text: The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with ribavirin, it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms near the human IL28B gene, encoding interferon lambda 3, are associated with significant differences in the treatment-induced clearance of the virus. This finding, originally reported in Nature, showed that genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more possibly to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others. Later report from Nature demonstrated that the same genetic variants are also associated with the natural clearance of the genotype 1 hepatitis C virus.

title: Infection

title: Infection

text: The

text: clearance

text: of

text: the

text: pathogens

text: either

text: treatment

text: induced

text: or

text: spontaneous

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: genetic

text: variants

text: carried

text: by

text: the

text: individual

text: patients

text: For

text: instance

text: for

text: genotype

text: hepatitis

text: C

text: treated

text: with

text: Pegylated

text: interferon

text: or

text: Pegylated

text: interferon

text: brand

text: names

text: Pegasys

text: or

text: PEG

text: Intron

text: combined

text: with

text: ribavirin

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: shown

text: that

text: genetic

text: polymorphisms

text: near

text: the

text: human

text: gene

text: encoding

text: interferon

text: lambda

text: are

text: associated

text: with

text: significant

text: differences

text: in

text: the

text: treatment

text: induced

text: clearance

text: of

text: the

text: virus

text: This

text: finding

text: originally

text: reported

text: in

text: Nature

text: showed

text: that

text: genotype

text: hepatitis

text: C

text: patients

text: carrying

text: certain

text: genetic

text: variant

text: alleles

text: near

text: the

text: gene

text: are

text: more

text: possibly

text: to

text: achieve

text: sustained

text: virological

text: response

text: after

text: the

text: treatment

text: than

text: others

text: Later

text: report

text: from

text: Nature

text: demonstrated

text: that

text: the

text: same

text: genetic

text: variants

text: are

text: also

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: natural

text: clearance

text: of

text: the

text: genotype

text: hepatitis

text: C

text: virus

question: What can the clearance of pathogens be influenced by in an individual?

answer: genetic variants

text: genetic variants

question: What is the brand name Pegasys for?

answer: Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b

text: Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b

question: What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene more likely to achieve?

answer: sustained virological response

text: sustained virological response

question: What can the increase of pathogens be stopped by in an individual?

text: genetic variants

question: What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene always going to achieve?

text: sustained virological response

question: What disease has no known treatment?

text: hepatitis C

question: What can only be induced by treatment and not spontaneously?

text: The clearance of the pathogens


text: In 1965, Paul VI decided on the creation of a joint working group with the World Council of Churches to map all possible avenues of dialogue and cooperation. In the following three years, eight sessions were held which resulted in many joint proposals. It was proposed to work closely together in areas of social justice and development and Third World Issues such as hunger and poverty. On the religious side, it was agreed to share together in the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity, to be held every year. The joint working group was to prepare texts which were to be used by all Christians. On 19 July 1968, the meeting of the World Council of Churches took place in Uppsala, Sweden, which Pope Paul called a sign of the times. He sent his blessing in an ecumenical manner: "May the Lord bless everything you do for the case of Christian Unity." The World Council of Churches decided on including Catholic theologians in its committees, provided they have the backing of the Vatican.

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: In

text: Paul

text: VI

text: decided

text: on

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: a

text: joint

text: working

text: group

text: with

text: the

text: World

text: Council

text: of

text: Churches

text: to

text: map

text: all

text: possible

text: avenues

text: of

text: dialogue

text: and

text: cooperation

text: In

text: the

text: following

text: three

text: years

text: eight

text: sessions

text: were

text: held

text: which

text: resulted

text: in

text: many

text: joint

text: proposals

text: It

text: was

text: proposed

text: to

text: work

text: closely

text: together

text: in

text: areas

text: of

text: social

text: justice

text: and

text: development

text: and

text: Third

text: World

text: Issues

text: such

text: as

text: hunger

text: and

text: poverty

text: On

text: the

text: religious

text: side

text: it

text: was

text: agreed

text: to

text: share

text: together

text: in

text: the

text: Week

text: of

text: Prayer

text: for

text: Christian

text: Unity

text: to

text: be

text: held

text: every

text: year

text: The

text: joint

text: working

text: group

text: was

text: to

text: prepare

text: texts

text: which

text: were

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: by

text: all

text: Christians

text: On

text: July

text: the

text: meeting

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Council

text: of

text: Churches

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: Uppsala

text: Sweden

text: which

text: Pope

text: Paul

text: called

text: a

text: sign

text: of

text: the

text: times

text: He

text: sent

text: his

text: blessing

text: in

text: an

text: ecumenical

text: manner

text: May

text: the

text: Lord

text: bless

text: everything

text: you

text: do

text: for

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: Christian

text: Unity

text: The

text: World

text: Council

text: of

text: Churches

text: decided

text: on

text: including

text: Catholic

text: theologians

text: in

text: its

text: committees

text: provided

text: they

text: have

text: the

text: backing

text: of

text: the

text: Vatican

question: In what year was a group created to work with the World Council of Churches to increase dialogue between Catholic Christians and other Christian denominations?

answer: 1965

question: In what year did the World Council of Churches meet in Uppsala, Sweden?

answer: 1968

question: What type of theologians did the World Council of Churches decide to include in their committees?

answer: Catholic

text: Catholic

question: In what country did the World Council of Churches meet in 1968?

answer: Sweden

text: Sweden

question: Whose backing did the World Council of Churches require Catholic theologians serving on joint committees to have?

answer: Vatican

text: Vatican


text: In 1959, an international gathering of over 185 judges, lawyers, and law professors from 53 countries, meeting in New Delhi and speaking as the International Commission of Jurists, made a declaration as to the fundamental principle of the rule of law. This was the Declaration of Delhi. They declared that the rule of law implies certain rights and freedoms, that it implies an independent judiciary, and that it implies social, economic and cultural conditions conducive to human dignity. The Declaration of Delhi did not, however, suggest that the rule of law requires legislative power to be subject to judicial review.

title: Rule_of_law

title: Rule_of_law

text: In

text: an

text: international

text: gathering

text: of

text: over

text: judges

text: lawyers

text: and

text: law

text: professors

text: from

text: countries

text: meeting

text: in

text: New

text: Delhi

text: and

text: speaking

text: as

text: the

text: International

text: Commission

text: of

text: Jurists

text: made

text: a

text: declaration

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: fundamental

text: principle

text: of

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: Declaration

text: of

text: Delhi

text: They

text: declared

text: that

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: implies

text: certain

text: rights

text: and

text: freedoms

text: that

text: it

text: implies

text: an

text: independent

text: judiciary

text: and

text: that

text: it

text: implies

text: social

text: economic

text: and

text: cultural

text: conditions

text: conducive

text: to

text: human

text: dignity

text: The

text: Declaration

text: of

text: Delhi

text: did

text: not

text: however

text: suggest

text: that

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: requires

text: legislative

text: power

text: to

text: be

text: subject

text: to

text: judicial

text: review

question: When did the Declaration of Delhi happen?

answer: 1959

question: How many judges participated in the Declaration of Delhi?

answer: 185

question: According to the Declaration of Delhi, what provides certain rights and freedoms?

answer: rule of law

text: rule of law

question: According to the Declaration of Delhi, what type of conditions are needed for human dignity?

answer: social, economic and cultural

text: social, economic and cultural

question: Who made a declaration about the principle of rule of law in the nineteenth century?

text: International Commission of Jurists

question: What declaration stated that the rule of law applies to certain rights and freedoms?

text: the Declaration of Delhi

question: What suggested that the rule of law requires legislative power?

text: The Declaration of Delhi

question: What commission has fifty-three members?

text: the International Commission of Jurists


text: Portugal (Portuguese: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa), is a country on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, being bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 km (754 mi) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union. The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Portugal

text: Portuguese

text: puɾtuˈɣaɫ

text: officially

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: Republic

text: Portuguese

text: República

text: Portuguesa

text: is

text: a

text: country

text: on

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: in

text: Southwestern

text: Europe

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: westernmost

text: country

text: of

text: mainland

text: Europe

text: being

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: by

text: Spain

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: The

text: Portugal

text: Spain

text: border

text: is

text: km

text: mi

text: long

text: and

text: considered

text: the

text: longest

text: uninterrupted

text: border

text: within

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: The

text: republic

text: also

text: includes

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: archipelagos

text: of

text: the

text: Azores

text: and

text: Madeira

text: both

text: autonomous

text: regions

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: regional

text: governments

question: What ocean does Portugal border?

answer: Atlantic Ocean

text: Atlantic Ocean

question: What other country does Portugal border?

answer: Spain

text: Spain

question: What is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union?

answer: Portugal–Spain

text: Portugal–Spain

question: Where is Portugal located?

answer: Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe

text: Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe

question: How long is the Portugal-Spain border?

answer: 1,214 km (754 mi)

text: 1,214 km (754 mi)

question: What two autonomous regions have their own governments in Portugal?

answer: Azores and Madeira

text: Azores and Madeira


text: The Mongol Yuan dynasty, through the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs, or Xuanzheng Yuan, ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department. One of the department's purposes was to select a dpon-chen ('great administrator'), usually appointed by the lama and confirmed by the Mongol emperor in Beijing. The Sakya lama retained a degree of autonomy, acting as the political authority of the region, while the dpon-chen held administrative and military power. Mongol rule of Tibet remained separate from the main provinces of China, but the region existed under the administration of the Yuan dynasty. If the Sakya lama ever came into conflict with the dpon-chen, the dpon-chen had the authority to send Chinese troops into the region.

