text: According to the commentators, Virgil received his first education when he was five years old and he later went to Cremona, Milan, and finally Rome to study rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy, which he soon abandoned for philosophy. From Virgil's admiring references to the neoteric writers Pollio and Cinna, it has been inferred that he was, for a time, associated with Catullus' neoteric circle. However schoolmates considered Virgil extremely shy and reserved, according to Servius, and he was nicknamed "Parthenias" or "maiden" because of his social aloofness. Virgil seems to have suffered bad health throughout his life and in some ways lived the life of an invalid. According to the Catalepton, while in the Epicurean school of Siro the Epicurean at Naples, he began to write poetry. A group of small works attributed to the youthful Virgil by the commentators survive collected under the title Appendix Vergiliana, but are largely considered spurious by scholars. One, the Catalepton, consists of fourteen short poems, some of which may be Virgil's, and another, a short narrative poem titled the Culex ("The Gnat"), was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD.

title: Virgil

title: Virgil

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: commentators

text: Virgil

text: received

text: his

text: first

text: education

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: five

text: years

text: old

text: and

text: he

text: later

text: went

text: to

text: Cremona

text: Milan

text: and

text: finally

text: Rome

text: to

text: study

text: rhetoric

text: medicine

text: and

text: astronomy

text: which

text: he

text: soon

text: abandoned

text: for

text: philosophy

text: From

text: Virgil

text: 's

text: admiring

text: references

text: to

text: the

text: neoteric

text: writers

text: Pollio

text: and

text: Cinna

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: inferred

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: for

text: a

text: time

text: associated

text: with

text: Catullus

text: neoteric

text: circle

text: However

text: schoolmates

text: considered

text: Virgil

text: extremely

text: shy

text: and

text: reserved

text: according

text: to

text: Servius

text: and

text: he

text: was

text: nicknamed

text: Parthenias

text: or

text: maiden

text: because

text: of

text: his

text: social

text: aloofness

text: Virgil

text: seems

text: to

text: have

text: suffered

text: bad

text: health

text: throughout

text: his

text: life

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: ways

text: lived

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: an

text: invalid

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Catalepton

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: Epicurean

text: school

text: of

text: Siro

text: the

text: Epicurean

text: at

text: Naples

text: he

text: began

text: to

text: write

text: poetry

text: A

text: group

text: of

text: small

text: works

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: youthful

text: Virgil

text: by

text: the

text: commentators

text: survive

text: collected

text: under

text: the

text: title

text: Appendix

text: Vergiliana

text: but

text: are

text: largely

text: considered

text: spurious

text: by

text: scholars

text: One

text: the

text: Catalepton

text: consists

text: of

text: fourteen

text: short

text: poems

text: some

text: of

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: Virgil

text: 's

text: and

text: another

text: a

text: short

text: narrative

text: poem

text: titled

text: the

text: Culex

text: The

text: Gnat

text: was

text: attributed

text: to

text: Virgil

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: century

text: AD

question: Which three studies did Virgil abandon for philosophy?

answer: rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy

text: rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy

question: How was Virgil regarded socially by his schoolmates?

answer: extremely shy and reserved

text: extremely shy and reserved

question: What was Virgil's nickname?

answer: Parthenias

text: Parthenias

question: How did Virgil earn his nickname "Parthenias" or "maiden"?

answer: social aloofness

text: social aloofness

question: Which short narrative poem was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD?

answer: the Culex

text: the Culex

question: What did Cinna study?

text: medicine

question: What did his friends think Catullus was like?

text: shy

question: What problem did Servius have?

text: bad health

question: How many stanzas are in the poem the Culex?

text: fourteen

question: Where did Pollio live?

text: Milan


text: About 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the last glacial period, late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses built on piles to keep them dry. Standing stones have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy. The rock drawings in Valcamonica are more than 5000 years old; more than 200,000 drawings and etchings have been identified at the site.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: About

text: years

text: ago

text: when

text: the

text: ice

text: melted

text: after

text: the

text: last

text: glacial

text: period

text: late

text: Paleolithic

text: communities

text: were

text: established

text: along

text: the

text: lake

text: shores

text: and

text: in

text: cave

text: systems

text: Evidence

text: of

text: human

text: habitation

text: has

text: been

text: found

text: in

text: caves

text: near

text: Vercors

text: close

text: to

text: Grenoble

text: in

text: Austria

text: the

text: Mondsee

text: culture

text: shows

text: evidence

text: of

text: houses

text: built

text: on

text: piles

text: to

text: keep

text: them

text: dry

text: Standing

text: stones

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: in

text: Alpine

text: areas

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: Italy

text: The

text: rock

text: drawings

text: in

text: Valcamonica

text: are

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: old

text: more

text: than

text: drawings

text: and

text: etchings

text: have

text: been

text: identified

text: at

text: the

text: site

question: When were late Paleolithic communities established along the lake shores?

answer: About 10,000 years ago

text: About 10,000 years ago

question: What has been found in caves near Vercors?

answer: Evidence of human habitation

text: Evidence of human habitation

question: Why were houses built on piles?

answer: to keep them dry

text: to keep them dry

question: What have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy?

answer: Standing stones

text: Standing stones

question: How old are rock drawings in Valcamonica?

answer: more than 5000 years old

text: more than 5000 years old


text: Nocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Nocturnal

text: migrants

text: minimize

text: predation

text: avoid

text: overheating

text: and

text: can

text: feed

text: during

text: the

text: day

text: One

text: cost

text: of

text: nocturnal

text: migration

text: is

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: sleep

text: Migrants

text: may

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: alter

text: their

text: quality

text: of

text: sleep

text: to

text: compensate

text: for

text: the

text: loss

question: What is a benefit of nocturnal migration?

answer: minimize predation

text: minimize predation

question: What is a cost of nocturnal migration?

answer: loss of sleep

text: loss of sleep

question: How do nocturnal migrants compensate for loss of sleep?

answer: Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep

text: Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep

question: What is another benefit of nocturnal migration?

answer: avoid overheating

text: avoid overheating


text: While many secular buildings exist from the Late Middle Ages, it is in the buildings of cathedrals and great churches that Gothic architecture displays its pertinent structures and characteristics to the fullest advantage. A Gothic cathedral or abbey was, prior to the 20th century, generally the landmark building in its town, rising high above all the domestic structures and often surmounted by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires. These cathedrals were the skyscrapers of that day and would have been the largest buildings by far that Europeans would ever have seen. It is in the architecture of these Gothic churches that a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a new building style. Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the buttress.

title: Gothic_architecture

title: Gothic_architecture

text: While

text: many

text: secular

text: buildings

text: exist

text: from

text: the

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: buildings

text: of

text: cathedrals

text: and

text: great

text: churches

text: that

text: Gothic

text: architecture

text: displays

text: its

text: pertinent

text: structures

text: and

text: characteristics

text: to

text: the

text: fullest

text: advantage

text: A

text: Gothic

text: cathedral

text: or

text: abbey

text: was

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: generally

text: the

text: landmark

text: building

text: in

text: its

text: town

text: rising

text: high

text: above

text: all

text: the

text: domestic

text: structures

text: and

text: often

text: surmounted

text: by

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: towers

text: and

text: pinnacles

text: and

text: perhaps

text: tall

text: spires

text: These

text: cathedrals

text: were

text: the

text: skyscrapers

text: of

text: that

text: day

text: and

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: the

text: largest

text: buildings

text: by

text: far

text: that

text: Europeans

text: would

text: ever

text: have

text: seen

text: It

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: architecture

text: of

text: these

text: Gothic

text: churches

text: that

text: a

text: unique

text: combination

text: of

text: existing

text: technologies

text: established

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: building

text: style

text: Those

text: technologies

text: were

text: the

text: ogival

text: or

text: pointed

text: arch

text: the

text: ribbed

text: vault

text: and

text: the

text: buttress

question: What type of buildings most prominently display the design aspects of the Gothic architectural style?

answer: cathedrals and great churches

text: cathedrals and great churches

question: Prior to the 20th century, a Gothic cathedral was considered to be what type of building in the town in which it was constructed?

answer: the landmark building

text: the landmark building

question: What is another name for the pointed arch?

answer: the ogival

text: the ogival

question: What is an example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?

answer: the ribbed vault

text: the ribbed vault

question: What is another example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?

answer: the buttress

text: the buttress

question: What type of buildings most prominently hide the design aspects of the Gothic architectural style?

text: cathedrals and great churches

question: What is another name for the twisted arch?

text: the ogival

question: What is an example of impossible technology that is seen in Gothic construction?

text: the ribbed vault

question: When was it typical that Gothic cathedrals were hidden?

text: prior to the 20th century


text: On April 26, 1496 King John I Albert granted the Privilege of Piotrków (Polish: "Przywilej piotrkowski", "konstytucja piotrkowska" or "statuty piotrkowskie"), increasing the nobility's feudal power over serfs. It bound the peasant to the land, as only one son (not the eldest) was permitted to leave the village; townsfolk (Polish: "mieszczaństwo") were prohibited from owning land; and positions in the Church hierarchy could be given only to nobles.

