text: The Alaska State Troopers are Alaska's statewide police force. They have a long and storied history, but were not an official organization until 1941. Before the force was officially organized, law enforcement in Alaska was handled by various federal agencies. Larger towns usually have their own local police and some villages rely on "Public Safety Officers" who have police training but do not carry firearms. In much of the state, the troopers serve as the only police force available. In addition to enforcing traffic and criminal law, wildlife Troopers enforce hunting and fishing regulations. Due to the varied terrain and wide scope of the Troopers' duties, they employ a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: The

text: Alaska

text: State

text: Troopers

text: are

text: Alaska

text: 's

text: statewide

text: police

text: force

text: They

text: have

text: a

text: long

text: and

text: storied

text: history

text: but

text: were

text: not

text: an

text: official

text: organization

text: until

text: Before

text: the

text: force

text: was

text: officially

text: organized

text: law

text: enforcement

text: in

text: Alaska

text: was

text: handled

text: by

text: various

text: federal

text: agencies

text: Larger

text: towns

text: usually

text: have

text: their

text: own

text: local

text: police

text: and

text: some

text: villages

text: rely

text: on

text: Public

text: Safety

text: Officers

text: who

text: have

text: police

text: training

text: but

text: do

text: not

text: carry

text: firearms

text: In

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: the

text: troopers

text: serve

text: as

text: the

text: only

text: police

text: force

text: available

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: enforcing

text: traffic

text: and

text: criminal

text: law

text: wildlife

text: Troopers

text: enforce

text: hunting

text: and

text: fishing

text: regulations

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: varied

text: terrain

text: and

text: wide

text: scope

text: of

text: the

text: Troopers

text: duties

text: they

text: employ

text: a

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: land

text: air

text: and

text: water

text: patrol

text: vehicles

question: In what year did Alaskan State Troopers become an official organization?

answer: 1941

question: What is different about a "Public Safety Officer" that distiguishes the position from a policeman?

answer: have police training but do not carry firearms

text: have police training but do not carry firearms

question: What do wildlife enforcers regulate?

answer: hunting and fishing regulations

text: hunting and fishing regulations

question: What type of vehicles do Troopers operate?

answer: a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles

text: a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles

question: In what year did Alaskan State Troopers become an unofficial organization?

question: In what year didn't Alaskan State Troopers become an official organization?

question: What is the same about a "Public Safety Officer" that distiguishes the position from a policeman?

question: What don't wildlife enforcers regulate?

text: hunting and fishing regulations

question: What type of vehicles don't Troopers operate?


text: Masonic lodges created a private model for public affairs. They "reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives." In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted a normative model for society as a whole. This was especially true on the Continent: when the first lodges began to appear in the 1730s, their embodiment of British values was often seen as threatening by state authorities. For example, the Parisian lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles. Furthermore, freemasons all across Europe explicitly linked themselves to the Enlightenment as a whole. In French lodges, for example, the line "As the means to be enlightened I search for the enlightened" was a part of their initiation rites. British lodges assigned themselves the duty to "initiate the unenlightened". This did not necessarily link lodges to the irreligious, but neither did this exclude them from the occasional heresy. In fact, many lodges praised the Grand Architect, the masonic terminology for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: Masonic

text: lodges

text: created

text: a

text: private

text: model

text: for

text: public

text: affairs

text: They

text: reconstituted

text: the

text: polity

text: and

text: established

text: a

text: constitutional

text: form

text: of

text: self

text: government

text: complete

text: with

text: constitutions

text: and

text: laws

text: elections

text: and

text: representatives

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: the

text: micro

text: society

text: set

text: up

text: within

text: the

text: lodges

text: constituted

text: a

text: normative

text: model

text: for

text: society

text: as

text: a

text: whole

text: This

text: was

text: especially

text: true

text: on

text: the

text: Continent

text: when

text: the

text: first

text: lodges

text: began

text: to

text: appear

text: in

text: the

text: their

text: embodiment

text: of

text: British

text: values

text: was

text: often

text: seen

text: as

text: threatening

text: by

text: state

text: authorities

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: Parisian

text: lodge

text: that

text: met

text: in

text: the

text: mid

text: was

text: composed

text: of

text: English

text: Jacobite

text: exiles

text: Furthermore

text: freemasons

text: all

text: across

text: Europe

text: explicitly

text: linked

text: themselves

text: to

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: as

text: a

text: whole

text: In

text: French

text: lodges

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: line

text: As

text: the

text: means

text: to

text: be

text: enlightened

text: I

text: search

text: for

text: the

text: enlightened

text: was

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: initiation

text: rites

text: British

text: lodges

text: assigned

text: themselves

text: the

text: duty

text: to

text: initiate

text: the

text: unenlightened

text: This

text: did

text: not

text: necessarily

text: link

text: lodges

text: to

text: the

text: irreligious

text: but

text: neither

text: did

text: this

text: exclude

text: them

text: from

text: the

text: occasional

text: heresy

text: In

text: fact

text: many

text: lodges

text: praised

text: the

text: Grand

text: Architect

text: the

text: masonic

text: terminology

text: for

text: the

text: deistic

text: divine

text: being

text: who

text: created

text: a

text: scientifically

text: ordered

text: universe

question: In what decade did the first Masonic lodges appear on the Continent?

answer: 1730s

question: The Freemason embodiment of what country's values was seen as threatening by Continental authorities?

answer: British

text: British

question: Which lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles?

answer: the Parisian lodge

text: the Parisian lodge

question: Which lodges assigned themselves the duty to "initate the unenlightened"?

answer: British

text: British

question: What is the masonic term for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe?

answer: Grand Architect

text: Grand Architect


text: The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation: "Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white". This led to different treatment for "black" and "half-caste" individuals, with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as "white" people, restricted from speaking their native language and practising traditional customs, a process now known as the Stolen Generation.

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: The

text: official

text: policy

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: biological

text: and

text: cultural

text: assimilation

text: Eliminate

text: the

text: full

text: blood

text: and

text: permit

text: the

text: white

text: admixture

text: to

text: half

text: castes

text: and

text: eventually

text: the

text: race

text: will

text: become

text: white

text: This

text: led

text: to

text: different

text: treatment

text: for

text: black

text: and

text: half

text: caste

text: individuals

text: with

text: lighter

text: skinned

text: individuals

text: targeted

text: for

text: removal

text: from

text: their

text: families

text: to

text: be

text: raised

text: as

text: white

text: people

text: restricted

text: from

text: speaking

text: their

text: native

text: language

text: and

text: practising

text: traditional

text: customs

text: a

text: process

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Stolen

text: Generation

question: Who did the government want raised as white?

answer: "half-caste" individuals

text: "half-caste" individuals

question: What was the goal of removing mixed races from their homes?

answer: Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white"

text: Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white"

question: What were the mixed race individuals kept from doing?

answer: speaking their native language and practising traditional customs

text: speaking their native language and practising traditional customs

question: What was this process referred to?

answer: the Stolen Generation

text: the Stolen Generation


text: The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

title: Human_Development_Index

title: Human_Development_Index

text: The

text: Human

text: Development

text: Report

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Development

text: Program

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: November

text: and

text: calculates

text: HDI

text: values

text: based

text: on

text: estimates

text: for

text: Below

text: is

text: the

text: list

text: of

text: the

text: very

text: high

text: human

text: development

text: countries

question: On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?

answer: November 4, 2010

text: November 4, 2010

question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report?

answer: 2010

question: On what date was the 2012 Human Development Report released?

text: November 4, 2010

question: What was released on November 5, 2010?

text: United Nations Development Program

question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?


text: Meanwhile, in January 1968, Nasser commenced the War of Attrition to reclaim territory captured by Israel, ordering attacks against Israeli positions east of the then-blockaded Suez Canal. In March, Nasser offered Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement arms and funds after their performance against Israeli forces in the Battle of Karameh that month. He also advised Arafat to think of peace with Israel and the establishment of a Palestinian state comprising the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Nasser effectively ceded his leadership of the "Palestine issue" to Arafat.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Meanwhile

text: in

text: January

text: Nasser

text: commenced

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: Attrition

text: to

text: reclaim

text: territory

text: captured

text: by

text: Israel

text: ordering

text: attacks

text: against

text: Israeli

text: positions

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: then

text: blockaded

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: In

text: March

text: Nasser

text: offered

text: Yasser

text: Arafat

text: 's

text: Fatah

text: movement

text: arms

text: and

text: funds

text: after

text: their

text: performance

text: against

text: Israeli

text: forces

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Karameh

text: that

text: month

text: He

text: also

text: advised

text: Arafat

text: to

text: think

text: of

text: peace

text: with

text: Israel

text: and

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: a

text: Palestinian

text: state

text: comprising

text: the

text: West

text: Bank

text: and

text: the

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: Nasser

text: effectively

text: ceded

text: his

text: leadership

text: of

text: the

text: Palestine

text: issue

text: to

text: Arafat

question: What was the endeavor to reclaim territory from Israel called?

answer: War of Attrition

text: War of Attrition

question: In what year did the War of Attrition begin?

answer: 1968

question: Who led the Fatah movement?

answer: Yasser Arafat

text: Yasser Arafat

question: In what battle had the Fatah movement distinguished itself?

answer: Battle of Karameh

text: Battle of Karameh

question: To whom did Nasser give authority to deal with Israel?

answer: Arafat

text: Arafat


text: Schwarzenegger's early victories included repealing an unpopular increase in the vehicle registration fee as well as preventing driver's licenses being given out to illegal immigrants, but later he began to feel the backlash when powerful state unions began to oppose his various initiatives. Key among his reckoning with political realities was a special election he called in November 2005, in which four ballot measures he sponsored were defeated. Schwarzenegger accepted personal responsibility for the defeats and vowed to continue to seek consensus for the people of California. He would later comment that "no one could win if the opposition raised 160 million dollars to defeat you". The U.S. Supreme Court later found the public employee unions' use of compulsory fundraising during the campaign had been illegal in Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000.

