text: On 21 December 1941, the Partisans created the First Proletarian Brigade (commanded by Koča Popović) and on 1 March 1942, Tito created the Second Proletarian Brigade. In liberated territories, the Partisans organised People's Committees to act as civilian government. The Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) convened in Bihać on 26–27 November 1942 and in Jajce on 29 November 1943. In the two sessions, the resistance representatives established the basis for post-war organisation of the country, deciding on a federation of the Yugoslav nations. In Jajce, a 67-member "presidency" was elected and established a nine-member National Committee of Liberation (five communist members) as a de facto provisional government. Tito was named President of the National Committee of Liberation.

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

text: On

text: December

text: the

text: Partisans

text: created

text: the

text: First

text: Proletarian

text: Brigade

text: commanded

text: by

text: Koča

text: Popović

text: and

text: on

text: March

text: Tito

text: created

text: the

text: Second

text: Proletarian

text: Brigade

text: In

text: liberated

text: territories

text: the

text: Partisans

text: organised

text: People

text: 's

text: Committees

text: to

text: act

text: as

text: civilian

text: government

text: The

text: Anti

text: Fascist

text: Council

text: of

text: National

text: Liberation

text: of

text: Yugoslavia

text: AVNOJ

text: convened

text: in

text: Bihać

text: on

text: November

text: and

text: in

text: Jajce

text: on

text: November

text: In

text: the

text: two

text: sessions

text: the

text: resistance

text: representatives

text: established

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: post

text: war

text: organisation

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: deciding

text: on

text: a

text: federation

text: of

text: the

text: Yugoslav

text: nations

text: In

text: Jajce

text: a

text: presidency

text: was

text: elected

text: and

text: established

text: a

text: nine

text: member

text: National

text: Committee

text: of

text: Liberation

text: five

text: communist

text: members

text: as

text: a

text: de

text: facto

text: provisional

text: government

text: Tito

text: was

text: named

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Committee

text: of

text: Liberation

question: When did the Partisans create the First Proletarian Brigade?

answer: 1941

question: When did Tito create the Second Proletarian Brigade?

answer: 1942

question: What position was Tito named to for the National Committee of LIberation?

answer: President

text: President

question: Where was the 67-member "presidency" located?

answer: Jajce

text: Jajce

question: How many members were in the "presidency" in Jajce?

answer: 67


text: Internationally, Nigeria is infamous for a form of bank fraud dubbed 419, a type of advance fee fraud (named after Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code) along with the "Nigerian scam", a form of confidence trick practised by individuals and criminal syndicates. These scams involve a complicit Nigerian bank (the laws being set up loosely to allow it) and a scammer who claims to have money he needs to obtain from that bank. The victim is talked into exchanging bank account information on the premise that the money will be transferred to him, and then he'll get to keep a cut. In reality, money is taken out instead, and/or large fees (which seem small in comparison with the imaginary wealth he awaits) are deducted. In 2003, the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (or EFCC) was created, ostensibly to combat this and other forms of organised financial crime.

title: Nigeria

title: Nigeria

text: Internationally

text: Nigeria

text: is

text: infamous

text: for

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: bank

text: fraud

text: dubbed

text: a

text: type

text: of

text: advance

text: fee

text: fraud

text: named

text: after

text: Section

text: of

text: the

text: Nigerian

text: Penal

text: Code

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Nigerian

text: scam

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: confidence

text: trick

text: practised

text: by

text: individuals

text: and

text: criminal

text: syndicates

text: These

text: scams

text: involve

text: a

text: complicit

text: Nigerian

text: bank

text: the

text: laws

text: being

text: set

text: up

text: loosely

text: to

text: allow

text: it

text: and

text: a

text: scammer

text: who

text: claims

text: to

text: have

text: money

text: he

text: needs

text: to

text: obtain

text: from

text: that

text: bank

text: The

text: victim

text: is

text: talked

text: into

text: exchanging

text: bank

text: account

text: information

text: on

text: the

text: premise

text: that

text: the

text: money

text: will

text: be

text: transferred

text: to

text: him

text: and

text: then

text: he

text: 'll

text: get

text: to

text: keep

text: a

text: cut

text: In

text: reality

text: money

text: is

text: taken

text: out

text: instead

text: and/or

text: large

text: fees

text: which

text: seem

text: small

text: in

text: comparison

text: with

text: the

text: imaginary

text: wealth

text: he

text: awaits

text: are

text: deducted

text: In

text: the

text: Nigerian

text: Economic

text: and

text: Financial

text: Crimes

text: Commission

text: or

text: EFCC

text: was

text: created

text: ostensibly

text: to

text: combat

text: this

text: and

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: organised

text: financial

text: crime

question: What law is the Nigerian 419 scam nicknamed after?

answer: Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code

text: Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code

question: What organization was created to combat the 419 scams?

answer: the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission

text: the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission

question: When was the Nigerian EFCC created?

answer: 2003

question: What type of scam is the 419 scam?

answer: advance fee fraud

text: advance fee fraud

question: What type of entity is complicit in the 419 scams?

answer: bank

text: bank


text: One of the major developments in the military sphere during the Late Middle Ages was the increased use of infantry and light cavalry. The English also employed longbowmen, but other countries were unable to create similar forces with the same success. Armour continued to advance, spurred by the increasing power of crossbows, and plate armour was developed to protect soldiers from crossbows as well as the hand-held guns that were developed. Pole arms reached new prominence with the development of the Flemish and Swiss infantry armed with pikes and other long spears.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: developments

text: in

text: the

text: military

text: sphere

text: during

text: the

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: was

text: the

text: increased

text: use

text: of

text: infantry

text: and

text: light

text: cavalry

text: The

text: English

text: also

text: employed

text: longbowmen

text: but

text: other

text: countries

text: were

text: unable

text: to

text: create

text: similar

text: forces

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: success

text: Armour

text: continued

text: to

text: advance

text: spurred

text: by

text: the

text: increasing

text: power

text: of

text: crossbows

text: and

text: plate

text: armour

text: was

text: developed

text: to

text: protect

text: soldiers

text: from

text: crossbows

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: hand

text: held

text: guns

text: that

text: were

text: developed

text: Pole

text: arms

text: reached

text: new

text: prominence

text: with

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: Flemish

text: and

text: Swiss

text: infantry

text: armed

text: with

text: pikes

text: and

text: other

text: long

text: spears

question: Along with light cavalry, what military arm was used with increasing frequency in the Late Middle Ages?

answer: infantry

text: infantry

question: What troops were uniquely successful in English service?

answer: longbowmen

text: longbowmen

question: What influenced the increasing development of armor?

answer: the increasing power of crossbows

text: the increasing power of crossbows

question: What weapons were notably employed by the Swiss infantry?

answer: pikes

text: pikes

question: Along with crossbows, what was plate armor designed to defend against?

answer: hand-held guns

text: hand-held guns


text: Winters in Tucson are mild relative to other parts of the United States. Daytime highs in the winter range between 64 and 75 °F (18 and 24 °C), with overnight lows between 30 and 44 °F (−1 and 7 °C). Tucson typically averages one hard freeze per winter season, with temperatures dipping to the mid or low-20s (−7 to −4 °C), but this is typically limited to only a very few nights. Although rare, snow has been known to fall in Tucson, usually a light dusting that melts within a day. The most recent snowfall was on February 20, 2013 when 2.0 inches of snow blanketed the city, the largest snowfall since 1987.

title: Tucson,_Arizona

title: Tucson,_Arizona

text: Winters

text: in

text: Tucson

text: are

text: mild

text: relative

text: to

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Daytime

text: highs

text: in

text: the

text: winter

text: range

text: between

text: and

text: F

text: and

text: C

text: with

text: overnight

text: lows

text: between

text: and

text: F

text: −1

text: and

text: C

text: Tucson

text: typically

text: averages

text: one

text: hard

text: freeze

text: per

text: winter

text: season

text: with

text: temperatures

text: dipping

text: to

text: the

text: mid

text: or

text: −7

text: to

text: −4

text: C

text: but

text: this

text: is

text: typically

text: limited

text: to

text: only

text: a

text: very

text: few

text: nights

text: Although

text: rare

text: snow

text: has

text: been

text: known

text: to

text: fall

text: in

text: Tucson

text: usually

text: a

text: light

text: dusting

text: that

text: melts

text: within

text: a

text: day

text: The

text: most

text: recent

text: snowfall

text: was

text: on

text: February

text: when

text: inches

text: of

text: snow

text: blanketed

text: the

text: city

text: the

text: largest

text: snowfall

text: since

question: What are Tucson's typical winter high temperatures?

answer: between 64 and 75 °F (18 and 24 °C)

text: between 64 and 75 °F (18 and 24 °C)

question: What are Tucson's typical winter low temperatures?

answer: between 30 and 44 °F (−1 and 7 °C)

text: between 30 and 44 °F (−1 and 7 °C)

question: What do Tucson's hard freeze temperatures dip to?

answer: the mid or low-20s (−7 to −4 °C)

text: the mid or low-20s (−7 to −4 °C)

question: How much snow did Tucson get on Feb 20, 2013?

answer: 2.0 inches

text: 2.0 inches

question: When had Tucson last had as much snow as 2013?

answer: 1987


text: Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1, were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake. According to Chinese official counts, "by 12:00 CST, November 6, 2008 there had been 42,719 total aftershocks, of which 246 ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS, 34 from 5.0 MS to 5.9 MS, and 8 from 6.0 Ms to 6.4 MS; the strongest aftershock measured 6.4 MS." The latest aftershock exceeding M6 occurred on August 5, 2008.