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: On

text: April

text: King

text: John

text: I

text: Albert

text: granted

text: the

text: Privilege

text: of

text: Piotrków

text: Polish

text: Przywilej

text: piotrkowski

text: konstytucja

text: piotrkowska

text: or

text: statuty

text: piotrkowskie

text: increasing

text: the

text: nobility

text: 's

text: feudal

text: power

text: over

text: serfs

text: It

text: bound

text: the

text: peasant

text: to

text: the

text: land

text: as

text: only

text: one

text: son

text: not

text: the

text: eldest

text: was

text: permitted

text: to

text: leave

text: the

text: village

text: townsfolk

text: Polish

text: mieszczaństwo

text: were

text: prohibited

text: from

text: owning

text: land

text: and

text: positions

text: in

text: the

text: Church

text: hierarchy

text: could

text: be

text: given

text: only

text: to

text: nobles

question: Who granted the privilege of Piotrkow?

answer: King John I Albert

text: King John I Albert

question: Privilege of Piotrkow was granted when?

answer: On April 26, 1496

text: On April 26, 1496

question: WHat happened to the nobilities feudal power?

answer: increasing

text: increasing

question: Who was allowed to leave the village?

answer: one son (not the eldest)

text: one son (not the eldest)

question: What were the townsfolk prohibited from doing?

answer: owning land

text: owning land


text: Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Illustrator and creator of children's series Mr Benn and King Rollo, David McKee, was born and brought up in South Devon and trained at Plymouth College of Art. Jazz musician John Surman, born in nearby Tavistock, has close connections to the area, evidenced by his 2012 album Saltash Bells. The avant garde prepared guitarist Keith Rowe was born in the city before establishing the jazz free improvisation band AMM in London in 1965 and MIMEO in 1997. The musician and film director Cosmo Jarvis has lived in several towns in South Devon and has filmed videos in and around Plymouth. In addition, actors Sir Donald Sinden and Judi Trott. George Passmore of Turner Prize winning duo Gilbert and George was born in the city, as was Labour politician Michael Foot whose family reside at nearby Trematon Castle.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Antarctic

text: explorers

text: Robert

text: Falcon

text: Scott

text: and

text: Frank

text: Bickerton

text: both

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: Artists

text: include

text: Beryl

text: Cook

text: whose

text: paintings

text: depict

text: the

text: culture

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: and

text: Robert

text: Lenkiewicz

text: whose

text: paintings

text: investigated

text: themes

text: of

text: vagrancy

text: sexual

text: behaviour

text: and

text: suicide

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: from

text: the

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: Illustrator

text: and

text: creator

text: of

text: children

text: 's

text: series

text: Mr

text: Benn

text: and

text: King

text: Rollo

text: David

text: McKee

text: was

text: born

text: and

text: brought

text: up

text: in

text: South

text: Devon

text: and

text: trained

text: at

text: Plymouth

text: College

text: of

text: Art

text: Jazz

text: musician

text: John

text: Surman

text: born

text: in

text: nearby

text: Tavistock

text: has

text: close

text: connections

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: evidenced

text: by

text: his

text: album

text: Saltash

text: Bells

text: The

text: avant

text: garde

text: prepared

text: guitarist

text: Keith

text: Rowe

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: before

text: establishing

text: the

text: jazz

text: free

text: improvisation

text: band

text: AMM

text: in

text: London

text: in

text: and

text: MIMEO

text: in

text: The

text: musician

text: and

text: film

text: director

text: Cosmo

text: Jarvis

text: has

text: lived

text: in

text: several

text: towns

text: in

text: South

text: Devon

text: and

text: has

text: filmed

text: videos

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: Plymouth

text: In

text: addition

text: actors

text: Sir

text: Donald

text: Sinden

text: and

text: Judi

text: Trott

text: George

text: Passmore

text: of

text: Turner

text: Prize

text: winning

text: duo

text: Gilbert

text: and

text: George

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: as

text: was

text: Labour

text: politician

text: Michael

text: Foot

text: whose

text: family

text: reside

text: at

text: nearby

text: Trematon

text: Castle

question: What artist died in Plymouth in 2002?

answer: Robert Lenkiewicz

text: Robert Lenkiewicz

question: Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study?

answer: Plymouth College of Art

text: Plymouth College of Art

question: What genre of music does John Surman play?

answer: Jazz

text: Jazz

question: What local figure played in the bands AMM and MIMEO?

answer: Keith Rowe

text: Keith Rowe

question: Where do the family of Michael Foot live?

answer: Trematon Castle

text: Trematon Castle


text: Ehrlich’s approach of systematically varying the chemical structure of synthetic compounds and measuring the effects of these changes on biological activity was pursued broadly by industrial scientists, including Bayer scientists Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk. This work, also based in the testing of compounds available from the German dye industry, led to the development of Prontosil, the first representative of the sulfonamide class of antibiotics. Compared to arsphenamine, the sulfonamides had a broader spectrum of activity and were far less toxic, rendering them useful for infections caused by pathogens such as streptococci. In 1939, Domagk received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this discovery. Nonetheless, the dramatic decrease in deaths from infectious diseases that occurred prior to World War II was primarily the result of improved public health measures such as clean water and less crowded housing, and the impact of anti-infective drugs and vaccines was significant mainly after World War II.

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: Ehrlich

text: ’s

text: approach

text: of

text: systematically

text: varying

text: the

text: chemical

text: structure

text: of

text: synthetic

text: compounds

text: and

text: measuring

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: these

text: changes

text: on

text: biological

text: activity

text: was

text: pursued

text: broadly

text: by

text: industrial

text: scientists

text: including

text: Bayer

text: scientists

text: Josef

text: Klarer

text: Fritz

text: Mietzsch

text: and

text: Gerhard

text: Domagk

text: This

text: work

text: also

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: testing

text: of

text: compounds

text: available

text: from

text: the

text: German

text: dye

text: industry

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: Prontosil

text: the

text: first

text: representative

text: of

text: the

text: sulfonamide

text: class

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: Compared

text: to

text: arsphenamine

text: the

text: sulfonamides

text: had

text: a

text: broader

text: spectrum

text: of

text: activity

text: and

text: were

text: far

text: less

text: toxic

text: rendering

text: them

text: useful

text: for

text: infections

text: caused

text: by

text: pathogens

text: such

text: as

text: streptococci

text: In

text: Domagk

text: received

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: in

text: Medicine

text: for

text: this

text: discovery

text: Nonetheless

text: the

text: dramatic

text: decrease

text: in

text: deaths

text: from

text: infectious

text: diseases

text: that

text: occurred

text: prior

text: to

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: was

text: primarily

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: improved

text: public

text: health

text: measures

text: such

text: as

text: clean

text: water

text: and

text: less

text: crowded

text: housing

text: and

text: the

text: impact

text: of

text: anti

text: infective

text: drugs

text: and

text: vaccines

text: was

text: significant

text: mainly

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

question: Who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1939?

answer: Gerhard Domagk

text: Gerhard Domagk

question: Who is responsible for creating Prontosil?

answer: Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk

text: Josef Klarer, Fritz Mietzsch, and Gerhard Domagk

question: What causes Streptococci?

answer: pathogens

text: pathogens

question: Many deaths occurred before World War II due to what?

answer: infectious diseases

text: infectious diseases

question: Prontosil is in what drug class?

answer: antibiotics

text: antibiotics

question: What was the name of the first sulfonamine antibiotic?

answer: Prontosil

text: Prontosil

question: What award did Domagk receive in 1939?

answer: Nobel Prize in Medicine

text: Nobel Prize in Medicine

question: Anti-infective drugs became more prominent after what war?

answer: World War II

text: World War II

question: Were sulfonamides more or less toxic than arsphenamine?

answer: less

text: less

question: Streptococci and other pathogens could be treated by what type of antibiotics?

answer: sulfonamides

text: sulfonamides

question: Who received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1938?

text: Gerhard Domagk

question: Who is responsible for creating German dye?

question: What causes Gerhard?

text: pathogens

question: Many deaths occurred after World War II due to what?

text: infectious diseases

question: Gerhard is in what drug class?

text: antibiotics


text: Palacio Salvo, at the intersection of 18 de Julio Avenue and Plaza Independencia, was designed by the architect Mario Palanti and completed in 1925. Palanti, an Italian immigrant living in Buenos Aires, used a similar design for his Palacio Barolo in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Palacio Salvo stands 100 metres (330 ft) high, including its antenna. It is built on the former site of the Confitería La Giralda, renowned for being where Gerardo Matos Rodríguez wrote his tango "La Cumparsita" (1917.) Palacio Salvo was originally intended to function as a hotel but is now a mixture of offices and private residences.