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

text: Schwarzenegger

text: 's

text: early

text: victories

text: included

text: repealing

text: an

text: unpopular

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: vehicle

text: registration

text: fee

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: preventing

text: driver

text: 's

text: licenses

text: being

text: given

text: out

text: to

text: illegal

text: immigrants

text: but

text: later

text: he

text: began

text: to

text: feel

text: the

text: backlash

text: when

text: powerful

text: state

text: unions

text: began

text: to

text: oppose

text: his

text: various

text: initiatives

text: Key

text: among

text: his

text: reckoning

text: with

text: political

text: realities

text: was

text: a

text: special

text: election

text: he

text: called

text: in

text: November

text: in

text: which

text: four

text: ballot

text: measures

text: he

text: sponsored

text: were

text: defeated

text: Schwarzenegger

text: accepted

text: personal

text: responsibility

text: for

text: the

text: defeats

text: and

text: vowed

text: to

text: continue

text: to

text: seek

text: consensus

text: for

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: California

text: He

text: would

text: later

text: comment

text: that

text: no

text: one

text: could

text: win

text: if

text: the

text: opposition

text: raised

text: million

text: dollars

text: to

text: defeat

text: you

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: later

text: found

text: the

text: public

text: employee

text: unions

text: use

text: of

text: compulsory

text: fundraising

text: during

text: the

text: campaign

text: had

text: been

text: illegal

text: in

text: Knox

text: v.

text: Service

text: Employees

text: International

text: Union

text: Local

question: In what month of 2005 did Schwarzenegger hold a special election?

answer: November

text: November

question: How many of Schwarzenegger's ballot initiatives were defeated in the special election of 2005?

answer: four

text: four


text: In the vacuum that followed the 1889 death of Emperor Yohannes II, Gen. Oreste Baratieri occupied the highlands along the Eritrean coast and Italy proclaimed the establishment of the new colony of Italian Eritrea, a colony of the Kingdom of Italy. In the Treaty of Wuchale (It. Uccialli) signed the same year, King Menelik of Shewa, a southern Ethiopian kingdom, recognized the Italian occupation of his rivals' lands of Bogos, Hamasien, Akkele Guzay, and Serae in exchange for guarantees of financial assistance and continuing access to European arms and ammunition. His subsequent victory over his rival kings and enthronement as Emperor Menelek II (r. 1889–1913) made the treaty formally binding upon the entire territory.

title: Eritrea

title: Eritrea

text: In

text: the

text: vacuum

text: that

text: followed

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Yohannes

text: II

text: Gen.

text: Oreste

text: Baratieri

text: occupied

text: the

text: highlands

text: along

text: the

text: Eritrean

text: coast

text: and

text: Italy

text: proclaimed

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: colony

text: of

text: Italian

text: Eritrea

text: a

text: colony

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Italy

text: In

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Wuchale

text: It

text: Uccialli

text: signed

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: King

text: Menelik

text: of

text: Shewa

text: a

text: southern

text: Ethiopian

text: kingdom

text: recognized

text: the

text: Italian

text: occupation

text: of

text: his

text: rivals

text: lands

text: of

text: Bogos

text: Hamasien

text: Akkele

text: Guzay

text: and

text: Serae

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: guarantees

text: of

text: financial

text: assistance

text: and

text: continuing

text: access

text: to

text: European

text: arms

text: and

text: ammunition

text: His

text: subsequent

text: victory

text: over

text: his

text: rival

text: kings

text: and

text: enthronement

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Menelek

text: II

text: r.

text: made

text: the

text: treaty

text: formally

text: binding

text: upon

text: the

text: entire

text: territory

question: When did Emperor Yohannes II die?

answer: 1889

question: What did Gen. Oreste Baratieri proclaim in the highlands along the Eritrean coast?

answer: the new colony of Italian Eritrea

text: the new colony of Italian Eritrea

question: What was the new colony of Italia Eritrea a colony of?

answer: the Kingdom of Italy

text: the Kingdom of Italy

question: When was the Treaty of Wuchale signed?

answer: 1889

question: What years was the Treaty of Wuchale formally binding?

answer: 1889–1913

question: In what year was Emperor Yohannes II born?

question: In what year did King Menelik of Shewa first gain access to European arms and ammunition?

question: In what modern-day country is Wuchale?

text: Eritrea

question: Who was one of King Menelik of Shewa's rival kings?

text: Oreste Baratieri

question: Who signed the Treaty of Wuchale for Italy?

text: Oreste Baratieri


text: Capital punishment has existed in Tennessee at various times since statehood. Before 1913 the method of execution was hanging. From 1913 to 1915 there was a hiatus on executions but they were reinstated in 1916 when electrocution became the new method. From 1972 to 1978, after the Supreme Court ruled (Furman v. Georgia) capital punishment unconstitutional, there were no further executions. Capital punishment was restarted in 1978, although those prisoners awaiting execution between 1960 and 1978 had their sentences mostly commuted to life in prison. From 1916 to 1960 the state executed 125 inmates. For a variety of reasons there were no further executions until 2000. Since 2000, Tennessee has executed six prisoners and has 73 prisoners on death row (as of April 2015).

title: Tennessee

title: Tennessee

text: Capital

text: punishment

text: has

text: existed

text: in

text: Tennessee

text: at

text: various

text: times

text: since

text: statehood

text: Before

text: the

text: method

text: of

text: execution

text: was

text: hanging

text: From

text: to

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: hiatus

text: on

text: executions

text: but

text: they

text: were

text: reinstated

text: in

text: when

text: electrocution

text: became

text: the

text: new

text: method

text: From

text: to

text: after

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: ruled

text: Furman

text: v.

text: Georgia

text: capital

text: punishment

text: unconstitutional

text: there

text: were

text: no

text: further

text: executions

text: Capital

text: punishment

text: was

text: restarted

text: in

text: although

text: those

text: prisoners

text: awaiting

text: execution

text: between

text: and

text: had

text: their

text: sentences

text: mostly

text: commuted

text: to

text: life

text: in

text: prison

text: From

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: executed

text: inmates

text: For

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: reasons

text: there

text: were

text: no

text: further

text: executions

text: until

text: Since

text: Tennessee

text: has

text: executed

text: six

text: prisoners

text: and

text: has

text: prisoners

text: on

text: death

text: row

text: as

text: of

text: April

question: What method did Tennessee use for capital punishment before 1913?

answer: hanging

text: hanging

question: In which year was electrocution introduced as Tennessee's method of execution?

answer: 1916

question: How many prisoners did Tennessee execute between 1916 and 1960?

answer: 125

question: How many inmates has Tennessee executed since 2000?

answer: six

text: six

question: How many death row inmates were awaiting executing in Tennessee in April 2015?

answer: 73


text: PlayStation Plus (commonly abbreviated PS+ and occasionally referred to as PSN Plus) is a premium PlayStation Network subscription service that was officially unveiled at E3 2010 by Jack Tretton, President and CEO of SCEA. Rumors of such service had been in speculation since Kaz Hirai's announcement at TGS 2009 of a possible paid service for PSN but with the current PSN service still available. Launched alongside PS3 firmware 3.40 and PSP firmware 6.30 on June 29, 2010, the paid-for subscription service provides users with enhanced services on the PlayStation Network, on top of the current PSN service which is still available with all of its features. These enhancements include the ability to have demos, game and system software updates download automatically to PlayStation 3. Subscribers also get early or exclusive access to some betas, game demos, premium downloadable content and other PlayStation Store items. North American users also get a free subscription to Qore. Users may choose to purchase either a one-year or a three-month subscription to PlayStation Plus.

title: PlayStation_3

title: PlayStation_3

text: PlayStation

text: Plus

text: commonly

text: abbreviated

text: PS+

text: and

text: occasionally

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: PSN

text: Plus

text: is

text: a

text: premium

text: PlayStation

text: Network

text: subscription

text: service

text: that

text: was

text: officially

text: unveiled

text: at

text: by

text: Jack

text: Tretton

text: President

text: and

text: CEO

text: of

text: SCEA

text: Rumors

text: of

text: such

text: service

text: had

text: been

text: in

text: speculation

text: since

text: Kaz

text: Hirai

text: 's

text: announcement

text: at

text: TGS

text: of

text: a

text: possible

text: paid

text: service

text: for

text: PSN

text: but

text: with

text: the

text: current

text: PSN

text: service

text: still

text: available

text: Launched

text: alongside

text: firmware

text: and

text: PSP

text: firmware

text: on

text: June

text: the

text: paid

text: for

text: subscription

text: service

text: provides

text: users

text: with

text: enhanced

text: services

text: on

text: the

text: PlayStation

text: Network

text: on

text: top

text: of

text: the

text: current

text: PSN

text: service

text: which

text: is

text: still

text: available

text: with

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: features

text: These

text: enhancements

text: include

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: have

text: demos

text: game

text: and

text: system

text: software

text: updates

text: download

text: automatically

text: to

text: PlayStation

text: Subscribers

text: also

text: get

text: early

text: or

text: exclusive

text: access

text: to

text: some

text: betas

text: game

text: demos

text: premium

text: downloadable

text: content

text: and

text: other

text: PlayStation

text: Store

text: items

text: North

text: American

text: users

text: also

text: get

text: a

text: free

text: subscription

text: to

text: Qore

text: Users

text: may

text: choose

text: to

text: purchase

text: either

text: a

text: one

text: year

text: or

text: a

text: three

text: month

text: subscription

text: to

text: PlayStation

text: Plus

question: What's the name of Sony's exclusive PlayStation Network subscription service?

