text: Florida is among the three states with the most severe felony disenfranchisement laws. Florida requires felons to have completed sentencing, parole and/or probation, and then seven years later, to apply individually for restoration of voting privileges. As in other aspects of the criminal justice system, this law has disproportionate effects for minorities. As a result, according to Brent Staples, based on data from The Sentencing Project, the effect of Florida's law is such that in 2014 "[m]ore than one in ten Floridians – and nearly one in four African-American Floridians – are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions."

title: Florida

title: Florida

text: Florida

text: is

text: among

text: the

text: three

text: states

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: severe

text: felony

text: disenfranchisement

text: laws

text: Florida

text: requires

text: felons

text: to

text: have

text: completed

text: sentencing

text: parole

text: and/or

text: probation

text: and

text: then

text: seven

text: years

text: later

text: to

text: apply

text: individually

text: for

text: restoration

text: of

text: voting

text: privileges

text: As

text: in

text: other

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: criminal

text: justice

text: system

text: this

text: law

text: has

text: disproportionate

text: effects

text: for

text: minorities

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: according

text: to

text: Brent

text: Staples

text: based

text: on

text: data

text: from

text: The

text: Sentencing

text: Project

text: the

text: effect

text: of

text: Florida

text: 's

text: law

text: is

text: such

text: that

text: in

text: m]ore

text: than

text: one

text: in

text: ten

text: Floridians

text: and

text: nearly

text: one

text: in

text: four

text: African

text: American

text: Floridians

text: are

text: shut

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: polls

text: because

text: of

text: felony

text: convictions

question: How severe are Florida disenfranchisement laws

answer: Florida is among the three states with the most severe felony disenfranchisement laws.

text: Florida is among the three states with the most severe felony disenfranchisement laws.

question: What doe s the law require for criminals

answer: felons to have completed sentencing, parole and/or probation, and then seven years later, to apply individually for restoration of voting privileges

text: felons to have completed sentencing, parole and/or probation, and then seven years later, to apply individually for restoration of voting privileges

question: Who does this law effect most

answer: this law has disproportionate effects for minorities

text: this law has disproportionate effects for minorities

question: How does it effect elections

answer: one in ten Floridians – and nearly one in four African-American Floridians – are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions

text: one in ten Floridians – and nearly one in four African-American Floridians – are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions

question: What criminals are forced to have incomplete sentencing?

text: felons

question: Felons have to wait eight years to restore which privilege?

text: voting privileges

question: How many Mexicans are shut out of the polls?

text: nearly one in four

question: What type of conviction still allows people to vote?

text: felony


text: IBM has constantly evolved since its inception. Over the past decade, it has steadily shifted its business mix by exiting commoditizing markets such as PCs, hard disk drives and DRAMs and focusing on higher-value, more profitable markets such as business intelligence, data analytics, business continuity, security, cloud computing, virtualization and green solutions, resulting in a higher quality revenue stream and higher profit margins. IBM's operating margin expanded from 16.8% in 2004 to 24.3% in 2013, and net profit margins expanded from 9.0% in 2004 to 16.5% in 2013.

title: IBM

title: IBM

text: IBM

text: has

text: constantly

text: evolved

text: since

text: its

text: inception

text: Over

text: the

text: past

text: decade

text: it

text: has

text: steadily

text: shifted

text: its

text: business

text: mix

text: by

text: exiting

text: commoditizing

text: markets

text: such

text: as

text: PCs

text: hard

text: disk

text: drives

text: and

text: DRAMs

text: and

text: focusing

text: on

text: higher

text: value

text: more

text: profitable

text: markets

text: such

text: as

text: business

text: intelligence

text: data

text: analytics

text: business

text: continuity

text: security

text: cloud

text: computing

text: virtualization

text: and

text: green

text: solutions

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: higher

text: quality

text: revenue

text: stream

text: and

text: higher

text: profit

text: margins

text: IBM

text: 's

text: operating

text: margin

text: expanded

text: from

text: in

text: to

text: in

text: and

text: net

text: profit

text: margins

text: expanded

text: from

text: in

text: to

text: in

question: What was IBM's operating margin in 2004?

answer: 16.8%

question: What were the net profit margins of IBM in 2004?

answer: 9.0%

question: IBM's net profit margins were 16.5% in what year?

answer: 2013

question: IBM's operating margin in 2013 was what?

answer: 24.3%

question: IBM focusing on markets like business continuity, business intelligence, security, and cloud computing is an example of IBM doing what?

answer: exiting commoditizing markets

text: exiting commoditizing markets

question: What has happened to DRAM's since they were created?

text: constantly evolved

question: How did IBM's profitability get better when it got out of the data analytics market?

question: What was the average operating margin for hard disk drive producers in 2004?

question: What did the operating margin for hard disk drive producers expand to in 2013?

question: How much net profit did the average hard disk drive producer make in 2004?


text: The popularization of the Jewish chant may be found in the writings of the Jewish philosopher Philo, born 20 BCE. Weaving together Jewish and Greek thought, Philo promoted praise without instruments, and taught that "silent singing" (without even vocal chords) was better still. This view parted with the Jewish scriptures, where Israel offered praise with instruments by God's own command (2 Chronicles 29:25). The shofar is the only temple instrument still being used today in the synagogue, and it is only used from Rosh Chodesh Elul through the end of Yom Kippur. The shofar is used by itself, without any vocal accompaniment, and is limited to a very strictly defined set of sounds and specific places in the synagogue service.

title: A_cappella

title: A_cappella

text: The

text: popularization

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: chant

text: may

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: writings

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: philosopher

text: Philo

text: born

text: BCE

text: Weaving

text: together

text: Jewish

text: and

text: Greek

text: thought

text: Philo

text: promoted

text: praise

text: without

text: instruments

text: and

text: taught

text: that

text: silent

text: singing

text: without

text: even

text: vocal

text: chords

text: was

text: better

text: still

text: This

text: view

text: parted

text: with

text: the

text: Jewish

text: scriptures

text: where

text: Israel

text: offered

text: praise

text: with

text: instruments

text: by

text: God

text: 's

text: own

text: command

text: Chronicles

text: The

text: shofar

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: temple

text: instrument

text: still

text: being

text: used

text: today

text: in

text: the

text: synagogue

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: only

text: used

text: from

text: Rosh

text: Chodesh

text: Elul

text: through

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: Yom

text: Kippur

text: The

text: shofar

text: is

text: used

text: by

text: itself

text: without

text: any

text: vocal

text: accompaniment

text: and

text: is

text: limited

text: to

text: a

text: very

text: strictly

text: defined

text: set

text: of

text: sounds

text: and

text: specific

text: places

text: in

text: the

text: synagogue

text: service

question: What is the name of the philosopher who praised music without instruments?

answer: Philo

text: Philo

question: What did Philo's views on the absence of instruments clash with?

answer: Jewish scriptures

text: Jewish scriptures

question: What is the one instrument still in use today by the synagogue?

answer: shofar

text: shofar

question: The shofar stops being used at the end of what Jewish event?

answer: Yom Kippur

text: Yom Kippur

question: How is the shofar used?

answer: by itself, without any vocal accompaniment

text: by itself, without any vocal accompaniment

question: Who popularized Greek chant?

text: Philo

question: What did Philo promote in 20 BCE?

text: praise without instruments

question: Who taught that a capella was the best form of whorship?

text: Philo

question: Who commanded Christians to offer praise with instruments?

text: God's

question: What kind of accompaniment is used with the shofar?

text: vocal

question: When was the Greek philosopher Philo born?

text: 20 BCE

question: What Jewish chant is still being used today in the synagogue?

text: The shofar

question: During what periods of time is silent singing used in the synagogue?

question: How is silent singing used when practiced in a synagogue service?

question: What did Rosh Chodesh Elul write about that became popular?

text: the Jewish chant


text: The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south. Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bring summer rains during July and August which average 100 to 200 mm (3.9 to 7.9 in) but vary greatly from year to year. These rains sustain summer pastures of grasses and herbs, with dry woodlands and shrublands along seasonal watercourses. This ecoregion covers 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2) in Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Sudan.

title: Sahara

title: Sahara

text: The

text: South

text: Saharan

text: steppe

text: and

text: woodlands

text: ecoregion

text: is

text: a

text: narrow

text: band

text: running

text: east

text: and

text: west

text: between

text: the

text: hyper

text: arid

text: Sahara

text: and

text: the

text: Sahel

text: savannas

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: Movements

text: of

text: the

text: equatorial

text: Intertropical

text: Convergence

text: Zone

text: ITCZ

text: bring

text: summer

text: rains

text: during

text: July

text: and

text: August

text: which

text: average

text: to

text: mm

text: to

text: in

text: but

text: vary

text: greatly

text: from

text: year

text: to

text: year

text: These

text: rains

text: sustain

text: summer

text: pastures

text: of

text: grasses

text: and

text: herbs

text: with

text: dry

text: woodlands

text: and

text: shrublands

text: along

text: seasonal

text: watercourses

text: This

text: ecoregion

text: covers

text: in

text: Algeria

text: Chad

text: Mali

text: Mauritania

text: and

text: Sudan

question: Which directions does the South Saharan run?