title: Tibet

title: Tibet

text: The

text: Mongol

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: through

text: the

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Buddhist

text: and

text: Tibetan

text: Affairs

text: or

text: Xuanzheng

text: Yuan

text: ruled

text: Tibet

text: through

text: a

text: top

text: level

text: administrative

text: department

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: department

text: 's

text: purposes

text: was

text: to

text: select

text: a

text: dpon

text: chen

text: great

text: administrator

text: usually

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: lama

text: and

text: confirmed

text: by

text: the

text: Mongol

text: emperor

text: in

text: Beijing

text: The

text: Sakya

text: lama

text: retained

text: a

text: degree

text: of

text: autonomy

text: acting

text: as

text: the

text: political

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: while

text: the

text: dpon

text: chen

text: held

text: administrative

text: and

text: military

text: power

text: Mongol

text: rule

text: of

text: Tibet

text: remained

text: separate

text: from

text: the

text: main

text: provinces

text: of

text: China

text: but

text: the

text: region

text: existed

text: under

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: If

text: the

text: Sakya

text: lama

text: ever

text: came

text: into

text: conflict

text: with

text: the

text: dpon

text: chen

text: the

text: dpon

text: chen

text: had

text: the

text: authority

text: to

text: send

text: Chinese

text: troops

text: into

text: the

text: region

question: Which dynasty ruled Tibet through a top-level administrative department?

answer: Mongol Yuan

text: Mongol Yuan

question: What was a dpon-chen?

answer: great administrator

text: great administrator

question: Who confirmed the dpon-chen?

answer: Mongol emperor

text: Mongol emperor

question: Who was the political authority of the region?

answer: Sakya lama

text: Sakya lama

question: Who held administrative and military power?

answer: dpon-chen

text: dpon-chen

question: What was one of the Mongol Yuan department's purposes?

text: to select a dpon-chen

question: What is the Yuan term for the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs?

text: Xuanzheng Yuan

question: What did the Mongol lama retain?

text: a degree of autonomy

question: What did Mongol rule of China remain separate from?

text: the main provinces

question: What troops did the Sayka lama have the authority to send?

text: Chinese


text: Ultimately, Hitler was trapped within his own vision of bombing as a terror weapon, formed in the 1930s when he threatened smaller nations into accepting German rule rather than submit to air bombardment. This fact had important implications. It showed the extent to which Hitler personally mistook Allied strategy for one of morale breaking instead of one of economic warfare, with the collapse of morale as an additional bonus. Hitler was much more attracted to the political aspects of bombing. As the mere threat of it had produced diplomatic results in the 1930s, he expected that the threat of German retaliation would persuade the Allies to adopt a policy of moderation and not to begin a policy of unrestricted bombing. His hope was — for reasons of political prestige within Germany itself — that the German population would be protected from the Allied bombings. When this proved impossible, he began to fear that popular feeling would turn against his regime, and he redoubled efforts to mount a similar "terror offensive" against Britain in order to produce a stalemate in which both sides would hesitate to use bombing at all.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: Ultimately

text: Hitler

text: was

text: trapped

text: within

text: his

text: own

text: vision

text: of

text: bombing

text: as

text: a

text: terror

text: weapon

text: formed

text: in

text: the

text: when

text: he

text: threatened

text: smaller

text: nations

text: into

text: accepting

text: German

text: rule

text: rather

text: than

text: submit

text: to

text: air

text: bombardment

text: This

text: fact

text: had

text: important

text: implications

text: It

text: showed

text: the

text: extent

text: to

text: which

text: Hitler

text: personally

text: mistook

text: Allied

text: strategy

text: for

text: one

text: of

text: morale

text: breaking

text: instead

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: economic

text: warfare

text: with

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: morale

text: as

text: an

text: additional

text: bonus

text: Hitler

text: was

text: much

text: more

text: attracted

text: to

text: the

text: political

text: aspects

text: of

text: bombing

text: As

text: the

text: mere

text: threat

text: of

text: it

text: had

text: produced

text: diplomatic

text: results

text: in

text: the

text: he

text: expected

text: that

text: the

text: threat

text: of

text: German

text: retaliation

text: would

text: persuade

text: the

text: Allies

text: to

text: adopt

text: a

text: policy

text: of

text: moderation

text: and

text: not

text: to

text: begin

text: a

text: policy

text: of

text: unrestricted

text: bombing

text: His

text: hope

text: was

text: for

text: reasons

text: of

text: political

text: prestige

text: within

text: Germany

text: itself

text: that

text: the

text: German

text: population

text: would

text: be

text: protected

text: from

text: the

text: Allied

text: bombings

text: When

text: this

text: proved

text: impossible

text: he

text: began

text: to

text: fear

text: that

text: popular

text: feeling

text: would

text: turn

text: against

text: his

text: regime

text: and

text: he

text: redoubled

text: efforts

text: to

text: mount

text: a

text: similar

text: terror

text: offensive

text: against

text: Britain

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: produce

text: a

text: stalemate

text: in

text: which

text: both

text: sides

text: would

text: hesitate

text: to

text: use

text: bombing

text: at

text: all

question: How did Hitler threaten small nations into accepting German rule?

answer: air bombardment

text: air bombardment

question: What policy did Hitler hope the bombing of Allies would cause?

answer: policy of moderation

text: policy of moderation

question: What kind of prestige was Hitler hoping for?

answer: political

text: political

question: Why did Hitler use terror bombing against Britain?

answer: to produce a stalemate

text: to produce a stalemate


text: Some Flemish dialects are so distinct that they might be considered as separate language variants, although the strong significance of language in Belgian politics would prevent the government from classifying them as such. West Flemish in particular has sometimes been considered a distinct variety. Dialect borders of these dialects do not correspond to present political boundaries, but reflect older, medieval divisions. The Brabantian dialect group, for instance, also extends to much of the south of the Netherlands, and so does Limburgish. West Flemish is also spoken in Zeelandic Flanders (part of the Dutch province of Zeeland), and by older people in French Flanders (a small area that borders Belgium).

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: Some

text: Flemish

text: dialects

text: are

text: so

text: distinct

text: that

text: they

text: might

text: be

text: considered

text: as

text: separate

text: language

text: variants

text: although

text: the

text: strong

text: significance

text: of

text: language

text: in

text: Belgian

text: politics

text: would

text: prevent

text: the

text: government

text: from

text: classifying

text: them

text: as

text: such

text: West

text: Flemish

text: in

text: particular

text: has

text: sometimes

text: been

text: considered

text: a

text: distinct

text: variety

text: Dialect

text: borders

text: of

text: these

text: dialects

text: do

text: not

text: correspond

text: to

text: present

text: political

text: boundaries

text: but

text: reflect

text: older

text: medieval

text: divisions

text: The

text: Brabantian

text: dialect

text: group

text: for

text: instance

text: also

text: extends

text: to

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: so

text: does

text: Limburgish

text: West

text: Flemish

text: is

text: also

text: spoken

text: in

text: Zeelandic

text: Flanders

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Dutch

text: province

text: of

text: Zeeland

text: and

text: by

text: older

text: people

text: in

text: French

text: Flanders

text: a

text: small

text: area

text: that

text: borders

text: Belgium

question: What Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often considered a language variant?

answer: West Flemish

text: West Flemish

question: What kind of governmental boundary does dialect distribution transcend, reflecting medieval divisions?

answer: political boundaries

text: political boundaries

question: What province is Zeelandic Flanders in?

answer: Zeeland

text: Zeeland

question: What area that abuts Belgium still has some older people who speak West Flemish?

answer: French Flanders

text: French Flanders

question: Along with Limburgish, what other Dutch dialect is spoken down into a lot of the southern Netherlands?

answer: Brabantian

text: Brabantian


text: In a five-to-four decision, the Supreme Court struck down the impositions of the death penalty in each of the consolidated cases as unconstitutional. The five justices in the majority did not produce a common opinion or rationale for their decision, however, and agreed only on a short statement announcing the result. The narrowest opinions, those of Byron White and Potter Stewart, expressed generalized concerns about the inconsistent application of the death penalty across a variety of cases but did not exclude the possibility of a constitutional death penalty law. Stewart and William O. Douglas worried explicitly about racial discrimination in enforcement of the death penalty. Thurgood Marshall and William J. Brennan, Jr. expressed the opinion that the death penalty was proscribed absolutely by the Eighth Amendment as "cruel and unusual" punishment.

