly 100% of the municipal bus system, making it among the largest such fleets in the country. Santa Monica fleet vehicles and Buses now source their natural gas from Redeem, a Southern California-based supplier of renewable and sustainable natural gas obtained from non-fracked methane biogas generated from organic landfill waste.

title: Santa_Monica,_California

title: Santa_Monica,_California

text: Santa

text: Monica

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: environmentally

text: activist

text: municipalities

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: The

text: city

text: first

text: proposed

text: its

text: Sustainable

text: City

text: Plan

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: to

text: formally

text: adopt

text: a

text: comprehensive

text: sustainability

text: plan

text: setting

text: waste

text: reduction

text: and

text: water

text: conservation

text: policies

text: for

text: both

text: public

text: and

text: private

text: sector

text: through

text: its

text: Office

text: of

text: Sustainability

text: and

text: the

text: Environment

text: Eighty

text: two

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: public

text: works

text: vehicles

text: now

text: run

text: on

text: alternative

text: fuels

text: including

text: nearly

text: of

text: the

text: municipal

text: bus

text: system

text: making

text: it

text: among

text: the

text: largest

text: such

text: fleets

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Santa

text: Monica

text: fleet

text: vehicles

text: and

text: Buses

text: now

text: source

text: their

text: natural

text: gas

text: from

text: Redeem

text: a

text: Southern

text: California

text: based

text: supplier

text: of

text: renewable

text: and

text: sustainable

text: natural

text: gas

text: obtained

text: from

text: non

text: fracked

text: methane

text: biogas

text: generated

text: from

text: organic

text: landfill

text: waste

question: In what two years were the first Sustainable City Plan's introduced?

answer: 1992 and in 1994

text: 1992 and in 1994

question: Water conservation policies have been adopted by what two sectors?

answer: public and private

text: public and private

question: What percent of the city's public work's vehicles use alternate fuels?

answer: Eighty-two

text: Eighty-two

question: What percent of the bus systems use alternate fuels?

answer: 100%

question: What company provides the city with natural gas?

answer: Redeem

text: Redeem

question: In what year did Santa Monica convert almost 100% of its municipal bus system to alternative fuels?

question: In what year was Redeem founded?

question: In what city is Redeem headquartered?

text: Santa Monica

question: In what city is the organic landwill that Redeem obtains its non-fracked methane biogas?

text: Santa Monica

question: How many city public works vehicles are there in total in Santa Monica?


text: In certain cases compound words and set phrases may be contracted into single characters. Some of these can be considered logograms, where characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes, though these are generally instead considered ligatures or abbreviations (similar to scribal abbreviations, such as & for "et"), and as non-standard. These do see use, particularly in handwriting or decoration, but also in some cases in print. In Chinese, these ligatures are called héwén (合文), héshū (合書) or hétǐzì (合体字), and in the special case of combining two characters, these are known as "two-syllable Chinese characters" (双音节汉字, 雙音節漢字).

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: In

text: certain

text: cases

text: compound

text: words

text: and

text: set

text: phrases

text: may

text: be

text: contracted

text: into

text: single

text: characters

text: Some

text: of

text: these

text: can

text: be

text: considered

text: logograms

text: where

text: characters

text: represent

text: whole

text: words

text: rather

text: than

text: syllable

text: morphemes

text: though

text: these

text: are

text: generally

text: instead

text: considered

text: ligatures

text: or

text: abbreviations

text: similar

text: to

text: scribal

text: abbreviations

text: such

text: as

text: for

text: et

text: and

text: as

text: non

text: standard

text: These

text: do

text: see

text: use

text: particularly

text: in

text: handwriting

text: or

text: decoration

text: but

text: also

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: in

text: print

text: In

text: Chinese

text: these

text: ligatures

text: are

text: called

text: héwén

text: 合文

text: héshū

text: 合書

text: or

text: hétǐzì

text: 合体字

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: special

text: case

text: of

text: combining

text: two

text: characters

text: these

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: two

text: syllable

text: Chinese

text: characters

text: 双音节汉字

text: 雙音節漢字

question: What may be contracted into single characters?

answer: compound words and set phrases

text: compound words and set phrases

question: What can be considered as set phrases?

answer: single characters

text: single characters

question: What are logograms?

answer: characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes

text: characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes


text: In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major conflicts: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974). After the end of the Portuguese Empire in 1975, the Portuguese Armed Forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon. Portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad, as were the cases of the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of Portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: Portugal

text: engaged

text: in

text: two

text: major

text: conflicts

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: and

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: Colonial

text: War

text: After

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: Empire

text: in

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: have

text: participated

text: in

text: peacekeeping

text: missions

text: in

text: East

text: Timor

text: Bosnia

text: Kosovo

text: Afghanistan

text: Somalia

text: Iraq

text: Nasiriyah

text: and

text: Lebanon

text: Portugal

text: also

text: conducted

text: several

text: independent

text: unilateral

text: military

text: operations

text: abroad

text: as

text: were

text: the

text: cases

text: of

text: the

text: interventions

text: of

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: in

text: Angola

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: Guinea

text: Bissau

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: main

text: objectives

text: of

text: protecting

text: and

text: withdrawing

text: of

text: Portuguese

text: and

text: foreign

text: citizens

text: threatened

text: by

text: local

text: civil

text: conflicts

question: In what two major conflicts did Portugal engage in during the 20th century?

answer: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War

text: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War

question: During which years was the Portuguese Colonial War fought?

answer: 1961–1974

question: In what countries have the Portuguese Armed Forces participated in peacekeeping missions?

answer: East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon

text: East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon

question: What are two examples of independent Portuguese unilateral military operations conducted abroad?

answer: Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998

text: Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998


text: In Charleston, the African American population increased as freedmen moved from rural areas to the major city: from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880. Historian Eric Foner noted that blacks were glad to be relieved of the many regulations of slavery and to operate outside of white surveillance. Among other changes, most blacks quickly left the Southern Baptist Church, setting up their own black Baptist congregations or joining new African Methodist Episcopal Church and AME Zion churches, both independent black denominations first established in the North. Freedmen "acquired dogs, guns, and liquor (all barred to them under slavery), and refused to yield the sidewalks to whites".