answer: east and west

text: east and west

question: What months do the summer rains happen?

answer: July and August

text: July and August

question: What is the average rainfall between the months of July and   August?

answer: 100 to 200 mm

text: 100 to 200 mm

question: How much land does the ecoregion cover?

answer: 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2)

text: 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2)

question: what ecoregion runs north and south in a norrow band?

question: Where does it not rain in July and August?

text: The South Saharan steppe and woodlands

question: How much land does the Sahara cover?

text: 1,101,700 km2

question: What sustains the spring pastures and grasslands?

text: rains

question: When does less than 100mm of rain fall?

text: July and August

question: What is the name of the band running from north to south in the Sahara?

text: The South Saharan steppe

question: How long is the ICZ?

text: 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2)

question: How much rain does Algeria get?

text: 100 to 200 mm (3.9 to 7.9 in)

question: What months are the driest?

text: July and August

question: What is between the South Saharan steppe and the hyper-arid Sahara?

text: the Sahel savannas


text: Brain areas involved in the neuroanatomy of memory such as the hippocampus, the amygdala, the striatum, or the mammillary bodies are thought to be involved in specific types of memory. For example, the hippocampus is believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning, while the amygdala is thought to be involved in emotional memory. Damage to certain areas in patients and animal models and subsequent memory deficits is a primary source of information. However, rather than implicating a specific area, it could be that damage to adjacent areas, or to a pathway traveling through the area is actually responsible for the observed deficit. Further, it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions. Learning and memory are attributed to changes in neuronal synapses, thought to be mediated by long-term potentiation and long-term depression.

title: Memory

title: Memory

text: Brain

text: areas

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: neuroanatomy

text: of

text: memory

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: hippocampus

text: the

text: amygdala

text: the

text: striatum

text: or

text: the

text: mammillary

text: bodies

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: involved

text: in

text: specific

text: types

text: of

text: memory

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: hippocampus

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: involved

text: in

text: spatial

text: learning

text: and

text: declarative

text: learning

text: while

text: the

text: amygdala

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: involved

text: in

text: emotional

text: memory

text: Damage

text: to

text: certain

text: areas

text: in

text: patients

text: and

text: animal

text: models

text: and

text: subsequent

text: memory

text: deficits

text: is

text: a

text: primary

text: source

text: of

text: information

text: However

text: rather

text: than

text: implicating

text: a

text: specific

text: area

text: it

text: could

text: be

text: that

text: damage

text: to

text: adjacent

text: areas

text: or

text: to

text: a

text: pathway

text: traveling

text: through

text: the

text: area

text: is

text: actually

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: observed

text: deficit

text: Further

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: sufficient

text: to

text: describe

text: memory

text: and

text: its

text: counterpart

text: learning

text: as

text: solely

text: dependent

text: on

text: specific

text: brain

text: regions

text: Learning

text: and

text: memory

text: are

text: attributed

text: to

text: changes

text: in

text: neuronal

text: synapses

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: mediated

text: by

text: long

text: term

text: potentiation

text: and

text: long

text: term

text: depression

question: What role does the amygdala play in memory?

answer: thought to be involved in emotional memory

text: thought to be involved in emotional memory

question: Can you pin point certain areas of the brain to certain memories.

answer: it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions

text: it is not sufficient to describe memory, and its counterpart, learning, as solely dependent on specific brain regions

question: What changes can be linked to learning and memory?

answer: neuronal synapses,

text: neuronal synapses,

question: What is the hippocampus's relationship to memory?

answer: believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning

text: believed to be involved in spatial learning and declarative learning

question: What role does the amygdala play in speech?

question: Can you pin point certain areas of the heart to certain memories

question: What similarities can be linked to learning and memory?

text: neuronal synapses

question: What is thought to be involved in nonemotional memory?

text: amygdala

question: What is the hippocampus's relationship to speech?


text: German air supremacy at night was also now under threat. British night-fighter operations out over the Channel were proving highly successful. This was not immediately apparent. The Bristol Blenheim F.1 was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns which struggled to down the Do 17, Ju 88, or Heinkel He 111. Moreover, the Blenheim struggled to reach the speed of the German bombers. Added to the fact an interception relied on visual sighting, a kill was most elusive even in the conditions of a moonlit sky.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: German

text: air

text: supremacy

text: at

text: night

text: was

text: also

text: now

text: under

text: threat

text: British

text: night

text: fighter

text: operations

text: out

text: over

text: the

text: Channel

text: were

text: proving

text: highly

text: successful

text: This

text: was

text: not

text: immediately

text: apparent

text: The

text: Bristol

text: Blenheim

text: was

text: undergunned

text: with

text: just

text: four

text: in

text: mm

text: machine

text: guns

text: which

text: struggled

text: to

text: down

text: the

text: Do

text: Ju

text: or

text: Heinkel

text: He

text: Moreover

text: the

text: Blenheim

text: struggled

text: to

text: reach

text: the

text: speed

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: bombers

text: Added

text: to

text: the

text: fact

text: an

text: interception

text: relied

text: on

text: visual

text: sighting

text: a

text: kill

text: was

text: most

text: elusive

text: even

text: in

text: the

text: conditions

text: of

text: a

text: moonlit

text: sky

question: How was the British night fighter operations faring?

answer: were proving highly successful.

text: were proving highly successful.

question: How did the Bristol Blenheim F.1 perform against German aircraft?

answer: was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns

text: was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns

question: How did the Bristol Blenheim F.1 compare to German aircraft speed?

answer: struggled to reach the speed of the German bombers

text: struggled to reach the speed of the German bombers

question: What did interception rely upon?

answer: visual sighting

text: visual sighting


text: The Jugurthine War of 111–104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of the North African kingdom of Numidia. It constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa, after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain. Following Jugurtha's usurpation of the throne of Numidia, a loyal ally of Rome since the Punic Wars, Rome felt compelled to intervene. Jugurtha impudently bribed the Romans into accepting his usurpation. Jugurtha was finally captured not in battle but by treachery.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: The

text: Jugurthine

text: War

text: of

text: BC

text: was

text: fought

text: between

text: Rome

text: and

text: Jugurtha

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: African

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Numidia

text: It

text: constituted

text: the

text: final

text: Roman

text: pacification

text: of

text: Northern

text: Africa

text: after

text: which

text: Rome

text: largely

text: ceased

text: expansion

text: on

text: the

text: continent

text: after

text: reaching

text: natural

text: barriers

text: of

text: desert

text: and

text: mountain

text: Following

text: Jugurtha

text: 's

text: usurpation

text: of

text: the

text: throne

text: of

text: Numidia

text: a

text: loyal

text: ally

text: of

text: Rome

text: since

text: the

text: Punic

text: Wars

text: Rome

text: felt

text: compelled

text: to

text: intervene

text: Jugurtha

text: impudently

text: bribed

text: the

text: Romans

text: into

text: accepting

text: his

text: usurpation

text: Jugurtha

text: was

text: finally

text: captured

text: not

text: in

text: battle

text: but

text: by

text: treachery

question: What war is considered to be the last Roman pacification in Northern Africa?

answer: The Jugurthine War

text: The Jugurthine War

question: What eventually caused Jugurtha to become a captive?

answer: treachery

text: treachery

question: When did the Jugurthine War end?

answer: 104 BC

text: 104 BC

question: Who attempted to usurp the throne of Numidia?

answer: Jugurtha

text: Jugurtha

question: Who did Jugurtha have to bribe in order for them to accept him as the new leader of Numidia?

answer: the Romans

text: the Romans


text: Terms such as "long-play" (LP) and "extended-play" (EP) describe multi-track records that play much longer than the single-item-per-side records, which typically do not go much past four minutes per side. An LP can play for up to 30 minutes per side, though most played for about 22 minutes per side, bringing the total playing time of a typical LP recording to about forty-five minutes. Many pre-1952 LPs, however, played for about 15 minutes per side. The 7-inch 45 rpm format normally contains one item per side but a 7-inch EP could achieve recording times of 10 to 15 minutes at the expense of attenuating and compressing the sound to reduce the width required by the groove. EP discs were generally used to make available tracks not on singles including tracks on LPs albums in a smaller, less expensive format for those who had only 45 rpm players. The large center hole on 7-inch 45 rpm records allows for easier handling by jukebox mechanisms. The term "album", originally used to mean a "book" with liner notes, holding several 78 rpm records each in its own "page" or sleeve, no longer has any relation to the physical format: a single LP record, or nowadays more typically a compact disc.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: Terms