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

text: In

text: a

text: five

text: to

text: four

text: decision

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: struck

text: down

text: the

text: impositions

text: of

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: in

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: consolidated

text: cases

text: as

text: unconstitutional

text: The

text: five

text: justices

text: in

text: the

text: majority

text: did

text: not

text: produce

text: a

text: common

text: opinion

text: or

text: rationale

text: for

text: their

text: decision

text: however

text: and

text: agreed

text: only

text: on

text: a

text: short

text: statement

text: announcing

text: the

text: result

text: The

text: narrowest

text: opinions

text: those

text: of

text: Byron

text: White

text: and

text: Potter

text: Stewart

text: expressed

text: generalized

text: concerns

text: about

text: the

text: inconsistent

text: application

text: of

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: across

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: cases

text: but

text: did

text: not

text: exclude

text: the

text: possibility

text: of

text: a

text: constitutional

text: death

text: penalty

text: law

text: Stewart

text: and

text: William

text: O.

text: Douglas

text: worried

text: explicitly

text: about

text: racial

text: discrimination

text: in

text: enforcement

text: of

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: Thurgood

text: Marshall

text: and

text: William

text: J.

text: Brennan

text: Jr.

text: expressed

text: the

text: opinion

text: that

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: was

text: proscribed

text: absolutely

text: by

text: the

text: Eighth

text: Amendment

text: as

text: cruel

text: and

text: unusual

text: punishment

question: Along with Marshall, who believed that the Eighth Amendment forbade the death penalty?

answer: William J. Brennan, Jr.

text: William J. Brennan, Jr.

question: Along with Stewart, what Supreme Court justice was concerned about racial disparity in death penalty enforcement?

answer: William O. Douglas

text: William O. Douglas

question: Aside from Stewart, what justice believed that the death penalty could be constitutional?

answer: Byron White

text: Byron White

question: Along with Marshall, who believed that the Ninth Amendment forbade the death penalty?

text: William J. Brennan, Jr

question: Along with Stewart, what Supreme Court justice was unconcerned about racial disparity in death penalty enforcement?

text: William O. Douglas

question: Aside from Stewart, what justice believed that the death penalty could be unconstitutional?

text: Byron White


text: In 1869 the Suez Canal opened under Napoleon III, linking the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean. Initially the Canal was opposed by the British; but once opened, its strategic value was quickly recognised and became the "jugular vein of the Empire". In 1875, the Conservative government of Benjamin Disraeli bought the indebted Egyptian ruler Isma'il Pasha's 44 percent shareholding in the Suez Canal for £4 million (£340 million in 2013). Although this did not grant outright control of the strategic waterway, it did give Britain leverage. Joint Anglo-French financial control over Egypt ended in outright British occupation in 1882. The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position, but a compromise was reached with the 1888 Convention of Constantinople, which made the Canal officially neutral territory.

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: In

text: the

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: opened

text: under

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: linking

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: with

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: Initially

text: the

text: Canal

text: was

text: opposed

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: but

text: once

text: opened

text: its

text: strategic

text: value

text: was

text: quickly

text: recognised

text: and

text: became

text: the

text: jugular

text: vein

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: In

text: the

text: Conservative

text: government

text: of

text: Benjamin

text: Disraeli

text: bought

text: the

text: indebted

text: Egyptian

text: ruler

text: Isma'il

text: Pasha

text: 's

text: percent

text: shareholding

text: in

text: the

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: for

text: million

text: million

text: in

text: Although

text: this

text: did

text: not

text: grant

text: outright

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: strategic

text: waterway

text: it

text: did

text: give

text: Britain

text: leverage

text: Joint

text: Anglo

text: French

text: financial

text: control

text: over

text: Egypt

text: ended

text: in

text: outright

text: British

text: occupation

text: in

text: The

text: French

text: were

text: still

text: majority

text: shareholders

text: and

text: attempted

text: to

text: weaken

text: the

text: British

text: position

text: but

text: a

text: compromise

text: was

text: reached

text: with

text: the

text: Convention

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: which

text: made

text: the

text: Canal

text: officially

text: neutral

text: territory

question: When did the Suez Canal open?

answer: 1869

question: Which ocean did the Suez Canal connect the Mediterranean to?

answer: Indian Ocean

text: Indian Ocean

question: Which French leader ruled when the Suez Canal opened?

answer: Napoleon III

text: Napoleon III

question: How much did Britain spend to buy Egypt's share of the Suez Canal?

answer: £4 million

text: £4 million

question: The Suez Canal became neutral territory by what treaty?

answer: Convention of Constantinople

text: Convention of Constantinople


text: Melbourne (/ˈmɛlbərn/, AU i/ˈmɛlbən/) is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name "Melbourne" refers to the area of urban agglomeration (as well as a census statistical division) spanning 9,900 km2 (3,800 sq mi) which comprises the broader metropolitan area, as well as being the common name for its city centre. The metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. Melbourne consists of 31 municipalities. It has a population of 4,347,955 as of 2013, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians.

title: Melbourne

title: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

text: /ˈmɛlbərn/

text: AU

text: i/ˈmɛlbən/

text: is

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Australian

text: state

text: of

text: Victoria

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Australia

text: and

text: Oceania

text: The

text: name

text: Melbourne

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: urban

text: agglomeration

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: census

text: statistical

text: division

text: spanning

text: sq

text: mi

text: which

text: comprises

text: the

text: broader

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: being

text: the

text: common

text: name

text: for

text: its

text: city

text: centre

text: The

text: metropolis

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: large

text: natural

text: bay

text: of

text: Port

text: Phillip

text: and

text: expands

text: into

text: the

text: hinterlands

text: towards

text: the

text: Dandenong

text: and

text: Macedon

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: Mornington

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: Yarra

text: Valley

text: Melbourne

text: consists

text: of

text: municipalities

text: It

text: has

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: as

text: of

text: and

text: its

text: inhabitants

text: are

text: called

text: Melburnians

question: What is the most populas city in the Australian state of Victoria?

answer: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

question: What is the second most populas city in Australia?

answer: Oceania

text: Oceania

question: Where is the Metropolis?

answer: large natural bay of Port Phillip

text: large natural bay of Port Phillip

question: What is the population of Melbourne?

answer: 4,347,955 as of 2013

text: 4,347,955 as of 2013

question: What are inhabitants of Melbourne called?

answer: Melburnians

text: Melburnians

question: Which city is the capital of Victoria?

answer: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

question: Which city is the most populous city in Victoria?

answer: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

question: Melbourne consists of how many municipalities?

answer: 31

question: What was Melbourne's population in 2013?

answer: 4,347,955

question: What are the inhabitants of Melbourne called?

answer: Melburnians

text: Melburnians


text: The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, especially as churches created many side-chapels. Early Netherlandish painting by artists such as Jan van Eyck (d. 1441) and Rogier van der Weyden (d. 1464) rivalled that of Italy, as did northern illuminated manuscripts, which in the 15th century began to be collected on a large scale by secular elites, who also commissioned secular books, especially histories. From about 1450 printed books rapidly became popular, though still expensive. There were around 30,000 different editions of incunabula, or works printed before 1500, by which time illuminated manuscripts were commissioned only by royalty and a few others. Very small woodcuts, nearly all religious, were affordable even by peasants in parts of Northern Europe from the middle of the 15th century. More expensive engravings supplied a wealthier market with a variety of images.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: The

text: large

text: external

text: sculptural

text: schemes

text: of

text: Early

text: Gothic

text: churches

text: gave

text: way

text: to

text: more

text: sculpture

text: inside

text: the

text: building

text: as

text: tombs

text: became

text: more

text: elaborate

text: and

text: other

text: features

text: such

text: as

text: pulpits

text: were

text: sometimes

text: lavishly

text: carved

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: Pulpit

text: by

text: Giovanni

text: Pisano

text: in

text: Sant'Andrea

text: Painted

text: or

text: carved

text: wooden

text: relief

text: altarpieces

text: became

text: common

text: especially

text: as

text: churches

text: created

text: many

text: side

text: chapels

text: Early

text: Netherlandish

text: painting

text: by

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: Jan

text: van

text: Eyck

text: d.

text: and

text: Rogier

text: van

text: der

text: Weyden

text: d.

text: rivalled

text: that

text: of

text: Italy

text: as

text: did

text: northern

text: illuminated

text: manuscripts

text: which

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: began

text: to

text: be

text: collected

text: on

text: a

text: large

text: scale

text: by

text: secular

text: elites

text: who

text: also

text: commissioned

text: secular

text: books

text: especially

text: histories

text: From

text: about

text: printed

text: books

text: rapidly

text: became

text: popular

text: though

text: still

text: expensive

text: There

text: were

text: around

text: different

text: editions

text: of

text: incunabula

text: or

text: works

text: printed

text: before

text: by

text: which

text: time

text: illuminated

text: manuscripts

text: were

text: commissioned

text: only

text: by

text: royalty

text: and

text: a

text: few

text: others

text: Very

text: small

text: woodcuts

text: nearly

text: all

text: religious

text: were

text: affordable

text: even

text: by

text: peasants

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: from

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: More

text: expensive

text: engravings

text: supplied

text: a

text: wealthier

text: market

text: with

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: images

question: Who carved the Pulpit in Sant'Andrea?

answer: Giovanni Pisano

text: Giovanni Pisano

question: Along with being carved, how were altarpieces often decorated in this period?

answer: Painted

text: Painted

question: When did Rogier van der Weyden die?

answer: 1464

question: Of what nationality was Jan van Eyck?

answer: Netherlandish

text: Netherlandish

question: What does incunabula refer to?

answer: works printed before 1500

text: works printed before 1500


text: Penalties never result in a score for the offence. For example, a point-of-foul infraction committed by the defence in their end zone is not ruled a touchdown, but instead advances the ball to the one-yard line with an automatic first down. For a distance penalty, if the yardage is greater than half the distance to the goal line, then the ball is advanced half the distance to the goal line, though only up to the one-yard line (unlike American football, in Canadian football no scrimmage may start inside either one-yard line). If the original penalty yardage would have resulted in a first down or moving the ball past the goal line, a first down is awarded.

