text: Dell advertisements have appeared in several types of media including television, the Internet, magazines, catalogs and newspapers. Some of Dell Inc's marketing strategies include lowering prices at all times of the year, free bonus products (such as Dell printers), and free shipping to encourage more sales and stave off competitors. In 2006, Dell cut its prices in an effort to maintain its 19.2% market share. This also cut profit-margins by more than half, from 8.7 to 4.3 percent. To maintain its low prices, Dell continues to accept most purchases of its products via the Internet and through the telephone network, and to move its customer-care division to India and El Salvador.

title: Dell

title: Dell

text: Dell

text: advertisements

text: have

text: appeared

text: in

text: several

text: types

text: of

text: media

text: including

text: television

text: the

text: Internet

text: magazines

text: catalogs

text: and

text: newspapers

text: Some

text: of

text: Dell

text: Inc

text: 's

text: marketing

text: strategies

text: include

text: lowering

text: prices

text: at

text: all

text: times

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: free

text: bonus

text: products

text: such

text: as

text: Dell

text: printers

text: and

text: free

text: shipping

text: to

text: encourage

text: more

text: sales

text: and

text: stave

text: off

text: competitors

text: In

text: Dell

text: cut

text: its

text: prices

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: maintain

text: its

text: market

text: share

text: This

text: also

text: cut

text: profit

text: margins

text: by

text: more

text: than

text: half

text: from

text: to

text: percent

text: To

text: maintain

text: its

text: low

text: prices

text: Dell

text: continues

text: to

text: accept

text: most

text: purchases

text: of

text: its

text: products

text: via

text: the

text: Internet

text: and

text: through

text: the

text: telephone

text: network

text: and

text: to

text: move

text: its

text: customer

text: care

text: division

text: to

text: India

text: and

text: El

text: Salvador

question: What type of Dell media has appeared on TV, on the internet, and in magazines?

answer: advertisements

text: advertisements

question: One of Dell's marketing strategies is what kind of shipping?

answer: free

text: free

question: What year did Dell cut its prices to keep its market share?

answer: 2006

question: By how much did Dell cut it's margins when it cut its prices?

answer: half

text: half

question: Where does Dell take most of its purchases for its products?

answer: Internet

text: Internet

question: What type of Dell media hasn't appeared on TV, on the internet, and in magazines?

text: advertisements

question: One of Dell's marketing strategies isn't what kind of shipping?

text: free

question: What year did Dell up its prices to keep its market share?

question: By how much did Dell up it's margins when it upped its prices?

text: half

question: Where does Dell take less of its purchases for its products?

text: Internet


text: Nonvascular land plants are embryophytes that lack the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. They include mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Pteridophytic vascular plants with true xylem and phloem that reproduced by spores germinating into free-living gametophytes evolved during the Silurian period and diversified into several lineages during the late Silurian and early Devonian. Representatives of the lycopods have survived to the present day. By the end of the Devonian period, several groups, including the lycopods, sphenophylls and progymnosperms, had independently evolved "megaspory" – their spores were of two distinct sizes, larger megaspores and smaller microspores. Their reduced gametophytes developed from megaspores retained within the spore-producing organs (megasporangia) of the sporophyte, a condition known as endospory. Seeds consist of an endosporic megasporangium surrounded by one or two sheathing layers (integuments). The young sporophyte develops within the seed, which on germination splits to release it. The earliest known seed plants date from the latest Devonian Famennian stage. Following the evolution of the seed habit, seed plants diversified, giving rise to a number of now-extinct groups, including seed ferns, as well as the modern gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms produce "naked seeds" not fully enclosed in an ovary; modern representatives include conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales. Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed in a structure such as a carpel or an ovary. Ongoing research on the molecular phylogenetics of living plants appears to show that the angiosperms are a sister clade to the gymnosperms.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: Nonvascular

text: land

text: plants

text: are

text: embryophytes

text: that

text: lack

text: the

text: vascular

text: tissues

text: xylem

text: and

text: phloem

text: They

text: include

text: mosses

text: liverworts

text: and

text: hornworts

text: Pteridophytic

text: vascular

text: plants

text: with

text: true

text: xylem

text: and

text: phloem

text: that

text: reproduced

text: by

text: spores

text: germinating

text: into

text: free

text: living

text: gametophytes

text: evolved

text: during

text: the

text: Silurian

text: period

text: and

text: diversified

text: into

text: several

text: lineages

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: Silurian

text: and

text: early

text: Devonian

text: Representatives

text: of

text: the

text: lycopods

text: have

text: survived

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Devonian

text: period

text: several

text: groups

text: including

text: the

text: lycopods

text: sphenophylls

text: and

text: progymnosperms

text: had

text: independently

text: evolved

text: megaspory

text: their

text: spores

text: were

text: of

text: two

text: distinct

text: sizes

text: larger

text: megaspores

text: and

text: smaller

text: microspores

text: Their

text: reduced

text: gametophytes

text: developed

text: from

text: megaspores

text: retained

text: within

text: the

text: spore

text: producing

text: organs

text: megasporangia

text: of

text: the

text: sporophyte

text: a

text: condition

text: known

text: as

text: endospory

text: Seeds

text: consist

text: of

text: an

text: endosporic

text: megasporangium

text: surrounded

text: by

text: one

text: or

text: two

text: sheathing

text: layers

text: integuments

text: The

text: young

text: sporophyte

text: develops

text: within

text: the

text: seed

text: which

text: on

text: germination

text: splits

text: to

text: release

text: it

text: The

text: earliest

text: known

text: seed

text: plants

text: date

text: from

text: the

text: latest

text: Devonian

text: Famennian

text: stage

text: Following

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: the

text: seed

text: habit

text: seed

text: plants

text: diversified

text: giving

text: rise

text: to

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: now

text: extinct

text: groups

text: including

text: seed

text: ferns

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: modern

text: gymnosperms

text: and

text: angiosperms

text: Gymnosperms

text: produce

text: naked

text: seeds

text: not

text: fully

text: enclosed

text: in

text: an

text: ovary

text: modern

text: representatives

text: include

text: conifers

text: cycads

text: Ginkgo

text: and

text: Gnetales

text: Angiosperms

text: produce

text: seeds

text: enclosed

text: in

text: a

text: structure

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: carpel

text: or

text: an

text: ovary

text: Ongoing

text: research

text: on

text: the

text: molecular

text: phylogenetics

text: of

text: living

text: plants

text: appears

text: to

text: show

text: that

text: the

text: angiosperms

text: are

text: a

text: sister

text: clade

text: to

text: the

text: gymnosperms

question: What makes mosses different from other land plants?

answer: lack the vascular tissues

text: lack the vascular tissues

question: What protects the young plant in the seed?

answer: one or two sheathing layers

text: one or two sheathing layers

question: How does the plant escape the seed?

answer: splits to release it

text: splits to release it

question: What is the term for plants whose seeds do not have a protective ovary?

answer: Gymnosperms

text: Gymnosperms

question: What event led to the diversification of seed plants?

answer: evolution of the seed habit

text: evolution of the seed habit


text: Chopin's polonaises show a marked advance on those of his Polish predecessors in the form (who included his teachers Zywny and Elsner). As with the traditional polonaise, Chopin's works are in triple time and typically display a martial rhythm in their melodies, accompaniments and cadences. Unlike most of their precursors, they also require a formidable playing technique.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: polonaises

text: show

text: a

text: marked

text: advance

text: on

text: those

text: of

text: his

text: Polish

text: predecessors

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: who

text: included

text: his

text: teachers

text: Zywny

text: and

text: Elsner

text: As

text: with

text: the

text: traditional

text: polonaise

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: works

text: are

text: in

text: triple

text: time

text: and

text: typically

text: display

text: a

text: martial

text: rhythm

text: in

text: their

text: melodies

text: accompaniments

text: and

text: cadences

text: Unlike

text: most

text: of

text: their

text: precursors

text: they

text: also

text: require

text: a

text: formidable

text: playing

text: technique

question: What time are Chopin's polonaises written in?

answer: triple time

text: triple time

question: Chopin's ability to create an advanced polonasises surpassed even two of his teachers, Zywny and who?

answer: Elsner

text: Elsner

question: Chopin's polonaise often have what kind of rhythm in their melodies?

answer: martial

text: martial

question: Chopin's polonaises needed what kind of playing technique?

answer: formidable

text: formidable


text: Imported mystery religions, which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife, were a matter of personal choice for an individual, practiced in addition to carrying on one's family rites and participating in public religion. The mysteries, however, involved exclusive oaths and secrecy, conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of "magic", conspiratorial (coniuratio), or subversive activity. Sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists who seemed to threaten traditional morality and unity, as with the senate's efforts to restrict the Bacchanals in 186 BC.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: Imported

text: mystery

text: religions

text: which

text: offered

text: initiates

text: salvation

text: in

text: the

text: afterlife

text: were

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: personal

text: choice

text: for

text: an

text: individual

text: practiced

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: carrying

text: on

text: one

text: 's

text: family

text: rites

text: and

text: participating

text: in

text: public

text: religion

text: The

text: mysteries

text: however

text: involved

text: exclusive

text: oaths

text: and

text: secrecy

text: conditions

text: that

text: conservative

text: Romans

text: viewed

text: with

text: suspicion

text: as

text: characteristic

text: of

text: magic

text: conspiratorial

text: coniuratio

text: or

text: subversive

text: activity

text: Sporadic

text: and

text: sometimes

text: brutal

text: attempts

text: were

text: made

text: to

text: suppress

text: religionists

text: who

text: seemed

text: to

text: threaten

text: traditional

text: morality

text: and

text: unity

text: as

text: with

text: the

text: senate

text: 's

text: efforts

text: to

text: restrict

text: the

text: Bacchanals

text: in

text: BC

question: What was the practice of religion to the Romans?

