text: Islamic tradition relates that Muhammad received his first revelation in the Cave of Hira during one of his isolated retreats to the mountains. Thereafter, he received revelations over a period of 23 years. According to hadith and Muslim history, after Muhammad immigrated to Medina and formed an independent Muslim community, he ordered many of his companions to recite the Quran and to learn and teach the laws, which were revealed daily. It is related that some of the Quraysh who were taken prisoners at the battle of Badr regained their freedom after they had taught some of the Muslims the simple writing of the time. Thus a group of Muslims gradually became literate. As it was initially spoken, the Quran was recorded on tablets, bones, and the wide, flat ends of date palm fronds. Most suras were in use amongst early Muslims since they are mentioned in numerous sayings by both Sunni and Shia sources, relating Muhammad's use of the Quran as a call to Islam, the making of prayer and the manner of recitation. However, the Quran did not exist in book form at the time of Muhammad's death in 632. There is agreement among scholars that Muhammad himself did not write down the revelation.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: Islamic

text: tradition

text: relates

text: that

text: Muhammad

text: received

text: his

text: first

text: revelation

text: in

text: the

text: Cave

text: of

text: Hira

text: during

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: isolated

text: retreats

text: to

text: the

text: mountains

text: Thereafter

text: he

text: received

text: revelations

text: over

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: years

text: According

text: to

text: hadith

text: and

text: Muslim

text: history

text: after

text: Muhammad

text: immigrated

text: to

text: Medina

text: and

text: formed

text: an

text: independent

text: Muslim

text: community

text: he

text: ordered

text: many

text: of

text: his

text: companions

text: to

text: recite

text: the

text: Quran

text: and

text: to

text: learn

text: and

text: teach

text: the

text: laws

text: which

text: were

text: revealed

text: daily

text: It

text: is

text: related

text: that

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: Quraysh

text: who

text: were

text: taken

text: prisoners

text: at

text: the

text: battle

text: of

text: Badr

text: regained

text: their

text: freedom

text: after

text: they

text: had

text: taught

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: Muslims

text: the

text: simple

text: writing

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: Thus

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: Muslims

text: gradually

text: became

text: literate

text: As

text: it

text: was

text: initially

text: spoken

text: the

text: Quran

text: was

text: recorded

text: on

text: tablets

text: bones

text: and

text: the

text: wide

text: flat

text: ends

text: of

text: date

text: palm

text: fronds

text: Most

text: suras

text: were

text: in

text: use

text: amongst

text: early

text: Muslims

text: since

text: they

text: are

text: mentioned

text: in

text: numerous

text: sayings

text: by

text: both

text: Sunni

text: and

text: Shia

text: sources

text: relating

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: as

text: a

text: call

text: to

text: Islam

text: the

text: making

text: of

text: prayer

text: and

text: the

text: manner

text: of

text: recitation

text: However

text: the

text: Quran

text: did

text: not

text: exist

text: in

text: book

text: form

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: There

text: is

text: agreement

text: among

text: scholars

text: that

text: Muhammad

text: himself

text: did

text: not

text: write

text: down

text: the

text: revelation

question: In which mountain cave did Mohammad experience his first revelation?

answer: Cave of Hira

text: Cave of Hira

question: Where did Mohammad move to found a separate Muslim community?

answer: Medina

text: Medina

question: Prisoners from which battle are thought to have helped Muslims learn to write?

answer: Badr

text: Badr

question: Vegetation from which tree served as an early recording medium for the Quran?

answer: date palm

text: date palm

question: When Muhammad dies, what had not yet been compiled as a book?

answer: Quran

text: Quran

question: In which mountain cave did Mohammad experience his last revelation?

text: Cave of Hira

question: Where didn't Mohammad move to find a separate Muslim community?

text: Medina

question: Prisoners from which battle are thought to have helped Muslims learn to sing?

text: Badr

question: Vegetation from which tree served as an later recording medium for the Quran?

text: date palm

question: When Muhammad dies, what had been compiled as a book?

text: Quran


text: The current Chief of the Defence Staff, the professional head of the British Armed Forces, is General Sir Nicholas Houghton, late Green Howards. He is supported by the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, by the professional heads of the three services of HM Armed Forces and by the Commander of Joint Forces Command.

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom

text: The

text: current

text: Chief

text: of

text: the

text: Defence

text: Staff

text: the

text: professional

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: is

text: General

text: Sir

text: Nicholas

text: Houghton

text: late

text: Green

text: Howards

text: He

text: is

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: Vice

text: Chief

text: of

text: the

text: Defence

text: Staff

text: by

text: the

text: professional

text: heads

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: services

text: of

text: HM

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: Commander

text: of

text: Joint

text: Forces

text: Command

question: What is the name of the person who is the current Chief of the Defence Staff?

answer: General Sir Nicholas Houghton

text: General Sir Nicholas Houghton

question: Who is the professional head of the British Armed Forces?

answer: Chief of the Defence Staff

text: Chief of the Defence Staff

question: The professional heads of what three services support the Chief of the Defence Staff?

answer: HM Armed Forces

text: HM Armed Forces

question: Which person in the Joint Forces Command supports the Chief of the Defence Staff?

answer: the Commander

text: the Commander

question: Who is the current Commander of Joint Forces Command?

text: General Sir Nicholas Houghton

question: What is the title of the head of the HM Armed Forces?

text: Chief of the Defence Staff

question: The heads of what three services support the Commander of Joint Forces Command?

text: HM Armed Forces

question: What is the name of the person who used to be the Commander of Joint Forces Command?

text: Green Howards

question: Who is the professional head of the British Defense Staff?

text: Chief of the Defence Staff


text: At the beginning of the Caliphate or Islamic Empire, the reliance on courts initially confined sponsorship and scholarly activities to major centres. Within several centuries, the development of Muslim educational institutions such as the madrasah and masjid eventually introduced such activities to provincial towns and dispersed them across the Islamic legal schools and Sufi orders. In addition to religious subjects, they also taught the "rational sciences," as varied as mathematics, astronomy, astrology, geography, alchemy, philosophy, magic, and occultism, depending on the curriculum of the specific institution in question. The madaris, however, were not centres of advanced scientific study; scientific advances in Islam were usually carried out by scholars working under the patronage of royal courts. During this time,[when?] the Caliphate experienced a growth in literacy, having the highest literacy rate of the Middle Ages, comparable to classical Athens' literacy in antiquity but on a much larger scale. The emergence of the maktab and madrasa institutions played a fundamental role in the relatively high literacy rates of the medieval Islamic world.

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: At

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Caliphate

text: or

text: Islamic

text: Empire

text: the

text: reliance

text: on

text: courts

text: initially

text: confined

text: sponsorship

text: and

text: scholarly

text: activities

text: to

text: major

text: centres

text: Within

text: several

text: centuries

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: Muslim

text: educational

text: institutions

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: madrasah

text: and

text: masjid

text: eventually

text: introduced

text: such

text: activities

text: to

text: provincial

text: towns

text: and

text: dispersed

text: them

text: across

text: the

text: Islamic

text: legal

text: schools

text: and

text: Sufi

text: orders

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: religious

text: subjects

text: they

text: also

text: taught

text: the

text: rational

text: sciences

text: as

text: varied

text: as

text: mathematics

text: astronomy

text: astrology

text: geography

text: alchemy

text: philosophy

text: magic

text: and

text: occultism

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: curriculum

text: of

text: the

text: specific

text: institution

text: in

text: question

text: The

text: madaris

text: however

text: were

text: not

text: centres

text: of

text: advanced

text: scientific

text: study

text: scientific

text: advances

text: in

text: Islam

text: were

text: usually

text: carried

text: out

text: by

text: scholars

text: working

text: under

text: the

text: patronage

text: of

text: royal

text: courts

text: During

text: this

text: time,[when

text: the

text: Caliphate

text: experienced

text: a

text: growth

text: in

text: literacy

text: having

text: the

text: highest

text: literacy

text: rate

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: comparable

text: to

text: classical

text: Athens

text: literacy

text: in

text: antiquity

text: but

text: on

text: a

text: much

text: larger

text: scale

text: The

text: emergence

text: of

text: the

text: maktab

text: and

text: madrasa

text: institutions

text: played

text: a

text: fundamental

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: relatively

text: high

text: literacy

text: rates

text: of

text: the

text: medieval

text: Islamic

text: world

question: Who traditionally paid for scholars to study natural sciences?

answer: royal courts

text: royal courts

question: What group of people had the highest literacy rates during the Middle Ages?

answer: Caliphate

text: Caliphate

question: What schools had the biggest impact on the rising literacy rates in the Caliphate?

answer: maktab and madrasa institutions

text: maktab and madrasa institutions

question: How long did it take for madaris to spread to smaller cities and towns?

answer: several centuries

text: several centuries

question: Who disapproved of scholars to study natural sciences?

text: royal courts

question: What group of people had the lowest literacy rates during the Middle Ages?

text: Caliphate

question: What schools had the biggest impact on the declining literacy rates in the Caliphate?

text: maktab and madrasa

question: When did madaris spread to larger cities?

text: several centuries


text: High tech companies have located in the area since the 1930s, when International Radio Corporation introduced the first mass-produced AC/DC radio (the Kadette, in 1931) as well as the first pocket radio (the Kadette Jr., in 1933). The Argus camera company, originally a subsidiary of International Radio, manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to the 1960s. Current firms include Arbor Networks (provider of Internet traffic engineering and security systems), Arbortext (provider of XML-based publishing software), JSTOR (the digital scholarly journal archive), MediaSpan (provider of software and online services for the media industries), Truven Health Analytics, and ProQuest, which includes UMI. Ann Arbor Terminals manufactured a video-display terminal called the Ann Arbor Ambassador during the 1980s. Barracuda Networks, which provides networking, security, and storage products based on network appliances and cloud services, opened an engineering office in Ann Arbor in 2008 on Depot St. and recently announced it will move downtown to occupy the building previously used as the Borders headquarters.

