text: Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of Cossacks. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World. In 1648, the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule. In 1654 the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian Tsar, Aleksey I. Aleksey's acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War (1654–1667). Finally, Ukraine was split along the river Dnieper, leaving the western part (or Right-bank Ukraine) under Polish rule and eastern part (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian. Later, in 1670–71 the Don Cossacks led by Stenka Razin initiated a major uprising in the Volga region, but the Tsar's troops were successful in defeating the rebels. In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of the huge territories of Siberia was led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian river routes, and by the mid-17th century there were Russian settlements in the Eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the Pacific coast. In 1648 the Bering Strait between Asia and North America was passed for the first time by Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: Russia

text: experienced

text: territorial

text: growth

text: through

text: the

text: century

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: Cossacks

text: Cossacks

text: were

text: warriors

text: organized

text: into

text: military

text: communities

text: resembling

text: pirates

text: and

text: pioneers

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: In

text: the

text: peasants

text: of

text: Ukraine

text: joined

text: the

text: Zaporozhian

text: Cossacks

text: in

text: rebellion

text: against

text: Poland

text: Lithuania

text: during

text: the

text: Khmelnytsky

text: Uprising

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: social

text: and

text: religious

text: oppression

text: they

text: suffered

text: under

text: Polish

text: rule

text: In

text: the

text: Ukrainian

text: leader

text: Bohdan

text: Khmelnytsky

text: offered

text: to

text: place

text: Ukraine

text: under

text: the

text: protection

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Tsar

text: Aleksey

text: I.

text: Aleksey

text: 's

text: acceptance

text: of

text: this

text: offer

text: led

text: to

text: another

text: Russo

text: Polish

text: War

text: Finally

text: Ukraine

text: was

text: split

text: along

text: the

text: river

text: Dnieper

text: leaving

text: the

text: western

text: part

text: or

text: Right

text: bank

text: Ukraine

text: under

text: Polish

text: rule

text: and

text: eastern

text: part

text: Left

text: bank

text: Ukraine

text: and

text: Kiev

text: under

text: Russian

text: Later

text: in

text: the

text: Don

text: Cossacks

text: led

text: by

text: Stenka

text: Razin

text: initiated

text: a

text: major

text: uprising

text: in

text: the

text: Volga

text: region

text: but

text: the

text: Tsar

text: 's

text: troops

text: were

text: successful

text: in

text: defeating

text: the

text: rebels

text: In

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: rapid

text: Russian

text: exploration

text: and

text: colonisation

text: of

text: the

text: huge

text: territories

text: of

text: Siberia

text: was

text: led

text: mostly

text: by

text: Cossacks

text: hunting

text: for

text: valuable

text: furs

text: and

text: ivory

text: Russian

text: explorers

text: pushed

text: eastward

text: primarily

text: along

text: the

text: Siberian

text: river

text: routes

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: there

text: were

text: Russian

text: settlements

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Siberia

text: on

text: the

text: Chukchi

text: Peninsula

text: along

text: the

text: Amur

text: River

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: Pacific

text: coast

text: In

text: the

text: Bering

text: Strait

text: between

text: Asia

text: and

text: North

text: America

text: was

text: passed

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: by

text: Fedot

text: Popov

text: and

text: Semyon

text: Dezhnyov

question: When did Russia experience territorial growth?

answer: the 17th century

text: the 17th century

question: The 17th century is also known as?

answer: age of Cossacks.

text: age of Cossacks.

question: Who are Cossacks?

answer: warriors organized into military communities

text: warriors organized into military communities

question: Who joined the Cossacks in 1648?

answer: peasants of Ukraine

text: peasants of Ukraine

question: Why dd the Peasants of Ukraine join the Cossacks?

answer: in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania

text: in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania


text: The term szlachta is derived from the Old High German word slahta (modern German Geschlecht), which means "(noble) family", much as many other Polish words pertaining to the nobility derive from German words—e.g., the Polish "rycerz" ("knight", cognate of the German "Ritter") and the Polish "herb" ("coat of arms", from the German "Erbe", "heritage").

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: The

text: term

text: szlachta

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Old

text: High

text: German

text: word

text: slahta

text: modern

text: German

text: Geschlecht

text: which

text: means

text: noble

text: family

text: much

text: as

text: many

text: other

text: Polish

text: words

text: pertaining

text: to

text: the

text: nobility

text: derive

text: from

text: German

text: words

text: e.g

text: the

text: Polish

text: rycerz

text: knight

text: cognate

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: Ritter

text: and

text: the

text: Polish

text: herb

text: coat

text: of

text: arms

text: from

text: the

text: German

text: Erbe

text: heritage

question: What german word does the term szlachta come from?

answer: slahta

text: slahta

question: What does slahta mean?

answer: "(noble) family"

text: "(noble) family"

question: What is the polish name for knight?

answer: rycerz

text: rycerz

question: German name for knight?

answer: Ritter

text: Ritter

question: Where does the word her derive from in german?

answer: Erbe

text: Erbe


text: International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India, such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924. This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years. These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was put into place. This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14, and from working in hazardous conditions.

title: Child_labour

title: Child_labour

text: International

text: influences

text: help

text: to

text: encourage

text: legal

text: actions

text: to

text: be

text: taken

text: in

text: India

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Geneva

text: Declaration

text: of

text: the

text: Right

text: of

text: Children

text: Act

text: was

text: passed

text: in

text: This

text: act

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: The

text: Universal

text: Declaration

text: of

text: Human

text: Rights

text: in

text: to

text: which

text: incorporated

text: the

text: basic

text: human

text: rights

text: and

text: needs

text: of

text: children

text: for

text: proper

text: progression

text: and

text: growth

text: in

text: their

text: younger

text: years

text: These

text: international

text: acts

text: encouraged

text: major

text: changes

text: to

text: the

text: workforce

text: in

text: India

text: which

text: occurred

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: Child

text: Labour

text: Prohibition

text: and

text: Regulation

text: Act

text: was

text: put

text: into

text: place

text: This

text: act

text: prohibited

text: hiring

text: children

text: younger

text: than

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: and

text: from

text: working

text: in

text: hazardous

text: conditions

question: When did the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act pass?

answer: 1924

question: What did the international acts do?

answer: encouraged major changes to the workforce

text: encouraged major changes to the workforce

question: What is the age limit now in India for child workers?

answer: 14

question: What child working conditions are they protected from?

answer: hazardous conditions

text: hazardous conditions


text: The FA permitted artificial turf (3G) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014–15 edition and beyond. Under the 2015-16 rules, the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality, or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs. This followed approval two years previously for their use in the qualifying rounds only - if a team with a 3G pitch progressed to the competition proper, they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch. Having been strong proponents of the surface, the first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015.

title: FA_Cup

title: FA_Cup

text: The

text: FA

text: permitted

text: artificial

text: turf

text: G

text: pitches

text: in

text: all

text: rounds

text: of

text: the

text: competition

text: from

text: the

text: edition

text: and

text: beyond

text: Under

text: the

text: rules

text: the

text: pitch

text: must

text: be

text: of

text: FIFA

text: One

text: Star

text: quality

text: or

text: Two

text: Star

text: for

text: ties

text: if

text: they

text: involve

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: professional

text: clubs

text: This

text: followed

text: approval

text: two

text: years

text: previously

text: for

text: their

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: qualifying

text: rounds

text: only

text: if

text: a

text: team

text: with

text: a

text: G

text: pitch

text: progressed

text: to

text: the

text: competition

text: proper

text: they

text: had

text: to

text: switch

text: their

text: tie

text: to

text: the

text: ground

text: of

text: another

text: eligible

text: entrant

text: with

text: a

text: natural

text: grass

text: pitch

text: Having

text: been

text: strong

text: proponents

text: of

text: the

text: surface

text: the

text: first

text: match

text: in

text: the

text: proper

text: rounds

text: to

text: be

text: played

text: on

text: a

text: G

text: surface

text: was

text: a

text: televised

text: first

text: round

text: replay

text: at

text: Maidstone

text: United

text: 's

text: Gallagher

text: Stadium

text: on

text: November

question: Is the use of artificial turf allowed?

answer: The FA permitted artificial turf (3G) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014–15 edition and beyond.

text: The FA permitted artificial turf (3G) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014–15 edition and beyond.

question: What is the required quality of the pitch?

answer: the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality, or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs.

text: the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality, or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs.

question: How many professional clubs are there?

answer: 92

question: What happens if the pitch is not up to par?

answer: they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch.

text: they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch.

question: Where was the first #G surface game played?

answer: first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015.

text: first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015.

question: What season did the FA ban artificial turf?

question: What was the required quality of the pitch before 2015-16?

text: Two Star

question: When was the last match with a 3G surface televised?

text: 20 November 2015

question: Where was the last match with a 3G surface played?