answer: personal choice

text: personal choice

question: What was the standard practice in Roman religious life?

answer: public religion

text: public religion

question: What part of Roman religious practice involved secrecy?

answer: mysteries

text: mysteries

question: What group viewed the mysteries as suspicious or subversive?

answer: conservative Romans

text: conservative Romans

question: What did the mysteries seem to threaten that made the Romans occasionally attempt to ban them?

answer: morality and unity

text: morality and unity


text: During the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II, internal borders were redrawn by the Allied military governments. No single state comprised more than 30% of either population or territory; this was intended to prevent any one state from being as dominant within Germany as Prussia had been in the past. Initially, only seven of the pre-War states remained: Baden (in part), Bavaria (reduced in size), Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse (enlarged), Saxony, and Thuringia. The states with hyphenated names, such as Rhineland-Palatinate, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Saxony-Anhalt, owed their existence to the occupation powers and were created out of mergers of former Prussian provinces and smaller states. Former German territory that lie east of the Oder-Neisse Line fell under either Polish or Soviet administration but attempts were made at least symbolically not to abandon sovereignty well into the 1960s. However, no attempts were made to establish new states in these territories as they lay outside the jurisdiction of West Germany at that time.

title: States_of_Germany

title: States_of_Germany

text: During

text: the

text: Allied

text: occupation

text: of

text: Germany

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: internal

text: borders

text: were

text: redrawn

text: by

text: the

text: Allied

text: military

text: governments

text: No

text: single

text: state

text: comprised

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: either

text: population

text: or

text: territory

text: this

text: was

text: intended

text: to

text: prevent

text: any

text: one

text: state

text: from

text: being

text: as

text: dominant

text: within

text: Germany

text: as

text: Prussia

text: had

text: been

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: Initially

text: only

text: seven

text: of

text: the

text: pre

text: War

text: states

text: remained

text: Baden

text: in

text: part

text: Bavaria

text: reduced

text: in

text: size

text: Bremen

text: Hamburg

text: Hesse

text: enlarged

text: Saxony

text: and

text: Thuringia

text: The

text: states

text: with

text: hyphenated

text: names

text: such

text: as

text: Rhineland

text: Palatinate

text: North

text: Rhine

text: Westphalia

text: and

text: Saxony

text: Anhalt

text: owed

text: their

text: existence

text: to

text: the

text: occupation

text: powers

text: and

text: were

text: created

text: out

text: of

text: mergers

text: of

text: former

text: Prussian

text: provinces

text: and

text: smaller

text: states

text: Former

text: German

text: territory

text: that

text: lie

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Oder

text: Neisse

text: Line

text: fell

text: under

text: either

text: Polish

text: or

text: Soviet

text: administration

text: but

text: attempts

text: were

text: made

text: at

text: least

text: symbolically

text: not

text: to

text: abandon

text: sovereignty

text: well

text: into

text: the

text: However

text: no

text: attempts

text: were

text: made

text: to

text: establish

text: new

text: states

text: in

text: these

text: territories

text: as

text: they

text: lay

text: outside

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: West

text: Germany

text: at

text: that

text: time

question: Who redrew Germany's internal borders after World War II?

answer: Allied military governments

text: Allied military governments

question: No single state comprised of how much of the population after World War II?

answer: 30%

question: After WWII how many states initially remained in Germany?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: Former German territory that lie east of the Oder-Neisse Line went under which countries administration?

answer: Polish or Soviet administration

text: Polish or Soviet administration

question: How many made to establish new states in the territories  lying east of the Oder-Neisse Line?

answer: no attempts

text: no attempts

question: Who was responsible for changing Prussia's internal borders?

text: Allied military governments

question: What did no single Rhineland make up more of in population or territory?

text: more than 30%

question: In the beginning how many states were left in Prussia after WWII?

text: seven

question: Under who's administration were the occupation powers east of the Oder-Neisse Line?

text: Polish or Soviet administration

question: What was not abandoned in territory east of Prussia until after WWII?

text: sovereignty

question: What was redrawn during the allied occupation after WW I

text: internal borders

question: Who redrew internal borders after WW I?

text: Allied military governments

question: What place comprised 30% of territory after WW II?

text: Prussia

question: Who did the territory belong to that was west of the Oder-Neisse Line?

text: Soviet administration

question: When were attempts to abandon sovereignty made?

text: well into the 1960s


text: The Zhengde Emperor (r. 1505–1521), who enjoyed the company of lamas at court despite protests from the censorate, had heard tales of a "living Buddha" which he desired to host at the Ming capital; this was none other than the Rinpung-supported Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama then occupying Lhasa. Zhengde's top advisors made every attempt to dissuade him from inviting this lama to court, arguing that Tibetan Buddhism was wildly heterodox and unorthodox. Despite protests by the Grand Secretary Liang Chu, in 1515 the Zhengde Emperor sent his eunuch official Liu Yun of the Palace Chancellery on a mission to invite this Karmapa to Beijing. Liu commanded a fleet of hundreds of ships requisitioned along the Yangtze, consuming 2,835 g (100 oz) of silver a day in food expenses while stationed for a year in Chengdu of Sichuan. After procurring necessary gifts for the mission, he departed with a cavalry force of about 1,000 troops. When the request was delivered, the Karmapa lama refused to leave Tibet despite the Ming force brought to coerce him. The Karmapa launched a surprise ambush on Liu Yun's camp, seizing all the goods and valuables while killing or wounding half of Liu Yun's entire escort. After this fiasco, Liu fled for his life, but only returned to Chengdu several years later to find that the Zhengde Emperor had died.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: The

text: Zhengde

text: Emperor

text: r.

text: who

text: enjoyed

text: the

text: company

text: of

text: lamas

text: at

text: court

text: despite

text: protests

text: from

text: the

text: censorate

text: had

text: heard

text: tales

text: of

text: a

text: living

text: Buddha

text: which

text: he

text: desired

text: to

text: host

text: at

text: the

text: Ming

text: capital

text: this

text: was

text: other

text: than

text: the

text: Rinpung

text: supported

text: Mikyö

text: Dorje

text: Karmapa

text: Lama

text: then

text: occupying

text: Lhasa

text: Zhengde

text: 's

text: top

text: advisors

text: made

text: every

text: attempt

text: to

text: dissuade

text: him

text: from

text: inviting

text: this

text: lama

text: to

text: court

text: arguing

text: that

text: Tibetan

text: Buddhism

text: was

text: wildly

text: heterodox

text: and

text: unorthodox

text: Despite

text: protests

text: by

text: the

text: Grand

text: Secretary

text: Liang

text: Chu

text: in

text: the

text: Zhengde

text: Emperor

text: sent

text: his

text: eunuch

text: official

text: Liu

text: Yun

text: of

text: the

text: Palace

text: Chancellery

text: on

text: a

text: mission

text: to

text: invite

text: this

text: Karmapa

text: to

text: Beijing

text: Liu

text: commanded

text: a

text: fleet

text: of

text: hundreds

text: of

text: ships

text: requisitioned

text: along

text: the

text: Yangtze

text: consuming

text: g

text: oz

text: of

text: silver

text: a

text: day

text: in

text: food

text: expenses

text: while

text: stationed

text: for

text: a

text: year

text: in

text: Chengdu

text: of

text: Sichuan

text: After

text: procurring

text: necessary

text: gifts

text: for

text: the

text: mission

text: he

text: departed

text: with

text: a

text: cavalry

text: force

text: of

text: about

text: troops

text: When

text: the

text: request

text: was

text: delivered

text: the

text: Karmapa

text: lama

text: refused

text: to

text: leave

text: Tibet

text: despite

text: the

text: Ming

text: force

text: brought

text: to

text: coerce

text: him

text: The

text: Karmapa

text: launched

text: a

text: surprise

text: ambush

text: on

text: Liu

text: Yun

text: 's

text: camp

text: seizing

text: all

text: the

text: goods

text: and

text: valuables

text: while

text: killing

text: or

text: wounding

text: half

text: of

text: Liu

text: Yun

text: 's

text: entire

text: escort

text: After

text: this

text: fiasco

text: Liu

text: fled

text: for

text: his

text: life

text: but

text: only

text: returned

text: to

text: Chengdu

text: several

text: years

text: later

text: to

text: find

text: that

text: the

text: Zhengde

text: Emperor

text: had

text: died

question: When did the Zhengde Emperor rule?

answer: 1505–1521

question: Who's company did the Zhengde Emperor enjoy?