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

text: Between

text: and

text: major

text: aftershocks

text: ranging

text: in

text: magnitude

text: from

text: to

text: were

text: recorded

text: within

text: hours

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: quake

text: According

text: to

text: Chinese

text: official

text: counts

text: by

text: CST

text: November

text: there

text: had

text: been

text: total

text: aftershocks

text: of

text: which

text: ranged

text: from

text: MS

text: to

text: MS

text: from

text: MS

text: to

text: MS

text: and

text: from

text: Ms

text: to

text: MS

text: the

text: strongest

text: aftershock

text: measured

text: MS

text: The

text: latest

text: aftershock

text: exceeding

text: occurred

text: on

text: August

question: How many aftershocks were there?

answer: Between 64 and 104

text: Between 64 and 104

question: When were the aftershocks recorded?

answer: within 72 hours of the main quake.

text: within 72 hours of the main quake.

question: When did the latest magnitude 6 aftershock occur?

answer: on August 5, 2008

text: on August 5, 2008

question: How many aftershocks were there within 72 hours?

answer: Between 64 and 104

text: Between 64 and 104

question: What do the Chinese say is the total number of shocks after the quake?

answer: 42,719

question: What did the strongest aftershock measure?

answer: 6.4 MS

text: 6.4 MS

question: How many shocks ranged from 4.0 MS to 4.9 MS?

answer: 246

question: At what date did the most recent aftershock above 6 MS occur?

answer: August 5, 2008

text: August 5, 2008


text: The Baker v. Carr (1962) decision of the US Supreme Court established the principle of "one man, one vote", requiring state legislatures to redistrict to bring Congressional apportionment in line with decennial censuses. It also required both houses of state legislatures to be based on population for representation and not geographic districts such as counties. This case arose out of a lawsuit challenging the longstanding rural bias of apportionment of seats in the Tennessee legislature. After decades in which urban populations had been underrepresented in many state legislatures, this significant ruling led to an increased (and proportional) prominence in state politics by urban and, eventually, suburban, legislators and statewide officeholders in relation to their population within the state. The ruling also applied to numerous other states long controlled by rural minorities, such as Alabama, Vermont, and Montana.

title: Tennessee

title: Tennessee

text: The

text: Baker

text: v.

text: Carr

text: decision

text: of

text: the

text: US

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: established

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: one

text: man

text: one

text: vote

text: requiring

text: state

text: legislatures

text: to

text: redistrict

text: to

text: bring

text: Congressional

text: apportionment

text: in

text: line

text: with

text: decennial

text: censuses

text: It

text: also

text: required

text: both

text: houses

text: of

text: state

text: legislatures

text: to

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: population

text: for

text: representation

text: and

text: not

text: geographic

text: districts

text: such

text: as

text: counties

text: This

text: case

text: arose

text: out

text: of

text: a

text: lawsuit

text: challenging

text: the

text: longstanding

text: rural

text: bias

text: of

text: apportionment

text: of

text: seats

text: in

text: the

text: Tennessee

text: legislature

text: After

text: decades

text: in

text: which

text: urban

text: populations

text: had

text: been

text: underrepresented

text: in

text: many

text: state

text: legislatures

text: this

text: significant

text: ruling

text: led

text: to

text: an

text: increased

text: and

text: proportional

text: prominence

text: in

text: state

text: politics

text: by

text: urban

text: and

text: eventually

text: suburban

text: legislators

text: and

text: statewide

text: officeholders

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: their

text: population

text: within

text: the

text: state

text: The

text: ruling

text: also

text: applied

text: to

text: numerous

text: other

text: states

text: long

text: controlled

text: by

text: rural

text: minorities

text: such

text: as

text: Alabama

text: Vermont

text: and

text: Montana

question: Which 1962 US Supreme Court ruling forced states to realign their voting districts to reflect census findings?

answer: Baker v. Carr

text: Baker v. Carr

question: What phrase expresses the Supreme Court's 1962 decision that population overrules geographic consideration in election districting?

answer: one man, one vote

text: one man, one vote

question: A bias in Tennessee politics favoring which type of geographical district gave rise to the Baker v. Carr Supreme Court case?

answer: rural

text: rural

question: Which type of geographical district became more powerful in Tennessee politics following the 1962 Supreme Court decision?

answer: urban

text: urban


text: Since the mid-1990s, Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth. There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries and property market. Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city in the three years ended June 2004. These factors have led to population growth and further suburban expansion through the 2000s.

title: Melbourne

title: Melbourne

text: Since

text: the

text: Melbourne

text: has

text: maintained

text: significant

text: population

text: and

text: employment

text: growth

text: There

text: has

text: been

text: substantial

text: international

text: investment

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: industries

text: and

text: property

text: market

text: Major

text: inner

text: city

text: urban

text: renewal

text: has

text: occurred

text: in

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: Southbank

text: Port

text: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

text: Docklands

text: and

text: more

text: recently

text: South

text: Wharf

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Australian

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Statistics

text: Melbourne

text: sustained

text: the

text: highest

text: population

text: increase

text: and

text: economic

text: growth

text: rate

text: of

text: any

text: Australian

text: capital

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: three

text: years

text: ended

text: June

text: These

text: factors

text: have

text: led

text: to

text: population

text: growth

text: and

text: further

text: suburban

text: expansion

text: through

text: the

question: To what areas has Melbourne dedicated substantial international investment?

answer: industries and property market

text: industries and property market

question: In what areas has major inner-city urban renewal occurred?

answer: Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf

text: Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and more recently, South Wharf

question: Melbourne has sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate in any Australian city according to what organization?

answer: Australian Bureau of Statistics

text: Australian Bureau of Statistics

question: How many years did Melbourne sustain the highest population increase and economic growth?

answer: three

text: three


text: Valencia's port is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast, the first of Spain in container traffic as of 2008 and the second of Spain in total traffic, handling 20% of Spain's exports. The main exports are foodstuffs and beverages. Other exports include oranges, furniture, ceramic tiles, fans, textiles and iron products. Valencia's manufacturing sector focuses on metallurgy, chemicals, textiles, shipbuilding and brewing. Small and medium-sized industries are an important part of the local economy, and before the current crisis unemployment was lower than the Spanish average.

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: Valencia

text: 's

text: port

text: is

text: the

text: biggest

text: on

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: western

text: coast

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: Spain

text: in

text: container

text: traffic

text: as

text: of

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: of

text: Spain

text: in

text: total

text: traffic

text: handling

text: of

text: Spain

text: 's

text: exports

text: The

text: main

text: exports

text: are

text: foodstuffs

text: and

text: beverages

text: Other

text: exports

text: include

text: oranges

text: furniture

text: ceramic

text: tiles

text: fans

text: textiles

text: and

text: iron

text: products

text: Valencia

text: 's

text: manufacturing

text: sector

text: focuses

text: on

text: metallurgy

text: chemicals

text: textiles

text: shipbuilding

text: and

text: brewing

text: Small

text: and

text: medium

text: sized

text: industries

text: are

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: economy

text: and

text: before

text: the

text: current

text: crisis

text: unemployment

text: was

text: lower

text: than

text: the

text: Spanish

text: average

question: What percentage of Spanish exports does Valencia's port handle?

answer: 20

question: Valencia has the largest port on which coast?

answer: Mediterranean western coast

text: Mediterranean western coast

question: Where does Valencia's port rank among Spanish ports in terms of total traffic?

answer: second

text: second

question: What type of fruit is exported from Valencia?

answer: oranges

text: oranges


text: For months each side had been building forward rifle pits and defensive positions, which resulted in many skirmishes. Artillery fire aiming to gain superiority over the enemy guns.:450–462 September saw the final assault. On 5 September, another French bombardment (the sixth) was followed by an assault by the French Army on 8 September resulting in the capture of the Malakoff by the French, and following their failure to retake it, the collapse of the Russian defences. Meanwhile, the British captured the Great Redan, just south of the city of Sevastopol. The Russians retreated to the north, blowing up their magazines and the city fell on 9 September 1855 after a 337-day-long siege.:106

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: For

text: months

text: each

text: side

text: had

text: been

text: building

text: forward

text: rifle

text: pits

text: and

text: defensive

text: positions

text: which

text: resulted

text: in

text: many

text: skirmishes

text: Artillery

text: fire

text: aiming

text: to

text: gain

text: superiority

text: over

text: the

text: enemy

text: September

text: saw

text: the

text: final

text: assault

text: On

text: September

text: another

text: French

text: bombardment

text: the

text: sixth

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: an

text: assault

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: Army

text: on

text: September

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: capture

text: of

text: the

text: Malakoff

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: and

text: following

text: their

text: failure

text: to

text: retake

text: it

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: defences

text: Meanwhile

text: the

text: British

text: captured

text: the

text: Great

text: Redan

text: just

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Sevastopol

text: The

text: Russians

text: retreated

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: blowing

text: up

text: their

text: magazines

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: fell

text: on

text: September

text: after

text: a

text: long

question: What was being built that caused unpremeditated fighting on each side?

answer: forward rifle pits and defensive positions

text: forward rifle pits and defensive positions

question: What month did the capture of Malakoff take place?

answer: September

text: September

question: Who captured Malakoff?

answer: the French

text: the French

question: Who failed to take back Malakoff?

answer: the Russian defences

text: the Russian defences

question: Who took control of the Great Redan?