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

text: In

text: Charleston

text: the

text: African

text: American

text: population

text: increased

text: as

text: freedmen

text: moved

text: from

text: rural

text: areas

text: to

text: the

text: major

text: city

text: from

text: in

text: to

text: over

text: in

text: Historian

text: Eric

text: Foner

text: noted

text: that

text: blacks

text: were

text: glad

text: to

text: be

text: relieved

text: of

text: the

text: many

text: regulations

text: of

text: slavery

text: and

text: to

text: operate

text: outside

text: of

text: white

text: surveillance

text: Among

text: other

text: changes

text: most

text: blacks

text: quickly

text: left

text: the

text: Southern

text: Baptist

text: Church

text: setting

text: up

text: their

text: own

text: black

text: Baptist

text: congregations

text: or

text: joining

text: new

text: African

text: Methodist

text: Episcopal

text: Church

text: and

text: AME

text: Zion

text: churches

text: both

text: independent

text: black

text: denominations

text: first

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Freedmen

text: acquired

text: dogs

text: guns

text: and

text: liquor

text: all

text: barred

text: to

text: them

text: under

text: slavery

text: and

text: refused

text: to

text: yield

text: the

text: sidewalks

text: to

text: whites

question: How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1860?

answer: 17,000

question: How many African American lived in Charleston in 1880?

answer: 27,000

question: Black left which religious denomination is great numbers after slavery?

answer: Southern Baptist Church

text: Southern Baptist Church

question: AME Zion Churches were first established in what part of America?

answer: the North

text: the North

question: What  barred product ,along with dogs and guns ,  did the Freemen want after slavery ended?

answer: liquor

text: liquor

question: How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1870?

question: How many African American lived in Charleston in 1890

question: Black left which religious denomination is low numbers after slavery?

text: Southern Baptist Church

question: AME Zion Churches were last established in what part of America?

text: the North

question: What barred product ,along with dogs and guns , did the Freemen want after slavery began?

text: liquor


text: In addition to the mentioned late local newscasts, CBC stations in most markets fill early evenings with local news programs, generally from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m., while most stations also air a single local newscast on weekend evenings (comprising a supper hour broadcast on Saturdays and a late evening newscast on Sundays). Other newscasts include parts of CBC News Now airing weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon. Weekly newsmagazine the fifth estate is also a CBC mainstay, as are documentary series such as Doc Zone.

title: CBC_Television

title: CBC_Television

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: mentioned

text: late

text: local

text: newscasts

text: CBC

text: stations

text: in

text: most

text: markets

text: fill

text: early

text: evenings

text: with

text: local

text: news

text: programs

text: generally

text: from

text: p.m.

text: to

text: p.m.

text: while

text: most

text: stations

text: also

text: air

text: a

text: single

text: local

text: newscast

text: on

text: weekend

text: evenings

text: comprising

text: a

text: supper

text: hour

text: broadcast

text: on

text: Saturdays

text: and

text: a

text: late

text: evening

text: newscast

text: on

text: Sundays

text: Other

text: newscasts

text: include

text: parts

text: of

text: CBC

text: News

text: Now

text: airing

text: weekday

text: at

text: a.m.

text: and

text: noon

text: Weekly

text: newsmagazine

text: the

text: fifth

text: estate

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: CBC

text: mainstay

text: as

text: are

text: documentary

text: series

text: such

text: as

text: Doc

text: Zone

question: What times are generally reserved for local newscasts?

answer: from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.

text: from 5:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m.

question: When do most other stations view their local newscasts?

answer: weekend evenings

text: weekend evenings

question: When does CBC News Now air?

answer: weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon

text: weekday at 6:00 a.m. and noon

question: Consumers have complained that CBC stations tend to fill early evenings with what type of programming?

text: local news

question: What popular CBC news program has won awards for their newscasts?

text: CBC News Now

question: What documentary series did the CBC recently gain rights to in order to increase their ratings?

text: Doc Zone

question: What weekly newsmagizine has played since the inception of the CBC station?

text: the fifth estate


text: Alaska's internet and other data transport systems are provided largely through the two major telecommunications companies: GCI and Alaska Communications. GCI owns and operates what it calls the Alaska United Fiber Optic system and as of late 2011 Alaska Communications advertised that it has "two fiber optic paths to the lower 48 and two more across Alaska. In January 2011, it was reported that a $1 billion project to run connect Asia and rural Alaska was being planned, aided in part by $350 million in stimulus from the federal government.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: Alaska

text: 's

text: internet

text: and

text: other

text: data

text: transport

text: systems

text: are

text: provided

text: largely

text: through

text: the

text: two

text: major

text: telecommunications

text: companies

text: GCI

text: and

text: Alaska

text: Communications

text: GCI

text: owns

text: and

text: operates

text: what

text: it

text: calls

text: the

text: Alaska

text: United

text: Fiber

text: Optic

text: system

text: and

text: as

text: of

text: late

text: Alaska

text: Communications

text: advertised

text: that

text: it

text: has

text: two

text: fiber

text: optic

text: paths

text: to

text: the

text: lower

text: and

text: two

text: more

text: across

text: Alaska

text: In

text: January

text: it

text: was

text: reported

text: that

text: a

text: billion

text: project

text: to

text: run

text: connect

text: Asia

text: and

text: rural

text: Alaska

text: was

text: being

text: planned

text: aided

text: in

text: part

text: by

text: million

text: in

text: stimulus

text: from

text: the

text: federal

text: government

question: Which two companies provide internet and data transport to Alaska?

answer: GCI and Alaska Communications

text: GCI and Alaska Communications

question: In what year was a project to connect Asia and rural Alaska announced?

answer: 2011

question: How much money did the federal government contribute via stimulus to the connectvitiy between Asia and Alaska?

answer: $350 million

text: $350 million

question: Which company owns and operates the Alaska United Fiber Optic System?

answer: GCI

text: GCI

question: Which three companies provide internet and data transport to Alaska?

text: GCI and Alaska Communications

question: In what year was a project to connect Asia and rural Alaska renounced?

question: In what year was a project to connect Russia and rural Alaska announced?

question: Which company disowns the Alaska United Fiber Optic System?

text: GCI

question: How much money did the federal government contribute via stimulus to the non-connectvitiy between Asia and Alaska?

text: $350 million


text: Since the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that the destruction of the ozone was caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) emitted by human products. With the ban of CFCs in the Montreal Protocol of 1989, climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: Since

text: the

text: an

text: important

text: focus

text: of

text: study

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: ozone

text: layer

text: in

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: above

text: Antarctica

text: In

text: three

text: British

text: scientists

text: working

text: on

text: data

text: they

text: had

text: gathered

text: at

text: Halley

text: Station

text: on

text: the

text: Brunt

text: Ice

text: Shelf

text: discovered

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: a

text: hole

text: in

text: this

text: layer

text: It

text: was

text: eventually

text: determined

text: that

text: the

text: destruction

text: of

text: the

text: ozone

text: was

text: caused

text: by

text: chlorofluorocarbons

text: CFCs

text: emitted

text: by

text: human

text: products

text: With

text: the

text: ban

text: of

text: CFCs

text: in

text: the

text: Montreal

text: Protocol

text: of

text: climate

text: projections

text: indicate

text: that

text: the

text: ozone

text: layer

text: will

text: return

text: to

text: levels

text: between

text: and

question: What has been an important atmospheric study since the 1970s?