text: Gallagher Stadium

question: What happens if a team with a 3G pitch does not progress to the competition proper?


text: General-in-Chief He Jin (d. 189 AD), half-brother to Empress He (d. 189 AD), plotted with Yuan Shao (d. 202 AD) to overthrow the eunuchs by having several generals march to the outskirts of the capital. There, in a written petition to Empress He, they demanded the eunuchs' execution. After a period of hesitation, Empress He consented. When the eunuchs discovered this, however, they had her brother He Miao (何苗) rescind the order. The eunuchs assassinated He Jin on September 22, 189 AD. Yuan Shao then besieged Luoyang's Northern Palace while his brother Yuan Shu (d. 199 AD) besieged the Southern Palace. On September 25 both palaces were breached and approximately two thousand eunuchs were killed. Zhang Rang had previously fled with Emperor Shao (r. 189 AD) and his brother Liu Xie—the future Emperor Xian of Han (r. 189–220 AD). While being pursued by the Yuan brothers, Zhang committed suicide by jumping into the Yellow River.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: General

text: in

text: Chief

text: He

text: Jin

text: d.

text: AD

text: half

text: brother

text: to

text: Empress

text: He

text: d.

text: AD

text: plotted

text: with

text: Yuan

text: Shao

text: d.

text: AD

text: to

text: overthrow

text: the

text: eunuchs

text: by

text: having

text: several

text: generals

text: march

text: to

text: the

text: outskirts

text: of

text: the

text: capital

text: There

text: in

text: a

text: written

text: petition

text: to

text: Empress

text: He

text: they

text: demanded

text: the

text: eunuchs

text: execution

text: After

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: hesitation

text: Empress

text: He

text: consented

text: When

text: the

text: eunuchs

text: discovered

text: this

text: however

text: they

text: had

text: her

text: brother

text: He

text: Miao

text: 何苗

text: rescind

text: the

text: order

text: The

text: eunuchs

text: assassinated

text: He

text: Jin

text: on

text: September

text: AD

text: Yuan

text: Shao

text: then

text: besieged

text: Luoyang

text: 's

text: Northern

text: Palace

text: while

text: his

text: brother

text: Yuan

text: Shu

text: d.

text: AD

text: besieged

text: the

text: Southern

text: Palace

text: On

text: September

text: both

text: palaces

text: were

text: breached

text: and

text: approximately

text: two

text: thousand

text: eunuchs

text: were

text: killed

text: Zhang

text: Rang

text: had

text: previously

text: fled

text: with

text: Emperor

text: Shao

text: r.

text: AD

text: and

text: his

text: brother

text: Liu

text: Xie

text: the

text: future

text: Emperor

text: Xian

text: of

text: Han

text: r.

text: AD

text: While

text: being

text: pursued

text: by

text: the

text: Yuan

text: brothers

text: Zhang

text: committed

text: suicide

text: by

text: jumping

text: into

text: the

text: Yellow

text: River

question: Who was assassinated on September 22, 189 AD?

answer: He Jin

text: He Jin

question: Who agreed to the execuation of the eunuchs?

answer: Empress He

text: Empress He

question: Who negated the execution order on the eunuchs?

answer: He Miao

text: He Miao

question: Who was the family member that Emperor Shao escaped with?

answer: Liu Xie

text: Liu Xie

question: What did General-in-Chief He petition Empress He for?

answer: the eunuchs' execution

text: the eunuchs' execution


text: Still, advancing technology and medicine has had a great impact even in the Global South. Large-scale industry and more centralized media made brutal dictatorships possible on an unprecedented scale in the middle of the century, leading to wars that were also unprecedented. However, the increased communications contributed to democratization. Technological developments included the development of airplanes and space exploration, nuclear technology, advancement in genetics, and the dawning of the Information Age.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: Still

text: advancing

text: technology

text: and

text: medicine

text: has

text: had

text: a

text: great

text: impact

text: even

text: in

text: the

text: Global

text: South

text: Large

text: scale

text: industry

text: and

text: more

text: centralized

text: media

text: made

text: brutal

text: dictatorships

text: possible

text: on

text: an

text: unprecedented

text: scale

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: leading

text: to

text: wars

text: that

text: were

text: also

text: unprecedented

text: However

text: the

text: increased

text: communications

text: contributed

text: to

text: democratization

text: Technological

text: developments

text: included

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: airplanes

text: and

text: space

text: exploration

text: nuclear

text: technology

text: advancement

text: in

text: genetics

text: and

text: the

text: dawning

text: of

text: the

text: Information

text: Age

question: What did the media industry make possible in the middle of the century?

answer: brutal dictatorships

text: brutal dictatorships

question: What did the brutal dictatorships caused by the media lead to?

answer: wars

text: wars

question: What did increased communications lead contribute to?

answer: democratization

text: democratization

question: What time period did technological advances lead to?

answer: the Information Age

text: the Information Age


text: The Portuguese government and army successfully resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon, known as the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia, as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (Processo Revolucionário Em Curso). This period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by Portuguese head representatives for overseas negotiations, which would create independent states in 1975, prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique).

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: The

text: Portuguese

text: government

text: and

text: army

text: successfully

text: resisted

text: the

text: decolonization

text: of

text: its

text: overseas

text: territories

text: until

text: April

text: when

text: a

text: bloodless

text: left

text: wing

text: military

text: coup

text: in

text: Lisbon

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Carnation

text: Revolution

text: led

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: the

text: independence

text: of

text: the

text: overseas

text: territories

text: in

text: Africa

text: and

text: Asia

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: for

text: the

text: restoration

text: of

text: democracy

text: after

text: two

text: years

text: of

text: a

text: transitional

text: period

text: known

text: as

text: PREC

text: Processo

text: Revolucionário

text: Em

text: Curso

text: This

text: period

text: was

text: characterized

text: by

text: social

text: turmoil

text: and

text: power

text: disputes

text: between

text: left-

text: and

text: right

text: wing

text: political

text: forces

text: The

text: retreat

text: from

text: the

text: overseas

text: territories

text: and

text: the

text: acceptance

text: of

text: its

text: independence

text: terms

text: by

text: Portuguese

text: head

text: representatives

text: for

text: overseas

text: negotiations

text: which

text: would

text: create

text: independent

text: states

text: in

text: prompted

text: a

text: mass

text: exodus

text: of

text: Portuguese

text: citizens

text: from

text: Portugal

text: 's

text: African

text: territories

text: mostly

text: from

text: Portuguese

text: Angola

text: and

text: Mozambique

question: Until when did the Portuguese government resist decolonization of their overseas territories?

answer: April 1974

text: April 1974

question: What was the Carnation Revolution?

answer: left-wing military coup in Lisbon

text: left-wing military coup in Lisbon

question: By what was the PREC characterized by?

answer: social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces

text: social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces


text: RIBA Enterprises is the commercial arm of RIBA, with a registered office in Newcastle upon Tyne, a base at 15 Bonhill Street in London, and an office in Newark. It employs over 250 staff, approximately 180 of whom are based in Newcastle.

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

text: RIBA

text: Enterprises

text: is

text: the

text: commercial

text: arm

text: of

text: RIBA

text: with

text: a

text: registered

text: office

text: in

text: Newcastle

text: upon

text: Tyne

text: a

text: base

text: at

text: Bonhill

text: Street

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: an

text: office

text: in

text: Newark

text: It

text: employs

text: over

text: staff

text: approximately

text: of

text: whom

text: are

text: based

text: in

text: Newcastle

question: What is the name of the Royal Institute's business operation?

answer: RIBA Enterprises

text: RIBA Enterprises

question: Where does RIBA's business group have its headquarters office?

answer: 15 Bonhill Street in London

text: 15 Bonhill Street in London

question: How many people work for RIBA Enterprises?

answer: over 250

text: over 250

question: How many of RIBA Enterprises' staff are located at the Newcastle office?

answer: 180

question: What is the name of the Royal Institute's academic operation?

text: RIBA Enterprises

question: Where does RIBA's business group hide its headquarters office?

text: 15 Bonhill Street in London

question: How many people quit working for RIBA Enterprises?

text: over 250

question: How many of RIBA Enterprises' staff are not located at the Newcastle office?


text: Albert Einstein lived in a flat at the Kramgasse 49, the site of the Einsteinhaus, from 1903 to 1905, the year in which the Annus Mirabilis Papers were published.

title: Bern

title: Bern

text: Albert

text: Einstein

text: lived

text: in

text: a

text: flat

text: at

text: the

text: Kramgasse

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: Einsteinhaus

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: year

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Annus

text: Mirabilis

text: Papers

text: were

text: published

question: Where is Albert Einstein live?

answer: the Kramgasse 49

text: the Kramgasse 49

question: What was published the same years?

answer: Annus Mirabilis Papers

text: Annus Mirabilis Papers

question: What is the flat that Einstein called?