answer: the company of lamas

text: the company of lamas

question: Who was the 8th Karmapa Lama?

answer: Mikyö Dorje

text: Mikyö Dorje


text: Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed, but without result. The idea came closest to reality in 1998, when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin, Ireland, but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland. Additionally, the media occasionally discusses the idea that Scotland's two biggest teams, Celtic and Rangers, should or will take part in the Premier League, but nothing has come of these discussions.

title: Premier_League

title: Premier_League

text: Participation

text: in

text: the

text: Premier

text: League

text: by

text: some

text: Scottish

text: or

text: Irish

text: clubs

text: has

text: sometimes

text: been

text: discussed

text: but

text: without

text: result

text: The

text: idea

text: came

text: closest

text: to

text: reality

text: in

text: when

text: Wimbledon

text: received

text: Premier

text: League

text: approval

text: to

text: relocate

text: to

text: Dublin

text: Ireland

text: but

text: the

text: move

text: was

text: blocked

text: by

text: the

text: Football

text: Association

text: of

text: Ireland

text: Additionally

text: the

text: media

text: occasionally

text: discusses

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: Scotland

text: 's

text: two

text: biggest

text: teams

text: Celtic

text: and

text: Rangers

text: should

text: or

text: will

text: take

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: Premier

text: League

text: but

text: nothing

text: has

text: come

text: of

text: these

text: discussions

question: Are there any clubs Scotland or Ireland in the Premier League?

answer: Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed, but without result.

text: Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed, but without result.

question: Which team received permission to move to Dublin, Ireland in 1998?

answer: in 1998, when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin, Ireland,

text: in 1998, when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin, Ireland,

question: Why didn't they move to Dublin?

answer: the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland.

text: the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland.

question: What are Scotland's two largest teams?

answer: Scotland's two biggest teams, Celtic and Rangers,

text: Scotland's two biggest teams, Celtic and Rangers,

question: Which team received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin?

answer: Wimbledon

text: Wimbledon

question: In which year did a Premier League team consider relocating to Ireland?

answer: 1998

question: Who occasionally discusses a Scottish team joining the Premier League?

answer: the media

text: the media

question: Discussion about which clubs has led to them joining the Premier League?

text: Scottish or Irish clubs

question: What is the names of Scotland's two smallest teams?

text: Celtic and Rangers

question: The Celtic and Rangers are the two smallest teams of which country?

text: Scotland's

question: In which year did the Rangers get Premier League approval to relocate?

question: In which year did Wimbledon  get Premier League approval to relocate to Scotland?


text: During the summer of 1969, a Chicago studio group produced a single record called "Hey Hey! Holy Mackerel! (The Cubs Song)" whose title and lyrics incorporated the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers for the Cubs, Jack Brickhouse and Vince Lloyd. Several members of the Cubs recorded an album called Cub Power which contained a cover of the song. The song received a good deal of local airplay that summer, associating it very strongly with that bittersweet season. It was played much less frequently thereafter, although it remained an unofficial Cubs theme song for some years after.

title: Chicago_Cubs

title: Chicago_Cubs

text: During

text: the

text: summer

text: of

text: a

text: Chicago

text: studio

text: group

text: produced

text: a

text: single

text: record

text: called

text: Hey

text: Hey

text: Holy

text: Mackerel

text: The

text: Cubs

text: Song

text: whose

text: title

text: and

text: lyrics

text: incorporated

text: the

text: catch

text: phrases

text: of

text: the

text: respective

text: TV

text: and

text: radio

text: announcers

text: for

text: the

text: Cubs

text: Jack

text: Brickhouse

text: and

text: Vince

text: Lloyd

text: Several

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Cubs

text: recorded

text: an

text: album

text: called

text: Cub

text: Power

text: which

text: contained

text: a

text: cover

text: of

text: the

text: song

text: The

text: song

text: received

text: a

text: good

text: deal

text: of

text: local

text: airplay

text: that

text: summer

text: associating

text: it

text: very

text: strongly

text: with

text: that

text: bittersweet

text: season

text: It

text: was

text: played

text: much

text: less

text: frequently

text: thereafter

text: although

text: it

text: remained

text: an

text: unofficial

text: Cubs

text: theme

text: song

text: for

text: some

text: years

text: after

question: What year was the single "Hey Hey! Holy Mackerel! (The Cubs Song)" produced?

answer: 1969

question: What was the name of the album several members of the cubs recorded?

answer: Cub Power

text: Cub Power

question: What did The Cubs Song incorporate?

answer: the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers

text: the catch-phrases of the respective TV and radio announcers


text: Instruments like the duduk, the dhol, the zurna, and the kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian times, while others are relatively modern, including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Whilst under Soviet rule, Armenian classical music composer Aram Khatchaturian became internationally well known for his music, for various ballets and the Sabre Dance from his composition for the ballet Gayane.

title: Armenia

title: Armenia

text: Instruments

text: like

text: the

text: duduk

text: the

text: dhol

text: the

text: zurna

text: and

text: the

text: kanun

text: are

text: commonly

text: found

text: in

text: Armenian

text: folk

text: music

text: Artists

text: such

text: as

text: Sayat

text: Nova

text: are

text: famous

text: due

text: to

text: their

text: influence

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: Armenian

text: folk

text: music

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: types

text: of

text: Armenian

text: music

text: is

text: the

text: Armenian

text: chant

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: kind

text: of

text: religious

text: music

text: in

text: Armenia

text: Many

text: of

text: these

text: chants

text: are

text: ancient

text: in

text: origin

text: extending

text: to

text: pre

text: Christian

text: times

text: while

text: others

text: are

text: relatively

text: modern

text: including

text: several

text: composed

text: by

text: Saint

text: Mesrop

text: Mashtots

text: the

text: inventor

text: of

text: the

text: Armenian

text: alphabet

text: Whilst

text: under

text: Soviet

text: rule

text: Armenian

text: classical

text: music

text: composer

text: Aram

text: Khatchaturian

text: became

text: internationally

text: well

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: music

text: for

text: various

text: ballets

text: and

text: the

text: Sabre

text: Dance

text: from

text: his

text: composition

text: for

text: the

text: ballet

text: Gayane

question: What are some examples of Armenian folk music instruments?

answer: the duduk, the dhol, the zurna, and the kanun

text: the duduk, the dhol, the zurna, and the kanun

question: Who created the Armenian alphabet?

answer: Saint Mesrop Mashtots

text: Saint Mesrop Mashtots

question: Who composed the Sabre Dance?

answer: Aram Khatchaturian

text: Aram Khatchaturian

question: What is known as one of the most prolific type of religious music in Armenia?

answer: the Armenian chant

text: the Armenian chant


text: A major problem in the managing of the Luftwaffe was Hermann Göring. Hitler believed the Luftwaffe was "the most effective strategic weapon", and in reply to repeated requests from the Kriegsmarine for control over aircraft insisted, "We should never have been able to hold our own in this war if we had not had an undivided Luftwaffe". Such principles made it much harder to integrate the air force into the overall strategy and produced in Göring a jealous and damaging defence of his "empire" while removing Hitler voluntarily from the systematic direction of the Luftwaffe at either the strategic or operational level. When Hitler tried to intervene more in the running of the air force later in the war, he was faced with a political conflict of his own making between himself and Göring, which was not fully resolved until the war was almost over. In 1940 and 1941, Göring's refusal to cooperate with the Kriegsmarine denied the entire Wehrmacht military forces of the Reich the chance to strangle British sea communications, which might have had strategic or decisive effect in the war against the British Empire.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: A

text: major

text: problem

text: in

text: the

text: managing

text: of

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: was

text: Hermann

text: Göring

text: Hitler

text: believed

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: effective

text: strategic

text: weapon

text: and

text: in

text: reply

text: to

text: repeated

text: requests

text: from

text: the

text: Kriegsmarine

text: for

text: control

text: over

text: aircraft

text: insisted

text: We

text: should

text: never

text: have

text: been

text: able

text: to

text: hold

text: our

text: own

text: in

text: this

text: war

text: if

text: we

text: had

text: not

text: had

text: an

text: undivided

text: Luftwaffe

text: Such

text: principles

text: made

text: it

text: much

text: harder

text: to

text: integrate

text: the

text: air

text: force

text: into

text: the

text: overall

text: strategy

text: and

text: produced

text: in

text: Göring

text: a

text: jealous

text: and

text: damaging

text: defence

text: of

text: his

text: empire

text: while

text: removing

text: Hitler

text: voluntarily

text: from

text: the

text: systematic

text: direction

text: of

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: at

text: either

text: the

text: strategic

text: or

text: operational

text: level

text: When

text: Hitler

text: tried

text: to

text: intervene

text: more

text: in

text: the

text: running

text: of

text: the

text: air

text: force

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: war

text: he

text: was

text: faced

text: with

text: a

text: political

text: conflict

text: of

text: his

text: own

text: making

text: between

text: himself

text: and

text: Göring

text: which

text: was

text: not

text: fully

text: resolved

text: until

text: the

text: war

text: was

text: almost

text: over

text: In

text: and

text: Göring

text: 's

text: refusal

text: to

text: cooperate

text: with

text: the

text: Kriegsmarine

text: denied

text: the

text: entire

text: Wehrmacht

text: military

text: forces

text: of

text: the

text: Reich

text: the

text: chance

text: to

text: strangle

text: British

text: sea

text: communications

text: which

text: might

text: have

text: had

text: strategic

text: or

text: decisive

text: effect

text: in

text: the

text: war

text: against

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

question: Who did Hitler have a conflict over running the air force?