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

text: High

text: tech

text: companies

text: have

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: since

text: the

text: when

text: International

text: Radio

text: Corporation

text: introduced

text: the

text: first

text: mass

text: produced

text: AC

text: DC

text: radio

text: the

text: Kadette

text: in

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: pocket

text: radio

text: the

text: Kadette

text: Jr.

text: in

text: The

text: Argus

text: camera

text: company

text: originally

text: a

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: International

text: Radio

text: manufactured

text: cameras

text: in

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: Current

text: firms

text: include

text: Arbor

text: Networks

text: provider

text: of

text: Internet

text: traffic

text: engineering

text: and

text: security

text: systems

text: Arbortext

text: provider

text: of

text: XML

text: based

text: publishing

text: software

text: JSTOR

text: the

text: digital

text: scholarly

text: journal

text: archive

text: MediaSpan

text: provider

text: of

text: software

text: and

text: online

text: services

text: for

text: the

text: media

text: industries

text: Truven

text: Health

text: Analytics

text: and

text: ProQuest

text: which

text: includes

text: UMI

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: Terminals

text: manufactured

text: a

text: video

text: display

text: terminal

text: called

text: the

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: Ambassador

text: during

text: the

text: Barracuda

text: Networks

text: which

text: provides

text: networking

text: security

text: and

text: storage

text: products

text: based

text: on

text: network

text: appliances

text: and

text: cloud

text: services

text: opened

text: an

text: engineering

text: office

text: in

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: in

text: on

text: Depot

text: St.

text: and

text: recently

text: announced

text: it

text: will

text: move

text: downtown

text: to

text: occupy

text: the

text: building

text: previously

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: Borders

text: headquarters

question: Which company manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to 1960's?

answer: Argus camera company

text: Argus camera company

question: Which network company opened up in 2008 providing security, storage & networking?

answer: Barracuda Networks

text: Barracuda Networks

question: International Radio introduced which mass produced product from the city of Ann Arbor?

answer: AC/DC radio

text: AC/DC radio

question: What radio was mass produced in 1913?

text: the Kadette

question: What camera company started manufacturing cameras in Ann Arbor in 1963?

text: Argus camera company

question: What year was the first pocket radio (the Kadette) made in?

question: In what decade was the Ann Arbor Ambassador manufactured  by Barracuda Networks?

text: the 1980s


text: Despite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu (r. 174–160 BC) and Emperor Wen (r. 180–157 BC) to reopen border markets, many of the Chanyu's Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods. In a court conference assembled by Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BC) in 135 BC, the majority consensus of the ministers was to retain the heqin agreement. Emperor Wu accepted this, despite continuing Xiongnu raids. However, a court conference the following year convinced the majority that a limited engagement at Mayi involving the assassination of the Chanyu would throw the Xiongnu realm into chaos and benefit the Han. When this plot failed in 133 BC, Emperor Wu launched a series of massive military invasions into Xiongnu territory. Chinese armies captured one stronghold after another and established agricultural colonies to strengthen their hold. The assault culminated in 119 BC at the Battle of Mobei, where the Han commanders Huo Qubing (d. 117 BC) and Wei Qing (d. 106 BC) forced the Xiongnu court to flee north of the Gobi Desert.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: Despite

text: the

text: tribute

text: and

text: a

text: negotiation

text: between

text: Laoshang

text: Chanyu

text: r.

text: BC

text: and

text: Emperor

text: Wen

text: r.

text: BC

text: to

text: reopen

text: border

text: markets

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: Chanyu

text: 's

text: Xiongnu

text: subordinates

text: chose

text: not

text: to

text: obey

text: the

text: treaty

text: and

text: periodically

text: raided

text: Han

text: territories

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Wall

text: for

text: additional

text: goods

text: In

text: a

text: court

text: conference

text: assembled

text: by

text: Emperor

text: Wu

text: r.

text: BC

text: in

text: BC

text: the

text: majority

text: consensus

text: of

text: the

text: ministers

text: was

text: to

text: retain

text: the

text: heqin

text: agreement

text: Emperor

text: Wu

text: accepted

text: this

text: despite

text: continuing

text: Xiongnu

text: raids

text: However

text: a

text: court

text: conference

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: convinced

text: the

text: majority

text: that

text: a

text: limited

text: engagement

text: at

text: Mayi

text: involving

text: the

text: assassination

text: of

text: the

text: Chanyu

text: would

text: throw

text: the

text: Xiongnu

text: realm

text: into

text: chaos

text: and

text: benefit

text: the

text: Han

text: When

text: this

text: plot

text: failed

text: in

text: BC

text: Emperor

text: Wu

text: launched

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: massive

text: military

text: invasions

text: into

text: Xiongnu

text: territory

text: Chinese

text: armies

text: captured

text: one

text: stronghold

text: after

text: another

text: and

text: established

text: agricultural

text: colonies

text: to

text: strengthen

text: their

text: hold

text: The

text: assault

text: culminated

text: in

text: BC

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Mobei

text: where

text: the

text: Han

text: commanders

text: Huo

text: Qubing

text: d.

text: BC

text: and

text: Wei

text: Qing

text: d.

text: BC

text: forced

text: the

text: Xiongnu

text: court

text: to

text: flee

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Gobi

text: Desert

question: The heqin agreement was reaffirmed by a court conference in what year?

answer: 135 BC

text: 135 BC

question: In what year did Emperor Wu begin a series of attacks in Xiongnu territories?

answer: 133 BC

text: 133 BC

question: What type of colony did Chinese armies use to help firm their hold on the strongholds that they had taken over?

answer: agricultural

text: agricultural

question: In what year did the Battle of Mobei take place?

answer: 119 BC

text: 119 BC

question: Which Han commander died in the year 106 BC?

answer: Wei Qing

text: Wei Qing


text: A second biotechnology district is being planned for the median strip on Frontage Road, on land cleared for the never-built Route 34 extension. As of late 2009, a Pfizer drug-testing clinic, a medical laboratory building serving Yale – New Haven Hospital, and a mixed-use structure containing parking, housing and office space, have been constructed on this corridor. A former SNET telephone building at 300 George Street is being converted into lab space, and has been so far quite successful in attracting biotechnology and medical firms.

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

text: A

text: second

text: biotechnology

text: district

text: is

text: being

text: planned

text: for

text: the

text: median

text: strip

text: on

text: Frontage

text: Road

text: on

text: land

text: cleared

text: for

text: the

text: never

text: built

text: Route

text: extension

text: As

text: of

text: late

text: a

text: Pfizer

text: drug

text: testing

text: clinic

text: a

text: medical

text: laboratory

text: building

text: serving

text: Yale

text: New

text: Haven

text: Hospital

text: and

text: a

text: mixed

text: use

text: structure

text: containing

text: parking

text: housing

text: and

text: office

text: space

text: have

text: been

text: constructed

text: on

text: this

text: corridor

text: A

text: former

text: SNET

text: telephone

text: building

text: at

text: George

text: Street

text: is

text: being

text: converted

text: into

text: lab

text: space

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: so

text: far

text: quite

text: successful

text: in

text: attracting

text: biotechnology

text: and

text: medical

text: firms

question: On the median strip of what road is New Haven planning to create a secondary biotechnology district?

answer: Frontage

text: Frontage

question: What was originally slated to be built at the site of the proposed area for the secondary biotechnology district?

answer: Route 34 extension

text: Route 34 extension

question: What major pharmaceutical company is currently operating a drug clinic in New Haven within the new biotechnology corridor?

answer: Pfizer

text: Pfizer

question: What is the former SNET building in New Haven currently being converted for in the effort of attracting new medical or biotechnology firms?

answer: lab space

text: lab space

question: Where will the second planned biotechnology district located?

answer: Frontage Road

text: Frontage Road

question: What was the former name of the place now serving as a biotech building on 300 George Street?

answer: SNET telephone building

text: SNET telephone building

question: When was the opening of first building in the second biotech district?

answer: late 2009

text: late 2009


text: In March 1984, Pioneer introduced the first consumer player with a solid-state laser, the LD-700. It was also the first LD player to load from the front and not the top. One year earlier Hitachi introduced an expensive industrial player with a laser diode, but the player, which had poor picture quality due to an inadequate dropout compensator, was made only in limited quantities. After Pioneer released the LD-700, gas lasers were no longer used in consumer players, despite their advantages, although Philips continued to use gas lasers in their industrial units until 1985.

title: LaserDisc

title: LaserDisc

text: In

text: March

text: Pioneer

text: introduced

text: the

text: first

text: consumer

text: player

text: with

text: a

text: solid

text: state

text: laser

text: the

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: first

text: LD

text: player

text: to

text: load

text: from

text: the

text: front

text: and

text: not

text: the

text: top

text: One

text: year

text: earlier

text: Hitachi

text: introduced

text: an

text: expensive

text: industrial

text: player

text: with

text: a

text: laser

text: diode

text: but

text: the

text: player

text: which

text: had

text: poor

text: picture

text: quality

text: due

text: to

text: an

text: inadequate

text: dropout

text: compensator

text: was

text: made

text: only

text: in

text: limited

text: quantities

text: After

text: Pioneer

text: released

text: the

text: gas

text: lasers

text: were

text: no

text: longer

text: used

text: in

text: consumer

text: players

text: despite

text: their

text: advantages

text: although

text: Philips

text: continued

text: to

text: use

text: gas

text: lasers

text: in

text: their

text: industrial

text: units

text: until

question: What was the name of the first solid-state laser consumer LaserDisc player?