title: Montevideo

title: Montevideo

text: Palacio

text: Salvo

text: at

text: the

text: intersection

text: of

text: de

text: Julio

text: Avenue

text: and

text: Plaza

text: Independencia

text: was

text: designed

text: by

text: the

text: architect

text: Mario

text: Palanti

text: and

text: completed

text: in

text: Palanti

text: an

text: Italian

text: immigrant

text: living

text: in

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: used

text: a

text: similar

text: design

text: for

text: his

text: Palacio

text: Barolo

text: in

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: Argentina

text: Palacio

text: Salvo

text: stands

text: metres

text: ft

text: high

text: including

text: its

text: antenna

text: It

text: is

text: built

text: on

text: the

text: former

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: Confitería

text: La

text: Giralda

text: renowned

text: for

text: being

text: where

text: Gerardo

text: Matos

text: Rodríguez

text: wrote

text: his

text: tango

text: La

text: Cumparsita

text: Palacio

text: Salvo

text: was

text: originally

text: intended

text: to

text: function

text: as

text: a

text: hotel

text: but

text: is

text: now

text: a

text: mixture

text: of

text: offices

text: and

text: private

text: residences

question: Who designed the Palacio Salvo?

answer: Mario Palanti

text: Mario Palanti

question: What year was the Palacio Salvo completed?

answer: 1925

question: How high does the Palacio Salvo stand?

answer: 100 metres (330 ft) high

text: 100 metres (330 ft) high


text: The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Subsequent annexation into Ethiopia led to the Eritrean War of Independence, ending with Eritrean independence following a referendum in April 1993. Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia persisted, leading to the Eritrean–Ethiopian War of 1998–2000 and further skirmishes with both Djibouti and Ethiopia.

title: Eritrea

title: Eritrea

text: The

text: creation

text: of

text: modern

text: day

text: Eritrea

text: is

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: incorporation

text: of

text: independent

text: distinct

text: kingdoms

text: and

text: sultanates

text: for

text: example

text: Medri

text: Bahri

text: and

text: the

text: Sultanate

text: of

text: Aussa

text: eventually

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: Italian

text: Eritrea

text: In

text: Eritrea

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: federation

text: with

text: Ethiopia

text: the

text: Federation

text: of

text: Ethiopia

text: and

text: Eritrea

text: Subsequent

text: annexation

text: into

text: Ethiopia

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: Eritrean

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: ending

text: with

text: Eritrean

text: independence

text: following

text: a

text: referendum

text: in

text: April

text: Hostilities

text: between

text: Eritrea

text: and

text: Ethiopia

text: persisted

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: Eritrean

text: Ethiopian

text: War

text: of

text: and

text: further

text: skirmishes

text: with

text: both

text: Djibouti

text: and

text: Ethiopia

question: What is the result of the incorporation of independent kingdoms and sultanates?

answer: modern-day Eritrea

text: modern-day Eritrea

question: When did Eritrea join a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethipia and Eritrea?

answer: 1947

question: What was the result of the War of Independence?

answer: Eritrean independence

text: Eritrean independence

question: What persisted and led to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War of 1998-2000?

answer: Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia

text: Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia

question: What subsequently led to the Eritran War of Independence?

answer: annexation

text: annexation

question: In what year was the Sultanate of Aussa founded?

question: In what year did the Eritrean War of Independence start?

question: Who won the Eritrean-Ethiopian war of 1998-2000?

text: Eritrea

question: In what year did Eritrea first skirmish with Djibouti?

question: In what year did Italian Eritrea get founded?


text: A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers' opinions before taking actions of their own. International relations theorists have posited that great power status can be characterized into power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions. Sometimes the status of great powers is formally recognized in conferences such as the Congress of Vienna or an international structure such as the United Nations Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States serve as the body's five permanent members). At the same time the status of great powers can be informally recognized in a forum such as the G7 which consists of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.

title: Great_power

title: Great_power

text: A

text: great

text: power

text: is

text: a

text: sovereign

text: state

text: that

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: having

text: the

text: ability

text: and

text: expertise

text: to

text: exert

text: its

text: influence

text: on

text: a

text: global

text: scale

text: Great

text: powers

text: characteristically

text: possess

text: military

text: and

text: economic

text: strength

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: diplomatic

text: and

text: soft

text: power

text: influence

text: which

text: may

text: cause

text: middle

text: or

text: small

text: powers

text: to

text: consider

text: the

text: great

text: powers

text: opinions

text: before

text: taking

text: actions

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: International

text: relations

text: theorists

text: have

text: posited

text: that

text: great

text: power

text: status

text: can

text: be

text: characterized

text: into

text: power

text: capabilities

text: spatial

text: aspects

text: and

text: status

text: dimensions

text: Sometimes

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: great

text: powers

text: is

text: formally

text: recognized

text: in

text: conferences

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: Vienna

text: or

text: an

text: international

text: structure

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Security

text: Council

text: China

text: France

text: Russia

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: serve

text: as

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: five

text: permanent

text: members

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: great

text: powers

text: can

text: be

text: informally

text: recognized

text: in

text: a

text: forum

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: Canada

text: France

text: Germany

text: Italy

text: Japan

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

question: What do great powers usually have?

answer: military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence

text: military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence

question: What are the permanent members of UN Security Council?

answer: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States

text: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States

question: What are the countries in the G7?

answer: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America

text: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America

question: What 3 factors have international relations theorists considered factors for great power status?

answer: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions

text: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions

question: What great power has five permanent members?

text: United Nations Security Council

question: What international structure exerts its influence on a global scale?

text: A great power

question: What has the United Nations Security Council characterized as comprising great power status?

question: What spatial aspects are Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States a part of?

text: the G7

question: In what conference are great powers opinions formally considered?

text: Congress of Vienna


text: Mexico City offers an immense and varied consumer retail market, ranging from basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods. Consumers may buy in fixed indoor markets, mobile markets (tianguis), from street vendors, from downtown shops in a street dedicated to a certain type of good, in convenience stores and traditional neighborhood stores, in modern supermarkets, in warehouse and membership stores and the shopping centers that they anchor, in department stores, big-box stores and in modern shopping malls.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: Mexico

text: City

text: offers

text: an

text: immense

text: and

text: varied

text: consumer

text: retail

text: market

text: ranging

text: from

text: basic

text: foods

text: to

text: ultra

text: high

text: end

text: luxury

text: goods

text: Consumers

text: may

text: buy

text: in

text: fixed

text: indoor

text: markets

text: mobile

text: markets

text: tianguis

text: from

text: street

text: vendors

text: from

text: downtown

text: shops

text: in

text: a

text: street

text: dedicated

text: to

text: a

text: certain

text: type

text: of

text: good

text: in

text: convenience

text: stores

text: and

text: traditional

text: neighborhood

text: stores

text: in

text: modern

text: supermarkets

text: in

text: warehouse

text: and

text: membership

text: stores

text: and

text: the

text: shopping

text: centers

text: that

text: they

text: anchor

text: in

text: department

text: stores

text: big

text: box

text: stores

text: and

text: in

text: modern

text: shopping

text: malls

question: What are mobile markets in Mexico City called?

answer: tianguis

text: tianguis

question: How is the retail market of Mexico City?

answer: immense and varied

text: immense and varied

question: What is a common way stores are distributed in Mexico City?

answer: in a street dedicated to a certain type of good

text: in a street dedicated to a certain type of good

question: What is the spectrum of gods you can get in Mexico City?

answer: basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods

text: basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods


text: Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, among others, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells.

title: Immunology

title: Immunology

text: Immunology

text: is

text: strongly

text: experimental

text: in

text: everyday

text: practice

text: but

text: is

text: also

text: characterized

text: by

text: an

text: ongoing

text: theoretical

text: attitude

text: Many

text: theories

text: have

text: been

text: suggested

text: in

text: immunology

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: time

text: The

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: saw

text: a

text: battle

text: between

text: cellular

text: and

text: humoral

text: theories

text: of

text: immunity

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: cellular

text: theory

text: of

text: immunity

text: represented

text: in

text: particular

text: by

text: Elie

text: Metchnikoff

text: it

text: was

text: cells

text: more

text: precisely

text: phagocytes

text: that

text: were

text: responsible

text: for

text: immune

text: responses

text: In

text: contrast

text: the

text: humoral

text: theory

text: of

text: immunity

text: held

text: by

text: Robert

text: Koch

text: and

text: Emil

text: von

text: Behring

text: among

text: others

text: stated

text: that

text: the

text: active

text: immune

text: agents

text: were

text: soluble

text: components

text: molecules

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: organism

text: ’s

text: humors

text: rather

text: than

text: its

text: cells

question: The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as?

answer: strongly experimental

text: strongly experimental

question: What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?

answer: "cellular" and "humoral"

text: "cellular" and "humoral"

question: Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses?

answer: phagocytes

text: phagocytes

question: Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what?

answer: soluble components (molecules)

text: soluble components (molecules)

question: Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside?