answer: Hermann Göring

text: Hermann Göring

question: What strategy could have worked against the British Empire?

answer: strangle British sea communications

text: strangle British sea communications

question: Who did Goring refuse to work with in 1940 and 1941?

answer: the Kriegsmarine

text: the Kriegsmarine

question: What did the Kriegsmarine try to gain control over?

answer: aircraft

text: aircraft


text: J. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In The Unreality of Time he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. The Nature of Existence (1927) contained his arguments that space, time, and matter cannot possibly be real. In his Studies in Hegelian Cosmology (Cambridge, 1901, p196) he declared that metaphysics are not relevant to social and political action. McTaggart "thought that Hegel was wrong in supposing that metaphysics could show that the state is more than a means to the good of the individuals who compose it". For McTaggart "philosophy can give us very little, if any, guidance in action... Why should a Hegelian citizen be surprised that his belief as to the organic nature of the Absolute does not help him in deciding how to vote? Would a Hegelian engineer be reasonable in expecting that his belief that all matter is spirit should help him in planning a bridge?

title: Idealism

title: Idealism

text: J.

text: M.

text: E.

text: McTaggart

text: of

text: Cambridge

text: University

text: argued

text: that

text: minds

text: alone

text: exist

text: and

text: only

text: relate

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: through

text: love

text: Space

text: time

text: and

text: material

text: objects

text: are

text: unreal

text: In

text: The

text: Unreality

text: of

text: Time

text: he

text: argued

text: that

text: time

text: is

text: an

text: illusion

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: impossible

text: to

text: produce

text: a

text: coherent

text: account

text: of

text: a

text: sequence

text: of

text: events

text: The

text: Nature

text: of

text: Existence

text: contained

text: his

text: arguments

text: that

text: space

text: time

text: and

text: matter

text: can

text: not

text: possibly

text: be

text: real

text: In

text: his

text: Studies

text: in

text: Hegelian

text: Cosmology

text: Cambridge

text: he

text: declared

text: that

text: metaphysics

text: are

text: not

text: relevant

text: to

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: action

text: McTaggart

text: thought

text: that

text: Hegel

text: was

text: wrong

text: in

text: supposing

text: that

text: metaphysics

text: could

text: show

text: that

text: the

text: state

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: means

text: to

text: the

text: good

text: of

text: the

text: individuals

text: who

text: compose

text: it

text: For

text: McTaggart

text: philosophy

text: can

text: give

text: us

text: very

text: little

text: if

text: any

text: guidance

text: in

text: action

text: Why

text: should

text: a

text: Hegelian

text: citizen

text: be

text: surprised

text: that

text: his

text: belief

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: organic

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: Absolute

text: does

text: not

text: help

text: him

text: in

text: deciding

text: how

text: to

text: vote

text: Would

text: a

text: Hegelian

text: engineer

text: be

text: reasonable

text: in

text: expecting

text: that

text: his

text: belief

text: that

text: all

text: matter

text: is

text: spirit

text: should

text: help

text: him

text: in

text: planning

text: a

text: bridge

question: With what university is J.M.E. McTaggart affiliated?

answer: Cambridge

text: Cambridge

question: In what year was The Nature of Existence published?

answer: 1927

question: According to McTaggart, what are the only things that have real existence?

answer: minds

text: minds

question: How does McTaggart believe minds relate to one another?

answer: love

text: love

question: What does McTaggart believe space and time to be?

answer: unreal

text: unreal

question: When was The Unreality of Time published?

question: In what publication did McTaggart argue space, time, and matter were real?

text: The Nature of Existence

question: Who said minds can only relate through time?

text: J. M. E. McTaggart

question: What did McTaggart say metaphysics was relevant for?

text: social and political action

question: Who did McTaggart say was best prepared to use their philosophy to decide how to vote?

text: a Hegelian citizen


text: Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.

title: Architecture

title: Architecture

text: Building

text: first

text: evolved

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: dynamics

text: between

text: needs

text: shelter

text: security

text: worship

text: etc

text: and

text: means

text: available

text: building

text: materials

text: and

text: attendant

text: skills

text: As

text: human

text: cultures

text: developed

text: and

text: knowledge

text: began

text: to

text: be

text: formalized

text: through

text: oral

text: traditions

text: and

text: practices

text: building

text: became

text: a

text: craft

text: and

text: architecture

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: most

text: highly

text: formalized

text: and

text: respected

text: versions

text: of

text: that

text: craft

question: What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?

answer: shelter, security, worship

text: shelter, security, worship

question: Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?

answer: knowledge

text: knowledge

question: What was building considered?

answer: a craft

text: a craft

question: What was the most valued type of building craft called?

answer: architecture

text: architecture

question: Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?

answer: building materials

text: building materials

question: What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be demolished?

text: shelter, security, worship

question: Oral traditions disallowed what to become formalized in human cultures?

text: knowledge

question: What was building never considered?

text: a craft

question: What was the least valued type of building craft called?

text: architecture

question: Aside from skills, what is not required in order to have the means for building?

text: building materials


text: In particle physics and quantum chemistry, antimatter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute ordinary matter. If a particle and its antiparticle come into contact with each other, the two annihilate; that is, they may both be converted into other particles with equal energy in accordance with Einstein's equation E = mc2. These new particles may be high-energy photons (gamma rays) or other particle–antiparticle pairs. The resulting particles are endowed with an amount of kinetic energy equal to the difference between the rest mass of the products of the annihilation and the rest mass of the original particle–antiparticle pair, which is often quite large.

title: Matter

title: Matter

text: In

text: particle

text: physics

text: and

text: quantum

text: chemistry

text: antimatter

text: is

text: matter

text: that

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: the

text: antiparticles

text: of

text: those

text: that

text: constitute

text: ordinary

text: matter

text: If

text: a

text: particle

text: and

text: its

text: antiparticle

text: come

text: into

text: contact

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: the

text: two

text: annihilate

text: that

text: is

text: they

text: may

text: both

text: be

text: converted

text: into

text: other

text: particles

text: with

text: equal

text: energy

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: Einstein

text: 's

text: equation

text: E

text: These

text: new

text: particles

text: may

text: be

text: high

text: energy

text: photons

text: gamma

text: rays

text: or

text: other

text: particle

text: antiparticle

text: pairs

text: The

text: resulting

text: particles

text: are

text: endowed

text: with

text: an

text: amount

text: of

text: kinetic

text: energy

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: difference

text: between

text: the

text: rest

text: mass

text: of

text: the

text: products

text: of

text: the

text: annihilation

text: and

text: the

text: rest

text: mass

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: particle

text: antiparticle

text: pair

text: which

text: is

text: often

text: quite

text: large

question: What is composed of antimatter?

text: antiparticles

question: What happens when two antiparticles collide?

text: the two annihilate

question: What are particle-antiparticle pairs that are not high-energy called?

text: gamma rays

question: What kind of energy do particle-antiparticle pairs have more of than they had originally?

text: kinetic

question: Who discovered quantum chemistry?

text: Einstein


text: New York City has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its Gini Coefficient of 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan. The disparity is driven by wage growth in high-income brackets, while wages have stagnated for middle and lower-income brackets. In the first quarter of 2014, the average weekly wage in New York County (Manhattan) was $2,749, representing the highest total among large counties in the United States. In 2013, New York City had the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, higher than the next five U.S. cities combined, including former Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg. New York also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major U.S. cities in 2014, at 4.6% of residents. Lower Manhattan has been experiencing a baby boom, with the area south of Canal Street witnessing 1,086 births in 2010, 12% greater than 2009 and over twice the number born in 2001.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: has

text: a

text: high

text: degree

text: of

text: income

text: disparity

text: as

text: indicated

text: by

text: its

text: Gini

text: Coefficient

text: of

text: for

text: the

text: city

text: overall

text: and

text: for

text: Manhattan

text: The

text: disparity

text: is

text: driven

text: by

text: wage

text: growth

text: in

text: high

text: income

text: brackets

text: while

text: wages

text: have

text: stagnated

text: for

text: middle

text: and

text: lower

text: income

text: brackets

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: quarter

text: of

text: the

text: average

text: weekly

text: wage

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: County

text: Manhattan

text: was

text: representing

text: the

text: highest

text: total

text: among

text: large

text: counties

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: In

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: had

text: the

text: highest

text: number

text: of

text: billionaires

text: of

text: any

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: higher

text: than

text: the

text: next

text: five

text: U.S.

text: cities

text: combined

text: including

text: former

text: Mayor

text: Michael

text: R.

text: Bloomberg

text: New

text: York

text: also

text: had

text: the

text: highest

text: density

text: of

text: millionaires

text: per

text: capita

text: among

text: major

text: U.S.

text: cities

text: in

text: at

text: of

text: residents

text: Lower

text: Manhattan

text: has

text: been

text: experiencing

text: a

text: baby

text: boom

text: with

text: the

text: area

text: south

text: of

text: Canal

text: Street

text: witnessing

text: births

text: in

text: greater

text: than

text: and

text: over

text: twice

text: the

text: number

text: born

text: in

question: What is New York City's Gini Coefficient?

answer: 0.5

question: What borough has a Gini Coefficient of 0.6?

answer: Manhattan

text: Manhattan

question: What previous mayor of New York is a billionaire?

answer: Michael R. Bloomberg

text: Michael R. Bloomberg

question: In 2014, millionaires made up what percentage of New York City's population?

answer: 4.6%

question: What is the average weekly wage in Manhattan?

answer: $2,749

question: The average weekly earnings for a worker in NYC was what in 2014?

answer: 2,749

question: By 2013, which city had the most billionaires living in the city?

answer: New York City

text: New York City


text: As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia. Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many Black Africans. This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc.