answer: LD-700

question: Besides a solid-state laser, what else was unique about the LD-700?

answer: first LD player to load from the front and not the top

text: first LD player to load from the front and not the top

question: When did Pioneer release the LD-700?

answer: March 1984

text: March 1984

question: Which company continued to use gas-lasers in industrial models of LD players although they were no longer used in consumer models?

answer: Philips

text: Philips


text: Statistics from late 2003 indicate that Apple had 2.06 percent of the desktop share in the United States that had increased to 2.88 percent by Q4 2004. As of October 2006, research firms IDC and Gartner reported that Apple's market share in the U.S. had increased to about 6 percent. Figures from December 2006, showing a market share around 6 percent (IDC) and 6.1 percent (Gartner) are based on a more than 30 percent increase in unit sale from 2005 to 2006. The installed base of Mac computers is hard to determine, with numbers ranging from 5% (estimated in 2009) to 16% (estimated in 2005).

title: Macintosh

title: Macintosh

text: Statistics

text: from

text: late

text: indicate

text: that

text: Apple

text: had

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: desktop

text: share

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: that

text: had

text: increased

text: to

text: percent

text: by

text: As

text: of

text: October

text: research

text: firms

text: IDC

text: and

text: Gartner

text: reported

text: that

text: Apple

text: 's

text: market

text: share

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: had

text: increased

text: to

text: about

text: percent

text: Figures

text: from

text: December

text: showing

text: a

text: market

text: share

text: around

text: percent

text: IDC

text: and

text: percent

text: Gartner

text: are

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: more

text: than

text: percent

text: increase

text: in

text: unit

text: sale

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: installed

text: base

text: of

text: Mac

text: computers

text: is

text: hard

text: to

text: determine

text: with

text: numbers

text: ranging

text: from

text: estimated

text: in

text: to

text: estimated

text: in

question: What percent of the desktop share in the U.S. did Apple have in 2003?

answer: 2.06

question: Who are IDC and Gartner?

answer: research firms

text: research firms

question: What was Apple's market share in the U.S. by 2006?

answer: 6.1 percent

text: 6.1 percent

question: What percentage of unit sale increase did Apple see from 2005 to 2006?

answer: 30

question: What was the estimated installed base of Mac computers in 2009?

answer: 16%

question: What percent of the desktop share in the U.S. did Apple have in 2004?

question: Who are CID and Gartner?

text: research firms

question: What was Apple's market share in the U.S. by 2005?

text: 6.1 percent

question: What percentage of unit sale increase did Apple see from 2005 to 2007?

question: What was the estimated installed base of Mac computers in 2010?


text: Tuvalu experiences the effects of El Niño and La Niña caused by changes in ocean temperatures in the equatorial and central Pacific. El Niño effects increase the chances of tropical storms and cyclones, while La Niña effects increase the chances of drought. Typically the islands of Tuvalu receive between 200 to 400 mm (8 to 16 in) of rainfall per month. However, in 2011 a weak La Niña effect caused a drought by cooling the surface of the sea around Tuvalu. A state of emergency was declared on 28 September 2011; with rationing of fresh-water on the islands of Funafuti and Nukulaelae. Households on Funafuti and Nukulaelae were restricted to two buckets of fresh water per day (40 litres).

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: Tuvalu

text: experiences

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: El

text: Niño

text: and

text: La

text: Niña

text: caused

text: by

text: changes

text: in

text: ocean

text: temperatures

text: in

text: the

text: equatorial

text: and

text: central

text: Pacific

text: El

text: Niño

text: effects

text: increase

text: the

text: chances

text: of

text: tropical

text: storms

text: and

text: cyclones

text: while

text: La

text: Niña

text: effects

text: increase

text: the

text: chances

text: of

text: drought

text: Typically

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Tuvalu

text: receive

text: between

text: to

text: mm

text: to

text: in

text: of

text: rainfall

text: per

text: month

text: However

text: in

text: a

text: weak

text: La

text: Niña

text: effect

text: caused

text: a

text: drought

text: by

text: cooling

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: sea

text: around

text: Tuvalu

text: A

text: state

text: of

text: emergency

text: was

text: declared

text: on

text: September

text: with

text: rationing

text: of

text: fresh

text: water

text: on

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Funafuti

text: and

text: Nukulaelae

text: Households

text: on

text: Funafuti

text: and

text: Nukulaelae

text: were

text: restricted

text: to

text: two

text: buckets

text: of

text: fresh

text: water

text: per

text: day

text: litres

question: What specific ocean temperature conditions effect Tuvalu?

answer: El Niño and La Niña

text: El Niño and La Niña

question: Which effect causes increases in sea storms like cyclones?

answer: El Niño

text: El Niño

question: What temperature effect causes drought?

answer: La Niña

text: La Niña

question: What is the usual amount of rainfall per month on Tuvalu?

answer: 200 to 400 mm

text: 200 to 400 mm

question: What did a drought in 2011 cause on Funafuti?

answer: rationing of fresh-water

text: rationing of fresh-water


text: West, alongside his mother, founded the "Kanye West Foundation" in Chicago in 2003, tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education. In 2007, the West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their "Ed in '08" campaign. As spokesman for the campaign, West appeared in a series of PSAs for the organization, and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in August of that year.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: West

text: alongside

text: his

text: mother

text: founded

text: the

text: Kanye

text: West

text: Foundation

text: in

text: Chicago

text: in

text: tasked

text: with

text: a

text: mission

text: to

text: battle

text: dropout

text: and

text: illiteracy

text: rates

text: while

text: partnering

text: with

text: community

text: organizations

text: to

text: provide

text: underprivileged

text: youth

text: access

text: to

text: music

text: education

text: In

text: the

text: West

text: and

text: the

text: Foundation

text: partnered

text: with

text: Strong

text: American

text: Schools

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: Ed

text: in

text: campaign

text: As

text: spokesman

text: for

text: the

text: campaign

text: West

text: appeared

text: in

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: PSAs

text: for

text: the

text: organization

text: and

text: hosted

text: an

text: inaugural

text: benefit

text: concert

text: in

text: August

text: of

text: that

text: year

question: With the help of his mom, what foundation did Kanye create early in his career?

answer: Kanye West Foundation

text: Kanye West Foundation

question: What is the goal of the Kanye West Foundation?

answer: battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education

text: battle dropout and illiteracy rates, while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education

question: What was founded by Kanye West and his mother?

answer: Kanye West Foundation

text: Kanye West Foundation

question: In What year did the Kanye West Foundation Partner with Strong American Schools?

answer: 2007

question: Where was the "Kanye West Foundation" founded?

answer: Chicago

text: Chicago

question: What other mission besides dropout and illiteracy rates did the Kanye West Foundation seek to improve?

answer: music education

text: music education

question: What campaign did the Kanye West Foundation partner with in 2007?

answer: "Ed in '08"

text: "Ed in '08"

question: In what month was the inaugural concert held for the "Ed in '08" campaign?

answer: August

text: August


text: Above 114th Street between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive, there is a private indoor pedestrian bridge connecting two buildings on the campus of St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center.

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: Above

text: Street

text: between

text: Amsterdam

text: Avenue

text: and

text: Morningside

text: Drive

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: private

text: indoor

text: pedestrian

text: bridge

text: connecting

text: two

text: buildings

text: on

text: the

text: campus

text: of

text: St.

text: Luke's

text: Roosevelt

text: Hospital

text: Center

question: On which street is a private indoor pedestrian bridge between Amsterdam Avenue and Morningside Drive?

answer: 114th Street

text: 114th Street

question: Aove 114th Street is a private pedestrian bridge connecting two buildings from what organization?

answer: St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center

text: St. Luke's–Roosevelt Hospital Center

question: A bridge connecting two of St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center's buildings crosses above which road?

answer: 114th Street

text: 114th Street


text: In 2004, the Cubs were a consensus pick by most media outlets to win the World Series. The offseason acquisition of Derek Lee (who was acquired in a trade with Florida for Hee-seop Choi) and the return of Greg Maddux only bolstered these expectation. Despite a mid-season deal for Nomar Garciaparra, misfortune struck the Cubs again. They led the Wild Card by 1.5 games over San Francisco and Houston on September 25, and both of those teams lost that day, giving the Cubs a chance at increasing the lead to a commanding 2.5 games with only eight games remaining in the season, but reliever LaTroy Hawkins blew a save to the Mets, and the Cubs lost the game in extra innings, a defeat that seemingly deflated the team, as they proceeded to drop 6 of their last 8 games as the Astros won the Wild Card.