text: such

text: as

text: long

text: play

text: LP

text: and

text: extended

text: play

text: EP

text: describe

text: multi

text: track

text: records

text: that

text: play

text: much

text: longer

text: than

text: the

text: single

text: item

text: per

text: side

text: records

text: which

text: typically

text: do

text: not

text: go

text: much

text: past

text: four

text: minutes

text: per

text: side

text: An

text: LP

text: can

text: play

text: for

text: up

text: to

text: minutes

text: per

text: side

text: though

text: most

text: played

text: for

text: about

text: minutes

text: per

text: side

text: bringing

text: the

text: total

text: playing

text: time

text: of

text: a

text: typical

text: LP

text: recording

text: to

text: about

text: forty

text: five

text: minutes

text: Many

text: LPs

text: however

text: played

text: for

text: about

text: minutes

text: per

text: side

text: The

text: rpm

text: format

text: normally

text: contains

text: one

text: item

text: per

text: side

text: but

text: a

text: EP

text: could

text: achieve

text: recording

text: times

text: of

text: to

text: minutes

text: at

text: the

text: expense

text: of

text: attenuating

text: and

text: compressing

text: the

text: sound

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: width

text: required

text: by

text: the

text: groove

text: EP

text: discs

text: were

text: generally

text: used

text: to

text: make

text: available

text: tracks

text: not

text: on

text: singles

text: including

text: tracks

text: on

text: LPs

text: albums

text: in

text: a

text: smaller

text: less

text: expensive

text: format

text: for

text: those

text: who

text: had

text: only

text: rpm

text: players

text: The

text: large

text: center

text: hole

text: on

text: rpm

text: records

text: allows

text: for

text: easier

text: handling

text: by

text: jukebox

text: mechanisms

text: The

text: term

text: album

text: originally

text: used

text: to

text: mean

text: a

text: book

text: with

text: liner

text: notes

text: holding

text: several

text: rpm

text: records

text: each

text: in

text: its

text: own

text: page

text: or

text: sleeve

text: no

text: longer

text: has

text: any

text: relation

text: to

text: the

text: physical

text: format

text: a

text: single

text: LP

text: record

text: or

text: nowadays

text: more

text: typically

text: a

text: compact

text: disc

question: What terms are used for recording with more than one track?

answer: long-play" (LP) and "extended-play" (EP

text: long-play" (LP) and "extended-play" (EP

question: What is a typical max playing time of an LP?

answer: forty-five minutes

text: forty-five minutes

question: Which format is cheaper, LP or EP?

answer: LPs

text: LPs

question: Which format held recordings ranging from 10 to 15 minutes?

answer: 7-inch EP

text: 7-inch EP

question: What was a normal play time per side for LPs?

answer: 22 minutes

text: 22 minutes


text: Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans. Theism holds that God is both transcendent and immanent; thus, God is simultaneously infinite and in some way present in the affairs of the world. Not all theists subscribe to all of these propositions, but each usually subscribes to some of them (see, by way of comparison, family resemblance). Catholic theology holds that God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time. Most theists hold that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent, although this belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world. Some theists ascribe to God a self-conscious or purposeful limiting of omnipotence, omniscience, or benevolence. Open Theism, by contrast, asserts that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future. Theism is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods, i.e., monotheism or polytheism.

title: God

title: God

text: Theism

text: generally

text: holds

text: that

text: God

text: exists

text: realistically

text: objectively

text: and

text: independently

text: of

text: human

text: thought

text: that

text: God

text: created

text: and

text: sustains

text: everything

text: that

text: God

text: is

text: omnipotent

text: and

text: eternal

text: and

text: that

text: God

text: is

text: personal

text: and

text: interacting

text: with

text: the

text: universe

text: through

text: for

text: example

text: religious

text: experience

text: and

text: the

text: prayers

text: of

text: humans

text: Theism

text: holds

text: that

text: God

text: is

text: both

text: transcendent

text: and

text: immanent

text: thus

text: God

text: is

text: simultaneously

text: infinite

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: way

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: affairs

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Not

text: all

text: theists

text: subscribe

text: to

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: propositions

text: but

text: each

text: usually

text: subscribes

text: to

text: some

text: of

text: them

text: see

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: comparison

text: family

text: resemblance

text: Catholic

text: theology

text: holds

text: that

text: God

text: is

text: infinitely

text: simple

text: and

text: is

text: not

text: involuntarily

text: subject

text: to

text: time

text: Most

text: theists

text: hold

text: that

text: God

text: is

text: omnipotent

text: omniscient

text: and

text: benevolent

text: although

text: this

text: belief

text: raises

text: questions

text: about

text: God

text: 's

text: responsibility

text: for

text: evil

text: and

text: suffering

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Some

text: theists

text: ascribe

text: to

text: God

text: a

text: self

text: conscious

text: or

text: purposeful

text: limiting

text: of

text: omnipotence

text: omniscience

text: or

text: benevolence

text: Open

text: Theism

text: by

text: contrast

text: asserts

text: that

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: time

text: God

text: 's

text: omniscience

text: does

text: not

text: mean

text: the

text: deity

text: can

text: predict

text: the

text: future

text: Theism

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: in

text: general

text: to

text: any

text: belief

text: in

text: a

text: god

text: or

text: gods

text: i.e.

text: monotheism

text: or

text: polytheism

question: What is the basis behind Catholic theology?

answer: God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time

text: God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time

question: What ways can God interact with the universe?

answer: religious experience and the prayers of humans

text: religious experience and the prayers of humans

question: Why is it sometimes hard to think of God as benevolent?

answer: God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world

text: God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world

question: What is the suffix theism used for?

answer: used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods

text: used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods

question: What are examples of different types of theism?

answer: monotheism or polytheism

text: monotheism or polytheism

question: What three points do most theists agree on?

answer: God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent,

text: God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent,

question: What religion believes that God is infinitely simple and not subject to time?

answer: Catholic

text: Catholic

question: What does theism mean in general?

answer: belief in a god or gods

text: belief in a god or gods

question: What is one attribute of the universe?

text: sustains everything

question: What does the universe act through?

question: What does the term Catholicism sometimes refer to?

text: to any belief in a god or gods

question: What two things make it hard for theists to believe the universe is benevolent?

text: evil and suffering in the world

question: What do Catholics believe about Gods limited omniscience?


text: No one party to a treaty can impose its particular interpretation of the treaty upon the other parties. Consent may be implied, however, if the other parties fail to explicitly disavow that initially unilateral interpretation, particularly if that state has acted upon its view of the treaty without complaint. Consent by all parties to the treaty to a particular interpretation has the legal effect of adding another clause to the treaty – this is commonly called an 'authentic interpretation'.

title: Treaty

title: Treaty

text: No

text: one

text: party

text: to

text: a

text: treaty

text: can

text: impose

text: its

text: particular

text: interpretation

text: of

text: the

text: treaty

text: upon

text: the

text: other

text: parties

text: Consent

text: may

text: be

text: implied

text: however

text: if

text: the

text: other

text: parties

text: fail

text: to

text: explicitly

text: disavow

text: that

text: initially

text: unilateral

text: interpretation

text: particularly

text: if

text: that

text: state

text: has

text: acted

text: upon

text: its

text: view

text: of

text: the

text: treaty

text: without

text: complaint

text: Consent

text: by

text: all

text: parties

text: to

text: the

text: treaty

text: to

text: a

text: particular

text: interpretation

text: has

text: the

text: legal

text: effect

text: of

text: adding

text: another

text: clause

text: to

text: the

text: treaty

text: this

text: is

text: commonly

text: called

text: an

text: authentic

text: interpretation

question: No one party to a treaty can do what to the other parties?

answer: impose its particular interpretation of the treaty

text: impose its particular interpretation of the treaty

question: What may be implied of other parties fail to explicitly disavow a party's initially unilateral interpretation of a treaty?

answer: Consent

text: Consent

question: Consent for a party's unilateral interpretation of a treaty may be implied if that state has acted upon its view of the treat without what from another party?

answer: complaint

text: complaint

question: Consent by all parties to a treaty to a particular interpretation of the treaty has what legal effect?

answer: adding another clause to the treaty

text: adding another clause to the treaty

question: The legal effect of adding another clause to a treaty that occurs when all parties to a treaty consent to a particular interpretation of the treaty is commonly known as what?

answer: an 'authentic interpretation'

text: an 'authentic interpretation'


text: The region is serviced by 4,200 km (2,600 mi) of roads used by 6 million vehicles. Train travel is well established in the Alps, with, for instance 120 km (75 mi) of track for every 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) in a country such as Switzerland. Most of Europe's highest railways are located there. Moreover, plans are underway to build a 57 km (35 mi)-long sub-alpine tunnel connecting the older Lötschberg and Gotthard tunnels built in the 19th century.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: The

text: region

text: is

text: serviced

text: by

text: km

text: mi

text: of

text: roads

text: used

text: by

text: million

text: vehicles

text: Train

text: travel

text: is

text: well

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: Alps

text: with

text: for

text: instance

text: km

text: mi

text: of

text: track

text: for

text: every

text: sq

text: mi

text: in

text: a

text: country

text: such

text: as

text: Switzerland

text: Most

text: of

text: Europe

text: 's

text: highest

text: railways

text: are

text: located

text: there

text: Moreover

text: plans

text: are

text: underway

text: to

text: build

text: a

text: km

text: mi)-long

text: sub

text: alpine

text: tunnel

text: connecting

text: the

text: older

text: Lötschberg

text: and

text: Gotthard

text: tunnels

text: built

text: in

text: the

text: century

question: How much area is devoted to roads in the Alpine region?

answer: 4,200 km (2,600 mi)

text: 4,200 km (2,600 mi)

question: How many vehicles use the roads?

answer: 6 million

text: 6 million

question: Where are most of Europe's highest railways located?

answer: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

question: How long is the tunnel connecting Lotschberg and Gotthard planned to be?