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: As

text: African

text: states

text: became

text: independent

text: in

text: the

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: offered

text: many

text: of

text: their

text: citizens

text: the

text: chance

text: to

text: study

text: in

text: Russia

text: Over

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: years

text: about

text: African

text: students

text: from

text: various

text: countries

text: moved

text: to

text: Russia

text: to

text: pursue

text: higher

text: studies

text: including

text: many

text: Black

text: Africans

text: This

text: extended

text: beyond

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: to

text: many

text: countries

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: bloc

question: When did African states become independent?

answer: 1960s

question: Who offered many Africans a chance to study in their country?

answer: Soviet Union

text: Soviet Union

question: How many students moved from Africa to Russia?

answer: about 400,000

text: about 400,000

question: Why did students move to Russia?

answer: to pursue higher studies

text: to pursue higher studies

question: Migration to Russia continued into many countries where?

answer: Eastern bloc.

text: Eastern bloc.


text: Pāśupata Shaivism (Pāśupata, "of Paśupati") is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Paśu in Paśupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulterior. Whereas, Pati means the cause (or principium), the word designates the Lord, who is the cause of the universe, the pati, or the ruler. Pashupatas disapproved of Vaishnava theology, known for its doctrine servitude of souls to the Supreme Being, on the grounds that dependence upon anything could not be the means of cessation of pain and other desired ends. They recognised that those depending upon another and longing for independence will not be emancipated because they still depend upon something other than themselves. According to Pāśupatas, soul possesses the attributes of the Supreme Deity when it becomes liberated from the 'germ of every pain'.

title: Hindu_philosophy

title: Hindu_philosophy

text: Pāśupata

text: Shaivism

text: Pāśupata

text: of

text: Paśupati

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: Shaiva

text: schools

text: The

text: philosophy

text: of

text: Pashupata

text: sect

text: was

text: systematized

text: by

text: Lakulish

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: CE

text: Paśu

text: in

text: Paśupati

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: effect

text: or

text: created

text: world

text: the

text: word

text: designates

text: that

text: which

text: is

text: dependent

text: on

text: something

text: ulterior

text: Whereas

text: Pati

text: means

text: the

text: cause

text: or

text: principium

text: the

text: word

text: designates

text: the

text: Lord

text: who

text: is

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: the

text: universe

text: the

text: pati

text: or

text: the

text: ruler

text: Pashupatas

text: disapproved

text: of

text: Vaishnava

text: theology

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: doctrine

text: servitude

text: of

text: souls

text: to

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Being

text: on

text: the

text: grounds

text: that

text: dependence

text: upon

text: anything

text: could

text: not

text: be

text: the

text: means

text: of

text: cessation

text: of

text: pain

text: and

text: other

text: desired

text: ends

text: They

text: recognised

text: that

text: those

text: depending

text: upon

text: another

text: and

text: longing

text: for

text: independence

text: will

text: not

text: be

text: emancipated

text: because

text: they

text: still

text: depend

text: upon

text: something

text: other

text: than

text: themselves

text: According

text: to

text: Pāśupatas

text: soul

text: possesses

text: the

text: attributes

text: of

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Deity

text: when

text: it

text: becomes

text: liberated

text: from

text: the

text: germ

text: of

text: every

text: pain

question: What is the oldest school of Shaivism?

answer: Pāśupata Shaivism

text: Pāśupata Shaivism

question: Who organized the Pasupata philosophy?

answer: Lakulish

text: Lakulish

question: When did Lakulish systematize the Pasupata Shaivism?

answer: 2nd century CE

text: 2nd century CE

question: What school of philosophy did the Pasupatas dislike?

answer: Vaishnava theology

text: Vaishnava theology

question: What aspect of Vaishnava was unpalatable for the Pasupatas?

answer: servitude of souls

text: servitude of souls

question: What is the youngest major Shaiva school?

text: Pāśupata Shaivism

question: Who created Pasupata Shaivism?

text: Lakulish

question: Which theology did Pashupatas prefer?

text: Vaishnava

question: When was the Pasupata Shaivism school started?

text: 2nd century CE

question: Why did Pashupatas believe servitude of souls was necessary?


text: Habitat size and numbers of species are systematically related. Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area. Conversion to "trivial" standardized ecosystems (e.g., monoculture following deforestation) effectively destroys habitat for the more diverse species that preceded the conversion. In some countries lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement necessarily leads to biodiversity loss (degradation costs having to be supported by the community).[citation needed]

title: Biodiversity

title: Biodiversity

text: Habitat

text: size

text: and

text: numbers

text: of

text: species

text: are

text: systematically

text: related

text: Physically

text: larger

text: species

text: and

text: those

text: living

text: at

text: lower

text: latitudes

text: or

text: in

text: forests

text: or

text: oceans

text: are

text: more

text: sensitive

text: to

text: reduction

text: in

text: habitat

text: area

text: Conversion

text: to

text: trivial

text: standardized

text: ecosystems

text: e.g.

text: monoculture

text: following

text: deforestation

text: effectively

text: destroys

text: habitat

text: for

text: the

text: more

text: diverse

text: species

text: that

text: preceded

text: the

text: conversion

text: In

text: some

text: countries

text: lack

text: of

text: property

text: rights

text: or

text: lax

text: law

text: regulatory

text: enforcement

text: necessarily

text: leads

text: to

text: biodiversity

text: loss

text: degradation

text: costs

text: having

text: to

text: be

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: community).[citation

text: needed

question: What is systematically related to the numbers of species?

answer: Habitat size

text: Habitat size

question: What animals are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area?

answer: Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans

text: Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans

question: How is a standardized ecosystem formed?

answer: monoculture following deforestation

text: monoculture following deforestation

question: What leads to biodiversity loss is some countries?

answer: lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement

text: lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement

question: What is systematically related to the numbers of communities?

text: Habitat size

question: What animals are more sensitive to reduction of community area?

question: How is a community ecosystem formed?

text: monoculture following deforestation

question: What leads to biodiversity loss in some species?

question: What destroys the more diverse species?


text: A trend in the late 20th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery—in which case he/she would be a manager of a managed house, or a self-employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a condition of which is the legal obligation (trade tie) only to purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: A

text: trend

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: was

text: for

text: breweries

text: to

text: run

text: their

text: pubs

text: directly

text: using

text: managers

text: rather

text: than

text: tenants

text: Most

text: such

text: breweries

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: regional

text: brewery

text: Shepherd

text: Neame

text: in

text: Kent

text: and

text: Young

text: 's

text: and

text: Fuller

text: 's

text: in

text: London

text: control

text: hundreds

text: of

text: pubs

text: in

text: a

text: particular

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: while

text: a

text: few

text: such

text: as

text: Greene

text: King

text: are

text: spread

text: nationally

text: The

text: landlord

text: of

text: a

text: tied

text: pub

text: may

text: be

text: an

text: employee

text: of

text: the

text: brewery

text: in

text: which

text: case

text: he

text: she

text: would

text: be

text: a

text: manager

text: of

text: a

text: managed

text: house

text: or

text: a

text: self

text: employed

text: tenant

text: who

text: has

text: entered

text: into

text: a

text: lease

text: agreement

text: with

text: a

text: brewery

text: a

text: condition

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: legal

text: obligation

text: trade

text: tie

text: only

text: to

text: purchase

text: that

text: brewery

text: 's

text: beer

text: The

text: beer

text: selection

text: is

text: mainly

text: limited

text: to

text: beers

text: brewed

text: by

text: that

text: particular

text: company

text: The

text: Beer

text: Orders

text: passed

text: in

text: were

text: aimed

text: at

text: getting

text: tied

text: houses

text: to

text: offer

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: alternative

text: beer

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: guest

text: beer

text: from

text: another

text: brewery

text: This

text: law

text: has

text: now

text: been

text: repealed

text: but

text: while

text: in

text: force

text: it

text: dramatically

text: altered

text: the

text: industry

text: Some

text: pubs

text: still

text: offer

text: a

text: regularly

text: changing

text: selection

text: of

text: guest

text: beers

question: What is a notable brewery in Kent that owns hundreds of pubs?

answer: Shepherd Neame

text: Shepherd Neame

question: What London breweries each own many pubs?