title: Chicago_Cubs

title: Chicago_Cubs

text: In

text: the

text: Cubs

text: were

text: a

text: consensus

text: pick

text: by

text: most

text: media

text: outlets

text: to

text: win

text: the

text: World

text: Series

text: The

text: offseason

text: acquisition

text: of

text: Derek

text: Lee

text: who

text: was

text: acquired

text: in

text: a

text: trade

text: with

text: Florida

text: for

text: Hee

text: seop

text: Choi

text: and

text: the

text: return

text: of

text: Greg

text: Maddux

text: only

text: bolstered

text: these

text: expectation

text: Despite

text: a

text: mid

text: season

text: deal

text: for

text: Nomar

text: Garciaparra

text: misfortune

text: struck

text: the

text: Cubs

text: again

text: They

text: led

text: the

text: Wild

text: Card

text: by

text: games

text: over

text: San

text: Francisco

text: and

text: Houston

text: on

text: September

text: and

text: both

text: of

text: those

text: teams

text: lost

text: that

text: day

text: giving

text: the

text: Cubs

text: a

text: chance

text: at

text: increasing

text: the

text: lead

text: to

text: a

text: commanding

text: games

text: with

text: only

text: eight

text: games

text: remaining

text: in

text: the

text: season

text: but

text: reliever

text: LaTroy

text: Hawkins

text: blew

text: a

text: save

text: to

text: the

text: Mets

text: and

text: the

text: Cubs

text: lost

text: the

text: game

text: in

text: extra

text: innings

text: a

text: defeat

text: that

text: seemingly

text: deflated

text: the

text: team

text: as

text: they

text: proceeded

text: to

text: drop

text: of

text: their

text: last

text: games

text: as

text: the

text: Astros

text: won

text: the

text: Wild

text: Card

question: What year did most media outlets pick the Cubs to win the World Series?

answer: 2004

question: Who was acquired in a trade with Florida for Hee-seop Choi?

answer: Derek Lee

text: Derek Lee

question: Who was the mid-season deal for?

answer: Nomar Garciaparra

text: Nomar Garciaparra


text: Since the tribunes were considered to be the embodiment of the plebeians, they were sacrosanct. Their sacrosanctity was enforced by a pledge, taken by the plebeians, to kill any person who harmed or interfered with a tribune during his term of office. All of the powers of the tribune derived from their sacrosanctity. One consequence was that it was considered a capital offense to harm a tribune, to disregard his veto, or to interfere with a tribune. In times of military emergency, a dictator would be appointed for a term of six months. Constitutional government would be dissolved, and the dictator would be the absolute master of the state. When the dictator's term ended, constitutional government would be restored.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Since

text: the

text: tribunes

text: were

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: embodiment

text: of

text: the

text: plebeians

text: they

text: were

text: sacrosanct

text: Their

text: sacrosanctity

text: was

text: enforced

text: by

text: a

text: pledge

text: taken

text: by

text: the

text: plebeians

text: to

text: kill

text: any

text: person

text: who

text: harmed

text: or

text: interfered

text: with

text: a

text: tribune

text: during

text: his

text: term

text: of

text: office

text: All

text: of

text: the

text: powers

text: of

text: the

text: tribune

text: derived

text: from

text: their

text: sacrosanctity

text: One

text: consequence

text: was

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: considered

text: a

text: capital

text: offense

text: to

text: harm

text: a

text: tribune

text: to

text: disregard

text: his

text: veto

text: or

text: to

text: interfere

text: with

text: a

text: tribune

text: In

text: times

text: of

text: military

text: emergency

text: a

text: dictator

text: would

text: be

text: appointed

text: for

text: a

text: term

text: of

text: six

text: months

text: Constitutional

text: government

text: would

text: be

text: dissolved

text: and

text: the

text: dictator

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: absolute

text: master

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: When

text: the

text: dictator

text: 's

text: term

text: ended

text: constitutional

text: government

text: would

text: be

text: restored

question: How long could a dictator be appointed for in times of certain emergencies?

answer: six months

text: six months

question: What would happen during the commencement of a dictator's term?

answer: Constitutional government would be dissolved

text: Constitutional government would be dissolved

question: What type of offense was the harm of a tribute treated as?

answer: capital offense

text: capital offense

question: What was the ultimate source of the tribunes powers?

answer: their sacrosanctity

text: their sacrosanctity


text: The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries. Farming continued to flourish, however, and the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures and Commerce was founded in 1777 to improve farming methods. Despite this, 20 years later John Billingsley conducted a survey of the county's agriculture in 1795 and found that agricultural methods could still be improved. Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset during the 18th and 19th centuries, and by 1800 it was prominent in Radstock. The Somerset Coalfield reached its peak production by the 1920s, but all the pits have now been closed, the last in 1973. Most of the surface buildings have been removed, and apart from a winding wheel outside Radstock Museum, little evidence of their former existence remains. Further west, the Brendon Hills were mined for iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale.

title: Somerset

title: Somerset

text: The

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: in

text: the

text: Midlands

text: and

text: Northern

text: England

text: spelled

text: the

text: end

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: Somerset

text: 's

text: cottage

text: industries

text: Farming

text: continued

text: to

text: flourish

text: however

text: and

text: the

text: Bath

text: and

text: West

text: of

text: England

text: Society

text: for

text: the

text: Encouragement

text: of

text: Agriculture

text: Arts

text: Manufactures

text: and

text: Commerce

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: to

text: improve

text: farming

text: methods

text: Despite

text: this

text: years

text: later

text: John

text: Billingsley

text: conducted

text: a

text: survey

text: of

text: the

text: county

text: 's

text: agriculture

text: in

text: and

text: found

text: that

text: agricultural

text: methods

text: could

text: still

text: be

text: improved

text: Coal

text: mining

text: was

text: an

text: important

text: industry

text: in

text: north

text: Somerset

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: and

text: by

text: it

text: was

text: prominent

text: in

text: Radstock

text: The

text: Somerset

text: Coalfield

text: reached

text: its

text: peak

text: production

text: by

text: the

text: but

text: all

text: the

text: pits

text: have

text: now

text: been

text: closed

text: the

text: last

text: in

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: surface

text: buildings

text: have

text: been

text: removed

text: and

text: apart

text: from

text: a

text: winding

text: wheel

text: outside

text: Radstock

text: Museum

text: little

text: evidence

text: of

text: their

text: former

text: existence

text: remains

text: Further

text: west

text: the

text: Brendon

text: Hills

text: were

text: mined

text: for

text: iron

text: ore

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: this

text: was

text: taken

text: by

text: the

text: West

text: Somerset

text: Mineral

text: Railway

text: to

text: Watchet

text: Harbour

text: for

text: shipment

text: to

text: the

text: furnaces

text: at

text: Ebbw

text: Vale

question: What ended Somersets cottage industry

answer: The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries

text: The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries

question: What flourished in Somerset after the Industrial revelotuion

answer: Farming continued to flourish

text: Farming continued to flourish

question: What Industry was important in the late 18th and 19th century of North Somerset

answer: Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset

text: Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset

question: What did the west somerset mineral way transport

answer: iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale

text: iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale

question: In what year did coal mining begin in Somerset?

question: Who established the Somerset Coalfield?

text: John Billingsley

question: How was coal shipped from the Somerset Coalfield?

text: West Somerset Mineral Railway

question: In what year did the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures and Commerce shut down?

question: In what year was the Somerset Coalfield established?


text: Sichuan was China's most populous province before Chongqing became a directly-controlled municipality; it is currently the fourth most populous, after Guangdong, Shandong and Henan. As of 1832, Sichuan was the most populous of the 18 provinces in China, with an estimated population at that time of 21 million. It was the third most populous sub-national entity in the world, after Uttar Pradesh, India and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic until 1991, when the Soviet Union was dissolved. It is also one of the only six to ever reach 100 million people (Uttar Pradesh, Russian RSFSR, Maharashtra, Sichuan, Bihar and Punjab). It is currently 10th.

title: Sichuan

title: Sichuan

text: Sichuan

text: was

text: China

text: 's

text: most

text: populous

text: province

text: before

text: Chongqing

text: became

text: a

text: directly

text: controlled

text: municipality

text: it

text: is

text: currently

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: after

text: Guangdong

text: Shandong

text: and

text: Henan

text: As

text: of

text: Sichuan

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: provinces

text: in

text: China

text: with

text: an

text: estimated

text: population

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: of

text: million

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: sub

text: national

text: entity

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: after

text: Uttar

text: Pradesh

text: India

text: and

text: the

text: Russian

text: Soviet

text: Federative

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: until

text: when

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: was

text: dissolved

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: only

text: six

text: to

text: ever

text: reach

text: million

text: people

text: Uttar

text: Pradesh

text: Russian

text: RSFSR

text: Maharashtra

text: Sichuan

text: Bihar

text: and

text: Punjab

text: It

text: is

text: currently

question: What are the three most populist provinces in China?

answer: Guangdong, Shandong and Henan

text: Guangdong, Shandong and Henan

question: What was the population of Sichuan in 1832?

answer: 21 million

text: 21 million

question: What is the tenth most populous sub-national entity in the world?

answer: Sichuan

text: Sichuan

question: How many sub-national entities have surpassed 100 million people in total?

answer: six

text: six

question: In what year was the Soviet Union disbanded?

answer: 1991

question: What are the three most populous provinces in Russia?

text: Guangdong, Shandong and Henan

question: What was the population of Maharashtra in 1832?

text: 21 million

question: What is the tenth most populous sub-national entity in Henan?

text: Sichuan

question: How many sub-national entities have surpassed 21 million people in total?

text: six

question: In what year was China disbanded?


text: The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for candidates from a political party is considered a measurement of a state's adherence to liberal democracy as a political value. Regulation of parties may run from a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties, a norm for authoritarian governments, to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents (or possess membership by-laws which are legally unenforceable).