answer: ozone layer

text: ozone layer

question: Where in Antarctica is Halley Station?

answer: Brunt Ice Shelf

text: Brunt Ice Shelf

question: When did scientists discover the hole in the ozone layer?

answer: 1985

question: What chemical was discovered to have caused the hole in the ozone?

answer: chlorofluorocarbons

text: chlorofluorocarbons

question: What agreement banned the use of CFC s?

answer: Montreal Protocol

text: Montreal Protocol

question: What was studied in 1970?

text: the ozone layer

question: What was discovered in 1985 in the ozone at the Brunt Station on the Halley Ice Shelf?

text: a hole

question: What does CCF stand for?

text: chlorofluorocarbons

question: What were banned in 1998?

text: CFCs

question: What will happen to the ozone by 2050?

text: ozone layer will return to 1980 levels


text: During World War II, Japan used Korea's food, livestock, and metals for their war effort. Japanese forces in Korea increased from 46,000 soldiers in 1941 to 300,000 in 1945. Japanese Korea conscripted 2.6 million forced laborers controlled with a collaborationist Korean police force; some 723,000 people were sent to work in the overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan. By 1942, Korean men were being conscripted into the Imperial Japanese Army. By January 1945, Koreans made up 32% of Japan's labor force. At the end of the war, other world powers did not recognize Japanese rule in Korea and Taiwan.

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Japan

text: used

text: Korea

text: 's

text: food

text: livestock

text: and

text: metals

text: for

text: their

text: war

text: effort

text: Japanese

text: forces

text: in

text: Korea

text: increased

text: from

text: soldiers

text: in

text: to

text: in

text: Japanese

text: Korea

text: conscripted

text: million

text: forced

text: laborers

text: controlled

text: with

text: a

text: collaborationist

text: Korean

text: police

text: force

text: some

text: people

text: were

text: sent

text: to

text: work

text: in

text: the

text: overseas

text: empire

text: and

text: in

text: metropolitan

text: Japan

text: By

text: Korean

text: men

text: were

text: being

text: conscripted

text: into

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Army

text: By

text: January

text: Koreans

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: Japan

text: 's

text: labor

text: force

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: other

text: world

text: powers

text: did

text: not

text: recognize

text: Japanese

text: rule

text: in

text: Korea

text: and

text: Taiwan

question: How many Japanese forces were in Korea in 1945?

answer: 300,000

question: Where were 723,000 Koreans sent to work?

answer: overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan

text: overseas empire and in metropolitan Japan

question: Who did Japan collaborate with to help control the citizens of Korea?

answer: Korean police force

text: Korean police force

question: By 1945, what percentage of Koreans made up the Japanese labor force?

answer: 32%

question: What army were Korean men conscripted into?

answer: Imperial Japanese Army

text: Imperial Japanese Army


text: Paris is the home of the most visited art museum in the world, the Louvre, as well as the Musée d'Orsay, noted for its collection of French Impressionist art, and the Musée National d'Art Moderne, a museum of modern and contemporary art. The notable architectural landmarks of Paris include Notre Dame Cathedral (12th century); the Sainte-Chapelle (13th century); the Eiffel Tower (1889); and the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur on Montmartre (1914). In 2014 Paris received 22.4 million visitors, making it one of the world's top tourist destinations. Paris is also known for its fashion, particularly the twice-yearly Paris Fashion Week, and for its haute cuisine, and three-star restaurants. Most of France's major universities and grandes écoles are located in Paris, as are France's major newspapers, including Le Monde, Le Figaro, and Libération.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: Paris

text: is

text: the

text: home

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: visited

text: art

text: museum

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: Louvre

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Musée

text: d'Orsay

text: noted

text: for

text: its

text: collection

text: of

text: French

text: Impressionist

text: art

text: and

text: the

text: Musée

text: National

text: d'Art

text: Moderne

text: a

text: museum

text: of

text: modern

text: and

text: contemporary

text: art

text: The

text: notable

text: architectural

text: landmarks

text: of

text: Paris

text: include

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: Cathedral

text: century

text: the

text: Sainte

text: Chapelle

text: century

text: the

text: Eiffel

text: Tower

text: and

text: the

text: Basilica

text: of

text: Sacré

text: Cœur

text: on

text: Montmartre

text: In

text: Paris

text: received

text: million

text: visitors

text: making

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: top

text: tourist

text: destinations

text: Paris

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: fashion

text: particularly

text: the

text: twice

text: yearly

text: Paris

text: Fashion

text: Week

text: and

text: for

text: its

text: haute

text: cuisine

text: and

text: three

text: star

text: restaurants

text: Most

text: of

text: France

text: 's

text: major

text: universities

text: and

text: grandes

text: écoles

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: Paris

text: as

text: are

text: France

text: 's

text: major

text: newspapers

text: including

text: Le

text: Monde

text: Le

text: Figaro

text: and

text: Libération

question: What is the most visited art museum in the world?

answer: Louvre

text: Louvre

question: what is the Musee de Orsay known for?

answer: French Impressionist art

text: French Impressionist art

question: In what year was the Eiffel Tower built?

answer: 1889

question: How many visitors did Paris receive in 2014?

answer: 22.4 million

text: 22.4 million

question: In what century was the Notre Dame Cathedral built?

answer: 12th


text: Before the reign of Henry VIII, the sovereign always granted his or her assent in person. The sovereign, wearing the Imperial State Crown, would be seated on the throne in the Lords chamber, surrounded by heralds and members of the royal court—a scene that nowadays is repeated only at the annual State Opening of Parliament. The Commons, led by their speaker, would listen from the Bar of the Lords, just outside the chamber. The Clerk of the Parliaments presented the bills awaiting assent to the monarch, save that supply bills were traditionally brought up by the speaker. The Clerk of the Crown, standing on the sovereign's right, then read aloud the titles of the bills (in earlier times, the entire text of the bills). The Clerk of the Parliaments, standing on the sovereign's left, responded by stating the appropriate Norman French formula.