answer: the organism’s “humors”

text: the organism’s “humors”


text: Nevertheless, although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible, it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese, as was done by synods at Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere. Benedict XIV (De synodo diœces., l. II, c. x) declared that such synodal decrees are not too severe, as an absolute prohibition of hunting is more conformable to the ecclesiastical law. In practice, therefore, the synodal statutes of various localities must be consulted to discover whether they allow quiet hunting or prohibit it altogether.

title: Hunting

title: Hunting

text: Nevertheless

text: although

text: a

text: distinction

text: between

text: lawful

text: and

text: unlawful

text: hunting

text: is

text: undoubtedly

text: permissible

text: it

text: is

text: certain

text: that

text: a

text: bishop

text: can

text: absolutely

text: prohibit

text: all

text: hunting

text: to

text: the

text: clerics

text: of

text: his

text: diocese

text: as

text: was

text: done

text: by

text: synods

text: at

text: Milan

text: Avignon

text: Liège

text: Cologne

text: and

text: elsewhere

text: Benedict

text: XIV

text: De

text: synodo

text: diœces

text: l.

text: II

text: c.

text: x

text: declared

text: that

text: such

text: synodal

text: decrees

text: are

text: not

text: too

text: severe

text: as

text: an

text: absolute

text: prohibition

text: of

text: hunting

text: is

text: more

text: conformable

text: to

text: the

text: ecclesiastical

text: law

text: In

text: practice

text: therefore

text: the

text: synodal

text: statutes

text: of

text: various

text: localities

text: must

text: be

text: consulted

text: to

text: discover

text: whether

text: they

text: allow

text: quiet

text: hunting

text: or

text: prohibit

text: it

text: altogether

question: What distinction is undoubtedly permissible?

answer: between lawful and unlawful hunting

text: between lawful and unlawful hunting

question: What can a bishop absolutely prohibit?

answer: all hunting

text: all hunting

question: Where did synods prohibit all hunting at?

answer: Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere

text: Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere

question: What did Benedict XIV declare about decrees prohibiting hunting?

answer: not too severe

text: not too severe

question: Who can prohibit hunting to the clerics?

answer: bishop

text: bishop

question: Declaration that decrees are not severe was done by who?

answer: Benedict XIV

text: Benedict XIV

question: What did Synods at Milan, Avignon, Liege, Cologne, and elsewhere do?

answer: prohibit all hunting to the clerics

text: prohibit all hunting to the clerics

question: What happens if a bishop takes part in hunting?

text: undoubtedly permissible

question: In what areas was it allowed for bishops to hunt?

text: Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne

question: What did Benedict XIV say allowing hunting conformed to?

text: ecclesiastical law

question: Who was the only pope who took part in quiet hunting?

text: Benedict XIV

question: What law was put in place to protect the right of hunting by Benedict XIV?

text: ecclesiastical law


text: While new characters can be easily coined by writing on paper, they are difficult to represent on a computer – they must generally be represented as a picture, rather than as text – which presents a significant barrier to their use or widespread adoption. Compare this with the use of symbols as names in 20th century musical albums such as Led Zeppelin IV (1971) and Love Symbol Album (1993); an album cover may potentially contain any graphics, but in writing and other computation these symbols are difficult to use.

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: While

text: new

text: characters

text: can

text: be

text: easily

text: coined

text: by

text: writing

text: on

text: paper

text: they

text: are

text: difficult

text: to

text: represent

text: on

text: a

text: computer

text: they

text: must

text: generally

text: be

text: represented

text: as

text: a

text: picture

text: rather

text: than

text: as

text: text

text: which

text: presents

text: a

text: significant

text: barrier

text: to

text: their

text: use

text: or

text: widespread

text: adoption

text: Compare

text: this

text: with

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: symbols

text: as

text: names

text: in

text: century

text: musical

text: albums

text: such

text: as

text: Led

text: Zeppelin

text: IV

text: and

text: Love

text: Symbol

text: Album

text: an

text: album

text: cover

text: may

text: potentially

text: contain

text: any

text: graphics

text: but

text: in

text: writing

text: and

text: other

text: computation

text: these

text: symbols

text: are

text: difficult

text: to

text: use

question: What can be easily coined by writing on paper?

answer: characters

text: characters

question: What can be difficult to represent on a computer?

answer: characters

text: characters

question: What has their been a prominent supply of in the 20th century?

answer: symbols

text: symbols


text: Tennessee (i/tɛnᵻˈsiː/) (Cherokee: ᏔᎾᏏ, Tanasi) is a state located in the southeastern United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 601,222. Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 653,450.

title: Tennessee

title: Tennessee

text: Tennessee

text: i

text: tɛnᵻˈsiː/

text: Cherokee

text: ᏔᎾᏏ

text: Tanasi

text: is

text: a

text: state

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: southeastern

text: United

text: States

text: Tennessee

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Tennessee

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Kentucky

text: and

text: Virginia

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: North

text: Carolina

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Georgia

text: Alabama

text: and

text: Mississippi

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Arkansas

text: and

text: Missouri

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: Appalachian

text: Mountains

text: dominate

text: the

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: forms

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: western

text: border

text: Tennessee

text: 's

text: capital

text: and

text: second

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Nashville

text: which

text: has

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: Memphis

text: is

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: with

text: a

text: population

text: of

question: Which state borders Tennessee to the east?

answer: North Carolina

text: North Carolina

question: Which mountains occupy much of eastern Tennessee?

answer: Appalachian Mountains

text: Appalachian Mountains

question: Which river marks Tennessee's border to the west?

answer: Mississippi River

text: Mississippi River

question: What is the capital of Tennessee?

answer: Nashville

text: Nashville

question: What is Tennessee's most populous city?

answer: Memphis

text: Memphis


text: The Greek national football team, ranking 12th in the world in 2014 (and having reached a high of 8th in the world in 2008 and 2011), were crowned European Champions in Euro 2004 in one of the biggest upsets in the history of the sport and became one of the most successful national teams in European football, being one of only nine national teams to have won the UEFA European Championship. The Greek Super League is the highest professional football league in the country comprising eighteen teams. The most successful are Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, AEK Athens and PAOK.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: The

text: Greek

text: national

text: football

text: team

text: ranking

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: and

text: having

text: reached

text: a

text: high

text: of

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: and

text: were

text: crowned

text: European

text: Champions

text: in

text: Euro

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: biggest

text: upsets

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: sport

text: and

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: national

text: teams

text: in

text: European

text: football

text: being

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: nine

text: national

text: teams

text: to

text: have

text: won

text: the

text: UEFA

text: European

text: Championship

text: The

text: Greek

text: Super

text: League

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: professional

text: football

text: league

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: comprising

text: eighteen

text: teams

text: The

text: most

text: successful

text: are

text: Olympiacos

text: Panathinaikos

text: AEK

text: Athens

text: and

text: PAOK

question: What ranking did the Greek national football team hold in 2014.

answer: 12th

question: Greek was crowned the European champions in what event?

answer: Euro 2004

text: Euro 2004

question: How many national teams have won the UEFA European Championship?

answer: nine

text: nine

question: How many teams are in the Greek Super League?

answer: eighteen

text: eighteen

question: Who is one of the most successful teams in the Greek Super League?

answer: Olympiacos

text: Olympiacos


text: The Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife, ranging from the tiniest snow fleas to brown bears, many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the snow line.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: The

text: Alps

text: are

text: a

text: habitat

text: for

text: species

text: of

text: wildlife

text: ranging

text: from

text: the

text: tiniest

text: snow

text: fleas

text: to

text: brown

text: bears

text: many

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: made

text: adaptations

text: to

text: the

text: harsh

text: cold

text: conditions

text: and

text: high

text: altitudes

text: to

text: the

text: point

text: that

text: some

text: only

text: survive

text: in

text: specific

text: micro

text: climates

text: either

text: directly

text: above

text: or

text: below

text: the

text: snow

text: line

question: How many species of wildlife habitat the Alps?

answer: 30,000 species

text: 30,000 species

question: What have the wildlife done to survive the harsh conditions of the Alps?

answer: made adaptations

text: made adaptations

question: Some species of wildlife can only survive in what specific environment?