answer: the British

text: the British


text: This may be consistent with the theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of non-Indo-European origin (which is common for prominent mountains and mountain ranges in the Mediterranean region). According to the Old English Dictionary, the Latin Alpes might possibly derive from a pre-Indo-European word *alb "hill"; "Albania" is a related derivation. Albania, a name not native to the region known as the country of Albania, has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe. In Roman times, "Albania" was a name for the eastern Caucasus, while in the English language "Albania" (or "Albany") was occasionally used as a name for Scotland.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: This

text: may

text: be

text: consistent

text: with

text: the

text: theory

text: that

text: in

text: Greek

text: Alpes

text: is

text: a

text: name

text: of

text: non

text: Indo

text: European

text: origin

text: which

text: is

text: common

text: for

text: prominent

text: mountains

text: and

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: region

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Old

text: English

text: Dictionary

text: the

text: Latin

text: Alpes

text: might

text: possibly

text: derive

text: from

text: a

text: pre

text: Indo

text: European

text: word

text: alb

text: hill

text: Albania

text: is

text: a

text: related

text: derivation

text: Albania

text: a

text: name

text: not

text: native

text: to

text: the

text: region

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: Albania

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: name

text: for

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: mountainous

text: areas

text: across

text: Europe

text: In

text: Roman

text: times

text: Albania

text: was

text: a

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: eastern

text: Caucasus

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: language

text: Albania

text: or

text: Albany

text: was

text: occasionally

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: name

text: for

text: Scotland

question: There is a theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of what origin?

answer: Indo-European origin

text: Indo-European origin

question: What name has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe?

answer: Albania

text: Albania

question: Albania was a name for what during Roman Times?

answer: the eastern Caucasus

text: the eastern Caucasus

question: Albania was occasionally used as a name for what in the English language?

answer: Scotland

text: Scotland


text: This creates a linear pitch space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and A440 is assigned the number 69. (See Frequencies of notes.) Distance in this space corresponds to musical intervals as understood by musicians. An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into 100 cents. The system is flexible enough to include "microtones" not found on standard piano keyboards. For example, the pitch halfway between C (60) and C♯ (61) can be labeled 60.5.

title: Pitch_(music)

title: Pitch_(music

text: This

text: creates

text: a

text: linear

text: pitch

text: space

text: in

text: which

text: octaves

text: have

text: size

text: semitones

text: the

text: distance

text: between

text: adjacent

text: keys

text: on

text: the

text: piano

text: keyboard

text: have

text: size

text: and

text: is

text: assigned

text: the

text: number

text: See

text: Frequencies

text: of

text: notes

text: Distance

text: in

text: this

text: space

text: corresponds

text: to

text: musical

text: intervals

text: as

text: understood

text: by

text: musicians

text: An

text: equal

text: tempered

text: semitone

text: is

text: subdivided

text: into

text: cents

text: The

text: system

text: is

text: flexible

text: enough

text: to

text: include

text: microtones

text: not

text: found

text: on

text: standard

text: piano

text: keyboards

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: pitch

text: halfway

text: between

text: C

text: and

text: C♯

text: can

text: be

text: labeled

question: Octaves in linear pitch are what size?

answer: 12

question: Semitones in linear pitch are what size?

answer: 1

question: A440 in linear pitch are what size?

answer: 69

question: An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into how many cents?

answer: 100

question: The pitch halfway between C (60) and C♯ (61) is labeled what?

answer: 60.5


text: Most animals indirectly use the energy of sunlight by eating plants or plant-eating animals. Most plants use light to convert inorganic molecules in their environment into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules, characteristically containing reduced carbon in the form of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Starting with carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), photosynthesis converts the energy of sunlight into chemical energy in the form of simple sugars (e.g., glucose), with the release of molecular oxygen. These sugars are then used as the building blocks for plant growth, including the production of other biomolecules. When an animal eats plants (or eats other animals which have eaten plants), the reduced carbon compounds in the food become a source of energy and building materials for the animal. They are either used directly to help the animal grow, or broken down, releasing stored solar energy, and giving the animal the energy required for motion.

title: Animal

title: Animal

text: Most

text: animals

text: indirectly

text: use

text: the

text: energy

text: of

text: sunlight

text: by

text: eating

text: plants

text: or

text: plant

text: eating

text: animals

text: Most

text: plants

text: use

text: light

text: to

text: convert

text: inorganic

text: molecules

text: in

text: their

text: environment

text: into

text: carbohydrates

text: fats

text: proteins

text: and

text: other

text: biomolecules

text: characteristically

text: containing

text: reduced

text: carbon

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: carbon

text: hydrogen

text: bonds

text: Starting

text: with

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: and

text: water

text: photosynthesis

text: converts

text: the

text: energy

text: of

text: sunlight

text: into

text: chemical

text: energy

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: simple

text: sugars

text: e.g.

text: glucose

text: with

text: the

text: release

text: of

text: molecular

text: oxygen

text: These

text: sugars

text: are

text: then

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: building

text: blocks

text: for

text: plant

text: growth

text: including

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: other

text: biomolecules

text: When

text: an

text: animal

text: eats

text: plants

text: or

text: eats

text: other

text: animals

text: which

text: have

text: eaten

text: plants

text: the

text: reduced

text: carbon

text: compounds

text: in

text: the

text: food

text: become

text: a

text: source

text: of

text: energy

text: and

text: building

text: materials

text: for

text: the

text: animal

text: They

text: are

text: either

text: used

text: directly

text: to

text: help

text: the

text: animal

text: grow

text: or

text: broken

text: down

text: releasing

text: stored

text: solar

text: energy

text: and

text: giving

text: the

text: animal

text: the

text: energy

text: required

text: for

text: motion

question: How do most animals use the energy of sunlight?

answer: eating plants or plant-eating animals

text: eating plants or plant-eating animals

question: What do plants use to convert inorganic molecules into carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other biomolecules?

answer: light

text: light

question: What does photosynthesis convert the energy of sunlight into?

answer: chemical energy

text: chemical energy

question: When an animal eats plants or another animal that has eaten plants, what happens to the reduced carbon compounds in the food?

answer: become a source of energy and building materials for the animal

text: become a source of energy and building materials for the animal

question: What happens with the reduced carbon compounds in the food are broken down releasing stored solar energy?

answer: giving the animal the energy required for motion

text: giving the animal the energy required for motion


text: During the top 11 week, due to a mix-up with the contestants' telephone number, voting was repeated on what was normally the result night, with the result reveal postponed until the following night.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: During

text: the

text: top

text: week

text: due

text: to

text: a

text: mix

text: up

text: with

text: the

text: contestants

text: telephone

text: number

text: voting

text: was

text: repeated

text: on

text: what

text: was

text: normally

text: the

text: result

text: night

text: with

text: the

text: result

text: reveal

text: postponed

text: until

text: the

text: following

text: night

question: During what week was there a problem with voting?

answer: top 11 week

text: top 11 week

question: When did the results show happen?

answer: the following night

text: the following night


text: T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: The Arians sought the approval of an Ecumenical Council. They sought to hold two councils. Constantius, summoned the bishops of the East to meet at Seleucia in Isauria, and those of the West to Rimini in Italy. A preliminary conference was held by the Arians at Sirmium, to agree a formula of faith. A "Homoeon" creed was adopted, declaring The Son to be "like the Father". The two met in autumn of 359. At Seleucia, one hundred and fifty bishops, of which one hundred and five were semi-Arian. The semi-Arians refused to accept anything less than the "Homoiousion", (see: Homoiousian), formulary of faith. The Imperial Prefect was obliged to disband, without agreeing on any creed. Acacius, the leader of the "Homoean" party went to Constantinople, where the Sirmian formulary of faith was approved by the "Home Synod", (consisted of those bishops who happened to be present at the Court for the time), and a decree of deposition issued against the leaders of the semi-Arians. At Rimini were over four hundred of which eighty were Arian, the rest were orthodox. The orthodox fathers refused to accept any creed but the Nicene, while the others were equally in favour of the Sirmian. Each party sent a deputation to the Emperor to say there was no probability to agreement, and asked for the bishops to return to their dioceses. For the purpose of wearing-down the orthodox bishops; (Sulpitius Severius says), Constantius delayed his answer for several months, and finally prevailed on them to accept the Sirmian creed. It was after this Council that Jerome said: " ...the whole world groaned in astonishment to find itself Arian."