answer: 57 km

text: 57 km


text: In January 1956, the new Constitution of Egypt was drafted, entailing the establishment of a single-party system under the National Union (NU), a movement Nasser described as the "cadre through which we will realize our revolution". The NU was a reconfiguration of the Liberation Rally, which Nasser determined had failed in generating mass public participation. In the new movement, Nasser attempted to incorporate more citizens, approved by local-level party committees, in order to solidify popular backing for his government. The NU would select a nominee for the presidential election whose name would be provided for public approval.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: In

text: January

text: the

text: new

text: Constitution

text: of

text: Egypt

text: was

text: drafted

text: entailing

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: party

text: system

text: under

text: the

text: National

text: Union

text: NU

text: a

text: movement

text: Nasser

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: cadre

text: through

text: which

text: we

text: will

text: realize

text: our

text: revolution

text: The

text: NU

text: was

text: a

text: reconfiguration

text: of

text: the

text: Liberation

text: Rally

text: which

text: Nasser

text: determined

text: had

text: failed

text: in

text: generating

text: mass

text: public

text: participation

text: In

text: the

text: new

text: movement

text: Nasser

text: attempted

text: to

text: incorporate

text: more

text: citizens

text: approved

text: by

text: local

text: level

text: party

text: committees

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: solidify

text: popular

text: backing

text: for

text: his

text: government

text: The

text: NU

text: would

text: select

text: a

text: nominee

text: for

text: the

text: presidential

text: election

text: whose

text: name

text: would

text: be

text: provided

text: for

text: public

text: approval

question: In what year did Egypt get a new constitution?

answer: 1956

question: What was the political party arrangement of the new constitution?

answer: single-party system

text: single-party system

question: What was the dominant political party?

answer: National Union

text: National Union

question: From what group did the National Union originate?

answer: Liberation Rally

text: Liberation Rally

question: Who did Nasser want more involved in his new political order?

answer: citizens

text: citizens


text: In addition to Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four, Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk, Thor, Ant-Man, Iron Man, the X-Men, Daredevil, the Inhumans, Black Panther, Doctor Strange, Captain Marvel and the Silver Surfer, and such memorable antagonists as Doctor Doom, Magneto, Galactus, Loki, the Green Goblin, and Doctor Octopus, all existing in a shared reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities such as New York, Los Angeles and Chicago.

title: Marvel_Comics

title: Marvel_Comics

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: Spider

text: Man

text: and

text: the

text: Fantastic

text: Four

text: Marvel

text: began

text: publishing

text: further

text: superhero

text: titles

text: featuring

text: such

text: heroes

text: and

text: antiheroes

text: as

text: the

text: Hulk

text: Thor

text: Ant

text: Man

text: Iron

text: Man

text: the

text: X

text: Men

text: Daredevil

text: the

text: Inhumans

text: Black

text: Panther

text: Doctor

text: Strange

text: Captain

text: Marvel

text: and

text: the

text: Silver

text: Surfer

text: and

text: such

text: memorable

text: antagonists

text: as

text: Doctor

text: Doom

text: Magneto

text: Galactus

text: Loki

text: the

text: Green

text: Goblin

text: and

text: Doctor

text: Octopus

text: all

text: existing

text: in

text: a

text: shared

text: reality

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Marvel

text: Universe

text: with

text: locations

text: that

text: mirror

text: real

text: life

text: cities

text: such

text: as

text: New

text: York

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: and

text: Chicago

question: What actual US cities have fictional equivalents in Marvel's comic milieu?

answer: New York, Los Angeles and Chicago

text: New York, Los Angeles and Chicago

question: What Marvel hero is related to a tiny insect?

answer: Ant-Man

text: Ant-Man

question: The shared milieu inhabited by all Marvel heroes and villains is known as?

answer: the Marvel Universe

text: the Marvel Universe

question: Which two comic book titles were the precursors to the widening of this overall setting?

answer: Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four

text: Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four

question: What fictional universe was Los Angeles based on?

text: the Marvel Universe

question: Who was Daredevil's main antagonist?

text: Loki

question: What city does Black Panther live in?

text: Chicago

question: Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four were published after what comic?

text: the Hulk

question: What are the real-life cities New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago called?

text: the Marvel Universe


text: The Swingle Singers used nonsense words to sound like instruments, but have been known to produce non-verbal versions of musical instruments. Like the other groups, examples of their music can be found on YouTube. Beatboxing, more accurately known as vocal percussion, is a technique used in a cappella music popularized by the hip-hop community, where rap is often performed a cappella also. The advent of vocal percussion added new dimensions to the a cappella genre and has become very prevalent in modern arrangements. Petra Haden used a four-track recorder to produce an a cappella version of The Who Sell Out including the instruments and fake advertisements on her album Petra Haden Sings: The Who Sell Out in 2005. Haden has also released a cappella versions of Journey's "Don't Stop Believin'", The Beach Boys' "God Only Knows" and Michael Jackson's "Thriller". In 2009, Toyota commissioned Haden to perform three songs for television commercials for the third-generation Toyota Prius, including an a cappella version of The Bellamy Brothers' 1970s song "Let Your Love Flow".[citation needed]

title: A_cappella

title: A_cappella

text: The

text: Swingle

text: Singers

text: used

text: nonsense

text: words

text: to

text: sound

text: like

text: instruments

text: but

text: have

text: been

text: known

text: to

text: produce

text: non

text: verbal

text: versions

text: of

text: musical

text: instruments

text: Like

text: the

text: other

text: groups

text: examples

text: of

text: their

text: music

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: on

text: YouTube

text: Beatboxing

text: more

text: accurately

text: known

text: as

text: vocal

text: percussion

text: is

text: a

text: technique

text: used

text: in

text: a

text: cappella

text: music

text: popularized

text: by

text: the

text: hip

text: hop

text: community

text: where

text: rap

text: is

text: often

text: performed

text: a

text: cappella

text: also

text: The

text: advent

text: of

text: vocal

text: percussion

text: added

text: new

text: dimensions

text: to

text: the

text: a

text: cappella

text: genre

text: and

text: has

text: become

text: very

text: prevalent

text: in

text: modern

text: arrangements

text: Petra

text: Haden

text: used

text: a

text: four

text: track

text: recorder

text: to

text: produce

text: an

text: a

text: cappella

text: version

text: of

text: The

text: Who

text: Sell

text: Out

text: including

text: the

text: instruments

text: and

text: fake

text: advertisements

text: on

text: her

text: album

text: Petra

text: Haden

text: Sings

text: The

text: Who

text: Sell

text: Out

text: in

text: Haden

text: has

text: also

text: released

text: a

text: cappella

text: versions

text: of

text: Journey

text: 's

text: Do

text: n't

text: Stop

text: Believin

text: The

text: Beach

text: Boys

text: God

text: Only

text: Knows

text: and

text: Michael

text: Jackson

text: 's

text: Thriller

text: In

text: Toyota

text: commissioned

text: Haden

text: to

text: perform

text: three

text: songs

text: for

text: television

text: commercials

text: for

text: the

text: third

text: generation

text: Toyota

text: Prius

text: including

text: an

text: a

text: cappella

text: version

text: of

text: The

text: Bellamy

text: Brothers

text: song

text: Let

text: Your

text: Love

text: Flow".[citation

text: needed

question: What did the Swingle Singers primarily use to emulate musical instruments?

answer: nonsense words

text: nonsense words

question: What is another term for beatboxing?

answer: vocal percussion

text: vocal percussion

question: What was used to make an a capella recording of The Who Sell Out?

answer: a four-track recorder

text: a four-track recorder

question: What car manufacturer hired Petra Haden to perform a capella songs in commercials for their car?

answer: Toyota

text: Toyota

question: On what website can many a capella groups' music be listened to?

answer: YouTube

text: YouTube

question: What did the Beach Boys use so they would sound like instruments?

text: nonsense words

question: What added new dimensions to nonsense words?

text: vocal percussion

question: What is one song version The Swingle Singers released in 2005?

text: Michael Jackson's "Thriller"

question: What did Toyota hire The Bellamy Brothers to advertise in their commercials?

text: the third-generation Toyota Prius

question: What was used by Journey to make an a cappella recording of The Who Sells Out?

text: a four-track recorder


text: After World War II, Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence. Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact. There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War. In Asia, the defeat of Japan led to its democratization. China's civil war continued through and after the war, resulting eventually in the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: After

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Europe

text: was

text: informally

text: split

text: into

text: Western

text: and

text: Soviet

text: spheres

text: of

text: influence

text: Western

text: Europe

text: later

text: aligned

text: as

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: Treaty

text: Organization

text: NATO

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: as

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: Pact

text: There

text: was

text: a

text: shift

text: in

text: power

text: from

text: Western

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: to

text: the

text: two

text: new

text: superpowers

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: These

text: two

text: rivals

text: would

text: later

text: face

text: off

text: in

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: In

text: Asia

text: the

text: defeat

text: of

text: Japan

text: led

text: to

text: its

text: democratization

text: China

text: 's

text: civil

text: war

text: continued

text: through

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: war

text: resulting

text: eventually

text: in

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: The

text: former

text: colonies

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: powers

text: began

text: their

text: road

text: to

text: independence

question: What was Europe split into after World War II?

