text: The quail is a small to medium-sized, cryptically coloured bird. In its natural environment, it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover. It feeds on seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates. Being a largely ground-dwelling, gregarious bird, domestication of the quail was not difficult, although many of its wild instincts are retained in captivity. It was known to the Egyptians long before the arrival of chickens and was depicted in hieroglyphs from 2575 BC. It migrated across Egypt in vast flocks and the birds could sometimes be picked up off the ground by hand. These were the common quail (Coturnix coturnix), but modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) which was probably domesticated as early as the 11th century AD in Japan. They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.

title: Poultry

title: Poultry

text: The

text: quail

text: is

text: a

text: small

text: to

text: medium

text: sized

text: cryptically

text: coloured

text: bird

text: In

text: its

text: natural

text: environment

text: it

text: is

text: found

text: in

text: bushy

text: places

text: in

text: rough

text: grassland

text: among

text: agricultural

text: crops

text: and

text: in

text: other

text: places

text: with

text: dense

text: cover

text: It

text: feeds

text: on

text: seeds

text: insects

text: and

text: other

text: small

text: invertebrates

text: Being

text: a

text: largely

text: ground

text: dwelling

text: gregarious

text: bird

text: domestication

text: of

text: the

text: quail

text: was

text: not

text: difficult

text: although

text: many

text: of

text: its

text: wild

text: instincts

text: are

text: retained

text: in

text: captivity

text: It

text: was

text: known

text: to

text: the

text: Egyptians

text: long

text: before

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: chickens

text: and

text: was

text: depicted

text: in

text: hieroglyphs

text: from

text: BC

text: It

text: migrated

text: across

text: Egypt

text: in

text: vast

text: flocks

text: and

text: the

text: birds

text: could

text: sometimes

text: be

text: picked

text: up

text: off

text: the

text: ground

text: by

text: hand

text: These

text: were

text: the

text: common

text: quail

text: Coturnix

text: coturnix

text: but

text: modern

text: domesticated

text: flocks

text: are

text: mostly

text: of

text: Japanese

text: quail

text: Coturnix

text: japonica

text: which

text: was

text: probably

text: domesticated

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: in

text: Japan

text: They

text: were

text: originally

text: kept

text: as

text: songbirds

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: regularly

text: used

text: in

text: song

text: contests

question: Have quails ever been used for entertainment purposes ?

answer: They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.

text: They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.

question: Where can quails typically be found in the wild?

answer: it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover.

text: it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover.

question: What is the typical diet consist of for qails ?

answer: seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates.

text: seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates.

question: From what country do most domesticated  quails today descend from ?

answer: modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

text: modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

question: Why are quails always silent?

question: Where are quails typically invisible in the wild?

question: What does a rare diet always consist of for quails?

question: What country do all domesticated quails descend from?

text: Japan


text: Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a, "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to Development anthropology (distinct from the more critical Anthropology of development).

title: Anthropology

title: Anthropology

text: Applied

text: Anthropology

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: the

text: method

text: and

text: theory

text: of

text: anthropology

text: to

text: the

text: analysis

text: and

text: solution

text: of

text: practical

text: problems

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: complex

text: of

text: related

text: research

text: based

text: instrumental

text: methods

text: which

text: produce

text: change

text: or

text: stability

text: in

text: specific

text: cultural

text: systems

text: through

text: the

text: provision

text: of

text: data

text: initiation

text: of

text: direct

text: action

text: and/or

text: the

text: formulation

text: of

text: policy

text: More

text: simply

text: applied

text: anthropology

text: is

text: the

text: practical

text: side

text: of

text: anthropological

text: research

text: it

text: includes

text: researcher

text: involvement

text: and

text: activism

text: within

text: the

text: participating

text: community

text: It

text: is

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: Development

text: anthropology

text: distinct

text: from

text: the

text: more

text: critical

text: Anthropology

text: of

text: development

question: What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems?

answer: Applied

text: Applied

question: What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce?

answer: change or stability

text: change or stability

question: What type of action does applied anthropology initiate?

answer: direct

text: direct

question: What side of anthropology is applied anthropology?

answer: the practical side

text: the practical side

question: Included in applied anthropology is researcher involvement as well as activism in what communities?

answer: participating

text: participating

question: What refers to the study of the methods and theries of anthropology?

text: Applied Anthropology

question: What produces methods of applied anthropology?

question: What is the creative side of anthropology?

text: applied anthropology

question: what is distincly different than Development Anthropology?

text: Applied Anthropology


text: On October 2, 1997, it was reported that Khrushchev's son Sergei claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy's proposal at the time of Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. During the next few weeks he reportedly concluded that both nations might realize cost benefits and technological gains from a joint venture, and decided to accept Kennedy's offer based on a measure of rapport during their years as leaders of the world's two superpowers, but changed his mind and dropped the idea since he did not have the same trust for Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: On

text: October

text: it

text: was

text: reported

text: that

text: Khrushchev

text: 's

text: son

text: Sergei

text: claimed

text: Khrushchev

text: was

text: poised

text: to

text: accept

text: Kennedy

text: 's

text: proposal

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: Kennedy

text: 's

text: assassination

text: on

text: November

text: During

text: the

text: next

text: few

text: weeks

text: he

text: reportedly

text: concluded

text: that

text: both

text: nations

text: might

text: realize

text: cost

text: benefits

text: and

text: technological

text: gains

text: from

text: a

text: joint

text: venture

text: and

text: decided

text: to

text: accept

text: Kennedy

text: 's

text: offer

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: measure

text: of

text: rapport

text: during

text: their

text: years

text: as

text: leaders

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: two

text: superpowers

text: but

text: changed

text: his

text: mind

text: and

text: dropped

text: the

text: idea

text: since

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: the

text: same

text: trust

text: for

text: Kennedy

text: 's

text: successor

text: Lyndon

text: Johnson

question: President Kennedy was killed when?

answer: November 22, 1963

text: November 22, 1963

question: How did US President Kennedy die?

answer: assassination

text: assassination


text: A large Russian assault on the allied supply base to the southeast, at Balaclava was rebuffed on 25 October 1854.:521–527 The Battle of Balaclava is remembered in the UK for the actions of two British units. At the start of the battle, a large body of Russian cavalry charged the 93rd Highlanders, who were posted north of the village of Kadikoi. Commanding them was Sir Colin Campbell. Rather than 'form square', the traditional method of repelling cavalry, Campbell took the risky decision to have his Highlanders form a single line, two men deep. Campbell had seen the effectiveness of the new Minie rifles, with which his troops were armed, at the Battle of the Alma a month before, and was confident his men could beat back the Russians. His tactics succeeded. From up on the ridge to the west, Times correspondent William Howard Russell saw the Highlanders as a 'thin red streak topped with steel', a phrase which soon became the 'Thin Red Line.'

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: A

text: large

text: Russian

text: assault

text: on

text: the

text: allied

text: supply

text: base

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: at

text: Balaclava

text: was

text: rebuffed

text: on

text: October

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Balaclava

text: is

text: remembered

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: for

text: the

text: actions

text: of

text: two

text: British

text: units

text: At

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: battle

text: a

text: large

text: body

text: of

text: Russian

text: cavalry

text: charged

text: the

text: Highlanders

text: who

text: were

text: posted

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: village

text: of

text: Kadikoi

text: Commanding

text: them

text: was

text: Sir

text: Colin

text: Campbell

text: Rather

text: than

text: form

text: square

text: the

text: traditional

text: method

text: of

text: repelling

text: cavalry

text: Campbell

text: took

text: the

text: risky

text: decision

text: to

text: have

text: his

text: Highlanders

text: form

text: a

text: single

text: line

text: two

text: men

text: deep

text: Campbell

text: had

text: seen

text: the

text: effectiveness

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: Minie

text: rifles

text: with

text: which

text: his

text: troops

text: were

text: armed

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Alma

text: a

text: month

text: before

text: and

text: was

text: confident

text: his

text: men

text: could

text: beat

text: back

text: the

text: Russians

text: His

text: tactics

text: succeeded

text: From

text: up

text: on

text: the

text: ridge

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Times

text: correspondent

text: William

text: Howard

text: Russell

text: saw

text: the

text: Highlanders

text: as

text: a

text: thin

text: red

text: streak

text: topped

text: with

text: steel

text: a

text: phrase

text: which

text: soon

text: became

text: the

text: Thin

text: Red

text: Line

question: Who did the Russians attack at the beginning off the Battle of Balaclava?

answer: 93rd Highlanders

text: 93rd Highlanders

question: Near what village were the 93rd Highlanders posted at?

answer: Kadikoi

text: Kadikoi

question: Who led the 93rd Highlanders?

answer: Sir Colin Campbell

text: Sir Colin Campbell

question: What weapon did Sir Colin Campbell troops use during the Battle of Alma?

answer: Minie rifles

text: Minie rifles

question: What risky maneuver did Sir Colin Campbell have the 93rd Highlanders form?