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

text: T.

text: Gilmartin

text: Professor

text: of

text: History

text: Maynooth

text: writes

text: in

text: Church

text: History

text: Vol

text: Ch

text: XVII

text: The

text: Arians

text: sought

text: the

text: approval

text: of

text: an

text: Ecumenical

text: Council

text: They

text: sought

text: to

text: hold

text: two

text: councils

text: Constantius

text: summoned

text: the

text: bishops

text: of

text: the

text: East

text: to

text: meet

text: at

text: Seleucia

text: in

text: Isauria

text: and

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: to

text: Rimini

text: in

text: Italy

text: A

text: preliminary

text: conference

text: was

text: held

text: by

text: the

text: Arians

text: at

text: Sirmium

text: to

text: agree

text: a

text: formula

text: of

text: faith

text: A

text: Homoeon

text: creed

text: was

text: adopted

text: declaring

text: The

text: Son

text: to

text: be

text: like

text: the

text: Father

text: The

text: two

text: met

text: in

text: autumn

text: of

text: At

text: Seleucia

text: one

text: hundred

text: and

text: fifty

text: bishops

text: of

text: which

text: one

text: hundred

text: and

text: five

text: were

text: semi

text: Arian

text: The

text: semi

text: Arians

text: refused

text: to

text: accept

text: anything

text: less

text: than

text: the

text: Homoiousion

text: see

text: Homoiousian

text: formulary

text: of

text: faith

text: The

text: Imperial

text: Prefect

text: was

text: obliged

text: to

text: disband

text: without

text: agreeing

text: on

text: any

text: creed

text: Acacius

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Homoean

text: party

text: went

text: to

text: Constantinople

text: where

text: the

text: Sirmian

text: formulary

text: of

text: faith

text: was

text: approved

text: by

text: the

text: Home

text: Synod

text: consisted

text: of

text: those

text: bishops

text: who

text: happened

text: to

text: be

text: present

text: at

text: the

text: Court

text: for

text: the

text: time

text: and

text: a

text: decree

text: of

text: deposition

text: issued

text: against

text: the

text: leaders

text: of

text: the

text: semi

text: Arians

text: At

text: Rimini

text: were

text: over

text: four

text: hundred

text: of

text: which

text: eighty

text: were

text: Arian

text: the

text: rest

text: were

text: orthodox

text: The

text: orthodox

text: fathers

text: refused

text: to

text: accept

text: any

text: creed

text: but

text: the

text: Nicene

text: while

text: the

text: others

text: were

text: equally

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: the

text: Sirmian

text: Each

text: party

text: sent

text: a

text: deputation

text: to

text: the

text: Emperor

text: to

text: say

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: probability

text: to

text: agreement

text: and

text: asked

text: for

text: the

text: bishops

text: to

text: return

text: to

text: their

text: dioceses

text: For

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: wearing

text: down

text: the

text: orthodox

text: bishops

text: Sulpitius

text: Severius

text: says

text: Constantius

text: delayed

text: his

text: answer

text: for

text: several

text: months

text: and

text: finally

text: prevailed

text: on

text: them

text: to

text: accept

text: the

text: Sirmian

text: creed

text: It

text: was

text: after

text: this

text: Council

text: that

text: Jerome

text: said

text: the

text: whole

text: world

text: groaned

text: in

text: astonishment

text: to

text: find

text: itself

text: Arian

question: Where did bishops of the West meet?

answer: Rimini in Italy

text: Rimini in Italy

question: What did the Arians agree upon at Sirmium?

answer: a formula of faith

text: a formula of faith

question: What was the belief that was approved at this council?

answer: The Son to be "like the Father"

text: The Son to be "like the Father"

question: What did the orthodox leaders believe?

answer: the Nicene

text: the Nicene

question: What belief was accepted by Constantius?

answer: Arian

text: Arian

question: Where did bishops of the East meet?

text: Rimini in Italy

question: What did the Arians disagree upon at Sirmium?

text: formula of faith

question: What was the belief that was disproved at this council?

text: The Son to be "like the Father

question: What did the orthodox leaders not believe?

text: Nicene

question: What belief was not accepted by Constantius?

text: Arian


text: In 1644, René Descartes theorized that pain was a disturbance that passed down along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain, a development that transformed the perception of pain from a spiritual, mystical experience to a physical, mechanical sensation[citation needed]. Descartes's work, along with Avicenna's, prefigured the 19th-century development of specificity theory. Specificity theory saw pain as "a specific sensation, with its own sensory apparatus independent of touch and other senses". Another theory that came to prominence in the 18th and 19th centuries was intensive theory, which conceived of pain not as a unique sensory modality, but an emotional state produced by stronger than normal stimuli such as intense light, pressure or temperature. By the mid-1890s, specificity was backed mostly by physiologists and physicians, and the intensive theory was mostly backed by psychologists. However, after a series of clinical observations by Henry Head and experiments by Max von Frey, the psychologists migrated to specificity almost en masse, and by century's end, most textbooks on physiology and psychology were presenting pain specificity as fact.

title: Pain

title: Pain

text: In

text: René

text: Descartes

text: theorized

text: that

text: pain

text: was

text: a

text: disturbance

text: that

text: passed

text: down

text: along

text: nerve

text: fibers

text: until

text: the

text: disturbance

text: reached

text: the

text: brain

text: a

text: development

text: that

text: transformed

text: the

text: perception

text: of

text: pain

text: from

text: a

text: spiritual

text: mystical

text: experience

text: to

text: a

text: physical

text: mechanical

text: sensation[citation

text: needed

text: Descartes

text: 's

text: work

text: along

text: with

text: Avicenna

text: 's

text: prefigured

text: the

text: century

text: development

text: of

text: specificity

text: theory

text: Specificity

text: theory

text: saw

text: pain

text: as

text: a

text: specific

text: sensation

text: with

text: its

text: own

text: sensory

text: apparatus

text: independent

text: of

text: touch

text: and

text: other

text: senses

text: Another

text: theory

text: that

text: came

text: to

text: prominence

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: was

text: intensive

text: theory

text: which

text: conceived

text: of

text: pain

text: not

text: as

text: a

text: unique

text: sensory

text: modality

text: but

text: an

text: emotional

text: state

text: produced

text: by

text: stronger

text: than

text: normal

text: stimuli

text: such

text: as

text: intense

text: light

text: pressure

text: or

text: temperature

text: By

text: the

text: specificity

text: was

text: backed

text: mostly

text: by

text: physiologists

text: and

text: physicians

text: and

text: the

text: intensive

text: theory

text: was

text: mostly

text: backed

text: by

text: psychologists

text: However

text: after

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: clinical

text: observations

text: by

text: Henry

text: Head

text: and

text: experiments

text: by

text: Max

text: von

text: Frey

text: the

text: psychologists

text: migrated

text: to

text: specificity

text: almost

text: en

text: masse

text: and

text: by

text: century

text: 's

text: end

text: most

text: textbooks

text: on

text: physiology

text: and

text: psychology

text: were

text: presenting

text: pain

text: specificity

text: as

text: fact

question: When was Descartes pontificating about his theories regarding pain?

answer: 1644

question: What did Descartes think pain was?

answer: a disturbance

text: a disturbance

question: What theory perceives pain as being a specific sensation?

answer: Specificity

text: Specificity

question: What state does the intensive theory conceive pain as being?

answer: emotional

text: emotional

question: Who migrated to the theory of specificity en mass?

answer: psychologists

text: psychologists

question: Who theorized about pain in 1464?

text: René Descartes

question: What did Descartes Rene theorize about pain?

question: Who prefigured the 18th-century development of specificity theory?

text: Avicenna

question: How was specificity regarded by the mid-1980s?

question: What did Henry von Frey and Max Head make?

text: clinical observations


text: Other researchers point out that finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups does not necessarily imply genetic causation of the difference. They suggest that medical practices should maintain their focus on the individual rather than an individual's membership to any group. They argue that overemphasizing genetic contributions to health disparities carries various risks such as reinforcing stereotypes, promoting racism or ignoring the contribution of non-genetic factors to health disparities. International epidemiological data show that living conditions rather than race make the biggest difference in health outcomes even for diseases that have "race-specific" treatments. Some studies have found that patients are reluctant to accept racial categorization in medical practice.

title: Race_(human_categorization)

title: Race_(human_categorization

text: Other

text: researchers

text: point

text: out

text: that

text: finding

text: a

text: difference

text: in

text: disease

text: prevalence

text: between

text: two

text: socially

text: defined

text: groups

text: does

text: not

text: necessarily

text: imply

text: genetic

text: causation

text: of

text: the

text: difference

text: They

text: suggest

text: that

text: medical

text: practices

text: should

text: maintain

text: their

text: focus

text: on

text: the

text: individual

text: rather

text: than

text: an

text: individual

text: 's

text: membership

text: to

text: any

text: group

text: They

text: argue

text: that

text: overemphasizing

text: genetic

text: contributions

text: to

text: health

text: disparities

text: carries

text: various

text: risks

text: such

text: as

text: reinforcing

text: stereotypes

text: promoting

text: racism

text: or

text: ignoring

text: the

text: contribution

text: of

text: non

text: genetic

text: factors

text: to

text: health

text: disparities

text: International

text: epidemiological

text: data

text: show

text: that

text: living

text: conditions

text: rather

text: than

text: race

text: make

text: the

text: biggest

text: difference

text: in

text: health

text: outcomes

text: even

text: for

text: diseases

text: that

text: have

text: race

text: specific

text: treatments

text: Some

text: studies

text: have

text: found

text: that

text: patients

text: are

text: reluctant

text: to

text: accept

text: racial

text: categorization

text: in

text: medical

text: practice

question: What does finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups not necessarily imply?

answer: genetic causation of the difference

text: genetic causation of the difference

question: What do some research suggest medical practices should maintain their focus on?

answer: the individual

text: the individual

question: What is a risk of overemphasizing genetic contributions to health issues?

answer: reinforcing stereotypes

text: reinforcing stereotypes

question: What is makes more of a difference than race in health outcomes for "race specific" diseases?

answer: living conditions

text: living conditions

question: What have some studies found patients reluctant to accept in medical practice?

answer: racial categorization

text: racial categorization


text: Bell's patent 174,465, was issued to Bell on March 7, 1876, by the U.S. Patent Office. Bell's patent covered "the method of, and apparatus for, transmitting vocal or other sounds telegraphically ... by causing electrical undulations, similar in form to the vibrations of the air accompanying the said vocal or other sound" [N 16] Bell returned to Boston the same day and the next day resumed work, drawing in his notebook a diagram similar to that in Gray's patent caveat.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: Bell

text: 's

text: patent

text: was

text: issued

text: to

text: Bell

text: on

text: March

text: by

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Patent

text: Office

text: Bell

text: 's

text: patent

text: covered

text: the

text: method

text: of

text: and

text: apparatus

text: for

text: transmitting

text: vocal

text: or

text: other

text: sounds

text: telegraphically

text: by

text: causing

text: electrical

text: undulations

text: similar

text: in

text: form

text: to

text: the

text: vibrations

text: of

text: the

text: air

text: accompanying

text: the

text: said

text: vocal

text: or

text: other

text: sound

text: N

text: Bell

text: returned

text: to

text: Boston

text: the

text: same

text: day

text: and

text: the

text: next

text: day

text: resumed

text: work

text: drawing

text: in

text: his

text: notebook

text: a

text: diagram

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: in

text: Gray

text: 's

text: patent

text: caveat

question: What number is Bell's patent?