title: Royal_assent

title: Royal_assent

text: Before

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Henry

text: VIII

text: the

text: sovereign

text: always

text: granted

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: assent

text: in

text: person

text: The

text: sovereign

text: wearing

text: the

text: Imperial

text: State

text: Crown

text: would

text: be

text: seated

text: on

text: the

text: throne

text: in

text: the

text: Lords

text: chamber

text: surrounded

text: by

text: heralds

text: and

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: royal

text: court

text: a

text: scene

text: that

text: nowadays

text: is

text: repeated

text: only

text: at

text: the

text: annual

text: State

text: Opening

text: of

text: Parliament

text: The

text: Commons

text: led

text: by

text: their

text: speaker

text: would

text: listen

text: from

text: the

text: Bar

text: of

text: the

text: Lords

text: just

text: outside

text: the

text: chamber

text: The

text: Clerk

text: of

text: the

text: Parliaments

text: presented

text: the

text: bills

text: awaiting

text: assent

text: to

text: the

text: monarch

text: save

text: that

text: supply

text: bills

text: were

text: traditionally

text: brought

text: up

text: by

text: the

text: speaker

text: The

text: Clerk

text: of

text: the

text: Crown

text: standing

text: on

text: the

text: sovereign

text: 's

text: right

text: then

text: read

text: aloud

text: the

text: titles

text: of

text: the

text: bills

text: in

text: earlier

text: times

text: the

text: entire

text: text

text: of

text: the

text: bills

text: The

text: Clerk

text: of

text: the

text: Parliaments

text: standing

text: on

text: the

text: sovereign

text: 's

text: left

text: responded

text: by

text: stating

text: the

text: appropriate

text: Norman

text: French

text: formula

question: When assention was formally granted in person, who read the titles of the bills?

answer: The Clerk of the Crown

text: The Clerk of the Crown

question: What job did the Clerk of the Parliaments have during assention notifications?

answer: stating the appropriate Norman French formula

text: stating the appropriate Norman French formula

question: Before whose reign was assent always granted in person?

answer: Henry VIII

text: Henry VIII

question: Nowadays, when is the only time a formal assention ceremony occurs?

answer: the annual State Opening of Parliament

text: the annual State Opening of Parliament

question: On which side of the soverign does the Clerk of the Crown stand?

answer: right

text: right

question: Before the reign of Henry I, the sovereign granted assent how?

text: in person

question: Who would wear the Imperial State Tiara?

text: sovereign

question: Who would sit on the throne in the Queens chamber?

text: sovereign

question: Who would stand in front of the sovereign and read the titles of the bills?

text: Clerk of the Crown


text: In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition". The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom.[citation needed] The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded.[citation needed] Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a Marxist model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies power as residing with those producing cultural artifacts. In a Marxist view, those who control the means of production (the economic base) essentially control a culture.[citation needed] Other approaches to cultural studies, such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product. This view comes through in the book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (by Paul du Gay et al.), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. The writer Julia Kristeva is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical French feminism.[citation needed]

title: Culture

title: Culture

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Lindlof

text: and

text: Taylor

text: write

text: Cultural

text: studies

text: were

text: grounded

text: in

text: a

text: pragmatic

text: liberal

text: pluralist

text: tradition

text: The

text: American

text: version

text: of

text: cultural

text: studies

text: initially

text: concerned

text: itself

text: more

text: with

text: understanding

text: the

text: subjective

text: and

text: appropriative

text: side

text: of

text: audience

text: reactions

text: to

text: and

text: uses

text: of

text: mass

text: culture

text: for

text: example

text: American

text: cultural

text: studies

text: advocates

text: wrote

text: about

text: the

text: liberatory

text: aspects

text: of

text: fandom.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: distinction

text: between

text: American

text: and

text: British

text: strands

text: however

text: has

text: faded.[citation

text: needed

text: Some

text: researchers

text: especially

text: in

text: early

text: British

text: cultural

text: studies

text: apply

text: a

text: Marxist

text: model

text: to

text: the

text: field

text: This

text: strain

text: of

text: thinking

text: has

text: some

text: influence

text: from

text: the

text: Frankfurt

text: School

text: but

text: especially

text: from

text: the

text: structuralist

text: Marxism

text: of

text: Louis

text: Althusser

text: and

text: others

text: The

text: main

text: focus

text: of

text: an

text: orthodox

text: Marxist

text: approach

text: concentrates

text: on

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: meaning

text: This

text: model

text: assumes

text: a

text: mass

text: production

text: of

text: culture

text: and

text: identifies

text: power

text: as

text: residing

text: with

text: those

text: producing

text: cultural

text: artifacts

text: In

text: a

text: Marxist

text: view

text: those

text: who

text: control

text: the

text: means

text: of

text: production

text: the

text: economic

text: base

text: essentially

text: control

text: a

text: culture.[citation

text: needed

text: Other

text: approaches

text: to

text: cultural

text: studies

text: such

text: as

text: feminist

text: cultural

text: studies

text: and

text: later

text: American

text: developments

text: of

text: the

text: field

text: distance

text: themselves

text: from

text: this

text: view

text: They

text: criticize

text: the

text: Marxist

text: assumption

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: dominant

text: meaning

text: shared

text: by

text: all

text: for

text: any

text: cultural

text: product

text: The

text: non

text: Marxist

text: approaches

text: suggest

text: that

text: different

text: ways

text: of

text: consuming

text: cultural

text: artifacts

text: affect

text: the

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: product

text: This

text: view

text: comes

text: through

text: in

text: the

text: book

text: Doing

text: Cultural

text: Studies

text: The

text: Story

text: of

text: the

text: Sony

text: Walkman

text: by

text: Paul

text: du

text: Gay

text: et

text: al

text: which

text: seeks

text: to

text: challenge

text: the

text: notion

text: that

text: those

text: who

text: produce

text: commodities

text: control

text: the

text: meanings

text: that

text: people

text: attribute

text: to

text: them

text: Feminist

text: cultural

text: analyst

text: theorist

text: and

text: art

text: historian

text: Griselda

text: Pollock

text: contributed

text: to

text: cultural

text: studies

text: from

text: viewpoints

text: of

text: art

text: history

text: and

text: psychoanalysis

text: The

text: writer

text: Julia

text: Kristeva

text: is

text: among

text: influential

text: voices

text: at

text: the

text: turn

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: contributing

text: to

text: cultural

text: studies

text: from

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: art

text: and

text: psychoanalytical

text: French

text: feminism.[citation

text: needed

question: Which two wrote Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition?

answer: Lindlof and Taylor

text: Lindlof and Taylor

question: From a Marxist view, what did they believe had to be controlled  to essentially control a culture?

answer: the economic base

text: the economic base

question: Which two wrote Cultural studies are grounded in a rationalist, conservative-pluralist tradition?

text: Lindlof and Taylor

question: What did they believe was unnecessary to control a culture from a Marxist view?

text: the economic base

question: Who contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art news and philosophy?

text: art historian Griselda Pollock

question: Which writer contributed to cultural studies from the field of science and French modernism?

text: Julia Kristeva

question: What never criticized the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product?