answer: directly above or below the snow line

text: directly above or below the snow line


text: John's royal household was based around several groups of followers. One group was the familiares regis, John's immediate friends and knights who travelled around the country with him. They also played an important role in organising and leading military campaigns. Another section of royal followers were the curia regis; these curiales were the senior officials and agents of the king and were essential to his day-to-day rule. Being a member of these inner circles brought huge advantages, as it was easier to gain favours from the king, file lawsuits, marry a wealthy heiress or have one's debts remitted. By the time of Henry II, these posts were increasingly being filled by "new men" from outside the normal ranks of the barons. This intensified under John's rule, with many lesser nobles arriving from the continent to take up positions at court; many were mercenary leaders from Poitou. These men included soldiers who would become infamous in England for their uncivilised behaviour, including Falkes de Breauté, Geard d'Athies, Engelard de Cigongé and Philip Marc. Many barons perceived the king's household as what Ralph Turner has characterised as a "narrow clique enjoying royal favour at barons' expense" staffed by men of lesser status.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: John

text: 's

text: royal

text: household

text: was

text: based

text: around

text: several

text: groups

text: of

text: followers

text: One

text: group

text: was

text: the

text: familiares

text: regis

text: John

text: 's

text: immediate

text: friends

text: and

text: knights

text: who

text: travelled

text: around

text: the

text: country

text: with

text: him

text: They

text: also

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: organising

text: and

text: leading

text: military

text: campaigns

text: Another

text: section

text: of

text: royal

text: followers

text: were

text: the

text: curia

text: regis

text: these

text: curiales

text: were

text: the

text: senior

text: officials

text: and

text: agents

text: of

text: the

text: king

text: and

text: were

text: essential

text: to

text: his

text: day

text: to

text: day

text: rule

text: Being

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: these

text: inner

text: circles

text: brought

text: huge

text: advantages

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: easier

text: to

text: gain

text: favours

text: from

text: the

text: king

text: file

text: lawsuits

text: marry

text: a

text: wealthy

text: heiress

text: or

text: have

text: one

text: 's

text: debts

text: remitted

text: By

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: Henry

text: II

text: these

text: posts

text: were

text: increasingly

text: being

text: filled

text: by

text: new

text: men

text: from

text: outside

text: the

text: normal

text: ranks

text: of

text: the

text: barons

text: This

text: intensified

text: under

text: John

text: 's

text: rule

text: with

text: many

text: lesser

text: nobles

text: arriving

text: from

text: the

text: continent

text: to

text: take

text: up

text: positions

text: at

text: court

text: many

text: were

text: mercenary

text: leaders

text: from

text: Poitou

text: These

text: men

text: included

text: soldiers

text: who

text: would

text: become

text: infamous

text: in

text: England

text: for

text: their

text: uncivilised

text: behaviour

text: including

text: Falkes

text: de

text: Breauté

text: Geard

text: d'Athies

text: Engelard

text: de

text: Cigongé

text: and

text: Philip

text: Marc

text: Many

text: barons

text: perceived

text: the

text: king

text: 's

text: household

text: as

text: what

text: Ralph

text: Turner

text: has

text: characterised

text: as

text: a

text: narrow

text: clique

text: enjoying

text: royal

text: favour

text: at

text: barons

text: expense

text: staffed

text: by

text: men

text: of

text: lesser

text: status

question: John's royal household was based around what?

answer: several groups of followers

text: several groups of followers

question: Who were the curia regis?

answer: senior officials and agents of the king

text: senior officials and agents of the king

question: The mercenary leaders became infamous in England for what?

answer: their uncivilised behaviour

text: their uncivilised behaviour


text: According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: According

text: to

text: Ethnologue

text: the

text: lexical

text: similarity

text: between

text: Catalan

text: and

text: other

text: Romance

text: languages

text: is

text: with

text: Italian

text: with

text: Portuguese

text: with

text: Spanish

text: with

text: Ladin

text: with

text: Sardinian

text: and

text: with

text: Romanian

question: What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian?

answer: 87%

question: Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese?

answer: 85%

question: What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish?

answer: 80%

question: What is the relationship similarity to Ladin?

answer: 76%

question: How related is Sardinian to Catalan?

answer: 75%


text: Nobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who moved into another part of the country and falsely pretended to noble status. Hundreds of such false nobles were denounced by Hieronim Nekanda Trepka in his Liber generationis plebeanorium (or Liber chamorum) in the first half of the 16th century. The law forbade non-nobles from owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer. Trepka was an impoverished nobleman who lived a townsman life and collected hundreds of such stories hoping to take over any of such estates. It does not seem he ever succeeded in proving one at the court. Many sejms issued decrees over the centuries in an attempt to resolve this issue, but with little success. It is unknown what percentage of the Polish nobility came from the 'lower' orders of society, but most historians agree that nobles of such base origins formed a 'significant' element of the szlachta.

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: Nobles

text: were

text: born

text: into

text: a

text: noble

text: family

text: adopted

text: by

text: a

text: noble

text: family

text: this

text: was

text: abolished

text: in

text: or

text: ennobled

text: by

text: a

text: king

text: or

text: Sejm

text: for

text: various

text: reasons

text: bravery

text: in

text: combat

text: service

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: etc

text: yet

text: this

text: was

text: the

text: rarest

text: means

text: of

text: gaining

text: noble

text: status

text: Many

text: nobles

text: were

text: in

text: actuality

text: really

text: usurpers

text: being

text: commoners

text: who

text: moved

text: into

text: another

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: falsely

text: pretended

text: to

text: noble

text: status

text: Hundreds

text: of

text: such

text: false

text: nobles

text: were

text: denounced

text: by

text: Hieronim

text: Nekanda

text: Trepka

text: in

text: his

text: Liber

text: generationis

text: plebeanorium

text: or

text: Liber

text: chamorum

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: law

text: forbade

text: non

text: nobles

text: from

text: owning

text: nobility

text: estates

text: and

text: promised

text: the

text: estate

text: to

text: the

text: denouncer

text: Trepka

text: was

text: an

text: impoverished

text: nobleman

text: who

text: lived

text: a

text: townsman

text: life

text: and

text: collected

text: hundreds

text: of

text: such

text: stories

text: hoping

text: to

text: take

text: over

text: any

text: of

text: such

text: estates

text: It

text: does

text: not

text: seem

text: he

text: ever

text: succeeded

text: in

text: proving

text: one

text: at

text: the

text: court

text: Many

text: sejms

text: issued

text: decrees

text: over

text: the

text: centuries

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: resolve

text: this

text: issue

text: but

text: with

text: little

text: success

text: It

text: is

text: unknown

text: what

text: percentage

text: of

text: the

text: Polish

text: nobility

text: came

text: from

text: the

text: lower

text: orders

text: of

text: society

text: but

text: most

text: historians

text: agree

text: that

text: nobles

text: of

text: such

text: base

text: origins

text: formed

text: a

text: significant

text: element

text: of

text: the

text: szlachta

question: What was a rarest rare to become a noble?

answer: service to the state

text: service to the state

question: Many nobles were actually surprisingly acting in what way?

answer: really usurpers, being commoners,

text: really usurpers, being commoners,

question: Who denounced many nobles?

answer: Hieronim Nekanda Trepka

text: Hieronim Nekanda Trepka

question: When did the denouncing of many nobles take place?

answer: first half of the 16th century

text: first half of the 16th century

question: What did the nobles lose by being denounced?

answer: owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer

text: owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer


text: Caesar was now the primary figure of the Roman state, enforcing and entrenching his powers. His enemies feared that he had ambitions to become an autocratic ruler. Arguing that the Roman Republic was in danger, a group of senators hatched a conspiracy and assassinated Caesar at a meeting of the Senate in March 44 BC.  Mark Antony, Caesar's lieutenant, condemned Caesar's assassination, and war broke out between the two factions. Antony was denounced as a public enemy, and Caesar's adopted son and chosen heir, Gaius Octavianus, was entrusted with the command of the war against him. At the Battle of Mutina Mark Antony was defeated by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, who were both killed.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Caesar

text: was

text: now

text: the

text: primary

text: figure

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: state

text: enforcing

text: and

text: entrenching

text: his

text: powers

text: His

text: enemies

text: feared

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: ambitions

text: to

text: become

text: an

text: autocratic

text: ruler

text: Arguing

text: that

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: was

text: in

text: danger

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: senators

text: hatched

text: a

text: conspiracy

text: and

text: assassinated

text: Caesar

text: at

text: a

text: meeting

text: of

text: the

text: Senate

text: in

text: March

text: BC

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: lieutenant

text: condemned

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: assassination

text: and

text: war

text: broke

text: out

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: factions

text: Antony

text: was

text: denounced

text: as

text: a

text: public

text: enemy

text: and

text: Caesar

text: 's

text: adopted

text: son

text: and

text: chosen

text: heir

text: Gaius

text: Octavianus

text: was

text: entrusted

text: with

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: against

text: him

text: At

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Mutina

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: was

text: defeated

text: by

text: the

text: consuls

text: Hirtius

text: and

text: Pansa

text: who

text: were

text: both

text: killed

question: Who was now considered to be the primary figure in the Roman state?

answer: Caesar

text: Caesar

question: Which group of people conspired against Caesar in order to have him assassinated?

answer: senators

text: senators

question: When did Julius Caesar die?

answer: March 44 BC

text: March 44 BC

question: Which former lieutenant of Caesar was considered a public threat after Caesar was assassinated?

answer: Mark Antony

text: Mark Antony

question: Why did the Roman senators wish to have Caesar assassinated?

answer: the Roman Republic was in danger

text: the Roman Republic was in danger


text: Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400 lux might be chosen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways. If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then much more energy will be consumed than is needed. Unfortunately, most of the lighting standards even today have been specified by industrial groups who manufacture and sell lighting, so that a historical commercial bias exists in designing most building lighting, especially for office and industrial settings.