answer: 174,465

question: On what date did Bell get his patent?

answer: March 7, 1876

text: March 7, 1876

question: Bell's patent was for the method and what for transmitting vocal and other sounds telegraphically?

answer: apparatus

text: apparatus

question: On what day did Bell go back to Boston?

answer: March 7, 1876

text: March 7, 1876

question: Bell sketched a design that looked like the work of who?

answer: Gray

text: Gray


text: Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, without selection whether due to financial considerations or attainment. A consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less common or non-existent in grammar schools. Providing post-16 education cost-effectively becomes more challenging for smaller comprehensive schools, because of the number of courses needed to cover a broader curriculum with comparatively fewer students. This is why schools have tended to get larger and also why many local authorities have organised secondary education into 11–16 schools, with the post-16 provision provided by Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges. Comprehensive schools do not select their intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude, but there are demographic reasons why the attainment profiles of different schools vary considerably. In addition, government initiatives such as the City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes have made the comprehensive ideal less certain.

title: Comprehensive_school

title: Comprehensive_school

text: Comprehensive

text: schools

text: are

text: primarily

text: about

text: providing

text: an

text: entitlement

text: curriculum

text: to

text: all

text: children

text: without

text: selection

text: whether

text: due

text: to

text: financial

text: considerations

text: or

text: attainment

text: A

text: consequence

text: of

text: that

text: is

text: a

text: wider

text: ranging

text: curriculum

text: including

text: practical

text: subjects

text: such

text: as

text: design

text: and

text: technology

text: and

text: vocational

text: learning

text: which

text: were

text: less

text: common

text: or

text: non

text: existent

text: in

text: grammar

text: schools

text: Providing

text: education

text: cost

text: effectively

text: becomes

text: more

text: challenging

text: for

text: smaller

text: comprehensive

text: schools

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: courses

text: needed

text: to

text: cover

text: a

text: broader

text: curriculum

text: with

text: comparatively

text: fewer

text: students

text: This

text: is

text: why

text: schools

text: have

text: tended

text: to

text: get

text: larger

text: and

text: also

text: why

text: many

text: local

text: authorities

text: have

text: organised

text: secondary

text: education

text: into

text: schools

text: with

text: the

text: provision

text: provided

text: by

text: Sixth

text: Form

text: colleges

text: and

text: Further

text: Education

text: Colleges

text: Comprehensive

text: schools

text: do

text: not

text: select

text: their

text: intake

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: academic

text: achievement

text: or

text: aptitude

text: but

text: there

text: are

text: demographic

text: reasons

text: why

text: the

text: attainment

text: profiles

text: of

text: different

text: schools

text: vary

text: considerably

text: In

text: addition

text: government

text: initiatives

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: City

text: Technology

text: Colleges

text: and

text: Specialist

text: schools

text: programmes

text: have

text: made

text: the

text: comprehensive

text: ideal

text: less

text: certain

question: What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in grammar schools?

answer: design and technology and vocational learning

text: design and technology and vocational learning

question: What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education?

answer: Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges

text: Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges

question: Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question?

answer: City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes

text: City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes

question: What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were found often in grammar schools?

question: What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in high schools?

question: What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-18 comprehensive school education?

question: What three kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education?

question: Which types of school projects haven't called the model of comprehensive schools into question?


text: German record company Odeon is often said to have pioneered the album in 1909 when it released the Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky on 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package. (It is not indicated what size the records are.) However, Deutsche Grammophon had produced an album for its complete recording of the opera Carmen in the previous year. The practice of issuing albums does not seem to have been widely taken up by other record companies for many years; however, HMV provided an album, with a pictorial cover, for the 1917 recording of The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan).

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: German

text: record

text: company

text: Odeon

text: is

text: often

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: pioneered

text: the

text: album

text: in

text: when

text: it

text: released

text: the

text: Nutcracker

text: Suite

text: by

text: Tchaikovsky

text: on

text: double

text: sided

text: discs

text: in

text: a

text: specially

text: designed

text: package

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: indicated

text: what

text: size

text: the

text: records

text: are

text: However

text: Deutsche

text: Grammophon

text: had

text: produced

text: an

text: album

text: for

text: its

text: complete

text: recording

text: of

text: the

text: opera

text: Carmen

text: in

text: the

text: previous

text: year

text: The

text: practice

text: of

text: issuing

text: albums

text: does

text: not

text: seem

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: widely

text: taken

text: up

text: by

text: other

text: record

text: companies

text: for

text: many

text: years

text: however

text: HMV

text: provided

text: an

text: album

text: with

text: a

text: pictorial

text: cover

text: for

text: the

text: recording

text: of

text: The

text: Mikado

text: Gilbert

text: Sullivan

question: What was unique about Odeon's 1909 release of the Nutcracker Suite?

answer: 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package

text: 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package

question: What was one of the first releases with a photo on the cover?

answer: The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan)

text: The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan)

question: When were albums said to be pioneered?

answer: 1909

question: What was one of the very first albums released?

answer: Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky

text: Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky


text: In 633 AD, Rashidun Arabs invaded Iran and conquered it by 651 AD, largely converting Iranian people from their indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism to Sunni Islam. Arabic replaced Persian as the official language, while Persian remained the language of both ordinary people and of literature. Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. Establishment of the Safavid Dynasty in 1501, converted the Iranian people from Sunni Islam to Twelver Shia Islam, and made Twelver Shia Islam the official religion of Iran. Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism marked one of the most important turning points in Iranian and Muslim history. Starting in 1736 under Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time. During the 19th century, Iran irrevocably lost swaths of its territories in the Caucasus which made part of the concept of Iran for centuries, to neighboring Imperial Russia. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a constitutional monarchy and the country's first Majles (parliament). Following a coup d'état instigated by the U.K. and the U.S. in 1953, Iran gradually became close allies with the United States and the rest of the West, remained secular, but grew increasingly autocratic. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression culminated in the 1979 Revolution, which led to the establishment of an Islamic republic on 1 April 1979.

title: Iran

title: Iran

text: In

text: AD

text: Rashidun

text: Arabs

text: invaded

text: Iran

text: and

text: conquered

text: it

text: by

text: AD

text: largely

text: converting

text: Iranian

text: people

text: from

text: their

text: indigenous

text: faiths

text: of

text: Manichaeism

text: and

text: Zoroastrianism

text: to

text: Sunni

text: Islam

text: Arabic

text: replaced

text: Persian

text: as

text: the

text: official

text: language

text: while

text: Persian

text: remained

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: both

text: ordinary

text: people

text: and

text: of

text: literature

text: Iran

text: became

text: a

text: major

text: contributor

text: to

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Golden

text: Age

text: producing

text: many

text: influential

text: scientists

text: scholars

text: artists

text: and

text: thinkers

text: Establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Safavid

text: Dynasty

text: in

text: converted

text: the

text: Iranian

text: people

text: from

text: Sunni

text: Islam

text: to

text: Twelver

text: Shia

text: Islam

text: and

text: made

text: Twelver

text: Shia

text: Islam

text: the

text: official

text: religion

text: of

text: Iran

text: Safavid

text: conversion

text: of

text: Iran

text: from

text: Sunnism

text: to

text: Shiism

text: marked

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: turning

text: points

text: in

text: Iranian

text: and

text: Muslim

text: history

text: Starting

text: in

text: under

text: Nader

text: Shah

text: Iran

text: reached

text: its

text: greatest

text: territorial

text: extent

text: since

text: the

text: Sassanid

text: Empire

text: briefly

text: possessing

text: what

text: was

text: arguably

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: empire

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: During

text: the

text: century

text: Iran

text: irrevocably

text: lost

text: swaths

text: of

text: its

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: which

text: made

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: Iran

text: for

text: centuries

text: to

text: neighboring

text: Imperial

text: Russia

text: Popular

text: unrest

text: culminated

text: in

text: the

text: Persian

text: Constitutional

text: Revolution

text: of

text: which

text: established

text: a

text: constitutional

text: monarchy

text: and

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: first

text: Majles

text: parliament

text: Following

text: a

text: coup

text: d'état

text: instigated

text: by

text: the

text: U.K.

text: and

text: the

text: U.S.

text: in

text: Iran

text: gradually

text: became

text: close

text: allies

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: remained

text: secular

text: but

text: grew

text: increasingly

text: autocratic

text: Growing

text: dissent

text: against

text: foreign

text: influence

text: and

text: political

text: repression

text: culminated

text: in

text: the

text: Revolution

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: an

text: Islamic

text: republic

text: on

text: April

question: What year did the Rashidun Arabs invade Iran?

answer: 633 AD

text: 633 AD

question: What year did the Rashidun Arabs conquer Iran?

answer: 651 AD

text: 651 AD

question: What religion did the Rashidun Arabs convert the indigenous conquered peoples to?

answer: Sunni Islam

text: Sunni Islam

question: Which country took over Iran's territories in the Caucasus in the 19th Century?

answer: Imperial Russia

text: Imperial Russia

question: What movement led to Iran becoming an Islamic republic in 1979?