answer: PlayStation Plus

text: PlayStation Plus

question: How is PlayStation Plus often abbreviated?

answer: PS+

text: PS+

question: Who was the President and CEO of SCEA in the year 2010?

answer: Jack Tretton

text: Jack Tretton

question: On what date did the PlayStation Plus service officially launch?

answer: June 29, 2010

text: June 29, 2010

question: Duration options for subscription to PS+ are either three months or what period of time?

answer: one-year

text: one-year

question: What's the name of Microsoft's exclusive PlayStation Network subscription service?

text: PlayStation Plus (

question: How is PlayStation Plus never abbreviated?

text: PS+

question: Who was the President and CEO of SCEA in the year 2009?

text: Jack Tretton

question: On what date did the PlayStation Plus service officially get cancelled?

text: June 29, 2010

question: Duration options for subscription to PS+ are either four months or what period of time?

text: one-year


text: The Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal, Quaecumque sunt vera (Whatsoever things are true) is drawn from the Epistle of Paul to the Philippians 4:8, while the Greek phrase inscribed on the pages of an open book is taken from the Gospel of John 1:14: ο λόγος πλήρης χάριτος και αληθείας (The Word full of grace and truth). Purple became Northwestern's official color in 1892, replacing black and gold after a university committee concluded that too many other universities had used these colors. Today, Northwestern's official color is purple, although white is something of an official color as well, being mentioned in both the university's earliest song, Alma Mater (1907) ("Hail to purple, hail to white") and in many university guidelines.

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: The

text: Latin

text: phrase

text: on

text: Northwestern

text: 's

text: seal

text: Quaecumque

text: sunt

text: vera

text: Whatsoever

text: things

text: are

text: true

text: is

text: drawn

text: from

text: the

text: Epistle

text: of

text: Paul

text: to

text: the

text: Philippians

text: while

text: the

text: Greek

text: phrase

text: inscribed

text: on

text: the

text: pages

text: of

text: an

text: open

text: book

text: is

text: taken

text: from

text: the

text: Gospel

text: of

text: John

text: ο

text: λόγος

text: πλήρης

text: χάριτος

text: και

text: αληθείας

text: The

text: Word

text: full

text: of

text: grace

text: and

text: truth

text: Purple

text: became

text: Northwestern

text: 's

text: official

text: color

text: in

text: replacing

text: black

text: and

text: gold

text: after

text: a

text: university

text: committee

text: concluded

text: that

text: too

text: many

text: other

text: universities

text: had

text: used

text: these

text: colors

text: Today

text: Northwestern

text: 's

text: official

text: color

text: is

text: purple

text: although

text: white

text: is

text: something

text: of

text: an

text: official

text: color

text: as

text: well

text: being

text: mentioned

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: university

text: 's

text: earliest

text: song

text: Alma

text: Mater

text: Hail

text: to

text: purple

text: hail

text: to

text: white

text: and

text: in

text: many

text: university

text: guidelines

question: What has been Northwestern's official color since 1892?

answer: Purple

text: Purple

question: Why did Northwestern replace it's original official colors of black and gold?

answer: too many other universities had used these colors

text: too many other universities had used these colors

question: What is the meaning of the Latin phrase on Northwestern's seal?

answer: Whatsoever things are true

text: Whatsoever things are true

question: What does the Greek phrase that is inscribed on the pages of an open book on the seal mean?

answer: The Word full of grace and truth

text: The Word full of grace and truth

question: What color besides purple is often considered an official color of Northwestern?

answer: white

text: white

question: What has been Northwestern's official color since 1822?

text: Purple

question: Why did Northwestern replace it's original official colors of yellow and gold?

text: too many other universities

question: What is the meaning of the French phrase on Northwestern's seal?

text: Whatsoever things are true

question: What does the Greek phrase that is inscribed on the pages of an closed book on the seal mean?

text: The Word full of grace and truth

question: What color besides blue is often considered an official color of Northwestern?

text: white


text: Tax shifting has been widely discussed and endorsed by economists. It involves lowering income taxes while raising levies on environmentally destructive activities, in order to create a more responsive market. For example, a tax on coal that included the increased health care costs associated with breathing polluted air, the costs of acid rain damage, and the costs of climate disruption would encourage investment in renewable technologies. Several Western European countries are already shifting taxes in a process known there as environmental tax reform.

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

text: Tax

text: shifting

text: has

text: been

text: widely

text: discussed

text: and

text: endorsed

text: by

text: economists

text: It

text: involves

text: lowering

text: income

text: taxes

text: while

text: raising

text: levies

text: on

text: environmentally

text: destructive

text: activities

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: more

text: responsive

text: market

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: tax

text: on

text: coal

text: that

text: included

text: the

text: increased

text: health

text: care

text: costs

text: associated

text: with

text: breathing

text: polluted

text: air

text: the

text: costs

text: of

text: acid

text: rain

text: damage

text: and

text: the

text: costs

text: of

text: climate

text: disruption

text: would

text: encourage

text: investment

text: in

text: renewable

text: technologies

text: Several

text: Western

text: European

text: countries

text: are

text: already

text: shifting

text: taxes

text: in

text: a

text: process

text: known

text: there

text: as

text: environmental

text: tax

text: reform

question: What involves lowering income taxes while raising levies?

answer: Tax shifting

text: Tax shifting

question: Several Western European companies are shifting taxes in a process known as what?

answer: environmental tax reform

text: environmental tax reform

question: What is the purpose of tax shifting?

answer: to create a more responsive market

text: to create a more responsive market

question: What involves lowering income taxes while lowering levies?

text: Tax shifting

question: What involves raising income taxes while raising levies?

text: Tax shifting

question: What involves raising income taxes while lowering levies?

text: Tax shifting

question: What isn't the purpose of tax shifting?

text: create a more responsive market

question: Several Northern European companies are shifting taxes in a process known as what?

text: environmental tax reform


text: Everton originally played in the southeast corner of Stanley Park, which was the site for the new Liverpool F.C. stadium, with the first official match taking place in 1879. In 1882, a man named J. Cruitt donated land at Priory Road which became the club's home before they moved to Anfield, which was Everton's home until 1892. At this time, a dispute of how the club was to be owned and run emerged with Anfield's owner and Everton's chairman, John Houlding. A dispute between Houlding and the club's committee over how the club should be run, led to Houlding attempting to gain full control of the club by registering the company, "Everton F.C. and Athletic Grounds Ltd". In response, Everton left Anfield for a new ground, Goodison Park, where the club have played ever since. Houlding attempted to take over Everton's name, colours, fixtures and league position, but was denied by The Football Association. Instead, Houlding formed a new club, Liverpool F.C.

title: Everton_F.C.

title: Everton_F.C.

text: Everton

text: originally

text: played

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: corner

text: of

text: Stanley

text: Park

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: for

text: the

text: new

text: Liverpool

text: F.C.

text: stadium

text: with

text: the

text: first

text: official

text: match

text: taking

text: place

text: in

text: In

text: a

text: man

text: named

text: J.

text: Cruitt

text: donated

text: land

text: at

text: Priory

text: Road

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: club

text: 's

text: home

text: before

text: they

text: moved

text: to

text: Anfield

text: which

text: was

text: Everton

text: 's

text: home

text: until

text: At

text: this

text: time

text: a

text: dispute

text: of

text: how

text: the

text: club

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: owned

text: and

text: run

text: emerged

text: with

text: Anfield

text: 's

text: owner

text: and

text: Everton

text: 's

text: chairman

text: John

text: Houlding

text: A

text: dispute

text: between

text: Houlding

text: and

text: the

text: club

text: 's

text: committee

text: over

text: how

text: the

text: club

text: should

text: be

text: run

text: led

text: to

text: Houlding

text: attempting

text: to

text: gain

text: full

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: club

text: by

text: registering

text: the

text: company

text: Everton

text: F.C.

text: and

text: Athletic

text: Grounds

text: Ltd

text: In

text: response

text: Everton

text: left

text: Anfield

text: for

text: a

text: new

text: ground

text: Goodison

text: Park

text: where

text: the

text: club

text: have

text: played

text: ever

text: since

text: Houlding

text: attempted

text: to

text: take

text: over

text: Everton

text: 's

text: name

text: colours

text: fixtures

text: and

text: league

text: position

text: but

text: was

text: denied

text: by

text: The

text: Football

text: Association

text: Instead

text: Houlding

text: formed

text: a

text: new

text: club

text: Liverpool

text: F.C.

question: In which park did Everton FC originally play?

answer: Stanley

text: Stanley

question: Where was the new Liverpool FC stadium located in 1879?