text: feminist cultural studies


text: In 677 (during the reign of Emperor Gaozong), Chen Zheng (陳政), together with his son Chen Yuanguang (陳元光), led a military expedition to pacify the rebellion in Fujian. They settled in Zhangzhou and brought the Middle Chinese phonology of northern China during the 7th century into Zhangzhou; In 885, (during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang), the two brothers Wang Chao (王潮) and Wang Shenzhi (王審知), led a military expedition force to pacify the Huang Chao rebellion. They brought the Middle Chinese phonology commonly spoken in Northern China into Zhangzhou. These two waves of migrations from the north generally brought the language of northern Middle Chinese into the Fujian region. This then gradually evolved into the Zhangzhou dialect.

title: Hokkien

title: Hokkien

text: In

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Gaozong

text: Chen

text: Zheng

text: 陳政

text: together

text: with

text: his

text: son

text: Chen

text: Yuanguang

text: 陳元光

text: led

text: a

text: military

text: expedition

text: to

text: pacify

text: the

text: rebellion

text: in

text: Fujian

text: They

text: settled

text: in

text: Zhangzhou

text: and

text: brought

text: the

text: Middle

text: Chinese

text: phonology

text: of

text: northern

text: China

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: into

text: Zhangzhou

text: In

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Xizong

text: of

text: Tang

text: the

text: two

text: brothers

text: Wang

text: Chao

text: 王潮

text: and

text: Wang

text: Shenzhi

text: 王審知

text: led

text: a

text: military

text: expedition

text: force

text: to

text: pacify

text: the

text: Huang

text: Chao

text: rebellion

text: They

text: brought

text: the

text: Middle

text: Chinese

text: phonology

text: commonly

text: spoken

text: in

text: Northern

text: China

text: into

text: Zhangzhou

text: These

text: two

text: waves

text: of

text: migrations

text: from

text: the

text: north

text: generally

text: brought

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: northern

text: Middle

text: Chinese

text: into

text: the

text: Fujian

text: region

text: This

text: then

text: gradually

text: evolved

text: into

text: the

text: Zhangzhou

text: dialect

question: Who was the ruler of China in 677?

answer: Emperor Gaozong

text: Emperor Gaozong

question: Who led the military expedition in Fujian?

answer: Chen Zheng

text: Chen Zheng

question: What is the name of the son of Chen Zheng?

answer: Chen Yuanguang

text: Chen Yuanguang

question: Who was the ruler of China in 885?

answer: Emperor Xizong of Tang

text: Emperor Xizong of Tang

question: What was responsible for bringing the language of North middle China to the Fujian region?

answer: two waves of migrations from the north

text: two waves of migrations from the north

question: What country did Chen Yuanguang rule in 677?

text: China

question: What did Chen Yuanguang and his son lead a military exedition for?

text: to pacify the rebellion in Fujian

question: When did Wang Chao and his son lead an expedition to pacify the Huanf Chao rebellion?

question: Who was Wang Chao's son?

text: Wang Shenzhi

question: What dialect did the migrations from the south help to develop?

text: Zhangzhou dialect

question: Who led waves of migrations during the reign of Emperor Gaozong?

text: Chen Zheng

question: What did Wang Chao bring during the 7th century into Zhangzhou?

question: What did Wang Shenzhi do in China in 677?

question: What is Wang Chao's sons name?

text: Chen Yuanguang

question: Who was the ruler of Xizong in 677?

text: Emperor Gaozong


text: These views on religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience, along with the social contract, became particularly influential in the American colonies and the drafting of the United States Constitution. Thomas Jefferson called for a "wall of separation between church and state" at the federal level. He previously had supported successful efforts to disestablish the Church of England in Virginia, and authored the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Jefferson's political ideals were greatly influenced by the writings of John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton whom he considered the three greatest men that ever lived.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: These

text: views

text: on

text: religious

text: tolerance

text: and

text: the

text: importance

text: of

text: individual

text: conscience

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: social

text: contract

text: became

text: particularly

text: influential

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: colonies

text: and

text: the

text: drafting

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Constitution

text: Thomas

text: Jefferson

text: called

text: for

text: a

text: wall

text: of

text: separation

text: between

text: church

text: and

text: state

text: at

text: the

text: federal

text: level

text: He

text: previously

text: had

text: supported

text: successful

text: efforts

text: to

text: disestablish

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: in

text: Virginia

text: and

text: authored

text: the

text: Virginia

text: Statute

text: for

text: Religious

text: Freedom

text: Jefferson

text: 's

text: political

text: ideals

text: were

text: greatly

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: writings

text: of

text: John

text: Locke

text: Francis

text: Bacon

text: and

text: Isaac

text: Newton

text: whom

text: he

text: considered

text: the

text: three

text: greatest

text: men

text: that

text: ever

text: lived

question: John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton where considered the the greatest men who ever lived by which American colonist?

answer: Thomas Jefferson

text: Thomas Jefferson

question: Religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience was particularly influential in the drafting of which American document?

answer: the United States Constitution

text: the United States Constitution

question: Whom, along with Francis Bacon and John Locke, did Thomas Jefferson consider to be one of the three greatest men that ever lived?

answer: Isaac Newton

text: Isaac Newton


text: Beside the introduction of the lute to Spain (Andalusia) by the Moors, another important point of transfer of the lute from Arabian to European culture was Sicily, where it was brought either by Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians. There were singer-lutenists at the court in Palermo following the Norman conquest of the island from the Muslims, and the lute is depicted extensively in the ceiling paintings in the Palermo’s royal Cappella Palatina, dedicated by the Norman King Roger II of Sicily in 1140. His Hohenstaufen grandson Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1194 - 1250) continued integrating Muslims into his court, including Moorish musicians. By the 14th century, lutes had disseminated throughout Italy and, probably because of the cultural influence of the Hohenstaufen kings and emperor, based in Palermo, the lute had also made significant inroads into the German-speaking lands.

title: Mandolin

title: Mandolin

text: Beside

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: the

text: lute

text: to

text: Spain

text: Andalusia

text: by

text: the

text: Moors

text: another

text: important

text: point

text: of

text: transfer

text: of

text: the

text: lute

text: from

text: Arabian

text: to

text: European

text: culture

text: was

text: Sicily

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: brought

text: either

text: by

text: Byzantine

text: or

text: later

text: by

text: Muslim

text: musicians

text: There

text: were

text: singer

text: lutenists

text: at

text: the

text: court

text: in

text: Palermo

text: following

text: the

text: Norman

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: from

text: the

text: Muslims

text: and

text: the

text: lute

text: is

text: depicted

text: extensively

text: in

text: the

text: ceiling

text: paintings

text: in

text: the

text: Palermo

text: ’s

text: royal

text: Cappella

text: Palatina

text: dedicated

text: by

text: the

text: Norman

text: King

text: Roger

text: II

text: of

text: Sicily

text: in

text: His

text: Hohenstaufen

text: grandson

text: Frederick

text: II

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: continued

text: integrating

text: Muslims

text: into

text: his

text: court

text: including

text: Moorish

text: musicians

text: By

text: the

text: century

text: lutes

text: had

text: disseminated

text: throughout

text: Italy

text: and

text: probably

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: cultural

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Hohenstaufen

text: kings

text: and

text: emperor

text: based

text: in

text: Palermo

text: the

text: lute

text: had

text: also

text: made

text: significant

text: inroads

text: into

text: the

text: German

text: speaking

text: lands

question: Who introduced the lute to Spain?

