text: In his book "Ideals of the Samurai" translator William Scott Wilson states: "The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach. Rather, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of warrior society and recommended as the proper form of the Japanese man of arms. With the Heike Monogatari, the image of the Japanese warrior in literature came to its full maturity." Wilson then translates the writings of several warriors who mention the Heike Monogatari as an example for their men to follow.

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: In

text: his

text: book

text: Ideals

text: of

text: the

text: Samurai

text: translator

text: William

text: Scott

text: Wilson

text: states

text: The

text: warriors

text: in

text: the

text: Heike

text: Monogatari

text: served

text: as

text: models

text: for

text: the

text: educated

text: warriors

text: of

text: later

text: generations

text: and

text: the

text: ideals

text: depicted

text: by

text: them

text: were

text: not

text: assumed

text: to

text: be

text: beyond

text: reach

text: Rather

text: these

text: ideals

text: were

text: vigorously

text: pursued

text: in

text: the

text: upper

text: echelons

text: of

text: warrior

text: society

text: and

text: recommended

text: as

text: the

text: proper

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: Japanese

text: man

text: of

text: arms

text: With

text: the

text: Heike

text: Monogatari

text: the

text: image

text: of

text: the

text: Japanese

text: warrior

text: in

text: literature

text: came

text: to

text: its

text: full

text: maturity

text: Wilson

text: then

text: translates

text: the

text: writings

text: of

text: several

text: warriors

text: who

text: mention

text: the

text: Heike

text: Monogatari

text: as

text: an

text: example

text: for

text: their

text: men

text: to

text: follow

question: Who wrote 'Ideals of the Samurai'?

answer: William Scott Wilson

text: William Scott Wilson

question: Who were the models for future generations of samurai?

answer: The warriors in the Heike Monogatari

text: The warriors in the Heike Monogatari

question: Where did Japanese warriors come to literary maturity?

answer: the Heike Monogatari

text: the Heike Monogatari


text: In the longer run, however, with the NES near its end of its life many third-party publishers such as Electronic Arts supported upstart competing consoles with less strict licensing terms such as the Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation, which eroded and then took over Nintendo's dominance in the home console market, respectively. Consoles from Nintendo's rivals in the post-SNES era had always enjoyed much stronger third-party support than Nintendo, which relied more heavily on first-party games.

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

text: In

text: the

text: longer

text: run

text: however

text: with

text: the

text: NES

text: near

text: its

text: end

text: of

text: its

text: life

text: many

text: third

text: party

text: publishers

text: such

text: as

text: Electronic

text: Arts

text: supported

text: upstart

text: competing

text: consoles

text: with

text: less

text: strict

text: licensing

text: terms

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Sega

text: Genesis

text: and

text: then

text: the

text: PlayStation

text: which

text: eroded

text: and

text: then

text: took

text: over

text: Nintendo

text: 's

text: dominance

text: in

text: the

text: home

text: console

text: market

text: respectively

text: Consoles

text: from

text: Nintendo

text: 's

text: rivals

text: in

text: the

text: post

text: SNES

text: era

text: had

text: always

text: enjoyed

text: much

text: stronger

text: third

text: party

text: support

text: than

text: Nintendo

text: which

text: relied

text: more

text: heavily

text: on

text: first

text: party

text: games

question: With the NES at its end, which competing consoles with less strict licensing terms were supported?

answer: Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation

text: Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation

question: Who was an example of a 3rd party publisher?

answer: Electronic Arts

text: Electronic Arts

question: Nintendo relied primarily on what for its support?

answer: first-party games

text: first-party games

question: Rivals in what self-identified era enjoyed much stronger 3rd party support?

answer: post-SNES era

text: post-SNES era

question: With the NES at its end, which competing consoles with more strict licensing terms were supported?

text: Sega Genesis and then the PlayStation

question: Who was an example of a 2nd party publisher?

text: Electronic Arts

question: Nintendo didn't rely primarily on what for its support?

text: first-party games

question: Rivals in what self-identified era enjoyed much stronger 2nd party support?

text: post-SNES era


text: Seabird migration is similar in pattern to those of the waders and waterfowl. Some, such as the black guillemot Cepphus grylle and some gulls, are quite sedentary; others, such as most terns and auks breeding in the temperate northern hemisphere, move varying distances south in the northern winter. The Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea has the longest-distance migration of any bird, and sees more daylight than any other, moving from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic non-breeding areas. One Arctic tern, ringed (banded) as a chick on the Farne Islands off the British east coast, reached Melbourne, Australia in just three months from fledging, a sea journey of over 22,000 km (14,000 mi). Many tubenosed birds breed in the southern hemisphere and migrate north in the southern winter.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Seabird

text: migration

text: is

text: similar

text: in

text: pattern

text: to

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: waders

text: and

text: waterfowl

text: Some

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: black

text: guillemot

text: Cepphus

text: grylle

text: and

text: some

text: gulls

text: are

text: quite

text: sedentary

text: others

text: such

text: as

text: most

text: terns

text: and

text: auks

text: breeding

text: in

text: the

text: temperate

text: northern

text: hemisphere

text: move

text: varying

text: distances

text: south

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: winter

text: The

text: Arctic

text: tern

text: Sterna

text: paradisaea

text: has

text: the

text: longest

text: distance

text: migration

text: of

text: any

text: bird

text: and

text: sees

text: more

text: daylight

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: moving

text: from

text: its

text: Arctic

text: breeding

text: grounds

text: to

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: non

text: breeding

text: areas

text: One

text: Arctic

text: tern

text: ringed

text: banded

text: as

text: a

text: chick

text: on

text: the

text: Farne

text: Islands

text: off

text: the

text: British

text: east

text: coast

text: reached

text: Melbourne

text: Australia

text: in

text: just

text: three

text: months

text: from

text: fledging

text: a

text: sea

text: journey

text: of

text: over

text: km

text: mi

text: Many

text: tubenosed

text: birds

text: breed

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: hemisphere

text: and

text: migrate

text: north

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: winter

question: Which seabird has the longest-distance migration?

answer: The Arctic tern

text: The Arctic tern

question: Which bird sees more daylight than any other during migration?

answer: The Arctic tern

text: The Arctic tern

question: How long did one Arctic tern take to migrate?

answer: three months

text: three months

question: How far did the Arctic tern chick travel?

answer: 22,000 km

text: 22,000 km

question: Where do tubenosed birds breed?

answer: the southern hemisphere

text: the southern hemisphere


text: Tito's notable grandchildren include Aleksandra Broz, a prominent theatre director in Croatia; Svetlana Broz, a cardiologist and writer in Bosnia-Herzegovina; and Josip "Joška" Broz, Edvard Broz and Natali Klasevski, an artisan of Bosnia-Herzegovina.

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

text: Tito

text: 's

text: notable

text: grandchildren

text: include

text: Aleksandra

text: Broz

text: a

text: prominent

text: theatre

text: director

text: in

text: Croatia

text: Svetlana

text: Broz

text: a

text: cardiologist

text: and

text: writer

text: in

text: Bosnia

text: Herzegovina

text: and

text: Josip

text: Joška

text: Broz

text: Edvard

text: Broz

text: and

text: Natali

text: Klasevski

text: an

text: artisan

text: of

text: Bosnia

text: Herzegovina

question: Which of Tito's grandchildren is a theatre director?

answer: Aleksandra Broz

text: Aleksandra Broz

question: Which of Tito's grandchildren is a cardiologist and writer?

answer: Svetlana Broz

text: Svetlana Broz

question: Where does Svetlana Broz live?

answer: Bosnia-Herzegovina

text: Bosnia-Herzegovina

question: Where does Leksandra Broz live?

answer: Croatia

text: Croatia

question: Where does Edvard Broz live?