title: Lighting

title: Lighting

text: Specification

text: of

text: illumination

text: requirements

text: is

text: the

text: basic

text: concept

text: of

text: deciding

text: how

text: much

text: illumination

text: is

text: required

text: for

text: a

text: given

text: task

text: Clearly

text: much

text: less

text: light

text: is

text: required

text: to

text: illuminate

text: a

text: hallway

text: compared

text: to

text: that

text: needed

text: for

text: a

text: word

text: processing

text: work

text: station

text: Generally

text: speaking

text: the

text: energy

text: expended

text: is

text: proportional

text: to

text: the

text: design

text: illumination

text: level

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: lighting

text: level

text: of

text: lux

text: might

text: be

text: chosen

text: for

text: a

text: work

text: environment

text: involving

text: meeting

text: rooms

text: and

text: conferences

text: whereas

text: a

text: level

text: of

text: lux

text: could

text: be

text: selected

text: for

text: building

text: hallways

text: If

text: the

text: hallway

text: standard

text: simply

text: emulates

text: the

text: conference

text: room

text: needs

text: then

text: much

text: more

text: energy

text: will

text: be

text: consumed

text: than

text: is

text: needed

text: Unfortunately

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: lighting

text: standards

text: even

text: today

text: have

text: been

text: specified

text: by

text: industrial

text: groups

text: who

text: manufacture

text: and

text: sell

text: lighting

text: so

text: that

text: a

text: historical

text: commercial

text: bias

text: exists

text: in

text: designing

text: most

text: building

text: lighting

text: especially

text: for

text: office

text: and

text: industrial

text: settings

question: What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task?

answer: Specification of illumination requirements

text: Specification of illumination requirements


text: On March 15, 1915,:8 Laemmle opened the world's largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, on a 230-acre (0.9-km²) converted farm just over the Cahuenga Pass from Hollywood. Studio management became the third facet of Universal's operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists. Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in small towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns and serials.

title: Universal_Studios

title: Universal_Studios

text: On

text: March

text: Laemmle

text: opened

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: motion

text: picture

text: production

text: facility

text: Universal

text: City

text: Studios

text: on

text: a

text: converted

text: farm

text: just

text: over

text: the

text: Cahuenga

text: Pass

text: from

text: Hollywood

text: Studio

text: management

text: became

text: the

text: third

text: facet

text: of

text: Universal

text: 's

text: operations

text: with

text: the

text: studio

text: incorporated

text: as

text: a

text: distinct

text: subsidiary

text: organization

text: Unlike

text: other

text: movie

text: moguls

text: Laemmle

text: opened

text: his

text: studio

text: to

text: tourists

text: Universal

text: became

text: the

text: largest

text: studio

text: in

text: Hollywood

text: and

text: remained

text: so

text: for

text: a

text: decade

text: However

text: it

text: sought

text: an

text: audience

text: mostly

text: in

text: small

text: towns

text: producing

text: mostly

text: inexpensive

text: melodramas

text: westerns

text: and

text: serials

question: On what date did Universal City Studios open?

answer: March 15, 1915

text: March 15, 1915

question: In square kilometers, what was the size of Universal City Studios?

answer: 0.9

question: What geographical feature separated Universal City Studios from Hollywood?

answer: Cahuenga Pass

text: Cahuenga Pass

question: What was the biggest Hollywood studio during this period?

answer: Universal

text: Universal

question: What opened on March 19, 1915?

text: Universal City Studios

question: Who opened Universal City Studios on March 19, 1915?

text: Laemmle

question: What studio was built on a 230-km² converted farm?

text: Universal City Studios

question: Who opened his studio to tourists like other movie moguls?

text: Laemmle


text: In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men. Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that "Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own, the collapse of the state, in my view, is not far off; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave, then the situation is full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state." More than Plato attempted to do, Aristotle flatly opposed letting the highest officials wield power beyond guarding and serving the laws. In other words, Aristotle advocated the rule of law:

title: Rule_of_law

title: Rule_of_law

text: In

text: the

text: West

text: the

text: ancient

text: Greeks

text: initially

text: regarded

text: the

text: best

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: as

text: rule

text: by

text: the

text: best

text: men

text: Plato

text: advocated

text: a

text: benevolent

text: monarchy

text: ruled

text: by

text: an

text: idealized

text: philosopher

text: king

text: who

text: was

text: above

text: the

text: law

text: Plato

text: nevertheless

text: hoped

text: that

text: the

text: best

text: men

text: would

text: be

text: good

text: at

text: respecting

text: established

text: laws

text: explaining

text: that

text: Where

text: the

text: law

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: some

text: other

text: authority

text: and

text: has

text: of

text: its

text: own

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: in

text: my

text: view

text: is

text: not

text: far

text: off

text: but

text: if

text: law

text: is

text: the

text: master

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: and

text: the

text: government

text: is

text: its

text: slave

text: then

text: the

text: situation

text: is

text: full

text: of

text: promise

text: and

text: men

text: enjoy

text: all

text: the

text: blessings

text: that

text: the

text: gods

text: shower

text: on

text: a

text: state

text: More

text: than

text: Plato

text: attempted

text: to

text: do

text: Aristotle

text: flatly

text: opposed

text: letting

text: the

text: highest

text: officials

text: wield

text: power

text: beyond

text: guarding

text: and

text: serving

text: the

text: laws

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: Aristotle

text: advocated

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

question: On what principle did the Ancient Greeks first think was best for governance?

answer: rule by the best men

text: rule by the best men

question: According to Plato, who was above the law?

answer: king

text: king

question: What type of kingdom was purported by Plato?

answer: benevolent monarchy

text: benevolent monarchy

question: Under what rule did Aristotle believe a nation should be led?

answer: rule of law

text: rule of law

question: To what did Plato compare a government that follows laws?

answer: slave

text: slave

question: What form of government did the Greeks think was second only to democracy?

text: rule by the best men

question: Who advocated ruled by a philosopher king who was subject to the law?

text: Plato

question: Who did Plato hope would be subject to the established laws?

text: the best men

question: Who did Aristotle envision ruling a benevolent monarchy?

text: philosopher king,


text: Despite the debatable strategic success and the operational failure of the descent on Rochefort, William Pitt—who saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise—prepared to continue such operations. An army was assembled under the command of Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough; he was aided by Lord George Sackville. The naval squadron and transports for the expedition were commanded by Richard Howe. The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay, proceeded to St. Malo, and, finding that it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan. It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction. The force then re-embarked under threat of the arrival of French relief forces. An attack on Havre de Grace was called off, and the fleet sailed on to Cherbourg; the weather being bad and provisions low, that too was abandoned, and the expedition returned having damaged French privateering and provided further strategic demonstration against the French coast.

title: Seven_Years%27_War

title: Seven_Years%27_War

text: Despite

text: the

text: debatable

text: strategic

text: success

text: and

text: the

text: operational

text: failure

text: of

text: the

text: descent

text: on

text: Rochefort

text: William

text: Pitt

text: who

text: saw

text: purpose

text: in

text: this

text: type

text: of

text: asymmetric

text: enterprise

text: prepared

text: to

text: continue

text: such

text: operations

text: An

text: army

text: was

text: assembled

text: under

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: Charles

text: Spencer

text: Duke

text: of

text: Marlborough

text: he

text: was

text: aided

text: by

text: Lord

text: George

text: Sackville

text: The

text: naval

text: squadron

text: and

text: transports

text: for

text: the

text: expedition

text: were

text: commanded

text: by

text: Richard

text: Howe

text: The

text: army

text: landed

text: on

text: June

text: at

text: Cancalle

text: Bay

text: proceeded

text: to

text: St.

text: Malo

text: and

text: finding

text: that

text: it

text: would

text: take

text: prolonged

text: siege

text: to

text: capture

text: it

text: instead

text: attacked

text: the

text: nearby

text: port

text: of

text: St.

text: Servan

text: It

text: burned

text: shipping

text: in

text: the

text: harbor

text: roughly

text: French

text: privateers

text: and

text: merchantmen

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: four

text: warships

text: which

text: were

text: under

text: construction

text: The

text: force

text: then

text: re

text: embarked

text: under

text: threat

text: of

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: French

text: relief

text: forces

text: An

text: attack

text: on

text: Havre

text: de

text: Grace

text: was

text: called

text: off

text: and

text: the

text: fleet

text: sailed

text: on

text: to

text: Cherbourg

text: the

text: weather

text: being

text: bad

text: and

text: provisions

text: low

text: that

text: too

text: was

text: abandoned

text: and

text: the

text: expedition

text: returned

text: having

text: damaged

text: French

text: privateering

text: and

text: provided

text: further

text: strategic

text: demonstration

text: against

text: the

text: French

text: coast

question: What was the style of William Pitt's warfare?

answer: saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise

text: saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise

question: What action did Pitt take against France in 1758?

answer: The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay

text: The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay

question: How did the invading British army do at St. Malo?

answer: it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan

text: it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan

question: What damage was done at the alternate site?

