text: Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England. The history of football in England dates back to at least the eighth century AD.

title: Association_football

title: Association_football

text: Association

text: football

text: in

text: itself

text: does

text: not

text: have

text: a

text: classical

text: history

text: Notwithstanding

text: any

text: similarities

text: to

text: other

text: ball

text: games

text: played

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: FIFA

text: have

text: recognised

text: that

text: no

text: historical

text: connection

text: exists

text: with

text: any

text: game

text: played

text: in

text: antiquity

text: outside

text: Europe

text: The

text: modern

text: rules

text: of

text: association

text: football

text: are

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: century

text: efforts

text: to

text: standardise

text: the

text: widely

text: varying

text: forms

text: of

text: football

text: played

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: schools

text: of

text: England

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: football

text: in

text: England

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: eighth

text: century

text: AD

question: What century does football in England date back to?

answer: eighth century AD

text: eighth century AD

question: What organization has said that there is no historical connection to association football with any other game outside of Europe?

answer: FIFA

text: FIFA

question: In what century did the modern rules of association football come from?

answer: mid-19th century

text: mid-19th century

question: What country did kids play football in public schools in the 19th century?

answer: England

text: England

question: What century does football in England not exist in?

text: eighth century AD

question: What organization has said that there is historical connections to association football with other games outside of Europe?

text: FIFA

question: What century did the modern rules of association football end?

text: mid-19th century

question: What country did kids play football in private schools in the 18th century?

text: England


text: The Republic of the Congo's sparse population is concentrated in the southwestern portion of the country, leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the north virtually uninhabited. Thus, Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with 70% of its total population living in a few urban areas, namely in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi) railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

text: The

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Congo

text: 's

text: sparse

text: population

text: is

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: southwestern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: leaving

text: the

text: vast

text: areas

text: of

text: tropical

text: jungle

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: virtually

text: uninhabited

text: Thus

text: Congo

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: urbanized

text: countries

text: in

text: Africa

text: with

text: of

text: its

text: total

text: population

text: living

text: in

text: a

text: few

text: urban

text: areas

text: namely

text: in

text: Brazzaville

text: Pointe

text: Noire

text: or

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: small

text: cities

text: or

text: villages

text: lining

text: the

text: mi

text: railway

text: which

text: connects

text: the

text: two

text: cities

text: In

text: rural

text: areas

text: industrial

text: and

text: commercial

text: activity

text: has

text: declined

text: rapidly

text: in

text: recent

text: years

text: leaving

text: rural

text: economies

text: dependent

text: on

text: the

text: government

text: for

text: support

text: and

text: subsistence

question: In what part of the country can most of the Congo's citizens be found?

answer: southwest

text: southwest

question: How long is the track connecting Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire?

answer: 534-kilometre (332 mi)

text: 534-kilometre (332 mi)

question: What percent of the population of the Congo lives outside urban areas?

question: What is one of the small cities in the Congo?

text: Brazzaville

question: How long is the road that connects the largest cities?

text: 534-kilometre (332 mi)

question: Where has commercial activity increased rapidly?

text: rural areas

question: What are urban economies dependent on the government for?

text: support and subsistence


text: New government spending, regulation, and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors. Most notably, U.S. President Barack Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 included more than $70 billion in direct spending and tax credits for clean energy and associated transportation programs. This policy-stimulus combination represents the largest federal commitment in U.S. history for renewables, advanced transportation, and energy conservation initiatives. Based on these new rules, many more utilities strengthened their clean-energy programs. Clean Edge suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will help countries around the world deal with the current economic malaise. Once-promising solar energy company, Solyndra, became involved in a political controversy involving U.S. President Barack Obama's administration's authorization of a $535 million loan guarantee to the Corporation in 2009 as part of a program to promote alternative energy growth. The company ceased all business activity, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and laid-off nearly all of its employees in early September 2011.

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

text: New

text: government

text: spending

text: regulation

text: and

text: policies

text: helped

text: the

text: industry

text: weather

text: the

text: economic

text: crisis

text: better

text: than

text: many

text: other

text: sectors

text: Most

text: notably

text: U.S.

text: President

text: Barack

text: Obama

text: 's

text: American

text: Recovery

text: and

text: Reinvestment

text: Act

text: of

text: included

text: more

text: than

text: billion

text: in

text: direct

text: spending

text: and

text: tax

text: credits

text: for

text: clean

text: energy

text: and

text: associated

text: transportation

text: programs

text: This

text: policy

text: stimulus

text: combination

text: represents

text: the

text: largest

text: federal

text: commitment

text: in

text: U.S.

text: history

text: for

text: renewables

text: advanced

text: transportation

text: and

text: energy

text: conservation

text: initiatives

text: Based

text: on

text: these

text: new

text: rules

text: many

text: more

text: utilities

text: strengthened

text: their

text: clean

text: energy

text: programs

text: Clean

text: Edge

text: suggests

text: that

text: the

text: commercialization

text: of

text: clean

text: energy

text: will

text: help

text: countries

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: deal

text: with

text: the

text: current

text: economic

text: malaise

text: Once

text: promising

text: solar

text: energy

text: company

text: Solyndra

text: became

text: involved

text: in

text: a

text: political

text: controversy

text: involving

text: U.S.

text: President

text: Barack

text: Obama

text: 's

text: administration

text: 's

text: authorization

text: of

text: a

text: million

text: loan

text: guarantee

text: to

text: the

text: Corporation

text: in

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: program

text: to

text: promote

text: alternative

text: energy

text: growth

text: The

text: company

text: ceased

text: all

text: business

text: activity

text: filed

text: for

text: Chapter

text: bankruptcy

text: and

text: laid

text: off

text: nearly

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: employees

text: in

text: early

text: September

question: What helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than other sectors?

answer: New government spending, regulation, and policies

text: New government spending, regulation, and policies

question: What suggests that the commercialization of clean energy will hellp countries deal with economic malaise?

answer: commercialization of clean energy

text: commercialization of clean energy

question: Which company became invovled in a political controversy?

answer: Solyndra

text: Solyndra

question: What company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy?

answer: Solyndra

text: Solyndra

question: What didn't help the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than other sectors?

text: New government spending

question: What helped the industry weather the 2010 economic crisis better than other sectors?

question: What didn't suggest that the commercialization of clean energy will hellp countries deal with economic malaise?

text: commercialization of clean energy

question: Which company did not become involved in a political controversy?

text: Solyndra

question: What company never had to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy?

text: Solyndra


text: The Cambridge Rules, first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club, formed by former public school pupils in 1857, which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules.

title: Association_football

title: Association_football

text: The

text: Cambridge

text: Rules

text: first

text: drawn

text: up

text: at

text: Cambridge

text: University

text: in

text: were

text: particularly

text: influential

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: subsequent

text: codes

text: including

text: association

text: football

text: The

text: Cambridge

text: Rules

text: were

text: written

text: at

text: Trinity

text: College

text: Cambridge

text: at

text: a

text: meeting

text: attended

text: by

text: representatives

text: from

text: Eton

text: Harrow

text: Rugby

text: Winchester

text: and

text: Shrewsbury

text: schools

text: They

text: were

text: not

text: universally

text: adopted

text: During

text: the

text: many

text: clubs

text: unconnected

text: to

text: schools

text: or

text: universities

text: were

text: formed

text: throughout

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: world

text: to

text: play

text: various

text: forms

text: of

text: football

text: Some

text: came

text: up

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: distinct

text: codes

text: of

text: rules

text: most

text: notably

text: the

text: Sheffield

text: Football

text: Club

text: formed

text: by

text: former

text: public

text: school

text: pupils

text: in

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: formation

text: of

text: a

text: Sheffield

text: FA

text: in

text: In

text: John

text: Charles

text: Thring

text: of

text: Uppingham

text: School

text: also

text: devised

text: an

text: influential

text: set

text: of

text: rules

question: Which rules were influential to the codes of association football?

answer: Cambridge Rules

text: Cambridge Rules

question: Which college where the Cambridge Rules written at?

answer: Trinity College

text: Trinity College

question: In what year did John Charles Thring come up with rules that were influential?

answer: 1862

question: What year did the Sheffield FA form?

answer: 1867

question: What year were the Cambridge Rules first drawn up?

answer: 1848

question: Which rules were not influential to the codes of association football?

text: Cambridge Rules

question: Which college were the Cambridge Rules unknown?

text: Trinity College

question: What year did John Charles Thring come up with rules that were not influential?

question: What year did the Sheffield FA disband?

question: What year were the Cambridge Rules ignored?


text: Saint Helena (/ˌseɪnt həˈliːnə/ SAYNT-hə-LEE-nə) is a volcanic tropical island in the South Atlantic Ocean, 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) east of Rio de Janeiro and 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) west of the Cunene River, which marks the border between Namibia and Angola in southwestern Africa. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census). It was named after Saint Helena of Constantinople.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: /ˌseɪnt

text: həˈliːnə/

text: SAYNT

text: hə

text: LEE

text: nə

text: is

text: a

text: volcanic

text: tropical

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: east

text: of

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: and

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Cunene

text: River

text: which

text: marks

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: Namibia

text: and

text: Angola

text: in

text: southwestern

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Overseas

text: Territory

text: of

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: Ascension

text: and

text: Tristan

text: da

text: Cunha

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: measures

text: about

text: by

text: kilometres

text: by

text: mi

text: and

text: has

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: census

text: It

text: was

text: named

text: after

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: of

text: Constantinople

question: What is Saint Helena tropical island named after?

answer: Saint Helena of Constantinople

text: Saint Helena of Constantinople

question: What ocean is Saint Helena located in?

answer: South Atlantic Ocean

text: South Atlantic Ocean

question: What is the population of Saint Helena?

answer: 4,255

question: How big is Saint Helena tropical Island?

answer: 16 by 8 kilometres

text: 16 by 8 kilometres


text: The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed by the Bureau of the Mint through the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia. The medals were struck from September 1958 through October 1960. A total of twenty designs are cataloged with a total mintage of 9,858. Each of the designs incorporates the text "with appreciation" or "with personal and official gratitude" accompanied with Eisenhower's initials "D.D.E." or facsimile signature. The design also incorporates location, date, and/or significant event. Prior to the end of his second term as President, 1,451 medals were turned-in to the Bureau of the Mint and destroyed. The Eisenhower appreciation medals are part of the Presidential Medal of Appreciation Award Medal Series.