answer: Young's and Fuller's

text: Young's and Fuller's

question: What is an example of a brewer that owns pubs throughout Britain?

answer: Greene King

text: Greene King

question: What law required that a pub offer at least one beer from a brewery it wasn't tied to?

answer: The Beer Orders

text: The Beer Orders

question: In what year were the Beer Orders passed?

answer: 1989


text: Other sports clubs include Plymouth Albion R.F.C. and the Plymouth Raiders basketball club. Plymouth Albion Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club that was founded in 1875 and are currently competing in the third tier of Professional English Rugby . They play at the Brickfields. Plymouth Raiders play in the British Basketball League – the top tier of British basketball. They play at the Plymouth Pavilions entertainment arena and were founded in 1983. Plymouth cricket club was formed in 1843, the current 1st XI play in the Devon Premier League. Plymouth Devils are a speedway team in the British Premier League. Plymouth was home to an American football club, the Plymouth Admirals until 2010. Plymouth is also home to Plymouth Marjons Hockey Club, with their 1st XI playing in the National League last season.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Other

text: sports

text: clubs

text: include

text: Plymouth

text: Albion

text: R.F.C.

text: and

text: the

text: Plymouth

text: Raiders

text: basketball

text: club

text: Plymouth

text: Albion

text: Rugby

text: Football

text: Club

text: is

text: a

text: rugby

text: union

text: club

text: that

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: and

text: are

text: currently

text: competing

text: in

text: the

text: third

text: tier

text: of

text: Professional

text: English

text: Rugby

text: They

text: play

text: at

text: the

text: Brickfields

text: Plymouth

text: Raiders

text: play

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: Basketball

text: League

text: the

text: top

text: tier

text: of

text: British

text: basketball

text: They

text: play

text: at

text: the

text: Plymouth

text: Pavilions

text: entertainment

text: arena

text: and

text: were

text: founded

text: in

text: Plymouth

text: cricket

text: club

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: the

text: current

text: XI

text: play

text: in

text: the

text: Devon

text: Premier

text: League

text: Plymouth

text: Devils

text: are

text: a

text: speedway

text: team

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: Premier

text: League

text: Plymouth

text: was

text: home

text: to

text: an

text: American

text: football

text: club

text: the

text: Plymouth

text: Admirals

text: until

text: Plymouth

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: Plymouth

text: Marjons

text: Hockey

text: Club

text: with

text: their

text: XI

text: playing

text: in

text: the

text: National

text: League

text: last

text: season

question: What rugby union team is based in Plymouth?

answer: Plymouth Albion R.F.C.

text: Plymouth Albion R.F.C.

question: What British Basketball League team calls Plymouth home?

answer: Plymouth Raiders

text: Plymouth Raiders

question: When was Plymouth Albion R.F.C. founded?

answer: 1875

question: Where do the Plymouth Raiders play their home games?

answer: Plymouth Pavilions

text: Plymouth Pavilions

question: When were the Plymouth Raiders inaugurated?

answer: 1983


text: West's first six solo studio albums, all of which have gone platinum, have received numerous awards and critical acclaim. All of his albums have been commercially successful, with Yeezus, his sixth solo album, becoming his fifth consecutive No. 1 album in the U.S. upon release. West has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of December 2012, with "Gold Digger" selling 3,086,000, "Stronger" selling 4,402,000, "Heartless" selling 3,742,000, "E.T." selling over 4,000,000, "Love Lockdown" selling over 3,000,000, and "Niggas in Paris" selling over 3,000,000, placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade. He has sold over 30 million digital songs in the United States making him one of the best-selling digital artists of all-time.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: West

text: 's

text: first

text: six

text: solo

text: studio

text: albums

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: gone

text: platinum

text: have

text: received

text: numerous

text: awards

text: and

text: critical

text: acclaim

text: All

text: of

text: his

text: albums

text: have

text: been

text: commercially

text: successful

text: with

text: Yeezus

text: his

text: sixth

text: solo

text: album

text: becoming

text: his

text: fifth

text: consecutive

text: No

text: album

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: upon

text: release

text: West

text: has

text: had

text: six

text: songs

text: exceed

text: million

text: in

text: digital

text: sales

text: as

text: of

text: December

text: with

text: Gold

text: Digger

text: selling

text: Stronger

text: selling

text: Heartless

text: selling

text: E.T.

text: selling

text: over

text: Love

text: Lockdown

text: selling

text: over

text: and

text: Niggas

text: in

text: Paris

text: selling

text: over

text: placing

text: him

text: third

text: in

text: overall

text: digital

text: sales

text: of

text: the

text: past

text: decade

text: He

text: has

text: sold

text: over

text: million

text: digital

text: songs

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: making

text: him

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: selling

text: digital

text: artists

text: of

text: all

text: time

question: How many songs has Kanye had that have exceeded 3 million digital sales?

answer: 6

question: How many songs has Kanye sold digitally in his career?

answer: over 30 million

text: over 30 million

question: How many of West's six albums have gone platinum?

answer: 6

question: What was Kanye's fifth consecutive number one album?

answer: Yeezus

text: Yeezus

question: As of 2012, how many downloads have there been of "Golddigger"?

answer: 3,086,000

question: What rank is West in total sales for the last decade?

answer: third

text: third

question: How many total digital songs has Kanye West sold in the US?

answer: 30 million

text: 30 million


text: Feynman was a keen popularizer of physics through both books and lectures, including a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom, and the three-volume publication of his undergraduate lectures, The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Feynman also became known through his semi-autobiographical books Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! and What Do You Care What Other People Think? and books written about him, such as Tuva or Bust! and Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman by James Gleick.

title: Richard_Feynman

title: Richard_Feynman

text: Feynman

text: was

text: a

text: keen

text: popularizer

text: of

text: physics

text: through

text: both

text: books

text: and

text: lectures

text: including

text: a

text: talk

text: on

text: top

text: down

text: nanotechnology

text: called

text: There

text: 's

text: Plenty

text: of

text: Room

text: at

text: the

text: Bottom

text: and

text: the

text: three

text: volume

text: publication

text: of

text: his

text: undergraduate

text: lectures

text: The

text: Feynman

text: Lectures

text: on

text: Physics

text: Feynman

text: also

text: became

text: known

text: through

text: his

text: semi

text: autobiographical

text: books

text: Surely

text: You

text: 're

text: Joking

text: Mr.

text: Feynman

text: and

text: What

text: Do

text: You

text: Care

text: What

text: Other

text: People

text: Think

text: and

text: books

text: written

text: about

text: him

text: such

text: as

text: Tuva

text: or

text: Bust

text: and

text: Genius

text: The

text: Life

text: and

text: Science

text: of

text: Richard

text: Feynman

text: by

text: James

text: Gleick

question: What was the name of Feynman's 1959 talk on nanotech?

answer: There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom

text: There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom

question: What was the name of Feynman's lectures he made as an undergraduate?

answer: The Feynman Lectures on Physics

text: The Feynman Lectures on Physics

question: What was the name of one of his semi-autobiographical books?

answer: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!

text: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!

question: What book did James Gleck write about Feynman?

answer: Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman

text: Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman

question: Feynman wrote many books and gave many ___

answer: lectures

text: lectures

question: What was the name of Feynman's 1969 talk on nanotech?

text: There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom

question: What was the name of Feynman's lectures he made as a graduate?

text: The Feynman Lectures on Physics

question: What was the name of one of his fiction books?

text: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!

question: What book did John Gleck write about Feynman?

question: Why did Feynman lose credit for his writing?

text: lectures


text: Schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport. He is widely considered to be among the greatest bodybuilders of all times as well as its biggest icon. Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon. His breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982, which was a box-office hit and resulted in a sequel. In 1984, he appeared in James Cameron's science-fiction thriller film The Terminator, which was a massive critical and box-office success. Schwarzenegger subsequently reprised the Terminator character in the franchise's later installments in 1991, 2003, and 2015. He appeared in a number of successful films, such as Commando (1985), The Running Man (1987), Predator (1987), Twins (1988), Total Recall (1990), Kindergarten Cop (1990) and True Lies (1994). He was nicknamed the "Austrian Oak" in his bodybuilding days, "Arnie" during his acting career, and "The Governator" (a portmanteau of "Governor" and "The Terminator", one of his best-known movie roles).