title: Political_party

title: Political_party

text: The

text: freedom

text: to

text: form

text: declare

text: membership

text: in

text: or

text: campaign

text: for

text: candidates

text: from

text: a

text: political

text: party

text: is

text: considered

text: a

text: measurement

text: of

text: a

text: state

text: 's

text: adherence

text: to

text: liberal

text: democracy

text: as

text: a

text: political

text: value

text: Regulation

text: of

text: parties

text: may

text: run

text: from

text: a

text: crackdown

text: on

text: or

text: repression

text: of

text: all

text: opposition

text: parties

text: a

text: norm

text: for

text: authoritarian

text: governments

text: to

text: the

text: repression

text: of

text: certain

text: parties

text: which

text: hold

text: or

text: promote

text: ideals

text: which

text: run

text: counter

text: to

text: the

text: general

text: ideology

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: incumbents

text: or

text: possess

text: membership

text: by

text: laws

text: which

text: are

text: legally

text: unenforceable

question: What is considered a measurement of a state's support to liberal democracy?

answer: The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for

text: The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for

question: How are parties regulated?

answer: a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties

text: a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties

question: Will parties that hold a counter belief to the general beliefs of the state's incumbents be repressed?

answer: to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents

text: to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents

question: How are government crackdowns categorized by democracies?

text: legally unenforceable

question: What rights threaten the formation of a liberal democracy?

question: After what event do opposition parties usually form?

question: What is the first thing authoritarian governments want citizens to do to show loyalty to the party?

text: declare membership

question: What is one right that is not the norm for authoritarian governments?

text: freedom


text: In Mark, Jesus is crucified along with two rebels, and the day goes dark for three hours. Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies. The curtain of the Temple is torn in two. Matthew follows Mark, adding an earthquake and the resurrection of saints. Luke also follows Mark, though he describes the rebels as common criminals, one of whom defends Jesus, who in turn promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise. Luke portrays Jesus as impassive in the face of his crucifixion. John includes several of the same elements as those found in Mark, though they are treated differently.

title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus

text: In

text: Mark

text: Jesus

text: is

text: crucified

text: along

text: with

text: two

text: rebels

text: and

text: the

text: day

text: goes

text: dark

text: for

text: three

text: hours

text: Jesus

text: calls

text: out

text: to

text: God

text: then

text: gives

text: a

text: shout

text: and

text: dies

text: The

text: curtain

text: of

text: the

text: Temple

text: is

text: torn

text: in

text: two

text: Matthew

text: follows

text: Mark

text: adding

text: an

text: earthquake

text: and

text: the

text: resurrection

text: of

text: saints

text: Luke

text: also

text: follows

text: Mark

text: though

text: he

text: describes

text: the

text: rebels

text: as

text: common

text: criminals

text: one

text: of

text: whom

text: defends

text: Jesus

text: who

text: in

text: turn

text: promises

text: that

text: he

text: Jesus

text: and

text: the

text: criminal

text: will

text: be

text: together

text: in

text: paradise

text: Luke

text: portrays

text: Jesus

text: as

text: impassive

text: in

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: his

text: crucifixion

text: John

text: includes

text: several

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: elements

text: as

text: those

text: found

text: in

text: Mark

text: though

text: they

text: are

text: treated

text: differently

question: Who was crucified with Jesus per Mark?

answer: two rebels

text: two rebels

question: How does Mark say Jesus' life ends?

answer: Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies

text: Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies

question: what natural disaster is mention when Jesus died?

answer: an earthquake

text: an earthquake

question: What does Luke say one of the rebels does?

answer: promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise

text: promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise

question: How does Luke make Jesus seem at his Crucifixion?

answer: impassive

text: impassive

question: How long were the two rebels hanging on crosses?

text: three hours

question: How was one criminal treated when crucified compared to the other?

text: differently

question: What did one of the criminals do before he died from being crucified?

text: gives a shout

question: What happened to the clothes one of the criminals was wearing?

text: torn in two

question: How did the criminals react to their own crucifixion?

text: impassive


text: In the 13th century mendicant orders—the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th and early 13th centuries, but they were condemned as heretical by the papacy. Others joined the Cathars, another heretical movement condemned by the papacy. In 1209, a crusade was preached against the Cathars, the Albigensian Crusade, which in combination with the medieval Inquisition, eliminated them.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: mendicant

text: orders

text: the

text: Franciscans

text: and

text: the

text: Dominicans

text: who

text: swore

text: vows

text: of

text: poverty

text: and

text: earned

text: their

text: living

text: by

text: begging

text: were

text: approved

text: by

text: the

text: papacy

text: Religious

text: groups

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Waldensians

text: and

text: the

text: Humiliati

text: also

text: attempted

text: to

text: return

text: to

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: early

text: Christianity

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: but

text: they

text: were

text: condemned

text: as

text: heretical

text: by

text: the

text: papacy

text: Others

text: joined

text: the

text: Cathars

text: another

text: heretical

text: movement

text: condemned

text: by

text: the

text: papacy

text: In

text: a

text: crusade

text: was

text: preached

text: against

text: the

text: Cathars

text: the

text: Albigensian

text: Crusade

text: which

text: in

text: combination

text: with

text: the

text: medieval

text: Inquisition

text: eliminated

text: them

question: Along with the Dominicans, what mendicant order was founded in the 13th century?

answer: Franciscans

text: Franciscans

question: What notable vow was sworn by the mendicant orders?

answer: poverty

text: poverty

question: How did the mendicant orders make a living?

answer: begging

text: begging

question: What was the crusade against the Cathars called?

answer: the Albigensian Crusade

text: the Albigensian Crusade

question: Along with the Cathars and Humiliati, what group was notably condemned as heretics in this period?

answer: the Waldensians

text: the Waldensians


text: A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 – making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States  – with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on a citadel and a Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam). The colony of New Amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become Lower Manhattan. The Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small band of the Lenape, in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders (about $1000 in 2006); a disproved legend says that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: A

text: permanent

text: European

text: presence

text: in

text: New

text: Netherland

text: began

text: in

text: making

text: New

text: York

text: the

text: oldest

text: continuously

text: occupied

text: European

text: established

text: settlement

text: in

text: the

text: continental

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: a

text: Dutch

text: fur

text: trading

text: settlement

text: on

text: Governors

text: Island

text: In

text: construction

text: was

text: started

text: on

text: a

text: citadel

text: and

text: a

text: Fort

text: Amsterdam

text: on

text: Manhattan

text: Island

text: later

text: called

text: New

text: Amsterdam

text: Nieuw

text: Amsterdam

text: The

text: colony

text: of

text: New

text: Amsterdam

text: was

text: centered

text: at

text: the

text: site

text: which

text: would

text: eventually

text: become

text: Lower

text: Manhattan

text: The

text: Dutch

text: colonial

text: Director

text: General

text: Peter

text: Minuit

text: purchased

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: from

text: the

text: Canarsie

text: a

text: small

text: band

text: of

text: the

text: Lenape

text: in

text: for

text: a

text: value

text: of

text: guilders

text: about

text: in

text: a

text: disproved

text: legend

text: says

text: that

text: Manhattan

text: was

text: purchased

text: for

text: worth

text: of

text: glass

text: beads

question: On what island did the Dutch set up a settlement to trade furs?

answer: Governors Island

text: Governors Island

question: On what island was Fort Amsterdam built?

answer: Manhattan Island

text: Manhattan Island

question: In what year did construction begin on Fort Amsterdam?

answer: 1625

question: What person bought Manhattan from the Canarsie for the Dutch?

answer: Peter Minuit

text: Peter Minuit

question: In what year did the Dutch buy Manhattan?

answer: 1626

question: New Netherland established a permanent European presence in what year?

answer: 1624

question: What year did building begin of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island?

answer: 1625

question: What was the myth that Manhattan was bought for by General Peter Minuit ?

answer: glass beads

text: glass beads


text: Notably, a statute does not disappear automatically merely because it has been found unconstitutional; it must be deleted by a subsequent statute. Many federal and state statutes have remained on the books for decades after they were ruled to be unconstitutional. However, under the principle of stare decisis, no sensible lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute, and any court that does so will be reversed by the Supreme Court. Conversely, any court that refuses to enforce a constitutional statute (where such constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases) will risk reversal by the Supreme Court.

title: Law_of_the_United_States

title: Law_of_the_United_States

text: Notably

text: a

text: statute

text: does

text: not

text: disappear

text: automatically

text: merely

text: because

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: found

text: unconstitutional

text: it

text: must

text: be

text: deleted

text: by

text: a

text: subsequent

text: statute

text: Many

text: federal

text: and

text: state

text: statutes

text: have

text: remained

text: on

text: the

text: books

text: for

text: decades

text: after

text: they

text: were

text: ruled

text: to

text: be

text: unconstitutional

text: However

text: under

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: stare

text: decisis

text: no

text: sensible

text: lower

text: court

text: will

text: enforce

text: an

text: unconstitutional

text: statute

text: and

text: any

text: court

text: that

text: does

text: so

text: will

text: be

text: reversed

text: by

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: Conversely

text: any

text: court

text: that

text: refuses

text: to

text: enforce

text: a

text: constitutional

text: statute

text: where

text: such

text: constitutionality

text: has

text: been

text: expressly

text: established

text: in

text: prior

text: cases

text: will

text: risk

text: reversal

text: by

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

question: In order for a unconstitutional statue to disappear, it has to be deleted by?