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: The

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: appreciation

text: medals

text: was

text: initiated

text: by

text: the

text: White

text: House

text: and

text: executed

text: by

text: the

text: Bureau

text: of

text: the

text: Mint

text: through

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Mint

text: in

text: Philadelphia

text: The

text: medals

text: were

text: struck

text: from

text: September

text: through

text: October

text: A

text: total

text: of

text: twenty

text: designs

text: are

text: cataloged

text: with

text: a

text: total

text: mintage

text: of

text: Each

text: of

text: the

text: designs

text: incorporates

text: the

text: text

text: with

text: appreciation

text: or

text: with

text: personal

text: and

text: official

text: gratitude

text: accompanied

text: with

text: Eisenhower

text: 's

text: initials

text: D.D.E.

text: or

text: facsimile

text: signature

text: The

text: design

text: also

text: incorporates

text: location

text: date

text: and/or

text: significant

text: event

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: his

text: second

text: term

text: as

text: President

text: medals

text: were

text: turned

text: in

text: to

text: the

text: Bureau

text: of

text: the

text: Mint

text: and

text: destroyed

text: The

text: Eisenhower

text: appreciation

text: medals

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Presidential

text: Medal

text: of

text: Appreciation

text: Award

text: Medal

text: Series

question: How many appreciation medals were minted?

answer: 9,858

question: In what city were the appreciation medals minted?

answer: Philadelphia

text: Philadelphia

question: During what period were the appreciation medals minted?

answer: September 1958 through October 1960

text: September 1958 through October 1960

question: What were Eisenhower's initials?

answer: D.D.E.

text: D.D.E.

question: How many appreciation medals were destroyed by the Bureau of the Mint?

answer: 1,451


text: The word gymnastics derives from the common Greek adjective γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked", by way of the related verb γυμνάζω (gymnazo), whose meaning is to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise". The verb had this meaning, because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing. It came into use in the 1570s, from Latin gymnasticus, from Greek gymnastikos "fond of or skilled in bodily exercise," from gymnazein "to exercise or train" (see gymnasium).

title: Gymnastics

title: Gymnastics

text: The

text: word

text: gymnastics

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: common

text: Greek

text: adjective

text: γυμνός

text: gymnos

text: meaning

text: naked

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: the

text: related

text: verb

text: γυμνάζω

text: gymnazo

text: whose

text: meaning

text: is

text: to

text: train

text: naked

text: train

text: in

text: gymnastic

text: exercise

text: generally

text: to

text: train

text: to

text: exercise

text: The

text: verb

text: had

text: this

text: meaning

text: because

text: athletes

text: in

text: ancient

text: times

text: exercised

text: and

text: competed

text: without

text: clothing

text: It

text: came

text: into

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: from

text: Latin

text: gymnasticus

text: from

text: Greek

text: gymnastikos

text: fond

text: of

text: or

text: skilled

text: in

text: bodily

text: exercise

text: from

text: gymnazein

text: to

text: exercise

text: or

text: train

text: see

text: gymnasium

question: What Greek word did gymnastics derive from?

answer: γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked"

text: γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked"

question: What does the  verb gymnazo mean?

answer: to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise"

text: to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise"

question: Why was this verb used?

answer: because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing

text: because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing

question: When did the word come into use?

answer: 1570s

question: When did gymnasts start competing with clothing?

text: the 1570s

question: What does the word gymnoto mean?

question: What greek noun means "naked"?

text: gymnos

question: What language does gymnazein come from?

text: Greek

question: What word means playing in the gymnasium?

text: gymnastics


text: The 1961 volcanic eruption destroyed the Tristan da Cunha canned crawfish factory, which was rebuilt a short time later. The crawfish catchers and processors work for the South African company Ovenstone, which has an exclusive contract to sell crawfish to the United States and Japan. Even though Tristan da Cunha is a UK overseas territory, it is not permitted direct access to European Union markets. Recent[clarification needed] economic conditions have meant that the islanders have had to draw from their reserves. The islands' financial problems may cause delays in updating communication equipment and improving education on the island. The fire of 13 February 2008 (see History) resulted in major temporary economic disruption.

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

text: The

text: volcanic

text: eruption

text: destroyed

text: the

text: Tristan

text: da

text: Cunha

text: canned

text: crawfish

text: factory

text: which

text: was

text: rebuilt

text: a

text: short

text: time

text: later

text: The

text: crawfish

text: catchers

text: and

text: processors

text: work

text: for

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: company

text: Ovenstone

text: which

text: has

text: an

text: exclusive

text: contract

text: to

text: sell

text: crawfish

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Japan

text: Even

text: though

text: Tristan

text: da

text: Cunha

text: is

text: a

text: UK

text: overseas

text: territory

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: permitted

text: direct

text: access

text: to

text: European

text: Union

text: markets

text: Recent[clarification

text: needed

text: economic

text: conditions

text: have

text: meant

text: that

text: the

text: islanders

text: have

text: had

text: to

text: draw

text: from

text: their

text: reserves

text: The

text: islands

text: financial

text: problems

text: may

text: cause

text: delays

text: in

text: updating

text: communication

text: equipment

text: and

text: improving

text: education

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: The

text: fire

text: of

text: February

text: see

text: History

text: resulted

text: in

text: major

text: temporary

text: economic

text: disruption

question: Which South African Company was destroyed by a 1961 volcanic eruption?

question: Who has exclusive rights to sell crawfish to the US and UK?

text: Ovenstone

question: Who is the UK an overseas territory of?

text: Tristan da Cunha

question: What may expedite the updating of communication equipment on the island?

text: financial problems

question: What may expedite the improving of education on the island?

text: financial problems


text: In 1986, Michael Dell brought in Lee Walker, a 51-year-old venture capitalist, as president and chief operating officer, to serve as Michael's mentor and implement Michael's ideas for growing the company. Walker was also instrumental in recruiting members to the board of directors when the company went public in 1988. Walker retired in 1990 due to health, and Michael Dell hired Morton Meyerson, former CEO and president of Electronic Data Systems to transform the company from a fast-growing medium-sized firm into a billion-dollar enterprise.

title: Dell

title: Dell

text: In

text: Michael

text: Dell

text: brought

text: in

text: Lee

text: Walker

text: a

text: old

text: venture

text: capitalist

text: as

text: president

text: and

text: chief

text: operating

text: officer

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: Michael

text: 's

text: mentor

text: and

text: implement

text: Michael

text: 's

text: ideas

text: for

text: growing

text: the

text: company

text: Walker

text: was

text: also

text: instrumental

text: in

text: recruiting

text: members

text: to

text: the

text: board

text: of

text: directors

text: when

text: the

text: company

text: went

text: public

text: in

text: Walker

text: retired

text: in

text: due

text: to

text: health

text: and

text: Michael

text: Dell

text: hired

text: Morton

text: Meyerson

text: former

text: CEO

text: and

text: president

text: of

text: Electronic

text: Data

text: Systems

text: to

text: transform

text: the

text: company

text: from

text: a

text: fast

text: growing

text: medium

text: sized

text: firm

text: into

text: a

text: billion

text: dollar

text: enterprise

question: What year did Michael Dell bring in Lee Walker to the company?

answer: 1986

question: What did Lee Walker recruit members to Dell for?

answer: board of directors

text: board of directors

question: What year did Walker retire?

answer: 1990

question: What was Morton Meyerson's position at his former company?

answer: CEO

text: CEO

question: What year didn't Michael Dell bring in Lee Walker to the company?

question: What didn't Lee Walker recruit members to Dell for?

text: board of directors

question: What year did Walker die?

question: What was Morton Meyerson's position at his current company?

text: CEO and president

question: What was Morton Dell's position at his former company?