answer: Einsteinhaus

text: Einsteinhaus


text: The Métropole du Grand Paris, or Metropolis of Greater Paris, formally came into existence on January 1, 2016. It is an administrative structure for cooperation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes, or towns of the three departments of the inner suburbs; Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne; plus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including Argenteuil in Val d'Oise and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, which were added to include the major airports of Paris. The Metropole covers 814 square kilometers and has a population of 6.945 million persons.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: The

text: Métropole

text: du

text: Grand

text: Paris

text: or

text: Metropolis

text: of

text: Greater

text: Paris

text: formally

text: came

text: into

text: existence

text: on

text: January

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: structure

text: for

text: cooperation

text: between

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Paris

text: and

text: its

text: nearest

text: suburbs

text: It

text: includes

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Paris

text: plus

text: the

text: communes

text: or

text: towns

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: departments

text: of

text: the

text: inner

text: suburbs

text: Hauts

text: de

text: Seine

text: Seine

text: Saint

text: Denis

text: and

text: Val

text: de

text: Marne

text: plus

text: seven

text: communes

text: in

text: the

text: outer

text: suburbs

text: including

text: Argenteuil

text: in

text: Val

text: d'Oise

text: and

text: Paray

text: Vieille

text: Poste

text: in

text: Essonne

text: which

text: were

text: added

text: to

text: include

text: the

text: major

text: airports

text: of

text: Paris

text: The

text: Metropole

text: covers

text: square

text: kilometers

text: and

text: has

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: persons

question: When did the Metropole du Grand Paris come into existence?

answer: January 1, 2016

text: January 1, 2016

question: How large is the Metropole?

answer: 814 square kilometers

text: 814 square kilometers

question: What is the population of the metropole?

answer: 6.945 million

text: 6.945 million

question: What three departments of the inner suburbs are included in the metropole?

answer: Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne

text: Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne

question: How many communes of the outer suburbs are included in the metropole?

answer: seven

text: seven


text: Other examples of the Gothic (also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic) style are on Old Campus by such architects as Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis. Several are associated with members of the Vanderbilt family, including Vanderbilt Hall, Phelps Hall, St. Anthony Hall (a commission for member Frederick William Vanderbilt), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the Sheffield Scientific School (the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956) and elements of Silliman College, the largest residential college.

title: Yale_University

title: Yale_University

text: Other

text: examples

text: of

text: the

text: Gothic

text: also

text: called

text: neo

text: Gothic

text: and

text: collegiate

text: Gothic

text: style

text: are

text: on

text: Old

text: Campus

text: by

text: such

text: architects

text: as

text: Henry

text: Austin

text: Charles

text: C.

text: Haight

text: and

text: Russell

text: Sturgis

text: Several

text: are

text: associated

text: with

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Vanderbilt

text: family

text: including

text: Vanderbilt

text: Hall

text: Phelps

text: Hall

text: St.

text: Anthony

text: Hall

text: a

text: commission

text: for

text: member

text: Frederick

text: William

text: Vanderbilt

text: the

text: Mason

text: Sloane

text: and

text: Osborn

text: laboratories

text: dormitories

text: for

text: the

text: Sheffield

text: Scientific

text: School

text: the

text: engineering

text: and

text: sciences

text: school

text: at

text: Yale

text: until

text: and

text: elements

text: of

text: Silliman

text: College

text: the

text: largest

text: residential

text: college

question: What architects have buildings in the Yale Old Campus?

answer: Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis

text: Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis

question: What is the largest residential college?

answer: Silliman College

text: Silliman College

question: Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1956?

answer: Sheffield Scientific School

text: Sheffield Scientific School

question: What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the Old Campus at Yale?

answer: neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic

text: neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic

question: What architects have buildings in the Yale New Campus?

question: What is the smallest residential college?

text: Silliman College

question: What is the largest industrial college?

text: Silliman College

question: Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1965?

text: Sheffield Scientific School

question: What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the New Campus at Yale?

text: neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic


text: After Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy, Ribbentrop wrote to Stalin, inviting Molotov to Berlin for negotiations aimed to create a 'continental bloc' of Germany, Italy, Japan and the USSR that would oppose Britain and the USA. Stalin sent Molotov to Berlin to negotiate the terms for the Soviet Union to join the Axis and potentially enjoy the spoils of the pact. After negotiations during November 1940 on where to extend the USSR's sphere of influence, Hitler broke off talks and continued planning for the eventual attempts to invade the Soviet Union.

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

text: After

text: Germany

text: entered

text: a

text: Tripartite

text: Pact

text: with

text: Japan

text: and

text: Italy

text: Ribbentrop

text: wrote

text: to

text: Stalin

text: inviting

text: Molotov

text: to

text: Berlin

text: for

text: negotiations

text: aimed

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: continental

text: bloc

text: of

text: Germany

text: Italy

text: Japan

text: and

text: the

text: USSR

text: that

text: would

text: oppose

text: Britain

text: and

text: the

text: USA

text: Stalin

text: sent

text: Molotov

text: to

text: Berlin

text: to

text: negotiate

text: the

text: terms

text: for

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: Axis

text: and

text: potentially

text: enjoy

text: the

text: spoils

text: of

text: the

text: pact

text: After

text: negotiations

text: during

text: November

text: on

text: where

text: to

text: extend

text: the

text: USSR

text: 's

text: sphere

text: of

text: influence

text: Hitler

text: broke

text: off

text: talks

text: and

text: continued

text: planning

text: for

text: the

text: eventual

text: attempts

text: to

text: invade

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

question: What countries agreed to a tripartisan agreement?

answer: Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy

text: Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy

question: Which Foreign Minister proposed that the Soviets should join this agreement of axis powers?

answer: Ribbentrop

text: Ribbentrop

question: Who would the axis powers oppose in the new agreement?

answer: Britain and the USA

text: Britain and the USA

question: What countries disagreed to a tripartisan agreement?

question: What countries agreed to a bipartisan agreement?

question: Which Foreign Minister proposed that the Soviets should reject this agreement of axis powers?

text: Ribbentrop

question: Which Foreign Minister proposed that the Soviets should join this disagreement of axis powers?

text: Ribbentrop

question: Who would the axis powers approve in the new agreement?

text: Britain and the USA


text: Labour improved its performance in 1987, gaining 20 seats and so reducing the Conservative majority from 143 to 102. They were now firmly re-established as the second political party in Britain as the Alliance had once again failed to make a breakthrough with seats. A merger of the SDP and Liberals formed the Liberal Democrats. Following the 1987 election, the National Executive Committee resumed disciplinary action against members of Militant, who remained in the party, leading to further expulsions of their activists and the two MPs who supported the group.

title: Labour_Party_(UK)

title: Labour_Party_(UK

text: Labour

text: improved

text: its

text: performance

text: in

text: gaining

text: seats

text: and

text: so

text: reducing

text: the

text: Conservative

text: majority

text: from

text: to

text: They

text: were

text: now

text: firmly

text: re

text: established

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: Britain

text: as

text: the

text: Alliance

text: had

text: once

text: again

text: failed

text: to

text: make

text: a

text: breakthrough

text: with

text: seats

text: A

text: merger

text: of

text: the

text: SDP

text: and

text: Liberals

text: formed

text: the

text: Liberal

text: Democrats

text: Following

text: the

text: election

text: the

text: National

text: Executive

text: Committee

text: resumed

text: disciplinary

text: action

text: against

text: members

text: of

text: Militant

text: who

text: remained

text: in

text: the

text: party

text: leading

text: to

text: further

text: expulsions

text: of

text: their

text: activists

text: and

text: the

text: two

text: MPs

text: who

text: supported

text: the

text: group

question: How many more seats did LAbour get in 1987?

answer: 20

question: What was the merger of SDP and the Liberals called?

answer: Liberal Democrats

text: Liberal Democrats

question: Who did the NEC expel

answer: activists and the two MPs who supported the group.

text: activists and the two MPs who supported the group.

question: When did Labour worsen its performance?

question: What party lost 20 seats in 1987?

text: Labour

question: How much was the Labour majority reduced by?

text: 143 to 102

question: What did the National Executive Committee do before 1987?

text: resumed disciplinary action

question: How many activists did the Conservative Party expel?

text: two


text: The eastern arm shows considerable diversity. In England it is generally long and may have two distinct sections, both choir and presbytery. It is often square ended or has a projecting Lady Chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. In France the eastern end is often polygonal and surrounded by a walkway called an ambulatory and sometimes a ring of chapels called a "chevet". While German churches are often similar to those of France, in Italy, the eastern projection beyond the transept is usually just a shallow apsidal chapel containing the sanctuary, as at Florence Cathedral.