answer: a single line, two men deep

text: a single line, two men deep


text: Through his actions and speeches, and because he was able to symbolize the popular Arab will, Nasser inspired several nationalist revolutions in the Arab world. He defined the politics of his generation and communicated directly with the public masses of the Arab world, bypassing the various heads of states of those countries—an accomplishment not repeated by other Arab leaders. The extent of Nasser's centrality in the region made it a priority for incoming Arab nationalist heads of state to seek good relations with Egypt, in order to gain popular legitimacy from their own citizens.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Through

text: his

text: actions

text: and

text: speeches

text: and

text: because

text: he

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: symbolize

text: the

text: popular

text: Arab

text: will

text: Nasser

text: inspired

text: several

text: nationalist

text: revolutions

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: He

text: defined

text: the

text: politics

text: of

text: his

text: generation

text: and

text: communicated

text: directly

text: with

text: the

text: public

text: masses

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: bypassing

text: the

text: various

text: heads

text: of

text: states

text: of

text: those

text: countries

text: an

text: accomplishment

text: not

text: repeated

text: by

text: other

text: Arab

text: leaders

text: The

text: extent

text: of

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: centrality

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: made

text: it

text: a

text: priority

text: for

text: incoming

text: Arab

text: nationalist

text: heads

text: of

text: state

text: to

text: seek

text: good

text: relations

text: with

text: Egypt

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: gain

text: popular

text: legitimacy

text: from

text: their

text: own

text: citizens

question: What did other Arab leaders have to do to gain admiration of their populations?

answer: seek good relations with Egypt

text: seek good relations with Egypt

question: What did Nasser cause in the wider Arab world?

answer: several nationalist revolutions

text: several nationalist revolutions

question: What have other Arab leaders been unable to do that Nasser was?

answer: communicated directly with the public masses

text: communicated directly with the public masses

question: What did Nasser symbolize?

answer: the popular Arab will

text: the popular Arab will


text: In the early 21st century the Cypriot economy has diversified and become prosperous. However, in 2012 it became affected by the Eurozone financial and banking crisis. In June 2012, the Cypriot government announced it would need €1.8 billion in foreign aid to support the Cyprus Popular Bank, and this was followed by Fitch downgrading Cyprus's credit rating to junk status. Fitch said Cyprus would need an additional €4 billion to support its banks and the downgrade was mainly due to the exposure of Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus Popular Bank and Hellenic Bank, Cyprus's three largest banks, to the Greek financial crisis.

title: Cyprus

title: Cyprus

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: the

text: Cypriot

text: economy

text: has

text: diversified

text: and

text: become

text: prosperous

text: However

text: in

text: it

text: became

text: affected

text: by

text: the

text: Eurozone

text: financial

text: and

text: banking

text: crisis

text: In

text: June

text: the

text: Cypriot

text: government

text: announced

text: it

text: would

text: need

text: billion

text: in

text: foreign

text: aid

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: Cyprus

text: Popular

text: Bank

text: and

text: this

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: Fitch

text: downgrading

text: Cyprus

text: 's

text: credit

text: rating

text: to

text: junk

text: status

text: Fitch

text: said

text: Cyprus

text: would

text: need

text: an

text: additional

text: billion

text: to

text: support

text: its

text: banks

text: and

text: the

text: downgrade

text: was

text: mainly

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: exposure

text: of

text: Bank

text: of

text: Cyprus

text: Cyprus

text: Popular

text: Bank

text: and

text: Hellenic

text: Bank

text: Cyprus

text: 's

text: three

text: largest

text: banks

text: to

text: the

text: Greek

text: financial

text: crisis

question: What affected the Cypriot economy in 2012?

answer: Eurozone financial and banking crisis

text: Eurozone financial and banking crisis

question: How much many did the Cypriot government initially announce it needed?

answer: €1.8 billion

text: €1.8 billion

question: What was the amount of additional money requested by Cyprus?

answer: €4 billion

text: €4 billion

question: What are the names of Cyprus' three largest banks?

answer: Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus Popular Bank and Hellenic Bank

text: Bank of Cyprus, Cyprus Popular Bank and Hellenic Bank


text: On 2 March 1977 the General People's Congress adopted the "Declaration of the Establishment of the People's Authority" at Gaddafi's behest. Dissolving the Libyan Arab Republic, it was replaced by the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Arabic: الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية, al-Jamāhīrīyah al-‘Arabīyah al-Lībīyah ash-Sha‘bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah), a "state of the masses" conceptualized by Gaddafi. Officially, the Jamahiriya was a direct democracy in which the people ruled themselves through the 187 Basic People's Congresses, where all adult Libyans participated and voted on national decisions. These then sent members to the annual General People's Congress, which was broadcast live on television. In principle, the People's Congresses were Libya's highest authority, with major decisions proposed by government officials or with Gaddafi himself requiring the consent of the People's Congresses.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: On

text: March

text: the

text: General

text: People

text: 's

text: Congress

text: adopted

text: the

text: Declaration

text: of

text: the

text: Establishment

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Authority

text: at

text: Gaddafi

text: 's

text: behest

text: Dissolving

text: the

text: Libyan

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: it

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: Great

text: Socialist

text: People

text: 's

text: Libyan

text: Arab

text: Jamahiriya

text: Arabic

text: الجماهيرية

text: العربية

text: الليبية

text: الشعبية

text: الاشتراكية

text: al

text: Jamāhīrīyah

text: al-‘Arabīyah

text: al

text: Lībīyah

text: ash

text: Sha‘bīyah

text: al

text: Ishtirākīyah

text: a

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: masses

text: conceptualized

text: by

text: Gaddafi

text: Officially

text: the

text: Jamahiriya

text: was

text: a

text: direct

text: democracy

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: people

text: ruled

text: themselves

text: through

text: the

text: Basic

text: People

text: 's

text: Congresses

text: where

text: all

text: adult

text: Libyans

text: participated

text: and

text: voted

text: on

text: national

text: decisions

text: These

text: then

text: sent

text: members

text: to

text: the

text: annual

text: General

text: People

text: 's

text: Congress

text: which

text: was

text: broadcast

text: live

text: on

text: television

text: In

text: principle

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Congresses

text: were

text: Libya

text: 's

text: highest

text: authority

text: with

text: major

text: decisions

text: proposed

text: by

text: government

text: officials

text: or

text: with

text: Gaddafi

text: himself

text: requiring

text: the

text: consent

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Congresses

question: What was the name of the state founded in Libya on March 2, 1977?

answer: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

text: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

question: How many Basic People's Congresses existed in the Jamahiriya?

answer: 187

question: What body did the members elected by the Basic People's Congresses attend?

answer: General People's Congress

text: General People's Congress

question: How often did the General People's Congress occur?

answer: annual

text: annual

question: What was the official name of Libya prior to the establishment of the Jamahiriya?

answer: Libyan Arab Republic

text: Libyan Arab Republic


text: Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. For example, enhancers increase transcription by binding an activator protein which then helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter; conversely silencers bind repressor proteins and make the DNA less available for RNA polymerase.

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: Additionally

text: genes

text: can

text: have

text: regulatory

text: regions

text: many

text: kilobases

text: upstream

text: or

text: downstream

text: of

text: the

text: open

text: reading

text: frame

text: These

text: act

text: by

text: binding

text: to

text: transcription

text: factors

text: which

text: then

text: cause

text: the

text: DNA

text: to

text: loop

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: regulatory

text: sequence

text: and

text: bound

text: transcription

text: factor

text: become

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: RNA

text: polymerase

text: binding

text: site

text: For

text: example

text: enhancers

text: increase

text: transcription

text: by

text: binding

text: an

text: activator

text: protein

text: which

text: then

text: helps

text: to

text: recruit

text: the

text: RNA

text: polymerase

text: to

text: the

text: promoter

text: conversely

text: silencers

text: bind

text: repressor

text: proteins

text: and

text: make

text: the

text: DNA

text: less

text: available

text: for

text: RNA

text: polymerase

question: How do regulatory regions act?

answer: by binding to transcription factors

text: by binding to transcription factors

question: What happens when a regulatory region binds to transcription factors?

answer: the DNA to loop

text: the DNA to loop

question: How do enhancers increase transcription?

answer: by binding an activator protein

text: by binding an activator protein

question: What happens after an enhancer binds an activator protein?

answer: helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter

text: helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter

question: What causes DNA to be less available for RNA polymerase?

answer: silencers bind repressor proteins

text: silencers bind repressor proteins


text: In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.