text: CEO and president


text: The most famous escapee was the Boer prisoner of war Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne who was serving a life sentence for "conspiracy against the British government and on (the charge of) espionage.". On the night of 25 June 1902, Duquesne slipped out of his tent, worked his way over a barbed-wire fence, swam 1.5 miles (2.4 km) past patrol boats and bright spot lights, through storm-wracked, shark infested waters, using a distant lighthouse for navigation until he arrived ashore on the main island. From there he escaped to the port of St. George's and a week later, he stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland. He settled in the US and later became a spy for Germany in both World Wars. In 1942, Col. Duquesne was arrested by the FBI for leading the Duquesne Spy Ring, which still to this day the largest espionage case in the history of the United States.

title: Bermuda

title: Bermuda

text: The

text: most

text: famous

text: escapee

text: was

text: the

text: Boer

text: prisoner

text: of

text: war

text: Captain

text: Fritz

text: Joubert

text: Duquesne

text: who

text: was

text: serving

text: a

text: life

text: sentence

text: for

text: conspiracy

text: against

text: the

text: British

text: government

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: charge

text: of

text: espionage

text: On

text: the

text: night

text: of

text: June

text: Duquesne

text: slipped

text: out

text: of

text: his

text: tent

text: worked

text: his

text: way

text: over

text: a

text: barbed

text: wire

text: fence

text: swam

text: miles

text: km

text: past

text: patrol

text: boats

text: and

text: bright

text: spot

text: lights

text: through

text: storm

text: wracked

text: shark

text: infested

text: waters

text: using

text: a

text: distant

text: lighthouse

text: for

text: navigation

text: until

text: he

text: arrived

text: ashore

text: on

text: the

text: main

text: island

text: From

text: there

text: he

text: escaped

text: to

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: St.

text: George

text: 's

text: and

text: a

text: week

text: later

text: he

text: stowed

text: away

text: on

text: a

text: boat

text: heading

text: to

text: Baltimore

text: Maryland

text: He

text: settled

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: and

text: later

text: became

text: a

text: spy

text: for

text: Germany

text: in

text: both

text: World

text: Wars

text: In

text: Col

text: Duquesne

text: was

text: arrested

text: by

text: the

text: FBI

text: for

text: leading

text: the

text: Duquesne

text: Spy

text: Ring

text: which

text: still

text: to

text: this

text: day

text: the

text: largest

text: espionage

text: case

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: Why is Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne famous?

answer: most famous escapee

text: most famous escapee

question: After Duquesne made his way to St. George, what did he do?

answer: stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland

text: stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland

question: After settling in the US, what did Duquesne do?

answer: became a spy for Germany in both World Wars

text: became a spy for Germany in both World Wars

question: What was Captain Joubert Fritz Duquesne serving a sentence for?

question: What sentence was Captain Joubert Fritz Duquesne serving?

text: life sentence

question: Who escaped on 25 June 1942?

text: Duquesne

question: What happened in 1924?


text: Beginning in 1939, Dr. Peter Goldmark and his staff at Columbia Records and at CBS Laboratories undertook efforts to address problems of recording and playing back narrow grooves and developing an inexpensive, reliable consumer playback system. It took about eight years of study, except when it was suspended because of World War II. Finally, the 12-inch (30 cm) Long Play (LP) 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove record album was introduced by the Columbia Record Company at a New York press conference on June 18, 1948.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: Beginning

text: in

text: Dr.

text: Peter

text: Goldmark

text: and

text: his

text: staff

text: at

text: Columbia

text: Records

text: and

text: at

text: CBS

text: Laboratories

text: undertook

text: efforts

text: to

text: address

text: problems

text: of

text: recording

text: and

text: playing

text: back

text: narrow

text: grooves

text: and

text: developing

text: an

text: inexpensive

text: reliable

text: consumer

text: playback

text: system

text: It

text: took

text: about

text: eight

text: years

text: of

text: study

text: except

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: suspended

text: because

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Finally

text: the

text: cm

text: Long

text: Play

text: LP

text: rpm

text: microgroove

text: record

text: album

text: was

text: introduced

text: by

text: the

text: Columbia

text: Record

text: Company

text: at

text: a

text: New

text: York

text: press

text: conference

text: on

text: June

question: What caused a delay in the production of high quality records?

answer: World War II

text: World War II

question: Who released the 12 inch LP?

answer: Columbia Record Company

text: Columbia Record Company

question: On what date was the 12 inch LP released?

answer: June 18, 1948

text: June 18, 1948

question: In what city was the 12 in LP released?

answer: New York

text: New York

question: How long did it take Columbia to produce a consumer friendly long play record?

answer: about eight years

text: about eight years


text: On June 16, 1988, 6,000 to 8,000 people gathered in Lviv to hear speakers declare no confidence in the local list of delegates to the 19th Communist Party conference, to begin on June 29. On June 21, a rally in Lviv attracted 50,000 people who had heard about a revised delegate list. Authorities attempted to disperse the rally in front of Druzhba Stadium. On July 7, 10,000 to 20,000 people witnessed the launch of the Democratic Front to Promote Perestroika. On July 17, a group of 10,000 gathered in the village Zarvanytsia for Millennium services celebrated by Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Bishop Pavlo Vasylyk. The militia tried to disperse attendees, but it turned out to be the largest gathering of Ukrainian Catholics since Stalin outlawed the Church in 1946. On August 4, which came to be known as "Bloody Thursday," local authorities violently suppressed a demonstration organized by the Democratic Front to Promote Perestroika. Forty-one people were detained, fined, or sentenced to 15 days of administrative arrest. On September 1, local authorities violently displaced 5,000 students at a public meeting lacking official permission at Ivan Franko State University.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: On

text: June

text: to

text: people

text: gathered

text: in

text: Lviv

text: to

text: hear

text: speakers

text: declare

text: no

text: confidence

text: in

text: the

text: local

text: list

text: of

text: delegates

text: to

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: conference

text: to

text: begin

text: on

text: June

text: On

text: June

text: a

text: rally

text: in

text: Lviv

text: attracted

text: people

text: who

text: had

text: heard

text: about

text: a

text: revised

text: delegate

text: list

text: Authorities

text: attempted

text: to

text: disperse

text: the

text: rally

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: Druzhba

text: Stadium

text: On

text: July

text: to

text: people

text: witnessed

text: the

text: launch

text: of

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Front

text: to

text: Promote

text: Perestroika

text: On

text: July

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: gathered

text: in

text: the

text: village

text: Zarvanytsia

text: for

text: Millennium

text: services

text: celebrated

text: by

text: Ukrainian

text: Greek

text: Catholic

text: Bishop

text: Pavlo

text: Vasylyk

text: The

text: militia

text: tried

text: to

text: disperse

text: attendees

text: but

text: it

text: turned

text: out

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: largest

text: gathering

text: of

text: Ukrainian

text: Catholics

text: since

text: Stalin

text: outlawed

text: the

text: Church

text: in

text: On

text: August

text: which

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: known

text: as

text: Bloody

text: Thursday

text: local

text: authorities

text: violently

text: suppressed

text: a

text: demonstration

text: organized

text: by

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Front

text: to

text: Promote

text: Perestroika

text: Forty

text: one

text: people

text: were

text: detained

text: fined

text: or

text: sentenced

text: to

text: days

text: of

text: administrative

text: arrest

text: On

text: September

text: local

text: authorities

text: violently

text: displaced

text: students

text: at

text: a

text: public

text: meeting

text: lacking

text: official

text: permission

text: at

text: Ivan

text: Franko

text: State

text: University

question: How many people attended the Lviv rally?

answer: 50,000

question: Where was the dispersal attempt made?

answer: in front of Druzhba Stadium

text: in front of Druzhba Stadium

question: Who tried to stop the rally?

answer: Authorities

text: Authorities

question: Who led the Millennium celebration in Zarvanytsia?

answer: Pavlo Vasylyk

text: Pavlo Vasylyk

question: Who wanted to break up the celebration?

answer: militia

text: militia


text: From 1820 to 1848 Sicily was shaken by upheavals, which culminated on 12 January 1848, with a popular insurrection, the first one in Europe that year, led by Giuseppe La Masa. A parliament and constitution were proclaimed. The first president was Ruggero Settimo. The Bourbons reconquered Palermo in 1849, and remained under their rule until the time of Giuseppe Garibaldi. The famous general entered Palermo with his troops (the “Thousands”) on 27 May 1860. After the plebiscite later that year Palermo, along with the rest of Sicily, became part of the new Kingdom of Italy (1861).

title: Palermo

title: Palermo

text: From

text: to

text: Sicily

text: was

text: shaken

text: by

text: upheavals

text: which

text: culminated

text: on

text: January

text: with

text: a

text: popular

text: insurrection

text: the

text: first

text: one

text: in

text: Europe

text: that

text: year

text: led

text: by

text: Giuseppe

text: La

text: Masa

text: A

text: parliament

text: and

text: constitution

text: were

text: proclaimed

text: The

text: first

text: president

text: was

text: Ruggero

text: Settimo

text: The

text: Bourbons

text: reconquered

text: Palermo

text: in

text: and

text: remained

text: under

text: their

text: rule

text: until

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: Giuseppe

text: Garibaldi

text: The

text: famous

text: general

text: entered

text: Palermo

text: with

text: his

text: troops

text: the

text: Thousands

text: on

text: May

text: After

text: the

text: plebiscite

text: later

text: that

text: year

text: Palermo

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Sicily

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Italy

question: Who led the first insurrection in Europe in 1848?