answer: Western and Soviet spheres of influence.

text: Western and Soviet spheres of influence.

question: What does the term NATO represent?

answer: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

text: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

question: Who battled in the cold war?

answer: United States and the Soviet Union.

text: United States and the Soviet Union.

question: What did the defeat of Japan mean for Asia?

answer: led to its democratization.

text: led to its democratization.

question: What did China name themselves after the war?

answer: the People's Republic of China.

text: the People's Republic of China.


text: Apple released the Macintosh Plus on January 10, 1986, for a price of US$2,600. It offered one megabyte of RAM, easily expandable to four megabytes by the use of socketed RAM boards. It also featured a SCSI parallel interface, allowing up to seven peripherals—such as hard drives and scanners—to be attached to the machine. Its floppy drive was increased to an 800 kB capacity. The Mac Plus was an immediate success and remained in production, unchanged, until October 15, 1990; on sale for just over four years and ten months, it was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history. In September 1986, Apple introduced the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop, or MPW, an application that allowed software developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh, rather than cross compiling from a Lisa. In August 1987, Apple unveiled HyperCard and MultiFinder, which added cooperative multitasking to the Macintosh. Apple began bundling both with every Macintosh.

title: Macintosh

title: Macintosh

text: Apple

text: released

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: Plus

text: on

text: January

text: for

text: a

text: price

text: of

text: US$

text: It

text: offered

text: one

text: megabyte

text: of

text: RAM

text: easily

text: expandable

text: to

text: four

text: megabytes

text: by

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: socketed

text: RAM

text: boards

text: It

text: also

text: featured

text: a

text: SCSI

text: parallel

text: interface

text: allowing

text: up

text: to

text: seven

text: peripherals

text: such

text: as

text: hard

text: drives

text: and

text: scanners

text: to

text: be

text: attached

text: to

text: the

text: machine

text: Its

text: floppy

text: drive

text: was

text: increased

text: to

text: an

text: kB

text: capacity

text: The

text: Mac

text: Plus

text: was

text: an

text: immediate

text: success

text: and

text: remained

text: in

text: production

text: unchanged

text: until

text: October

text: on

text: sale

text: for

text: just

text: over

text: four

text: years

text: and

text: ten

text: months

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: longest

text: lived

text: Macintosh

text: in

text: Apple

text: 's

text: history

text: In

text: September

text: Apple

text: introduced

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: Programmer

text: 's

text: Workshop

text: or

text: MPW

text: an

text: application

text: that

text: allowed

text: software

text: developers

text: to

text: create

text: software

text: for

text: Macintosh

text: on

text: Macintosh

text: rather

text: than

text: cross

text: compiling

text: from

text: a

text: Lisa

text: In

text: August

text: Apple

text: unveiled

text: HyperCard

text: and

text: MultiFinder

text: which

text: added

text: cooperative

text: multitasking

text: to

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: Apple

text: began

text: bundling

text: both

text: with

text: every

text: Macintosh

question: What was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history while it was in production?

answer: The Mac Plus

text: The Mac Plus

question: How long did the Mac Plus remain in production, unchanged?

answer: just over four years and ten months

text: just over four years and ten months

question: In 1986, what did Apple introduce to allow developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh?

answer: Macintosh Programmer's Workshop

text: Macintosh Programmer's Workshop

question: What did Apple's HyerCard and MultiFinder add to the Macintosh?

answer: cooperative multitasking

text: cooperative multitasking

question: After their unveiling in 1987, what did Apple begin bundling with every Macintosh?

answer: HyperCard and MultiFinder

text: HyperCard and MultiFinder

question: What was the shortest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history while it was in production?

text: The Mac Plus

question: How long did the Mac Minus remain in production, unchanged?

text: just over four years and ten months

question: In 1984, what did Apple introduce to allow developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh?

text: Macintosh Programmer's Workshop

question: What did Microsoft's HyerCard and MultiFinder add to the Macintosh?

text: cooperative multitasking

question: After their unveiling in 1978, what did Apple begin bundling with every Macintosh?

text: HyperCard and MultiFinder


text: Among Richmond's most interesting architectural features is its Cast-iron architecture. Second only to New Orleans in its concentration of cast iron work, the city is home to a unique collection of cast iron porches, balconies, fences, and finials. Richmond's position as a center of iron production helped to fuel its popularity within the city. At the height of production in the 1890, 25 foundries operated in the city employing nearly 3,500 metal workers. This number is seven times the number of general construction workers being employed in Richmond at the time which illustrates the importance of its iron exports. Porches and fences in urban neighborhoods such as Jackson Ward, Church Hill, and Monroe Ward are particularly elaborate, often featuring ornate iron casts never replicated outside of Richmond. In some cases cast were made for a single residential or commercial application.

title: Richmond,_Virginia

title: Richmond,_Virginia

text: Among

text: Richmond

text: 's

text: most

text: interesting

text: architectural

text: features

text: is

text: its

text: Cast

text: iron

text: architecture

text: Second

text: only

text: to

text: New

text: Orleans

text: in

text: its

text: concentration

text: of

text: cast

text: iron

text: work

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: a

text: unique

text: collection

text: of

text: cast

text: iron

text: porches

text: balconies

text: fences

text: and

text: finials

text: Richmond

text: 's

text: position

text: as

text: a

text: center

text: of

text: iron

text: production

text: helped

text: to

text: fuel

text: its

text: popularity

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: At

text: the

text: height

text: of

text: production

text: in

text: the

text: foundries

text: operated

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: employing

text: nearly

text: metal

text: workers

text: This

text: number

text: is

text: seven

text: times

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: general

text: construction

text: workers

text: being

text: employed

text: in

text: Richmond

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: which

text: illustrates

text: the

text: importance

text: of

text: its

text: iron

text: exports

text: Porches

text: and

text: fences

text: in

text: urban

text: neighborhoods

text: such

text: as

text: Jackson

text: Ward

text: Church

text: Hill

text: and

text: Monroe

text: Ward

text: are

text: particularly

text: elaborate

text: often

text: featuring

text: ornate

text: iron

text: casts

text: never

text: replicated

text: outside

text: of

text: Richmond

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: cast

text: were

text: made

text: for

text: a

text: single

text: residential

text: or

text: commercial

text: application

question: What United States city has the most cast iron architecture?

answer: New Orleans

text: New Orleans

question: In what year did iron production in Richmond peak?

answer: 1890

question: How many more iron workers than construction workers were being employed in Richmond in 1890?

answer: seven times

text: seven times

question: Along with Jackson and Monroe Wards, what neighborhood notably features cast-iron fences?

answer: Church Hill

text: Church Hill


text: The origins of the Ashkenazim are obscure, and many theories have arisen speculating about their ultimate provenance. The most well supported theory is the one that details a Jewish migration through what is now Italy and other parts of southern Europe. The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since pre-Christian times. Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until 212 CE, when Emperor Caracalla granted all free peoples this privilege. Jews were required to pay a poll tax until the reign of Emperor Julian in 363. In the late Roman Empire, Jews were free to form networks of cultural and religious ties and enter into various local occupations. But, after Christianity became the official religion of Rome and Constantinople in 380, Jews were increasingly marginalized.

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

text: The

text: origins

text: of

text: the

text: Ashkenazim

text: are

text: obscure

text: and

text: many

text: theories

text: have

text: arisen

text: speculating

text: about

text: their

text: ultimate

text: provenance

text: The

text: most

text: well

text: supported

text: theory

text: is

text: the

text: one

text: that

text: details

text: a

text: Jewish

text: migration

text: through

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Italy

text: and

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: southern

text: Europe

text: The

text: historical

text: record

text: attests

text: to

text: Jewish

text: communities

text: in

text: southern

text: Europe

text: since

text: pre

text: Christian

text: times

text: Many

text: Jews

text: were

text: denied

text: full

text: Roman

text: citizenship

text: until

text: CE

text: when

text: Emperor

text: Caracalla

text: granted

text: all

text: free

text: peoples

text: this

text: privilege

text: Jews

text: were

text: required

text: to

text: pay

text: a

text: poll

text: tax

text: until

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Julian

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Jews

text: were

text: free

text: to

text: form

text: networks

text: of

text: cultural

text: and

text: religious

text: ties

text: and

text: enter

text: into

text: various

text: local

text: occupations

text: But

text: after

text: Christianity

text: became

text: the

text: official

text: religion

text: of

text: Rome

text: and

text: Constantinople

text: in

text: Jews

text: were

text: increasingly

text: marginalized

question: The most well supported theory on the origins of the Ashkenazim is one that details a Jewish migration through which modern day country?

answer: through what is now Italy

text: through what is now Italy

question: The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since what time?

answer: pre-Christian times

text: pre-Christian times

question: Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until what year?

answer: 212 CE

text: 212 CE

question: Who gave Jews the right to full Roman citizenship?