answer: Bosnia-Herzegovina

text: Bosnia-Herzegovina


text: Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain. She made and hosted several visits between the British royal family and the House of Orleans, who were related by marriage through the Coburgs. In 1843 and 1845, she and Albert stayed with King Louis Philippe I at château d'Eu in Normandy; she was the first British or English monarch to visit a French one since the meeting of Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France on the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. When Louis Philippe made a reciprocal trip in 1844, he became the first French king to visit a British sovereign. Louis Philippe was deposed in the revolutions of 1848, and fled to exile in England. At the height of a revolutionary scare in the United Kingdom in April 1848, Victoria and her family left London for the greater safety of Osborne House, a private estate on the Isle of Wight that they had purchased in 1845 and redeveloped. Demonstrations by Chartists and Irish nationalists failed to attract widespread support, and the scare died down without any major disturbances. Victoria's first visit to Ireland in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism.

title: Queen_Victoria

title: Queen_Victoria

text: Internationally

text: Victoria

text: took

text: a

text: keen

text: interest

text: in

text: the

text: improvement

text: of

text: relations

text: between

text: France

text: and

text: Britain

text: She

text: made

text: and

text: hosted

text: several

text: visits

text: between

text: the

text: British

text: royal

text: family

text: and

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Orleans

text: who

text: were

text: related

text: by

text: marriage

text: through

text: the

text: Coburgs

text: In

text: and

text: she

text: and

text: Albert

text: stayed

text: with

text: King

text: Louis

text: Philippe

text: I

text: at

text: château

text: d'Eu

text: in

text: Normandy

text: she

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: British

text: or

text: English

text: monarch

text: to

text: visit

text: a

text: French

text: one

text: since

text: the

text: meeting

text: of

text: Henry

text: VIII

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: Francis

text: I

text: of

text: France

text: on

text: the

text: Field

text: of

text: the

text: Cloth

text: of

text: Gold

text: in

text: When

text: Louis

text: Philippe

text: made

text: a

text: reciprocal

text: trip

text: in

text: he

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: French

text: king

text: to

text: visit

text: a

text: British

text: sovereign

text: Louis

text: Philippe

text: was

text: deposed

text: in

text: the

text: revolutions

text: of

text: and

text: fled

text: to

text: exile

text: in

text: England

text: At

text: the

text: height

text: of

text: a

text: revolutionary

text: scare

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: in

text: April

text: Victoria

text: and

text: her

text: family

text: left

text: London

text: for

text: the

text: greater

text: safety

text: of

text: Osborne

text: House

text: a

text: private

text: estate

text: on

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: that

text: they

text: had

text: purchased

text: in

text: and

text: redeveloped

text: Demonstrations

text: by

text: Chartists

text: and

text: Irish

text: nationalists

text: failed

text: to

text: attract

text: widespread

text: support

text: and

text: the

text: scare

text: died

text: down

text: without

text: any

text: major

text: disturbances

text: Victoria

text: 's

text: first

text: visit

text: to

text: Ireland

text: in

text: was

text: a

text: public

text: relations

text: success

text: but

text: it

text: had

text: no

text: lasting

text: impact

text: or

text: effect

text: on

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: Irish

text: nationalism

question: Which two countries was Victoria trying to improve relations between?

answer: France and Britain

text: France and Britain

question: How was the House of Orleans and the British Royal family related?

answer: by marriage through the Coburgs

text: by marriage through the Coburgs

question: Who did Victoria stay with in Normandy?

answer: King Louis Philippe I

text: King Louis Philippe I

question: What year did Louis Philippe visit England?

answer: 1844

question: What year did Victoria first visit Ireland?

answer: 1849

question: What two countries did Victoria take a large interest in improving relations between?

answer: France and Britain

text: France and Britain

question: Queen Victoria set up meetings between The Britian royal family and what house to help improve relations between Britain and France?

answer: House of Orleans

text: House of Orleans

question: What was the name of the King of Normandy that Victoria and Albert stayed with in 1843 and 1845?

answer: King Louis Philippe I

text: King Louis Philippe I

question: Who was the first French King to visit Queen Victoria?

answer: Louis Philippe

text: Louis Philippe

question: What year was Victorias first visit to Ireland?

answer: 1849

question: Who was the first French king to visit Queen Victoria?

answer: Louis Philippe

text: Louis Philippe

question: What happened to Louis Philippe after the revolution in France?

answer: fled to exile in England

text: fled to exile in England

question: Where did Victoria and her family retreat to safety during a conflict in 1848?

answer: Osborne House

text: Osborne House

question: What nation was visited for the first time by Victoria in 1849?

answer: Ireland

text: Ireland

question: What French family did Victoria try to foster relations with?

answer: House of Orleans

text: House of Orleans

question: What was one of Victoria's major concerns?

answer: improvement of relations between France and Britain

text: improvement of relations between France and Britain

question: When was Louis Phillipe deposed?

answer: 1848

question: Where did Victoria and her family go to for safety during the revolutionary scare of April 1848?

answer: Osborne House, a private estate on the Isle of Wight

text: Osborne House, a private estate on the Isle of Wight

question: When was Osborne house purchased?

answer: 1845

question: Which groups were demonstrating and trying to bring about a revolution before, ultimately, failing?

answer: Chartists and Irish nationalists

text: Chartists and Irish nationalists

question: Which three countries was Victoria trying to improve relations between?

text: France and Britain

question: How was the House of Orleans and the British Royal family unrelated?

text: by marriage through the Coburgs

question: Who didn't Victoria stay with in Normandy?

text: King Louis Philippe I

question: What year did Louis Philippe leave England?

question: What year did Victoria first shun Ireland?


text: Temporal theories offer an alternative that appeals to the temporal structure of action potentials, mostly the phase-locking and mode-locking of action potentials to frequencies in a stimulus. The precise way this temporal structure helps code for pitch at higher levels is still debated, but the processing seems to be based on an autocorrelation of action potentials in the auditory nerve. However, it has long been noted that a neural mechanism that may accomplish a delay—a necessary operation of a true autocorrelation—has not been found. At least one model shows that a temporal delay is unnecessary to produce an autocorrelation model of pitch perception, appealing to phase shifts between cochlear filters; however, earlier work has shown that certain sounds with a prominent peak in their autocorrelation function do not elicit a corresponding pitch percept, and that certain sounds without a peak in their autocorrelation function nevertheless elicit a pitch. To be a more complete model, autocorrelation must therefore apply to signals that represent the output of the cochlea, as via auditory-nerve interspike-interval histograms. Some theories of pitch perception hold that pitch has inherent octave ambiguities, and therefore is best decomposed into a pitch chroma, a periodic value around the octave, like the note names in western music—and a pitch height, which may be ambiguous, that indicates the octave the pitch is in.

title: Pitch_(music)

title: Pitch_(music

text: Temporal

text: theories

text: offer

text: an

text: alternative

text: that

text: appeals

text: to

text: the

text: temporal

text: structure

text: of

text: action

text: potentials

text: mostly

text: the

text: phase

text: locking

text: and

text: mode

text: locking

text: of

text: action

text: potentials

text: to

text: frequencies

text: in

text: a

text: stimulus

text: The

text: precise

text: way

text: this

text: temporal

text: structure

text: helps

text: code

text: for

text: pitch

text: at

text: higher

text: levels

text: is

text: still

text: debated

text: but

text: the

text: processing

text: seems

text: to

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: an

text: autocorrelation

text: of

text: action

text: potentials

text: in

text: the

text: auditory

text: nerve

text: However

text: it

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: noted

text: that

text: a

text: neural

text: mechanism

text: that

text: may

text: accomplish

text: a

text: delay

text: a

text: necessary

text: operation

text: of

text: a

text: true

text: autocorrelation

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: found

text: At

text: least

text: one

text: model

text: shows

text: that

text: a

text: temporal

text: delay

text: is

text: unnecessary

text: to

text: produce

text: an

text: autocorrelation

text: model

text: of

text: pitch

text: perception

text: appealing

text: to

text: phase

text: shifts

text: between

text: cochlear

text: filters

text: however

text: earlier

text: work

text: has

text: shown

text: that

text: certain

text: sounds

text: with

text: a

text: prominent

text: peak

text: in

text: their

text: autocorrelation

text: function

text: do

text: not

text: elicit

text: a

text: corresponding

text: pitch

text: percept

text: and

text: that

text: certain

text: sounds

text: without

text: a

text: peak

text: in

text: their

text: autocorrelation

text: function

text: nevertheless

text: elicit

text: a

text: pitch

text: To

text: be

text: a

text: more

text: complete

text: model

text: autocorrelation

text: must

text: therefore

text: apply

text: to

text: signals

text: that

text: represent

text: the

text: output

text: of

text: the

text: cochlea

text: as

text: via

text: auditory

text: nerve

text: interspike

text: interval

text: histograms

text: Some

text: theories

text: of

text: pitch

text: perception

text: hold

text: that

text: pitch

text: has

text: inherent

text: octave

text: ambiguities

text: and

text: therefore

text: is

text: best

text: decomposed

text: into

text: a

text: pitch

text: chroma

text: a

text: periodic

text: value

text: around

text: the

text: octave

text: like

text: the

text: note

text: names

text: in

text: western

text: music

text: and

text: a

text: pitch

text: height

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: ambiguous

text: that

text: indicates

text: the

text: octave

text: the

text: pitch

text: is

text: in

question: The precise way this temporal structure helps code for pitch at higher levels is based on what?