title: Canadian_football

title: Canadian_football

text: Penalties

text: never

text: result

text: in

text: a

text: score

text: for

text: the

text: offence

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: point

text: of

text: foul

text: infraction

text: committed

text: by

text: the

text: defence

text: in

text: their

text: end

text: zone

text: is

text: not

text: ruled

text: a

text: touchdown

text: but

text: instead

text: advances

text: the

text: ball

text: to

text: the

text: one

text: yard

text: line

text: with

text: an

text: automatic

text: first

text: down

text: For

text: a

text: distance

text: penalty

text: if

text: the

text: yardage

text: is

text: greater

text: than

text: half

text: the

text: distance

text: to

text: the

text: goal

text: line

text: then

text: the

text: ball

text: is

text: advanced

text: half

text: the

text: distance

text: to

text: the

text: goal

text: line

text: though

text: only

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: one

text: yard

text: line

text: unlike

text: American

text: football

text: in

text: Canadian

text: football

text: no

text: scrimmage

text: may

text: start

text: inside

text: either

text: one

text: yard

text: line

text: If

text: the

text: original

text: penalty

text: yardage

text: would

text: have

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: first

text: down

text: or

text: moving

text: the

text: ball

text: past

text: the

text: goal

text: line

text: a

text: first

text: down

text: is

text: awarded

question: Where is the ball placed when a defensive penalty is committed in their own end zone?

answer: one-yard line

text: one-yard line

question: In which North American style of football is the line of scrimmage never inside the one-yard line?

answer: Canadian

text: Canadian

question: A play that results in what outcome will never also be a scoring play?

answer: Penalties

text: Penalties

question: How many penalty yards are awarded when the ball is nearer the goal line than the usual penalty yardage?

answer: half the distance to the goal line

text: half the distance to the goal line

question: Who do touchdowns never result in a score for?

text: the offence

question: When the defense commits penalty yardage in their end zone what happens?

text: not ruled a touchdown

question: How many penalty yards are given when the ball is nearer the first down than the usual penalty yardage?

text: half the distance to the goal line

question: What infraction  in the end zone advances the ball half the distance to the goal with an automatic first down?

text: a point-of-foul infraction

question: In American football what can't start inside either one yard line?

text: scrimmage


text: After four years on the sidelines, Austria sought another war with France to avenge its recent defeats. Austria could not count on Russian support because the latter was at war with Britain, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire in 1809. Frederick William of Prussia initially promised to help the Austrians, but reneged before conflict began. A report from the Austrian finance minister suggested that the treasury would run out of money by the middle of 1809 if the large army that the Austrians had formed since the Third Coalition remained mobilized. Although Archduke Charles warned that the Austrians were not ready for another showdown with Napoleon, a stance that landed him in the so-called "peace party," he did not want to see the army demobilized either. On 8 February 1809, the advocates for war finally succeeded when the Imperial Government secretly decided on another confrontation against the French.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: After

text: four

text: years

text: on

text: the

text: sidelines

text: Austria

text: sought

text: another

text: war

text: with

text: France

text: to

text: avenge

text: its

text: recent

text: defeats

text: Austria

text: could

text: not

text: count

text: on

text: Russian

text: support

text: because

text: the

text: latter

text: was

text: at

text: war

text: with

text: Britain

text: Sweden

text: and

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: in

text: Frederick

text: William

text: of

text: Prussia

text: initially

text: promised

text: to

text: help

text: the

text: Austrians

text: but

text: reneged

text: before

text: conflict

text: began

text: A

text: report

text: from

text: the

text: Austrian

text: finance

text: minister

text: suggested

text: that

text: the

text: treasury

text: would

text: run

text: out

text: of

text: money

text: by

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: if

text: the

text: large

text: army

text: that

text: the

text: Austrians

text: had

text: formed

text: since

text: the

text: Third

text: Coalition

text: remained

text: mobilized

text: Although

text: Archduke

text: Charles

text: warned

text: that

text: the

text: Austrians

text: were

text: not

text: ready

text: for

text: another

text: showdown

text: with

text: Napoleon

text: a

text: stance

text: that

text: landed

text: him

text: in

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: peace

text: party

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: want

text: to

text: see

text: the

text: army

text: demobilized

text: either

text: On

text: February

text: the

text: advocates

text: for

text: war

text: finally

text: succeeded

text: when

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Government

text: secretly

text: decided

text: on

text: another

text: confrontation

text: against

text: the

text: French

question: Who was the Prussian ruler who at first  claimed he would help Austria in its battle with France, but later refused to?

answer: Frederick William

text: Frederick William

question: The finance minister of Austria predicted that if the country kept its large army mobilized, the national treasury would be bankrupt by the middle of what year?

answer: 1809

question: Which Archduke warned that Austria wasn't prepared for an additional conflict with Napoleon?

answer: Charles

text: Charles

question: On what date did the Austrian government secretly decide on going to war with France?

answer: 8 February 1809

text: 8 February 1809


text: The Ming initiated sporadic armed intervention in Tibet during the 14th century, but did not garrison permanent troops there. At times the Tibetans also used armed resistance against Ming forays. The Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620) made attempts to reestablish Sino-Tibetan relations after the Mongol-Tibetan alliance initiated in 1578, which affected the foreign policy of the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912) of China in their support for the Dalai Lama of the Gelug school. By the late 16th century, the Mongols were successful armed protectors of the Gelug Dalai Lama, after increasing their presence in the Amdo region. This culminated in Güshi Khan's (1582–1655) conquest of Tibet from 1637–1642 and the establishment of the Ganden Phodrang regime by the 5th Dalai Lama with his help.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: The

text: Ming

text: initiated

text: sporadic

text: armed

text: intervention

text: in

text: Tibet

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: but

text: did

text: not

text: garrison

text: permanent

text: troops

text: there

text: At

text: times

text: the

text: Tibetans

text: also

text: used

text: armed

text: resistance

text: against

text: Ming

text: forays

text: The

text: Wanli

text: Emperor

text: r.

text: made

text: attempts

text: to

text: reestablish

text: Sino

text: Tibetan

text: relations

text: after

text: the

text: Mongol

text: Tibetan

text: alliance

text: initiated

text: in

text: which

text: affected

text: the

text: foreign

text: policy

text: of

text: the

text: subsequent

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: of

text: China

text: in

text: their

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: of

text: the

text: Gelug

text: school

text: By

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: the

text: Mongols

text: were

text: successful

text: armed

text: protectors

text: of

text: the

text: Gelug

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: after

text: increasing

text: their

text: presence

text: in

text: the

text: Amdo

text: region

text: This

text: culminated

text: in

text: Güshi

text: Khan

text: 's

text: conquest

text: of

text: Tibet

text: from

text: and

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Ganden

text: Phodrang

text: regime

text: by

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: with

text: his

text: help

question: What did the Tibetans use against Ming forays?

answer: armed resistance

text: armed resistance

question: Who were the armed protectors for the Gelug Dalai Lama?

answer: the Mongols

text: the Mongols

question: Which regime did Güshi Khan help establish?

answer: the Ganden Phodrang

text: the Ganden Phodrang

question: When was the Mongol-Tibetan alliance started?

answer: 1578


text: Unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U.S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. In addition to the dollar the coinage act officially established monetary units of mill or one-thousandth of a dollar (symbol ₥), cent or one-hundredth of a dollar (symbol ¢), dime or one-tenth of a dollar, and eagle or ten dollars, with prescribed weights and composition of gold, silver, or copper for each. It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be known as a union, but no union coins were ever struck and only patterns for the $50 half union exist. However, only cents are in everyday use as divisions of the dollar; "dime" is used solely as the name of the coin with the value of 10¢, while "eagle" and "mill" are largely unknown to the general public, though mills are sometimes used in matters of tax levies, and gasoline prices are usually in the form of $X.XX9 per gallon, e.g., $3.599, sometimes written as $3.599⁄10. When currently issued in circulating form, denominations equal to or less than a dollar are emitted as U.S. coins while denominations equal to or greater than a dollar are emitted as Federal Reserve notes (with the exception of gold, silver and platinum coins valued up to $100 as legal tender, but worth far more as bullion). Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the note form is significantly more common. In the past, "paper money" was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar (fractional currency) and gold coins were issued for circulation up to the value of $20 (known as the "double eagle", discontinued in the 1930s). The term eagle was used in the Coinage Act of 1792 for the denomination of ten dollars, and subsequently was used in naming gold coins. Paper currency less than one dollar in denomination, known as "fractional currency", was also sometimes pejoratively referred to as "shinplasters". In 1854, James Guthrie, then Secretary of the Treasury, proposed creating $100, $50 and $25 gold coins, which were referred to as a "Union", "Half Union", and "Quarter Union", thus implying a denomination of 1 Union = $100.

title: United_States_dollar

title: United_States_dollar

text: Unlike

text: the

text: Spanish

text: milled

text: dollar

text: the

text: U.S.

text: dollar

text: is

text: based

text: upon

text: a

text: decimal

text: system

text: of

text: values

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: dollar

text: the

text: coinage

text: act

text: officially

text: established

text: monetary

text: units

text: of

text: mill

text: or

text: one

text: thousandth

text: of

text: a

text: dollar

text: symbol

text: cent

text: or

text: one

text: hundredth

text: of

text: a

text: dollar

text: symbol

text: dime

text: or

text: one

text: tenth

text: of

text: a

text: dollar

text: and

text: eagle

text: or

text: ten

text: dollars

text: with

text: prescribed

text: weights

text: and

text: composition

text: of

text: gold

text: silver

text: or

text: copper

text: for

text: each

text: It

text: was

text: proposed

text: in

text: the

text: that

text: one

text: hundred

text: dollars

text: be

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: union

text: but

text: no

text: union

text: coins

text: were

text: ever

text: struck

text: and

text: only

text: patterns

text: for

text: the

text: half

text: union

text: exist

text: However

text: only

text: cents

text: are

text: in

text: everyday

text: use

text: as

text: divisions

text: of

text: the

text: dollar

text: dime

text: is

text: used

text: solely

text: as

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: coin

text: with

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: while

text: eagle

text: and

text: mill

text: are

text: largely

text: unknown

text: to

text: the

text: general

text: public

text: though

text: mills

text: are

text: sometimes

text: used

text: in

text: matters

text: of

text: tax

text: levies

text: and

text: gasoline

text: prices

text: are

text: usually

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: per

text: gallon

text: e.g.