title: Gothic_architecture

title: Gothic_architecture

text: The

text: eastern

text: arm

text: shows

text: considerable

text: diversity

text: In

text: England

text: it

text: is

text: generally

text: long

text: and

text: may

text: have

text: two

text: distinct

text: sections

text: both

text: choir

text: and

text: presbytery

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: square

text: ended

text: or

text: has

text: a

text: projecting

text: Lady

text: Chapel

text: dedicated

text: to

text: the

text: Virgin

text: Mary

text: In

text: France

text: the

text: eastern

text: end

text: is

text: often

text: polygonal

text: and

text: surrounded

text: by

text: a

text: walkway

text: called

text: an

text: ambulatory

text: and

text: sometimes

text: a

text: ring

text: of

text: chapels

text: called

text: a

text: chevet

text: While

text: German

text: churches

text: are

text: often

text: similar

text: to

text: those

text: of

text: France

text: in

text: Italy

text: the

text: eastern

text: projection

text: beyond

text: the

text: transept

text: is

text: usually

text: just

text: a

text: shallow

text: apsidal

text: chapel

text: containing

text: the

text: sanctuary

text: as

text: at

text: Florence

text: Cathedral

question: In England, which arm would generally show two distinct sections, choir and presbytery?

answer: The eastern arm

text: The eastern arm

question: Who is a projecting Lady Chapel dedicated to?

answer: the Virgin Mary

text: the Virgin Mary

question: What shape does the eastern end often exhibit in France?

answer: polygonal

text: polygonal

question: What is the ring of chapels found in the eastern end of French chapels known as?

answer: chevet

text: chevet

question: In Italy, the eastern projection beyond the transept often contains what?

answer: the sanctuary

text: the sanctuary

question: Which arm in England would generally show no distinct sections?

text: The eastern arm

question: Who was a projecting Lady Chapel meant to harm?

text: the Virgin Mary

question: What shape does the eastern end rarely exhibit in France?

text: polygonal

question: What is the sphere of chapels found in the eastern end of French chapels known as?

text: chevet


text: Bell and his partners, Hubbard and Sanders, offered to sell the patent outright to Western Union for $100,000. The president of Western Union balked, countering that the telephone was nothing but a toy. Two years later, he told colleagues that if he could get the patent for $25 million he would consider it a bargain. By then, the Bell company no longer wanted to sell the patent. Bell's investors would become millionaires, while he fared well from residuals and at one point had assets of nearly one million dollars.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: Bell

text: and

text: his

text: partners

text: Hubbard

text: and

text: Sanders

text: offered

text: to

text: sell

text: the

text: patent

text: outright

text: to

text: Western

text: Union

text: for

text: The

text: president

text: of

text: Western

text: Union

text: balked

text: countering

text: that

text: the

text: telephone

text: was

text: nothing

text: but

text: a

text: toy

text: Two

text: years

text: later

text: he

text: told

text: colleagues

text: that

text: if

text: he

text: could

text: get

text: the

text: patent

text: for

text: million

text: he

text: would

text: consider

text: it

text: a

text: bargain

text: By

text: then

text: the

text: Bell

text: company

text: no

text: longer

text: wanted

text: to

text: sell

text: the

text: patent

text: Bell

text: 's

text: investors

text: would

text: become

text: millionaires

text: while

text: he

text: fared

text: well

text: from

text: residuals

text: and

text: at

text: one

text: point

text: had

text: assets

text: of

text: nearly

text: one

text: million

text: dollars

question: How much did Bell et al. try to sell his patent for?

answer: $100,000

question: Who did Bell et al. try to sell his patent to?

answer: Western Union

text: Western Union

question: What did the President think the telephone was, such that he refused to buy the patent?

answer: a toy

text: a toy

question: How much the the President of Western Union want to pay for the patent later on?

answer: $25 million

text: $25 million


text: The papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus, mentioned in particular the patrististic interpretation of Genesis 3:15 as referring to a woman, Mary, who would be eternally at enmity with the evil serpent and completely triumphing over him. It said the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's "wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence" "in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world; in the ladder which Jacob saw reaching from the earth to heaven, by whose rungs the angels of God ascended and descended, and on whose top the Lord himself leaned; in that bush which Moses saw in the holy place burning on all sides, which was not consumed or injured in any way but grew green and blossomed beautifully; in that impregnable tower before the enemy, from which hung a thousand bucklers and all the armor of the strong; in that garden enclosed on all sides, which cannot be violated or corrupted by any deceitful plots; in that resplendent city of God, which has its foundations on the holy mountains; in that most august temple of God, which, radiant with divine splendours, is full of the glory of God; and in very many other biblical types of this kind."

title: Immaculate_Conception

title: Immaculate_Conception

text: The

text: papal

text: bull

text: defining

text: the

text: dogma

text: Ineffabilis

text: Deus

text: mentioned

text: in

text: particular

text: the

text: patrististic

text: interpretation

text: of

text: Genesis

text: as

text: referring

text: to

text: a

text: woman

text: Mary

text: who

text: would

text: be

text: eternally

text: at

text: enmity

text: with

text: the

text: evil

text: serpent

text: and

text: completely

text: triumphing

text: over

text: him

text: It

text: said

text: the

text: Fathers

text: saw

text: foreshadowings

text: of

text: Mary

text: 's

text: wondrous

text: abundance

text: of

text: divine

text: gifts

text: and

text: original

text: innocence

text: in

text: that

text: ark

text: of

text: Noah

text: which

text: was

text: built

text: by

text: divine

text: command

text: and

text: escaped

text: entirely

text: safe

text: and

text: sound

text: from

text: the

text: common

text: shipwreck

text: of

text: the

text: whole

text: world

text: in

text: the

text: ladder

text: which

text: Jacob

text: saw

text: reaching

text: from

text: the

text: earth

text: to

text: heaven

text: by

text: whose

text: rungs

text: the

text: angels

text: of

text: God

text: ascended

text: and

text: descended

text: and

text: on

text: whose

text: top

text: the

text: Lord

text: himself

text: leaned

text: in

text: that

text: bush

text: which

text: Moses

text: saw

text: in

text: the

text: holy

text: place

text: burning

text: on

text: all

text: sides

text: which

text: was

text: not

text: consumed

text: or

text: injured

text: in

text: any

text: way

text: but

text: grew

text: green

text: and

text: blossomed

text: beautifully

text: in

text: that

text: impregnable

text: tower

text: before

text: the

text: enemy

text: from

text: which

text: hung

text: a

text: thousand

text: bucklers

text: and

text: all

text: the

text: armor

text: of

text: the

text: strong

text: in

text: that

text: garden

text: enclosed

text: on

text: all

text: sides

text: which

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: violated

text: or

text: corrupted

text: by

text: any

text: deceitful

text: plots

text: in

text: that

text: resplendent

text: city

text: of

text: God

text: which

text: has

text: its

text: foundations

text: on

text: the

text: holy

text: mountains

text: in

text: that

text: most

text: august

text: temple

text: of

text: God

text: which

text: radiant

text: with

text: divine

text: splendours

text: is

text: full

text: of

text: the

text: glory

text: of

text: God

text: and

text: in

text: very

text: many

text: other

text: biblical

text: types

text: of

text: this

text: kind

question: What holy document takes the view of Mary back to the creation of man and woman ?

answer: papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus

text: papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus

question: What specific part the Bible does this document reference for Mary ?

answer: Genesis 3:15

text: Genesis 3:15

question: According to the document what did the forebears already have knowledge of before Mary came about ?

answer: the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's "wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence

text: the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's "wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence

question: Where was Mary represented (according to the Holy document ) on the vessel that wandered the sea for forty days and forty nights ?

answer: in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world

text: in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world

question: What holy document says Mary was present in Eden?

question: Who would Mary never be completely triumphant over?

text: the evil serpent

question: What did God have foreshading of?

question: What did Moses see from earth to heaven?

text: ladder


text: Old English is one of the West Germanic languages, and its closest relatives are Old Frisian and Old Saxon. Like other old Germanic languages, it is very different from Modern English and difficult for Modern English speakers to understand without study. Old English grammar is quite similar to that of modern German: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs have many inflectional endings and forms, and word order is much freer. The oldest Old English inscriptions were written using a runic system, but from about the 9th century this was replaced by a version of the Latin alphabet.

title: Old_English

title: Old_English

text: Old

text: English

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Germanic

text: languages

text: and

text: its

text: closest

text: relatives

text: are

text: Old

text: Frisian

text: and

text: Old

text: Saxon

text: Like

text: other

text: old

text: Germanic

text: languages

text: it

text: is

text: very

text: different

text: from

text: Modern

text: English

text: and

text: difficult

text: for

text: Modern

text: English

text: speakers

text: to

text: understand

text: without

text: study

text: Old

text: English

text: grammar

text: is

text: quite

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: modern

text: German

text: nouns

text: adjectives

text: pronouns

text: and

text: verbs

text: have

text: many

text: inflectional

text: endings

text: and

text: forms

text: and

text: word

text: order

text: is

text: much

text: freer

text: The

text: oldest

text: Old

text: English

text: inscriptions

text: were

text: written

text: using

text: a

text: runic

text: system

text: but

text: from

text: about

text: the

text: century

text: this

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: a

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: Latin

text: alphabet

question: To what language group does Old English belong?