answer: Giuseppe La Masa

text: Giuseppe La Masa

question: Who was the first president of Palermo?

answer: Ruggero Settimo

text: Ruggero Settimo

question: Who regained control of Palermo in 1849?

answer: The Bourbons

text: The Bourbons

question: Sicily and Palermo became part of what Kingdom in 1861?

answer: Kingdom of Italy

text: Kingdom of Italy

question: Who led an insurrection in the 18th century?

text: Giuseppe La Masa.

question: Who was the first president of Palermo?

text: Ruggero Settimo

question: Who reconqured Palermo in the 18th century?

text: The Bourbons

question: What general lead the Bourbons?

text: Giuseppe Garibaldi


text: Many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well known, and the city received a record 56 million tourists in 2014, hosting three of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world. Times Square, iconic as the world's "heart" and its "Crossroads", is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District, one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections, and a major center of the world's entertainment industry. The names of many of the city's bridges, skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world, and the city is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization, the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. Manhattan's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world. Manhattan's Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 469 stations in operation. New York City's higher education network comprises over 120 colleges and universities, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, which have been ranked among the top 35 in the world.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: Many

text: districts

text: and

text: landmarks

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: have

text: become

text: well

text: known

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: received

text: a

text: record

text: million

text: tourists

text: in

text: hosting

text: three

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: ten

text: most

text: visited

text: tourist

text: attractions

text: in

text: Several

text: sources

text: have

text: ranked

text: New

text: York

text: the

text: most

text: photographed

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Times

text: Square

text: iconic

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: heart

text: and

text: its

text: Crossroads

text: is

text: the

text: brightly

text: illuminated

text: hub

text: of

text: the

text: Broadway

text: Theater

text: District

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: busiest

text: pedestrian

text: intersections

text: and

text: a

text: major

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: entertainment

text: industry

text: The

text: names

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: bridges

text: skyscrapers

text: and

text: parks

text: are

text: known

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: Anchored

text: by

text: Wall

text: Street

text: in

text: the

text: Financial

text: District

text: of

text: Lower

text: Manhattan

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: both

text: the

text: most

text: economically

text: powerful

text: city

text: and

text: the

text: leading

text: financial

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: two

text: largest

text: stock

text: exchanges

text: by

text: total

text: market

text: capitalization

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Stock

text: Exchange

text: and

text: NASDAQ

text: Manhattan

text: 's

text: real

text: estate

text: market

text: is

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: expensive

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Manhattan

text: 's

text: Chinatown

text: incorporates

text: the

text: highest

text: concentration

text: of

text: Chinese

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Hemisphere

text: with

text: multiple

text: signature

text: Chinatowns

text: developing

text: across

text: the

text: city

text: Providing

text: continuous

text: service

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Subway

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: extensive

text: metro

text: systems

text: worldwide

text: with

text: stations

text: in

text: operation

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: 's

text: higher

text: education

text: network

text: comprises

text: over

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: including

text: Columbia

text: University

text: New

text: York

text: University

text: and

text: Rockefeller

text: University

text: which

text: have

text: been

text: ranked

text: among

text: the

text: top

text: in

text: the

text: world

question: How many tourists visited New York in 2014?

answer: 56 million

text: 56 million

question: How many stations are operated by the New York City Subway?

answer: 469

question: In what borough is Wall Street located?

answer: Manhattan

text: Manhattan

question: How many school and universities are in NYC?

answer: 120

question: NYC has the two largest stock exchanges in the world which are called what?

answer: New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ

text: New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ


text: About 1.7 to 5 billion cases of diarrhea occur per year. It is most common in developing countries, where young children get diarrhea on average three times a year. Total deaths from diarrhea are estimated at 1.26 million in 2013 – down from 2.58 million in 1990. In 2012, it is the second most common cause of deaths in children younger than five (0.76 million or 11%). Frequent episodes of diarrhea are also a common cause of malnutrition and the most common cause in those younger than five years of age. Other long term problems that can result include stunted growth and poor intellectual development.

title: Diarrhea

title: Diarrhea

text: About

text: to

text: billion

text: cases

text: of

text: diarrhea

text: occur

text: per

text: year

text: It

text: is

text: most

text: common

text: in

text: developing

text: countries

text: where

text: young

text: children

text: get

text: diarrhea

text: on

text: average

text: three

text: times

text: a

text: year

text: Total

text: deaths

text: from

text: diarrhea

text: are

text: estimated

text: at

text: million

text: in

text: down

text: from

text: million

text: in

text: In

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: deaths

text: in

text: children

text: younger

text: than

text: five

text: million

text: or

text: Frequent

text: episodes

text: of

text: diarrhea

text: are

text: also

text: a

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: malnutrition

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: in

text: those

text: younger

text: than

text: five

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: Other

text: long

text: term

text: problems

text: that

text: can

text: result

text: include

text: stunted

text: growth

text: and

text: poor

text: intellectual

text: development

question: HOw many cases of diarrhea are there a year?

answer: 1.7 to 5 billion cases

text: 1.7 to 5 billion cases

question: How often do kids get diarrhea in developing countries?

answer: average three times a year

text: average three times a year

question: Frequent episodes of diarrhea are common in what type of cases?

answer: malnutrition

text: malnutrition

question: What long term issues can arise from frequent diarrhea?

answer: stunted growth and poor intellectual development

text: stunted growth and poor intellectual development

question: What do frequent episodes of stunted growth cause?

text: malnutrition

question: How many cases of malnutrition happen per year?

text: About 1.7 to 5 billion cases

question: What long term issues can happen from frequent malnutrition?

question: How often do kids have malnutrition in developing countries?

text: average three times a year

question: What is the estimate of total deaths from stunted growth in 2013?

text: 1.26 million


text: Yaroslav, known as "the Wise", struggled for power with his brothers. A son of Vladimir the Great, he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father's death in 1015. Subsequently, his eldest surviving brother, Svyatopolk the Accursed, killed three of his other brothers and seized power in Kiev. Yaroslav, with the active support of the Novgorodians and the help of Viking mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk and became the grand prince of Kiev in 1019. Although he first established his rule over Kiev in 1019, he did not have uncontested rule of all of Kievan Rus' until 1036. Like Vladimir, Yaroslav was eager to improve relations with the rest of Europe, especially the Byzantine Empire. Yaroslav's granddaughter, Eupraxia the daughter of his son Vsevolod I, Prince of Kiev, was married to Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor. Yaroslav also arranged marriages for his sister and three daughters to the kings of Poland, France, Hungary and Norway. Yaroslav promulgated the first East Slavic law code, Russkaya Pravda; built Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev and Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod; patronized local clergy and monasticism; and is said to have founded a school system. Yaroslav's sons developed the great Kiev Pechersk Lavra (monastery), which functioned in Kievan Rus' as an ecclesiastical academy.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: Yaroslav

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Wise

text: struggled

text: for

text: power

text: with

text: his

text: brothers

text: A

text: son

text: of

text: Vladimir

text: the

text: Great

text: he

text: was

text: vice

text: regent

text: of

text: Novgorod

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: Subsequently

text: his

text: eldest

text: surviving

text: brother

text: Svyatopolk

text: the

text: Accursed

text: killed

text: three

text: of

text: his

text: other

text: brothers

text: and

text: seized

text: power

text: in

text: Kiev

text: Yaroslav

text: with

text: the

text: active

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: Novgorodians

text: and

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: Viking

text: mercenaries

text: defeated

text: Svyatopolk

text: and

text: became

text: the

text: grand

text: prince

text: of

text: Kiev

text: in

text: Although

text: he

text: first

text: established

text: his

text: rule

text: over

text: Kiev

text: in

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: uncontested

text: rule

text: of

text: all

text: of

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: until

text: Like

text: Vladimir

text: Yaroslav

text: was

text: eager

text: to

text: improve

text: relations

text: with

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Europe

text: especially

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: Yaroslav

text: 's

text: granddaughter

text: Eupraxia

text: the

text: daughter

text: of

text: his

text: son

text: Vsevolod

text: I

text: Prince

text: of

text: Kiev

text: was

text: married

text: to

text: Henry

text: III

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: Yaroslav

text: also

text: arranged

text: marriages

text: for

text: his

text: sister

text: and

text: three

text: daughters

text: to

text: the

text: kings

text: of

text: Poland

text: France

text: Hungary

text: and

text: Norway

text: Yaroslav

text: promulgated

text: the

text: first

text: East

text: Slavic

text: law

text: code

text: Russkaya

text: Pravda

text: built

text: Saint

text: Sophia

text: Cathedral

text: in

text: Kiev

text: and

text: Saint

text: Sophia

text: Cathedral

text: in

text: Novgorod

text: patronized

text: local

text: clergy

text: and

text: monasticism

text: and

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: founded

text: a

text: school

text: system

text: Yaroslav

text: 's

text: sons

text: developed

text: the

text: great

text: Kiev

text: Pechersk

text: Lavra

text: monastery

text: which

text: functioned

text: in

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: as

text: an

text: ecclesiastical

text: academy

question: What was Yaroslav also known as?