answer: a subsequent statute

text: a subsequent statute

question: What has remained on the books after they were ruled unconstitutional?

answer: federal and state statutes

text: federal and state statutes

question: What principle  states no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statue?

answer: stare decisis

text: stare decisis

question: Who can reverse an unconstitutional court ruling?

answer: the Supreme Court

text: the Supreme Court

question: What must happen to a statute for it to become unconstitutional?

answer: it must be deleted

text: it must be deleted

question: What can delete a statute and make it unconstitutional?

answer: a subsequent statute

text: a subsequent statute

question: Some federal and state statutes remain on the books for how long after they are ruled unconstitutional?

answer: decades

text: decades

question: What decisis states that no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute?

answer: the principle of stare decisis

text: the principle of stare decisis

question: Any court that enforces an unconstitutional statute will be overturned by what court?

answer: the Supreme Court

text: the Supreme Court

question: If a statute is unconstitutional, how is it removed?

answer: deleted by a subsequent statute

text: deleted by a subsequent statute

question: What happens when an unconstitutional statute remains on the books?

answer: no sensible lower court will enforce

text: no sensible lower court will enforce

question: What would happen if a lower court tried to enforce an unconstitutional statute?

answer: reversed by the Supreme Court

text: reversed by the Supreme Court

question: What would happen if a lower court refused to uphold a constitutional law?

answer: risk reversal by the Supreme Court

text: risk reversal by the Supreme Court

question: What must happen before the Supreme Court will reverse a decision by a lower court refusing to uphold a constitutional law?

answer: constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases

text: constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases

question: A statute is automatically removed when it is found to be what?

text: unconstitutional

question: How long does it take for the principle of stare decisis to come into affect?

text: decades

question: What is the name of the principle that demands that unconstitutional laws must be removed via subsequent rulings?

text: stare decisis

question: What kind of court can reverse unconstitutional enforcements by the Supreme Court?

text: lower

question: What court created the principle of stare decisis?

text: Supreme Court


text: These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London. The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting: the first allowed for running with the ball in hand; the second for obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game. These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games.

title: Association_football

title: Association_football

text: These

text: ongoing

text: efforts

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: The

text: Football

text: Association

text: The

text: FA

text: in

text: which

text: first

text: met

text: on

text: the

text: morning

text: of

text: October

text: at

text: the

text: Freemasons

text: Tavern

text: in

text: Great

text: Queen

text: Street

text: London

text: The

text: only

text: school

text: to

text: be

text: represented

text: on

text: this

text: occasion

text: was

text: Charterhouse

text: The

text: Freemason

text: 's

text: Tavern

text: was

text: the

text: setting

text: for

text: five

text: more

text: meetings

text: between

text: October

text: and

text: December

text: which

text: eventually

text: produced

text: the

text: first

text: comprehensive

text: set

text: of

text: rules

text: At

text: the

text: final

text: meeting

text: the

text: first

text: FA

text: treasurer

text: the

text: representative

text: from

text: Blackheath

text: withdrew

text: his

text: club

text: from

text: the

text: FA

text: over

text: the

text: removal

text: of

text: two

text: draft

text: rules

text: at

text: the

text: previous

text: meeting

text: the

text: first

text: allowed

text: for

text: running

text: with

text: the

text: ball

text: in

text: hand

text: the

text: second

text: for

text: obstructing

text: such

text: a

text: run

text: by

text: hacking

text: kicking

text: an

text: opponent

text: in

text: the

text: shins

text: tripping

text: and

text: holding

text: Other

text: English

text: rugby

text: clubs

text: followed

text: this

text: lead

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: join

text: the

text: FA

text: and

text: instead

text: in

text: formed

text: the

text: Rugby

text: Football

text: Union

text: The

text: eleven

text: remaining

text: clubs

text: under

text: the

text: charge

text: of

text: Ebenezer

text: Cobb

text: Morley

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: ratify

text: the

text: original

text: thirteen

text: laws

text: of

text: the

text: game

text: These

text: rules

text: included

text: handling

text: of

text: the

text: ball

text: by

text: marks

text: and

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: a

text: crossbar

text: rules

text: which

text: made

text: it

text: remarkably

text: similar

text: to

text: Victorian

text: rules

text: football

text: being

text: developed

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: in

text: Australia

text: The

text: Sheffield

text: FA

text: played

text: by

text: its

text: own

text: rules

text: until

text: the

text: with

text: the

text: FA

text: absorbing

text: some

text: of

text: its

text: rules

text: until

text: there

text: was

text: little

text: difference

text: between

text: the

text: games

question: What year did the Football Association form?

answer: 1863

question: At what establishment did the Football Association have their first Meeting?

answer: Freemasons' Tavern

text: Freemasons' Tavern

question: What year did the Rugby Football Union form?

answer: 1871

question: How many clubs ended up ratifying the original laws of the game?

answer: eleven

text: eleven

question: Who played by their own rules till the 1870's?

answer: The Sheffield FA

text: The Sheffield FA

question: What year did the Football Association end?

question: What establishment did the Football Association have their last meeting?

text: Freemasons' Tavern

question: What year did the Rugby Football Union remove?

question: How many clubs never ratified the original laws of the game?

text: eleven

question: Who played by their own rules till the 1890's?

text: The Sheffield FA


text: Synapses are the key functional elements of the brain. The essential function of the brain is cell-to-cell communication, and synapses are the points at which communication occurs. The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses; even the brain of a fruit fly contains several million. The functions of these synapses are very diverse: some are excitatory (exciting the target cell); others are inhibitory; others work by activating second messenger systems that change the internal chemistry of their target cells in complex ways. A large number of synapses are dynamically modifiable; that is, they are capable of changing strength in a way that is controlled by the patterns of signals that pass through them. It is widely believed that activity-dependent modification of synapses is the brain's primary mechanism for learning and memory.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: Synapses

text: are

text: the

text: key

text: functional

text: elements

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: The

text: essential

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: is

text: cell

text: to

text: cell

text: communication

text: and

text: synapses

text: are

text: the

text: points

text: at

text: which

text: communication

text: occurs

text: The

text: human

text: brain

text: has

text: been

text: estimated

text: to

text: contain

text: approximately

text: trillion

text: synapses

text: even

text: the

text: brain

text: of

text: a

text: fruit

text: fly

text: contains

text: several

text: million

text: The

text: functions

text: of

text: these

text: synapses

text: are

text: very

text: diverse

text: some

text: are

text: excitatory

text: exciting

text: the

text: target

text: cell

text: others

text: are

text: inhibitory

text: others

text: work

text: by

text: activating

text: second

text: messenger

text: systems

text: that

text: change

text: the

text: internal

text: chemistry

text: of

text: their

text: target

text: cells

text: in

text: complex

text: ways

text: A

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: synapses

text: are

text: dynamically

text: modifiable

text: that

text: is

text: they

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: changing

text: strength

text: in

text: a

text: way

text: that

text: is

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: patterns

text: of

text: signals

text: that

text: pass

text: through

text: them

text: It

text: is

text: widely

text: believed

text: that

text: activity

text: dependent

text: modification

text: of

text: synapses

text: is

text: the

text: brain

text: 's

text: primary

text: mechanism

text: for

text: learning

text: and

text: memory

question: How many synapses does the human brain supposedly contain?

answer: 100 trillion synapses;

text: 100 trillion synapses;

question: The fruit fly has a brain that has how many synapses?

answer: several million

text: several million

question: A synapse whose purpose is to excite the target cell are called what?

answer: excitatory

text: excitatory

question: The primary job of the brain is what?

answer: cell-to-cell communication

text: cell-to-cell communication


text: In the past, those who were disabled were often not eligible for public education. Children with disabilities were repeatedly denied an education by physicians or special tutors. These early physicians (people like Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) set the foundation for special education today. They focused on individualized instruction and functional skills. In its early years, special education was only provided to people with severe disabilities, but more recently it has been opened to anyone who has experienced difficulty learning.

title: Education

title: Education

text: In

text: the

text: past

text: those

text: who

text: were

text: disabled

text: were

text: often

text: not

text: eligible

text: for

text: public

text: education

text: Children

text: with

text: disabilities

text: were

text: repeatedly

text: denied

text: an

text: education

text: by

text: physicians

text: or

text: special

text: tutors

text: These

text: early

text: physicians

text: people

text: like

text: Itard

text: Seguin

text: Howe

text: Gallaudet

text: set

text: the

text: foundation

text: for

text: special

text: education

text: today

text: They

text: focused

text: on

text: individualized

text: instruction

text: and

text: functional

text: skills

text: In

text: its

text: early

text: years

text: special

text: education

text: was

text: only

text: provided

text: to

text: people

text: with

text: severe

text: disabilities

text: but

text: more

text: recently

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: opened

text: to

text: anyone

text: who

text: has

text: experienced

text: difficulty

text: learning

question: What was a rule for disabled people in the past for education?

answer: not eligible for public education

text: not eligible for public education

question: Who denied children with disabilities to be unable to attend a public school?

answer: physicians or special tutors

text: physicians or special tutors

question: Who were some of these early physicians?

answer: Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet

text: Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet

question: What would Special Education usually only apply to in the early years of schooling in the U.S?

answer: people with severe disabilities

text: people with severe disabilities

question: What was a rule for non-disabled people in the past for education?

text: not eligible for public education

question: Who didn't deny children with disabilities to be unable to attend a public school?

text: physicians or special tutors

question: Who were some of these modern physicians?

text: Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet

question: Who does modern special education exclude?