answer: 1979 Revolution

text: 1979 Revolution


text: Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He then published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London. Bacteria were Leeuwenhoek's most remarkable microscopic discovery. They were just at the limit of what his simple lenses could make out and, in one of the most striking hiatuses in the history of science, no one else would see them again for over a century. Only then were his by-then-largely-forgotten observations of bacteria — as opposed to his famous "animalcules" (spermatozoa) — taken seriously.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Bacteria

text: were

text: first

text: observed

text: by

text: the

text: Dutch

text: microscopist

text: Antonie

text: van

text: Leeuwenhoek

text: in

text: using

text: a

text: single

text: lens

text: microscope

text: of

text: his

text: own

text: design

text: He

text: then

text: published

text: his

text: observations

text: in

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: letters

text: to

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: of

text: London

text: Bacteria

text: were

text: Leeuwenhoek

text: 's

text: most

text: remarkable

text: microscopic

text: discovery

text: They

text: were

text: just

text: at

text: the

text: limit

text: of

text: what

text: his

text: simple

text: lenses

text: could

text: make

text: out

text: and

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: striking

text: hiatuses

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: science

text: no

text: one

text: else

text: would

text: see

text: them

text: again

text: for

text: over

text: a

text: century

text: Only

text: then

text: were

text: his

text: by

text: then

text: largely

text: forgotten

text: observations

text: of

text: bacteria

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: his

text: famous

text: animalcules

text: spermatozoa

text: taken

text: seriously

question: When was the first time bacteria were observed?

answer: 1676

question: Who discovered bacteria?

answer: Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

text: Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

question: How was he able to see bacteria?

answer: using a single-lens microscope of his own design

text: using a single-lens microscope of his own design

question: How long did it take for his discovery to be taken seriously?

answer: over a century

text: over a century


text: The idea of self-concept is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent and stable. Early in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract, future possibilities, and the ability to consider multiple possibilities at once. As a result, adolescents experience a significant shift from the simple, concrete, and global self-descriptions typical of young children; as children, they defined themselves by physical traits whereas as adolescents, they define themselves based on their values, thoughts, and opinions.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: The

text: idea

text: of

text: self

text: concept

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: ability

text: of

text: a

text: person

text: to

text: have

text: opinions

text: and

text: beliefs

text: that

text: are

text: defined

text: confidently

text: consistent

text: and

text: stable

text: Early

text: in

text: adolescence

text: cognitive

text: developments

text: result

text: in

text: greater

text: self

text: awareness

text: greater

text: awareness

text: of

text: others

text: and

text: their

text: thoughts

text: and

text: judgments

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: think

text: about

text: abstract

text: future

text: possibilities

text: and

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: consider

text: multiple

text: possibilities

text: at

text: once

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: adolescents

text: experience

text: a

text: significant

text: shift

text: from

text: the

text: simple

text: concrete

text: and

text: global

text: self

text: descriptions

text: typical

text: of

text: young

text: children

text: as

text: children

text: they

text: defined

text: themselves

text: by

text: physical

text: traits

text: whereas

text: as

text: adolescents

text: they

text: define

text: themselves

text: based

text: on

text: their

text: values

text: thoughts

text: and

text: opinions

question: How do children tend to define themselves?

answer: by physical traits

text: by physical traits

question: Do children or adolescents define themselves based on values, thoughts, and opinions?

answer: adolescents

text: adolescents

question: Which idea is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent, and stable?

answer: self-concept

text: self-concept

question: Greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others, and the ability to consider multiple possiblities at once are examples of what kind of developments?

answer: cognitive

text: cognitive


text: The main centre for technical training in Swaziland is the Swaziland College of Technology which is slated to become a full university. It aims to provide and facilitating high quality training and learning in technology and business studies in collaboration with the Commercial, Industrial and Public Sectors. Other technical and vocational institutions are the Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training Institute located in Matsapha and the Manzini Industrial and Training Centre (MITC) in Manzini. Other vocational institutions include Nhlangano Agricultural Skills Training Center and Siteki Industrial Training Centre.

title: Swaziland

title: Swaziland

text: The

text: main

text: centre

text: for

text: technical

text: training

text: in

text: Swaziland

text: is

text: the

text: Swaziland

text: College

text: of

text: Technology

text: which

text: is

text: slated

text: to

text: become

text: a

text: full

text: university

text: It

text: aims

text: to

text: provide

text: and

text: facilitating

text: high

text: quality

text: training

text: and

text: learning

text: in

text: technology

text: and

text: business

text: studies

text: in

text: collaboration

text: with

text: the

text: Commercial

text: Industrial

text: and

text: Public

text: Sectors

text: Other

text: technical

text: and

text: vocational

text: institutions

text: are

text: the

text: Gwamile

text: Vocational

text: and

text: Commercial

text: Training

text: Institute

text: located

text: in

text: Matsapha

text: and

text: the

text: Manzini

text: Industrial

text: and

text: Training

text: Centre

text: MITC

text: in

text: Manzini

text: Other

text: vocational

text: institutions

text: include

text: Nhlangano

text: Agricultural

text: Skills

text: Training

text: Center

text: and

text: Siteki

text: Industrial

text: Training

text: Centre

question: Which school is the main location for technical education in Swaziland?

answer: Swaziland College of Technology

text: Swaziland College of Technology

question: What types of education does the Swaziland College of Technology offer?

answer: technology and business studies

text: technology and business studies

question: What is the location of the Gwamile Vocational and Commercial Training Institute?

answer: Matsapha

text: Matsapha

question: There is an educational facility in Manzini within Swaziland known by the acronym MITC, what does it stand for?

answer: Manzini Industrial and Training Centre

text: Manzini Industrial and Training Centre

question: What university offers technical training?

text: Swaziland College of Technology

question: What types of education will the Swaziland College of of Technology when it becomes a university?

text: technology and business studies

question: What is the name of the commercial trainning institute in Manzini?

question: What training center is located in Siteki?

text: Siteki Industrial Training Centre


text: By 1940 the Third Reich had occupied many of the Alpine countries. Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. Switzerland was the only country to luckily avoid invasion. The Swiss Confederate mobilized its troops—the country follows the doctrine of "armed neutrality" with all males required to have military training—a number that General Eisenhower estimated to be about 850,000. The Swiss commanders wired the infrastructure leading into the country, and threatening to destroy bridges, railway tunnels and passes in the event of a Nazi invasion, and then they retreated to the heart of the mountain peaks where conditions were harsher and a military invasion would involve difficult and protracted battles.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: By

text: the

text: Third

text: Reich

text: had

text: occupied

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: Alpine

text: countries

text: Austria

text: underwent

text: a

text: political

text: coup

text: that

text: made

text: it

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Third

text: Reich

text: France

text: had

text: been

text: invaded

text: and

text: Italy

text: was

text: a

text: fascist

text: regime

text: Switzerland

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: country

text: to

text: luckily

text: avoid

text: invasion

text: The

text: Swiss

text: Confederate

text: mobilized

text: its

text: troops

text: the

text: country

text: follows

text: the

text: doctrine

text: of

text: armed

text: neutrality

text: with

text: all

text: males

text: required

text: to

text: have

text: military

text: training

text: a

text: number

text: that

text: General

text: Eisenhower

text: estimated

text: to

text: be

text: about

text: The

text: Swiss

text: commanders

text: wired

text: the

text: infrastructure

text: leading

text: into

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: threatening

text: to

text: destroy

text: bridges

text: railway

text: tunnels

text: and

text: passes

text: in

text: the

text: event

text: of

text: a

text: Nazi

text: invasion

text: and

text: then

text: they

text: retreated

text: to

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: mountain

text: peaks

text: where

text: conditions

text: were

text: harsher

text: and

text: a

text: military

text: invasion

text: would

text: involve

text: difficult

text: and

text: protracted

text: battles

question: By 1940 who occupied many of the Alpine countries?

answer: the Third Reich

text: the Third Reich

question: What country underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich?

answer: Austria

text: Austria

question: What was the only country that avoided invasion from the Third Reich?

answer: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

question: Who wired the infrastructure leading into Switzerland?

answer: The Swiss commanders

text: The Swiss commanders


text: While Japan had a large number of submarines, they did not make a significant impact on the war. In 1942, the Japanese fleet subs performed well, knocking out or damaging many Allied warships. However, Imperial Japanese Navy (and pre-war U.S.) doctrine stipulated that only fleet battles, not guerre de course (commerce raiding) could win naval campaigns. So, while the US had an unusually long supply line between its west coast and frontline areas, leaving it vulnerable to submarine attack, Japan used its submarines primarily for long-range reconnaissance and only occasionally attacked U.S. supply lines. The Japanese submarine offensive against Australia in 1942 and 1943 also achieved little.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: While

text: Japan

text: had

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: submarines

text: they

text: did

text: not

text: make

text: a

text: significant

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: war

text: In

text: the

text: Japanese

text: fleet

text: subs

text: performed

text: well

text: knocking

text: out

text: or

text: damaging

text: many

text: Allied

text: warships

text: However

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: and

text: pre

text: war

text: U.S.

text: doctrine

text: stipulated

text: that

text: only

text: fleet

text: battles

text: not

text: guerre

text: de

text: course

text: commerce

text: raiding

text: could

text: win

text: naval

text: campaigns

text: So

text: while

text: the

text: US

text: had

text: an

text: unusually

text: long

text: supply

text: line

text: between

text: its

text: west

text: coast

text: and

text: frontline

text: areas

text: leaving

text: it

text: vulnerable

text: to

text: submarine

text: attack

text: Japan

text: used

text: its

text: submarines

text: primarily

text: for

text: long

text: range

text: reconnaissance

text: and

text: only

text: occasionally

text: attacked

text: U.S.