answer: autocorrelation of action potentials in the auditory nerve

text: autocorrelation of action potentials in the auditory nerve

question: Is a temporal delay necessary to produce an autocorrelation model of pitch perception?

answer: unnecessary

text: unnecessary

question: Pitch perception  has inherent octave what?

answer: ambiguities

text: ambiguities


text: The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the politics on the island, as well as Greco-Turkish relations. Around 150,000 settlers from Turkey are believed to be living in the north—many of whom were forced from Turkey by the Turkish government—in violation of the Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions. Following the invasion and the capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops, the Republic of Cyprus announced that all of its ports of entry in the north were closed, as they were effectively not under its control.[citation needed]

title: Cyprus

title: Cyprus

text: The

text: events

text: of

text: the

text: summer

text: of

text: dominate

text: the

text: politics

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Greco

text: Turkish

text: relations

text: Around

text: settlers

text: from

text: Turkey

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: many

text: of

text: whom

text: were

text: forced

text: from

text: Turkey

text: by

text: the

text: Turkish

text: government

text: in

text: violation

text: of

text: the

text: Geneva

text: Convention

text: and

text: various

text: UN

text: resolutions

text: Following

text: the

text: invasion

text: and

text: the

text: capture

text: of

text: its

text: northern

text: territory

text: by

text: Turkish

text: troops

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Cyprus

text: announced

text: that

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: ports

text: of

text: entry

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: were

text: closed

text: as

text: they

text: were

text: effectively

text: not

text: under

text: its

text: control.[citation

text: needed

question: What happened to ports on Cyprus after capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops?

answer: all of its ports of entry in the north were closed

text: all of its ports of entry in the north were closed

question: How many settlers from Turkey were living in the north?

answer: 150,000

question: What terms did the Turkish government violate by sending people?

answer: Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions

text: Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions


text: City and Guilds College was founded in 1876 from a meeting of 16 of the City of London's livery companies for the Advancement of Technical Education (CGLI), which aimed to improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers. The two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects. Faced with their continuing inability to find a substantial site, the Companies were eventually persuaded by the Secretary of the Science and Art Department, General Sir John Donnelly (who was also a Royal Engineer) to found their institution on the eighty-seven acre (350,000 m²) site at South Kensington bought by the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners (for GBP 342,500) for 'purposes of art and science' in perpetuity. The latter two colleges were incorporated by Royal Charter into the Imperial College of Science and Technology and the CGLI Central Technical College was renamed the City and Guilds College in 1907, but not incorporated into Imperial College until 1910.

title: Imperial_College_London

title: Imperial_College_London

text: City

text: and

text: Guilds

text: College

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: from

text: a

text: meeting

text: of

text: of

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: 's

text: livery

text: companies

text: for

text: the

text: Advancement

text: of

text: Technical

text: Education

text: CGLI

text: which

text: aimed

text: to

text: improve

text: the

text: training

text: of

text: craftsmen

text: technicians

text: technologists

text: and

text: engineers

text: The

text: two

text: main

text: objectives

text: were

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: Central

text: Institution

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: to

text: conduct

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: qualifying

text: examinations

text: in

text: technical

text: subjects

text: Faced

text: with

text: their

text: continuing

text: inability

text: to

text: find

text: a

text: substantial

text: site

text: the

text: Companies

text: were

text: eventually

text: persuaded

text: by

text: the

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Science

text: and

text: Art

text: Department

text: General

text: Sir

text: John

text: Donnelly

text: who

text: was

text: also

text: a

text: Royal

text: Engineer

text: to

text: found

text: their

text: institution

text: on

text: the

text: eighty

text: seven

text: acre

text: m²

text: site

text: at

text: South

text: Kensington

text: bought

text: by

text: the

text: Exhibition

text: Commissioners

text: for

text: GBP

text: for

text: purposes

text: of

text: art

text: and

text: science

text: in

text: perpetuity

text: The

text: latter

text: two

text: colleges

text: were

text: incorporated

text: by

text: Royal

text: Charter

text: into

text: the

text: Imperial

text: College

text: of

text: Science

text: and

text: Technology

text: and

text: the

text: CGLI

text: Central

text: Technical

text: College

text: was

text: renamed

text: the

text: City

text: and

text: Guilds

text: College

text: in

text: but

text: not

text: incorporated

text: into

text: Imperial

text: College

text: until

question: When was the City and Guilds College founded?

answer: 1876

question: What was the aim of the City and Guilds College when it was founded?

answer: improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers

text: improve the training of craftsmen, technicians, technologists, and engineers

question: What were the main objectives of establishing the City and Guilds College?

answer: to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects

text: to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects

question: How much did the 1851 Exhibition Commissioners pay for the land that became the City and Guilds College?

answer: GBP 342,500

text: GBP 342,500

question: What was the former name of the City and Guilds College?

answer: CGLI Central Technical College

text: CGLI Central Technical College

question: Which college was founded in 1876?

answer: City and Guilds College

text: City and Guilds College

question: How many livery companies were in the meeting that founded the college?

answer: 16

question: What does CGLI stand for?

answer: Advancement of Technical Education

text: Advancement of Technical Education

question: Other than conducting a system of qualifying examinations, what was the other main objective of the meeting of CGLI?

answer: to create a Central Institution in London

text: to create a Central Institution in London

question: How large was the land (in acres) that the institution was founded on?

answer: eighty-seven

text: eighty-seven

question: What college was founded in the 19th century?

text: City and Guilds College

question: Who met to improve workiong conditions for craftsmen?

question: Who's main objective was to set work standards for craftsmen, technicins, technologists and engineers?

text: CGLI

question: How large was the site in North Kennsington?

text: eighty-seven acre

question: What two colleges were form from the Imperial College?


text: Flora Gomes is an internationally renowned film director; his most famous film is Nha Fala (English: My Voice). Gomes's Mortu Nega (Death Denied) (1988) was the first fiction film and the second feature film ever made in Guinea-Bissau. (The first feature film was N’tturudu, by director Umban u’Kest in 1987.) At FESPACO 1989, Mortu Nega won the prestigious Oumarou Ganda Prize. Mortu Nega is in Creole with English subtitles. In 1992, Gomes directed Udju Azul di Yonta, which was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival. Gomes has also served on the boards of many Africa-centric film festivals.