answer: the Wise

text: the Wise

question: Who was Yaroslav's father?

answer: Vladimir the Great

text: Vladimir the Great

question: In what year did Yaroslav become the prince of Kiev?

answer: 1019

question: What was Yaroslav nor known as?

text: the Wise

question: Who did not struggle for power with his brothers?

text: Yaroslav

question: Who was the daughter of Vladimir the Great?

text: Yaroslav

question: What was Yaroslav not eager to improve?

text: relations with the rest of Europe

question: What year did Yaroslav's sons develop the Kiev Pechersk Lavra?


text: The tram system that now criss-crosses the historic city centre complements walking and biking in it. The centre has been transformed into a pedestrian priority zone that enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable. These attributes are accomplished by applying the principle of "filtered permeability" to the existing irregular network of streets. It means that the network adaptations favour active transportation and, selectively, "filter out" the car by reducing the number of streets that run through the centre. While certain streets are discontinuous for cars, they connect to a network of pedestrian and bike paths which permeate the entire centre. In addition, these paths go through public squares and open spaces increasing the enjoyment of the trip. This logic of filtering a mode of transport is fully expressed in a comprehensive model for laying out neighbourhoods and districts – the Fused Grid.

title: Strasbourg

title: Strasbourg

text: The

text: tram

text: system

text: that

text: now

text: criss

text: crosses

text: the

text: historic

text: city

text: centre

text: complements

text: walking

text: and

text: biking

text: in

text: it

text: The

text: centre

text: has

text: been

text: transformed

text: into

text: a

text: pedestrian

text: priority

text: zone

text: that

text: enables

text: and

text: invites

text: walking

text: and

text: biking

text: by

text: making

text: these

text: active

text: modes

text: of

text: transport

text: comfortable

text: safe

text: and

text: enjoyable

text: These

text: attributes

text: are

text: accomplished

text: by

text: applying

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: filtered

text: permeability

text: to

text: the

text: existing

text: irregular

text: network

text: of

text: streets

text: It

text: means

text: that

text: the

text: network

text: adaptations

text: favour

text: active

text: transportation

text: and

text: selectively

text: filter

text: out

text: the

text: car

text: by

text: reducing

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: streets

text: that

text: run

text: through

text: the

text: centre

text: While

text: certain

text: streets

text: are

text: discontinuous

text: for

text: cars

text: they

text: connect

text: to

text: a

text: network

text: of

text: pedestrian

text: and

text: bike

text: paths

text: which

text: permeate

text: the

text: entire

text: centre

text: In

text: addition

text: these

text: paths

text: go

text: through

text: public

text: squares

text: and

text: open

text: spaces

text: increasing

text: the

text: enjoyment

text: of

text: the

text: trip

text: This

text: logic

text: of

text: filtering

text: a

text: mode

text: of

text: transport

text: is

text: fully

text: expressed

text: in

text: a

text: comprehensive

text: model

text: for

text: laying

text: out

text: neighbourhoods

text: and

text: districts

text: the

text: Fused

text: Grid

question: What system also complements walking and biking?

answer: tram

text: tram

question: What kind of priority zone has the city centre been transformed into?

answer: pedestrian

text: pedestrian

question: What do bike paths go through to add enjoyment to the trip?

answer: public squares

text: public squares

question: What is the layout of the neighbourhoods called?

answer: Fused Grid

text: Fused Grid

question: How do people most often get to Strasbourg from elsewhere?

text: car

question: Who takes priority between pedestrians and bicyclists?

text: biking

question: What is filtered out in the outer sections of Strausberg?

text: walking and biking

question: What adds enjoyment to doing a trip in the outer sections of Strausberg?

text: public squares and open spaces

question: What system is used as a comprehensive layout beyond central Strasbourg?

text: the Fused Grid


text: The language was first introduced in North America when Russian explorers voyaged into Alaska and claimed it for Russia during the 1700s. Although most colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. Sizable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America, especially in large urban centers of the U.S. and Canada, such as New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, Los Angeles, Nashville, San Francisco, Seattle, Spokane, Toronto, Baltimore, Miami, Chicago, Denver and Cleveland. In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially the generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). Only about 25% of them are ethnic Russians, however. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the overwhelming majority of Russophones in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn in New York City were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. According to the United States Census, in 2007 Russian was the primary language spoken in the homes of over 850,000 individuals living in the United States.

title: Russian_language

title: Russian_language

text: The

text: language

text: was

text: first

text: introduced

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: when

text: Russian

text: explorers

text: voyaged

text: into

text: Alaska

text: and

text: claimed

text: it

text: for

text: Russia

text: during

text: the

text: Although

text: most

text: colonists

text: left

text: after

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: bought

text: the

text: land

text: in

text: a

text: handful

text: stayed

text: and

text: preserved

text: the

text: Russian

text: language

text: in

text: this

text: region

text: to

text: this

text: day

text: although

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: elderly

text: speakers

text: of

text: this

text: unique

text: dialect

text: are

text: left

text: Sizable

text: Russian

text: speaking

text: communities

text: also

text: exist

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: especially

text: in

text: large

text: urban

text: centers

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: and

text: Canada

text: such

text: as

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Philadelphia

text: Boston

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Nashville

text: San

text: Francisco

text: Seattle

text: Spokane

text: Toronto

text: Baltimore

text: Miami

text: Chicago

text: Denver

text: and

text: Cleveland

text: In

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: locations

text: they

text: issue

text: their

text: own

text: newspapers

text: and

text: live

text: in

text: ethnic

text: enclaves

text: especially

text: the

text: generation

text: of

text: immigrants

text: who

text: started

text: arriving

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: Only

text: about

text: of

text: them

text: are

text: ethnic

text: Russians

text: however

text: Before

text: the

text: dissolution

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: the

text: overwhelming

text: majority

text: of

text: Russophones

text: in

text: Brighton

text: Beach

text: Brooklyn

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: were

text: Russian

text: speaking

text: Jews

text: Afterward

text: the

text: influx

text: from

text: the

text: countries

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: changed

text: the

text: statistics

text: somewhat

text: with

text: ethnic

text: Russians

text: and

text: Ukrainians

text: immigrating

text: along

text: with

text: some

text: more

text: Russian

text: Jews

text: and

text: Central

text: Asians

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: in

text: Russian

text: was

text: the

text: primary

text: language

text: spoken

text: in

text: the

text: homes

text: of

text: over

text: individuals

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: Where did Russian explorers first reach North America?

answer: Alaska

text: Alaska

question: When did Russian explorers first reach North America?

answer: 1700s

question: When did the US buy Alaska?

answer: 1867

question: What portion of Russian-speaking Americans are ethnic Russians?

answer: about 25%

text: about 25%

question: What is the term for Russian-speaking people?

answer: Russophones

text: Russophones

question: What did New York buy in the 1700's?

text: Alaska

question: When did explorers from North America first reach Russia?

question: What is the term for Jews living in Russia?

text: Russophones

question: How many Jews lived in Russia in the 1700's?

text: over 850,000

question: In what year did Central Asians immigrate to Russia?


text: The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, but the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: The

text: RCC

text: attempted

text: to

text: suppress

text: regional

text: and

text: tribal

text: affiliation

text: replacing

text: it

text: with

text: a

text: unified

text: pan

text: Libyan

text: identity

text: In

text: doing

text: so

text: they

text: tried

text: discrediting

text: tribal

text: leaders

text: as

text: agents

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: regime

text: and

text: in

text: August

text: a

text: Sabha

text: military

text: court

text: tried

text: many

text: of

text: them

text: for

text: counter

text: revolutionary

text: activity

text: Long

text: standing

text: administrative

text: boundaries

text: were

text: re

text: drawn

text: crossing

text: tribal

text: boundaries

text: while

text: pro

text: revolutionary

text: modernizers

text: replaced

text: traditional

text: leaders

text: but

text: the

text: communities

text: they

text: served

text: often

text: rejected

text: them

text: Realizing

text: the

text: failures

text: of

text: the

text: modernizers

text: Gaddafi

text: created

text: the

text: Arab

text: Socialist

text: Union

text: ASU

text: a

text: mass

text: mobilization

text: vanguard

text: party

text: of

text: which

text: he

text: was

text: president

text: The

text: ASU

text: recognized

text: the

text: RCC

text: as

text: its

text: Supreme

text: Leading

text: Authority

text: and

text: was

text: designed

text: to

text: further

text: revolutionary

text: enthusiasm

text: throughout

text: the

text: country

question: What sort of identity was promoted by the RCC?

answer: pan-Libyan

text: pan-Libyan

question: What identities did the RCC try to dissuade?

answer: regional and tribal

text: regional and tribal

question: What were tribal leaders accused of in 1971?

answer: counter-revolutionary activity

text: counter-revolutionary activity

question: Where was the military court located that tried the tribal leaders in 1971?

answer: Sabha

text: Sabha

question: Of what party did Gaddafi become president in this period?