answer: Stanley Park

text: Stanley Park

question: Who donated land to Everton FC in 1882?

answer: J. Cruitt

text: J. Cruitt

question: Who was the chairman of the Everton FC in 1892?

answer: John Houlding

text: John Houlding

question: Where did Everton FC relocate their games to in 1892?

answer: Anfield

text: Anfield

question: What was the name of the stadium at Priory Road?

text: Liverpool F.C. stadium

question: What was the name of the stadium in Anfield?

text: Liverpool F.C. stadium

question: In what year did John Houlding become Everton's chairman?

question: In what city is Goodison Park?

text: Anfield

question: In what year was the stadium built at Priory Road?


text: While there is typically only one conceptual (or logical) and physical (or internal) view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. For example, a financial department of a company needs the payment details of all employees as part of the company's expenses, but does not need details about employees that are the interest of the human resources department. Thus different departments need different views of the company's database.

title: Database

title: Database

text: While

text: there

text: is

text: typically

text: only

text: one

text: conceptual

text: or

text: logical

text: and

text: physical

text: or

text: internal

text: view

text: of

text: the

text: data

text: there

text: can

text: be

text: any

text: number

text: of

text: different

text: external

text: views

text: This

text: allows

text: users

text: to

text: see

text: database

text: information

text: in

text: a

text: more

text: business

text: related

text: way

text: rather

text: than

text: from

text: a

text: technical

text: processing

text: viewpoint

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: financial

text: department

text: of

text: a

text: company

text: needs

text: the

text: payment

text: details

text: of

text: all

text: employees

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: expenses

text: but

text: does

text: not

text: need

text: details

text: about

text: employees

text: that

text: are

text: the

text: interest

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: resources

text: department

text: Thus

text: different

text: departments

text: need

text: different

text: views

text: of

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: database

question: How many conceptual or physical views of data are there?

answer: one

text: one

question: How many different external views of data are there?

answer: any number

text: any number

question: What is the benefit of external views of data?

answer: see database information in a more business-related way

text: see database information in a more business-related way

question: How many conceptual or physical views of data do not exist?

text: one

question: How many duplicated external views of data are there?

text: any number

question: What is the disadvantage of external views of data?

question: Who is not allowed to see database information?

text: users


text: In addition, the Prussian military education system was superior to the French model; Prussian staff officers were trained to exhibit initiative and independent thinking. Indeed, this was Moltke's expectation. The French, meanwhile, suffered from an education and promotion system that stifled intellectual development. According to the military historian Dallas Irvine, the system "was almost completely effective in excluding the army's brain power from the staff and high command. To the resulting lack of intelligence at the top can be ascribed all the inexcusable defects of French military policy."

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: Prussian

text: military

text: education

text: system

text: was

text: superior

text: to

text: the

text: French

text: model

text: Prussian

text: staff

text: officers

text: were

text: trained

text: to

text: exhibit

text: initiative

text: and

text: independent

text: thinking

text: Indeed

text: this

text: was

text: Moltke

text: 's

text: expectation

text: The

text: French

text: meanwhile

text: suffered

text: from

text: an

text: education

text: and

text: promotion

text: system

text: that

text: stifled

text: intellectual

text: development

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: military

text: historian

text: Dallas

text: Irvine

text: the

text: system

text: was

text: almost

text: completely

text: effective

text: in

text: excluding

text: the

text: army

text: 's

text: brain

text: power

text: from

text: the

text: staff

text: and

text: high

text: command

text: To

text: the

text: resulting

text: lack

text: of

text: intelligence

text: at

text: the

text: top

text: can

text: be

text: ascribed

text: all

text: the

text: inexcusable

text: defects

text: of

text: French

text: military

text: policy

question: What Prussian system was superior to the French example?

answer: military education

text: military education

question: Prussian military officers were trained to exude what type thinking?

answer: independent thinking

text: independent thinking

question: What commander of the General Staff held the expectaion of independent thinking in his officers?

answer: Moltke

text: Moltke

question: What did the French dearth of an education and promotion system stifle?

answer: intellectual development

text: intellectual development

question: Which military historian criticized the French system as being defective?

answer: Dallas Irvine

text: Dallas Irvine


text: On September 27, 2006 Schwarzenegger signed a bill creating the nation's first cap on greenhouse gas emissions. The law set new regulations on the amount of emissions utilities, refineries and manufacturing plants are allowed to release into the atmosphere. Schwarzenegger also signed a second global warming bill that prohibits large utilities and corporations in California from making long-term contracts with suppliers who do not meet the state's greenhouse gas emission standards. The two bills are part of a plan to reduce California's emissions by 25 percent to 1990s levels by 2020. In 2005, Schwarzenegger issued an executive order calling to reduce greenhouse gases to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

text: On

text: September

text: Schwarzenegger

text: signed

text: a

text: bill

text: creating

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: first

text: cap

text: on

text: greenhouse

text: gas

text: emissions

text: The

text: law

text: set

text: new

text: regulations

text: on

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: emissions

text: utilities

text: refineries

text: and

text: manufacturing

text: plants

text: are

text: allowed

text: to

text: release

text: into

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: Schwarzenegger

text: also

text: signed

text: a

text: second

text: global

text: warming

text: bill

text: that

text: prohibits

text: large

text: utilities

text: and

text: corporations

text: in

text: California

text: from

text: making

text: long

text: term

text: contracts

text: with

text: suppliers

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: meet

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: greenhouse

text: gas

text: emission

text: standards

text: The

text: two

text: bills

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: plan

text: to

text: reduce

text: California

text: 's

text: emissions

text: by

text: percent

text: to

text: levels

text: by

text: In

text: Schwarzenegger

text: issued

text: an

text: executive

text: order

text: calling

text: to

text: reduce

text: greenhouse

text: gases

text: to

text: percent

text: below

text: levels

text: by

question: What date marked the first law restricting greenhouse gas emissions?

answer: September 27, 2006

text: September 27, 2006

question: The regulations pertain to emissions from utilities, manufacturing plants, and what other entity?

answer: refineries

text: refineries

question: What year has Schwarzenegger set as the deadline for California to show a 25% reduction in emissions?

answer: 2020


text: Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law has purely formal characteristics, meaning that the law must be publicly declared, with prospective application, and possess the characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty, but there are no requirements with regard to the content of the law. Others, including a few legal theorists, believe that the rule of law necessarily entails protection of individual rights. Within legal theory, these two approaches to the rule of law are seen as the two basic alternatives, respectively labelled the formal and substantive approaches. Still, there are other views as well. Some believe that democracy is part of the rule of law.

title: Rule_of_law

title: Rule_of_law

text: Most

text: legal

text: theorists

text: believe

text: that

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: has

text: purely

text: formal

text: characteristics

text: meaning

text: that

text: the

text: law

text: must

text: be

text: publicly

text: declared

text: with

text: prospective

text: application

text: and

text: possess

text: the

text: characteristics

text: of

text: generality

text: equality

text: and

text: certainty

text: but

text: there

text: are

text: no

text: requirements

text: with

text: regard

text: to

text: the

text: content

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: Others

text: including

text: a

text: few

text: legal

text: theorists

text: believe

text: that

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: necessarily

text: entails

text: protection

text: of

text: individual

text: rights

text: Within

text: legal

text: theory

text: these

text: two

text: approaches

text: to

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: are

text: seen

text: as

text: the

text: two

text: basic

text: alternatives

text: respectively

text: labelled

text: the

text: formal

text: and

text: substantive

text: approaches

text: Still

text: there

text: are

text: other

text: views

text: as

text: well

text: Some

text: believe

text: that

text: democracy

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

question: According to legal theorists, what characteristics must the rule of law have?

answer: generality, equality, and certainty

text: generality, equality, and certainty

question: According to some, what is the rule of law is formed to protect?

answer: individual rights

text: individual rights

question: What system of government is considered as a component of the rule of law?

answer: democracy

text: democracy

question: According to some legal theorists, for what are there no requirements for something to be considered a law?

answer: content

text: content

question: What are the two approaches to defining the concept of the rule of law?

answer: formal and substantive

text: formal and substantive

question: Who believes that the rule of law has no formal characteristics?

text: Most legal theorists

question: What characteristics do most legal theorists say the rule of law cannot possess?

question: What does not protect individual rights?

text: the rule of law

question: What two concepts defined rule without law?

text: formal and substantive


text: The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not necessarily a one way process. It has been argued that hunting and gathering represents an adaptive strategy, which may still be exploited, if necessary, when environmental change causes extreme food stress for agriculturalists. In fact, it is sometimes difficult to draw a clear line between agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies, especially since the widespread adoption of agriculture and resulting cultural diffusion that has occurred in the last 10,000 years.[citation needed] This anthropological view has remained unchanged since the 1960s.[clarification needed][citation needed]

title: Hunter-gatherer

title: Hunter

title: gatherer

text: The

text: transition

text: from

text: hunting

text: and

text: gathering

text: to

text: agriculture

text: is

text: not

text: necessarily

text: a

text: one

text: way

text: process

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: argued

text: that

text: hunting

text: and

text: gathering

text: represents

text: an

text: adaptive

text: strategy

text: which

text: may

text: still

text: be

text: exploited

text: if

text: necessary

text: when

text: environmental

text: change

text: causes

text: extreme

text: food

text: stress

text: for

text: agriculturalists

text: In

text: fact

text: it

text: is

text: sometimes

text: difficult

text: to

text: draw

text: a

text: clear

text: line

text: between

text: agricultural

text: and

text: hunter

text: gatherer

text: societies

text: especially

text: since

text: the

text: widespread

text: adoption

text: of

text: agriculture

text: and

text: resulting

text: cultural

text: diffusion

text: that

text: has

text: occurred

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: years.[citation

text: needed

text: This

text: anthropological

text: view

text: has

text: remained

text: unchanged

text: since

text: the

text: needed][citation

text: needed

question: What is hunting and gathering argued to be?