title: Digestion

title: Digestion

text: In

text: the

text: human

text: digestive

text: system

text: food

text: enters

text: the

text: mouth

text: and

text: mechanical

text: digestion

text: of

text: the

text: food

text: starts

text: by

text: the

text: action

text: of

text: mastication

text: chewing

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: mechanical

text: digestion

text: and

text: the

text: wetting

text: contact

text: of

text: saliva

text: Saliva

text: a

text: liquid

text: secreted

text: by

text: the

text: salivary

text: glands

text: contains

text: salivary

text: amylase

text: an

text: enzyme

text: which

text: starts

text: the

text: digestion

text: of

text: starch

text: in

text: the

text: food

text: the

text: saliva

text: also

text: contains

text: mucus

text: which

text: lubricates

text: the

text: food

text: and

text: hydrogen

text: carbonate

text: which

text: provides

text: the

text: ideal

text: conditions

text: of

text: pH

text: alkaline

text: for

text: amylase

text: to

text: work

text: After

text: undergoing

text: mastication

text: and

text: starch

text: digestion

text: the

text: food

text: will

text: be

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: a

text: small

text: round

text: slurry

text: mass

text: called

text: a

text: bolus

text: It

text: will

text: then

text: travel

text: down

text: the

text: esophagus

text: and

text: into

text: the

text: stomach

text: by

text: the

text: action

text: of

text: peristalsis

text: Gastric

text: juice

text: in

text: the

text: stomach

text: starts

text: protein

text: digestion

text: Gastric

text: juice

text: mainly

text: contains

text: hydrochloric

text: acid

text: and

text: pepsin

text: As

text: these

text: two

text: chemicals

text: may

text: damage

text: the

text: stomach

text: wall

text: mucus

text: is

text: secreted

text: by

text: the

text: stomach

text: providing

text: a

text: slimy

text: layer

text: that

text: acts

text: as

text: a

text: shield

text: against

text: the

text: damaging

text: effects

text: of

text: the

text: chemicals

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: protein

text: digestion

text: is

text: occurring

text: mechanical

text: mixing

text: occurs

text: by

text: peristalsis

text: which

text: is

text: waves

text: of

text: muscular

text: contractions

text: that

text: move

text: along

text: the

text: stomach

text: wall

text: This

text: allows

text: the

text: mass

text: of

text: food

text: to

text: further

text: mix

text: with

text: the

text: digestive

text: enzymes

question: What is the first step in the human digestive system?

answer: the action of mastication (chewing)

text: the action of mastication (chewing)

question: What is saliva?

answer: a liquid secreted by the salivary glands

text: a liquid secreted by the salivary glands

question: What is in saliva that starts to digest the starches?

answer: salivary amylase

text: salivary amylase

question: What is the definition of bolus?

answer: a small, round slurry mass

text: a small, round slurry mass

question: What is the action of the food morving down the esophagus into the stomach called?

answer: peristalsis

text: peristalsis


text: For example, consider electron–positron annihilation, in which the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed, but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles (its invariant mass) remains (since all energy is associated with mass), and this inertia and invariant mass is carried off by photons which individually are massless, but as a system retain their mass. This is a reversible process – the inverse process is called pair creation – in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two (or more) annihilating photons. In this system the matter (electrons and positrons) is destroyed and changed to non-matter energy (the photons). However, the total system mass and energy do not change during this interaction.

title: Energy

title: Energy

text: For

text: example

text: consider

text: electron

text: positron

text: annihilation

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: rest

text: mass

text: of

text: individual

text: particles

text: is

text: destroyed

text: but

text: the

text: inertia

text: equivalent

text: of

text: the

text: system

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: particles

text: its

text: invariant

text: mass

text: remains

text: since

text: all

text: energy

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: mass

text: and

text: this

text: inertia

text: and

text: invariant

text: mass

text: is

text: carried

text: off

text: by

text: photons

text: which

text: individually

text: are

text: massless

text: but

text: as

text: a

text: system

text: retain

text: their

text: mass

text: This

text: is

text: a

text: reversible

text: process

text: the

text: inverse

text: process

text: is

text: called

text: pair

text: creation

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: rest

text: mass

text: of

text: particles

text: is

text: created

text: from

text: energy

text: of

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: annihilating

text: photons

text: In

text: this

text: system

text: the

text: matter

text: electrons

text: and

text: positrons

text: is

text: destroyed

text: and

text: changed

text: to

text: non

text: matter

text: energy

text: the

text: photons

text: However

text: the

text: total

text: system

text: mass

text: and

text: energy

text: do

text: not

text: change

text: during

text: this

text: interaction

question: What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles remains?

answer: electron–positron annihilation

text: electron–positron annihilation

question: What is the inverse process called?

answer: pair creation

text: pair creation

question: What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two or more annihilating photons?

answer: pair creation

text: pair creation

question: What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the three particles remains?

text: electron–positron annihilation

question: What is the converse process called?

text: pair creation

question: What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is destroyed from energy of two or more annihilating photons?

question: what is created and changed to non-matter energy?

text: electrons and positrons

question: What is matter energy?

text: the photons


text: Oklahoma holds eleven public regional universities, including Northeastern State University, the second-oldest institution of higher education west of the Mississippi River, also containing the only College of Optometry in Oklahoma and the largest enrollment of Native American students in the nation by percentage and amount. Langston University is Oklahoma's only historically black college. Six of the state's universities were placed in the Princeton Review's list of best 122 regional colleges in 2007, and three made the list of top colleges for best value. The state has 55 post-secondary technical institutions operated by Oklahoma's CareerTech program for training in specific fields of industry or trade.

title: Oklahoma

title: Oklahoma

text: Oklahoma

text: holds

text: eleven

text: public

text: regional

text: universities

text: including

text: Northeastern

text: State

text: University

text: the

text: second

text: oldest

text: institution

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: also

text: containing

text: the

text: only

text: College

text: of

text: Optometry

text: in

text: Oklahoma

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: enrollment

text: of

text: Native

text: American

text: students

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: by

text: percentage

text: and

text: amount

text: Langston

text: University

text: is

text: Oklahoma

text: 's

text: only

text: historically

text: black

text: college

text: Six

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: universities

text: were

text: placed

text: in

text: the

text: Princeton

text: Review

text: 's

text: list

text: of

text: best

text: regional

text: colleges

text: in

text: and

text: three

text: made

text: the

text: list

text: of

text: top

text: colleges

text: for

text: best

text: value

text: The

text: state

text: has

text: post

text: secondary

text: technical

text: institutions

text: operated

text: by

text: Oklahoma

text: 's

text: CareerTech

text: program

text: for

text: training

text: in

text: specific

text: fields

text: of

text: industry

text: or

text: trade

question: How many public universities does Oklahoma have?

answer: eleven

text: eleven

question: What is the second-oldest university west of the MS River?

answer: Northeastern State University

text: Northeastern State University

question: Within what university is Oklahoma's only optometry college?

answer: Northeastern State University

text: Northeastern State University

question: What university has the largest Native American enrollment in the US?

answer: Northeastern State University

text: Northeastern State University

question: What is Oklahoma's only HBCU?

answer: Langston University

text: Langston University


text: The most-viewed network in France, TF1, is in nearby Boulogne-Billancourt; France 2, France 3, Canal+, France 5, M6 (Neuilly-sur-Seine), Arte, D8, W9, NT1, NRJ 12, La Chaîne parlementaire, France 4, BFM TV, and Gulli are other stations located in and around the capital. Radio France, France's public radio broadcaster, and its various channels, is headquartered in Paris' 16th arrondissement. Radio France Internationale, another public broadcaster is also based in the city. Paris also holds the headquarters of the La Poste, France's national postal carrier.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: The

text: most

text: viewed

text: network

text: in

text: France

text: is

text: in

text: nearby

text: Boulogne

text: Billancourt

text: France

text: France

text: Canal+

text: France

text: Neuilly

text: sur

text: Seine

text: Arte

text: NRJ

text: La

text: Chaîne

text: parlementaire

text: France

text: BFM

text: TV

text: and

text: Gulli

text: are

text: other

text: stations

text: located

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: the

text: capital

text: Radio

text: France

text: France

text: 's

text: public

text: radio

text: broadcaster

text: and

text: its

text: various

text: channels

text: is

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Paris

text: arrondissement

text: Radio

text: France

text: Internationale

text: another

text: public

text: broadcaster

text: is

text: also

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: Paris

text: also

text: holds

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: La

text: Poste

text: France

text: 's

text: national

text: postal

text: carrier

question: What is the most viewed television network in France?

answer: TF1

question: Where is TF1 located?

answer: Boulogne-Billancourt

text: Boulogne-Billancourt

question: What is France's public radio broadcaster?

answer: Radio France

text: Radio France

question: What is the name of France's national postal carrier?

answer: La Poste

text: La Poste


text: The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatan (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz.