title: Guinea-Bissau

title: Guinea

title: Bissau

text: Flora

text: Gomes

text: is

text: an

text: internationally

text: renowned

text: film

text: director

text: his

text: most

text: famous

text: film

text: is

text: Nha

text: Fala

text: English

text: My

text: Voice

text: Gomes

text: 's

text: Mortu

text: Nega

text: Death

text: Denied

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: fiction

text: film

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: feature

text: film

text: ever

text: made

text: in

text: Guinea

text: Bissau

text: The

text: first

text: feature

text: film

text: was

text: N’tturudu

text: by

text: director

text: Umban

text: u’Kest

text: in

text: At

text: FESPACO

text: Mortu

text: Nega

text: won

text: the

text: prestigious

text: Oumarou

text: Ganda

text: Prize

text: Mortu

text: Nega

text: is

text: in

text: Creole

text: with

text: English

text: subtitles

text: In

text: Gomes

text: directed

text: Udju

text: Azul

text: di

text: Yonta

text: which

text: was

text: screened

text: in

text: the

text: Un

text: Certain

text: Regard

text: section

text: at

text: the

text: Cannes

text: Film

text: Festival

text: Gomes

text: has

text: also

text: served

text: on

text: the

text: boards

text: of

text: many

text: Africa

text: centric

text: film

text: festivals

question: Who is an internationally renowned film director from Guinea-Bissau?

answer: Flora Gomes

text: Flora Gomes

question: What is Flora Gomes' most famous film?

answer: Nha Fala (English: My Voice)

text: Nha Fala (English: My Voice)

question: What year was the first feature film made in Guinea-Bissau?

answer: 1987

question: Who directed the first feature film in Guinea-Bissau?

answer: Umban u’Kest

text: Umban u’Kest

question: What prize did the film Mortu Nega win?

answer: Oumarou Ganda Prize

text: Oumarou Ganda Prize


text: After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July. The Red Army retreated behind the Pärnu River – Emajõgi line on 12 July. At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothers. Both German troops and Estonian partisans took Narva on 17 August and the Estonian capital Tallinn on 28 August. After the Soviets were driven out from Estonia, German troops disarmed all the partisan groups.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: After

text: Germany

text: invaded

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: on

text: June

text: the

text: Wehrmacht

text: crossed

text: the

text: Estonian

text: southern

text: border

text: on

text: July

text: The

text: Red

text: Army

text: retreated

text: behind

text: the

text: Pärnu

text: River

text: Emajõgi

text: line

text: on

text: July

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: July

text: the

text: Germans

text: resumed

text: their

text: advance

text: in

text: Estonia

text: working

text: in

text: tandem

text: with

text: the

text: Estonian

text: Forest

text: Brothers

text: Both

text: German

text: troops

text: and

text: Estonian

text: partisans

text: took

text: Narva

text: on

text: August

text: and

text: the

text: Estonian

text: capital

text: Tallinn

text: on

text: August

text: After

text: the

text: Soviets

text: were

text: driven

text: out

text: from

text: Estonia

text: German

text: troops

text: disarmed

text: all

text: the

text: partisan

text: groups

question: What date did the Germans invade the Soviets?

answer: 22 June 1941

text: 22 June 1941

question: When did the Werhmacht cross the south border of Estonia?

answer: 7 July

text: 7 July

question: What body of water did the Red Army retreat behind?

answer: the Pärnu River

text: the Pärnu River

question: When did the Red Army fall back to the Parnu River?

answer: 12 July

text: 12 July

question: When did the Germans invade the Soviet Union?

answer: 22 June 1941

text: 22 June 1941

question: When did the Werhmacht cross south border of Estonia?

answer: 7 July

text: 7 July

question: Who helped the Germans take over Estonia?

answer: the Estonian Forest Brothers

text: the Estonian Forest Brothers


text: The Mass of Paul VI was also in Latin but approval was given for the use of vernacular languages. There had been other instructions issued by the Pope in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970 which centered on the reform of all liturgies of the Roman Church. These major reforms were not welcomed by all and in all countries. The sudden apparent "outlawing" of the 400-year-old Mass, the last typical edition of which being promulgated only a few years earlier in 1962 by Paul's predecessor, Pope John XXIII, was not always explained well. Further experimentation with the new Mass by liturgists, such as the usage of pop/folk music (as opposed to the Gregorian Chant advocated by Pope Pius X), along with concurrent changes in the order of sanctuaries, was viewed by some as vandalism. In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI clarified that the 1962 Mass of John XXIII and the 1970 Mass of Paul VI are two forms of the same Roman Rite, the first, which had never been "juridically abrogated", now being an "extraordinary form of the Roman Rite", while the other "obviously is and continues to be the normal Form – the Forma ordinaria – of the Eucharistic Liturgy".

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: The

text: Mass

text: of

text: Paul

text: VI

text: was

text: also

text: in

text: Latin

text: but

text: approval

text: was

text: given

text: for

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: vernacular

text: languages

text: There

text: had

text: been

text: other

text: instructions

text: issued

text: by

text: the

text: Pope

text: in

text: and

text: which

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: reform

text: of

text: all

text: liturgies

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Church

text: These

text: major

text: reforms

text: were

text: not

text: welcomed

text: by

text: all

text: and

text: in

text: all

text: countries

text: The

text: sudden

text: apparent

text: outlawing

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: Mass

text: the

text: last

text: typical

text: edition

text: of

text: which

text: being

text: promulgated

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: years

text: earlier

text: in

text: by

text: Paul

text: 's

text: predecessor

text: Pope

text: John

text: XXIII

text: was

text: not

text: always

text: explained

text: well

text: Further

text: experimentation

text: with

text: the

text: new

text: Mass

text: by

text: liturgists

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: usage

text: of

text: pop

text: folk

text: music

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: Chant

text: advocated

text: by

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: X

text: along

text: with

text: concurrent

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: of

text: sanctuaries

text: was

text: viewed

text: by

text: some

text: as

text: vandalism

text: In

text: Pope

text: Benedict

text: XVI

text: clarified

text: that

text: the

text: Mass

text: of

text: John

text: XXIII

text: and

text: the

text: Mass

text: of

text: Paul

text: VI

text: are

text: two

text: forms

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: Roman

text: Rite

text: the

text: first

text: which

text: had

text: never

text: been

text: juridically

text: abrogated

text: now

text: being

text: an

text: extraordinary

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Rite

text: while

text: the

text: other

text: obviously

text: is

text: and

text: continues

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: normal

text: Form

text: the

text: Forma

text: ordinaria

text: of

text: the

text: Eucharistic

text: Liturgy

question: What type of language did Paul Vi's reforms approve for use in the Catholic mass?

answer: vernacular

text: vernacular

question: How old was the mass reformed by Paul VI?

answer: 400-year

question: What type of music was used in traditional mass?

answer: Gregorian Chant

text: Gregorian Chant

question: Who unified two previous popes views of the Roman Catholic Mass?

answer: Pope Benedict XVI

text: Pope Benedict XVI

question: In what year were the various versions of the Catholic mass finally synthesized?

answer: 2007


text: The Sun switched support to the Labour party on 18 March 1997, six weeks before the General Election victory which saw the New Labour leader Tony Blair become Prime Minister with a large parliamentary majority, despite the paper having attacked Blair and New Labour up to a month earlier. Its front page headline read THE SUN BACKS BLAIR and its front page editorial made clear that while it still opposed some New Labour policies, such as the Minimum Wage and Devolution, it believed Blair to be "the breath of fresh air this great country needs". John Major's Conservatives, it said, were "tired, divided and rudderless". Blair, who had radically altered his party's image and policies, noting the influence the paper could have over its readers' political thinking, had courted it (and Murdoch) for some time by granting exclusive interviews and writing columns.