answer: the Moors

text: the Moors

question: What country helped transfer the lute from Arabian to European culture?

answer: Sicily

text: Sicily

question: Who brought the lute to Sicily?

answer: Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians

text: Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians

question: What court held singer-lutenists after the Norman conquest?

answer: Palermo

text: Palermo

question: What building has ceeiling painting dedicated to the lutenists?

answer: Palermo’s royal Cappella Palatina,

text: Palermo’s royal Cappella Palatina,

question: Who was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1190-1254?

text: Frederick II

question: Who was the Palermo's royal Capella Palatina dedicated by in 1104?

text: Norman King Roger II of Sicily

question: Who did Spain introduce the lute to?

text: Moors

question: What is another term for Moors?

text: Andalusia

question: Who introduced the lute to England?

text: Moors

question: What country helped transfer the lute from Arabian to Asian culture?

text: Sicily

question: Who brought the lute to France?

text: Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians

question: What court held singer-lutenists before the Norman conquest?

text: Palermo

question: What store has floor painting dedicated to the lutenists?

text: Palermo’s royal Cappella Palatina


text: On the morning of 11 September 2001, 19 men affiliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners all bound for California. Once the hijackers assumed control of the airliners, they told the passengers that they had the bomb on board and would spare the lives of passengers and crew once their demands were met – no passenger and crew actually suspected that they would use the airliners as suicide weapons since it had never happened before in history. The hijackers – members of al-Qaeda's Hamburg cell – intentionally crashed two airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Both buildings collapsed within two hours from fire damage related to the crashes, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, just outside Washington D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington D.C., to target the White House, or the U.S. Capitol. No flights had survivors. A total of 2,977 victims and the 19 hijackers perished in the attacks.

title: War_on_Terror

title: War_on_Terror

text: On

text: the

text: morning

text: of

text: September

text: men

text: affiliated

text: with

text: al

text: Qaeda

text: hijacked

text: four

text: airliners

text: all

text: bound

text: for

text: California

text: Once

text: the

text: hijackers

text: assumed

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: airliners

text: they

text: told

text: the

text: passengers

text: that

text: they

text: had

text: the

text: bomb

text: on

text: board

text: and

text: would

text: spare

text: the

text: lives

text: of

text: passengers

text: and

text: crew

text: once

text: their

text: demands

text: were

text: met

text: no

text: passenger

text: and

text: crew

text: actually

text: suspected

text: that

text: they

text: would

text: use

text: the

text: airliners

text: as

text: suicide

text: weapons

text: since

text: it

text: had

text: never

text: happened

text: before

text: in

text: history

text: The

text: hijackers

text: members

text: of

text: al

text: Qaeda

text: 's

text: Hamburg

text: cell

text: intentionally

text: crashed

text: two

text: airliners

text: into

text: the

text: Twin

text: Towers

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Trade

text: Center

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Both

text: buildings

text: collapsed

text: within

text: two

text: hours

text: from

text: fire

text: damage

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: crashes

text: destroying

text: nearby

text: buildings

text: and

text: damaging

text: others

text: The

text: hijackers

text: crashed

text: a

text: third

text: airliner

text: into

text: the

text: Pentagon

text: in

text: Arlington

text: County

text: Virginia

text: just

text: outside

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: The

text: fourth

text: plane

text: crashed

text: into

text: a

text: field

text: near

text: Shanksville

text: Pennsylvania

text: after

text: some

text: of

text: its

text: passengers

text: and

text: flight

text: crew

text: attempted

text: to

text: retake

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: plane

text: which

text: the

text: hijackers

text: had

text: redirected

text: toward

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: to

text: target

text: the

text: White

text: House

text: or

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Capitol

text: No

text: flights

text: had

text: survivors

text: A

text: total

text: of

text: victims

text: and

text: the

text: hijackers

text: perished

text: in

text: the

text: attacks

question: How many al-Qaeda operatives hijacked planes on 9/11?

answer: 19

question: How many planes were hijacked on 9/11?

answer: four

text: four

question: Where were the 9/11 planes originally going?

answer: California

text: California

question: Which al-Qaeda cell were the 9/11 hijackers members of?

answer: Hamburg

text: Hamburg

question: How soon after planes crashed into them did the WTC towers collapse?

answer: within two hours

text: within two hours

question: What building is located in Shanksville, Virginia?

text: the Pentagon

question: What area of Arlington, Pennsylvania did the fourth plane crash?

text: a field

question: How many victims perished in addition to the 11 hijackers in the attacks?

question: Where were the airliners leaving from?

text: California

question: How long did it take for the Pentagon to collapse?

text: within two hours

question: How many passengers died?

question: What cell were the passengers and crew part of?

text: Hamburg

question: Which plane crashed into the White House?

text: The fourth


text: By the mid-7th century, English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians. The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians. The tenure of Willibrordus is generally considered to be the beginning of the Bishopric of Utrecht. In 723, the Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops. From then on Utrecht became one of the most influential seats of power for the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands. The archbishops of Utrecht were based at the uneasy northern border of the Carolingian Empire. In addition, the city of Utrecht had competition from the nearby trading centre Dorestad. After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands. The importance of Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522 (the last non-Italian pope before John Paul II).

title: Utrecht

title: Utrecht

text: By

text: the

text: century

text: English

text: and

text: Irish

text: missionaries

text: set

text: out

text: to

text: convert

text: the

text: Frisians

text: The

text: pope

text: appointed

text: their

text: leader

text: Willibrordus

text: bishop

text: of

text: the

text: Frisians

text: The

text: tenure

text: of

text: Willibrordus

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Bishopric

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: In

text: the

text: Frankish

text: leader

text: Charles

text: Martel

text: bestowed

text: the

text: fortress

text: in

text: Utrecht

text: and

text: the

text: surrounding

text: lands

text: as

text: the

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: bishops

text: From

text: then

text: on

text: Utrecht

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: seats

text: of

text: power

text: for

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The

text: archbishops

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: were

text: based

text: at

text: the

text: uneasy

text: northern

text: border

text: of

text: the

text: Carolingian

text: Empire

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: had

text: competition

text: from

text: the

text: nearby

text: trading

text: centre

text: Dorestad

text: After

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Dorestad

text: around

text: Utrecht

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: The

text: importance

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: as

text: a

text: centre

text: of

text: Christianity

text: is

text: illustrated

text: by

text: the

text: election

text: of

text: the

text: Utrecht

text: born

text: Adriaan

text: Florenszoon

text: Boeyens

text: as

text: pope

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: non

text: Italian

text: pope

text: before

text: John

text: Paul

text: II

question: Who tried to convert Frisians

answer: English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians

text: English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians

question: Who did the pope appoint Bishop

answer: The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians

text: The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians

question: What did Charles Martel do

answer: Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops

text: Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops

question: What year did Utrecht gain in power

answer: After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands

text: After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands

question: What showed the importance of Utrecht

answer: Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522

text: Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522

question: Who tried to convert the Frisians in the 700's?