text: people with severe disabilities


text: The original early 19th-century interior designs, many of which survive, include widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis, on the advice of Sir Charles Long. King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle Époque cream and gold colour scheme. Many smaller reception rooms are furnished in the Chinese regency style with furniture and fittings brought from the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and from Carlton House. The palace has 775 rooms, and the garden is the largest private garden in London. The state rooms, used for official and state entertaining, are open to the public each year for most of August and September, and on selected days in winter and spring.

title: Buckingham_Palace

title: Buckingham_Palace

text: The

text: original

text: early

text: century

text: interior

text: designs

text: many

text: of

text: which

text: survive

text: include

text: widespread

text: use

text: of

text: brightly

text: coloured

text: scagliola

text: and

text: blue

text: and

text: pink

text: lapis

text: on

text: the

text: advice

text: of

text: Sir

text: Charles

text: Long

text: King

text: Edward

text: VII

text: oversaw

text: a

text: partial

text: redecoration

text: in

text: a

text: Belle

text: Époque

text: cream

text: and

text: gold

text: colour

text: scheme

text: Many

text: smaller

text: reception

text: rooms

text: are

text: furnished

text: in

text: the

text: Chinese

text: regency

text: style

text: with

text: furniture

text: and

text: fittings

text: brought

text: from

text: the

text: Royal

text: Pavilion

text: at

text: Brighton

text: and

text: from

text: Carlton

text: House

text: The

text: palace

text: has

text: rooms

text: and

text: the

text: garden

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: private

text: garden

text: in

text: London

text: The

text: state

text: rooms

text: used

text: for

text: official

text: and

text: state

text: entertaining

text: are

text: open

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: each

text: year

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: August

text: and

text: September

text: and

text: on

text: selected

text: days

text: in

text: winter

text: and

text: spring

question: What colors were added in the partial redecoration overseen by King Edward VII?

answer: Belle Époque cream and gold

text: Belle Époque cream and gold

question: What original colors from the 19th century were used on the advice of Sir Charles Long?

answer: brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis

text: brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis

question: How many rooms does the palace have?

answer: 775 rooms

text: 775 rooms

question: In which style are many of the smaller reception rooms furnished in?

answer: Chinese regency style

text: Chinese regency style

question: What house were many of the furniture and fittings brought from?

answer: Carlton House

text: Carlton House

question: Who suggested the use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis?

answer: Sir Charles Long

text: Sir Charles Long

question: Who oversaw the redecoration that used a Belle Époque cream and gold colour scheme?

answer: King Edward VII

text: King Edward VII

question: Smaller reception rooms are decorated in which style?

answer: Chinese regency style

text: Chinese regency style

question: Furniture and fittings were brought over from which house?

answer: Carlton House

text: Carlton House

question: What colors were removed in the partial redecoration overseen by King Edward VII?

text: Belle Époque cream and gold

question: What original colors from the 18th century were used on the advice of Sir Charles Long?

question: How many rooms does the palace have closed off?

question: Which style are none of the reception rooms furnished in?

text: Chinese regency style

question: What house were many of the furniture and fittings lost from?

text: Carlton House


text: The northwestern portion of Rajasthan is generally sandy and dry. Most of this region are covered by the Thar Desert which extends into adjoining portions of Pakistan. The Aravalli Range does not intercept the moisture-giving southwest monsoon winds off the Arabian Sea, as it lies in a direction parallel to that of the coming monsoon winds, leaving the northwestern region in a rain shadow. The Thar Desert is thinly populated; the town of Jodhpur is the largest city in the desert and known as the gateway of thar desert. The desert has some major districts like Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour. This area is also important defence point of view. Jodhpur airbase is Indias largest airbase and military, BSF bases are also situated here. A single civil airport is also situated in Jodhpur. The Northwestern thorn scrub forests lie in a band around the Thar Desert, between the desert and the Aravallis. This region receives less than 400 mm of rain in an average year. Temperatures can exceed 48 °C in the summer months and drop below freezing in the winter. The Godwar, Marwar, and Shekhawati regions lie in the thorn scrub forest zone, along with the city of Jodhpur. The Luni River and its tributaries are the major river system of Godwar and Marwar regions, draining the western slopes of the Aravallis and emptying southwest into the great Rann of Kutch wetland in neighboring Gujarat. This river is saline in the lower reaches and remains potable only up to Balotara in Barmer district. The Ghaggar River, which originates in Haryana, is an intermittent stream that disappears into the sands of the Thar Desert in the northern corner of the state and is seen as a remnant of the primitive Saraswati river.

title: Rajasthan

title: Rajasthan

text: The

text: northwestern

text: portion

text: of

text: Rajasthan

text: is

text: generally

text: sandy

text: and

text: dry

text: Most

text: of

text: this

text: region

text: are

text: covered

text: by

text: the

text: Thar

text: Desert

text: which

text: extends

text: into

text: adjoining

text: portions

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: The

text: Aravalli

text: Range

text: does

text: not

text: intercept

text: the

text: moisture

text: giving

text: southwest

text: monsoon

text: winds

text: off

text: the

text: Arabian

text: Sea

text: as

text: it

text: lies

text: in

text: a

text: direction

text: parallel

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: coming

text: monsoon

text: winds

text: leaving

text: the

text: northwestern

text: region

text: in

text: a

text: rain

text: shadow

text: The

text: Thar

text: Desert

text: is

text: thinly

text: populated

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Jodhpur

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: desert

text: and

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: gateway

text: of

text: thar

text: desert

text: The

text: desert

text: has

text: some

text: major

text: districts

text: like

text: Jodhpur

text: Jaisalmer

text: Barmer

text: Bikaner

text: and

text: Nagour

text: This

text: area

text: is

text: also

text: important

text: defence

text: point

text: of

text: view

text: Jodhpur

text: airbase

text: is

text: Indias

text: largest

text: airbase

text: and

text: military

text: BSF

text: bases

text: are

text: also

text: situated

text: here

text: A

text: single

text: civil

text: airport

text: is

text: also

text: situated

text: in

text: Jodhpur

text: The

text: Northwestern

text: thorn

text: scrub

text: forests

text: lie

text: in

text: a

text: band

text: around

text: the

text: Thar

text: Desert

text: between

text: the

text: desert

text: and

text: the

text: Aravallis

text: This

text: region

text: receives

text: less

text: than

text: mm

text: of

text: rain

text: in

text: an

text: average

text: year

text: Temperatures

text: can

text: exceed

text: C

text: in

text: the

text: summer

text: months

text: and

text: drop

text: below

text: freezing

text: in

text: the

text: winter

text: The

text: Godwar

text: Marwar

text: and

text: Shekhawati

text: regions

text: lie

text: in

text: the

text: thorn

text: scrub

text: forest

text: zone

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Jodhpur

text: The

text: Luni

text: River

text: and

text: its

text: tributaries

text: are

text: the

text: major

text: river

text: system

text: of

text: Godwar

text: and

text: Marwar

text: regions

text: draining

text: the

text: western

text: slopes

text: of

text: the

text: Aravallis

text: and

text: emptying

text: southwest

text: into

text: the

text: great

text: Rann

text: of

text: Kutch

text: wetland

text: in

text: neighboring

text: Gujarat

text: This

text: river

text: is

text: saline

text: in

text: the

text: lower

text: reaches

text: and

text: remains

text: potable

text: only

text: up

text: to

text: Balotara

text: in

text: Barmer

text: district

text: The

text: Ghaggar

text: River

text: which

text: originates

text: in

text: Haryana

text: is

text: an

text: intermittent

text: stream

text: that

text: disappears

text: into

text: the

text: sands

text: of

text: the

text: Thar

text: Desert

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: corner

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: is

text: seen

text: as

text: a

text: remnant

text: of

text: the

text: primitive

text: Saraswati

text: river

question: Dry and sandy conditions are indicative of which region of Rajasthan?

answer: The northwestern portion

text: The northwestern portion

question: Which desert is in the northwestern part of Rajasthan?

answer: the Thar Desert

text: the Thar Desert

question: What is the most populous city in the Thar Desert?

answer: Jodhpur

text: Jodhpur

question: What are the names of the major districts of the Thar?

answer: Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour

text: Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Nagour

question: Rainfall in the Thar Desert region is less than what amount each year on avarage?

answer: 400 mm

text: 400 mm

question: What part of Pakistan is sandy and dry?

text: The northwestern portion

question: In what area is the town of Nagour the largest city?

text: The Thar Desert

question: What town is the gateway to the Arabian Sea?

text: Jodhpur

question: What are some major districts in Pakistan?

question: What is Pakistan's largest airbase?