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom

text: The

text: Sun

text: switched

text: support

text: to

text: the

text: Labour

text: party

text: on

text: March

text: six

text: weeks

text: before

text: the

text: General

text: Election

text: victory

text: which

text: saw

text: the

text: New

text: Labour

text: leader

text: Tony

text: Blair

text: become

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: with

text: a

text: large

text: parliamentary

text: majority

text: despite

text: the

text: paper

text: having

text: attacked

text: Blair

text: and

text: New

text: Labour

text: up

text: to

text: a

text: month

text: earlier

text: Its

text: front

text: page

text: headline

text: read

text: THE

text: SUN

text: BACKS

text: BLAIR

text: and

text: its

text: front

text: page

text: editorial

text: made

text: clear

text: that

text: while

text: it

text: still

text: opposed

text: some

text: New

text: Labour

text: policies

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Minimum

text: Wage

text: and

text: Devolution

text: it

text: believed

text: Blair

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: breath

text: of

text: fresh

text: air

text: this

text: great

text: country

text: needs

text: John

text: Major

text: 's

text: Conservatives

text: it

text: said

text: were

text: tired

text: divided

text: and

text: rudderless

text: Blair

text: who

text: had

text: radically

text: altered

text: his

text: party

text: 's

text: image

text: and

text: policies

text: noting

text: the

text: influence

text: the

text: paper

text: could

text: have

text: over

text: its

text: readers

text: political

text: thinking

text: had

text: courted

text: it

text: and

text: Murdoch

text: for

text: some

text: time

text: by

text: granting

text: exclusive

text: interviews

text: and

text: writing

text: columns

question: Who did The Sun declare political endorsement of in 1997?

answer: Labour party

text: Labour party

question: Who became Prime Minister in 1997?

answer: Tony Blair

text: Tony Blair

question: Which New Labour policies did The Sun oppose?

answer: Minimum Wage and Devolution

text: Minimum Wage and Devolution

question: How did The Sun describe John Major's Conservatives?

answer: "tired, divided and rudderless"

text: "tired, divided and rudderless"

question: Who greatly changed the image of the Labour party?

answer: Blair

text: Blair


text: Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies. Subsequently, lists of endangered and threatened species within their boundaries have been prepared by each state. These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states, and which therefore are not included on the national list of endangered and threatened species. Examples include Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California.

title: Endangered_Species_Act

title: Endangered_Species_Act

text: Section

text: of

text: the

text: Endangered

text: Species

text: Act

text: provided

text: funding

text: for

text: development

text: of

text: programs

text: for

text: management

text: of

text: threatened

text: and

text: endangered

text: species

text: by

text: state

text: wildlife

text: agencies

text: Subsequently

text: lists

text: of

text: endangered

text: and

text: threatened

text: species

text: within

text: their

text: boundaries

text: have

text: been

text: prepared

text: by

text: each

text: state

text: These

text: state

text: lists

text: often

text: include

text: species

text: which

text: are

text: considered

text: endangered

text: or

text: threatened

text: within

text: a

text: specific

text: state

text: but

text: not

text: within

text: all

text: states

text: and

text: which

text: therefore

text: are

text: not

text: included

text: on

text: the

text: national

text: list

text: of

text: endangered

text: and

text: threatened

text: species

text: Examples

text: include

text: Florida

text: Minnesota

text: Maine

text: and

text: California

question: Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for what purpose?

answer: development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies

text: development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies

question: What is one notable drawback with state wildlife agencies creating their own lists?

answer: These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states

text: These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states

question: What states are listing species that are endangered in their own state, but that are not endangered in all other states?

answer: Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California

text: Florida, Minnesota, Maine, and California

question: What states do not have their own lists?

question: What defunded the development of programs for managing endangered species?

text: Section 6

question: What did Section 6 of the act separate boundaries by?

text: each state

question: Who funded species within specific states?

text: Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act


text: A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed: the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented, and then increasingly replaced by, a reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands. These developments are also believed to have greatly encouraged the growth of settlements, since it may be supposed that the increased need to spend more time and labor in tending crop fields required more localized dwellings. This trend would continue into the Bronze Age, eventually giving rise to permanently settled farming towns, and later cities and states whose larger populations could be sustained by the increased productivity from cultivated lands.

title: Neolithic

title: Neolithic

text: A

text: significant

text: and

text: far

text: reaching

text: shift

text: in

text: human

text: subsistence

text: and

text: lifestyle

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: brought

text: about

text: in

text: areas

text: where

text: crop

text: farming

text: and

text: cultivation

text: were

text: first

text: developed

text: the

text: previous

text: reliance

text: on

text: an

text: essentially

text: nomadic

text: hunter

text: gatherer

text: subsistence

text: technique

text: or

text: pastoral

text: transhumance

text: was

text: at

text: first

text: supplemented

text: and

text: then

text: increasingly

text: replaced

text: by

text: a

text: reliance

text: upon

text: the

text: foods

text: produced

text: from

text: cultivated

text: lands

text: These

text: developments

text: are

text: also

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: greatly

text: encouraged

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: settlements

text: since

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: supposed

text: that

text: the

text: increased

text: need

text: to

text: spend

text: more

text: time

text: and

text: labor

text: in

text: tending

text: crop

text: fields

text: required

text: more

text: localized

text: dwellings

text: This

text: trend

text: would

text: continue

text: into

text: the

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: eventually

text: giving

text: rise

text: to

text: permanently

text: settled

text: farming

text: towns

text: and

text: later

text: cities

text: and

text: states

text: whose

text: larger

text: populations

text: could

text: be

text: sustained

text: by

text: the

text: increased

text: productivity

text: from

text: cultivated

text: lands

question: What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early cultures?

answer: crop farming and cultivation

text: crop farming and cultivation

question: What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture?

answer: nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique

text: nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique

question: What era saw an increase in permanently settled farming towns?

answer: the Bronze Age

text: the Bronze Age

question: What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early towns?

text: crop farming and cultivation

question: What behavior did humans rely on to survive before the Bronze Age?

question: What era saw an increase in permanent crop fields?

text: the Bronze Age

question: What was brought about by crop rotating?

question: What had larger populations that were sustained by labor?

text: cities and states


text: Classification of predators by the extent to which they feed on and interact with their prey is one way ecologists may wish to categorize the different types of predation. Instead of focusing on what they eat, this system classifies predators by the way in which they eat, and the general nature of the interaction between predator and prey species. Two factors are considered here: How close the predator and prey are (in the latter two cases the term prey may be replaced with host) and whether or not the prey are directly murdered by the predator is considered, with true predation and parasitoidism involving certain death.

title: Predation

title: Predation

text: Classification

text: of

text: predators

text: by

text: the

text: extent

text: to

text: which

text: they

text: feed

text: on

text: and

text: interact

text: with

text: their

text: prey

text: is

text: one

text: way

text: ecologists

text: may

text: wish

text: to

text: categorize

text: the

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: predation

text: Instead

text: of

text: focusing

text: on

text: what

text: they

text: eat

text: this

text: system

text: classifies

text: predators

text: by

text: the

text: way

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: eat

text: and

text: the

text: general

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: interaction

text: between

text: predator

text: and

text: prey

text: species

text: Two

text: factors

text: are

text: considered

text: here

text: How

text: close

text: the

text: predator

text: and

text: prey

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: latter

text: two

text: cases

text: the

text: term

text: prey

text: may

text: be

text: replaced

text: with

text: host

text: and

text: whether

text: or

text: not

text: the

text: prey

text: are

text: directly

text: murdered

text: by

text: the

text: predator

text: is

text: considered

text: with

text: true

text: predation

text: and

text: parasitoidism

text: involving

text: certain

text: death

question: How many synergetic qualities are there in the predator-prey mechanism?

answer: Two factors

text: Two factors

question: Proximity and the ending of life is called?

answer: true predation

text: true predation

question: If the prey is not killed the predator-prey interaction is called?

answer: parasitoidism

text: parasitoidism

question: Instead of what predators eat, how else can they be classified?

answer: the way in which they eat

text: the way in which they eat

question: Certain death is involved with true predation and what other classification?

answer: parasitoidism

text: parasitoidism

question: The study in which ecologists examine the way predators interact with their prey is called what?

answer: predation

text: predation

question: What is one way prey is classified?

text: the way in which they eat

question: Who is involved in classifying different types of prey?

text: ecologists

question: What method is used to keep track of how prey tries to escape their predator?

text: Classification

question: How many factors are used when studying how prey avoids their predator?

text: Two

question: What is the study of how prey evades capture by a predator called?

text: predation


text: Because of his ability to motivate nationalistic passions, "men, women, and children wept and wailed in the streets" after hearing of his death, according to Nutting. The general Arab reaction was one of mourning, with thousands of people pouring onto the streets of major cities throughout the Arab world. Over a dozen people were killed in Beirut as a result of the chaos, and in Jerusalem, roughly 75,000 Arabs marched through the Old City chanting, "Nasser will never die." As a testament to his unchallenged leadership of the Arab people, following his death, the headline of the Lebanese Le Jour read, "One hundred million human beings—the Arabs—are orphans." Sherif Hetata, a former political prisoner and later member Nasser's ASU, said that "Nasser's greatest achievement was his funeral. The world will never again see five million people crying together."