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

text: The

text: territory

text: of

text: modern

text: day

text: Mexico

text: was

text: home

text: to

text: numerous

text: indigenous

text: civilizations

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: the

text: Spanish

text: conquistadores

text: The

text: Olmecs

text: who

text: flourished

text: from

text: between

text: BCE

text: to

text: about

text: BCE

text: in

text: the

text: coastal

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: the

text: Zapotecs

text: and

text: the

text: Mixtecs

text: who

text: held

text: sway

text: in

text: the

text: mountains

text: of

text: Oaxaca

text: and

text: the

text: Isthmus

text: of

text: Tehuantepec

text: the

text: Maya

text: in

text: the

text: Yucatan

text: and

text: into

text: neighbouring

text: areas

text: of

text: contemporary

text: Central

text: America

text: the

text: Purépecha

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Michoacán

text: and

text: surrounding

text: areas

text: and

text: the

text: Aztecs

text: Mexica

text: who

text: from

text: their

text: central

text: capital

text: at

text: Tenochtitlan

text: dominated

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: centre

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: non

text: Aztec

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: those

text: areas

text: when

text: Hernán

text: Cortés

text: first

text: landed

text: at

text: Veracruz

question: What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards?

answer: indigenous civilizations

text: indigenous civilizations

question: When did the Olmecs flourish?

answer: from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE

text: from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE

question: Who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca?

answer: the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs

text: the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs

question: Who lived in the Yucatan?

answer: the Maya

text: the Maya

question: Where was the Aztec's central capital located?

answer: Tenochtitlan

text: Tenochtitlan


text: At a convention of citizens called to select a new provisional ruler, Gutierrez obtained the vote, with P. J. Escalante for his deputy, and a council to guide the administration. Santa Anna ordered the reinstatement of Mendarozqueta as comandante general. Gutiérrez yielded, but Escalante refused to surrender office, demonstrations of support ensued, but Escalante yielded when troops were summoned from Zacatecas. A new election brought a new legislature, and conforming governors. In September 1835 José Urrea a federalist army officer came into power.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: At

text: a

text: convention

text: of

text: citizens

text: called

text: to

text: select

text: a

text: new

text: provisional

text: ruler

text: Gutierrez

text: obtained

text: the

text: vote

text: with

text: P.

text: J.

text: Escalante

text: for

text: his

text: deputy

text: and

text: a

text: council

text: to

text: guide

text: the

text: administration

text: Santa

text: Anna

text: ordered

text: the

text: reinstatement

text: of

text: Mendarozqueta

text: as

text: comandante

text: general

text: Gutiérrez

text: yielded

text: but

text: Escalante

text: refused

text: to

text: surrender

text: office

text: demonstrations

text: of

text: support

text: ensued

text: but

text: Escalante

text: yielded

text: when

text: troops

text: were

text: summoned

text: from

text: Zacatecas

text: A

text: new

text: election

text: brought

text: a

text: new

text: legislature

text: and

text: conforming

text: governors

text: In

text: September

text: José

text: Urrea

text: a

text: federalist

text: army

text: officer

text: came

text: into

text: power

question: Who did Santa Anna order the reinstatement as comandante general?

answer: Mendarozqueta

text: Mendarozqueta

question: What was the name of the federalist army officer who eventually came into power during the new election?

answer: José Urrea

text: José Urrea

question: Who had actually won the original vote?

answer: Gutierrez

text: Gutierrez

question: Who was his deputy?

answer: P. J. Escalante

text: P. J. Escalante

question: Who refused to yield until troops were summoned?

answer: Escalante

text: Escalante


text: On August 24, 2006, Apple and Creative announced a broad settlement to end their legal disputes. Apple will pay Creative US$100 million for a paid-up license, to use Creative's awarded patent in all Apple products. As part of the agreement, Apple will recoup part of its payment, if Creative is successful in licensing the patent. Creative then announced its intention to produce iPod accessories by joining the Made for iPod program.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: On

text: August

text: Apple

text: and

text: Creative

text: announced

text: a

text: broad

text: settlement

text: to

text: end

text: their

text: legal

text: disputes

text: Apple

text: will

text: pay

text: Creative

text: US$

text: million

text: for

text: a

text: paid

text: up

text: license

text: to

text: use

text: Creative

text: 's

text: awarded

text: patent

text: in

text: all

text: Apple

text: products

text: As

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: agreement

text: Apple

text: will

text: recoup

text: part

text: of

text: its

text: payment

text: if

text: Creative

text: is

text: successful

text: in

text: licensing

text: the

text: patent

text: Creative

text: then

text: announced

text: its

text: intention

text: to

text: produce

text: iPod

text: accessories

text: by

text: joining

text: the

text: Made

text: for

text: iPod

text: program

question: When did Creative and Apple come to an agreement over their intellectual property issues?

answer: August 24, 2006

text: August 24, 2006

question: How much money did Apple have to pay to Creative as a result of their agreement?

answer: $100 million

text: $100 million

question: What program did Creative join in order to make iPod peripherals?

answer: Made for iPod

text: Made for iPod

question: How much did Apple pay to Creative Technologies to settle their 2006 suit?

answer: $100 million

text: $100 million

question: What's the name of the program by which 3rd parties sell iPod accessories?

answer: the Made for iPod program

text: the Made for iPod program


text: Earthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility. The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy. Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effective bait than artificial flies, and worms can be kept for several days in a tin lined with damp moss. Ragworms are commercially important as bait and as food sources for aquaculture, and there have been proposals to farm them in order to reduce over-fishing of their natural populations. Some marine polychaetes' predation on molluscs causes serious losses to fishery and aquaculture operations.

title: Annelid

title: Annelid

text: Earthworms

text: make

text: a

text: significant

text: contribution

text: to

text: soil

text: fertility

text: The

text: rear

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Palolo

text: worm

text: a

text: marine

text: polychaete

text: that

text: tunnels

text: through

text: coral

text: detaches

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: spawn

text: at

text: the

text: surface

text: and

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: Samoa

text: regard

text: these

text: spawning

text: modules

text: as

text: a

text: delicacy

text: Anglers

text: sometimes

text: find

text: that

text: worms

text: are

text: more

text: effective

text: bait

text: than

text: artificial

text: flies

text: and

text: worms

text: can

text: be

text: kept

text: for

text: several

text: days

text: in

text: a

text: tin

text: lined

text: with

text: damp

text: moss

text: Ragworms

text: are

text: commercially

text: important

text: as

text: bait

text: and

text: as

text: food

text: sources

text: for

text: aquaculture

text: and

text: there

text: have

text: been

text: proposals

text: to

text: farm

text: them

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: reduce

text: over

text: fishing

text: of

text: their

text: natural

text: populations

text: Some

text: marine

text: polychaetes

text: predation

text: on

text: molluscs

text: causes

text: serious

text: losses

text: to

text: fishery

text: and

text: aquaculture

text: operations

question: What type of annelid tunnels through coral?

answer: Palolo worm

text: Palolo worm

question: What annelid's rear end do Samoans like to eat?

answer: Palolo worm

text: Palolo worm

question: What type of bait do experienced anglers prefer?

answer: spawning modules

text: spawning modules

question: What do some polychaetes eat that has been causing problems?

answer: molluscs

text: molluscs

question: What type of worm have there been proposals to farm?

answer: Ragworms

text: Ragworms

question: What type of annelid tunnels through gold?

text: Palolo worm

question: What annelid's rear end do Samoans like to drink?

text: Palolo worm

question: What type of bait do experienced anglers dislike?

text: spawning modules

question: What do some polychaetes eat that is harmless?

text: molluscs

question: What type of worm have there been proposals to kill?

text: Ragworms


text: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated that zinc damages nerve receptors in the nose, which can cause anosmia. Reports of anosmia were also observed in the 1930s when zinc preparations were used in a failed attempt to prevent polio infections. On June 16, 2009, the FDA said that consumers should stop using zinc-based intranasal cold products and ordered their removal from store shelves. The FDA said the loss of smell can be life-threatening because people with impaired smell cannot detect leaking gas or smoke and cannot tell if food has spoiled before they eat it. Recent research suggests that the topical antimicrobial zinc pyrithione is a potent heat shock response inducer that may impair genomic integrity with induction of PARP-dependent energy crisis in cultured human keratinocytes and melanocytes.

title: Zinc

title: Zinc

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Food

text: and

text: Drug

text: Administration

text: FDA

text: has

text: stated

text: that

text: zinc

text: damages

text: nerve

text: receptors

text: in

text: the

text: nose

text: which

text: can

text: cause

text: anosmia

text: Reports

text: of

text: anosmia

text: were

text: also

text: observed

text: in

text: the

text: when

text: zinc

text: preparations

text: were

text: used

text: in

text: a

text: failed

text: attempt

text: to

text: prevent

text: polio

text: infections

text: On

text: June

text: the

text: FDA

text: said

text: that

text: consumers

text: should

text: stop

text: using

text: zinc

text: based

text: intranasal

text: cold

text: products

text: and

text: ordered

text: their

text: removal

text: from

text: store

text: shelves

text: The

text: FDA

text: said

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: smell

text: can

text: be

text: life

text: threatening

text: because

text: people

text: with

text: impaired

text: smell

text: can

text: not

text: detect

text: leaking

text: gas

text: or

text: smoke

text: and

text: can

text: not

text: tell

text: if

text: food

text: has

text: spoiled

text: before

text: they

text: eat

text: it

text: Recent

text: research

text: suggests

text: that

text: the

text: topical

text: antimicrobial

text: zinc

text: pyrithione

text: is

text: a

text: potent

text: heat

text: shock

text: response

text: inducer

text: that

text: may

text: impair

text: genomic

text: integrity

text: with

text: induction

text: of

text: PARP

text: dependent

text: energy

text: crisis

text: in

text: cultured

text: human

text: keratinocytes

text: and

text: melanocytes

question: What can zinc cause damage to in the nose?

answer: nerve receptors

text: nerve receptors

question: Why was zinc being used in the 1930's?

answer: polio infections

text: polio infections

question: What did the FDA order removed from stores in 2009?

answer: zinc-based intranasal cold products

text: zinc-based intranasal cold products

question: What product is suggest as a potent heat shock response inducer?

answer: antimicrobial zinc pyrithione

text: antimicrobial zinc pyrithione

question: What can zinc cause evolution to in the nose?

text: nerve receptors

question: Why was zinc outlawed in the 1930's?

text: polio infections

question: What did the FDA order remove from stores in 1709?

text: zinc-based intranasal cold products

question: What product is suggested as a potent cold shock response inducer?

text: topical antimicrobial zinc pyrithione


text: The Armed Forces are today funded by approximately $20.1 billion annually and are presently ranked 74th in size compared to the world's other armed forces by number of total personnel, and 58th in terms of active personnel, standing at a strength of roughly 68,000, plus 27,000 reservists, 5000 Rangers, and 19,000 supplementary reserves, bringing the total force to approximately 119,000. The number of primary reserve personnel is expected to go up to 30,000 by 2020, and the number of active to at least 70,000. In addition, 5000 rangers and 19,000 supplementary personnel will be serving. If this happens the total strength would be around 124,000. These individuals serve on numerous CF bases located in all regions of the country, and are governed by the Queen's Regulations and Orders and the National Defence Act.