answer: adaptive strategy

text: adaptive strategy

question: What situation can cause food stresses that make hunting-gathering necessary?

answer: environmental change

text: environmental change

question: What change from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not easy to mark?

answer: transition

text: transition

question: Besides the use of agriculture, what other factor clouds the issue of the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture?

answer: cultural diffusion

text: cultural diffusion

question: How long has this cultural diffusion been happening?

answer: last 10,000 years

text: last 10,000 years

question: The transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture is always a what process?

text: one way

question: It is easy to draw a clear line between what?

question: The adaptive strategy has remained unchanged since what decade?

question: When will hunting and gathering never be exploited?

question: The resulting cultural infusion has occurred in the last how many years?


text: Many cultures define the transition into adultlike sexuality by specific biological or social milestones in an adolescent's life. For example, menarche (the first menstrual period of a female), or semenarche (the first ejaculation of a male) are frequent sexual defining points for many cultures. In addition to biological factors, an adolescent's sexual socialization is highly dependent upon whether their culture takes a restrictive or permissive attitude toward teen or premarital sexual activity. Restrictive cultures overtly discourage sexual activity in unmarried adolescents or until an adolescent undergoes a formal rite of passage. These cultures may attempt to restrict sexual activity by separating males and females throughout their development, or through public shaming and physical punishment when sexual activity does occur. In less restrictive cultures, there is more tolerance for displays of adolescent sexuality, or of the interaction between males and females in public and private spaces. Less restrictive cultures may tolerate some aspects of adolescent sexuality, while objecting to other aspects. For instance, some cultures find teenage sexual activity acceptable but teenage pregnancy highly undesirable. Other cultures do not object to teenage sexual activity or teenage pregnancy, as long as they occur after marriage. In permissive societies, overt sexual behavior among unmarried teens is perceived as acceptable, and is sometimes even encouraged. Regardless of whether a culture is restrictive or permissive, there are likely to be discrepancies in how females versus males are expected to express their sexuality. Cultures vary in how overt this double standard is—in some it is legally inscribed, while in others it is communicated through social convention. Lesbian, gay, bi-sexual and transsexual youth face much discrimination through bullying from those unlike them and may find telling others that they are gay to be a traumatic experience. The range of sexual attitudes that a culture embraces could thus be seen to affect the beliefs, lifestyles, and societal perceptions of its adolescents.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: Many

text: cultures

text: define

text: the

text: transition

text: into

text: adultlike

text: sexuality

text: by

text: specific

text: biological

text: or

text: social

text: milestones

text: in

text: an

text: adolescent

text: 's

text: life

text: For

text: example

text: menarche

text: the

text: first

text: menstrual

text: period

text: of

text: a

text: female

text: or

text: semenarche

text: the

text: first

text: ejaculation

text: of

text: a

text: male

text: are

text: frequent

text: sexual

text: defining

text: points

text: for

text: many

text: cultures

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: biological

text: factors

text: an

text: adolescent

text: 's

text: sexual

text: socialization

text: is

text: highly

text: dependent

text: upon

text: whether

text: their

text: culture

text: takes

text: a

text: restrictive

text: or

text: permissive

text: attitude

text: toward

text: teen

text: or

text: premarital

text: sexual

text: activity

text: Restrictive

text: cultures

text: overtly

text: discourage

text: sexual

text: activity

text: in

text: unmarried

text: adolescents

text: or

text: until

text: an

text: adolescent

text: undergoes

text: a

text: formal

text: rite

text: of

text: passage

text: These

text: cultures

text: may

text: attempt

text: to

text: restrict

text: sexual

text: activity

text: by

text: separating

text: males

text: and

text: females

text: throughout

text: their

text: development

text: or

text: through

text: public

text: shaming

text: and

text: physical

text: punishment

text: when

text: sexual

text: activity

text: does

text: occur

text: In

text: less

text: restrictive

text: cultures

text: there

text: is

text: more

text: tolerance

text: for

text: displays

text: of

text: adolescent

text: sexuality

text: or

text: of

text: the

text: interaction

text: between

text: males

text: and

text: females

text: in

text: public

text: and

text: private

text: spaces

text: Less

text: restrictive

text: cultures

text: may

text: tolerate

text: some

text: aspects

text: of

text: adolescent

text: sexuality

text: while

text: objecting

text: to

text: other

text: aspects

text: For

text: instance

text: some

text: cultures

text: find

text: teenage

text: sexual

text: activity

text: acceptable

text: but

text: teenage

text: pregnancy

text: highly

text: undesirable

text: Other

text: cultures

text: do

text: not

text: object

text: to

text: teenage

text: sexual

text: activity

text: or

text: teenage

text: pregnancy

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: they

text: occur

text: after

text: marriage

text: In

text: permissive

text: societies

text: overt

text: sexual

text: behavior

text: among

text: unmarried

text: teens

text: is

text: perceived

text: as

text: acceptable

text: and

text: is

text: sometimes

text: even

text: encouraged

text: Regardless

text: of

text: whether

text: a

text: culture

text: is

text: restrictive

text: or

text: permissive

text: there

text: are

text: likely

text: to

text: be

text: discrepancies

text: in

text: how

text: females

text: versus

text: males

text: are

text: expected

text: to

text: express

text: their

text: sexuality

text: Cultures

text: vary

text: in

text: how

text: overt

text: this

text: double

text: standard

text: is

text: in

text: some

text: it

text: is

text: legally

text: inscribed

text: while

text: in

text: others

text: it

text: is

text: communicated

text: through

text: social

text: convention

text: Lesbian

text: gay

text: bi

text: sexual

text: and

text: transsexual

text: youth

text: face

text: much

text: discrimination

text: through

text: bullying

text: from

text: those

text: unlike

text: them

text: and

text: may

text: find

text: telling

text: others

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: gay

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: traumatic

text: experience

text: The

text: range

text: of

text: sexual

text: attitudes

text: that

text: a

text: culture

text: embraces

text: could

text: thus

text: be

text: seen

text: to

text: affect

text: the

text: beliefs

text: lifestyles

text: and

text: societal

text: perceptions

text: of

text: its

text: adolescents

question: What word refers to the first ejactulation of a male?

answer: semenarche

text: semenarche

question: What word refers to the first menstrual period in females?

answer: menarche

text: menarche

question: What is the term for a culture that discourages sexual activity in unmarried adolescents?

answer: Restrictive

text: Restrictive

question: What is the term for cultures that perceive sexual behavior among unmarried teens as acceptable or even encouraged?

answer: permissive

text: permissive

question: Are males and females expected to express their sexuality in the same ways or are there discrepancies between genders and cultures?

answer: discrepancies

text: discrepancies


text: During the last interglacial period, the Red Sea coast of Eritrea was occupied by early anatomically modern humans. It is believed that the area was on the route out of Africa that some scholars suggest was used by early humans to colonize the rest of the Old World. In 1999, the Eritrean Research Project Team composed of Eritrean, Canadian, American, Dutch and French scientists discovered a Paleolithic site with stone and obsidian tools dated to over 125,000 years old near the Bay of Zula south of Massawa, along the Red Sea littoral. The tools are believed to have been used by early humans to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters.

title: Eritrea

title: Eritrea

text: During

text: the

text: last

text: interglacial

text: period

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: coast

text: of

text: Eritrea

text: was

text: occupied

text: by

text: early

text: anatomically

text: modern

text: humans

text: It

text: is

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: area

text: was

text: on

text: the

text: route

text: out

text: of

text: Africa

text: that

text: some

text: scholars

text: suggest

text: was

text: used

text: by

text: early

text: humans

text: to

text: colonize

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: World

text: In

text: the

text: Eritrean

text: Research

text: Project

text: Team

text: composed

text: of

text: Eritrean

text: Canadian

text: American

text: Dutch

text: and

text: French

text: scientists

text: discovered

text: a

text: Paleolithic

text: site

text: with

text: stone

text: and

text: obsidian

text: tools

text: dated

text: to

text: over

text: years

text: old

text: near

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Zula

text: south

text: of

text: Massawa

text: along

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: littoral

text: The

text: tools

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: by

text: early

text: humans

text: to

text: harvest

text: marine

text: resources

text: like

text: clams

text: and

text: oysters

question: Who occupied the Red Sea coast during the last interglacial period?

answer: early anatomically modern humans

text: early anatomically modern humans

question: How old were the obsidian tools that were discovered by the Eritrean Research Project Team?

answer: over 125,000 years old

text: over 125,000 years old

question: Where did the Research Project Team find the obsidian tools?

answer: near the Bay of Zula

text: near the Bay of Zula

question: What were the tools believed to have been used for by early humans?

answer: to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters

text: to harvest marine resources like clams and oysters

question: What Team was composed of Eritrean, Canadian, American, Dutch and French scientists?

answer: Eritrean Research Project Team

text: Eritrean Research Project Team

question: How long ago was the last interglacial period?