answer: Emperor Caracalla

text: Emperor Caracalla


text: The Xeer legal system also requires a certain amount of specialization of different functions within the legal framework. Thus, one can find odayal (judges), xeer boggeyaal (jurists), guurtiyaal (detectives), garxajiyaal (attorneys), murkhaatiyal (witnesses) and waranle (police officers) to enforce the law.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: The

text: Xeer

text: legal

text: system

text: also

text: requires

text: a

text: certain

text: amount

text: of

text: specialization

text: of

text: different

text: functions

text: within

text: the

text: legal

text: framework

text: Thus

text: one

text: can

text: find

text: odayal

text: judges

text: xeer

text: boggeyaal

text: jurists

text: guurtiyaal

text: detectives

text: garxajiyaal

text: attorneys

text: murkhaatiyal

text: witnesses

text: and

text: waranle

text: police

text: officers

text: to

text: enforce

text: the

text: law

question: In the Xeer system, what are judges called?

answer: odayal

text: odayal

question: What does xeer boggeyaal mean in English?

answer: jurists

text: jurists

question: What does the Xeer system call attorneys?

answer: garxajiyaal

text: garxajiyaal

question: By what term are witnesses known in the Xeer system?

answer: murkhaatiyal

text: murkhaatiyal

question: What does the Xeer system call cops?

answer: waranle

text: waranle


text: From the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company of British Empire. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic stagnation. During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched with the leading party involved being the Indian National Congress which was later joined by other organizations. The subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: From

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: large

text: areas

text: of

text: India

text: were

text: annexed

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: of

text: British

text: Empire

text: Dissatisfaction

text: with

text: Company

text: rule

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: Indian

text: Rebellion

text: of

text: after

text: which

text: the

text: British

text: provinces

text: of

text: India

text: were

text: directly

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: Crown

text: and

text: witnessed

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: both

text: rapid

text: development

text: of

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: economic

text: stagnation

text: During

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: a

text: nationwide

text: struggle

text: for

text: independence

text: was

text: launched

text: with

text: the

text: leading

text: party

text: involved

text: being

text: the

text: Indian

text: National

text: Congress

text: which

text: was

text: later

text: joined

text: by

text: other

text: organizations

text: The

text: subcontinent

text: gained

text: independence

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: in

text: after

text: the

text: British

text: provinces

text: were

text: partitioned

text: into

text: the

text: dominions

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: and

text: the

text: princely

text: states

text: all

text: acceded

text: to

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: states

question: What company annexed large areas of India in the 18th and 19th centuries?

answer: British East India Company

text: British East India Company

question: What effect did Company rule in India produce in 1857?

answer: Indian Rebellion

text: Indian Rebellion

question: After the Rebellion who administered the British provinces of India?

answer: British Crown

text: British Crown

question: The rapid development of what did British rule cause in India?

answer: infrastructure

text: infrastructure

question: What party was the leader in the Indian independence movement of the 20th century?

answer: Indian National Congress

text: Indian National Congress


text: The UCS-2 and UTF-16 encodings specify the Unicode Byte Order Mark (BOM) for use at the beginnings of text files, which may be used for byte ordering detection (or byte endianness detection). The BOM, code point U+FEFF has the important property of unambiguity on byte reorder, regardless of the Unicode encoding used; U+FFFE (the result of byte-swapping U+FEFF) does not equate to a legal character, and U+FEFF in other places, other than the beginning of text, conveys the zero-width non-break space (a character with no appearance and no effect other than preventing the formation of ligatures).

title: Unicode

title: Unicode

text: The

text: and

text: encodings

text: specify

text: the

text: Unicode

text: Byte

text: Order

text: Mark

text: BOM

text: for

text: use

text: at

text: the

text: beginnings

text: of

text: text

text: files

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: byte

text: ordering

text: detection

text: or

text: byte

text: endianness

text: detection

text: The

text: BOM

text: code

text: point

text: U+FEFF

text: has

text: the

text: important

text: property

text: of

text: unambiguity

text: on

text: byte

text: reorder

text: regardless

text: of

text: the

text: Unicode

text: encoding

text: used

text: U+FFFE

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: byte

text: swapping

text: U+FEFF

text: does

text: not

text: equate

text: to

text: a

text: legal

text: character

text: and

text: U+FEFF

text: in

text: other

text: places

text: other

text: than

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: text

text: conveys

text: the

text: zero

text: width

text: non

text: break

text: space

text: a

text: character

text: with

text: no

text: appearance

text: and

text: no

text: effect

text: other

text: than

text: preventing

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: ligatures

question: What does BOM stand for?

answer: Unicode Byte Order Mark

text: Unicode Byte Order Mark

question: What specifies the BOM?

answer: UCS-2 and UTF-16

text: UCS-2 and UTF-16

question: what is the code point of the BOM?

answer: U+FEFF

text: U+FEFF

question: What is U+UFFE the result of?

answer: byte-swapping U+FEFF

text: byte-swapping U+FEFF

question: What is the code point for BOM?

text: U+FEFF

question: What changes the important property in BOM?

text: the Unicode encoding used

question: U+FFFE is equated to what?

text: a legal character

question: What are UCS-2 and UTF-16 specified by?

text: the Unicode Byte Order Mark

question: What is the abbreviation for UCS-2 and UTF-16?

text: BOM


text: Two years later, the Emperor Valens, who favored the Arian position, in his turn exiled Athanasius. This time however, Athanasius simply left for the outskirts of Alexandria, where he stayed for only a few months before the local authorities convinced Valens to retract his order of exile. Some early reports state that Athanasius spent this period of exile at his family's ancestral tomb in a Christian cemetery. It was during this period, the final exile, that he is said to have spent four months in hiding in his father's tomb. (Soz., "Hist. Eccl.", VI, xii; Soc., "Hist. Eccl.", IV, xii).

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

text: Two

text: years

text: later

text: the

text: Emperor

text: Valens

text: who

text: favored

text: the

text: Arian

text: position

text: in

text: his

text: turn

text: exiled

text: Athanasius

text: This

text: time

text: however

text: Athanasius

text: simply

text: left

text: for

text: the

text: outskirts

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: where

text: he

text: stayed

text: for

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: months

text: before

text: the

text: local

text: authorities

text: convinced

text: Valens

text: to

text: retract

text: his

text: order

text: of

text: exile

text: Some

text: early

text: reports

text: state

text: that

text: Athanasius

text: spent

text: this

text: period

text: of

text: exile

text: at

text: his

text: family

text: 's

text: ancestral

text: tomb

text: in

text: a

text: Christian

text: cemetery

text: It

text: was

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: the

text: final

text: exile

text: that

text: he

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: spent

text: four

text: months

text: in

text: hiding

text: in

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: tomb

text: Soz

text: Hist

text: Eccl

text: VI

text: xii

text: Soc

text: Hist

text: Eccl

text: IV

text: xii

question: What Christian beliefs did Emperor Valens adhere to?

answer: Arian

text: Arian

question: Where did Athanasius during his latest exile?

answer: outskirts of Alexandria

text: outskirts of Alexandria

question: For how long was he exiled this time?

answer: few months

text: few months

question: Where did he hide during this time?

answer: his father's tomb

text: his father's tomb

question: Who convinced Valens to let him return to Alexandria?

answer: local authorities

text: local authorities

question: What Catholic beliefs did Emperor Valens adhere to?

text: Arian

question: Where did Athanasius go during his first exile?

text: outskirts of Alexandria

question: How many years was he exiled?

text: few months

question: Who didn't convince Valens to let him return to Alexandria?

text: local authorities


text: Development Testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle. Rather than replace traditional QA focuses, it augments it. Development Testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process.

title: Software_testing

title: Software_testing

text: Development

text: Testing

text: is

text: a

text: software

text: development

text: process

text: that

text: involves

text: synchronized

text: application

text: of

text: a

text: broad

text: spectrum

text: of

text: defect

text: prevention

text: and

text: detection

text: strategies

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: reduce

text: software

text: development

text: risks

text: time

text: and

text: costs

text: It

text: is

text: performed

text: by

text: the

text: software

text: developer

text: or

text: engineer

text: during

text: the

text: construction

text: phase

text: of

text: the

text: software

text: development

text: lifecycle

text: Rather

text: than

text: replace

text: traditional

text: QA

text: focuses

text: it

text: augments

text: it

text: Development

text: Testing

text: aims

text: to

text: eliminate

text: construction

text: errors

text: before

text: code

text: is

text: promoted

text: to

text: QA

text: this

text: strategy

text: is

text: intended

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: the

text: resulting

text: software

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: efficiency

text: of

text: the

text: overall

text: development

text: and

text: QA

text: process

question: What method is used that involves synchronization of a application?

answer: Development Testing

text: Development Testing

question: When is development testing used?

answer: construction phase of the software development lifecycle

text: construction phase of the software development lifecycle

question: What does Development testing look to eliminate?

answer: construction errors

text: construction errors

question: What method is used that involved syncopation of an application?

text: Development Testing

question: When is development testing not used?

question: Development Testing attempts to eliminate instruction errors before code is promoted where?

text: QA

question: Development Testing is designed by who?

text: software developer or engineer


text: These theorists were driven by two basic questions: one, by what right or need do people form states; and two, what the best form for a state could be. These fundamental questions involved a conceptual distinction between the concepts of "state" and "government." It was decided that "state" would refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified. The term "government" would refer to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state, and create the laws and ordinances by which the people, themselves included, would be bound. This conceptual distinction continues to operate in political science, although some political scientists, philosophers, historians and cultural anthropologists have argued that most political action in any given society occurs outside of its state, and that there are societies that are not organized into states that nevertheless must be considered in political terms. As long as the concept of natural order was not introduced, the social sciences could not evolve independently of theistic thinking. Since the cultural revolution of the 17th century in England, which spread to France and the rest of Europe, society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to the physical world.