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

text: The

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: are

text: today

text: funded

text: by

text: approximately

text: billion

text: annually

text: and

text: are

text: presently

text: ranked

text: in

text: size

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: other

text: armed

text: forces

text: by

text: number

text: of

text: total

text: personnel

text: and

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: active

text: personnel

text: standing

text: at

text: a

text: strength

text: of

text: roughly

text: plus

text: reservists

text: Rangers

text: and

text: supplementary

text: reserves

text: bringing

text: the

text: total

text: force

text: to

text: approximately

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: primary

text: reserve

text: personnel

text: is

text: expected

text: to

text: go

text: up

text: to

text: by

text: and

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: active

text: to

text: at

text: least

text: In

text: addition

text: rangers

text: and

text: supplementary

text: personnel

text: will

text: be

text: serving

text: If

text: this

text: happens

text: the

text: total

text: strength

text: would

text: be

text: around

text: These

text: individuals

text: serve

text: on

text: numerous

text: CF

text: bases

text: located

text: in

text: all

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: are

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Queen

text: 's

text: Regulations

text: and

text: Orders

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Defence

text: Act

question: What is Today's annual cost of the Canadian Forces?

answer: approximately $20.1 billion

text: approximately $20.1 billion

question: How are the Canadian forces ranked in size compared to other military?

answer: 74th in size

text: 74th in size

question: What is the total force of the Canadian Forces?

answer: approximately 119,000

text: approximately 119,000

question: By what date is the primary reserve personnel estimated to go up by 30,000?

answer: 2020

question: What is the total amount of Canadian Forces estimated to be in 2020?

answer: around 124,000

text: around 124,000

question: What is yesterday's annual cost of the Canadian Forces?

text: $20.1 billion

question: How are the French forces ranked in size compared to other military?

text: 74th in size

question: What is the total force of the French Forces?

question: By what date is the secondary reserve personnel estimated to go up by 30,000?


text: In the Age of Reason philosophical tracts and speculations on history and human nature integrated literature with social and political developments. The inevitable reaction was the explosion of Romanticism in the later 18th century which reclaimed the imaginative and fantastical bias of old romances and folk-literature and asserted the primacy of individual experience and emotion. But as the 19th-century went on, European fiction evolved towards realism and naturalism, the meticulous documentation of real life and social trends. Much of the output of naturalism was implicitly polemical, and influenced social and political change, but 20th century fiction and drama moved back towards the subjective, emphasising unconscious motivations and social and environmental pressures on the individual. Writers such as Proust, Eliot, Joyce, Kafka and Pirandello exemplify the trend of documenting internal rather than external realities.

title: Literature

title: Literature

text: In

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Reason

text: philosophical

text: tracts

text: and

text: speculations

text: on

text: history

text: and

text: human

text: nature

text: integrated

text: literature

text: with

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: developments

text: The

text: inevitable

text: reaction

text: was

text: the

text: explosion

text: of

text: Romanticism

text: in

text: the

text: later

text: century

text: which

text: reclaimed

text: the

text: imaginative

text: and

text: fantastical

text: bias

text: of

text: old

text: romances

text: and

text: folk

text: literature

text: and

text: asserted

text: the

text: primacy

text: of

text: individual

text: experience

text: and

text: emotion

text: But

text: as

text: the

text: century

text: went

text: on

text: European

text: fiction

text: evolved

text: towards

text: realism

text: and

text: naturalism

text: the

text: meticulous

text: documentation

text: of

text: real

text: life

text: and

text: social

text: trends

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: output

text: of

text: naturalism

text: was

text: implicitly

text: polemical

text: and

text: influenced

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: change

text: but

text: century

text: fiction

text: and

text: drama

text: moved

text: back

text: towards

text: the

text: subjective

text: emphasising

text: unconscious

text: motivations

text: and

text: social

text: and

text: environmental

text: pressures

text: on

text: the

text: individual

text: Writers

text: such

text: as

text: Proust

text: Eliot

text: Joyce

text: Kafka

text: and

text: Pirandello

text: exemplify

text: the

text: trend

text: of

text: documenting

text: internal

text: rather

text: than

text: external

text: realities

question: What literary movement in the 1700s recalled the fantastical literature of medieval times?

answer: Romanticism

text: Romanticism

question: What elements in 19th century European literature were a reaction to the romanticism movement?

answer: realism and naturalism

text: realism and naturalism

question: What are two elements prevalent among characters at the center of romanticism works?

answer: individual experience and emotion

text: individual experience and emotion

question: How did naturalism effect the greater world?

answer: influenced social and political change

text: influenced social and political change

question: 20th century literature reacted to the objectivity of naturalism in the 19th century to what?

answer: the subjective

text: the subjective

question: What literary genre exploded in thee early 18th century?

text: Romanticism

question: As the 18th century went on, European fiction evolved toward what?

text: realism and naturalism

question: What did realism influence prior to the 20th century?

text: social and political change,

question: What did 21st century fiction and drama move back toward?

question: Proust, Eliot, Joy, Kafka and Pirand examplified what trend?

question: What happened during the Age of Reasoning?

question: During the 18th century, what did European fiction evolve toward?

text: realism and naturalism

question: What effect did 20th century fiction and tragedy have on the world?

question: What was the reaction to the Age of Reason in the later 19th century?

text: the explosion of Romanticism

question: In the 18th century, what did European fiction evolve toward?

text: realism and naturalism

question: What did 20th century realism and drama move back toward?

text: the subjective

question: Which writers documented the external rather than the internal?


text: In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further difficulty for Justinian's successors. It began gradually, but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium, and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551. In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their base on the north bank of the Danube; by the end of the 6th century they were the dominant power in Central Europe and routinely able to force the eastern emperors to pay tribute. They remained a strong power until 796. An additional problem to face the empire came as a result of the involvement of Emperor Maurice (r. 582–602) in Persian politics when he intervened in a succession dispute. This led to a period of peace, but when Maurice was overthrown, the Persians invaded and during the reign of Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641) controlled large chunks of the empire, including Egypt, Syria, and Asia Minor, until Heraclius' successful counterattack. In 628 the empire secured a peace treaty and recovered all of its lost territories.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: In

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Empire

text: the

text: slow

text: infiltration

text: of

text: the

text: Balkans

text: by

text: the

text: Slavs

text: added

text: a

text: further

text: difficulty

text: for

text: Justinian

text: 's

text: successors

text: It

text: began

text: gradually

text: but

text: by

text: the

text: late

text: Slavic

text: tribes

text: were

text: in

text: Thrace

text: and

text: Illyrium

text: and

text: had

text: defeated

text: an

text: imperial

text: army

text: near

text: Adrianople

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: the

text: Avars

text: began

text: to

text: expand

text: from

text: their

text: base

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Danube

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: they

text: were

text: the

text: dominant

text: power

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: and

text: routinely

text: able

text: to

text: force

text: the

text: eastern

text: emperors

text: to

text: pay

text: tribute

text: They

text: remained

text: a

text: strong

text: power

text: until

text: An

text: additional

text: problem

text: to

text: face

text: the

text: empire

text: came

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: involvement

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Maurice

text: r.

text: in

text: Persian

text: politics

text: when

text: he

text: intervened

text: in

text: a

text: succession

text: dispute

text: This

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: peace

text: but

text: when

text: Maurice

text: was

text: overthrown

text: the

text: Persians

text: invaded

text: and

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Heraclius

text: r.

text: controlled

text: large

text: chunks

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: including

text: Egypt

text: Syria

text: and

text: Asia

text: Minor

text: until

text: Heraclius

text: successful

text: counterattack

text: In

text: the

text: empire

text: secured

text: a

text: peace

text: treaty

text: and

text: recovered

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: lost

text: territories

question: Who defeated the Eastern Roman Empire near Adrianople in 551?