text: sometimes

text: written

text: as

text: When

text: currently

text: issued

text: in

text: circulating

text: form

text: denominations

text: equal

text: to

text: or

text: less

text: than

text: a

text: dollar

text: are

text: emitted

text: as

text: U.S.

text: coins

text: while

text: denominations

text: equal

text: to

text: or

text: greater

text: than

text: a

text: dollar

text: are

text: emitted

text: as

text: Federal

text: Reserve

text: notes

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: gold

text: silver

text: and

text: platinum

text: coins

text: valued

text: up

text: to

text: as

text: legal

text: tender

text: but

text: worth

text: far

text: more

text: as

text: bullion

text: Both

text: one

text: dollar

text: coins

text: and

text: notes

text: are

text: produced

text: today

text: although

text: the

text: note

text: form

text: is

text: significantly

text: more

text: common

text: In

text: the

text: past

text: paper

text: money

text: was

text: occasionally

text: issued

text: in

text: denominations

text: less

text: than

text: a

text: dollar

text: fractional

text: currency

text: and

text: gold

text: coins

text: were

text: issued

text: for

text: circulation

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: double

text: eagle

text: discontinued

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: term

text: eagle

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: Coinage

text: Act

text: of

text: for

text: the

text: denomination

text: of

text: ten

text: dollars

text: and

text: subsequently

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: naming

text: gold

text: coins

text: Paper

text: currency

text: less

text: than

text: one

text: dollar

text: in

text: denomination

text: known

text: as

text: fractional

text: currency

text: was

text: also

text: sometimes

text: pejoratively

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: shinplasters

text: In

text: James

text: Guthrie

text: then

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Treasury

text: proposed

text: creating

text: and

text: gold

text: coins

text: which

text: were

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: a

text: Union

text: Half

text: Union

text: and

text: Quarter

text: Union

text: thus

text: implying

text: a

text: denomination

text: of

text: Union

question: What is the US dollar based upon?

answer: a decimal system of values

text: a decimal system of values

question: How much monetary value does a dime hold?

answer: one-tenth of a dollar

text: one-tenth of a dollar

question: How much was a union going to be worth as proposed in the 1800s?

answer: one hundred dollars

text: one hundred dollars

question: What was the maximum value a gold coin used to be able to have?

answer: $20

question: In what legislation was the term "eagle" used?

answer: Coinage Act of 1792

text: Coinage Act of 1792

question: What is the Union based upon?

text: a decimal system of values

question: How much monetary value does a treasury hold?

text: one-tenth of a dollar

question: How much was a union going to be worth as proposed in the 1900s?

text: one hundred dollars

question: What was the maximum value paper money used to be able to have?

question: In what legislation was the term "denomination" used?

text: Coinage Act of 1792


text: There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.

title: Dutch_Republic

title: Dutch_Republic

text: There

text: was

text: a

text: constant

text: power

text: struggle

text: between

text: the

text: Orangists

text: who

text: supported

text: the

text: stadtholders

text: and

text: specifically

text: the

text: princes

text: of

text: Orange

text: and

text: the

text: Republicans

text: who

text: supported

text: the

text: States

text: General

text: and

text: hoped

text: to

text: replace

text: the

text: semi

text: hereditary

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: stadtholdership

text: with

text: a

text: true

text: republican

text: structure

question: What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?

answer: Orangists

text: Orangists

question: Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?

answer: Republicans

text: Republicans

question: What did the Orangists want to replace in the power struggle?

question: What conflict was there between the stadtholders and the Orangists?

text: a constant power struggle

question: What currently used system of governance did the Republicans want to protect?

text: the stadtholders

question: What did the stadtholders hope to replace the current system with?

text: a true republican structure

question: What was the nature of the true republican structure?

text: semi-hereditary nature


text: To relieve pressure from the expected German attack into Alsace-Lorraine, Napoleon III and the French high command planned a seaborne invasion of northern Germany as soon as war began. The French expected the invasion to divert German troops and to encourage Denmark to join in the war, with its 50,000-strong army and the Royal Danish Navy. It was discovered that Prussia had recently built defences around the big North German ports, including coastal artillery batteries with Krupp heavy artillery, which with a range of 4,000 yards (3,700 m), had double the range of French naval guns. The French Navy lacked the heavy guns to engage the coastal defences and the topography of the Prussian coast made a seaborne invasion of northern Germany impossible.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: To

text: relieve

text: pressure

text: from

text: the

text: expected

text: German

text: attack

text: into

text: Alsace

text: Lorraine

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: and

text: the

text: French

text: high

text: command

text: planned

text: a

text: seaborne

text: invasion

text: of

text: northern

text: Germany

text: as

text: soon

text: as

text: war

text: began

text: The

text: French

text: expected

text: the

text: invasion

text: to

text: divert

text: German

text: troops

text: and

text: to

text: encourage

text: Denmark

text: to

text: join

text: in

text: the

text: war

text: with

text: its

text: army

text: and

text: the

text: Royal

text: Danish

text: Navy

text: It

text: was

text: discovered

text: that

text: Prussia

text: had

text: recently

text: built

text: defences

text: around

text: the

text: big

text: North

text: German

text: ports

text: including

text: coastal

text: artillery

text: batteries

text: with

text: Krupp

text: heavy

text: artillery

text: which

text: with

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: yards

text: m

text: had

text: double

text: the

text: range

text: of

text: French

text: naval

text: guns

text: The

text: French

text: Navy

text: lacked

text: the

text: heavy

text: guns

text: to

text: engage

text: the

text: coastal

text: defences

text: and

text: the

text: topography

text: of

text: the

text: Prussian

text: coast

text: made

text: a

text: seaborne

text: invasion

text: of

text: northern

text: Germany

text: impossible

question: What did Napoleon III plan to relieve pressure from an expected German attack?

answer: invasion of northern Germany

text: invasion of northern Germany

question: What country were the French hoping to be allied with?

answer: Denmark

text: Denmark

question: What military strength could Denmark to France in a war?

answer: the Royal Danish Navy

text: the Royal Danish Navy

question: What had Prussia been discovered building around big north German ports?

answer: defences

text: defences

question: What did the French navy lack in engaging coastal defenses?

answer: heavy guns

text: heavy guns


text: The Church Fathers identified Jews and Judaism with heresy. They saw deviations from Orthodox Christianity as heresies that were essentially Jewish in spirit. Tertullian implied that it was the Jews who most inspired heresy in Christianity: "From the Jew the heretic has accepted guidance in this discussion [that Jesus was not the Christ.]" Saint Peter of Antioch referred to Christians that refused to venerate religious images as having "Jewish minds".

title: Heresy

title: Heresy

text: The

text: Church

text: Fathers

text: identified

text: Jews

text: and

text: Judaism

text: with

text: heresy

text: They

text: saw

text: deviations

text: from

text: Orthodox

text: Christianity

text: as

text: heresies

text: that

text: were

text: essentially

text: Jewish

text: in

text: spirit

text: Tertullian

text: implied

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: Jews

text: who

text: most

text: inspired

text: heresy

text: in

text: Christianity

text: From

text: the

text: Jew

text: the

text: heretic

text: has

text: accepted

text: guidance

text: in

text: this

text: discussion

text: that

text: Jesus

text: was

text: not

text: the

text: Christ

text: Saint

text: Peter

text: of

text: Antioch

text: referred

text: to

text: Christians

text: that

text: refused

text: to

text: venerate

text: religious

text: images

text: as

text: having

text: Jewish

text: minds

question: What culture and religion did Fathers of the Church correlate with heresy?

answer: Jews and Judaism

text: Jews and Judaism

question: What religion were these Fathers of the Church?

answer: Orthodox Christianity

text: Orthodox Christianity

question: Who suggested that it were the Jews that brought dissension into Christianity?

answer: Tertullian

text: Tertullian

question: Who identified Christians with heresey?

text: Jews and Judaism

question: Who dit Saint Peter refer to as Jews?

question: Who did Tertullian say were the most heretical people?

text: Jews

question: Who offered guidence to early Christians?