title: Political_philosophy

title: Political_philosophy

text: These

text: theorists

text: were

text: driven

text: by

text: two

text: basic

text: questions

text: one

text: by

text: what

text: right

text: or

text: need

text: do

text: people

text: form

text: states

text: and

text: two

text: what

text: the

text: best

text: form

text: for

text: a

text: state

text: could

text: be

text: These

text: fundamental

text: questions

text: involved

text: a

text: conceptual

text: distinction

text: between

text: the

text: concepts

text: of

text: state

text: and

text: government

text: It

text: was

text: decided

text: that

text: state

text: would

text: refer

text: to

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: enduring

text: institutions

text: through

text: which

text: power

text: would

text: be

text: distributed

text: and

text: its

text: use

text: justified

text: The

text: term

text: government

text: would

text: refer

text: to

text: a

text: specific

text: group

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: occupied

text: the

text: institutions

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: create

text: the

text: laws

text: and

text: ordinances

text: by

text: which

text: the

text: people

text: themselves

text: included

text: would

text: be

text: bound

text: This

text: conceptual

text: distinction

text: continues

text: to

text: operate

text: in

text: political

text: science

text: although

text: some

text: political

text: scientists

text: philosophers

text: historians

text: and

text: cultural

text: anthropologists

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: most

text: political

text: action

text: in

text: any

text: given

text: society

text: occurs

text: outside

text: of

text: its

text: state

text: and

text: that

text: there

text: are

text: societies

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: organized

text: into

text: states

text: that

text: nevertheless

text: must

text: be

text: considered

text: in

text: political

text: terms

text: As

text: long

text: as

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: natural

text: order

text: was

text: not

text: introduced

text: the

text: social

text: sciences

text: could

text: not

text: evolve

text: independently

text: of

text: theistic

text: thinking

text: Since

text: the

text: cultural

text: revolution

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: in

text: England

text: which

text: spread

text: to

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Europe

text: society

text: has

text: been

text: considered

text: subject

text: to

text: natural

text: laws

text: akin

text: to

text: the

text: physical

text: world

question: What would refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified?

answer: state

text: state

question: What refers to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state?

answer: government

text: government

question: Society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to what?

answer: the physical world

text: the physical world

question: What two questions joined the concepts of state and government?

question: What term referred to a set of temporary institutions through which power could be distributed in its use justified?

text: state

question: What term referred to individuals who created laws and ordinances by which other people would be bound?

text: government

question: What conceptual distinction continues to operate in science?

question: What has been believed society is subject to since the 1700s?

text: natural laws akin to the physical world

question: What is one question government was driven by?

text: what the best form for a state could be

question: What has happened since power was distributed and justified in Europe?

question: What theistic thinking led to a division between state and government?

question: What society not organized into states continues to operate today?

question: What does the rest of Europe argue about political action?


text: There are several rocks and islets off the coast, including: Castle Rock, Speery Island, the Needle, Lower Black Rock, Upper Black Rock (South), Bird Island (Southwest), Black Rock, Thompson's Valley Island, Peaked Island, Egg Island, Lady's Chair, Lighter Rock (West), Long Ledge (Northwest), Shore Island, George Island, Rough Rock Island, Flat Rock (East), the Buoys, Sandy Bay Island, the Chimney, White Bird Island and Frightus Rock (Southeast), all of which are within one kilometre (0.62 miles) of the shore.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: There

text: are

text: several

text: rocks

text: and

text: islets

text: off

text: the

text: coast

text: including

text: Castle

text: Rock

text: Speery

text: Island

text: the

text: Needle

text: Lower

text: Black

text: Rock

text: Upper

text: Black

text: Rock

text: South

text: Bird

text: Island

text: Southwest

text: Black

text: Rock

text: Thompson

text: 's

text: Valley

text: Island

text: Peaked

text: Island

text: Egg

text: Island

text: Lady

text: 's

text: Chair

text: Lighter

text: Rock

text: West

text: Long

text: Ledge

text: Northwest

text: Shore

text: Island

text: George

text: Island

text: Rough

text: Rock

text: Island

text: Flat

text: Rock

text: East

text: the

text: Buoys

text: Sandy

text: Bay

text: Island

text: the

text: Chimney

text: White

text: Bird

text: Island

text: and

text: Frightus

text: Rock

text: Southeast

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: within

text: one

text: kilometre

text: miles

text: of

text: the

text: shore

question: How close are the rockets and islets off the coast?

answer: one kilometre

text: one kilometre

question: Which direction from the island is Upper Black Rock located?

answer: South

text: South

question: Which direction from the island is Bird Island located?

answer: Southwest

text: Southwest

question: Which direction from the island is Lighter Rock located?

answer: West

text: West

question: Which direction from the island is Frightus Rock located?

answer: Southeast

text: Southeast


text: In addition to city government, numerous commissions and state authorities—including the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation, the Boston Public Health Commission, the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA), and the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport)—play a role in the life of Bostonians. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in state politics.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: city

text: government

text: numerous

text: commissions

text: and

text: state

text: authorities

text: including

text: the

text: Massachusetts

text: Department

text: of

text: Conservation

text: and

text: Recreation

text: the

text: Boston

text: Public

text: Health

text: Commission

text: the

text: Massachusetts

text: Water

text: Resources

text: Authority

text: MWRA

text: and

text: the

text: Massachusetts

text: Port

text: Authority

text: Massport)—play

text: a

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: Bostonians

text: As

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: Boston

text: plays

text: a

text: major

text: role

text: in

text: state

text: politics

question: What is the capital of Massachusetts?

answer: Boston

text: Boston

question: As the state capital, Boston plays a large role in what?

answer: state politics

text: state politics

question: What is the MWRA?

answer: Massachusetts Water Resources Authority

text: Massachusetts Water Resources Authority

question: What is the name of the massachusetts port authority?

answer: Massport

text: Massport


text: Carnival has been celebrated for centuries. The tradition was likely established under Venetian rule around the 16th century. It may have been influenced by Greek traditions, such as festivities for deities such as Dionysus. The celebration originally involved dressing in costumes and holding masked balls or visiting friends. In the twentieth century it became an organized event held during the 10 days preceding Lent (according to the Greek Orthodox calendar). The festival is celebrated almost exclusively in the city of Limassol.

title: Carnival

title: Carnival

text: Carnival

text: has

text: been

text: celebrated

text: for

text: centuries

text: The

text: tradition

text: was

text: likely

text: established

text: under

text: Venetian

text: rule

text: around

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: influenced

text: by

text: Greek

text: traditions

text: such

text: as

text: festivities

text: for

text: deities

text: such

text: as

text: Dionysus

text: The

text: celebration

text: originally

text: involved

text: dressing

text: in

text: costumes

text: and

text: holding

text: masked

text: balls

text: or

text: visiting

text: friends

text: In

text: the

text: twentieth

text: century

text: it

text: became

text: an

text: organized

text: event

text: held

text: during

text: the

text: days

text: preceding

text: Lent

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Greek

text: Orthodox

text: calendar

text: The

text: festival

text: is

text: celebrated

text: almost

text: exclusively

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Limassol

question: How long has Carnival been celebrated?

answer: centuries

text: centuries

question: Under whose rule was Carnival established in the 16th century?

answer: Venetian

text: Venetian

question: Dionysus was a deity in whose tradition?

answer: Greek

text: Greek

question: In what century did the Carnival become an organized event?

answer: twentieth

text: twentieth

question: What city almost exclusively celebrates the Carnival?

answer: Limassol

text: Limassol


text: The linguistic heritage of the British Isles is rich, with twelve languages from six groups across four branches of the Indo-European family. The Insular Celtic languages of the Goidelic sub-group (Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic) and the Brittonic sub-group (Cornish, Welsh and Breton, spoken in north-western France) are the only remaining Celtic languages—the last of their continental relations becoming extinct before the 7th century. The Norman languages of Guernésiais, Jèrriais and Sarkese spoken in the Channel Islands are similar to French. A cant, called Shelta, is spoken by Irish Travellers, often as a means to conceal meaning from those outside the group. However, English, sometimes in the form of Scots, is the dominant language, with few monoglots remaining in the other languages of the region. The Norn language of Orkney and Shetland became extinct around 1880.