answer: West Germanic

text: West Germanic

question: Along with Old Saxon, what language is closely related to Old English?

answer: Old Frisian

text: Old Frisian

question: To what modern language is Old English similar?

answer: German

text: German

question: In what century did the Latin alphabet replace the runic system in Old English writing?

answer: 9th

question: What other Germanic languages are close to modern English?

text: Old Frisian and Old Saxon

question: What is modern German very different from?

text: old Germanic languages

question: What replaced runic writing in the 900's

text: a version of the Latin alphabet


text: The historian Piers Brendon asserts that Burke laid the moral foundations for the British Empire, epitomised in the trial of Warren Hastings, that was ultimately to be its undoing: when Burke stated that "The British Empire must be governed on a plan of freedom, for it will be governed by no other", this was "...an ideological bacillus that would prove fatal. This was Edmund Burke's paternalistic doctrine that colonial government was a trust. It was to be so exercised for the benefit of subject people that they would eventually attain their birthright—freedom". As a consequence of this opinion, Burke objected to the opium trade, which he called a "smuggling adventure" and condemned "the great Disgrace of the British character in India".

title: Edmund_Burke

title: Edmund_Burke

text: The

text: historian

text: Piers

text: Brendon

text: asserts

text: that

text: Burke

text: laid

text: the

text: moral

text: foundations

text: for

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: epitomised

text: in

text: the

text: trial

text: of

text: Warren

text: Hastings

text: that

text: was

text: ultimately

text: to

text: be

text: its

text: undoing

text: when

text: Burke

text: stated

text: that

text: The

text: British

text: Empire

text: must

text: be

text: governed

text: on

text: a

text: plan

text: of

text: freedom

text: for

text: it

text: will

text: be

text: governed

text: by

text: no

text: other

text: this

text: was

text: an

text: ideological

text: bacillus

text: that

text: would

text: prove

text: fatal

text: This

text: was

text: Edmund

text: Burke

text: 's

text: paternalistic

text: doctrine

text: that

text: colonial

text: government

text: was

text: a

text: trust

text: It

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: so

text: exercised

text: for

text: the

text: benefit

text: of

text: subject

text: people

text: that

text: they

text: would

text: eventually

text: attain

text: their

text: birthright

text: freedom

text: As

text: a

text: consequence

text: of

text: this

text: opinion

text: Burke

text: objected

text: to

text: the

text: opium

text: trade

text: which

text: he

text: called

text: a

text: smuggling

text: adventure

text: and

text: condemned

text: the

text: great

text: Disgrace

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: character

text: in

text: India

question: Who thought Burke's trial of Hastings was a moral foundation of the British Empire?

answer: Piers Brendon

text: Piers Brendon

question: What did Burke think the British Empire should be governed based on?

answer: a plan of freedom

text: a plan of freedom

question: What did Burke call 'a smuggling adventure'?

answer: opium trade

text: opium trade

question: What did Burke think had disgraced Britain in India?

answer: opium trade

text: opium trade

question: What historian laid the foundations for the morals of the British Empire?

text: Piers Brendon

question: What did Burke say the plan of freedom must be governed by?

text: The British Empire

question: What did Burke say had disgraced India in Britain?

text: the opium trade

question: What did Burke nickname his paternalistic doctrine?

text: smuggling adventure

question: What kind of doctrine did Hastings propose?

text: paternalistic


text: The geographical regions in which Iranian languages were spoken were pushed back in several areas by newly neighbouring languages. Arabic spread into some parts of Western Iran (Khuzestan), and Turkic languages spread through much of Central Asia, displacing various Iranian languages such as Sogdian and Bactrian in parts of what is today Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. In Eastern Europe, mostly comprising the territory of modern-day Ukraine, southern European Russia, and parts of the Balkans, the core region of the native Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans had been decisively been taken over as a result of absorption and assimilation (e.g. Slavicisation) by the various Proto-Slavic population of the region, by the 6th century AD. This resulted in the displacement and extinction of the once predominant Scythian languages of the region. Sogdian's close relative Yaghnobi barely survives in a small area of the Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand, and Saka as Ossetic in the Caucasus, which is the sole remnant of the once predominant Scythian languages in Eastern Europe proper and large parts of the North Caucasus. Various small Iranian languages in the Pamirs survive that are derived from Eastern Iranian.

title: Iranian_languages

title: Iranian_languages

text: The

text: geographical

text: regions

text: in

text: which

text: Iranian

text: languages

text: were

text: spoken

text: were

text: pushed

text: back

text: in

text: several

text: areas

text: by

text: newly

text: neighbouring

text: languages

text: Arabic

text: spread

text: into

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: Western

text: Iran

text: Khuzestan

text: and

text: Turkic

text: languages

text: spread

text: through

text: much

text: of

text: Central

text: Asia

text: displacing

text: various

text: Iranian

text: languages

text: such

text: as

text: Sogdian

text: and

text: Bactrian

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: today

text: Turkmenistan

text: Uzbekistan

text: and

text: Tajikistan

text: In

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: mostly

text: comprising

text: the

text: territory

text: of

text: modern

text: day

text: Ukraine

text: southern

text: European

text: Russia

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Balkans

text: the

text: core

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: native

text: Scythians

text: Sarmatians

text: and

text: Alans

text: had

text: been

text: decisively

text: been

text: taken

text: over

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: absorption

text: and

text: assimilation

text: e.g.

text: Slavicisation

text: by

text: the

text: various

text: Proto

text: Slavic

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: This

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: displacement

text: and

text: extinction

text: of

text: the

text: once

text: predominant

text: Scythian

text: languages

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: Sogdian

text: 's

text: close

text: relative

text: Yaghnobi

text: barely

text: survives

text: in

text: a

text: small

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: Zarafshan

text: valley

text: east

text: of

text: Samarkand

text: and

text: Saka

text: as

text: Ossetic

text: in

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: sole

text: remnant

text: of

text: the

text: once

text: predominant

text: Scythian

text: languages

text: in

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: proper

text: and

text: large

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Caucasus

text: Various

text: small

text: Iranian

text: languages

text: in

text: the

text: Pamirs

text: survive

text: that

text: are

text: derived

text: from

text: Eastern

text: Iranian

question: What is another term for Western Iran?

answer: Khuzestan

text: Khuzestan

question: What are two languages that were forced out by the spread of Arabic?

answer: Sogdian and Bactrian

text: Sogdian and Bactrian

question: By what century had the area inhabited by Sarmatians been absorbed by pre-Slavic people?

answer: 6th century AD

text: 6th century AD

question: Where can the remnants of Yaghnobi be found?

answer: Zarafshan valley

text: Zarafshan valley

question: Ossetic is a version of which Scythian language?

answer: Saka

text: Saka

question: What language writing to some parts of eastern Iran?

text: Arabic

question: What two languages grew alongside Arabic?

text: Sogdian and Bactrian

question: By what century had the area inhabited by pre-Slavic people been absorbed by the Sarmations?

text: 6th century AD

question: What small area still speaks Sogdian?

text: Zarafshan valley east of Samarkand,


text: Israel maintains diplomatic relations with 158 countries and has 107 diplomatic missions around the world; countries with whom they have no diplomatic relations include most Muslim countries. Only three members of the Arab League have normalized relations with Israel: Egypt and Jordan signed peace treaties in 1979 and 1994, respectively, and Mauritania opted for full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1999. Despite the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt, Israel is still widely considered an enemy country among Egyptians. Under Israeli law, Lebanon, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Sudan, and Yemen are enemy countries, and Israeli citizens may not visit them without permission from the Ministry of the Interior. Iran had diplomatic relations with Israel under the Pahlavi dynasty but withdrew its recognition of Israel during the Islamic Revolution. As a result of the 2008–09 Gaza War, Mauritania, Qatar, Bolivia, and Venezuela suspended political and economic ties with Israel.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Israel

text: maintains

text: diplomatic

text: relations

text: with

text: countries

text: and

text: has

text: diplomatic

text: missions

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: countries

text: with

text: whom

text: they

text: have

text: no

text: diplomatic

text: relations

text: include

text: most

text: Muslim

text: countries

text: Only

text: three

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: League

text: have

text: normalized

text: relations

text: with

text: Israel

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Jordan

text: signed

text: peace

text: treaties

text: in

text: and

text: respectively

text: and

text: Mauritania

text: opted

text: for

text: full

text: diplomatic

text: relations

text: with

text: Israel

text: in

text: Despite

text: the

text: peace

text: treaty

text: between

text: Israel

text: and

text: Egypt

text: Israel

text: is

text: still

text: widely

text: considered

text: an

text: enemy

text: country

text: among

text: Egyptians

text: Under

text: Israeli

text: law

text: Lebanon

text: Syria

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: Iraq

text: Iran

text: Sudan

text: and

text: Yemen

text: are

text: enemy

text: countries

text: and

text: Israeli

text: citizens

text: may

text: not

text: visit

text: them

text: without

text: permission

text: from

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: the

text: Interior

text: Iran

text: had

text: diplomatic

text: relations

text: with

text: Israel

text: under

text: the

text: Pahlavi

text: dynasty

text: but

text: withdrew

text: its

text: recognition

text: of

text: Israel

text: during

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Revolution

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: Gaza

text: War

text: Mauritania

text: Qatar

text: Bolivia

text: and

text: Venezuela

text: suspended

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: ties

text: with

text: Israel

question: How many countries does Israel maintain diplomatic relations?