question: How long ago is it believed that early humans left Africa?

question: What land resources are the early humans thought to have eaten?

text: clams

question: In what year was the Eritrean Research Project Team formed?

question: What did the research team find in Massawa?

text: stone and obsidian tools


text: Canada allows nonprofits to be incorporated or unincorporated. Nonprofits may incorporate either federally, under Part II of the Canada Business Corporations Act or under provincial legislation. Many of the governing Acts for Canadian nonprofits date to the early 1900s, meaning that nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations; particularly with regards to corporate governance. Federal, and in some provinces (such as Ontario), incorporation is by way of Letters Patent, and any change to the Letters Patent (even a simple name change) requires formal approval by the appropriate government, as do by-law changes. Other provinces (such as Alberta) permit incorporation as of right, by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association.

title: Nonprofit_organization

title: Nonprofit_organization

text: Canada

text: allows

text: nonprofits

text: to

text: be

text: incorporated

text: or

text: unincorporated

text: Nonprofits

text: may

text: incorporate

text: either

text: federally

text: under

text: Part

text: II

text: of

text: the

text: Canada

text: Business

text: Corporations

text: Act

text: or

text: under

text: provincial

text: legislation

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: governing

text: Acts

text: for

text: Canadian

text: nonprofits

text: date

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: meaning

text: that

text: nonprofit

text: legislation

text: has

text: not

text: kept

text: pace

text: with

text: legislation

text: that

text: governs

text: for

text: profit

text: corporations

text: particularly

text: with

text: regards

text: to

text: corporate

text: governance

text: Federal

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: provinces

text: such

text: as

text: Ontario

text: incorporation

text: is

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: Letters

text: Patent

text: and

text: any

text: change

text: to

text: the

text: Letters

text: Patent

text: even

text: a

text: simple

text: name

text: change

text: requires

text: formal

text: approval

text: by

text: the

text: appropriate

text: government

text: as

text: do

text: by

text: law

text: changes

text: Other

text: provinces

text: such

text: as

text: Alberta

text: permit

text: incorporation

text: as

text: of

text: right

text: by

text: the

text: filing

text: of

text: Articles

text: of

text: Incorporation

text: or

text: Articles

text: of

text: Association

question: How are NPOs classified in Canada?

answer: incorporated or unincorporated

text: incorporated or unincorporated

question: How has Canada's government kept up with the changing forms of NPOs?

answer: nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations

text: nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations

question: How do NPOs change their by-laws, if they had to apply for incorporation by Letters Permit, in Canada?

answer: formal approval by the appropriate government

text: formal approval by the appropriate government

question: How does Alberta handle NPOs filing for incorporation?

answer: by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association

text: by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association

question: How is incorporation handled in Ontario?

answer: Letters Patent

text: Letters Patent

question: How does Alberta classify provincial legislation?

text: incorporated or unincorporated

question: How are by-law changes handled in Alberta?

question: What does Canada allow by-law changes to be?

text: incorporated or unincorporated

question: What kind of approval do for-profit corporations need to incorporate as of right in Ontario?

question: What do corporations have to file in Alberta if they want to change their name?


text: Prior to Mendel's work, the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance, which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring. Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis, which used the term gemmule to describe hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction. Although Mendel's work was largely unrecognized after its first publication in 1866, it was 'rediscovered' in 1900 by three European scientists, Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak, who claimed to have reached similar conclusions in their own research.

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: Prior

text: to

text: Mendel

text: 's

text: work

text: the

text: dominant

text: theory

text: of

text: heredity

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: blending

text: inheritance

text: which

text: suggested

text: that

text: each

text: parent

text: contributed

text: fluids

text: to

text: the

text: fertilisation

text: process

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: traits

text: of

text: the

text: parents

text: blended

text: and

text: mixed

text: to

text: produce

text: the

text: offspring

text: Charles

text: Darwin

text: developed

text: a

text: theory

text: of

text: inheritance

text: he

text: termed

text: pangenesis

text: which

text: used

text: the

text: term

text: gemmule

text: to

text: describe

text: hypothetical

text: particles

text: that

text: would

text: mix

text: during

text: reproduction

text: Although

text: Mendel

text: 's

text: work

text: was

text: largely

text: unrecognized

text: after

text: its

text: first

text: publication

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: rediscovered

text: in

text: by

text: three

text: European

text: scientists

text: Hugo

text: de

text: Vries

text: Carl

text: Correns

text: and

text: Erich

text: von

text: Tschermak

text: who

text: claimed

text: to

text: have

text: reached

text: similar

text: conclusions

text: in

text: their

text: own

text: research

question: What was the dominant theory of heredity prior to Mendel's work?

answer: one of blending inheritance

text: one of blending inheritance

question: Who developed the theory of inheritance known as pangenesis?

answer: Charles Darwin

text: Charles Darwin

question: What does the term gemmule describe?

answer: hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction

text: hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction

question: What year was Mendel's work first published?

answer: 1866

question: Who are the three scientists that claimed to have reached conclusions similar to Mendel's?

answer: Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak

text: Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich von Tschermak


text: As advances and specialization have made new scientific research inaccessible to most audiences, the "literary" nature of science writing has become less pronounced over the last two centuries. Now, science appears mostly in journals. Scientific works of Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton still exhibit great value, but since the science in them has largely become outdated, they no longer serve for scientific instruction. Yet, they remain too technical to sit well in most programmes of literary study. Outside of "history of science" programmes, students rarely read such works.

title: Literature

title: Literature

text: As

text: advances

text: and

text: specialization

text: have

text: made

text: new

text: scientific

text: research

text: inaccessible

text: to

text: most

text: audiences

text: the

text: literary

text: nature

text: of

text: science

text: writing

text: has

text: become

text: less

text: pronounced

text: over

text: the

text: last

text: two

text: centuries

text: Now

text: science

text: appears

text: mostly

text: in

text: journals

text: Scientific

text: works

text: of

text: Aristotle

text: Copernicus

text: and

text: Newton

text: still

text: exhibit

text: great

text: value

text: but

text: since

text: the

text: science

text: in

text: them

text: has

text: largely

text: become

text: outdated

text: they

text: no

text: longer

text: serve

text: for

text: scientific

text: instruction

text: Yet

text: they

text: remain

text: too

text: technical

text: to

text: sit

text: well

text: in

text: most

text: programmes

text: of

text: literary

text: study

text: Outside

text: of

text: history

text: of

text: science

text: programmes

text: students

text: rarely

text: read

text: such

text: works

question: What two elements have reduced the literary nature of scientific journals?

answer: advances and specialization

text: advances and specialization

question: The segregation of science writing means that articles in those subjects primarily appear where?

answer: journals

text: journals

question: The work of what classical scientists is caught between being outdated and of literary importance?

answer: Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton

text: Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton

question: In what coursework is one still likely to encounter the works of these classic scientists?

answer: "history of science" programmes

text: "history of science" programmes

question: The literary nature of science writing has become more pronounced during what time period?

text: over the last two centuries

question: The science of Aristotle, Galileo, and Newton no longer serve for scientific instruction why?

question: Students often read classical scientists outside what programmes?

text: "history of science"

question: What has made new scientific research accessible to most audiences?

text: advances and specialization

question: What do students rarely study outside programmes of literary study?

text: science writing

question: What are too technical to sit well in "history of science" programs?

text: Scientific works

question: The scientific works of which scientists are still studied regularly?

text: Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton


text: Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Department release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim. Approximately 87%–95% of them are Sunni and roughly 3% are Shia and roughly 7% are non-denominational Muslims. The remaining 2% of the population are followers of Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. A great majority of Muslims fast during Ramadan, although only about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions.

title: Tajikistan

title: Tajikistan

text: Sunni

text: Islam

text: of

text: the

text: Hanafi

text: school

text: has

text: been

text: officially

text: recognized

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: since

text: Tajikistan

text: considers

text: itself

text: a

text: secular

text: state

text: with

text: a

text: Constitution

text: providing

text: for

text: freedom

text: of

text: religion

text: The

text: Government

text: has

text: declared

text: two

text: Islamic

text: holidays

text: I

text: d

text: Al

text: Fitr

text: and

text: Idi

text: Qurbon

text: as

text: state

text: holidays

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: U.S.

text: State

text: Department

text: release

text: and

text: Pew

text: research

text: group

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Tajikistan

text: is

text: Muslim

text: Approximately

text: of

text: them

text: are

text: Sunni

text: and

text: roughly

text: are

text: Shia

text: and

text: roughly

text: are

text: non

text: denominational

text: Muslims

text: The

text: remaining

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: are

text: followers

text: of

text: Russian

text: Orthodoxy

text: Protestantism

text: Zoroastrianism

text: and

text: Buddhism

text: A

text: great

text: majority

text: of

text: Muslims

text: fast

text: during

text: Ramadan

text: although

text: only

text: about

text: one

text: third

text: in

text: the

text: countryside

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: cities

text: observe

text: daily

text: prayer

text: and

text: dietary

text: restrictions

question: What school has been recognized by the government?

answer: Sunni Islam of the Hanafi

text: Sunni Islam of the Hanafi

question: What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as?

answer: a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion

text: a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion

question: What are the two national Islamic holidays?

answer: Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon

text: Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon

question: What percent of the population is muslim?

answer: 98%

question: What country has a Constitution providing for freedom of government?