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

text: Schwarzenegger

text: began

text: weight

text: training

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: He

text: won

text: the

text: Mr.

text: Universe

text: title

text: at

text: age

text: and

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: win

text: the

text: Mr.

text: Olympia

text: contest

text: seven

text: times

text: Schwarzenegger

text: has

text: remained

text: a

text: prominent

text: presence

text: in

text: bodybuilding

text: and

text: has

text: written

text: many

text: books

text: and

text: articles

text: on

text: the

text: sport

text: He

text: is

text: widely

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: among

text: the

text: greatest

text: bodybuilders

text: of

text: all

text: times

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: biggest

text: icon

text: Schwarzenegger

text: gained

text: worldwide

text: fame

text: as

text: a

text: Hollywood

text: action

text: film

text: icon

text: His

text: breakthrough

text: film

text: was

text: the

text: sword

text: and

text: sorcery

text: epic

text: Conan

text: the

text: Barbarian

text: in

text: which

text: was

text: a

text: box

text: office

text: hit

text: and

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: sequel

text: In

text: he

text: appeared

text: in

text: James

text: Cameron

text: 's

text: science

text: fiction

text: thriller

text: film

text: The

text: Terminator

text: which

text: was

text: a

text: massive

text: critical

text: and

text: box

text: office

text: success

text: Schwarzenegger

text: subsequently

text: reprised

text: the

text: Terminator

text: character

text: in

text: the

text: franchise

text: 's

text: later

text: installments

text: in

text: and

text: He

text: appeared

text: in

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: successful

text: films

text: such

text: as

text: Commando

text: The

text: Running

text: Man

text: Predator

text: Twins

text: Total

text: Recall

text: Kindergarten

text: Cop

text: and

text: True

text: Lies

text: He

text: was

text: nicknamed

text: the

text: Austrian

text: Oak

text: in

text: his

text: bodybuilding

text: days

text: Arnie

text: during

text: his

text: acting

text: career

text: and

text: The

text: Governator

text: a

text: portmanteau

text: of

text: Governor

text: and

text: The

text: Terminator

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: best

text: known

text: movie

text: roles

question: How old was Schwarzenegger when he started bodybuilding?

answer: 15

question: How many times was Schwarzenegger awarded the Mr. Olympia title?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: For which film from 1982 did Schwarzenegger first gain fame?

answer: Conan the Barbarian

text: Conan the Barbarian

question: How old was Schwarzenegger when he won Mr. Universe?

answer: 20

question: What nickname did Schwarzenegger's co-stars call him by during his acting career?

answer: Arnie

text: Arnie


text: In Japan, professional wrestling done by female wrestlers is called joshi puroresu (女子プロレス) or joshi puro for short. Female wrestling is usually handled by promotions that specialize in joshi puroresu rather than divisions of otherwise male-dominated promotions, as is the case in the United States. However, joshi puroresu promotions usually have agreements with male puroresu promotions such that they recognize each other's titles as legitimate, and may share cards. All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling was the dominant joshi organization from the 1970s to the 1990s.

title: Professional_wrestling

title: Professional_wrestling

text: In

text: Japan

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: done

text: by

text: female

text: wrestlers

text: is

text: called

text: joshi

text: puroresu

text: 女子プロレス

text: or

text: joshi

text: puro

text: for

text: short

text: Female

text: wrestling

text: is

text: usually

text: handled

text: by

text: promotions

text: that

text: specialize

text: in

text: joshi

text: puroresu

text: rather

text: than

text: divisions

text: of

text: otherwise

text: male

text: dominated

text: promotions

text: as

text: is

text: the

text: case

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: However

text: joshi

text: puroresu

text: promotions

text: usually

text: have

text: agreements

text: with

text: male

text: puroresu

text: promotions

text: such

text: that

text: they

text: recognize

text: each

text: other

text: 's

text: titles

text: as

text: legitimate

text: and

text: may

text: share

text: cards

text: All

text: Japan

text: Women

text: 's

text: Pro

text: Wrestling

text: was

text: the

text: dominant

text: joshi

text: organization

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

question: What is professional female wrestling called in Japan?

answer: joshi puroresu

text: joshi puroresu

question: What is the short form for joshi puroresu?

answer: joshi puro

text: joshi puro

question: What was the major joshi organization for two decades?

answer: Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling

text: Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling


text: In the groups Z/nZ introduced above, the element 1 is primitive, so these groups are cyclic. Indeed, each element is expressible as a sum all of whose terms are 1. Any cyclic group with n elements is isomorphic to this group. A second example for cyclic groups is the group of n-th complex roots of unity, given by complex numbers z satisfying zn = 1. These numbers can be visualized as the vertices on a regular n-gon, as shown in blue at the right for n = 6. The group operation is multiplication of complex numbers. In the picture, multiplying with z corresponds to a counter-clockwise rotation by 60°. Using some field theory, the group Fp× can be shown to be cyclic: for example, if p = 5, 3 is a generator since 31 = 3, 32 = 9 ≡ 4, 33 ≡ 2, and 34 ≡ 1.

title: Group_(mathematics)

title: Group_(mathematics

text: In

text: the

text: groups

text: Z

text: nZ

text: introduced

text: above

text: the

text: element

text: is

text: primitive

text: so

text: these

text: groups

text: are

text: cyclic

text: Indeed

text: each

text: element

text: is

text: expressible

text: as

text: a

text: sum

text: all

text: of

text: whose

text: terms

text: are

text: Any

text: cyclic

text: group

text: with

text: n

text: elements

text: is

text: isomorphic

text: to

text: this

text: group

text: A

text: second

text: example

text: for

text: cyclic

text: groups

text: is

text: the

text: group

text: of

text: n

text: th

text: complex

text: roots

text: of

text: unity

text: given

text: by

text: complex

text: numbers

text: z

text: satisfying

text: zn

text: These

text: numbers

text: can

text: be

text: visualized

text: as

text: the

text: vertices

text: on

text: a

text: regular

text: n

text: gon

text: as

text: shown

text: in

text: blue

text: at

text: the

text: right

text: for

text: n

text: The

text: group

text: operation

text: is

text: multiplication

text: of

text: complex

text: numbers

text: In

text: the

text: picture

text: multiplying

text: with

text: z

text: corresponds

text: to

text: a

text: counter

text: clockwise

text: rotation

text: by

text: Using

text: some

text: field

text: theory

text: the

text: group

text: Fp×

text: can

text: be

text: shown

text: to

text: be

text: cyclic

text: for

text: example

text: if

text: p

text: is

text: a

text: generator

text: since

text: and

question: What is a group labeled when the element 1 is primitive?

answer: cyclic

text: cyclic

question: What group is isomorphic to cyclic groups?

answer: Any cyclic group with n elements

text: Any cyclic group with n elements

question: What example of cyclic group satisfies the express of zn = 1?

answer: the group of n-th complex roots of unity

text: the group of n-th complex roots of unity

question: A cyclic group without n elements is considered what?

text: isomorphic

question: What element is not primitive in groups Z/nZ?

question: What are groups called when element 1 is not primitive?

text: cyclic

question: What rotation results in multiplying but n?

text: a counter-clockwise rotation by 60°

question: What are numbers on an irregular n-gon?

text: vertices


text: About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry. Approximately 10% of the population consists of immigrants from Western countries, while 21% of the population is of non-Western origin (9% Moroccan, 5% Turkish, 3% Surinamese and Dutch Caribbean and 5% of other countries). Some of the city's boroughs have a relatively high percentage of originally non-Dutch inhabitants – i.e. Kanaleneiland 83% and Overvecht 57%. Like Rotterdam, Amsterdam, The Hague and other large Dutch cities, Utrecht faces some socio-economic problems. About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare (17% of all households). Boroughs such as Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate.

title: Utrecht

title: Utrecht

text: About

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: is

text: of

text: Dutch

text: ancestry

text: Approximately

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: consists

text: of

text: immigrants

text: from

text: Western

text: countries

text: while

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: is

text: of

text: non

text: Western

text: origin

text: Moroccan

text: Turkish

text: Surinamese

text: and

text: Dutch

text: Caribbean

text: and

text: of

text: other

text: countries

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: boroughs

text: have

text: a

text: relatively

text: high

text: percentage

text: of

text: originally

text: non

text: Dutch

text: inhabitants

text: i.e.

text: Kanaleneiland

text: and

text: Overvecht

text: Like

text: Rotterdam

text: Amsterdam

text: The

text: Hague

text: and

text: other

text: large

text: Dutch

text: cities

text: Utrecht

text: faces

text: some

text: socio

text: economic

text: problems

text: About

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: population

text: either

text: earns

text: a

text: minimum

text: income

text: or

text: is

text: dependent

text: on

text: social

text: welfare

text: of

text: all

text: households

text: Boroughs

text: such

text: as

text: Kanaleneiland

text: Overvecht

text: and

text: Hoograven

text: consist

text: primarily

text: of

text: high

text: rise

text: housing

text: developments

text: and

text: are

text: known

text: for

text: relatively

text: high

text: poverty

text: and

text: crime

text: rate

question: What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face

answer: About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare

text: About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare

question: percentage of population that's dutch

answer: About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry

text: About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry

question: What boroughs are known for high crime

answer: Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate

text: Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate

question: What percentage of the Netherland's population is of Dutch ancestory?

question: What percentage of the the Netherlands population id immigrants from Western countries?

question: What is 17% of the population dependdent on?

text: social welfare

question: What boroughs are known for development and low crime?

text: Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven


text: Before World War II, Oklahoma City developed major stockyards, attracting jobs and revenue formerly in Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska. With the 1928 discovery of oil within the city limits (including under the State Capitol), Oklahoma City became a major center of oil production. Post-war growth accompanied the construction of the Interstate Highway System, which made Oklahoma City a major interchange as the convergence of I-35, I-40 and I-44. It was also aided by federal development of Tinker Air Force Base.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: Before