text: Jodhpur airbase


text: In the American College of Sports Medicine's annual ranking of the United States' 50 most populous metropolitan areas on the basis of community health, Oklahoma City took last place in 2010, falling five places from its 2009 rank of 45. The ACSM's report, published as part of its American Fitness Index program, cited, among other things, the poor diet of residents, low levels of physical fitness, higher incidences of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease than the national average, low access to recreational facilities like swimming pools and baseball diamonds, the paucity of parks and low investment by the city in their development, the high percentage of households below the poverty level, and the lack of state-mandated physical education curriculum as contributing factors.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: In

text: the

text: American

text: College

text: of

text: Sports

text: Medicine

text: 's

text: annual

text: ranking

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: most

text: populous

text: metropolitan

text: areas

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: community

text: health

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: took

text: last

text: place

text: in

text: falling

text: five

text: places

text: from

text: its

text: rank

text: of

text: The

text: ACSM

text: 's

text: report

text: published

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: its

text: American

text: Fitness

text: Index

text: program

text: cited

text: among

text: other

text: things

text: the

text: poor

text: diet

text: of

text: residents

text: low

text: levels

text: of

text: physical

text: fitness

text: higher

text: incidences

text: of

text: obesity

text: diabetes

text: and

text: cardiovascular

text: disease

text: than

text: the

text: national

text: average

text: low

text: access

text: to

text: recreational

text: facilities

text: like

text: swimming

text: pools

text: and

text: baseball

text: diamonds

text: the

text: paucity

text: of

text: parks

text: and

text: low

text: investment

text: by

text: the

text: city

text: in

text: their

text: development

text: the

text: high

text: percentage

text: of

text: households

text: below

text: the

text: poverty

text: level

text: and

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: state

text: mandated

text: physical

text: education

text: curriculum

text: as

text: contributing

text: factors

question: What ranking was Oklahoma City in for the American College of Sports Medicine in 2010?

answer: last place

text: last place


text: Isaac Newton (1643–1727) inherited Descartes' mechanical conception of matter. In the third of his "Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy", Newton lists the universal qualities of matter as "extension, hardness, impenetrability, mobility, and inertia". Similarly in Optics he conjectures that God created matter as "solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, movable particles", which were "...even so very hard as never to wear or break in pieces". The "primary" properties of matter were amenable to mathematical description, unlike "secondary" qualities such as color or taste. Like Descartes, Newton rejected the essential nature of secondary qualities.

title: Matter

title: Matter

text: Isaac

text: Newton

text: inherited

text: Descartes

text: mechanical

text: conception

text: of

text: matter

text: In

text: the

text: third

text: of

text: his

text: Rules

text: of

text: Reasoning

text: in

text: Philosophy

text: Newton

text: lists

text: the

text: universal

text: qualities

text: of

text: matter

text: as

text: extension

text: hardness

text: impenetrability

text: mobility

text: and

text: inertia

text: Similarly

text: in

text: Optics

text: he

text: conjectures

text: that

text: God

text: created

text: matter

text: as

text: solid

text: massy

text: hard

text: impenetrable

text: movable

text: particles

text: which

text: were

text: even

text: so

text: very

text: hard

text: as

text: never

text: to

text: wear

text: or

text: break

text: in

text: pieces

text: The

text: primary

text: properties

text: of

text: matter

text: were

text: amenable

text: to

text: mathematical

text: description

text: unlike

text: secondary

text: qualities

text: such

text: as

text: color

text: or

text: taste

text: Like

text: Descartes

text: Newton

text: rejected

text: the

text: essential

text: nature

text: of

text: secondary

text: qualities

question: When was Descartes born?

question: What did Descartes write?

text: Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy

question: What did Newton reject that Descartes did not?

question: What did Descartes say were the universal qualities of matter?

question: Both primary and secondary properties are suited to what form of description?

text: mathematical


text: On 12 February 1912, after rounds of negotiations, Longyu issued an imperial edict bringing about the abdication of the child emperor Puyi. This brought an end to over 2,000 years of Imperial China and began an extended period of instability of warlord factionalism. The unorganized political and economic systems combined with a widespread criticism of Chinese culture led to questioning and doubt about the future. In the 1930s, the Empire of Japan invaded Northeast China and founded Manchukuo in 1932, with Puyi, as the emperor. After the invasion by the Soviet Union, Manchukuo collapsed in 1945.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: On

text: February

text: after

text: rounds

text: of

text: negotiations

text: Longyu

text: issued

text: an

text: imperial

text: edict

text: bringing

text: about

text: the

text: abdication

text: of

text: the

text: child

text: emperor

text: Puyi

text: This

text: brought

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: over

text: years

text: of

text: Imperial

text: China

text: and

text: began

text: an

text: extended

text: period

text: of

text: instability

text: of

text: warlord

text: factionalism

text: The

text: unorganized

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: systems

text: combined

text: with

text: a

text: widespread

text: criticism

text: of

text: Chinese

text: culture

text: led

text: to

text: questioning

text: and

text: doubt

text: about

text: the

text: future

text: In

text: the

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: invaded

text: Northeast

text: China

text: and

text: founded

text: Manchukuo

text: in

text: with

text: Puyi

text: as

text: the

text: emperor

text: After

text: the

text: invasion

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: Manchukuo

text: collapsed

text: in

question: What year did the end of Imperial China occur?

answer: 1912

question: How long did Imperial China last for?

answer: 2,000 years

text: 2,000 years

question: When was Manchukuo created?

answer: 1932


text: Land Forces during this period also deployed in support of peacekeeping operations within United Nations sanctioned conflicts. The nature of the Canadian Forces has continued to evolve. They have been deployed in Afghanistan until 2011, under the NATO-led United Nations International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), at the request of the Government of Afghanistan.

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

text: Land

text: Forces

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: also

text: deployed

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: peacekeeping

text: operations

text: within

text: United

text: Nations

text: sanctioned

text: conflicts

text: The

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Forces

text: has

text: continued

text: to

text: evolve

text: They

text: have

text: been

text: deployed

text: in

text: Afghanistan

text: until

text: under

text: the

text: NATO

text: led

text: United

text: Nations

text: International

text: Security

text: Assistance

text: Force

text: ISAF

text: at

text: the

text: request

text: of

text: the

text: Government

text: of

text: Afghanistan

question: What forces were sent out in support of peacekeeping?

answer: Land Forces

text: Land Forces

question: Until when were Canadian forces in Afghanistan?

answer: 2011

question: What force were the Canadians part of in Afghanistan?

answer: ISAF

text: ISAF

question: Who requested the aid of the Canadians?

answer: the Government of Afghanistan

text: the Government of Afghanistan

question: What type of operations were mainly done by Canadian forces?

answer: peacekeeping

text: peacekeeping

question: What forces were sent out out of rejection of peacekeeping?

text: Land Forces

question: Until when were Canadian forces in Iraq?

question: What force were the Canadians part of in Iraq?

text: ISAF

question: Who requested the aid of the French?

text: peacekeeping


text: The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall's "Adolescence in 1904." Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, viewed adolescence primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). This understanding of youth was based on two then new ways of understanding human behavior: Darwin's evolutionary theory and Freud's psychodynamic theory. He believed that adolescence was a representation of our human ancestors' phylogenetic shift from being primitive to being civilized. Hall's assertions stood relatively uncontested until the 1950s when psychologists such as Erik Erikson and Anna Freud started to formulate their theories about adolescence. Freud believed that the psychological disturbances associated with youth were biologically based and culturally universal while Erikson focused on the dichotomy between identity formation and role fulfillment. Even with their different theories, these three psychologists agreed that adolescence was inherently a time of disturbance and psychological confusion. The less turbulent aspects of adolescence, such as peer relations and cultural influence, were left largely ignored until the 1980s. From the '50s until the '80s, the focus of the field was mainly on describing patterns of behavior as opposed to explaining them.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: The

text: formal

text: study

text: of

text: adolescent

text: psychology

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: G.

text: Stanley

text: Hall

text: 's

text: Adolescence

text: in

text: Hall

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Psychological

text: Association

text: viewed

text: adolescence

text: primarily

text: as

text: a

text: time

text: of

text: internal

text: turmoil

text: and

text: upheaval

text: sturm

text: und

text: drang

text: This

text: understanding

text: of

text: youth

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: two

text: then

text: new

text: ways

text: of

text: understanding

text: human

text: behavior

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: evolutionary

text: theory

text: and

text: Freud

text: 's

text: psychodynamic

text: theory

text: He

text: believed

text: that

text: adolescence

text: was

text: a

text: representation

text: of

text: our

text: human

text: ancestors

text: phylogenetic

text: shift

text: from

text: being

text: primitive

text: to

text: being

text: civilized

text: Hall

text: 's

text: assertions

text: stood

text: relatively

text: uncontested

text: until

text: the

text: when

text: psychologists

text: such

text: as

text: Erik

text: Erikson

text: and

text: Anna

text: Freud

text: started

text: to

text: formulate

text: their

text: theories

text: about

text: adolescence

text: Freud

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: psychological

text: disturbances

text: associated

text: with

text: youth

text: were

text: biologically

text: based

text: and

text: culturally

text: universal

text: while

text: Erikson

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: dichotomy

text: between

text: identity

text: formation

text: and

text: role

text: fulfillment

text: Even

text: with

text: their

text: different

text: theories

text: these

text: three

text: psychologists

text: agreed

text: that

text: adolescence

text: was

text: inherently

text: a

text: time

text: of

text: disturbance

text: and

text: psychological

text: confusion

text: The

text: less

text: turbulent

text: aspects

text: of

text: adolescence

text: such

text: as

text: peer

text: relations

text: and

text: cultural

text: influence

text: were

text: left

text: largely

text: ignored

text: until

text: the

text: From

text: the

text: until

text: the

text: the

text: focus

text: of

text: the

text: field

text: was

text: mainly

text: on

text: describing

text: patterns

text: of

text: behavior

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: explaining

text: them

question: Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association?

answer: G. Stanley Hall

text: G. Stanley Hall

question: What was the title of the publication that started the formal study of adolescent psychology?

answer: Adolescence in 1904

text: Adolescence in 1904

question: From the '50s to the '80s, was the field's focus devoted to describing patterns of behavior or explaining them?

answer: describing

text: describing

question: Which theorist is known for his beliefs on evolution?

answer: Darwin

text: Darwin