text: Tajikistan

question: Who has declared three Islamic holidays?

text: The Government

question: The population of which country is 88% Muslim?

text: Tajikistan

question: Russian Christianity takes up what percent of the population?

question: Very few Muslims fast during what?

text: Ramadan


text: A Spanish expedition led by captain Estêvão Gomes, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V, arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 aboard the purpose-built caravel "La Anunciada" and charted the mouth of the Hudson River, which he named Rio de San Antonio. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August. The first scientific map to show the North American East coast continuously, the 1527 world map known as the Padrón Real, was informed by Gomes' expedition, and labeled the Northeast as Tierra de Esteban Gómez in his honor.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: A

text: Spanish

text: expedition

text: led

text: by

text: captain

text: Estêvão

text: Gomes

text: a

text: Portuguese

text: sailing

text: for

text: Emperor

text: Charles

text: V

text: arrived

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: Harbor

text: in

text: January

text: aboard

text: the

text: purpose

text: built

text: caravel

text: La

text: Anunciada

text: and

text: charted

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: the

text: Hudson

text: River

text: which

text: he

text: named

text: Rio

text: de

text: San

text: Antonio

text: Heavy

text: ice

text: kept

text: him

text: from

text: further

text: exploration

text: and

text: he

text: returned

text: to

text: Spain

text: in

text: August

text: The

text: first

text: scientific

text: map

text: to

text: show

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: East

text: coast

text: continuously

text: the

text: world

text: map

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Padrón

text: Real

text: was

text: informed

text: by

text: Gomes

text: expedition

text: and

text: labeled

text: the

text: Northeast

text: as

text: Tierra

text: de

text: Esteban

text: Gómez

text: in

text: his

text: honor

question: In what year did a Spanish expedition visit New York Harbor?

answer: 1525

question: Who commanded the Spanish expedition?

answer: Estêvão Gomes

text: Estêvão Gomes

question: What was the nationality of Estêvão Gomes?

answer: Portuguese

text: Portuguese

question: What monarch did Estêvão Gomes serve?

answer: Charles V

text: Charles V

question: What was the name of Estêvão Gomes's ship?

answer: La Anunciada

text: La Anunciada

question: The front of the Hudson River was named what by Estevao Gomes?

answer: Rio de San Antonio

text: Rio de San Antonio

question: What was the first map to show the whole North American East coast?

answer: Padrón Real

text: Padrón Real


text: On 23 June 1757, the English East India Company defeated Siraj-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Bengal, in the Battle of Plassey. The British thus became masters of east India (Bengal, Bihar, Orissa) – a prosperous region with a flourishing agriculture, industry and trade. This led to a large amount of children being forced into labour due to the increasing need of cheap labour to produce large numbers of goods. Many multinationals often employed children because that they can be recruited for less pay, and have more endurance to utilise in factory environments. Another reason many Indian children were hired was because they lack knowledge of their basic rights, they did not cause trouble or complain, and they were often more trustworthy. The innocence that comes with childhood was utilised to make a profit by many and was encouraged by the need for family income.

title: Child_labour

title: Child_labour

text: On

text: June

text: the

text: English

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: defeated

text: Siraj

text: ud

text: Daula

text: the

text: Nawab

text: of

text: Bengal

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Plassey

text: The

text: British

text: thus

text: became

text: masters

text: of

text: east

text: India

text: Bengal

text: Bihar

text: Orissa

text: a

text: prosperous

text: region

text: with

text: a

text: flourishing

text: agriculture

text: industry

text: and

text: trade

text: This

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: large

text: amount

text: of

text: children

text: being

text: forced

text: into

text: labour

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: increasing

text: need

text: of

text: cheap

text: labour

text: to

text: produce

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: goods

text: Many

text: multinationals

text: often

text: employed

text: children

text: because

text: that

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: recruited

text: for

text: less

text: pay

text: and

text: have

text: more

text: endurance

text: to

text: utilise

text: in

text: factory

text: environments

text: Another

text: reason

text: many

text: Indian

text: children

text: were

text: hired

text: was

text: because

text: they

text: lack

text: knowledge

text: of

text: their

text: basic

text: rights

text: they

text: did

text: not

text: cause

text: trouble

text: or

text: complain

text: and

text: they

text: were

text: often

text: more

text: trustworthy

text: The

text: innocence

text: that

text: comes

text: with

text: childhood

text: was

text: utilised

text: to

text: make

text: a

text: profit

text: by

text: many

text: and

text: was

text: encouraged

text: by

text: the

text: need

text: for

text: family

text: income

question: When did the English East India Company defeat Siraj-ud-Daula?

answer: 23 June 1757

text: 23 June 1757

question: Who was the master of the east of India?

answer: British

text: British

question: Why were many children employed?

answer: increasing need of cheap labour

text: increasing need of cheap labour

question: What was the primary reason for India children being employed?

answer: lack knowledge of their basic rights

text: lack knowledge of their basic rights

question: How did India child workers act?

answer: they did not cause trouble or complain

text: they did not cause trouble or complain


text: Static analysis techniques for software verification can be applied also in the scenario of query languages. In particular, the *Abstract interpretation framework has been extended to the field of query languages for relational databases as a way to support sound approximation techniques. The semantics of query languages can be tuned according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data. The abstraction of relational database system has many interesting applications, in particular, for security purposes, such as fine grained access control, watermarking, etc.

title: Database

title: Database

text: Static

text: analysis

text: techniques

text: for

text: software

text: verification

text: can

text: be

text: applied

text: also

text: in

text: the

text: scenario

text: of

text: query

text: languages

text: In

text: particular

text: the

text: Abstract

text: interpretation

text: framework

text: has

text: been

text: extended

text: to

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: query

text: languages

text: for

text: relational

text: databases

text: as

text: a

text: way

text: to

text: support

text: sound

text: approximation

text: techniques

text: The

text: semantics

text: of

text: query

text: languages

text: can

text: be

text: tuned

text: according

text: to

text: suitable

text: abstractions

text: of

text: the

text: concrete

text: domain

text: of

text: data

text: The

text: abstraction

text: of

text: relational

text: database

text: system

text: has

text: many

text: interesting

text: applications

text: in

text: particular

text: for

text: security

text: purposes

text: such

text: as

text: fine

text: grained

text: access

text: control

text: watermarking

text: etc

question: How can static analysis be useful with query languages?

answer: software verification

text: software verification

question: What do query languages support in abstract interpretation frameworks?

answer: sound approximation techniques

text: sound approximation techniques

question: What is a security measure that uses a relational database system?

answer: watermarking

text: watermarking

question: Can query languages be adjusted?

answer: according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data

text: according to suitable abstractions of the concrete domain of data

question: Why is static analysis impossible with query languages?

text: software verification

question: What do query languages oppose in abstract interpretation frameworks?

text: sound approximation techniques

question: What is a security measure that no longer uses a relational database system?

text: watermarking

question: What has very few interesting applications?

question: What techniques are now forbidden for software verification?

text: Static analysis techniques


text: Von Neumann's abstract treatment permitted him also to confront the foundational issue of determinism versus non-determinism, and in the book he presented a proof that the statistical results of quantum mechanics could not possibly be averages of an underlying set of determined "hidden variables," as in classical statistical mechanics. In 1966, John S. Bell published a paper arguing that the proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid. However, in 2010, Jeffrey Bub argued that Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof, and pointed out that the proof, though not valid for all hidden variable theories, does rule out a well-defined and important subset. Bub also suggests that von Neumann was aware of this limitation, and that von Neumann did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories.

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: Von

text: Neumann

text: 's

text: abstract

text: treatment

text: permitted

text: him

text: also

text: to

text: confront

text: the

text: foundational

text: issue

text: of

text: determinism

text: versus

text: non

text: determinism

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: book

text: he

text: presented

text: a

text: proof

text: that

text: the

text: statistical

text: results

text: of

text: quantum

text: mechanics

text: could

text: not

text: possibly

text: be

text: averages

text: of

text: an

text: underlying

text: set

text: of

text: determined

text: hidden

text: variables

text: as

text: in

text: classical

text: statistical

text: mechanics

text: In

text: John

text: S.

text: Bell

text: published

text: a

text: paper

text: arguing

text: that

text: the

text: proof

text: contained

text: a

text: conceptual

text: error

text: and

text: was

text: therefore

text: invalid

text: However

text: in

text: Jeffrey

text: Bub

text: argued

text: that

text: Bell

text: had

text: misconstrued

text: von

text: Neumann

text: 's

text: proof

text: and

text: pointed

text: out

text: that

text: the

text: proof

text: though

text: not

text: valid

text: for

text: all

text: hidden

text: variable

text: theories

text: does

text: rule

text: out

text: a

text: well

text: defined

text: and

text: important

text: subset

text: Bub

text: also

text: suggests

text: that

text: von

text: Neumann

text: was

text: aware

text: of

text: this

text: limitation

text: and

text: that

text: von

text: Neumann

text: did

text: not

text: claim

text: that

text: his

text: proof

text: completely

text: ruled

text: out

text: hidden

text: variable

text: theories

question: Von Neumann's abstract treatment allowed him to work on what foundational issue?

answer: determinism versus non-determinism

text: determinism versus non-determinism

question: What was John Bell's argument?

answer: proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid

text: proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid

question: What did Jeffrey Bub argue in 2010?

answer: Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof

text: Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof

question: Did von Neumann rule hidden variable theories?