title: British_Isles

title: British_Isles

text: The

text: linguistic

text: heritage

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: is

text: rich

text: with

text: twelve

text: languages

text: from

text: six

text: groups

text: across

text: four

text: branches

text: of

text: the

text: Indo

text: European

text: family

text: The

text: Insular

text: Celtic

text: languages

text: of

text: the

text: Goidelic

text: sub

text: group

text: Irish

text: Manx

text: and

text: Scottish

text: Gaelic

text: and

text: the

text: Brittonic

text: sub

text: group

text: Cornish

text: Welsh

text: and

text: Breton

text: spoken

text: in

text: north

text: western

text: France

text: are

text: the

text: only

text: remaining

text: Celtic

text: languages

text: the

text: last

text: of

text: their

text: continental

text: relations

text: becoming

text: extinct

text: before

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: Norman

text: languages

text: of

text: Guernésiais

text: Jèrriais

text: and

text: Sarkese

text: spoken

text: in

text: the

text: Channel

text: Islands

text: are

text: similar

text: to

text: French

text: A

text: ca

text: nt

text: called

text: Shelta

text: is

text: spoken

text: by

text: Irish

text: Travellers

text: often

text: as

text: a

text: means

text: to

text: conceal

text: meaning

text: from

text: those

text: outside

text: the

text: group

text: However

text: English

text: sometimes

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: Scots

text: is

text: the

text: dominant

text: language

text: with

text: few

text: monoglots

text: remaining

text: in

text: the

text: other

text: languages

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: The

text: Norn

text: language

text: of

text: Orkney

text: and

text: Shetland

text: became

text: extinct

text: around

question: How many groups do these languages belong to?

answer: six groups

text: six groups

question: What are the three Insular Celtic languages?

answer: Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic

text: Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic

question: What are the remaining Cetic languages that are still used today?

answer: Cornish, Welsh and Breton

text: Cornish, Welsh and Breton

question: Which cant is often used by Irish Travellers?

answer: Shelta

text: Shelta

question: In 1980, what happened to the Norn language of Orkney and Shetland?

text: became extinct

question: Where are the Norman languages, similar to German, spoken?

text: Channel Islands

question: Which language of Gaelic and Shetland became extinct in 1880?

text: Norn language

question: The Insular Travellers languages of the Goidelic subgroup, along with what other sub group are the only Celtic languages remaining?

text: Brittonic sub-group


text: Under the direction of recording engineer C. Robert Fine, Mercury Records initiated a minimalist single microphone monaural recording technique in 1951. The first record, a Chicago Symphony Orchestra performance of Pictures at an Exhibition, conducted by Rafael Kubelik, was described as "being in the living presence of the orchestra" by The New York Times music critic. The series of records was then named Mercury Living Presence. In 1955, Mercury began three-channel stereo recordings, still based on the principle of the single microphone. The center (single) microphone was of paramount importance, with the two side mics adding depth and space. Record masters were cut directly from a three-track to two-track mixdown console, with all editing of the master tapes done on the original three-tracks. In 1961, Mercury enhanced this technique with three-microphone stereo recordings using 35 mm magnetic film instead of half-inch tape for recording. The greater thickness and width of 35 mm magnetic film prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response. The Mercury Living Presence recordings were remastered to CD in the 1990s by the original producer, Wilma Cozart Fine, using the same method of 3-to-2 mix directly to the master recorder.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: Under

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: recording

text: engineer

text: C.

text: Robert

text: Fine

text: Mercury

text: Records

text: initiated

text: a

text: minimalist

text: single

text: microphone

text: monaural

text: recording

text: technique

text: in

text: The

text: first

text: record

text: a

text: Chicago

text: Symphony

text: Orchestra

text: performance

text: of

text: Pictures

text: at

text: an

text: Exhibition

text: conducted

text: by

text: Rafael

text: Kubelik

text: was

text: described

text: as

text: being

text: in

text: the

text: living

text: presence

text: of

text: the

text: orchestra

text: by

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: music

text: critic

text: The

text: series

text: of

text: records

text: was

text: then

text: named

text: Mercury

text: Living

text: Presence

text: In

text: Mercury

text: began

text: three

text: channel

text: stereo

text: recordings

text: still

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: the

text: single

text: microphone

text: The

text: center

text: single

text: microphone

text: was

text: of

text: paramount

text: importance

text: with

text: the

text: two

text: side

text: mics

text: adding

text: depth

text: and

text: space

text: Record

text: masters

text: were

text: cut

text: directly

text: from

text: a

text: three

text: track

text: to

text: two

text: track

text: mixdown

text: console

text: with

text: all

text: editing

text: of

text: the

text: master

text: tapes

text: done

text: on

text: the

text: original

text: three

text: tracks

text: In

text: Mercury

text: enhanced

text: this

text: technique

text: with

text: three

text: microphone

text: stereo

text: recordings

text: using

text: mm

text: magnetic

text: film

text: instead

text: of

text: half

text: inch

text: tape

text: for

text: recording

text: The

text: greater

text: thickness

text: and

text: width

text: of

text: mm

text: magnetic

text: film

text: prevented

text: tape

text: layer

text: print

text: through

text: and

text: pre

text: echo

text: and

text: gained

text: extended

text: frequency

text: range

text: and

text: transient

text: response

text: The

text: Mercury

text: Living

text: Presence

text: recordings

text: were

text: remastered

text: to

text: CD

text: in

text: the

text: by

text: the

text: original

text: producer

text: Wilma

text: Cozart

text: Fine

text: using

text: the

text: same

text: method

text: of

text: mix

text: directly

text: to

text: the

text: master

text: recorder

question: For which company did C. Robert Fine work for?

answer: Mercury Records

text: Mercury Records

question: What benefits were found in using the 35mm magnetic film?

answer: prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response

text: prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response

question: Who developed the 3-to-2 mix to create lifelike recordings?

answer: Mercury

text: Mercury

question: Which microphone hold the most importance in 3 microphone recording?

answer: The center

text: The center

question: In which year did Mercury begin 3 channel stereo recording?

answer: 1955


text: Classification seeks to describe the diversity of bacterial species by naming and grouping organisms based on similarities. Bacteria can be classified on the basis of cell structure, cellular metabolism or on differences in cell components, such as DNA, fatty acids, pigments, antigens and quinones. While these schemes allowed the identification and classification of bacterial strains, it was unclear whether these differences represented variation between distinct species or between strains of the same species. This uncertainty was due to the lack of distinctive structures in most bacteria, as well as lateral gene transfer between unrelated species. Due to lateral gene transfer, some closely related bacteria can have very different morphologies and metabolisms. To overcome this uncertainty, modern bacterial classification emphasizes molecular systematics, using genetic techniques such as guanine cytosine ratio determination, genome-genome hybridization, as well as sequencing genes that have not undergone extensive lateral gene transfer, such as the rRNA gene. Classification of bacteria is determined by publication in the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, and Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. The International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (ICSB) maintains international rules for the naming of bacteria and taxonomic categories and for the ranking of them in the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Classification

text: seeks

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: diversity

text: of

text: bacterial

text: species

text: by

text: naming

text: and

text: grouping

text: organisms

text: based

text: on

text: similarities

text: Bacteria

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: cell

text: structure

text: cellular

text: metabolism

text: or

text: on

text: differences

text: in

text: cell

text: components

text: such

text: as

text: DNA

text: fatty

text: acids

text: pigments

text: antigens

text: and

text: quinones

text: While

text: these

text: schemes

text: allowed

text: the

text: identification

text: and

text: classification

text: of

text: bacterial

text: strains

text: it

text: was

text: unclear

text: whether

text: these

text: differences

text: represented

text: variation

text: between

text: distinct

text: species

text: or

text: between

text: strains

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: species

text: This

text: uncertainty

text: was

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: distinctive

text: structures

text: in

text: most

text: bacteria

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: lateral

text: gene

text: transfer

text: between

text: unrelated

text: species

text: Due

text: to

text: lateral

text: gene

text: transfer

text: some

text: closely

text: related

text: bacteria

text: can

text: have

text: very

text: different

text: morphologies

text: and

text: metabolisms

text: To

text: overcome

text: this

text: uncertainty

text: modern

text: bacterial

text: classification

text: emphasizes

text: molecular

text: systematics

text: using

text: genetic

text: techniques

text: such

text: as

text: guanine

text: cytosine

text: ratio

text: determination

text: genome

text: genome

text: hybridization

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: sequencing

text: genes

text: that

text: have

text: not

text: undergone

text: extensive

text: lateral

text: gene

text: transfer

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: rRNA

text: gene

text: Classification

text: of

text: bacteria

text: is

text: determined

text: by

text: publication

text: in

text: the

text: International

text: Journal

text: of

text: Systematic

text: Bacteriology

text: and

text: Bergey

text: 's

text: Manual

text: of

text: Systematic

text: Bacteriology

text: The

text: International

text: Committee

text: on

text: Systematic

text: Bacteriology

text: ICSB

text: maintains

text: international

text: rules

text: for

text: the

text: naming

text: of

text: bacteria

text: and

text: taxonomic

text: categories

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: ranking

text: of

text: them

text: in

text: the

text: International

text: Code

text: of

text: Nomenclature

text: of

text: Bacteria

question: How can we classify the vast variety of bacterial species?

answer: grouping organisms based on similarities

text: grouping organisms based on similarities

question: Can classification be helpful in determining differences between distinct species?

answer: unclear

text: unclear

question: What supports the uncertainty in classification between the same kind of bacteria?

answer: lack of distinctive structures in most bacteria,

text: lack of distinctive structures in most bacteria,

question: What can lateral gene transfer create in bacteria?

answer: different morphologies and metabolisms

text: different morphologies and metabolisms

question: What is the way modern classification tries to determine species?

answer: emphasizes molecular systematics

text: emphasizes molecular systematics