answer: It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction

text: It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction

question: How did the British invaders respond to the arrival of French relief forces?

answer: the expedition returned having damaged French privateering

text: the expedition returned having damaged French privateering


text: Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine code by a compiler or an assembler before being run, or translated directly at run time by an interpreter. Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: Programming

text: languages

text: provide

text: various

text: ways

text: of

text: specifying

text: programs

text: for

text: computers

text: to

text: run

text: Unlike

text: natural

text: languages

text: programming

text: languages

text: are

text: designed

text: to

text: permit

text: no

text: ambiguity

text: and

text: to

text: be

text: concise

text: They

text: are

text: purely

text: written

text: languages

text: and

text: are

text: often

text: difficult

text: to

text: read

text: aloud

text: They

text: are

text: generally

text: either

text: translated

text: into

text: machine

text: code

text: by

text: a

text: compiler

text: or

text: an

text: assembler

text: before

text: being

text: run

text: or

text: translated

text: directly

text: at

text: run

text: time

text: by

text: an

text: interpreter

text: Sometimes

text: programs

text: are

text: executed

text: by

text: a

text: hybrid

text: method

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: techniques

question: Programming languages are translated into machine code by what?

answer: a compiler or an assembler

text: a compiler or an assembler

question: Programming languages are translated at run time by what?

answer: an interpreter

text: an interpreter


text: She has received co-writing credits for most of the songs recorded with Destiny's Child and her solo efforts. Her early songs were personally driven and female-empowerment themed compositions like "Independent Women" and "Survivor", but after the start of her relationship with Jay Z she transitioned to more man-tending anthems such as "Cater 2 U". Beyoncé has also received co-producing credits for most of the records in which she has been involved, especially during her solo efforts. However, she does not formulate beats herself, but typically comes up with melodies and ideas during production, sharing them with producers.

title: Beyoncé

title: Beyoncé

text: She

text: has

text: received

text: co

text: writing

text: credits

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: songs

text: recorded

text: with

text: Destiny

text: 's

text: Child

text: and

text: her

text: solo

text: efforts

text: Her

text: early

text: songs

text: were

text: personally

text: driven

text: and

text: female

text: empowerment

text: themed

text: compositions

text: like

text: Independent

text: Women

text: and

text: Survivor

text: but

text: after

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: her

text: relationship

text: with

text: Jay

text: Z

text: she

text: transitioned

text: to

text: more

text: man

text: tending

text: anthems

text: such

text: as

text: Cater

text: U

text: Beyoncé

text: has

text: also

text: received

text: co

text: producing

text: credits

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: records

text: in

text: which

text: she

text: has

text: been

text: involved

text: especially

text: during

text: her

text: solo

text: efforts

text: However

text: she

text: does

text: not

text: formulate

text: beats

text: herself

text: but

text: typically

text: comes

text: up

text: with

text: melodies

text: and

text: ideas

text: during

text: production

text: sharing

text: them

text: with

text: producers

question: Beyonce does not create which aspect of her music?

answer: beats

text: beats

question: An example of a song aimed towards a male audience is what?

answer: Cater 2 U

text: Cater 2 U

question: What theme was Beyonce's early music?

answer: female-empowerment

text: female-empowerment

question: With Jay Z what were her new themes?

answer: man-tending anthems

text: man-tending anthems

question: What does she get credits for in her music?

answer: co-producing credits

text: co-producing credits

question: What part of production does she do?

answer: melodies

text: melodies

question: Beyoncé's early recordings empowered who?

answer: Women

text: Women

question: In addition to co-writing credits, Beyoncé also got what credits for most of her albums?

answer: co-producing

text: co-producing

question: Rather than beats, what two things does Beyoncé usually come up with for producers?

answer: melodies and ideas

text: melodies and ideas


text: When Russia invaded the Turkish Balkans in 1853, fears of Russian dominance in the Mediterranean and Middle East led Britain and France to invade the Crimean Peninsula to destroy Russian naval capabilities. The ensuing Crimean War (1854–56), which involved new techniques of modern warfare, and was the only global war fought between Britain and another imperial power during the Pax Britannica, was a resounding defeat for Russia. The situation remained unresolved in Central Asia for two more decades, with Britain annexing Baluchistan in 1876 and Russia annexing Kirghizia, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. For a while it appeared that another war would be inevitable, but the two countries reached an agreement on their respective spheres of influence in the region in 1878 and on all outstanding matters in 1907 with the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. The destruction of the Russian Navy by the Japanese at the Battle of Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 also limited its threat to the British.

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: When

text: Russia

text: invaded

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Balkans

text: in

text: fears

text: of

text: Russian

text: dominance

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: and

text: Middle

text: East

text: led

text: Britain

text: and

text: France

text: to

text: invade

text: the

text: Crimean

text: Peninsula

text: to

text: destroy

text: Russian

text: naval

text: capabilities

text: The

text: ensuing

text: Crimean

text: War

text: which

text: involved

text: new

text: techniques

text: of

text: modern

text: warfare

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: global

text: war

text: fought

text: between

text: Britain

text: and

text: another

text: imperial

text: power

text: during

text: the

text: Pax

text: Britannica

text: was

text: a

text: resounding

text: defeat

text: for

text: Russia

text: The

text: situation

text: remained

text: unresolved

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: for

text: two

text: more

text: decades

text: with

text: Britain

text: annexing

text: Baluchistan

text: in

text: and

text: Russia

text: annexing

text: Kirghizia

text: Kazakhstan

text: and

text: Turkmenistan

text: For

text: a

text: while

text: it

text: appeared

text: that

text: another

text: war

text: would

text: be

text: inevitable

text: but

text: the

text: two

text: countries

text: reached

text: an

text: agreement

text: on

text: their

text: respective

text: spheres

text: of

text: influence

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: in

text: and

text: on

text: all

text: outstanding

text: matters

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: signing

text: of

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Russian

text: Entente

text: The

text: destruction

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Navy

text: by

text: the

text: Japanese

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Port

text: Arthur

text: during

text: the

text: Russo

text: Japanese

text: War

text: of

text: also

text: limited

text: its

text: threat

text: to

text: the

text: British

question: When did Russia invade the Turkish Balkans?

answer: 1853

question: What was took place in 1854-1856?

answer: Crimean War

text: Crimean War

question: Who lost the Crimean War?

answer: Russia

text: Russia

question: When did Britain take over Baluchistan?

answer: 1876

question: Which country took over Kazakhstan?

answer: Russia

text: Russia


text: Realizing that war was imminent, Prussia preemptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it. The result caused uproar across Europe. Because of Prussia's alliance with Britain, Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war. Reluctantly, by following the imperial diet, most of the states of the empire joined Austria's cause. The Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states (especially Hanover). Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions, seeing its chance when virtually all of Europe opposed Prussia. Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched an utterly unsuccessful invasion of Portugal in 1762. The Russian Empire was originally aligned with Austria, fearing Prussia's ambition on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but switched sides upon the succession of Tsar Peter III in 1762.

title: Seven_Years%27_War

title: Seven_Years%27_War

text: Realizing

text: that

text: war

text: was

text: imminent

text: Prussia

text: preemptively

text: struck

text: Saxony

text: and

text: quickly

text: overran

text: it

text: The

text: result

text: caused

text: uproar

text: across

text: Europe

text: Because

text: of

text: Prussia

text: 's

text: alliance

text: with

text: Britain

text: Austria

text: formed

text: an

text: alliance

text: with

text: France

text: seeing

text: an

text: opportunity

text: to

text: recapture

text: Silesia

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: lost

text: in

text: a

text: previous

text: war

text: Reluctantly

text: by

text: following

text: the

text: imperial

text: diet

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: joined

text: Austria

text: 's

text: cause

text: The

text: Anglo

text: Prussian

text: alliance

text: was

text: joined

text: by

text: smaller

text: German

text: states

text: especially

text: Hanover

text: Sweden

text: fearing

text: Prussia

text: 's

text: expansionist

text: tendencies

text: went

text: to

text: war

text: in

text: to

text: protect

text: its

text: Baltic

text: dominions

text: seeing

text: its

text: chance

text: when

text: virtually

text: all

text: of

text: Europe

text: opposed

text: Prussia

text: Spain

text: bound

text: by

text: the

text: Pacte

text: de

text: Famille

text: intervened

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: together

text: they

text: launched

text: an

text: utterly

text: unsuccessful

text: invasion

text: of

text: Portugal

text: in

text: The

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: was

text: originally

text: aligned

text: with

text: Austria

text: fearing

text: Prussia

text: 's

text: ambition

text: on

text: the

text: Polish

text: Lithuanian

text: Commonwealth

text: but

text: switched

text: sides

text: upon

text: the

text: succession

text: of

text: Tsar

text: Peter

text: III

text: in

question: Who made the first strike of the Seven Years' War?

answer: Prussia preemptively struck

text: Prussia preemptively struck

question: What area was the site of the first action in the Seven Years' War

answer: Saxony

text: Saxony

question: What country allied with Prussia?