answer: von Neumann did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories

text: von Neumann did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories


text: Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci (sing. coccus, from Greek kókkos, grain, seed), or rod-shaped, called bacilli (sing. bacillus, from Latin baculus, stick). Elongation is associated with swimming. Some bacteria, called vibrio, are shaped like slightly curved rods or comma-shaped; others can be spiral-shaped, called spirilla, or tightly coiled, called spirochaetes. A small number of species even have tetrahedral or cuboidal shapes. More recently, some bacteria were discovered deep under Earth's crust that grow as branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section. The large surface area to volume ratio of this morphology may give these bacteria an advantage in nutrient-poor environments. This wide variety of shapes is determined by the bacterial cell wall and cytoskeleton, and is important because it can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients, attach to surfaces, swim through liquids and escape predators.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Most

text: bacterial

text: species

text: are

text: either

text: spherical

text: called

text: cocci

text: sing

text: coccus

text: from

text: Greek

text: kókkos

text: grain

text: seed

text: or

text: rod

text: shaped

text: called

text: bacilli

text: sing

text: bacillus

text: from

text: Latin

text: baculus

text: stick

text: Elongation

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: swimming

text: Some

text: bacteria

text: called

text: vibrio

text: are

text: shaped

text: like

text: slightly

text: curved

text: rods

text: or

text: comma

text: shaped

text: others

text: can

text: be

text: spiral

text: shaped

text: called

text: spirilla

text: or

text: tightly

text: coiled

text: called

text: spirochaetes

text: A

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: species

text: even

text: have

text: tetrahedral

text: or

text: cuboidal

text: shapes

text: More

text: recently

text: some

text: bacteria

text: were

text: discovered

text: deep

text: under

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: that

text: grow

text: as

text: branching

text: filamentous

text: types

text: with

text: a

text: star

text: shaped

text: cross

text: section

text: The

text: large

text: surface

text: area

text: to

text: volume

text: ratio

text: of

text: this

text: morphology

text: may

text: give

text: these

text: bacteria

text: an

text: advantage

text: in

text: nutrient

text: poor

text: environments

text: This

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: shapes

text: is

text: determined

text: by

text: the

text: bacterial

text: cell

text: wall

text: and

text: cytoskeleton

text: and

text: is

text: important

text: because

text: it

text: can

text: influence

text: the

text: ability

text: of

text: bacteria

text: to

text: acquire

text: nutrients

text: attach

text: to

text: surfaces

text: swim

text: through

text: liquids

text: and

text: escape

text: predators

question: What shape does usually cocci type of bacteria can be?

answer: spherical

text: spherical

question: What type of bacteria usually takes rod-shaped form?

answer: bacilli

text: bacilli

question: What shape Spirochaetes are?

answer: tightly coiled

text: tightly coiled

question: What shape was newly discovered bacteria from deep under Earth?

answer: branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section

text: branching filamentous types with a star-shaped cross-section

question: Can shape of bacteria be beneficial to their survival?

answer: can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients

text: can influence the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients


text: During the early High Middle Ages, Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period. In 1024, they were replaced by the Salian dynasty, who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henry IV (r. 1084–1105) over church appointments as part of the Investiture Controversy. His successors continued to struggle against the papacy as well as the German nobility. A period of instability followed the death of Emperor Henry V (r. 1111–25), who died without heirs, until Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1155–90) took the imperial throne. Although he ruled effectively, the basic problems remained, and his successors continued to struggle into the 13th century. Barbarossa's grandson Frederick II (r. 1220–1250), who was also heir to the throne of Sicily through his mother, clashed repeatedly with the papacy. His court was famous for its scholars and he was often accused of heresy. He and his successors faced many difficulties, including the invasion of the Mongols into Europe in the mid-13th century. Mongols first shattered the Kievan Rus' principalities and then invaded Eastern Europe in 1241, 1259, and 1287.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: During

text: the

text: early

text: High

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Germany

text: was

text: ruled

text: by

text: the

text: Ottonian

text: dynasty

text: which

text: struggled

text: to

text: control

text: the

text: powerful

text: dukes

text: ruling

text: over

text: territorial

text: duchies

text: tracing

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: Migration

text: period

text: In

text: they

text: were

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: Salian

text: dynasty

text: who

text: famously

text: clashed

text: with

text: the

text: papacy

text: under

text: Emperor

text: Henry

text: IV

text: r.

text: over

text: church

text: appointments

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Investiture

text: Controversy

text: His

text: successors

text: continued

text: to

text: struggle

text: against

text: the

text: papacy

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: German

text: nobility

text: A

text: period

text: of

text: instability

text: followed

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Henry

text: V

text: r.

text: who

text: died

text: without

text: heirs

text: until

text: Frederick

text: I

text: Barbarossa

text: r.

text: took

text: the

text: imperial

text: throne

text: Although

text: he

text: ruled

text: effectively

text: the

text: basic

text: problems

text: remained

text: and

text: his

text: successors

text: continued

text: to

text: struggle

text: into

text: the

text: century

text: Barbarossa

text: 's

text: grandson

text: Frederick

text: II

text: r.

text: who

text: was

text: also

text: heir

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: of

text: Sicily

text: through

text: his

text: mother

text: clashed

text: repeatedly

text: with

text: the

text: papacy

text: His

text: court

text: was

text: famous

text: for

text: its

text: scholars

text: and

text: he

text: was

text: often

text: accused

text: of

text: heresy

text: He

text: and

text: his

text: successors

text: faced

text: many

text: difficulties

text: including

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: the

text: Mongols

text: into

text: Europe

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Mongols

text: first

text: shattered

text: the

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: principalities

text: and

text: then

text: invaded

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: in

text: and

question: What dynasty controlled Germany in the early High Middle Ages?

answer: Ottonian

text: Ottonian

question: What dynasty ruled Germany starting in 1024?

answer: Salian

text: Salian

question: When did Henry IV's reign begin?

answer: 1084

question: The clash between Henry IV and the pope was part of what greater conflict?

answer: Investiture Controversy

text: Investiture Controversy

question: What was the regnal name of Frederick I Barbarossa's grandson?

answer: Frederick II

text: Frederick II


text: Pockets of Georgian architecture survived the war, but much of the city was levelled. There has been extensive redevelopment since World War II. Increasing traffic congestion in the 1920s led to partial demolition of medieval walls around the Bargate in 1932 and 1938. However a large portion of those walls remain.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: Pockets

text: of

text: Georgian

text: architecture

text: survived

text: the

text: war

text: but

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: levelled

text: There

text: has

text: been

text: extensive

text: redevelopment

text: since

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Increasing

text: traffic

text: congestion

text: in

text: the

text: led

text: to

text: partial

text: demolition

text: of

text: medieval

text: walls

text: around

text: the

text: Bargate

text: in

text: and

text: However

text: a

text: large

text: portion

text: of

text: those

text: walls

text: remain

question: What style of architecture partially survived the war?

answer: Georgian

text: Georgian

question: Southampton has been redeveloped almost entirely in the years since which war?

answer: World War II

text: World War II

question: In which decade did there start to be a lot of traffic in Southampton?

answer: 1920s

question: Some of the walls around which landmark were demolished in the 1930s?

answer: the Bargate

text: the Bargate


text: Burke claimed that Bolingbroke's arguments against revealed religion could apply to all social and civil institutions as well. Lord Chesterfield and Bishop Warburton (and others) initially thought that the work was genuinely by Bolingbroke rather than a satire. All the reviews of the work were positive, with critics especially appreciative of Burke's quality of writing. Some reviewers failed to notice the ironic nature of the book, which led to Burke stating in the preface to the second edition (1757) that it was a satire.

title: Edmund_Burke

title: Edmund_Burke

text: Burke

text: claimed

text: that

text: Bolingbroke

text: 's

text: arguments

text: against

text: revealed

text: religion

text: could

text: apply

text: to

text: all

text: social

text: and

text: civil

text: institutions

text: as

text: well

text: Lord

text: Chesterfield

text: and

text: Bishop

text: Warburton

text: and

text: others

text: initially

text: thought

text: that

text: the

text: work

text: was

text: genuinely

text: by

text: Bolingbroke

text: rather

text: than

text: a

text: satire

text: All

text: the

text: reviews

text: of

text: the

text: work

text: were

text: positive

text: with

text: critics

text: especially

text: appreciative

text: of

text: Burke

text: 's

text: quality

text: of

text: writing

text: Some

text: reviewers

text: failed

text: to

text: notice

text: the

text: ironic

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: book

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: Burke

text: stating

text: in

text: the

text: preface

text: to

text: the

text: second

text: edition

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: a

text: satire

question: Which bishop didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?

answer: Bishop Warburton

text: Bishop Warburton

question: Which lord didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?

answer: Lord Chesterfield

text: Lord Chesterfield

question: When was the 2nd edition of Burke's book published?

answer: 1757

question: Where did Burke make it clear that his book was a satire?

answer: in the preface to the second edition

text: in the preface to the second edition

question: What did Bolingbroke argue for?

text: revealed religion

question: What did Lord Chesterfield believe Bolingbroke's arguments could also apply to?

text: all social and civil institutions

question: What did critics particularly protest of Burke's work?

text: Burke's quality of writing

question: What did Burke note in the preface of the first edition of the book?

text: that it was a satire

question: Which bishop wrote the preface for Burke's book?

text: Warburton