text: English and Irish missionaries

question: Who gave the fortress at Utrecht to the bishops?

text: Charles Martel

question: What city fell in the 8th century?

text: Dorestad


text: Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Dutch phonology, because it normally co-occurs with changes in vowel quality. One feature or the other may be considered redundant, and some phonemic analyses prefer to treat it as an opposition of tenseness. However, even if not considered part of the phonemic opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as phonetically longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, and in some there may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. And while it is true that older words always pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare zonne(n) [ˈzɔnə] ("suns") versus zone [ˈzɔːnə] ("zone") versus zonen [ˈzoːnə(n)] ("sons"), or kroes [krus] ("mug") versus cruise [kruːs] ("cruise").

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: Vowel

text: length

text: is

text: not

text: always

text: considered

text: a

text: distinctive

text: feature

text: in

text: Dutch

text: phonology

text: because

text: it

text: normally

text: co

text: occurs

text: with

text: changes

text: in

text: vowel

text: quality

text: One

text: feature

text: or

text: the

text: other

text: may

text: be

text: considered

text: redundant

text: and

text: some

text: phonemic

text: analyses

text: prefer

text: to

text: treat

text: it

text: as

text: an

text: opposition

text: of

text: tenseness

text: However

text: even

text: if

text: not

text: considered

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: phonemic

text: opposition

text: the

text: long

text: tense

text: vowels

text: are

text: still

text: realised

text: as

text: phonetically

text: longer

text: than

text: their

text: short

text: counterparts

text: The

text: changes

text: in

text: vowel

text: quality

text: are

text: also

text: not

text: always

text: the

text: same

text: in

text: all

text: dialects

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: little

text: difference

text: at

text: all

text: with

text: length

text: remaining

text: the

text: primary

text: distinguishing

text: feature

text: And

text: while

text: it

text: is

text: true

text: that

text: older

text: words

text: always

text: pair

text: vowel

text: length

text: with

text: a

text: change

text: in

text: vowel

text: quality

text: new

text: loanwords

text: have

text: reintroduced

text: phonemic

text: oppositions

text: of

text: length

text: Compare

text: zonne(n

text: ˈzɔnə

text: suns

text: versus

text: zone

text: ˈzɔːnə

text: zone

text: versus

text: zonen

text: ˈzoːnə(n

text: sons

text: or

text: kroes

text: krus

text: mug

text: versus

text: cruise

text: kruːs

text: cruise

question: What quality of Dutch vowels isn't usually recognized as distinctive?

answer: length

text: length

question: Is it true or false that older Dutch words combine changes in vowel length and vowel quality?

answer: true

text: true

question: How would you say "sons" in Dutch?

answer: zonen

text: zonen

question: Since vowel quality changes might be very slight between dialects, what's the main vowel feature used to differentiate them?

answer: length

text: length

question: What does the Dutch word "kroes" mean in English?

answer: mug

text: mug


text: While the Federal District was ruled by the federal government through an appointed governor, the municipalities within it were autonomous, and this duality of powers created tension between the municipalities and the federal government for more than a century. In 1903, Porfirio Díaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District. Eventually, in December 1928, the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District. In place of the municipalities, the Federal District was divided into one "Central Department" and 13 delegaciones (boroughs) administered directly by the government of the Federal District. The Central Department was integrated by the former municipalities of Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya and Mixcoac.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: While

text: the

text: Federal

text: District

text: was

text: ruled

text: by

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: through

text: an

text: appointed

text: governor

text: the

text: municipalities

text: within

text: it

text: were

text: autonomous

text: and

text: this

text: duality

text: of

text: powers

text: created

text: tension

text: between

text: the

text: municipalities

text: and

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: century

text: In

text: Porfirio

text: Díaz

text: largely

text: reduced

text: the

text: powers

text: of

text: the

text: municipalities

text: within

text: the

text: Federal

text: District

text: Eventually

text: in

text: December

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: decided

text: to

text: abolish

text: all

text: the

text: municipalities

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: District

text: In

text: place

text: of

text: the

text: municipalities

text: the

text: Federal

text: District

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: one

text: Central

text: Department

text: and

text: delegaciones

text: boroughs

text: administered

text: directly

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: District

text: The

text: Central

text: Department

text: was

text: integrated

text: by

text: the

text: former

text: municipalities

text: of

text: Mexico

text: City

text: Tacuba

text: Tacubaya

text: and

text: Mixcoac

question: When were the powers of the municipalities of Mexico City first reduced?

answer: 1903

question: When was the autonomy of the municipalities eliminated?

answer: 1928

question: How many boroughs did the city consist of when they were first established?

answer: 13

question: Who first reduced the power of the municipalities of Mexico City?

answer: Porfirio Díaz

text: Porfirio Díaz

question: Who led Mexico City?

answer: an appointed governor

text: an appointed governor


text: Lower interest rates encouraged borrowing. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1.0%. This was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and the September 2001 terrorist attacks, as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation. As early as 2002 it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment as some economists went so far as to advocate that the Fed "needs to create a housing bubble to replace the Nasdaq bubble". Moreover, empirical studies using data from advanced countries show that excessive credit growth contributed greatly to the severity of the crisis.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: Lower

text: interest

text: rates

text: encouraged

text: borrowing

text: From

text: to

text: the

text: Federal

text: Reserve

text: lowered

text: the

text: federal

text: funds

text: rate

text: target

text: from

text: to

text: This

text: was

text: done

text: to

text: soften

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: dot

text: com

text: bubble

text: and

text: the

text: September

text: terrorist

text: attacks

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: to

text: combat

text: a

text: perceived

text: risk

text: of

text: deflation

text: As

text: early

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: apparent

text: that

text: credit

text: was

text: fueling

text: housing

text: instead

text: of

text: business

text: investment

text: as

text: some

text: economists

text: went

text: so

text: far

text: as

text: to

text: advocate

text: that

text: the

text: Fed

text: needs

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: housing

text: bubble

text: to

text: replace

text: the

text: Nasdaq

text: bubble

text: Moreover

text: empirical

text: studies

text: using

text: data

text: from

text: advanced

text: countries

text: show

text: that

text: excessive

text: credit

text: growth

text: contributed

text: greatly

text: to

text: the

text: severity

text: of

text: the

text: crisis

question: Was was the federal funds rate target lowered to by the Federal Reserve in 2003?

answer: 1.0%

question: What is one reason the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target to 1.0% in 2003?

answer: to combat a perceived risk of deflation

text: to combat a perceived risk of deflation

question: In the early 2000s, what type bubble did some economists believe the Fed needed to create to replace the Nasdaq bubble?

answer: a housing bubble

text: a housing bubble

question: What contributed greatly to the severity of the financial crisis of 2007?

answer: excessive credit growth

text: excessive credit growth

question: What encouraged borrowing from 2000 to 2003?

answer: Lower interest rates

text: Lower interest rates


text: In 1989, CBS Records re-entered the music publishing business by acquiring Nashville music publisher Tree International Publishing for more than $30 million.