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Because

text: of

text: his

text: ability

text: to

text: motivate

text: nationalistic

text: passions

text: men

text: women

text: and

text: children

text: wept

text: and

text: wailed

text: in

text: the

text: streets

text: after

text: hearing

text: of

text: his

text: death

text: according

text: to

text: Nutting

text: The

text: general

text: Arab

text: reaction

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: mourning

text: with

text: thousands

text: of

text: people

text: pouring

text: onto

text: the

text: streets

text: of

text: major

text: cities

text: throughout

text: the

text: Arab

text: world

text: Over

text: a

text: dozen

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: in

text: Beirut

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: chaos

text: and

text: in

text: Jerusalem

text: roughly

text: Arabs

text: marched

text: through

text: the

text: Old

text: City

text: chanting

text: Nasser

text: will

text: never

text: die

text: As

text: a

text: testament

text: to

text: his

text: unchallenged

text: leadership

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: people

text: following

text: his

text: death

text: the

text: headline

text: of

text: the

text: Lebanese

text: Le

text: Jour

text: read

text: One

text: hundred

text: million

text: human

text: beings

text: the

text: Arabs

text: are

text: orphans

text: Sherif

text: Hetata

text: a

text: former

text: political

text: prisoner

text: and

text: later

text: member

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: ASU

text: said

text: that

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: greatest

text: achievement

text: was

text: his

text: funeral

text: The

text: world

text: will

text: never

text: again

text: see

text: five

text: million

text: people

text: crying

text: together

question: How many eople died in Breuit because of unrest caused by Nasser's death?

answer: Over a dozen

text: Over a dozen

question: How many people marched in Jerusalem?

answer: 75,000

question: Who said, "The world will never again see five million people crying together?"

answer: Sherif Hetata

text: Sherif Hetata

question: What did a Lebanese publication call the Arabs following Nasser's death?

answer: orphans

text: orphans


text: Over a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with all the possible combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and not one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. That is, race referred preferentially to appearance, not heredity, and appearance is a poor indication of ancestry, because only a few genes are responsible for someone's skin color and traits: a person who is considered white may have more African ancestry than a person who is considered black, and the reverse can be also true about European ancestry. The complexity of racial classifications in Brazil reflects the extent of miscegenation in Brazilian society, a society that remains highly, but not strictly, stratified along color lines. These socioeconomic factors are also significant to the limits of racial lines, because a minority of pardos, or brown people, are likely to start declaring themselves white or black if socially upward, and being seen as relatively "whiter" as their perceived social status increases (much as in other regions of Latin America).

title: Race_(human_categorization)

title: Race_(human_categorization

text: Over

text: a

text: dozen

text: racial

text: categories

text: would

text: be

text: recognized

text: in

text: conformity

text: with

text: all

text: the

text: possible

text: combinations

text: of

text: hair

text: color

text: hair

text: texture

text: eye

text: color

text: and

text: skin

text: color

text: These

text: types

text: grade

text: into

text: each

text: other

text: like

text: the

text: colors

text: of

text: the

text: spectrum

text: and

text: not

text: one

text: category

text: stands

text: significantly

text: isolated

text: from

text: the

text: rest

text: That

text: is

text: race

text: referred

text: preferentially

text: to

text: appearance

text: not

text: heredity

text: and

text: appearance

text: is

text: a

text: poor

text: indication

text: of

text: ancestry

text: because

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: genes

text: are

text: responsible

text: for

text: someone

text: 's

text: skin

text: color

text: and

text: traits

text: a

text: person

text: who

text: is

text: considered

text: white

text: may

text: have

text: more

text: African

text: ancestry

text: than

text: a

text: person

text: who

text: is

text: considered

text: black

text: and

text: the

text: reverse

text: can

text: be

text: also

text: true

text: about

text: European

text: ancestry

text: The

text: complexity

text: of

text: racial

text: classifications

text: in

text: Brazil

text: reflects

text: the

text: extent

text: of

text: miscegenation

text: in

text: Brazilian

text: society

text: a

text: society

text: that

text: remains

text: highly

text: but

text: not

text: strictly

text: stratified

text: along

text: color

text: lines

text: These

text: socioeconomic

text: factors

text: are

text: also

text: significant

text: to

text: the

text: limits

text: of

text: racial

text: lines

text: because

text: a

text: minority

text: of

text: pardos

text: or

text: brown

text: people

text: are

text: likely

text: to

text: start

text: declaring

text: themselves

text: white

text: or

text: black

text: if

text: socially

text: upward

text: and

text: being

text: seen

text: as

text: relatively

text: whiter

text: as

text: their

text: perceived

text: social

text: status

text: increases

text: much

text: as

text: in

text: other

text: regions

text: of

text: Latin

text: America

question: How many racial categories would be needed with all the possible combinations of outward features?

answer: Over a dozen

text: Over a dozen

question: What way would categories grade into each other, rather than being isolated from each other?

answer: like the colors of the spectrum

text: like the colors of the spectrum

question: What did race refer to instead of heredity?

answer: appearance

text: appearance

question: What is appearance a poor indication of?

answer: ancestry

text: ancestry

question: Where is there a lot of complexity in racial classifications?

answer: Brazil

text: Brazil


text: A multilateral treaty is concluded among several countries. The agreement establishes rights and obligations between each party and every other party. Multilateral treaties are often regional.[citation needed] Treaties of "mutual guarantee" are international compacts, e.g., the Treaty of Locarno which guarantees each signatory against attack from another.

title: Treaty

title: Treaty

text: A

text: multilateral

text: treaty

text: is

text: concluded

text: among

text: several

text: countries

text: The

text: agreement

text: establishes

text: rights

text: and

text: obligations

text: between

text: each

text: party

text: and

text: every

text: other

text: party

text: Multilateral

text: treaties

text: are

text: often

text: regional.[citation

text: needed

text: Treaties

text: of

text: mutual

text: guarantee

text: are

text: international

text: compacts

text: e.g.

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Locarno

text: which

text: guarantees

text: each

text: signatory

text: against

text: attack

text: from

text: another

question: What is a treaty concluded among several countries?

answer: A multilateral treaty

text: A multilateral treaty

question: Between which parties does a multilateral treaty establish rights and obligations?

answer: each party and every other party

text: each party and every other party

question: The Treaty of Locarno guarantees each signatory against what from another signatory?

answer: attack

text: attack

question: What type of treaty is a mutual guarantee?

answer: international compacts

text: international compacts

question: Multilateral treaties are often entered into by countries that share the same what?

answer: region

text: region


text: The Macintosh's minimal memory became apparent, even compared with other personal computers in 1984, and could not be expanded easily. It also lacked a hard disk drive or the means to easily attach one. Many small companies sprang up to address the memory issue. Suggestions revolved around either upgrading the memory to 512 KB or removing the computer's 16 memory chips and replacing them with larger-capacity chips, a tedious and difficult operation. In October 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh 512K, with quadruple the memory of the original, at a price of US$3,195. It also offered an upgrade for 128k Macs that involved replacing the logic board.

title: Macintosh

title: Macintosh

text: The

text: Macintosh

text: 's

text: minimal

text: memory

text: became

text: apparent

text: even

text: compared

text: with

text: other

text: personal

text: computers

text: in

text: and

text: could

text: not

text: be

text: expanded

text: easily

text: It

text: also

text: lacked

text: a

text: hard

text: disk

text: drive

text: or

text: the

text: means

text: to

text: easily

text: attach

text: one

text: Many

text: small

text: companies

text: sprang

text: up

text: to

text: address

text: the

text: memory

text: issue

text: Suggestions

text: revolved

text: around

text: either

text: upgrading

text: the

text: memory

text: to

text: KB

text: or

text: removing

text: the

text: computer

text: 's

text: memory

text: chips

text: and

text: replacing

text: them

text: with

text: larger

text: capacity

text: chips

text: a

text: tedious

text: and

text: difficult

text: operation

text: In

text: October

text: Apple

text: introduced

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: K

text: with

text: quadruple

text: the

text: memory

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: at

text: a

text: price

text: of

text: US$

text: It

text: also

text: offered

text: an

text: upgrade

text: for

text: Macs

text: that

text: involved

text: replacing

text: the

text: logic

text: board

question: What part of the Mac's could not be expanded easily in 1984?