answer: Prussia's alliance with Britain

text: Prussia's alliance with Britain

question: What was the initial country to ally with France?

answer: Austria formed an alliance with France

text: Austria formed an alliance with France

question: The smaller German states joined which side?

answer: Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states

text: Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states


text: In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop.

title: Aspirated_consonant

title: Aspirated_consonant

text: In

text: the

text: International

text: Phonetic

text: Alphabet

text: IPA

text: aspirated

text: consonants

text: are

text: written

text: using

text: the

text: symbols

text: for

text: voiceless

text: consonants

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: aspiration

text: modifier

text: letter

text: ʰ⟩

text: a

text: superscript

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: symbol

text: for

text: the

text: voiceless

text: glottal

text: fricative

text: ⟨h⟩.

text: For

text: instance

text: ⟨p⟩

text: represents

text: the

text: voiceless

text: bilabial

text: stop

text: and

text: ⟨pʰ⟩

text: represents

text: the

text: aspirated

text: bilabial

text: stop

question: What does IPA stand for?

answer: International Phonetic Alphabet

text: International Phonetic Alphabet

question: Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?

answer: voiceless consonants

text: voiceless consonants

question: What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop?

answer: p

text: p

question: pʰ represents what?

answer: aspirated bilabial stop

text: aspirated bilabial stop

question: What is considered an unaspirated consonant?

text: voiceless consonants

question: Aspiration modifiers are represented by what?

text: symbols

question: Voiceless consonants are prefaced by what?

text: aspiration modifier letter

question: The voiced glottal fricative is indicated by what letter?

text: h

question: The unaspirated bilabial stop is represented by what letter?

text: pʰ


text: In the former Soviet Union, electric traction eventually became somewhat more energy-efficient than diesel. Partly due to inefficient generation of electricity in the USSR (only 20.8% thermal efficiency in 1950 vs. 36.2% in 1975), in 1950 diesel traction was about twice as energy efficient as electric traction (in terms of net tonne-km of freight per kg of fuel). But as efficiency of electricity generation (and thus of electric traction) improved, by about 1965 electric railways became more efficient than diesel. After the mid 1970s electrics used about 25% less fuel per ton-km. However diesels were mainly used on single track lines with a fair amount of traffic  so that the lower fuel consumption of electrics may be in part due to better operating conditions on electrified lines (such as double tracking) rather than inherent energy efficiency. Nevertheless, the cost of diesel fuel was about 1.5 times more (per unit of heat energy content) than that of the fuel used in electric power plants (that generated electricity), thus making electric railways even more energy-cost effective.

title: Railway_electrification_system

title: Railway_electrification_system

text: In

text: the

text: former

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: electric

text: traction

text: eventually

text: became

text: somewhat

text: more

text: energy

text: efficient

text: than

text: diesel

text: Partly

text: due

text: to

text: inefficient

text: generation

text: of

text: electricity

text: in

text: the

text: USSR

text: only

text: thermal

text: efficiency

text: in

text: vs.

text: in

text: in

text: diesel

text: traction

text: was

text: about

text: twice

text: as

text: energy

text: efficient

text: as

text: electric

text: traction

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: net

text: tonne

text: km

text: of

text: freight

text: per

text: kg

text: of

text: fuel

text: But

text: as

text: efficiency

text: of

text: electricity

text: generation

text: and

text: thus

text: of

text: electric

text: traction

text: improved

text: by

text: about

text: electric

text: railways

text: became

text: more

text: efficient

text: than

text: diesel

text: After

text: the

text: mid

text: electrics

text: used

text: about

text: less

text: fuel

text: per

text: ton

text: km

text: However

text: diesels

text: were

text: mainly

text: used

text: on

text: single

text: track

text: lines

text: with

text: a

text: fair

text: amount

text: of

text: traffic

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: lower

text: fuel

text: consumption

text: of

text: electrics

text: may

text: be

text: in

text: part

text: due

text: to

text: better

text: operating

text: conditions

text: on

text: electrified

text: lines

text: such

text: as

text: double

text: tracking

text: rather

text: than

text: inherent

text: energy

text: efficiency

text: Nevertheless

text: the

text: cost

text: of

text: diesel

text: fuel

text: was

text: about

text: times

text: more

text: per

text: unit

text: of

text: heat

text: energy

text: content

text: than

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: fuel

text: used

text: in

text: electric

text: power

text: plants

text: that

text: generated

text: electricity

text: thus

text: making

text: electric

text: railways

text: even

text: more

text: energy

text: cost

text: effective

question: What type of trains became more energy-efficient in the former Soviet Union?

answer: electric

text: electric

question: What year could be marked as year when electric railways more efficient than diesel ones?

answer: 1965

question: How much fuel did electric train used less than diesel in the middle of 1970 in USSR?

answer: 25% less fuel per ton-km

text: 25% less fuel per ton-km

question: What could be a factor of lower energy consumption for electric trains?

answer: better operating conditions on electrified lines

text: better operating conditions on electrified lines

question: How much more expensive was diesel compare to electricity per unit?

answer: 1.5 times more (per unit of heat energy content

text: 1.5 times more (per unit of heat energy content

question: In the US, electric traction became more energy-efficient than what?

text: diesel

question: When was diesel traction three times as efficient as electric traction?

question: In what decade did electrics use about 35% less fuel per ton-km.

question: The cost of diesel was 2.5 times more than what?

question: Due to the inefficient generation of electricity in the US, diesel traction was twice as energy efficient in what year?


text: On June 22, 1990, Volodymyr Ivashko withdrew his candidacy for leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine in view of his new position in parliament. Stanislav Hurenko was elected first secretary of the CPU. On July 11, Ivashko resigned from his post as chairman of the Ukrainian Parliament after he was elected deputy general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Parliament accepted the resignation a week later, on July 18. On July 16 Parliament overwhelmingly approved the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine - with a vote of 355 in favour and four against. The people's deputies voted 339 to 5 to proclaim July 16 a Ukrainian national holiday.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: On

text: June

text: Volodymyr

text: Ivashko

text: withdrew

text: his

text: candidacy

text: for

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: Ukraine

text: in

text: view

text: of

text: his

text: new

text: position

text: in

text: parliament

text: Stanislav

text: Hurenko

text: was

text: elected

text: first

text: secretary

text: of

text: the

text: CPU

text: On

text: July

text: Ivashko

text: resigned

text: from

text: his

text: post

text: as

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Ukrainian

text: Parliament

text: after

text: he

text: was

text: elected

text: deputy

text: general

text: secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: The

text: Parliament

text: accepted

text: the

text: resignation

text: a

text: week

text: later

text: on

text: July

text: On

text: July

text: Parliament

text: overwhelmingly

text: approved

text: the

text: Declaration

text: on

text: State

text: Sovereignty

text: of

text: Ukraine

text: with

text: a

text: vote

text: of

text: in

text: favour

text: and

text: four

text: against

text: The

text: people

text: 's

text: deputies

text: voted

text: to

text: to

text: proclaim

text: July

text: a

text: Ukrainian

text: national

text: holiday

question: Who was elected to be the new deputy general secretary of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union in July?

answer: Volodymyr Ivashko

text: Volodymyr Ivashko

question: How long did it take Parliament to accept Ivashko's resignation?

answer: a week

text: a week

question: How many Parliament members voted against the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine?

answer: four

text: four


text: The success of the show's alumni however has led to a more positive assessment of the show, and the show was described as having "proven it has a valid way to pick talent and a proven way to sell records". While the industry is divided on the show success, its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music format. According to a CMT exec, reflecting on the success of Idol alumni in the country genre, "if you want to try and get famous fast by going to a cattle call audition on TV, Idol reasonably remains the first choice for anyone," and that country music and Idol "go together well".

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: The

text: success

text: of

text: the

text: show

text: 's

text: alumni

text: however

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: more

text: positive

text: assessment

text: of

text: the

text: show

text: and

text: the

text: show

text: was

text: described

text: as

text: having

text: proven

text: it

text: has

text: a

text: valid

text: way

text: to

text: pick

text: talent

text: and

text: a

text: proven

text: way

text: to

text: sell

text: records

text: While

text: the

text: industry

text: is

text: divided

text: on

text: the

text: show

text: success

text: its

text: impact

text: is

text: felt

text: particularly

text: strongly

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: music

text: format

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: CMT

text: exec

text: reflecting

text: on

text: the

text: success

text: of

text: Idol

text: alumni

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: genre

text: if

text: you

text: want

text: to

text: try

text: and

text: get

text: famous

text: fast

text: by

text: going

text: to

text: a

text: cattle

text: call

text: audition

text: on

text: TV

text: Idol

text: reasonably

text: remains

text: the

text: first

text: choice

text: for

text: anyone

text: and

text: that

text: country

text: music

text: and

text: Idol

text: go

text: together

text: well

question: Which music genre has had the most success from American Idol?

answer: country

text: country

question: Which genre has felt the impact of Idol the most?

answer: country music

text: country music