answer: 158

question: How many diplomatic missions do they have?

answer: 107

question: How many Arab League members have relations with Israel?

answer: three

text: three


text: From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Group leader William Shockley saw the potential in this, and over the next few months worked to greatly expand the knowledge of semiconductors. The term transistor was coined by John R. Pierce as a contraction of the term transresistance. According to Lillian Hoddeson and Vicki Daitch, authors of a biography of John Bardeen, Shockley had proposed that Bell Labs' first patent for a transistor should be based on the field-effect and that he be named as the inventor. Having unearthed Lilienfeld’s patents that went into obscurity years earlier, lawyers at Bell Labs advised against Shockley's proposal because the idea of a field-effect transistor that used an electric field as a "grid" was not new. Instead, what Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented in 1947 was the first point-contact transistor. In acknowledgement of this accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect."

title: Transistor

title: Transistor

text: From

text: November

text: to

text: December

text: John

text: Bardeen

text: and

text: Walter

text: Brattain

text: at

text: AT&T

text: 's

text: Bell

text: Labs

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: performed

text: experiments

text: and

text: observed

text: that

text: when

text: two

text: gold

text: point

text: contacts

text: were

text: applied

text: to

text: a

text: crystal

text: of

text: germanium

text: a

text: signal

text: was

text: produced

text: with

text: the

text: output

text: power

text: greater

text: than

text: the

text: input

text: Solid

text: State

text: Physics

text: Group

text: leader

text: William

text: Shockley

text: saw

text: the

text: potential

text: in

text: this

text: and

text: over

text: the

text: next

text: few

text: months

text: worked

text: to

text: greatly

text: expand

text: the

text: knowledge

text: of

text: semiconductors

text: The

text: term

text: transistor

text: was

text: coined

text: by

text: John

text: R.

text: Pierce

text: as

text: a

text: contraction

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: transresistance

text: According

text: to

text: Lillian

text: Hoddeson

text: and

text: Vicki

text: Daitch

text: authors

text: of

text: a

text: biography

text: of

text: John

text: Bardeen

text: Shockley

text: had

text: proposed

text: that

text: Bell

text: Labs

text: first

text: patent

text: for

text: a

text: transistor

text: should

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: field

text: effect

text: and

text: that

text: he

text: be

text: named

text: as

text: the

text: inventor

text: Having

text: unearthed

text: Lilienfeld

text: ’s

text: patents

text: that

text: went

text: into

text: obscurity

text: years

text: earlier

text: lawyers

text: at

text: Bell

text: Labs

text: advised

text: against

text: Shockley

text: 's

text: proposal

text: because

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: a

text: field

text: effect

text: transistor

text: that

text: used

text: an

text: electric

text: field

text: as

text: a

text: grid

text: was

text: not

text: new

text: Instead

text: what

text: Bardeen

text: Brattain

text: and

text: Shockley

text: invented

text: in

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: point

text: contact

text: transistor

text: In

text: acknowledgement

text: of

text: this

text: accomplishment

text: Shockley

text: Bardeen

text: and

text: Brattain

text: were

text: jointly

text: awarded

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: Physics

text: for

text: their

text: researches

text: on

text: semiconductors

text: and

text: their

text: discovery

text: of

text: the

text: transistor

text: effect

question: At what time did Bardeen and Brattain experiment on increasing signal output?

answer: November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947

text: November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947

question: What were gold contacts attached to to increase signal output?

answer: germanium

text: germanium

question: Who was the Solid State Physics Group Leader?

answer: William Shockley

text: William Shockley

question: Who came up with the term transistor?

answer: John R. Pierce

text: John R. Pierce

question: Why was the term transistor used?

answer: a contraction of the term transresistance

text: a contraction of the term transresistance

question: When did lawyers at Bell Labs find Lilienfeld's patents?

question: Who thought of the term semiconductor?

text: William Shockley

question: How many patents did Lilienfeld file?

text: two

question: When was the term transistor first used?

question: Where was the biography of John Bardeen written?

text: the United States


text: Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers.[page needed] The Byzantine records note that grass would not regrow in places where the Slavs had marched through, so great were their numbers. After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements. This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion. By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions.

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: Around

text: the

text: century

text: Slavs

text: appeared

text: on

text: Byzantine

text: borders

text: in

text: great

text: numbers.[page

text: needed

text: The

text: Byzantine

text: records

text: note

text: that

text: grass

text: would

text: not

text: regrow

text: in

text: places

text: where

text: the

text: Slavs

text: had

text: marched

text: through

text: so

text: great

text: were

text: their

text: numbers

text: After

text: a

text: military

text: movement

text: even

text: the

text: Peloponnese

text: and

text: Asia

text: Minor

text: were

text: reported

text: to

text: have

text: Slavic

text: settlements

text: This

text: southern

text: movement

text: has

text: traditionally

text: been

text: seen

text: as

text: an

text: invasive

text: expansion

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Slavs

text: had

text: settled

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Alps

text: regions

question: When did Slavs appear on Byzantine borders?

answer: Around the 6th century

text: Around the 6th century

question: The Slavs appeared on whose borders around the 6th century?

answer: Byzantine borders

text: Byzantine borders

question: Where else reported Slavic settlements?

answer: Peloponnese and Asia Minor

text: Peloponnese and Asia Minor

question: Where had the Slavs settled by the end of the 6th century?

answer: the Eastern Alps

text: the Eastern Alps

question: When had the Slavs settled the Eastern Alps?

answer: By the end of the 6th century

text: By the end of the 6th century

question: When did the Peloponnese appear on Byzantine borders?

text: Around the 6th century

question: What did Slav records note could not grow after their presence?

text: grass

question: Where were Slave settled at the beginning of the 6th century?

text: the Eastern Alps regions

question: How has the southern movement of the Byzantine empire been understood?

text: as an invasive expansion

question: Where did the Peloponnese appear at the beginning of the 6th c?

text: Byzantine borders


text: India's cotton-processing sector gradually declined during British expansion in India and the establishment of colonial rule during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This was largely due to aggressive colonialist mercantile policies of the British East India Company, which made cotton processing and manufacturing workshops in India uncompetitive. Indian markets were increasingly forced to supply only raw cotton and, by British-imposed law, to purchase manufactured textiles from Britain.[citation needed]

title: Cotton

title: Cotton

text: India

text: 's

text: cotton

text: processing

text: sector

text: gradually

text: declined

text: during

text: British

text: expansion

text: in

text: India

text: and

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: colonial

text: rule

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: This

text: was

text: largely

text: due

text: to

text: aggressive

text: colonialist

text: mercantile

text: policies

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: which

text: made

text: cotton

text: processing

text: and

text: manufacturing

text: workshops

text: in

text: India

text: uncompetitive

text: Indian

text: markets

text: were

text: increasingly

text: forced

text: to

text: supply

text: only

text: raw

text: cotton

text: and

text: by

text: British

text: imposed

text: law

text: to

text: purchase

text: manufactured

text: textiles

text: from

text: Britain.[citation

text: needed

question: How did British rule effect Indian cotton processing?

answer: declined

text: declined

question: During what centuries did British rule effect Indian cotton production?

answer: late 18th and early 19th

text: late 18th and early 19th

question: What British business's policies damaged the Indian cotton industry?

answer: British East India Company

text: British East India Company

question: What cotton products did British law mandate that India was allowed to sell?

answer: raw cotton

text: raw cotton

question: If instead of producing fabrics, where was India forced to purchase cotton products?

answer: Britain

text: Britain

question: How did East India rule effect Indian cotton processing?

text: declined

question: During what centuries did East India rule effect Indian cotton production?

text: late 18th and early 19th

question: What British business's policies damaged the British cotton industry?

text: British East India Company

question: What cotton products did Indian law mandate that India was allowed to sell?

text: raw cotton

question: Where was the British East India Company forced to purchase cotton products?

text: Britain


text: Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s. The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin using X-ray crystallography, which led James D. Watson and Francis Crick to publish a model of the double-stranded DNA molecule whose paired nucleotide bases indicated a compelling hypothesis for the mechanism of genetic replication. Collectively, this body of research established the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that proteins are translated from RNA, which is transcribed from DNA. This dogma has since been shown to have exceptions, such as reverse transcription in retroviruses. The modern study of genetics at the level of DNA is known as molecular genetics.