answer: memory

text: memory

question: What did Mac's lack in 1984 and have no means to easily attach?

answer: a hard disk drive

text: a hard disk drive

question: What did some small companies suggest Mac's 16 memory chips be replaced with?

answer: larger-capacity chips

text: larger-capacity chips

question: How much more memory did Apple's Macintosh 512K, introduced in 1984, have than the original?

answer: quadruple

text: quadruple

question: What was replaced in the upgrade that was offered for 128k Macs?

answer: the logic board

text: the logic board

question: What part of the Mac's could not be expanded easily in 1994?

text: memory

question: What did Mac's lack in 1994 and have no means to easily attach?

text: a hard disk drive

question: What did some small companies suggest Mac's 32 memory chips be replaced with?

text: larger-capacity chips

question: How much more memory did Apple's Macintosh 512K, introduced in 1994, have than the original?

text: quadruple

question: What was replaced in the upgrade that was offered for 256k Macs?

text: the logic board


text: In 941, Igor led another major Rus' attack on Constantinople, probably over trading rights again. A navy of 10,000 vessels, including Pecheneg allies, landed on the Bithynian coast and devastated the Asiatic shore of the Bosphorus. The attack was well-timed, perhaps due to intelligence, as the Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs in the Mediterranean, and the bulk of its army was stationed in the east. The Rus’ burned towns, churches, and monasteries, butchering the people and amassing booty. The emperor arranged for a small group of retired ships to be outfitted with Greek fire throwers and sent them out to meet the Rus’, luring them into surrounding the contingent before unleashing the Greek fire. Liutprand of Cremona wrote that "the Rus', seeing the flames, jumped overboard, preferring water to fire. Some sank, weighed down by the weight of their breastplates and helmets; others caught fire." Those captured were beheaded. The ploy dispelled the Rus’ fleet, but their attacks continued into the hinterland as far as Nicomedia, with many atrocities reported as victims were crucified and set up for use as targets. At last a Byzantine army arrived from the Balkans to drive the Rus' back, and a naval contingent reportedly destroyed much of the Rus' fleet on its return voyage (possibly an exaggeration since the Rus' soon mounted another attack). The outcome indicates increased military might by Byzantium since 911, suggesting a shift in the balance of power.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: In

text: Igor

text: led

text: another

text: major

text: Rus

text: attack

text: on

text: Constantinople

text: probably

text: over

text: trading

text: rights

text: again

text: A

text: navy

text: of

text: vessels

text: including

text: Pecheneg

text: allies

text: landed

text: on

text: the

text: Bithynian

text: coast

text: and

text: devastated

text: the

text: Asiatic

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Bosphorus

text: The

text: attack

text: was

text: well

text: timed

text: perhaps

text: due

text: to

text: intelligence

text: as

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: fleet

text: was

text: occupied

text: with

text: the

text: Arabs

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: and

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: its

text: army

text: was

text: stationed

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: The

text: Rus’

text: burned

text: towns

text: churches

text: and

text: monasteries

text: butchering

text: the

text: people

text: and

text: amassing

text: booty

text: The

text: emperor

text: arranged

text: for

text: a

text: small

text: group

text: of

text: retired

text: ships

text: to

text: be

text: outfitted

text: with

text: Greek

text: fire

text: throwers

text: and

text: sent

text: them

text: out

text: to

text: meet

text: the

text: Rus’

text: luring

text: them

text: into

text: surrounding

text: the

text: contingent

text: before

text: unleashing

text: the

text: Greek

text: fire

text: Liutprand

text: of

text: Cremona

text: wrote

text: that

text: the

text: Rus

text: seeing

text: the

text: flames

text: jumped

text: overboard

text: preferring

text: water

text: to

text: fire

text: Some

text: sank

text: weighed

text: down

text: by

text: the

text: weight

text: of

text: their

text: breastplates

text: and

text: helmets

text: others

text: caught

text: fire

text: Those

text: captured

text: were

text: beheaded

text: The

text: ploy

text: dispelled

text: the

text: Rus’

text: fleet

text: but

text: their

text: attacks

text: continued

text: into

text: the

text: hinterland

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: Nicomedia

text: with

text: many

text: atrocities

text: reported

text: as

text: victims

text: were

text: crucified

text: and

text: set

text: up

text: for

text: use

text: as

text: targets

text: At

text: last

text: a

text: Byzantine

text: army

text: arrived

text: from

text: the

text: Balkans

text: to

text: drive

text: the

text: Rus

text: back

text: and

text: a

text: naval

text: contingent

text: reportedly

text: destroyed

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: Rus

text: fleet

text: on

text: its

text: return

text: voyage

text: possibly

text: an

text: exaggeration

text: since

text: the

text: Rus

text: soon

text: mounted

text: another

text: attack

text: The

text: outcome

text: indicates

text: increased

text: military

text: might

text: by

text: Byzantium

text: since

text: suggesting

text: a

text: shift

text: in

text: the

text: balance

text: of

text: power

question: What year did Igot led a Rus attack on Constantinople?

answer: 941

question: How large was the fleet that attacked the Bithynian coast along with the Pecheneg allies?

answer: 10,000 vessels

text: 10,000 vessels

question: Why did the attack by the Rus go so well on the coast at the start?

answer: Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs

text: Byzantine fleet was occupied with the Arabs

question: What did the emperor of Byzatine do to some of the old retired ships to help fight the Rus?

answer: outfitted with Greek fire throwers

text: outfitted with Greek fire throwers

question: What year did Oleg make peace with Constantinople?

question: How many sailing ships attacked the Bithyian coast?

question: Why id the attack by the Rus go so poorly on the coast at the start?

question: How was the large group of retired ships outfitted?

text: with Greek fire throwers

question: What year was the Rus fleet defeated?


text: Although all these different Shia tariqahs belong to the Shia group (as opposed to the Sunni group) in Islam, there are major doctrinal differences between the main Shia tariqahs. After that there is the complete doctrinal break between all the different Shia tariqahs whose last Imams have gone into Occultation and the Shia Nizari Ismailis who deny the very concept of Occultation. The Shia Nizari Ismailis by definition have to have a present and living Imam until the end of time.[citation needed] Thus if any living Nizari Ismaili Imam fails to leave behind a successor after him then the Nizari Ismailism’s cardinal principle would be broken and it’s very raison d'être would come to an end.

title: Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

title: Imamah_(Shia_doctrine

text: Although

text: all

text: these

text: different

text: Shia

text: tariqahs

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: Shia

text: group

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: Sunni

text: group

text: in

text: Islam

text: there

text: are

text: major

text: doctrinal

text: differences

text: between

text: the

text: main

text: Shia

text: tariqahs

text: After

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: the

text: complete

text: doctrinal

text: break

text: between

text: all

text: the

text: different

text: Shia

text: tariqahs

text: whose

text: last

text: Imams

text: have

text: gone

text: into

text: Occultation

text: and

text: the

text: Shia

text: Nizari

text: Ismailis

text: who

text: deny

text: the

text: very

text: concept

text: of

text: Occultation

text: The

text: Shia

text: Nizari

text: Ismailis

text: by

text: definition

text: have

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: present

text: and

text: living

text: Imam

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: time.[citation

text: needed

text: Thus

text: if

text: any

text: living

text: Nizari

text: Ismaili

text: Imam

text: fails

text: to

text: leave

text: behind

text: a

text: successor

text: after

text: him

text: then

text: the

text: Nizari

text: Ismailism

text: ’s

text: cardinal

text: principle

text: would

text: be

text: broken

text: and

text: it

text: ’s

text: very

text: raison

text: d'être

text: would

text: come

text: to

text: an

text: end

question: What group do the Shia tariqahs belong to?