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: developed

text: major

text: stockyards

text: attracting

text: jobs

text: and

text: revenue

text: formerly

text: in

text: Chicago

text: and

text: Omaha

text: Nebraska

text: With

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: oil

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: limits

text: including

text: under

text: the

text: State

text: Capitol

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: became

text: a

text: major

text: center

text: of

text: oil

text: production

text: Post

text: war

text: growth

text: accompanied

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: the

text: Interstate

text: Highway

text: System

text: which

text: made

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: a

text: major

text: interchange

text: as

text: the

text: convergence

text: of

text: and

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: aided

text: by

text: federal

text: development

text: of

text: Tinker

text: Air

text: Force

text: Base

question: When was oil discovered in the city limits?

answer: 1928

question: What routes used Oklahoma City as a major route change?

answer: I-35, I-40 and I-44

text: I-35, I-40 and I-44


text: Many major events caused Europe to change around the start of the 16th century, starting with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the fall of Muslim Spain and the discovery of the Americas in 1492, and Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation in 1517. In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century, through the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries, until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: Many

text: major

text: events

text: caused

text: Europe

text: to

text: change

text: around

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: starting

text: with

text: the

text: Fall

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: in

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Muslim

text: Spain

text: and

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: in

text: and

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: 's

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: in

text: In

text: England

text: the

text: modern

text: period

text: is

text: often

text: dated

text: to

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Tudor

text: period

text: with

text: the

text: victory

text: of

text: Henry

text: VII

text: over

text: Richard

text: III

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Bosworth

text: in

text: Early

text: modern

text: European

text: history

text: is

text: usually

text: seen

text: to

text: span

text: from

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: through

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Reason

text: and

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Enlightenment

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: until

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

question: In what year did the fall of Constantinople happen?

answer: 1453

question: When is the modern period dated in England?

answer: Battle of Bosworth in 1485

text: Battle of Bosworth in 1485

question: Who was defeated by Henry Vll at the battle of Bosworth?

answer: Richard III

text: Richard III


text: The easternmost section, about 10 miles (16 km) in width, consists of hilly land that runs along the western bank of the Tennessee River. To the west of this narrow strip of land is a wide area of rolling hills and streams that stretches all the way to the Mississippi River; this area is called the Tennessee Bottoms or bottom land. In Memphis, the Tennessee Bottoms end in steep bluffs overlooking the river. To the west of the Tennessee Bottoms is the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, less than 300 feet (90 m) above sea level. This area of lowlands, flood plains, and swamp land is sometimes referred to as the Delta region. Memphis is the economic center of West Tennessee and the largest city in the state.

title: Tennessee

title: Tennessee

text: The

text: easternmost

text: section

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: in

text: width

text: consists

text: of

text: hilly

text: land

text: that

text: runs

text: along

text: the

text: western

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Tennessee

text: River

text: To

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: this

text: narrow

text: strip

text: of

text: land

text: is

text: a

text: wide

text: area

text: of

text: rolling

text: hills

text: and

text: streams

text: that

text: stretches

text: all

text: the

text: way

text: to

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: this

text: area

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: Tennessee

text: Bottoms

text: or

text: bottom

text: land

text: In

text: Memphis

text: the

text: Tennessee

text: Bottoms

text: end

text: in

text: steep

text: bluffs

text: overlooking

text: the

text: river

text: To

text: the

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Tennessee

text: Bottoms

text: is

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: Alluvial

text: Plain

text: less

text: than

text: feet

text: m

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: This

text: area

text: of

text: lowlands

text: flood

text: plains

text: and

text: swamp

text: land

text: is

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Delta

text: region

text: Memphis

text: is

text: the

text: economic

text: center

text: of

text: West

text: Tennessee

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: state

question: What is the lowland area of Tennessee between the Tennessee River and Mississippi River called?

answer: Tennessee Bottoms

text: Tennessee Bottoms

question: What geographical region lies west of the Tennessee bottom land?

answer: Mississippi Alluvial Plain

text: Mississippi Alluvial Plain

question: What maximum elevation is the land in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain?

answer: 300 feet (90 m) above sea level

text: 300 feet (90 m) above sea level

question: What city is central to the economy of West Tennessee?

answer: Memphis

text: Memphis


text: The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 during which they established a new short-lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt, until 639–42, when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs. When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt, the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country. Early in this period, Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices, leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day. These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity.

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: The

text: Byzantines

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: regain

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: after

text: a

text: brief

text: Sasanian

text: Persian

text: invasion

text: early

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: amidst

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Sasanian

text: War

text: of

text: during

text: which

text: they

text: established

text: a

text: new

text: short

text: lived

text: province

text: for

text: ten

text: years

text: known

text: as

text: Sasanian

text: Egypt

text: until

text: when

text: Egypt

text: was

text: invaded

text: and

text: conquered

text: by

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Empire

text: by

text: the

text: Muslim

text: Arabs

text: When

text: they

text: defeated

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Armies

text: in

text: Egypt

text: the

text: Arabs

text: brought

text: Sunni

text: Islam

text: to

text: the

text: country

text: Early

text: in

text: this

text: period

text: Egyptians

text: began

text: to

text: blend

text: their

text: new

text: faith

text: with

text: indigenous

text: beliefs

text: and

text: practices

text: leading

text: to

text: various

text: Sufi

text: orders

text: that

text: have

text: flourished

text: to

text: this

text: day

text: These

text: earlier

text: rites

text: had

text: survived

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: Coptic

text: Christianity

question: Who took control of Egypt from Sasanian Persian rule?

answer: Byzantines

text: Byzantines

question: What war gave Sasanin Persians control of Egypt?

answer: Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

text: Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628

question: How long were Sasanin Persians ruling Egypt?

answer: ten years

text: ten years

question: What religion did Arabs bring to Egypt?

answer: Sunni Islam

text: Sunni Islam


text: These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue. The Ottoman state tended not to interfere with non-Muslim religious law systems, despite legally having a voice to do so through local governors. The Islamic Sharia law system had been developed from a combination of the Qur'an; the Hadīth, or words of the prophet Muhammad; ijmā', or consensus of the members of the Muslim community; qiyas, a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents; and local customs. Both systems were taught at the Empire's law schools, which were in Istanbul and Bursa.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: These

text: court

text: categories

text: were

text: not

text: however

text: wholly

text: exclusive

text: for

text: instance

text: the

text: Islamic

text: courts

text: which

text: were

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: primary

text: courts

text: could

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: settle

text: a

text: trade

text: conflict

text: or

text: disputes

text: between

text: litigants

text: of

text: differing

text: religions

text: and

text: Jews

text: and

text: Christians

text: often

text: went

text: to

text: them

text: to

text: obtain

text: a

text: more

text: forceful

text: ruling

text: on

text: an

text: issue

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: state

text: tended

text: not

text: to

text: interfere

text: with

text: non

text: Muslim

text: religious

text: law

text: systems

text: despite

text: legally

text: having

text: a

text: voice

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: through

text: local

text: governors

text: The

text: Islamic

text: Sharia

text: law

text: system

text: had

text: been

text: developed

text: from

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: the

text: Qur'an

text: the

text: Hadīth

text: or

text: words

text: of

text: the

text: prophet

text: Muhammad

text: ijmā

text: or

text: consensus

text: of

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Muslim

text: community

text: qiyas

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: analogical

text: reasoning

text: from

text: earlier

text: precedents

text: and

text: local

text: customs

text: Both

text: systems

text: were

text: taught

text: at

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: law

text: schools

text: which

text: were

text: in

text: Istanbul

text: and

text: Bursa

question: What were the primary courts of the empire?

answer: Islamic courts

text: Islamic courts

question: From what works was Sharia developed?

answer: the Qur'an; the Hadīth

text: the Qur'an; the Hadīth

question: Whose words contributed to the Islamic Sharia law system?

answer: the prophet Muhammad

text: the prophet Muhammad

question: Where were the empire's law schools?

answer: in Istanbul and Bursa.

text: in Istanbul and Bursa.

question: What other religious groups went to Islamic courts?

answer: Jews and Christians

text: Jews and Christians


text: The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.

title: Dutch_Republic

title: Dutch_Republic

text: The

text: Netherlands

text: regained

text: independence

text: from

text: France

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Dutch

text: Treaty

text: of

text: the

text: names

text: United

text: Provinces

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: United

text: Netherlands

text: were

text: used

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: rejoined

text: with

text: the

text: Austrian

text: Netherlands

text: Luxembourg

text: and

text: Liège

text: the

text: Southern

text: provinces

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: informally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Netherlands

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: strong

text: buffer

text: state

text: north

text: of

text: France

text: After

text: Belgium

text: and

text: Luxembourg

text: became

text: independent

text: the

text: state

text: became

text: unequivocally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: as

text: it

text: remains

text: today

question: In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?

answer: 1813

question: What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?

answer: "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands"

text: "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands"

question: The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries?

answer: Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège

text: Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège

question: When did Belgium regain independence from France?

text: in 1813

question: What names were Luxembourg known by in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?

question: What kingdom created a buffer state north of Belgium?

text: the Kingdom of the United Netherlands

question: What happened to the Kingdom of the United Netherlands after France became independent?

question: What did the Southern provinces treaty accomplish for the Netherlands?