text: Jews


text: As the terrain is generally arid, the hills have mostly poor soil and support only cacti and succulent plants. During the rainy season the area turns green with vegetation and grass. The eastern part of the island is greener as it receives more rainfall. A 1994 survey has revealed several hundred indigenous species of plants including the naturalized varieties of flora; some growing in irrigated areas while the dry areas are dominated by the cacti variety. Sea grapes and palm trees are a common sight with mangroves and shrubs surviving in the saline coastal swamps. Coconut palm was brought to the island from the Pacific islands. Important plants noted on the island are:

title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

text: As

text: the

text: terrain

text: is

text: generally

text: arid

text: the

text: hills

text: have

text: mostly

text: poor

text: soil

text: and

text: support

text: only

text: cacti

text: and

text: succulent

text: plants

text: During

text: the

text: rainy

text: season

text: the

text: area

text: turns

text: green

text: with

text: vegetation

text: and

text: grass

text: The

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: is

text: greener

text: as

text: it

text: receives

text: more

text: rainfall

text: A

text: survey

text: has

text: revealed

text: several

text: hundred

text: indigenous

text: species

text: of

text: plants

text: including

text: the

text: naturalized

text: varieties

text: of

text: flora

text: some

text: growing

text: in

text: irrigated

text: areas

text: while

text: the

text: dry

text: areas

text: are

text: dominated

text: by

text: the

text: cacti

text: variety

text: Sea

text: grapes

text: and

text: palm

text: trees

text: are

text: a

text: common

text: sight

text: with

text: mangroves

text: and

text: shrubs

text: surviving

text: in

text: the

text: saline

text: coastal

text: swamps

text: Coconut

text: palm

text: was

text: brought

text: to

text: the

text: island

text: from

text: the

text: Pacific

text: islands

text: Important

text: plants

text: noted

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: are

question: What types of plants are usually found at St. Barts?

answer: succulent

text: succulent

question: Which half of the island is usually greener due to more rainfall?

answer: The eastern part

text: The eastern part

question: A 1994 found how many different species of plants native to the island?

answer: several hundred

text: several hundred

question: What besides palm trees is a common plant to see in St. Barts?

answer: Sea grapes

text: Sea grapes

question: Where was the coconut palm brought to St. Barts from?

answer: the Pacific islands

text: the Pacific islands

question: In what year was Coconut palm brought to the island?

question: How many types of cacti are the on St. Barts?

text: several hundred

question: How many mangroves are there on St. Barts?

text: several hundred

question: What are the irrigated areas dominated by?

text: Sea grapes


text: 112th Street starts in Morningside Heights and runs from Riverside Drive to Amsterdam Avenue, where it meets the steps of the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine. The street resumes at the eastern edge of Morningside Park and extends through Harlem before ending at First Avenue adjacent Thomas Jefferson Park in East Harlem. Notable locations include:

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: Street

text: starts

text: in

text: Morningside

text: Heights

text: and

text: runs

text: from

text: Riverside

text: Drive

text: to

text: Amsterdam

text: Avenue

text: where

text: it

text: meets

text: the

text: steps

text: of

text: the

text: Cathedral

text: of

text: Saint

text: John

text: the

text: Divine

text: The

text: street

text: resumes

text: at

text: the

text: eastern

text: edge

text: of

text: Morningside

text: Park

text: and

text: extends

text: through

text: Harlem

text: before

text: ending

text: at

text: First

text: Avenue

text: adjacent

text: Thomas

text: Jefferson

text: Park

text: in

text: East

text: Harlem

text: Notable

text: locations

text: include

question: Where does 112th Street start?

answer: Morningside Heights

text: Morningside Heights

question: Which street runs from Riverside Drive to Amsterdam Avenue?

answer: 112th Street

text: 112th Street

question: Which road meets the steps of the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine?

answer: 112th Street

text: 112th Street


text: The site where the Saint Petersburg Passage sprawls had been devoted to trade since the city's foundation in the early 18th century. It had been occupied by various shops and warehouses (Maly Gostiny Dvor, Schukin Dvor, Apraksin Dvor) until 1846, when Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor acquired the grounds to build an elite shopping mall for the Russian nobility and wealthy bourgeoisie. Stenbock-Fermor conceived of the Passage as more than a mere shopping mall, but also as a cultural and social centre for the people of St Petersburg. The edifice contained coffee-houses, confectioneries, panorama installations, an anatomical museum, a wax museum, and even a small zoo, described by Dostoyevsky in his extravaganza "Crocodile, or Passage through the Passage". The concert hall became renowned as a setting for literary readings attended by the likes of Dostoevsky and Turgenev. Parenthetically, the Passage premises have long been associated with the entertainment industry and still remains home to the Komissarzhevskaya Theatre.

title: Department_store

title: Department_store

text: The

text: site

text: where

text: the

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: Passage

text: sprawls

text: had

text: been

text: devoted

text: to

text: trade

text: since

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: foundation

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: It

text: had

text: been

text: occupied

text: by

text: various

text: shops

text: and

text: warehouses

text: Maly

text: Gostiny

text: Dvor

text: Schukin

text: Dvor

text: Apraksin

text: Dvor

text: until

text: when

text: Count

text: Essen

text: Stenbock

text: Fermor

text: acquired

text: the

text: grounds

text: to

text: build

text: an

text: elite

text: shopping

text: mall

text: for

text: the

text: Russian

text: nobility

text: and

text: wealthy

text: bourgeoisie

text: Stenbock

text: Fermor

text: conceived

text: of

text: the

text: Passage

text: as

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: mere

text: shopping

text: mall

text: but

text: also

text: as

text: a

text: cultural

text: and

text: social

text: centre

text: for

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: St

text: Petersburg

text: The

text: edifice

text: contained

text: coffee

text: houses

text: confectioneries

text: panorama

text: installations

text: an

text: anatomical

text: museum

text: a

text: wax

text: museum

text: and

text: even

text: a

text: small

text: zoo

text: described

text: by

text: Dostoyevsky

text: in

text: his

text: extravaganza

text: Crocodile

text: or

text: Passage

text: through

text: the

text: Passage

text: The

text: concert

text: hall

text: became

text: renowned

text: as

text: a

text: setting

text: for

text: literary

text: readings

text: attended

text: by

text: the

text: likes

text: of

text: Dostoevsky

text: and

text: Turgenev

text: Parenthetically

text: the

text: Passage

text: premises

text: have

text: long

text: been

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: entertainment

text: industry

text: and

text: still

text: remains

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Komissarzhevskaya

text: Theatre

question: When was Saint Petersburg established?

answer: early 18th century

text: early 18th century

question: Who founded a shopping mall reserved for the most elites of society?

answer: Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor

text: Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor

question: What famous author described parts of the mall in his books?

answer: Dostoyevsky

text: Dostoyevsky

question: What historical site still operates within the mall?

answer: Komissarzhevskaya Theatre

text: Komissarzhevskaya Theatre

question: When was Saint Petersburg demolished?

text: early 18th century

question: Who founded a shopping mall reserved for the poorest of society?

text: Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor

question: What unknown author described parts of the mall in his books?

text: Dostoyevsky

question: What historical site no longer operates within the mall?

text: Komissarzhevskaya Theatre

question: What historical site still operates outside of the mall?

text: Komissarzhevskaya Theatre


text: From late 2009 a handful of mainly southern eurozone member states started being unable to repay their national Euro-denominated government debt or to finance the bail-out of troubled financial sectors under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties. This so-called European debt crisis began after Greece's new elected government stopped masking its true indebtedness and budget deficit and openly communicated the imminent danger of a Greek sovereign default. Seeing a sovereign default in the eurozone as a shock, the general public, international and European institutions, and the financial community started to intensively reassess the economic situation and creditworthiness of eurozone states. Those eurozone states being assessed as not financially sustainable enough on their current path, faced waves of credit rating downgrades and rising borrowing costs including increasing interest rate spreads. As a consequence, the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced.

title: European_Central_Bank

title: European_Central_Bank

text: From

text: late

text: a

text: handful

text: of

text: mainly

text: southern

text: eurozone

text: member

text: states

text: started

text: being

text: unable

text: to

text: repay

text: their

text: national

text: Euro

text: denominated

text: government

text: debt

text: or

text: to

text: finance

text: the

text: bail

text: out

text: of

text: troubled

text: financial

text: sectors

text: under

text: their

text: national

text: supervision

text: without

text: the

text: assistance

text: of

text: third

text: parties

text: This

text: so

text: called

text: European

text: debt

text: crisis

text: began

text: after

text: Greece

text: 's

text: new

text: elected

text: government

text: stopped

text: masking

text: its

text: true

text: indebtedness

text: and

text: budget

text: deficit

text: and

text: openly

text: communicated

text: the

text: imminent

text: danger

text: of

text: a

text: Greek

text: sovereign

text: default

text: Seeing

text: a

text: sovereign

text: default

text: in

text: the

text: eurozone

text: as

text: a

text: shock

text: the

text: general

text: public

text: international

text: and

text: European

text: institutions

text: and

text: the

text: financial

text: community

text: started

text: to

text: intensively

text: reassess

text: the

text: economic

text: situation

text: and

text: creditworthiness

text: of

text: eurozone

text: states

text: Those

text: eurozone

text: states

text: being

text: assessed

text: as

text: not

text: financially

text: sustainable

text: enough

text: on

text: their

text: current

text: path

text: faced

text: waves

text: of

text: credit

text: rating

text: downgrades

text: and

text: rising

text: borrowing

text: costs

text: including

text: increasing

text: interest

text: rate

text: spreads

text: As

text: a

text: consequence

text: the

text: ability

text: of

text: these

text: states

text: to

text: borrow

text: new

text: money

text: to

text: further

text: finance

text: their

text: budget

text: deficits

text: or

text: to

text: refinance

text: existing

text: unsustainable

text: debt

text: levels

text: was

text: strongly

text: reduced

question: When did the European debt Crisis begin?

answer: 2009

question: What did the eurozone states that were thought to not be able to repay their debt face as a consequence?

answer: the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced

text: the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced

question: Which country was the first to be at risk for soverign default?