answer: Slavic tribes

text: Slavic tribes

question: What tribe received tribute from the Eastern Roman emperors in the 6th century?

answer: the Avars

text: the Avars

question: Near what river were the Avars originally based?

answer: the Danube

text: the Danube

question: During the reign of what Emperor did the Persians occupy Egypt?

answer: Heraclius

text: Heraclius

question: In what year did the reign of Maurice end?

answer: 602


text: Paper is often characterized by weight. In the United States, the weight assigned to a paper is the weight of a ream, 500 sheets, of varying "basic sizes", before the paper is cut into the size it is sold to end customers. For example, a ream of 20 lb, 8.5 in × 11 in (216 mm × 279 mm) paper weighs 5 pounds, because it has been cut from a larger sheet into four pieces. In the United States, printing paper is generally 20 lb, 24 lb, or 32 lb at most. Cover stock is generally 68 lb, and 110 lb or more is considered card stock.

title: Paper

title: Paper

text: Paper

text: is

text: often

text: characterized

text: by

text: weight

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: weight

text: assigned

text: to

text: a

text: paper

text: is

text: the

text: weight

text: of

text: a

text: ream

text: sheets

text: of

text: varying

text: basic

text: sizes

text: before

text: the

text: paper

text: is

text: cut

text: into

text: the

text: size

text: it

text: is

text: sold

text: to

text: end

text: customers

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: ream

text: of

text: lb

text: in

text: in

text: mm

text: mm

text: paper

text: weighs

text: pounds

text: because

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: cut

text: from

text: a

text: larger

text: sheet

text: into

text: four

text: pieces

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: printing

text: paper

text: is

text: generally

text: lb

text: lb

text: or

text: lb

text: at

text: most

text: Cover

text: stock

text: is

text: generally

text: lb

text: and

text: lb

text: or

text: more

text: is

text: considered

text: card

text: stock

question: What characteristic is paper usually classified by?

answer: weight

text: weight

question: In the US, the weight of what is used to classify paper for sale?

answer: a ream

text: a ream

question: Paper rated at over 110lb is considered what type of stock?

answer: card

text: card

question: What is weight most often characterized by?

text: Paper

question: How many sheets of reams are in a basic size?

question: In what sizes do pounds of paper come?

text: varying "basic sizes"

question: What happens to the paper after it is sold to end customers?

text: paper is cut into the size

question: How much does a ream of 5 lb, 8.5 in x 11 in paper weigh?

text: 20 lb

question: What characteristic is paper not usually classified by?

text: weight

question: In the UK, the weight of what is used to classify paper for sale?

text: ream

question: Paper rated at over 210lb is considered what type of stock?

text: card


text: Napoleon was crowned Emperor Napoleon I on 2 December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris by Pope Pius VII. On 1 April 1810, Napoleon religiously married the Austrian princess Marie Louise. During his brother's rule in Spain, he abolished the Spanish Inquisition in 1813. In a private discussion with general Gourgaud during his exile on Saint Helena, Napoleon expressed materialistic views on the origin of man,[note 9]and doubted the divinity of Jesus, stating that it is absurd to believe that Socrates, Plato, Muslims, and the Anglicans should be damned for not being Roman Catholics.[note 10] He also said to Gourgaud in 1817 "I like the Mohammedan religion best. It has fewer incredible things in it than ours." and that "the Mohammedan religion is the finest of all." However, Napoleon was anointed by a priest before his death.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

text: was

text: crowned

text: Emperor

text: Napoleon

text: I

text: on

text: December

text: at

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: de

text: Paris

text: by

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: VII

text: On

text: April

text: Napoleon

text: religiously

text: married

text: the

text: Austrian

text: princess

text: Marie

text: Louise

text: During

text: his

text: brother

text: 's

text: rule

text: in

text: Spain

text: he

text: abolished

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Inquisition

text: in

text: In

text: a

text: private

text: discussion

text: with

text: general

text: Gourgaud

text: during

text: his

text: exile

text: on

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: Napoleon

text: expressed

text: materialistic

text: views

text: on

text: the

text: origin

text: of

text: man,[note

text: doubted

text: the

text: divinity

text: of

text: Jesus

text: stating

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: absurd

text: to

text: believe

text: that

text: Socrates

text: Plato

text: Muslims

text: and

text: the

text: Anglicans

text: should

text: be

text: damned

text: for

text: not

text: being

text: Roman

text: Catholics.[note

text: He

text: also

text: said

text: to

text: Gourgaud

text: in

text: I

text: like

text: the

text: Mohammedan

text: religion

text: best

text: It

text: has

text: fewer

text: incredible

text: things

text: in

text: it

text: than

text: ours

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: Mohammedan

text: religion

text: is

text: the

text: finest

text: of

text: all

text: However

text: Napoleon

text: was

text: anointed

text: by

text: a

text: priest

text: before

text: his

text: death

question: When was Napoleon crowned Emperor?

answer: 2 December 1804

text: 2 December 1804

question: Where was Napoleon crowned Emperor?

answer: Notre Dame de Paris

text: Notre Dame de Paris

question: Who crowned Napoleon Emperor?

answer: Pope Pius VII

text: Pope Pius VII

question: When did Napoleon marry Marie Louise?

answer: 1 April 1810

text: 1 April 1810

question: What did Napoleon abolish in Spain in 1813, during his brother's rule there?

answer: the Spanish Inquisition

text: the Spanish Inquisition


text: The Carnival of Malmedy is locally called Cwarmê. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the Cwarmê is a pure walloon and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during 4 days before the Shrove Tuesday. The Cwarmê Sunday is the most important and insteresting to see. All the old traditional costumes parade in the street. The Cwarmê is a "street carnival" and is not only a parade. People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at the Cwarmê of Malmedy are the Haguète, the Longuès-Brèsses and the Long-Né.

title: Carnival

title: Carnival

text: The

text: Carnival

text: of

text: Malmedy

text: is

text: locally

text: called

text: Cwarmê

text: Even

text: if

text: Malmedy

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: Belgium

text: near

text: the

text: German

text: speaking

text: area

text: the

text: Cwarmê

text: is

text: a

text: pure

text: walloon

text: and

text: Latin

text: carnival

text: The

text: celebration

text: takes

text: place

text: during

text: days

text: before

text: the

text: Shrove

text: Tuesday

text: The

text: Cwarmê

text: Sunday

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: and

text: insteresting

text: to

text: see

text: All

text: the

text: old

text: traditional

text: costumes

text: parade

text: in

text: the

text: street

text: The

text: Cwarmê

text: is

text: a

text: street

text: carnival

text: and

text: is

text: not

text: only

text: a

text: parade

text: People

text: who

text: are

text: disguised

text: pass

text: through

text: the

text: crowd

text: and

text: perform

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: traditional

text: costume

text: they

text: wear

text: The

text: famous

text: traditional

text: costumes

text: at

text: the

text: Cwarmê

text: of

text: Malmedy

text: are

text: the

text: Haguète

text: the

text: Longuès

text: Brèsses

text: and

text: the

text: Long

text: Né

question: Whose Carnival is known local as Cwarmê?

answer: Malmedy

text: Malmedy

question: Despite being located in East Belgium, Malmedy's Carnival harks purely to what area?

answer: Latin

text: Latin

question: How many days does Malmedy's festival take place before Shrove Tuesday?

answer: 4

question: Where can all the traditional costumes be seen parading on the Sunday of the festival?

answer: in the street

text: in the street

question: What do disguised people pass through during the festival?

answer: the crowd

text: the crowd


text: The English language has been official in the state of Oklahoma since 2010. The variety of North American English spoken is called Oklahoma English, and this dialect is quite diverse with its uneven blending of features of North Midland, South Midland, and Southern dialects. In 2000, 2,977,187 Oklahomans—92.6% of the resident population five years or older—spoke only English at home, a decrease from 95% in 1990. 238,732 Oklahoma residents reported speaking a language other than English in the 2000 census, about 7.4% of the total population of the state. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language in the state, with 141,060 speakers counted in 2000. The next most commonly spoken language is Cherokee, with about 22,000 speakers living within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area of eastern Oklahoma. Cherokee is an official language in the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area and in the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.

title: Oklahoma

title: Oklahoma

text: The

text: English

text: language

text: has

text: been

text: official

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Oklahoma

text: since

text: The

text: variety

text: of

text: North

text: American

text: English

text: spoken

text: is

text: called

text: Oklahoma

text: English

text: and

text: this

text: dialect

text: is

text: quite

text: diverse

text: with

text: its

text: uneven

text: blending

text: of

text: features

text: of

text: North

text: Midland

text: South

text: Midland

text: and

text: Southern

text: dialects

text: In

text: of

text: the

text: resident

text: population

text: five

text: years

text: or

text: older

text: spoke

text: only

text: English

text: at

text: home

text: a

text: decrease

text: from

text: in

text: Oklahoma

text: residents

text: reported

text: speaking

text: a

text: language

text: other

text: than

text: English

text: in

text: the

text: census

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: Spanish

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: commonly

text: spoken

text: language

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: with

text: speakers

text: counted

text: in

text: The

text: next

text: most

text: commonly

text: spoken

text: language

text: is

text: Cherokee

text: with

text: about

text: speakers

text: living

text: within

text: the

text: Cherokee

text: Nation

text: tribal

text: jurisdiction

text: area

text: of

text: eastern

text: Oklahoma

text: Cherokee

text: is

text: an

text: official

text: language

text: in

text: the

text: Cherokee

text: Nation

text: tribal

text: jurisdiction

text: area

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Keetoowah

text: Band

text: of

text: Cherokee

text: Indians

question: When did Oklahoma declare an official language?