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: Advances

text: in

text: understanding

text: genes

text: and

text: inheritance

text: continued

text: throughout

text: the

text: century

text: Deoxyribonucleic

text: acid

text: DNA

text: was

text: shown

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: molecular

text: repository

text: of

text: genetic

text: information

text: by

text: experiments

text: in

text: the

text: to

text: The

text: structure

text: of

text: DNA

text: was

text: studied

text: by

text: Rosalind

text: Franklin

text: using

text: X

text: ray

text: crystallography

text: which

text: led

text: James

text: D.

text: Watson

text: and

text: Francis

text: Crick

text: to

text: publish

text: a

text: model

text: of

text: the

text: double

text: stranded

text: DNA

text: molecule

text: whose

text: paired

text: nucleotide

text: bases

text: indicated

text: a

text: compelling

text: hypothesis

text: for

text: the

text: mechanism

text: of

text: genetic

text: replication

text: Collectively

text: this

text: body

text: of

text: research

text: established

text: the

text: central

text: dogma

text: of

text: molecular

text: biology

text: which

text: states

text: that

text: proteins

text: are

text: translated

text: from

text: RNA

text: which

text: is

text: transcribed

text: from

text: DNA

text: This

text: dogma

text: has

text: since

text: been

text: shown

text: to

text: have

text: exceptions

text: such

text: as

text: reverse

text: transcription

text: in

text: retroviruses

text: The

text: modern

text: study

text: of

text: genetics

text: at

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: DNA

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: molecular

text: genetics

question: What was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s?

answer: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

text: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

question: Who studied the structure of DNA using x-ray crystallography?

answer: Rosalind Franklin

text: Rosalind Franklin

question: What two scientists published a model of the double stranded DNA molecule?

answer: James D. Watson and Francis Crick

text: James D. Watson and Francis Crick

question: What is one exception to the central dogma of molecular biology?

answer: reverse transcription in retroviruses

text: reverse transcription in retroviruses

question: What is the modern study of genetics at the level of DNA known as?

answer: molecular genetics

text: molecular genetics


text: The city has a unique status in Brazil, as it is an administrative division rather than a legal municipality like other cities in Brazil. The name 'Brasília' is commonly used as a synonym for the Federal District through synecdoche; However, the Federal District is composed of 31 administrative regions, only one of which is Brasília proper, with a population of 209,926 in a 2011 survey; Demographic publications generally do not make this distinction and list the population of Brasília as synonymous with the population of the Federal District, considering the whole of it as its metropolitan area. The city was one of the main host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Additionally, Brasília hosted the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup.

title: Bras%C3%ADlia

title: Bras%C3%ADlia

text: The

text: city

text: has

text: a

text: unique

text: status

text: in

text: Brazil

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: administrative

text: division

text: rather

text: than

text: a

text: legal

text: municipality

text: like

text: other

text: cities

text: in

text: Brazil

text: The

text: name

text: Brasília

text: is

text: commonly

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: synonym

text: for

text: the

text: Federal

text: District

text: through

text: synecdoche

text: However

text: the

text: Federal

text: District

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: administrative

text: regions

text: only

text: one

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: Brasília

text: proper

text: with

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: a

text: survey

text: Demographic

text: publications

text: generally

text: do

text: not

text: make

text: this

text: distinction

text: and

text: list

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Brasília

text: as

text: synonymous

text: with

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: District

text: considering

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: it

text: as

text: its

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: host

text: cities

text: of

text: the

text: FIFA

text: World

text: Cup

text: Additionally

text: Brasília

text: hosted

text: the

text: FIFA

text: Confederations

text: Cup

question: How many administrative regions does the Federal District have?

answer: 31

question: What is Brasilia's proper city population?

answer: 209,926

question: What does Brasilia's metro area consist of?

answer: the Federal District

text: the Federal District

question: Which World Cup did Brasilia host?

answer: 2014

question: Which Confederations Cup did Brasilia host?

answer: 2013

question: What did Brasilia host in 2011?

text: FIFA Confederations Cup

question: What unique status does the Federal District have in Brazil?

question: How many synedoche are in Brazil?

question: What was the population of Brazil in 2013?

question: What was Brasil a main administrative division of in 2014?

text: 2014 FIFA World Cup


text: Finite symmetry groups such as the Mathieu groups are used in coding theory, which is in turn applied in error correction of transmitted data, and in CD players. Another application is differential Galois theory, which characterizes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form, giving group-theoretic criteria for when solutions of certain differential equations are well-behaved.u[›] Geometric properties that remain stable under group actions are investigated in (geometric) invariant theory.

title: Group_(mathematics)

title: Group_(mathematics

text: Finite

text: symmetry

text: groups

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Mathieu

text: groups

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: coding

text: theory

text: which

text: is

text: in

text: turn

text: applied

text: in

text: error

text: correction

text: of

text: transmitted

text: data

text: and

text: in

text: CD

text: players

text: Another

text: application

text: is

text: differential

text: Galois

text: theory

text: which

text: characterizes

text: functions

text: having

text: antiderivatives

text: of

text: a

text: prescribed

text: form

text: giving

text: group

text: theoretic

text: criteria

text: for

text: when

text: solutions

text: of

text: certain

text: differential

text: equations

text: are

text: well

text: behaved.u[›

text: Geometric

text: properties

text: that

text: remain

text: stable

text: under

text: group

text: actions

text: are

text: investigated

text: in

text: geometric

text: invariant

text: theory

question: What are examples of finite symmetry groups used in coding theory?

answer: Mathieu groups

text: Mathieu groups

question: What is used for error correction of transferred data?

answer: coding theory

text: coding theory

question: What describes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form?

answer: differential Galois theory

text: differential Galois theory

question: What concept investigates geometric elements that stay stable under group action?

answer: invariant theory

text: invariant theory

question: What theory is error correction applied to?

text: coding

question: Which form of finite symmetry groups are useless in coding theory?

text: Mathieu

question: Mathieu groups have what kind of prescribed form?

text: antiderivatives

question: What stable properties does the Galois theory study?

text: Geometric

question: Geometric Invariant theory studies what kind of equations?

text: differential


text: Not all boys who pass the College election examination choose to become King's Scholars. If they choose instead to belong to one of the 24 Oppidan Houses, they are known as Oppidan Scholars. Oppidan scholarships may also be awarded for consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations. To gain an Oppidan Scholarship, a boy must have either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career. Within the school, an Oppidan Scholar is entitled to use the letters OS after his name.

title: Eton_College

title: Eton_College

text: Not

text: all

text: boys

text: who

text: pass

text: the

text: College

text: election

text: examination

text: choose

text: to

text: become

text: King

text: 's

text: Scholars

text: If

text: they

text: choose

text: instead

text: to

text: belong

text: to

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Oppidan

text: Houses

text: they

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: Oppidan

text: Scholars

text: Oppidan

text: scholarships

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: awarded

text: for

text: consistently

text: performing

text: with

text: distinction

text: in

text: School

text: and

text: external

text: examinations

text: To

text: gain

text: an

text: Oppidan

text: Scholarship

text: a

text: boy

text: must

text: have

text: either

text: three

text: distinctions

text: in

text: a

text: row

text: or

text: four

text: throughout

text: his

text: career

text: Within

text: the

text: school

text: an

text: Oppidan

text: Scholar

text: is

text: entitled

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: letters

text: OS

text: after

text: his

text: name

question: If a boy elects to live in an Oppidan house instead of the College house, what are they called?

answer: Oppidan Scholars

text: Oppidan Scholars

question: Which students are allowed to use the letters OS after their name?

answer: Oppidan Scholar

text: Oppidan Scholar

question: How many Oppidan houses are at Eaton?

answer: 24

question: Under what circumstances are Oppidan Scholarships awarded?

answer: consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations

text: consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations

question: How many distinguishments does a student need for an Oppidan Scholarship?

answer: either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career

text: either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career

question: What is one of the requirements to be a King's Scholar?

text: three distinctions in a row

question: What is  a King's Scholar entitled to put after their name?

text: OS

question: Typically how many students each year decide to become a Oppidan Scholar instead of a King's Scholar?

question: How do King's Scholars get awarded with scholarships?