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

text: In

text: CBS

text: Records

text: re

text: entered

text: the

text: music

text: publishing

text: business

text: by

text: acquiring

text: Nashville

text: music

text: publisher

text: Tree

text: International

text: Publishing

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: million

question: In what year did CBS Records buy out Tree International Publishing?

answer: 1989

question: How much did CBS Records pay for Tree International Publishing?

answer: $30 million

text: $30 million

question: In what city was Tree International Publishing located?

answer: Nashville

text: Nashville

question: In 1999, CBS Records re-entered what?

text: the music publishing business

question: ABC Records acquired what Nashville music publisher?

text: Tree International Publishing

question: What music publisher was acquired for more then $40 million?

text: Tree International Publishing

question: New York music publisher Tree International Publishing was acquired for how much money?

text: $30 million


text: The earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae, the superorder containing the Anseriformes (ducks, geese, swans and screamers) and the Galliformes (the pheasants, grouse, and their allies, together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies). The earliest fossil remains of true birds come from the possible galliform Austinornis lentus, dated to about 85 million years ago, but the dates for the actual splits are much debated by scientists. The Aves are agreed to have evolved in the Cretaceous, and the split between the Galloanseri from other Neognathes occurred before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, but there are different opinions about whether the radiation of the remaining Neognathes occurred before or after the extinction of the other dinosaurs. This disagreement is in part caused by a divergence in the evidence; molecular dating suggests a Cretaceous radiation, while fossil evidence supports a Cenozoic radiation. Attempts to reconcile the molecular and fossil evidence have proved controversial, but recent results show that all the extant groups of birds originated from only a small handful of species that survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: The

text: earliest

text: divergence

text: within

text: the

text: Neognathes

text: was

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Galloanserae

text: the

text: superorder

text: containing

text: the

text: Anseriformes

text: ducks

text: geese

text: swans

text: and

text: screamers

text: and

text: the

text: Galliformes

text: the

text: pheasants

text: grouse

text: and

text: their

text: allies

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: mound

text: builders

text: and

text: the

text: guans

text: and

text: their

text: allies

text: The

text: earliest

text: fossil

text: remains

text: of

text: true

text: birds

text: come

text: from

text: the

text: possible

text: galliform

text: Austinornis

text: lentus

text: dated

text: to

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: but

text: the

text: dates

text: for

text: the

text: actual

text: splits

text: are

text: much

text: debated

text: by

text: scientists

text: The

text: Aves

text: are

text: agreed

text: to

text: have

text: evolved

text: in

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: and

text: the

text: split

text: between

text: the

text: Galloanseri

text: from

text: other

text: Neognathes

text: occurred

text: before

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: Paleogene

text: extinction

text: event

text: but

text: there

text: are

text: different

text: opinions

text: about

text: whether

text: the

text: radiation

text: of

text: the

text: remaining

text: Neognathes

text: occurred

text: before

text: or

text: after

text: the

text: extinction

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: dinosaurs

text: This

text: disagreement

text: is

text: in

text: part

text: caused

text: by

text: a

text: divergence

text: in

text: the

text: evidence

text: molecular

text: dating

text: suggests

text: a

text: Cretaceous

text: radiation

text: while

text: fossil

text: evidence

text: supports

text: a

text: Cenozoic

text: radiation

text: Attempts

text: to

text: reconcile

text: the

text: molecular

text: and

text: fossil

text: evidence

text: have

text: proved

text: controversial

text: but

text: recent

text: results

text: show

text: that

text: all

text: the

text: extant

text: groups

text: of

text: birds

text: originated

text: from

text: only

text: a

text: small

text: handful

text: of

text: species

text: that

text: survived

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: Paleogene

text: extinction

question: What was the earliest divergence within the Neognathes?

answer: Galloanserae

text: Galloanserae

question: What is the superorder containing the Anseriformes?

answer: Galloanserae

text: Galloanserae

question: Ducks, geese, swans and screamers are part of which group?

answer: Anseriformes

text: Anseriformes

question: The pheasants, grouse and their allies form which group?

answer: Galliformes

text: Galliformes


text: Before the release of iOS 5, the iPod branding was used for the media player included with the iPhone and iPad, a combination of the Music and Videos apps on the iPod Touch. As of iOS 5, separate apps named "Music" and "Videos" are standardized across all iOS-powered products. While the iPhone and iPad have essentially the same media player capabilities as the iPod line, they are generally treated as separate products. During the middle of 2010, iPhone sales overtook those of the iPod.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: Before

text: the

text: release

text: of

text: iOS

text: the

text: iPod

text: branding

text: was

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: media

text: player

text: included

text: with

text: the

text: iPhone

text: and

text: iPad

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: the

text: Music

text: and

text: Videos

text: apps

text: on

text: the

text: iPod

text: Touch

text: As

text: of

text: iOS

text: separate

text: apps

text: named

text: Music

text: and

text: Videos

text: are

text: standardized

text: across

text: all

text: iOS

text: powered

text: products

text: While

text: the

text: iPhone

text: and

text: iPad

text: have

text: essentially

text: the

text: same

text: media

text: player

text: capabilities

text: as

text: the

text: iPod

text: line

text: they

text: are

text: generally

text: treated

text: as

text: separate

text: products

text: During

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: iPhone

text: sales

text: overtook

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: iPod

question: Prior to iOS 5, how many apps were required to play music and videos on iPhone and iPad?

answer: one

text: one

question: In mid-2010, which Apple device had higher sales than iPod?

answer: iPhone

text: iPhone

question: With what iOS release did Apple standardize media apps on all their products?

answer: iOS 5

text: iOS 5

question: In what year did iPhone sales surpass those of iPods?

answer: 2010

question: What are the titles of the standard media apps on current Apple devices?

answer: "Music" and "Videos"

text: "Music" and "Videos"