answer: 2010

question: How many Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?

answer: 2,977,187

question: What percent of Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?

answer: 92.6%

question: What is the second-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

question: What is the third-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?

answer: Cherokee

text: Cherokee


text: Universities created by bilateral or multilateral treaties between states are intergovernmental. An example is the Academy of European Law, which offers training in European law to lawyers, judges, barristers, solicitors, in-house counsel and academics. EUCLID (Pôle Universitaire Euclide, Euclid University) is chartered as a university and umbrella organisation dedicated to sustainable development in signatory countries, and the United Nations University engages in efforts to resolve the pressing global problems that are of concern to the United Nations, its peoples and member states. The European University Institute, a post-graduate university specialised in the social sciences, is officially an intergovernmental organisation, set up by the member states of the European Union.

title: University

title: University

text: Universities

text: created

text: by

text: bilateral

text: or

text: multilateral

text: treaties

text: between

text: states

text: are

text: intergovernmental

text: An

text: example

text: is

text: the

text: Academy

text: of

text: European

text: Law

text: which

text: offers

text: training

text: in

text: European

text: law

text: to

text: lawyers

text: judges

text: barristers

text: solicitors

text: in

text: house

text: counsel

text: and

text: academics

text: EUCLID

text: Pôle

text: Universitaire

text: Euclide

text: Euclid

text: University

text: is

text: chartered

text: as

text: a

text: university

text: and

text: umbrella

text: organisation

text: dedicated

text: to

text: sustainable

text: development

text: in

text: signatory

text: countries

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: University

text: engages

text: in

text: efforts

text: to

text: resolve

text: the

text: pressing

text: global

text: problems

text: that

text: are

text: of

text: concern

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: its

text: peoples

text: and

text: member

text: states

text: The

text: European

text: University

text: Institute

text: a

text: post

text: graduate

text: university

text: specialised

text: in

text: the

text: social

text: sciences

text: is

text: officially

text: an

text: intergovernmental

text: organisation

text: set

text: up

text: by

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

question: What is a university formed through a bilateral treaty known as?

answer: intergovernmental

text: intergovernmental

question: In terms of intergovernmental universities, what is EUCLID?

answer: Pôle Universitaire Euclide, Euclid University

text: Pôle Universitaire Euclide, Euclid University

question: What is a mission of EUCLID as it relates to signatory nations?

answer: sustainable development

text: sustainable development

question: What type of school is the European University Institute?

answer: post-graduate

text: post-graduate

question: What type of study does the European University Institute focus on?

answer: social sciences

text: social sciences

question: What is a university formed through a unilateral treaty known as?

text: intergovernmental

question: What is a mission of EUCLID as it relates to the United Nations?

text: sustainable development

question: What type of school is the EUCLID?

text: post-graduate

question: What type of study does the EUCUD focus on?

text: social sciences

question: What offers training in Asian law?

text: Academy of European Law


text: In 1863, the newly founded Football Association (the FA) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football, unifying the various different rules in use before then. On 20 July 1871, in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper, the FA Secretary C. W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that "it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete". The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871. After thirteen games in all, Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final, on 16 March 1872. Wanderers retained the trophy the following year. The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season, when qualifying rounds were introduced.

title: FA_Cup

title: FA_Cup

text: In

text: the

text: newly

text: founded

text: Football

text: Association

text: the

text: FA

text: published

text: the

text: Laws

text: of

text: the

text: Game

text: of

text: Association

text: Football

text: unifying

text: the

text: various

text: different

text: rules

text: in

text: use

text: before

text: then

text: On

text: July

text: in

text: the

text: offices

text: of

text: The

text: Sportsman

text: newspaper

text: the

text: FA

text: Secretary

text: C.

text: W.

text: Alcock

text: proposed

text: to

text: the

text: FA

text: committee

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: desirable

text: that

text: a

text: Challenge

text: Cup

text: should

text: be

text: established

text: in

text: connection

text: with

text: the

text: Association

text: for

text: which

text: all

text: clubs

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Association

text: should

text: be

text: invited

text: to

text: compete

text: The

text: inaugural

text: FA

text: Cup

text: tournament

text: kicked

text: off

text: in

text: November

text: After

text: thirteen

text: games

text: in

text: all

text: Wanderers

text: were

text: crowned

text: the

text: winners

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: on

text: March

text: Wanderers

text: retained

text: the

text: trophy

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: The

text: modern

text: cup

text: was

text: beginning

text: to

text: be

text: established

text: by

text: the

text: season

text: when

text: qualifying

text: rounds

text: were

text: introduced

question: When was the laws of the Game of Asscociation Football published?

answer: 1863

question: Who was the FA secretary in 1871?

answer: C. W. Alcock

text: C. W. Alcock

question: When did the inaugural  FA cup tournament take place?

answer: November 1871

text: November 1871

question: Who won the first and second cups?

answer: Wanderers were crowned the winners

text: Wanderers were crowned the winners

question: When was the modern cup established?

answer: modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season,

text: modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season,

question: Who was the FA secretary during the 1888-89 season?

text: C. W. Alcock

question: Who lost the first and second cups?

text: Wanderers

question: What season were qualifying rounds taken out of the tournament?

text: the 1888–89 season

question: When did the Wanderers lose the trophy?

text: the following year

question: Where were the Laws of the Game of Association Football published?

text: the offices of The Sportsman newspaper


text: The Castro culture ('Culture of the Castles') developed during the Iron Age, and flourished during the second half of the first millennium BC. It is usually considered a local evolution of the Atlantic Bronze Age, with later developments and influences and overlapping into the Roman era. Geographically, it corresponds to the people Roman called Gallaeci, which were composed by a large series of nations or tribes, among them the Artabri, Bracari, Limici, Celtici, Albiones and Lemavi. They were capable fighters: Strabo described them as the most difficult foes the Romans encountered in conquering Lusitania, while Appian mentions their warlike spirit, noting that the women bore their weapons side by side with their men, frequently preferring death to captivity. According to Pomponius Mela all the inhabitants of the coastal areas were Celtic people.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: The

text: Castro

text: culture

text: Culture

text: of

text: the

text: Castles

text: developed

text: during

text: the

text: Iron

text: Age

text: and

text: flourished

text: during

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: millennium

text: BC

text: It

text: is

text: usually

text: considered

text: a

text: local

text: evolution

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: with

text: later

text: developments

text: and

text: influences

text: and

text: overlapping

text: into

text: the

text: Roman

text: era

text: Geographically

text: it

text: corresponds

text: to

text: the

text: people

text: Roman

text: called

text: Gallaeci

text: which

text: were

text: composed

text: by

text: a

text: large

text: series

text: of

text: nations

text: or

text: tribes

text: among

text: them

text: the

text: Artabri

text: Bracari

text: Limici

text: Celtici

text: Albiones

text: and

text: Lemavi

text: They

text: were

text: capable

text: fighters

text: Strabo

text: described

text: them

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: difficult

text: foes

text: the

text: Romans

text: encountered

text: in

text: conquering

text: Lusitania

text: while

text: Appian

text: mentions

text: their

text: warlike

text: spirit

text: noting

text: that

text: the

text: women

text: bore

text: their

text: weapons

text: side

text: by

text: side

text: with

text: their

text: men

text: frequently

text: preferring

text: death

text: to

text: captivity

text: According

text: to

text: Pomponius

text: Mela

text: all

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: the

text: coastal

text: areas

text: were

text: Celtic

text: people

question: What does the Castro culture's name mean?

answer: Culture of the Castles

text: Culture of the Castles

question: When did the Castro culture flourish?

answer: second half of the first millennium BC.

text: second half of the first millennium BC.

question: Who mentioned the ancient Galician's "warlike spirit"?

answer: Appian

text: Appian

question: Who was it that described people living on the coast as "Celtic"?

answer: Pomponius Mela

text: Pomponius Mela


text: The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People's Republic of China in 1949. As a token of gratitude, between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons, and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea. China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea. The Chinese support created a deep division between the Korean Communists, and Kim Il-sung's authority within the Communist party was challenged by the Chinese faction led by Pak Il-yu, who was later purged by Kim.