answer: Arab Socialist Union

text: Arab Socialist Union


text: Asphalt/bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites. However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct. The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals, mainly algae, that died millions of years ago when an ancient ocean covered Alberta. They were covered by mud, buried deeply over the eons, and gently cooked into oil by geothermal heat at a temperature of 50 to 150 °C (120 to 300 °F). Due to pressure from the rising of the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta, 80 to 55 million years ago, the oil was driven northeast hundreds of kilometres into underground sand deposits left behind by ancient river beds and ocean beaches, thus forming the oil sands.

title: Asphalt

title: Asphalt

text: Asphalt

text: bitumen

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: organic

text: matter

text: in

text: carbonaceous

text: meteorites

text: However

text: detailed

text: studies

text: have

text: shown

text: these

text: materials

text: to

text: be

text: distinct

text: The

text: vast

text: Alberta

text: bitumen

text: resources

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: started

text: out

text: as

text: living

text: material

text: from

text: marine

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: mainly

text: algae

text: that

text: died

text: millions

text: of

text: years

text: ago

text: when

text: an

text: ancient

text: ocean

text: covered

text: Alberta

text: They

text: were

text: covered

text: by

text: mud

text: buried

text: deeply

text: over

text: the

text: eons

text: and

text: gently

text: cooked

text: into

text: oil

text: by

text: geothermal

text: heat

text: at

text: a

text: temperature

text: of

text: to

text: C

text: to

text: F

text: Due

text: to

text: pressure

text: from

text: the

text: rising

text: of

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: in

text: southwestern

text: Alberta

text: to

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: the

text: oil

text: was

text: driven

text: northeast

text: hundreds

text: of

text: kilometres

text: into

text: underground

text: sand

text: deposits

text: left

text: behind

text: by

text: ancient

text: river

text: beds

text: and

text: ocean

text: beaches

text: thus

text: forming

text: the

text: oil

text: sands

question: To what is the organic matter in asphalt similar?

answer: meteorites

text: meteorites

question: What did the Alberta bitumen mines begin as?

answer: living material

text: living material

question: What kind of living materials formed the basis of bitumen?

answer: plants and animals

text: plants and animals

question: What feature originally covered Alberta?

answer: ocean

text: ocean

question: What temperatures did the organic deposits need to form bitumen over the eons?

answer: 50 to 150 °C

text: 50 to 150 °C

question: Bitumen is similar to inorganic matter in what type of meteorites?

text: carbonaceous

question: Bitumen varies greatly from organic matter found in what type of meteorites?

text: carbonaceous

question: Thousands of years ago an ancient ocean covered which area?

text: Alberta

question: How many years ago were the Rocky Mountains covered in an ancient ocean?

text: millions

question: How many years ago did the Rocky Mountains arise in northeastern Alberta?

text: 80 to 55 million


text: On 18 June 1953, the monarchy was abolished and the Republic of Egypt declared, with Naguib as its first president. According to Aburish, after assuming power, Nasser and the Free Officers expected to become the "guardians of the people's interests" against the monarchy and the pasha class while leaving the day-to-day tasks of government to civilians. They asked former prime minister Ali Maher to accept reappointment to his previous position, and to form an all-civilian cabinet. The Free Officers then governed as the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) with Naguib as chairman and Nasser as vice-chairman. Relations between the RCC and Maher grew tense, however, as the latter viewed many of Nasser's schemes—agrarian reform, abolition of the monarchy, reorganization of political parties—as too radical, culminating in Maher's resignation on 7 September. Naguib assumed the additional role of prime minister, and Nasser that of deputy prime minister. In September, the Agrarian Reform Law was put into effect. In Nasser's eyes, this law gave the RCC its own identity and transformed the coup into a revolution.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: On

text: June

text: the

text: monarchy

text: was

text: abolished

text: and

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Egypt

text: declared

text: with

text: Naguib

text: as

text: its

text: first

text: president

text: According

text: to

text: Aburish

text: after

text: assuming

text: power

text: Nasser

text: and

text: the

text: Free

text: Officers

text: expected

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: guardians

text: of

text: the

text: people

text: 's

text: interests

text: against

text: the

text: monarchy

text: and

text: the

text: pasha

text: class

text: while

text: leaving

text: the

text: day

text: to

text: day

text: tasks

text: of

text: government

text: to

text: civilians

text: They

text: asked

text: former

text: prime

text: minister

text: Ali

text: Maher

text: to

text: accept

text: reappointment

text: to

text: his

text: previous

text: position

text: and

text: to

text: form

text: an

text: all

text: civilian

text: cabinet

text: The

text: Free

text: Officers

text: then

text: governed

text: as

text: the

text: Revolutionary

text: Command

text: Council

text: RCC

text: with

text: Naguib

text: as

text: chairman

text: and

text: Nasser

text: as

text: vice

text: chairman

text: Relations

text: between

text: the

text: RCC

text: and

text: Maher

text: grew

text: tense

text: however

text: as

text: the

text: latter

text: viewed

text: many

text: of

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: schemes

text: agrarian

text: reform

text: abolition

text: of

text: the

text: monarchy

text: reorganization

text: of

text: political

text: parties

text: as

text: too

text: radical

text: culminating

text: in

text: Maher

text: 's

text: resignation

text: on

text: September

text: Naguib

text: assumed

text: the

text: additional

text: role

text: of

text: prime

text: minister

text: and

text: Nasser

text: that

text: of

text: deputy

text: prime

text: minister

text: In

text: September

text: the

text: Agrarian

text: Reform

text: Law

text: was

text: put

text: into

text: effect

text: In

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: eyes

text: this

text: law

text: gave

text: the

text: RCC

text: its

text: own

text: identity

text: and

text: transformed

text: the

text: coup

text: into

text: a

text: revolution

question: Who was the first president of the Republic of Egypt?

answer: Naguib

text: Naguib

question: Who did Nasser want to handle the day-to-day operations of the government?

answer: civilians

text: civilians

question: Who did Nasser recruit to be Prime Minister?

answer: Ali Maher

text: Ali Maher

question: What new name did the Free Officers take?

answer: Revolutionary Command Council

text: Revolutionary Command Council

question: What law did Nasser view as the culmination of his revolutionary efforts?

answer: Agrarian Reform Law

text: Agrarian Reform Law


text: Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. This theory was motivated by Maxwell's equations, which show that electromagnetic waves propagate in a vacuum at the speed of light. However, Maxwell's equations give no indication of what this speed is relative to. Prior to Einstein, it was thought that this speed was relative to a fixed medium, called the luminiferous ether. In contrast, the theory of special relativity postulates that light propagates at the speed of light in all inertial frames, and examines the implications of this postulate.

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

text: Albert

text: Einstein

text: proposed

text: that

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: physics

text: should

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: relativity

text: This

text: principle

text: holds

text: that

text: the

text: rules

text: of

text: physics

text: must

text: be

text: the

text: same

text: for

text: all

text: observers

text: regardless

text: of

text: the

text: frame

text: of

text: reference

text: that

text: is

text: used

text: and

text: that

text: light

text: propagates

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: speed

text: in

text: all

text: reference

text: frames

text: This

text: theory

text: was

text: motivated

text: by

text: Maxwell

text: 's

text: equations

text: which

text: show

text: that

text: electromagnetic

text: waves

text: propagate

text: in

text: a

text: vacuum

text: at

text: the

text: speed

text: of

text: light

text: However

text: Maxwell

text: 's

text: equations

text: give

text: no

text: indication

text: of

text: what

text: this

text: speed

text: is

text: relative

text: to

text: Prior

text: to

text: Einstein

text: it

text: was

text: thought

text: that

text: this

text: speed

text: was

text: relative

text: to

text: a

text: fixed

text: medium

text: called

text: the

text: luminiferous

text: ether

text: In

text: contrast

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: special

text: relativity

text: postulates

text: that

text: light

text: propagates

text: at

text: the

text: speed

text: of

text: light

text: in

text: all

text: inertial

text: frames

text: and

text: examines

text: the

text: implications

text: of

text: this

text: postulate

question: lbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on what principle?

answer: relativity

text: relativity

question: The principle of relativity holds that the rules of physics must be the same for who?

answer: all observers

text: all observers

question: In all reference frames, how is the the speed of light?

answer: the same

text: the same

question: Einstein's theory was motivated by who?

answer: Maxwell

text: Maxwell

question: Before Einstein, speed was though to be relative to what?

answer: the luminiferous ether

text: the luminiferous ether

question: Who proposed  that the laws of physics where not dependent on relativity?

text: Albert Einstein

question: What did Einstein agrue was dependent on the observers frame of refrence?

text: rules of physics

question: Whatprinciples that light moves at different speeds depending on the refrence point?

text: principle of relativity

question: What equation was motivated by Einstein's theory?

text: Maxwell's equations


text: The Tito-Stalin split had large ramifications for countries outside the USSR and Yugoslavia. It has, for example, been given as one of the reasons for the Slánský trial in Czechoslovakia, in which 14 high-level Communist officials were purged, with 11 of them being executed. Stalin put pressure on Czechoslovakia to conduct purges in order to discourage the spread of the idea of a "national path to socialism," which Tito espoused.