answer: Greece

text: Greece

question: Who brought Greece's financial crisis to the forefront?

answer: new elected government

text: new elected government

question: What had Greece's previous government been hiding?

answer: its true indebtedness and budget deficit

text: its true indebtedness and budget deficit

question: When did the European profit euphoria begin?

question: Which country was the last to be at risk for sovereign default?

text: Greece

question: Who ignored Greece's financial crisis the most?

text: new elected government

question: What had Greece's previous government been showcasing?

question: What is never a shock in the eurozone?

text: Seeing a sovereign default


text: In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: In

text: contrast

text: with

text: other

text: Romance

text: languages

text: Catalan

text: has

text: many

text: monosyllabic

text: words

text: and

text: those

text: ending

text: in

text: a

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: consonants

text: and

text: some

text: consonant

text: clusters

text: Also

text: Catalan

text: has

text: final

text: obstruent

text: devoicing

text: thus

text: featuring

text: many

text: couplets

text: like

text: amic

text: male

text: friend

text: vs.

text: amiga

text: female

text: friend

question: How is Catalan different from other Romance languages?

answer: many monosyllabic words

text: many monosyllabic words

question: What other type of endings do Catalan words have?

answer: consonant clusters

text: consonant clusters

question: What kind of final devoicing does the language have?

answer: obstruent

text: obstruent

question: What do many words feature?

answer: couplets

text: couplets


text: Krispy Kreme, an international chain of doughnut stores, was started in North Carolina; the company's headquarters are in Winston-Salem. Pepsi-Cola was first produced in 1898 in New Bern. A regional soft drink, Cheerwine, was created and is still based in the city of Salisbury. Despite its name, the hot sauce Texas Pete was created in North Carolina; its headquarters are also in Winston-Salem. The Hardee's fast-food chain was started in Rocky Mount. Another fast-food chain, Bojangles', was started in Charlotte, and has its corporate headquarters there. A popular North Carolina restaurant chain is Golden Corral. Started in 1973, the chain was founded in Fayetteville, with headquarters located in Raleigh. Popular pickle brand Mount Olive Pickle Company was founded in Mount Olive in 1926. Fast casual burger chain Hwy 55 Burgers, Shakes & Fries also makes its home in Mount Olive. Cook Out, a popular fast-food chain featuring burgers, hot dogs, and milkshakes in a wide variety of flavors, was founded in Greensboro in 1989 and has begun expanding outside of North Carolina. In 2013, Southern Living named Durham - Chapel Hill the South's "Tastiest City."

title: North_Carolina

title: North_Carolina

text: Krispy

text: Kreme

text: an

text: international

text: chain

text: of

text: doughnut

text: stores

text: was

text: started

text: in

text: North

text: Carolina

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: headquarters

text: are

text: in

text: Winston

text: Salem

text: Pepsi

text: Cola

text: was

text: first

text: produced

text: in

text: in

text: New

text: Bern

text: A

text: regional

text: soft

text: drink

text: Cheerwine

text: was

text: created

text: and

text: is

text: still

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Salisbury

text: Despite

text: its

text: name

text: the

text: hot

text: sauce

text: Texas

text: Pete

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: North

text: Carolina

text: its

text: headquarters

text: are

text: also

text: in

text: Winston

text: Salem

text: The

text: Hardee

text: 's

text: fast

text: food

text: chain

text: was

text: started

text: in

text: Rocky

text: Mount

text: Another

text: fast

text: food

text: chain

text: Bojangles

text: was

text: started

text: in

text: Charlotte

text: and

text: has

text: its

text: corporate

text: headquarters

text: there

text: A

text: popular

text: North

text: Carolina

text: restaurant

text: chain

text: is

text: Golden

text: Corral

text: Started

text: in

text: the

text: chain

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: Fayetteville

text: with

text: headquarters

text: located

text: in

text: Raleigh

text: Popular

text: pickle

text: brand

text: Mount

text: Olive

text: Pickle

text: Company

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: Mount

text: Olive

text: in

text: Fast

text: casual

text: burger

text: chain

text: Hwy

text: Burgers

text: Shakes

text: Fries

text: also

text: makes

text: its

text: home

text: in

text: Mount

text: Olive

text: Cook

text: Out

text: a

text: popular

text: fast

text: food

text: chain

text: featuring

text: burgers

text: hot

text: dogs

text: and

text: milkshakes

text: in

text: a

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: flavors

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: Greensboro

text: in

text: and

text: has

text: begun

text: expanding

text: outside

text: of

text: North

text: Carolina

text: In

text: Southern

text: Living

text: named

text: Durham

text: Chapel

text: Hill

text: the

text: South

text: 's

text: Tastiest

text: City

question: Krispy kreme is a chain of what kind of stores?

answer: doughnut

text: doughnut

question: Where is the Krispy kreme headquarters?

answer: Winston-Salem

text: Winston-Salem

question: When was pepsi-Cola first produced?

answer: 1898

question: Where was pepsi first produced?

answer: New Bern

text: New Bern

question: What city was Cheerwine created and based in?

answer: Salisbury

text: Salisbury


text: As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during the Early Triassic and included forms such as Lystrosaurus. The Antarctic Peninsula began to form during the Jurassic period (206–146 Ma), and islands gradually rose out of the ocean. Ginkgo trees, conifers, bennettites, horsetails, ferns and cycads were plentiful during this period. In West Antarctica, coniferous forests dominated through the entire Cretaceous period (146–66 Ma), though southern beech became more prominent towards the end of this period. Ammonites were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only three Antarctic dinosaur genera (Cryolophosaurus and Glacialisaurus, from the Hanson Formation, and Antarctopelta) have been described to date. It was during this era that Gondwana began to break up.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: continued

text: warming

text: the

text: polar

text: ice

text: caps

text: melted

text: and

text: much

text: of

text: Gondwana

text: became

text: a

text: desert

text: In

text: Eastern

text: Antarctica

text: seed

text: ferns

text: or

text: pteridosperms

text: became

text: abundant

text: and

text: large

text: amounts

text: of

text: sandstone

text: and

text: shale

text: were

text: laid

text: down

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: Synapsids

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: mammal

text: like

text: reptiles

text: were

text: common

text: in

text: Antarctica

text: during

text: the

text: Early

text: Triassic

text: and

text: included

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: Lystrosaurus

text: The

text: Antarctic

text: Peninsula

text: began

text: to

text: form

text: during

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: period

text: Ma

text: and

text: islands

text: gradually

text: rose

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: ocean

text: Ginkgo

text: trees

text: conifers

text: bennettites

text: horsetails

text: ferns

text: and

text: cycads

text: were

text: plentiful

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: In

text: West

text: Antarctica

text: coniferous

text: forests

text: dominated

text: through

text: the

text: entire

text: Cretaceous

text: period

text: Ma

text: though

text: southern

text: beech

text: became

text: more

text: prominent

text: towards

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: this

text: period

text: Ammonites

text: were

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: seas

text: around

text: Antarctica

text: and

text: dinosaurs

text: were

text: also

text: present

text: though

text: only

text: three

text: Antarctic

text: dinosaur

text: genera

text: Cryolophosaurus

text: and

text: Glacialisaurus

text: from

text: the

text: Hanson

text: Formation

text: and

text: Antarctopelta

text: have

text: been

text: described

text: to

text: date

text: It

text: was

text: during

text: this

text: era

text: that

text: Gondwana

text: began

text: to

text: break

text: up

question: What did most of Gondwana become when the polar ice melted?

answer: desert

text: desert

question: What plants were abundant during this time?

answer: pteridosperms

text: pteridosperms

question: What type of reptiles were common during the early Triassic?

answer: Synapsids

text: Synapsids

question: When did the Antarctic peninsula form?

answer: Jurassic period

text: Jurassic period

question: During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart?

answer: Cretaceous

text: Cretaceous

question: What caused polar ice caps to form on Gondwana?

text: continued warming

question: What type of plamdt became abundent on Gondwana?

text: seed ferns

question: What type of animal was coomon during the Late Triassic?

text: Synapsids

question: What penninsula formed during the Triassic period?

text: The Antarctic Peninsula

question: Why did Eastern Antarctica become?

text: a desert

question: What type of rock was laid down in Eastern Gondwana?

text: sandstone and shale

question: What began to form during the years 204-166 Ma?

text: The Antarctic Peninsula

question: What types of trees and plants appeared during the Triassic period?

question: What period is marked by the years 166-46 Ma?

text: Cretaceous period


text: Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. A notable example of this was the occasional surveillance by Prussian police of Karl Marx during the years he remained resident in London. The interests of public police agencies in cross-border co-operation in the control of political radicalism and ordinary law crime were primarily initiated in Europe, which eventually led to the establishment of Interpol before the Second World War. There are also many interesting examples of cross-border policing under private auspices and by municipal police forces that date back to the 19th century (Nadelmann, 1993). It has been established that modern policing has transgressed national boundaries from time to time almost from its inception. It is also generally agreed that in the post–Cold War era this type of practice became more significant and frequent (Sheptycki, 2000).