text: supply

text: lines

text: The

text: Japanese

text: submarine

text: offensive

text: against

text: Australia

text: in

text: and

text: also

text: achieved

text: little

question: What doctrine stated that only fleet battles could win naval campaigns?

answer: Imperial Japanese Navy

text: Imperial Japanese Navy

question: What was commerce raiding refered to as?

answer: guerre de course

text: guerre de course

question: What was the primary use of Japanese submarines?

answer: long-range reconnaissance

text: long-range reconnaissance

question: When was the Japanese submarine offensive against Australia?

answer: 1942 and 1943

text: 1942 and 1943

question: What did the Japanese submarine offensive against Austrailia achieve?

answer: little

text: little


text: As they grew older Madonna and her sisters would feel deep sadness as the vivid memory of their mother began drifting farther from them. They would study pictures of her and come to think that she resembled poet Anne Sexton and Hollywood actresses. This would later raise Madonna's interest in poetry, with Sylvia Plath being her favourite. Later, Madonna commented: "We were all wounded in one way or another by [her death], and then we spent the rest of our lives reacting to it or dealing with it or trying to turn into something else. The anguish of losing my mom left me with a certain kind of loneliness and an incredible longing for something. If I hadn't had that emptiness, I wouldn't have been so driven. Her death had a lot to do with me saying—after I got over my heartache—I'm going to be really strong if I can't have my mother. I'm going to take care of myself." Taraborrelli felt that in time, no doubt because of the devastation she felt, Madonna would never again allow herself, or even her daughter, to feel as abandoned as she had felt when her mother died. "Her death had taught [Madonna] a valuable lesson, that she would have to remain strong for herself because, she feared weakness—particularly her own—and wanted to be the queen of her own castle."

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: As

text: they

text: grew

text: older

text: Madonna

text: and

text: her

text: sisters

text: would

text: feel

text: deep

text: sadness

text: as

text: the

text: vivid

text: memory

text: of

text: their

text: mother

text: began

text: drifting

text: farther

text: from

text: them

text: They

text: would

text: study

text: pictures

text: of

text: her

text: and

text: come

text: to

text: think

text: that

text: she

text: resembled

text: poet

text: Anne

text: Sexton

text: and

text: Hollywood

text: actresses

text: This

text: would

text: later

text: raise

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: interest

text: in

text: poetry

text: with

text: Sylvia

text: Plath

text: being

text: her

text: favourite

text: Later

text: Madonna

text: commented

text: We

text: were

text: all

text: wounded

text: in

text: one

text: way

text: or

text: another

text: by

text: her

text: death

text: and

text: then

text: we

text: spent

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: our

text: lives

text: reacting

text: to

text: it

text: or

text: dealing

text: with

text: it

text: or

text: trying

text: to

text: turn

text: into

text: something

text: else

text: The

text: anguish

text: of

text: losing

text: my

text: mom

text: left

text: me

text: with

text: a

text: certain

text: kind

text: of

text: loneliness

text: and

text: an

text: incredible

text: longing

text: for

text: something

text: If

text: I

text: had

text: n't

text: had

text: that

text: emptiness

text: I

text: would

text: n't

text: have

text: been

text: so

text: driven

text: Her

text: death

text: had

text: a

text: lot

text: to

text: do

text: with

text: me

text: saying

text: after

text: I

text: got

text: over

text: my

text: heartache

text: I'm

text: going

text: to

text: be

text: really

text: strong

text: if

text: I

text: ca

text: n't

text: have

text: my

text: mother

text: I

text: 'm

text: going

text: to

text: take

text: care

text: of

text: myself

text: Taraborrelli

text: felt

text: that

text: in

text: time

text: no

text: doubt

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: devastation

text: she

text: felt

text: Madonna

text: would

text: never

text: again

text: allow

text: herself

text: or

text: even

text: her

text: daughter

text: to

text: feel

text: as

text: abandoned

text: as

text: she

text: had

text: felt

text: when

text: her

text: mother

text: died

text: Her

text: death

text: had

text: taught

text: Madonna

text: a

text: valuable

text: lesson

text: that

text: she

text: would

text: have

text: to

text: remain

text: strong

text: for

text: herself

text: because

text: she

text: feared

text: weakness

text: particularly

text: her

text: own

text: and

text: wanted

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: queen

text: of

text: her

text: own

text: castle

question: Who felt deep sadness as the death of their mother fades away?

answer: Madonna and her sisters

text: Madonna and her sisters

question: Who does Madonna's mum resemble?

answer: poet Anne Sexton

text: poet Anne Sexton

question: Who is Madonna's favorite poet?

answer: Sylvia Plath

text: Sylvia Plath

question: Who felt that her mother death was the driving force behind her success?

answer: Madonna

text: Madonna


text: The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: The

text: final

text: son

text: of

text: Abd

text: al

text: Malik

text: to

text: become

text: caliph

text: was

text: Hisham

text: whose

text: long

text: and

text: eventful

text: reign

text: was

text: above

text: all

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: curtailment

text: of

text: military

text: expansion

text: Hisham

text: established

text: his

text: court

text: at

text: Resafa

text: in

text: northern

text: Syria

text: which

text: was

text: closer

text: to

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: border

text: than

text: Damascus

text: and

text: resumed

text: hostilities

text: against

text: the

text: Byzantines

text: which

text: had

text: lapsed

text: following

text: the

text: failure

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: siege

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: The

text: new

text: campaigns

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: successful

text: raids

text: into

text: Anatolia

text: but

text: also

text: in

text: a

text: major

text: defeat

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Akroinon

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: lead

text: to

text: any

text: significant

text: territorial

text: expansion

question: Who was the father of Hisham?

answer: Abd al-Malik

text: Abd al-Malik

question: When did Hisham's reign start?

answer: 724

question: Where did Hisham base his court?

answer: Resafa

text: Resafa

question: What notable defeat was suffered by the Arabs under Hisham?

answer: Battle of Akroinon

text: Battle of Akroinon

question: In what part of Syria was Resafa located?

answer: northern

text: northern

question: Who was the first son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph?

text: Hisham

question: What years did the first son of Abd al-Malik rule?

question: Whose reign was marked by the acceleration of military expansion?

text: Hisham

question: Who stopped hostilities against the Byzantines?

text: Hisham

question: Who was the final son of Hirsham?

text: Abd al-Malik


text: Since the armature windings of a direct-current or universal motor are moving through a magnetic field, they have a voltage induced in them. This voltage tends to oppose the motor supply voltage and so is called "back electromotive force (emf)". The voltage is proportional to the running speed of the motor. The back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance and brushes, must equal the voltage at the brushes. This provides the fundamental mechanism of speed regulation in a DC motor. If the mechanical load increases, the motor slows down; a lower back emf results, and more current is drawn from the supply. This increased current provides the additional torque to balance the new load.

title: Electric_motor

title: Electric_motor

text: Since

text: the

text: armature

text: windings

text: of

text: a

text: direct

text: current

text: or

text: universal

text: motor

text: are

text: moving

text: through

text: a

text: magnetic

text: field

text: they

text: have

text: a

text: voltage

text: induced

text: in

text: them

text: This

text: voltage

text: tends

text: to

text: oppose

text: the

text: motor

text: supply

text: voltage

text: and

text: so

text: is

text: called

text: back

text: electromotive

text: force

text: emf

text: The

text: voltage

text: is

text: proportional

text: to

text: the

text: running

text: speed

text: of

text: the

text: motor

text: The

text: back

text: emf

text: of

text: the

text: motor

text: plus

text: the

text: voltage

text: drop

text: across

text: the

text: winding

text: internal

text: resistance

text: and

text: brushes

text: must

text: equal

text: the

text: voltage

text: at

text: the

text: brushes

text: This

text: provides

text: the

text: fundamental

text: mechanism

text: of

text: speed

text: regulation

text: in

text: a

text: DC

text: motor

text: If

text: the

text: mechanical

text: load

text: increases

text: the

text: motor

text: slows

text: down

text: a

text: lower

text: back

text: emf

text: results

text: and

text: more

text: current

text: is

text: drawn

text: from

text: the

text: supply

text: This

text: increased

text: current

text: provides

text: the

text: additional

text: torque

text: to

text: balance

text: the

text: new

text: load

question: Voltage opposing the motor supply voltage is called what?

answer: back electromotive force

text: back electromotive force

question: EMP is proportional to what?

answer: the running speed of the motor

text: the running speed of the motor

question: Voltage at the brushes is equal to what?

answer: back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance

text: back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance

question: If load increases, what happens to current drawn?

answer: more current is drawn from the supply

text: more current is drawn from the supply

question: Voltage not opposing the motor supply voltage is called what?

text: back electromotive force

question: ENP is proportional to what?

text: running speed of the motor

question: Voltage at the brushes is not equal to what?

question: If load decreases, what happens to current drawn?