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

text: The

text: Tito

text: Stalin

text: split

text: had

text: large

text: ramifications

text: for

text: countries

text: outside

text: the

text: USSR

text: and

text: Yugoslavia

text: It

text: has

text: for

text: example

text: been

text: given

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: reasons

text: for

text: the

text: Slánský

text: trial

text: in

text: Czechoslovakia

text: in

text: which

text: high

text: level

text: Communist

text: officials

text: were

text: purged

text: with

text: of

text: them

text: being

text: executed

text: Stalin

text: put

text: pressure

text: on

text: Czechoslovakia

text: to

text: conduct

text: purges

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: discourage

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: a

text: national

text: path

text: to

text: socialism

text: which

text: Tito

text: espoused

question: How many high-level Communists were purged in the Slansky trial?

answer: 14

question: How many Communists were executed at the Slansky trial?

answer: 11

question: What country had pressure put on it by Stalin to conduct purges?

answer: Czechoslovakia

text: Czechoslovakia

question: Who espoused the "national path to socialism"?

answer: Tito

text: Tito

question: Who put pressure on Checkoslovakia to conduct purges?

answer: Stalin

text: Stalin


text: In 2007, GameTrailers named the SNES as the second-best console of all time in their list of top ten consoles that "left their mark on the history of gaming", citing its graphic, sound, and library of top-quality games. In 2015, they also named it the best Nintendo console of all time, saying, "The list of games we love from this console completely annihilates any other roster from the Big N." Technology columnist Don Reisinger proclaimed "The SNES is the greatest console of all time" in January 2008, citing the quality of the games and the console's dramatic improvement over its predecessor; fellow technology columnist Will Greenwald replied with a more nuanced view, giving the SNES top marks with his heart, the NES with his head, and the PlayStation (for its controller) with his hands. GamingExcellence also gave the SNES first place in 2008, declaring it "simply the most timeless system ever created" with many games that stand the test of time and citing its innovation in controller design, graphics capabilities, and game storytelling. At the same time, GameDaily rated it fifth of ten for its graphics, audio, controllers, and games. In 2009, IGN named the Super Nintendo Entertainment System the fourth best video game console, complimenting its audio and "concentration of AAA titles".

title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System

title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System

text: In

text: GameTrailers

text: named

text: the

text: SNES

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: best

text: console

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: in

text: their

text: list

text: of

text: top

text: ten

text: consoles

text: that

text: left

text: their

text: mark

text: on

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: gaming

text: citing

text: its

text: graphic

text: sound

text: and

text: library

text: of

text: top

text: quality

text: games

text: In

text: they

text: also

text: named

text: it

text: the

text: best

text: Nintendo

text: console

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: saying

text: The

text: list

text: of

text: games

text: we

text: love

text: from

text: this

text: console

text: completely

text: annihilates

text: any

text: other

text: roster

text: from

text: the

text: Big

text: N.

text: Technology

text: columnist

text: Don

text: Reisinger

text: proclaimed

text: The

text: SNES

text: is

text: the

text: greatest

text: console

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: in

text: January

text: citing

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: the

text: games

text: and

text: the

text: console

text: 's

text: dramatic

text: improvement

text: over

text: its

text: predecessor

text: fellow

text: technology

text: columnist

text: Will

text: Greenwald

text: replied

text: with

text: a

text: more

text: nuanced

text: view

text: giving

text: the

text: SNES

text: top

text: marks

text: with

text: his

text: heart

text: the

text: NES

text: with

text: his

text: head

text: and

text: the

text: PlayStation

text: for

text: its

text: controller

text: with

text: his

text: hands

text: GamingExcellence

text: also

text: gave

text: the

text: SNES

text: first

text: place

text: in

text: declaring

text: it

text: simply

text: the

text: most

text: timeless

text: system

text: ever

text: created

text: with

text: many

text: games

text: that

text: stand

text: the

text: test

text: of

text: time

text: and

text: citing

text: its

text: innovation

text: in

text: controller

text: design

text: graphics

text: capabilities

text: and

text: game

text: storytelling

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: GameDaily

text: rated

text: it

text: fifth

text: of

text: ten

text: for

text: its

text: graphics

text: audio

text: controllers

text: and

text: games

text: In

text: IGN

text: named

text: the

text: Super

text: Nintendo

text: Entertainment

text: System

text: the

text: fourth

text: best

text: video

text: game

text: console

text: complimenting

text: its

text: audio

text: and

text: concentration

text: of

text: AAA

text: titles

question: Which publication said Nintendo's best console ever was the SNES?

answer: GameTrailers

text: GameTrailers

question: Which writer said the SNES was the best console ever from any company?

answer: Don Reisinger

text: Don Reisinger

question: Where did GameTrailers rank the SNES among all consoles?

answer: second-best

text: second-best

question: Who said the SNES was "simply the most timeless system ever created"?

answer: GamingExcellence

text: GamingExcellence

question: Where did IGN rank the SNES?

answer: fourth best

text: fourth best

question: Why did GameTrailers name the SNES second-best console of all time in 2008?

question: What did Will Greenwald proclaim about the Playstation in 2009?

text: the greatest console of all time

question: Who said the Playstation was simply the most timeless system ever created?

text: GamingExcellence

question: Why did Big N. Technology rate the Playstation fifth of ten?

question: In 2007 how did GamingExcellence rate the NES?

text: the fourth best video game console


text: The Earth receives 174,000 terawatts (TW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. Most people around the world live in areas with insolation levels of 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: The

text: Earth

text: receives

text: terawatts

text: TW

text: of

text: incoming

text: solar

text: radiation

text: insolation

text: at

text: the

text: upper

text: atmosphere

text: Approximately

text: is

text: reflected

text: back

text: to

text: space

text: while

text: the

text: rest

text: is

text: absorbed

text: by

text: clouds

text: oceans

text: and

text: land

text: masses

text: The

text: spectrum

text: of

text: solar

text: light

text: at

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: is

text: mostly

text: spread

text: across

text: the

text: visible

text: and

text: near

text: infrared

text: ranges

text: with

text: a

text: small

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: near

text: ultraviolet

text: Most

text: people

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: live

text: in

text: areas

text: with

text: insolation

text: levels

text: of

text: to

text: watts

text: per

text: square

text: meter

text: or

text: to

text: kWh

text: per

text: day

question: How many terawatts of solar radiation does the Earth receive?

answer: 174,000

question: What percentage of solar radiation is reflected back by the atmosphere?

answer: 30%

question: The areas that people live in typically receive what range of kWh/m2 per day?

answer: 3.5 to 7.0

text: 3.5 to 7.0

question: How many terrawatts of radiation does the earth receive?

answer: 174,000

question: How much of the solar radiation is reflected back into space?

answer: Approximately 30%

text: Approximately 30%

question: What are the insolation levels of most populated areas?

answer: 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day

text: 150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day

question: Where is the solar radiation not reflected back to space absorbed?

answer: clouds, oceans and land masses

text: clouds, oceans and land masses


text: The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time, who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology. In turn, the higher educational levels of the Christians allowed them to play a large role in the economy. In 1911, of the 654 wholesale companies in Istanbul, 528 were owned by ethnic Greeks. Of course, it would be a mistake to ignore the geopolitical dimensions of this dynamic. The preponderance of Christian merchants owed not to any innate business sense on their part, although plenty of European observers were keen on making this point. In fact, in many cases, Christians and also Jews were able to gain protection from European consuls and citizenship, meaning they were protected from Ottoman law and not subject to the same economic regulations as their Muslim comrades.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: The

text: Christian

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: owing

text: to

text: their

text: higher

text: educational

text: levels

text: started

text: to

text: pull

text: ahead

text: of

text: the

text: Muslim

text: majority

text: leading

text: to

text: much

text: resentment

text: on

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: latter

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: primary

text: and

text: secondary

text: schools

text: for

text: Ottoman

text: Christians

text: with

text: pupils

text: in

text: total

text: a

text: figure

text: that

text: vastly

text: exceeded

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: Muslim

text: children

text: in

text: school

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: who

text: were

text: further

text: hindered

text: by

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: time

text: spent

text: learning

text: Arabic

text: and

text: Islamic

text: theology

text: In

text: turn

text: the

text: higher

text: educational

text: levels

text: of

text: the

text: Christians

text: allowed

text: them

text: to

text: play

text: a

text: large

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: economy

text: In

text: of

text: the

text: wholesale

text: companies

text: in

text: Istanbul

text: were

text: owned

text: by

text: ethnic

text: Greeks

text: Of

text: course

text: it

text: would

text: be

text: a

text: mistake

text: to

text: ignore

text: the

text: geopolitical

text: dimensions

text: of

text: this

text: dynamic

text: The

text: preponderance

text: of

text: Christian

text: merchants

text: owed

text: not

text: to

text: any

text: innate

text: business

text: sense

text: on

text: their

text: part

text: although

text: plenty

text: of

text: European

text: observers

text: were

text: keen

text: on

text: making

text: this

text: point

text: In

text: fact

text: in

text: many

text: cases

text: Christians

text: and

text: also

text: Jews

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: gain

text: protection

text: from

text: European

text: consuls

text: and

text: citizenship

text: meaning

text: they

text: were

text: protected

text: from

text: Ottoman

text: law

text: and

text: not

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: same

text: economic

text: regulations

text: as

text: their

text: Muslim

text: comrades

question: How many primary schools existed for Christians in the Ottoman empire in 1861?