text: Unlike the situation with the states, there is no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law and thereby granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent like their English predecessors. Federal courts are solely creatures of the federal Constitution and the federal Judiciary Acts. However, it is universally accepted that the Founding Fathers of the United States, by vesting "judicial power" into the Supreme Court and the inferior federal courts in Article Three of the United States Constitution, thereby vested in them the implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent; this power was widely accepted, understood, and recognized by the Founding Fathers at the time the Constitution was ratified. Several legal scholars have argued that the federal judicial power to decide "cases or controversies" necessarily includes the power to decide the precedential effect of those cases and controversies.

title: Law_of_the_United_States

title: Law_of_the_United_States

text: Unlike

text: the

text: situation

text: with

text: the

text: states

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: plenary

text: reception

text: statute

text: at

text: the

text: federal

text: level

text: that

text: continued

text: the

text: common

text: law

text: and

text: thereby

text: granted

text: federal

text: courts

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: formulate

text: legal

text: precedent

text: like

text: their

text: English

text: predecessors

text: Federal

text: courts

text: are

text: solely

text: creatures

text: of

text: the

text: federal

text: Constitution

text: and

text: the

text: federal

text: Judiciary

text: Acts

text: However

text: it

text: is

text: universally

text: accepted

text: that

text: the

text: Founding

text: Fathers

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: by

text: vesting

text: judicial

text: power

text: into

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: and

text: the

text: inferior

text: federal

text: courts

text: in

text: Article

text: Three

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Constitution

text: thereby

text: vested

text: in

text: them

text: the

text: implied

text: judicial

text: power

text: of

text: common

text: law

text: courts

text: to

text: formulate

text: persuasive

text: precedent

text: this

text: power

text: was

text: widely

text: accepted

text: understood

text: and

text: recognized

text: by

text: the

text: Founding

text: Fathers

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: the

text: Constitution

text: was

text: ratified

text: Several

text: legal

text: scholars

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: federal

text: judicial

text: power

text: to

text: decide

text: cases

text: or

text: controversies

text: necessarily

text: includes

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: decide

text: the

text: precedential

text: effect

text: of

text: those

text: cases

text: and

text: controversies

question: How did the federal agencies differ from their English counter-parts?

answer: no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law

text: no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law

question: What did the missing plenary reception do?

answer: granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent

text: granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent

question: Where do the federal courts fall?

answer: the federal Judiciary Acts

text: the federal Judiciary Acts

question: Where is judicial power found in the original Constitution?

answer: Article Three

text: Article Three

question: What does Article Three give federal agencies?

answer: implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent

text: implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent

question: Federal courts are outside of the jurisdiction of what federal acts?

text: Judiciary

question: What power did the Founding Fathers remove in Article Three?

text: judicial power

question: Who did the Supreme Court grant judicial power to?

text: the Founding Fathers

question: Where is the plenary reception statute found in the Constitution?

text: Article Three

question: When did scholars begin to argue that judicial power includes precedential effect?


text: The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots, as well as transcendental functions such as logarithms and exponentials, circular and hyperbolic trigonometry and other functions. Aviation is one of the few fields where slide rules are still in widespread use, particularly for solving time–distance problems in light aircraft. To save space and for ease of reading, these are typically circular devices rather than the classic linear slide rule shape. A popular example is the E6B.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: The

text: slide

text: rule

text: was

text: invented

text: around

text: shortly

text: after

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: the

text: logarithm

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: hand

text: operated

text: analog

text: computer

text: for

text: doing

text: multiplication

text: and

text: division

text: As

text: slide

text: rule

text: development

text: progressed

text: added

text: scales

text: provided

text: reciprocals

text: squares

text: and

text: square

text: roots

text: cubes

text: and

text: cube

text: roots

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: transcendental

text: functions

text: such

text: as

text: logarithms

text: and

text: exponentials

text: circular

text: and

text: hyperbolic

text: trigonometry

text: and

text: other

text: functions

text: Aviation

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: fields

text: where

text: slide

text: rules

text: are

text: still

text: in

text: widespread

text: use

text: particularly

text: for

text: solving

text: time

text: distance

text: problems

text: in

text: light

text: aircraft

text: To

text: save

text: space

text: and

text: for

text: ease

text: of

text: reading

text: these

text: are

text: typically

text: circular

text: devices

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: classic

text: linear

text: slide

text: rule

text: shape

text: A

text: popular

text: example

text: is

text: the

question: When was the slide rule first invented?

answer: 1620–1630

question: What is the slide rule used for?

answer: doing multiplication and division.

text: doing multiplication and division.

question: What industry are slide rules still used today?

answer: Aviation

text: Aviation


text: In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong." Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for Ancient Greek and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.[citation needed]

title: Letter_case

title: Letter_case

text: In

text: Latin

text: papyri

text: from

text: Herculaneum

text: dating

text: before

text: AD

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: destroyed

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: written

text: in

text: old

text: Roman

text: cursive

text: where

text: the

text: early

text: forms

text: of

text: minuscule

text: letters

text: d

text: h

text: and

text: r

text: for

text: example

text: can

text: already

text: be

text: recognised

text: According

text: to

text: papyrologist

text: Knut

text: Kleve

text: The

text: theory

text: then

text: that

text: the

text: lower

text: case

text: letters

text: have

text: been

text: developed

text: from

text: the

text: fifth

text: century

text: uncials

text: and

text: the

text: ninth

text: century

text: Carolingian

text: minuscules

text: seems

text: to

text: be

text: wrong

text: Both

text: majuscule

text: and

text: minuscule

text: letters

text: existed

text: but

text: the

text: difference

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: variants

text: was

text: initially

text: stylistic

text: rather

text: than

text: orthographic

text: and

text: the

text: writing

text: system

text: was

text: still

text: basically

text: unicameral

text: a

text: given

text: handwritten

text: document

text: could

text: use

text: either

text: one

text: style

text: or

text: the

text: other

text: but

text: these

text: were

text: not

text: mixed

text: European

text: languages

text: except

text: for

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: and

text: Latin

text: did

text: not

text: make

text: the

text: case

text: distinction

text: before

text: about

text: needed

question: Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing?

answer: old Roman cursive

text: old Roman cursive

question: Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials?

answer: Knut Kleve

text: Knut Kleve

question: Which continents languages with few exceptions generally did not utilize case distinction until about the year 1300?

answer: Europe

text: Europe

question: What was the initial difference between majuscule and minuscule letters?

answer: stylistic

text: stylistic

question: Which type of document was general unicameral because the writer used one type of writing but not another?

answer: handwritten

text: handwritten


text: Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769, to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino, in his family's ancestral home Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio, the capital of the island of Corsica. He was their fourth child and third son. This was a year after the island was transferred to France by the Republic of Genoa. He was christened Napoleone di Buonaparte, probably named after an uncle (an older brother who did not survive infancy was the first of the sons to be called Napoleone). In his 20s, he adopted the more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.[note 2]

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

text: was

text: born

text: on

text: August

text: to

text: Carlo

text: Maria

text: di

text: Buonaparte

text: and

text: Maria

text: Letizia

text: Ramolino

text: in

text: his

text: family

text: 's

text: ancestral

text: home

text: Casa

text: Buonaparte

text: in

text: Ajaccio

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Corsica

text: He

text: was

text: their

text: fourth

text: child

text: and

text: third

text: son

text: This

text: was

text: a

text: year

text: after

text: the

text: island

text: was

text: transferred

text: to

text: France

text: by

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Genoa

text: He

text: was

text: christened

text: Napoleone

text: di

text: Buonaparte

text: probably

text: named

text: after

text: an

text: uncle

text: an

text: older

text: brother

text: who

text: did

text: not

text: survive

text: infancy

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: the

text: sons

text: to

text: be

text: called

text: Napoleone

text: In

text: his

text: he

text: adopted

text: the

text: more

text: French

text: sounding

text: Napoléon

text: Bonaparte.[note

question: Who was Napoleon's father?

answer: Carlo Maria di Buonaparte

text: Carlo Maria di Buonaparte

question: Who was Napoleon's mother?

answer: Maria Letizia Ramolino

text: Maria Letizia Ramolino

question: On what island was the Bonaparte ancestral home located?

answer: Corsica

text: Corsica

question: What was the name of Napoleon's family home?

answer: Casa Buonaparte

text: Casa Buonaparte

question: Napoleon was most likely named after what family relation?

answer: an uncle

text: an uncle


text: Universities of Technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between Universities of Technology and normal universities are comparable.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: Universities

text: of

text: Technology

text: are

text: academically

text: similar

text: to

text: other

text: non

text: polytechnic

text: universities

text: Prior

text: to

text: Bologna

text: process

text: M.Sc

text: Tech

text: required

text: credits

text: whereas

text: M.Sc

text: from

text: a

text: normal

text: university

text: required

text: credits

text: The

text: credits

text: between

text: Universities

text: of

text: Technology

text: and

text: normal

text: universities

text: are

text: comparable

question: How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. (Tech.) degree before the Bologna Process?

answer: 180

question: How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. from a traditional university prior to the Bologna Process?

answer: 160