title: Police

title: Police

text: Historical

text: studies

text: reveal

text: that

text: policing

text: agents

text: have

text: undertaken

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: cross

text: border

text: police

text: missions

text: for

text: many

text: years

text: Deflem

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: European

text: policing

text: agencies

text: undertook

text: cross

text: border

text: surveillance

text: because

text: of

text: concerns

text: about

text: anarchist

text: agitators

text: and

text: other

text: political

text: radicals

text: A

text: notable

text: example

text: of

text: this

text: was

text: the

text: occasional

text: surveillance

text: by

text: Prussian

text: police

text: of

text: Karl

text: Marx

text: during

text: the

text: years

text: he

text: remained

text: resident

text: in

text: London

text: The

text: interests

text: of

text: public

text: police

text: agencies

text: in

text: cross

text: border

text: co

text: operation

text: in

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: political

text: radicalism

text: and

text: ordinary

text: law

text: crime

text: were

text: primarily

text: initiated

text: in

text: Europe

text: which

text: eventually

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: Interpol

text: before

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: many

text: interesting

text: examples

text: of

text: cross

text: border

text: policing

text: under

text: private

text: auspices

text: and

text: by

text: municipal

text: police

text: forces

text: that

text: date

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: Nadelmann

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: established

text: that

text: modern

text: policing

text: has

text: transgressed

text: national

text: boundaries

text: from

text: time

text: to

text: time

text: almost

text: from

text: its

text: inception

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: generally

text: agreed

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: post

text: Cold

text: War

text: era

text: this

text: type

text: of

text: practice

text: became

text: more

text: significant

text: and

text: frequent

text: Sheptycki

question: When did Deflem write about cross-border policing?

answer: 2002

question: What groups did European police work against across borders in the 19th century?

answer: anarchist agitators and other political radicals

text: anarchist agitators and other political radicals

question: Which police force monitored Karl Marx?

answer: Prussian

text: Prussian

question: What international police agency was created before WW2?

answer: Interpol

text: Interpol

question: In what era did cross-border policing increase?

answer: post–Cold War

text: post–Cold War

question: When did Deflem write about in-border policing?

question: What groups did European police work against across borders in the 18th century?

question: Which police force ignored Karl Marx?

text: Prussian

question: What national police agency was created before WW2?

text: Interpol

question: In what era did cross-border policing decrease?

text: post–Cold War


text: The climate has become warmer in Montana and continues to do so. The glaciers in Glacier National Park have receded and are predicted to melt away completely in a few decades. Many Montana cities set heat records during July 2007, the hottest month ever recorded in Montana. Winters are warmer, too, and have fewer cold spells. Previously these cold spells had killed off bark beetles which are now attacking the forests of western Montana. The combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement during past years has led to a substantial increase in the severity of forest fires in Montana. According to a study done for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Science, portions of Montana will experience a 200-percent increase in area burned by wildfires, and an 80-percent increase in related air pollution.

title: Montana

title: Montana

text: The

text: climate

text: has

text: become

text: warmer

text: in

text: Montana

text: and

text: continues

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: The

text: glaciers

text: in

text: Glacier

text: National

text: Park

text: have

text: receded

text: and

text: are

text: predicted

text: to

text: melt

text: away

text: completely

text: in

text: a

text: few

text: decades

text: Many

text: Montana

text: cities

text: set

text: heat

text: records

text: during

text: July

text: the

text: hottest

text: month

text: ever

text: recorded

text: in

text: Montana

text: Winters

text: are

text: warmer

text: too

text: and

text: have

text: fewer

text: cold

text: spells

text: Previously

text: these

text: cold

text: spells

text: had

text: killed

text: off

text: bark

text: beetles

text: which

text: are

text: now

text: attacking

text: the

text: forests

text: of

text: western

text: Montana

text: The

text: combination

text: of

text: warmer

text: weather

text: attack

text: by

text: beetles

text: and

text: mismanagement

text: during

text: past

text: years

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: substantial

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: severity

text: of

text: forest

text: fires

text: in

text: Montana

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: study

text: done

text: for

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Environmental

text: Protection

text: Agency

text: by

text: the

text: Harvard

text: School

text: of

text: Engineering

text: and

text: Applied

text: Science

text: portions

text: of

text: Montana

text: will

text: experience

text: a

text: increase

text: in

text: area

text: burned

text: by

text: wildfires

text: and

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: related

text: air

text: pollution

question: In what year did many cities in Montana set heat records?

answer: 2007

question: What month was the hottest ever recorded?

answer: July

text: July

question: What problem has substantially increased in its severity?

answer: forest fires

text: forest fires


text: Several universities located outside Boston have a major presence in the city. Harvard University, the nation's oldest institute of higher education, is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge but has the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its educational activities in Boston. Its business, medical, dental, and public health schools are located in Boston's Allston and Longwood neighborhoods. Harvard has plans for additional expansion into Allston. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), which originated in Boston and was long known as "Boston Tech", moved across the river to Cambridge in 1916. Tufts University, whose main campus is north of the city in Somerville and Medford, locates its medical and dental school in Boston's Chinatown at Tufts Medical Center, a 451-bed academic medical institution that is home to both a full-service hospital for adults and the Floating Hospital for Children.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: Several

text: universities

text: located

text: outside

text: Boston

text: have

text: a

text: major

text: presence

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: Harvard

text: University

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: oldest

text: institute

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: is

text: centered

text: across

text: the

text: Charles

text: River

text: in

text: Cambridge

text: but

text: has

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: its

text: land

text: holdings

text: and

text: a

text: substantial

text: amount

text: of

text: its

text: educational

text: activities

text: in

text: Boston

text: Its

text: business

text: medical

text: dental

text: and

text: public

text: health

text: schools

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: Boston

text: 's

text: Allston

text: and

text: Longwood

text: neighborhoods

text: Harvard

text: has

text: plans

text: for

text: additional

text: expansion

text: into

text: Allston

text: The

text: Massachusetts

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: MIT

text: which

text: originated

text: in

text: Boston

text: and

text: was

text: long

text: known

text: as

text: Boston

text: Tech

text: moved

text: across

text: the

text: river

text: to

text: Cambridge

text: in

text: Tufts

text: University

text: whose

text: main

text: campus

text: is

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: in

text: Somerville

text: and

text: Medford

text: locates

text: its

text: medical

text: and

text: dental

text: school

text: in

text: Boston

text: 's

text: Chinatown

text: at

text: Tufts

text: Medical

text: Center

text: a

text: academic

text: medical

text: institution

text: that

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: both

text: a

text: full

text: service

text: hospital

text: for

text: adults

text: and

text: the

text: Floating

text: Hospital

text: for

text: Children

question: What Univesity located outside of Boston still holds a large presence in the city?

answer: Harvard University

text: Harvard University

question: What is the nations oldest college?

answer: Harvard University

text: Harvard University

question: Where does Harvard plan to expand to?

answer: Allston

text: Allston

question: What was MIT originally known as?

answer: Boston Tech

text: Boston Tech

question: In 1916, MIT moved across the river to what city?

answer: Cambridge

text: Cambridge


text: John wanted John de Gray, the Bishop of Norwich and one of his own supporters, to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury after the death of Walter, but the cathedral chapter for Canterbury Cathedral claimed the exclusive right to elect Walter's successor. They favoured Reginald, the chapter's sub-prior. To complicate matters, the bishops of the province of Canterbury also claimed the right to appoint the next archbishop. The chapter secretly elected Reginald and he travelled to Rome to be confirmed; the bishops challenged the appointment and the matter was taken before Innocent. John forced the Canterbury chapter to change their support to John de Gray, and a messenger was sent to Rome to inform the papacy of the new decision. Innocent disavowed both Reginald and John de Gray, and instead appointed his own candidate, Stephen Langton. John refused Innocent's request that he consent to Langton's appointment, but the pope consecrated Langton anyway in June 1207.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: John

text: wanted

text: John

text: de

text: Gray

text: the

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Norwich

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: own

text: supporters

text: to

text: be

text: appointed

text: Archbishop

text: of

text: Canterbury

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Walter

text: but

text: the

text: cathedral

text: chapter

text: for

text: Canterbury

text: Cathedral

text: claimed

text: the

text: exclusive

text: right

text: to

text: elect

text: Walter

text: 's

text: successor

text: They

text: favoured

text: Reginald

text: the

text: chapter

text: 's

text: sub

text: prior

text: To

text: complicate

text: matters

text: the

text: bishops

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: Canterbury

text: also

text: claimed

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: appoint

text: the

text: next

text: archbishop

text: The

text: chapter

text: secretly

text: elected

text: Reginald

text: and

text: he

text: travelled

text: to

text: Rome

text: to

text: be

text: confirmed

text: the

text: bishops

text: challenged

text: the

text: appointment

text: and

text: the

text: matter

text: was

text: taken

text: before

text: Innocent

text: John

text: forced

text: the

text: Canterbury

text: chapter

text: to

text: change

text: their

text: support

text: to

text: John

text: de

text: Gray

text: and

text: a

text: messenger

text: was

text: sent

text: to

text: Rome

text: to

text: inform

text: the

text: papacy

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: decision

text: Innocent

text: disavowed

text: both

text: Reginald

text: and

text: John

text: de

text: Gray

text: and

text: instead

text: appointed

text: his

text: own

text: candidate

text: Stephen

text: Langton

text: John

text: refused

text: Innocent

text: 's

text: request

text: that

text: he

text: consent

text: to

text: Langton

text: 's

text: appointment

text: but

text: the

text: pope

text: consecrated

text: Langton

text: anyway

text: in

text: June

question: Who did John want to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury?

answer: John de Gray

text: John de Gray

question: Who did Innocent disavow?

answer: Reginald and John de Gray

text: Reginald and John de Gray

question: Who did John force to change their support to John de Gray?

answer: Canterbury chapter

text: Canterbury chapter