answer: 571

question: How many Christian pupils were in ottoman schools in 1861?

answer: 140,000

question: Greeks in Istanbul owned how many wholesale companies in 1911?

answer: 528

question: Jews and Christians were offered protection in the form of what assistance by Europe?

answer: consuls and citizenship

text: consuls and citizenship

question: There were how many wholesale companies in Istanbul in 1911?

answer: 654


text: Some hunter-gatherer cultures, such as the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, lived in particularly rich environments that allowed them to be sedentary or semi-sedentary.

title: Hunter-gatherer

title: Hunter

title: gatherer

text: Some

text: hunter

text: gatherer

text: cultures

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Northwest

text: Coast

text: lived

text: in

text: particularly

text: rich

text: environments

text: that

text: allowed

text: them

text: to

text: be

text: sedentary

text: or

text: semi

text: sedentary

question: What kind of area allowed a more permanent settlement?

answer: rich environments

text: rich environments

question: What is the life style of the indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest?

answer: hunter-gatherer

text: hunter-gatherer

question: What does a lush environment allow hunter-gatherers to be?

answer: sedentary or semi-sedentary

text: sedentary or semi-sedentary

question: What kind of environment is the Pacific Northwest?

answer: rich environments

text: rich environments

question: What are the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest?

answer: hunter-gatherer cultures

text: hunter-gatherer cultures

question: What cultures live in barren environments?

question: Which people lived in environments that allowed them to be nomadic?

text: the Pacific Northwest Coast

question: What kind of environment allowed for a nomadic existence?

text: particularly rich environments

question: The peoples of the Pacific West Coast lived in what kind of environment?

text: particularly rich environments

question: The peoples of the Pacific East Coast lived what kind of lifestyle?

text: sedentary or semi-sedentary


text: The net quality of a ground reflection depends on the topography of the surface. When the irregularities of the surface are much smaller than the wavelength, we are in the regime of specular reflection, and the receiver sees both the real antenna and an image of the antenna under the ground due to reflection. But if the ground has irregularities not small compared to the wavelength, reflections will not be coherent but shifted by random phases. With shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies), this is generally the case.

title: Antenna_(radio)

title: Antenna_(radio

text: The

text: net

text: quality

text: of

text: a

text: ground

text: reflection

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: topography

text: of

text: the

text: surface

text: When

text: the

text: irregularities

text: of

text: the

text: surface

text: are

text: much

text: smaller

text: than

text: the

text: wavelength

text: we

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: regime

text: of

text: specular

text: reflection

text: and

text: the

text: receiver

text: sees

text: both

text: the

text: real

text: antenna

text: and

text: an

text: image

text: of

text: the

text: antenna

text: under

text: the

text: ground

text: due

text: to

text: reflection

text: But

text: if

text: the

text: ground

text: has

text: irregularities

text: not

text: small

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: wavelength

text: reflections

text: will

text: not

text: be

text: coherent

text: but

text: shifted

text: by

text: random

text: phases

text: With

text: shorter

text: wavelengths

text: higher

text: frequencies

text: this

text: is

text: generally

text: the

text: case

question: What is the net quality of the ground dependent of?

answer: topography

text: topography

question: What is the reason for the receiver seeing both the ral antenna and image of the antenna?

answer: reflection

text: reflection

question: What frequencies is associated with shorter wavelengths?

answer: higher frequencies

text: higher frequencies

question: When will reflections not be coherent?

answer: ground has irregularities

text: ground has irregularities


text: Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method, in favour of empirical falsification: A theory in the empirical sciences can never be proven, but it can be falsified, meaning that it can and should be scrutinized by decisive experiments. He used the black swan fallacy to discuss falsification. If the outcome of an experiment contradicts the theory, one should refrain from ad hoc manoeuvres that evade the contradiction merely by making it less falsifiable. Popper is also known for his opposition to the classical justificationist account of knowledge, which he replaced with critical rationalism, "the first non-justificational philosophy of criticism in the history of philosophy."

title: Karl_Popper

title: Karl_Popper

text: Popper

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: rejection

text: of

text: the

text: classical

text: inductivist

text: views

text: on

text: the

text: scientific

text: method

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: empirical

text: falsification

text: A

text: theory

text: in

text: the

text: empirical

text: sciences

text: can

text: never

text: be

text: proven

text: but

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: falsified

text: meaning

text: that

text: it

text: can

text: and

text: should

text: be

text: scrutinized

text: by

text: decisive

text: experiments

text: He

text: used

text: the

text: black

text: swan

text: fallacy

text: to

text: discuss

text: falsification

text: If

text: the

text: outcome

text: of

text: an

text: experiment

text: contradicts

text: the

text: theory

text: one

text: should

text: refrain

text: from

text: ad

text: hoc

text: manoeuvres

text: that

text: evade

text: the

text: contradiction

text: merely

text: by

text: making

text: it

text: less

text: falsifiable

text: Popper

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: opposition

text: to

text: the

text: classical

text: justificationist

text: account

text: of

text: knowledge

text: which

text: he

text: replaced

text: with

text: critical

text: rationalism

text: the

text: first

text: non

text: justificational

text: philosophy

text: of

text: criticism

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: philosophy

question: Which classical views about the method of science did Popper reject?

answer: inductivist

text: inductivist

question: Who proposed empirical falsification as the central principle of the scientific method?

answer: Popper

text: Popper

question: What is necessary for a scientific theory to be falsified?

answer: decisive experiments

text: decisive experiments

question: Which account of knowledge did Popper contest?

answer: classical justificationist

text: classical justificationist

question: What is the term for Popper's non-justificational theory of criticism?

answer: critical rationalism

text: critical rationalism

question: Who is known for his embrace of the classical inductivist views?

text: Popper

question: Who disproved empirical falsification as a central principle of the scientific method?

text: Popper

question: What was the white swan fallacy used to discuss?

text: falsification

question: What should a scientist do if the outcome of an experiment confirms the theory?

text: refrain from ad hoc manoeuvres

question: Who was known for his support of the classical justificationist account of knowledge?

text: Popper


text: The English word Alps derives from the Latin Alpes (through French). Maurus Servius Honoratus, an ancient commentator of Virgil, says in his commentary (A. X 13) that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts. The term may be common to Italo-Celtic, because the Celtic languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: The

text: English

text: word

text: Alps

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: Alpes

text: through

text: French

text: Maurus

text: Servius

text: Honoratus

text: an

text: ancient

text: commentator

text: of

text: Virgil

text: says

text: in

text: his

text: commentary

text: A.

text: X

text: that

text: all

text: high

text: mountains

text: are

text: called

text: Alpes

text: by

text: Celts

text: The

text: term

text: may

text: be

text: common

text: to

text: Italo

text: Celtic

text: because

text: the

text: Celtic

text: languages

text: have

text: terms

text: for

text: high

text: mountains

text: derived

text: from

text: alp

question: The English word Alps derives from what Latin Word?

answer: Alpes

text: Alpes

question: Who says that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts?

answer: Maurus Servius Honoratus

text: Maurus Servius Honoratus

question: What languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp?

answer: Celtic languages

text: Celtic languages


text: Athanasius is the first person to identify the same 27 books of the New Testament that are in use today. Up until then, various similar lists of works to be read in churches were in use. Athanasius compiled the list to resolve questions about such texts as The Epistle of Barnabas. Athanasius includes the Book of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah and places the Book of Esther among the "7 books not in the canon but to be read" along with the Wisdom of Solomon, Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Judith, Tobit, the Didache, and the Shepherd of Hermas.

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

text: Athanasius

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: to

text: identify

text: the

text: same

text: books

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: Testament

text: that

text: are

text: in

text: use

text: today

text: Up

text: until

text: then

text: various

text: similar

text: lists

text: of

text: works

text: to

text: be

text: read

text: in

text: churches

text: were

text: in

text: use

text: Athanasius

text: compiled

text: the

text: list

text: to

text: resolve

text: questions

text: about

text: such

text: texts

text: as

text: The

text: Epistle

text: of

text: Barnabas

text: Athanasius

text: includes

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: Baruch

text: and

text: the

text: Letter

text: of

text: Jeremiah

text: and

text: places

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: Esther

text: among

text: the

text: books

text: not

text: in

text: the

text: canon

text: but

text: to

text: be

text: read

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Wisdom

text: of

text: Solomon

text: Sirach

text: Ecclesiasticus

text: Judith

text: Tobit

text: the

text: Didache

text: and

text: the

text: Shepherd

text: of

text: Hermas

question: Who standardized the books of the New Testament?

answer: Athanasius

text: Athanasius

question: What books were used before his decision to standardize?

answer: various

text: various

question: How many books are listed that should be included but were not?

answer: 7 books

text: 7 books

question: How many books are in the New Testament?

answer: 27 books

text: 27 books

question: Have those books changed over time?

answer: in use today

text: in use today

question: Who standardized the books of the Old Testament?

text: Athanasius

question: What books were used after his decision to standardize?

text: various

question: How many books are listed that shouldn't be included?

text: 7 books

question: How many books are in the old Testament?

text: 27 books