text: more current is drawn from the supply


text: Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions: the telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres), diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), mesencephalon (midbrain), cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Each of these areas has a complex internal structure. Some parts, such as the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex, consist of layers that are folded or convoluted to fit within the available space. Other parts, such as the thalamus and hypothalamus, consist of clusters of many small nuclei. Thousands of distinguishable areas can be identified within the vertebrate brain based on fine distinctions of neural structure, chemistry, and connectivity.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: Neuroanatomists

text: usually

text: divide

text: the

text: vertebrate

text: brain

text: into

text: six

text: main

text: regions

text: the

text: telencephalon

text: cerebral

text: hemispheres

text: diencephalon

text: thalamus

text: and

text: hypothalamus

text: mesencephalon

text: midbrain

text: cerebellum

text: pons

text: and

text: medulla

text: oblongata

text: Each

text: of

text: these

text: areas

text: has

text: a

text: complex

text: internal

text: structure

text: Some

text: parts

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: cerebral

text: cortex

text: and

text: the

text: cerebellar

text: cortex

text: consist

text: of

text: layers

text: that

text: are

text: folded

text: or

text: convoluted

text: to

text: fit

text: within

text: the

text: available

text: space

text: Other

text: parts

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: thalamus

text: and

text: hypothalamus

text: consist

text: of

text: clusters

text: of

text: many

text: small

text: nuclei

text: Thousands

text: of

text: distinguishable

text: areas

text: can

text: be

text: identified

text: within

text: the

text: vertebrate

text: brain

text: based

text: on

text: fine

text: distinctions

text: of

text: neural

text: structure

text: chemistry

text: and

text: connectivity

question: People who study the anatomy of the central nervous system are known as what?

answer: Neuroanatomists

text: Neuroanatomists

question: The cerebral hemispheres of the brain are called what?

answer: telencephalon

text: telencephalon

question: The thalamus and hypothalamus comprise what region of the brain?

answer: diencephalon

text: diencephalon

question: The midbrain region of the brain is known as what?

answer: mesencephalon

text: mesencephalon

question: Clusters of small nuclei comprise what parts of the brain?

answer: thalamus and hypothalamus

text: thalamus and hypothalamus


text: The use of the term for the Iranian language family was introduced in 1836 by Christian Lassen. Robert Needham Cust used the term Irano-Aryan in 1878, and Orientalists such as George Abraham Grierson and Max Müller contrasted Irano-Aryan (Iranian) and Indo-Aryan (Indic). Some recent scholarship, primarily in German, has revived this convention.

title: Iranian_languages

title: Iranian_languages

text: The

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: for

text: the

text: Iranian

text: language

text: family

text: was

text: introduced

text: in

text: by

text: Christian

text: Lassen

text: Robert

text: Needham

text: Cust

text: used

text: the

text: term

text: Irano

text: Aryan

text: in

text: and

text: Orientalists

text: such

text: as

text: George

text: Abraham

text: Grierson

text: and

text: Max

text: Müller

text: contrasted

text: Irano

text: Aryan

text: Iranian

text: and

text: Indo

text: Aryan

text: Indic

text: Some

text: recent

text: scholarship

text: primarily

text: in

text: German

text: has

text: revived

text: this

text: convention

question: When was the phrase Iranian language family first used?

answer: 1836

question: Who first used the term Iranian language?

answer: Christian Lassen

text: Christian Lassen

question: Who first used the term Irano-Aryan?

answer: Robert Needham Cust

text: Robert Needham Cust

question: When was the phrase Irano-Aryan first used?

answer: 1878

question: When did Robert Needham Cust introduced the term Iranian?

question: What term did Christian Lassen using 1878?

text: Irano-Aryan

question: What did George Abraham Grierson and Christian Lassen contrast?

question: What scholars have revived the term Irano-Aryan

text: German


text: The most notable fraud conviction was that of Gordon Foxley, head of defence procurement at the Ministry of Defence from 1981 to 1984. Police claimed he received at least £3.5m in total in corrupt payments, such as substantial bribes from overseas arms contractors aiming to influence the allocation of contracts.

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom

text: The

text: most

text: notable

text: fraud

text: conviction

text: was

text: that

text: of

text: Gordon

text: Foxley

text: head

text: of

text: defence

text: procurement

text: at

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: from

text: to

text: Police

text: claimed

text: he

text: received

text: at

text: least

text: m

text: in

text: total

text: in

text: corrupt

text: payments

text: such

text: as

text: substantial

text: bribes

text: from

text: overseas

text: arms

text: contractors

text: aiming

text: to

text: influence

text: the

text: allocation

text: of

text: contracts

question: Who in the MoD was convicted of fraud?

answer: Gordon Foxley

text: Gordon Foxley

question: What position was held by Foxley?

answer: head of defence procurement

text: head of defence procurement

question: What years was Foxley employed by the MoD?

answer: 1981 to 1984

text: 1981 to 1984

question: How much money was Foxley accused of taking?

answer: at least £3.5m

text: at least £3.5m

question: What do the police believe the bribes were intended to do?

answer: influence the allocation of contracts

text: influence the allocation of contracts

question: What were overseas arms contractors convicted of?

text: fraud

question: How much was stolen by overseas arms contractors?

text: at least £3.5m

question: What did police want to influence?

text: the allocation of contracts

question: When were police found to be making bribes?

text: 1981 to 1984

question: What ministry was influencing how police investigated fraud?

text: Ministry of Defence


text: The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice.

title: Human_Development_Index

title: Human_Development_Index

text: The

text: list

text: below

text: displays

text: the

text: top

text: ranked

text: country

text: from

text: each

text: year

text: of

text: the

text: Human

text: Development

text: Index

text: Norway

text: has

text: been

text: ranked

text: the

text: highest

text: twelve

text: times

text: Canada

text: eight

text: times

text: followed

text: by

text: Japan

text: which

text: has

text: been

text: ranked

text: highest

text: three

text: times

text: Iceland

text: has

text: been

text: ranked

text: highest

text: twice

question: Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times?

answer: Norway

text: Norway

question: Which country has received the top rank twice?

answer: Iceland

text: Iceland

question: Which country has been ranked lowest the most number of times?

text: Norway

question: Which country has received the bottom rank twice?

text: Iceland


text: In Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by Cŵn Annwn.

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: In

text: Greek

text: mythology

text: Cerberus

text: is

text: a

text: three

text: headed

text: watchdog

text: who

text: guards

text: the

text: gates

text: of

text: Hades

text: In

text: Norse

text: mythology

text: a

text: bloody

text: four

text: eyed

text: dog

text: called

text: Garmr

text: guards

text: Helheim

text: In

text: Persian

text: mythology

text: two

text: four

text: eyed

text: dogs

text: guard

text: the

text: Chinvat

text: Bridge

text: In

text: Philippine

text: mythology

text: Kimat

text: who

text: is

text: the

text: pet

text: of

text: Tadaklan

text: god

text: of

text: thunder

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: lightning

text: In

text: Welsh

text: mythology

text: Annwn

text: is

text: guarded

text: by

text: Cŵn

text: Annwn

question: What is the name of the dog with three heads in Greek mythology?

answer: Cerberus

text: Cerberus

question: What did Cerberus guard?

answer: the gates of Hades.

text: the gates of Hades.

question: What is the name of the dog with four eyes in Norse mythology?

answer: Garmr

text: Garmr

question: What is the name of the dog in Philippine mythology who is responsible for lightning?

answer: Kimat

text: Kimat

question: Kimat is the dog of Tadaklan, who is the god of what?

answer: thunder

text: thunder

question: In what mythology do two canines watch over the Chinvat Bridge?

answer: Persian

text: Persian

question: Who is the three headed watchdog guarding Hades?

answer: Cerberus

text: Cerberus

question: Who is the dog that guards Helheim?

answer: Garmr

text: Garmr

question: Who is Tadaklan?

answer: god of thunder

text: god of thunder

question: Who is Tadaklan's pet that is responsible for lightning?

answer: Kimat

text: Kimat


text: The extraordinary demands of the Punic Wars, in addition to a shortage of manpower, exposed the tactical weaknesses of the manipular legion, at least in the short term. In 217 BC, near the beginning of the Second Punic War, Rome was forced to effectively ignore its long-standing principle that its soldiers must be both citizens and property owners. During the 2nd century BC, Roman territory saw an overall decline in population, partially due to the huge losses incurred during various wars. This was accompanied by severe social stresses and the greater collapse of the middle classes. As a result, the Roman state was forced to arm its soldiers at the expense of the state, which it had not had to do in the past.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: The

text: extraordinary

text: demands

text: of

text: the

text: Punic

text: Wars

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: a

text: shortage

text: of

text: manpower

text: exposed

text: the

text: tactical

text: weaknesses

text: of

text: the

text: manipular

text: legion

text: at

text: least

text: in

text: the

text: short

text: term

text: In

text: BC

text: near

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: Punic

text: War

text: Rome

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: effectively

text: ignore

text: its

text: long

text: standing

text: principle

text: that

text: its

text: soldiers

text: must

text: be

text: both

text: citizens

text: and

text: property

text: owners

text: During

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: Roman

text: territory

text: saw

text: an

text: overall

text: decline

text: in

text: population

text: partially

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: huge

text: losses

text: incurred

text: during

text: various

text: wars

text: This

text: was

text: accompanied

text: by

text: severe

text: social

text: stresses

text: and

text: the

text: greater

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: middle

text: classes

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: the

text: Roman

text: state

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: arm

text: its

text: soldiers

text: at

text: the

text: expense

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: which

text: it

text: had

text: not

text: had

text: to

text: do

text: in

text: the

text: past

question: During what century did Roman controlled areas see a decline in their populations?

answer: 2nd century BC

text: 2nd century BC

question: What caused the Roman state to provide armaments to their army?

answer: greater collapse of the middle classes

text: greater collapse of the middle classes

question: What were soldiers expected to own prior to the year 217 BC?

answer: property

text: property

question: What was considered an attributing factor to the decline of the Roman population?

answer: huge losses incurred during various wars

text: huge losses incurred during various wars