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: The

text: North

text: Korean

text: contributions

text: to

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Communist

text: victory

text: were

text: not

text: forgotten

text: after

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: in

text: As

text: a

text: token

text: of

text: gratitude

text: between

text: and

text: Korean

text: veterans

text: that

text: served

text: in

text: the

text: PLA

text: were

text: sent

text: back

text: along

text: with

text: their

text: weapons

text: and

text: they

text: later

text: played

text: a

text: significant

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: initial

text: invasion

text: of

text: South

text: Korea

text: China

text: promised

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: North

text: Koreans

text: in

text: the

text: event

text: of

text: a

text: war

text: against

text: South

text: Korea

text: The

text: Chinese

text: support

text: created

text: a

text: deep

text: division

text: between

text: the

text: Korean

text: Communists

text: and

text: Kim

text: Il

text: sung

text: 's

text: authority

text: within

text: the

text: Communist

text: party

text: was

text: challenged

text: by

text: the

text: Chinese

text: faction

text: led

text: by

text: Pak

text: Il

text: yu

text: who

text: was

text: later

text: purged

text: by

text: Kim

question: What country helped North Korea invade South Korea?

answer: China

text: China

question: When was the People's Republic of China created?

answer: 1949

question: What caused a problem within the Korean Communist Party?

answer: Chinese support

text: Chinese support

question: Who led the faction that challenged Kim-Il-sung?

answer: Pak Il-yu

text: Pak Il-yu

question: Who did China pledge to support if a conflict should occur between North and South Korea?

answer: the North Koreans

text: the North Koreans


text: The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too high to ship the raw bituminous sand for paving. In 1915, Sidney Ells of the Federal Mines Branch experimented with separation techniques and used the bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton, Alberta. Other roads in Alberta were paved with oil sands, but it was generally not economic. During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separation plant, which between 1925 and 1958 produced up to 300 barrels (50 m3) per day of bitumen using Dr. Clark's method. Most of the bitumen was used for waterproofing roofs, but other uses included fuels, lubrication oils, printers ink, medicines, rust and acid-proof paints, fireproof roofing, street paving, patent leather, and fence post preservatives. Eventually Fitzsimmons ran out of money and the plant was taken over by the Alberta government. Today the Bitumount plant is a Provincial Historic Site.

title: Asphalt

title: Asphalt

text: The

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: deposit

text: was

text: obvious

text: from

text: the

text: start

text: but

text: the

text: means

text: of

text: extracting

text: the

text: bitumen

text: were

text: not

text: The

text: nearest

text: town

text: Fort

text: McMurray

text: Alberta

text: was

text: a

text: small

text: fur

text: trading

text: post

text: other

text: markets

text: were

text: far

text: away

text: and

text: transportation

text: costs

text: were

text: too

text: high

text: to

text: ship

text: the

text: raw

text: bituminous

text: sand

text: for

text: paving

text: In

text: Sidney

text: Ells

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: Mines

text: Branch

text: experimented

text: with

text: separation

text: techniques

text: and

text: used

text: the

text: bitumen

text: to

text: pave

text: feet

text: of

text: road

text: in

text: Edmonton

text: Alberta

text: Other

text: roads

text: in

text: Alberta

text: were

text: paved

text: with

text: oil

text: sands

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: generally

text: not

text: economic

text: During

text: the

text: Dr.

text: Karl

text: A.

text: Clark

text: of

text: the

text: Alberta

text: Research

text: Council

text: patented

text: a

text: hot

text: water

text: oil

text: separation

text: process

text: and

text: entrepreneur

text: Robert

text: C.

text: Fitzsimmons

text: built

text: the

text: Bitumount

text: oil

text: separation

text: plant

text: which

text: between

text: and

text: produced

text: up

text: to

text: barrels

text: per

text: day

text: of

text: bitumen

text: using

text: Dr.

text: Clark

text: 's

text: method

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: bitumen

text: was

text: used

text: for

text: waterproofing

text: roofs

text: but

text: other

text: uses

text: included

text: fuels

text: lubrication

text: oils

text: printers

text: ink

text: medicines

text: rust

text: and

text: acid

text: proof

text: paints

text: fireproof

text: roofing

text: street

text: paving

text: patent

text: leather

text: and

text: fence

text: post

text: preservatives

text: Eventually

text: Fitzsimmons

text: ran

text: out

text: of

text: money

text: and

text: the

text: plant

text: was

text: taken

text: over

text: by

text: the

text: Alberta

text: government

text: Today

text: the

text: Bitumount

text: plant

text: is

text: a

text: Provincial

text: Historic

text: Site

question: Who experimented with bitumen extraction techniques to make shipping easier?

answer: Sidney Ells

text: Sidney Ells

question: When did Ells begin using bitumen as a paving in Alberta?

answer: 1915

question: What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen?

answer: Dr. Karl A. Clark

text: Dr. Karl A. Clark

question: Who constructed the Bitumont oil separation plant?

answer: Robert C. Fitzsimmons

text: Robert C. Fitzsimmons

question: For what was most of the the Bitumont plant's output was used for waterproofing?

answer: roofs

text: roofs

question: From when was the value of Dr. Clark's method obvious?

text: the start

question: The means of implanting what were not obvious?

text: bitumen

question: The largest fur trading post was in what town?

text: Fort McMurray, Alberta

question: In what year did Karl Clark use bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton?

question: In what year did Sidney Ells use bitumen to pave 900 feet of road in Edmonton?


text: Ban Chao (d. AD 102) enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire, occupying the area of modern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana. When a request by Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises (r. c. 90–c. 100 AD) for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90, he sent his forces to Wakhan (Afghanistan) to attack Ban Chao. The conflict ended with the Kushans withdrawing because of lack of supplies. In AD 91, the office of Protector General of the Western Regions was reinstated when it was bestowed on Ban Chao.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: Ban

text: Chao

text: d.

text: AD

text: enlisted

text: the

text: aid

text: of

text: the

text: Kushan

text: Empire

text: occupying

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: modern

text: India

text: Pakistan

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Tajikistan

text: to

text: subdue

text: Kashgar

text: and

text: its

text: ally

text: Sogdiana

text: When

text: a

text: request

text: by

text: Kushan

text: ruler

text: Vima

text: Kadphises

text: r.

text: c.

text: AD

text: for

text: a

text: marriage

text: alliance

text: with

text: the

text: Han

text: was

text: rejected

text: in

text: AD

text: he

text: sent

text: his

text: forces

text: to

text: Wakhan

text: Afghanistan

text: to

text: attack

text: Ban

text: Chao

text: The

text: conflict

text: ended

text: with

text: the

text: Kushans

text: withdrawing

text: because

text: of

text: lack

text: of

text: supplies

text: In

text: AD

text: the

text: office

text: of

text: Protector

text: General

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Regions

text: was

text: reinstated

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: bestowed

text: on

text: Ban

text: Chao

question: Which ruler requested a marriage alliance with the Han in AD 90?

answer: Vima Kadphises

text: Vima Kadphises

question: Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions in AD 91?

answer: Ban Chao

text: Ban Chao

question: Which empire was asked to help subdue Kashgar?

answer: Kushan

text: Kushan

question: Which empire sent armies to attack Ban Chao?

answer: Kushan

text: Kushan

question: Who was allied with Kashgar?

answer: Sogdiana

text: Sogdiana


text: With the collapse of Roman rule in the early 5th century, London ceased to be a capital and the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued in the St Martin-in-the-Fields area until around 450. From around 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed in the same area, slightly to the west of the old Roman city. By about 680, it had revived sufficiently to become a major port, although there is little evidence of large-scale production of goods. From the 820s the town declined because of repeated Viking invasions. There are three recorded Viking assaults on London; two of which were successful in 851 and 886 AD, although they were defeated during the attack of 994 AD.

title: London

title: London

text: With

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: Roman

text: rule

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: London

text: ceased

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: capital

text: and

text: the

text: walled

text: city

text: of

text: Londinium

text: was

text: effectively

text: abandoned

text: although

text: Roman

text: civilisation

text: continued

text: in

text: the

text: St

text: Martin

text: in

text: the

text: Fields

text: area

text: until

text: around

text: From

text: around

text: an

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: settlement

text: known

text: as

text: Lundenwic

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: area

text: slightly

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: Roman

text: city

text: By

text: about

text: it

text: had

text: revived

text: sufficiently

text: to

text: become

text: a

text: major

text: port

text: although

text: there

text: is

text: little

text: evidence

text: of

text: large

text: scale

text: production

text: of

text: goods

text: From

text: the

text: the

text: town

text: declined

text: because

text: of

text: repeated

text: Viking

text: invasions

text: There

text: are

text: three

text: recorded

text: Viking

text: assaults

text: on

text: London

text: two

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: successful

text: in

text: and

text: AD

text: although

text: they

text: were

text: defeated

text: during

text: the

text: attack

text: of

text: AD

question: What area continued to exist after Londinium was abandoned following the end of Roman rule?

answer: St Martin-in-the-Fields

text: St Martin-in-the-Fields

question: What was responsible for the decline of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Lundenwic?

answer: repeated Viking invasions

text: repeated Viking invasions

question: How many known attacks on London did the Vikings commit?

answer: three

text: three

question: By the late 7th century, what was a main function of Lundenwic?

answer: a major port

text: a major port

question: Of the three recorded Viking assaults on London, how many were successful?

answer: two

text: two