answer: Shia

text: Shia

question: What has happened to some of the Shia tariqahs last Imams?

answer: Occultation

text: Occultation

question: Who deny the concept of Occulation?

answer: Shia Nizari Ismailis

text: Shia Nizari Ismailis

question: What kind of Imam do Shia Nizari Ismailis have?

answer: present and living

text: present and living

question: What would happen to the Nizari Ismaili if the Imam fails to leave a successor?

answer: come to an end

text: come to an end


text: The Hindu Shahis under Jayapala, is known for his struggles in defending his kingdom against the Ghaznavids in the modern-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan region. Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of Ghazni both in the reign of Sebuktigin and in that of his son Mahmud, which initiated the Muslim Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles. Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity. Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more. Jayapala however, lost control of the entire region between the Kabul Valley and Indus River.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: The

text: Hindu

text: Shahis

text: under

text: Jayapala

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: struggles

text: in

text: defending

text: his

text: kingdom

text: against

text: the

text: Ghaznavids

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: day

text: eastern

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: region

text: Jayapala

text: saw

text: a

text: danger

text: in

text: the

text: consolidation

text: of

text: the

text: Ghaznavids

text: and

text: invaded

text: their

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Ghazni

text: both

text: in

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Sebuktigin

text: and

text: in

text: that

text: of

text: his

text: son

text: Mahmud

text: which

text: initiated

text: the

text: Muslim

text: Ghaznavid

text: and

text: Hindu

text: Shahi

text: struggles

text: Sebuk

text: Tigin

text: however

text: defeated

text: him

text: and

text: he

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: pay

text: an

text: indemnity

text: Jayapala

text: defaulted

text: on

text: the

text: payment

text: and

text: took

text: to

text: the

text: battlefield

text: once

text: more

text: Jayapala

text: however

text: lost

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: region

text: between

text: the

text: Kabul

text: Valley

text: and

text: Indus

text: River

question: In what id Jayapala see a danger to his dynasty?

answer: consolidation of the Ghaznavids

text: consolidation of the Ghaznavids

question: What city did Jayapala invade at least twice?

answer: Ghazni

text: Ghazni

question: Who defeated Jayapala and required an indemnity payment?

answer: Sebuk Tigin

text: Sebuk Tigin

question: What part of the area did Jayapala lose?

answer: Kabul Valley and Indus River

text: Kabul Valley and Indus River

question: What was Jayapala's response to the indemnity payment?

answer: defaulted

text: defaulted


text: Proteins are structural materials in much of the animal body (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair). They also form the enzymes that control chemical reactions throughout the body. Each protein molecule is composed of amino acids, which are characterized by inclusion of nitrogen and sometimes sulphur (these components are responsible for the distinctive smell of burning protein, such as the keratin in hair). The body requires amino acids to produce new proteins (protein retention) and to replace damaged proteins (maintenance). As there is no protein or amino acid storage provision, amino acids must be present in the diet. Excess amino acids are discarded, typically in the urine. For all animals, some amino acids are essential (an animal cannot produce them internally) and some are non-essential (the animal can produce them from other nitrogen-containing compounds). About twenty amino acids are found in the human body, and about ten of these are essential and, therefore, must be included in the diet. A diet that contains adequate amounts of amino acids (especially those that are essential) is particularly important in some situations: during early development and maturation, pregnancy, lactation, or injury (a burn, for instance). A complete protein source contains all the essential amino acids; an incomplete protein source lacks one or more of the essential amino acids.

title: Nutrition

title: Nutrition

text: Proteins

text: are

text: structural

text: materials

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: animal

text: body

text: e.g.

text: muscles

text: skin

text: and

text: hair

text: They

text: also

text: form

text: the

text: enzymes

text: that

text: control

text: chemical

text: reactions

text: throughout

text: the

text: body

text: Each

text: protein

text: molecule

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: amino

text: acids

text: which

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: inclusion

text: of

text: nitrogen

text: and

text: sometimes

text: sulphur

text: these

text: components

text: are

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: distinctive

text: smell

text: of

text: burning

text: protein

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: keratin

text: in

text: hair

text: The

text: body

text: requires

text: amino

text: acids

text: to

text: produce

text: new

text: proteins

text: protein

text: retention

text: and

text: to

text: replace

text: damaged

text: proteins

text: maintenance

text: As

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: protein

text: or

text: amino

text: acid

text: storage

text: provision

text: amino

text: acids

text: must

text: be

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: diet

text: Excess

text: amino

text: acids

text: are

text: discarded

text: typically

text: in

text: the

text: urine

text: For

text: all

text: animals

text: some

text: amino

text: acids

text: are

text: essential

text: an

text: animal

text: can

text: not

text: produce

text: them

text: internally

text: and

text: some

text: are

text: non

text: essential

text: the

text: animal

text: can

text: produce

text: them

text: from

text: other

text: nitrogen

text: containing

text: compounds

text: About

text: twenty

text: amino

text: acids

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: human

text: body

text: and

text: about

text: ten

text: of

text: these

text: are

text: essential

text: and

text: therefore

text: must

text: be

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: diet

text: A

text: diet

text: that

text: contains

text: adequate

text: amounts

text: of

text: amino

text: acids

text: especially

text: those

text: that

text: are

text: essential

text: is

text: particularly

text: important

text: in

text: some

text: situations

text: during

text: early

text: development

text: and

text: maturation

text: pregnancy

text: lactation

text: or

text: injury

text: a

text: burn

text: for

text: instance

text: A

text: complete

text: protein

text: source

text: contains

text: all

text: the

text: essential

text: amino

text: acids

text: an

text: incomplete

text: protein

text: source

text: lacks

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: of

text: the

text: essential

text: amino

text: acids

question: What primarily makes up the enzymes in our body that regulate the chemical reactions that occur?

answer: Proteins

text: Proteins

question: What is the primary component of every protein?

answer: amino acids

text: amino acids

question: What is the term that refers to the body process that produces new proteins?

answer: protein retention

text: protein retention

question: When the body no longer needs the amino acids that are present, through which excretion are they lost?

answer: urine

text: urine

question: Approximately how many amino acid types does the human body generally have?

answer: twenty

text: twenty


text: The many institutions on 187th Street include Mount Sinai Jewish Center, the Dombrov Shtiebel, and the uptown campus of Yeshiva University. The local public elementary school P.S. 187 is located on Cabrini Boulevard, just north of the eponymous 187th Street

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: The

text: many

text: institutions

text: on

text: Street

text: include

text: Mount

text: Sinai

text: Jewish

text: Center

text: the

text: Dombrov

text: Shtiebel

text: and

text: the

text: uptown

text: campus

text: of

text: Yeshiva

text: University

text: The

text: local

text: public

text: elementary

text: school

text: P.S.

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: Cabrini

text: Boulevard

text: just

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: eponymous

text: Street

question: Which school is located on Cabrini Boulevard?

answer: P.S. 187

text: P.S. 187

question: On what street is the Dombrov Shtiebel?

answer: 187th Street

text: 187th Street

question: Which University has a campus on 187th Street?

answer: Yeshiva University

text: Yeshiva University

question: Cabrini Boulevard is just north of what street?

answer: 187th Street

text: 187th Street

question: On what street is the Mount Sinai Jewish Center?

answer: 187th Street

text: 187th Street


text: In February 1981, Queen travelled to South America as part of The Game Tour, and became the first major rock band to play in Latin American stadiums. The tour included five shows in Argentina, one of which drew the largest single concert crowd in Argentine history with an audience of 300,000 in Buenos Aires and two concerts at the Morumbi Stadium in São Paulo, Brazil, where they played to an audience of more than 131,000 people in the first night (then the largest paying audience for a single band anywhere in the world) and more than 120,000 people the following night. In October of the same year, Queen performed for more than 150,000 fans on 9 October at Monterrey (Estadio Universitario) and 17 and 18 at Puebla (Estadio Zaragoza), Mexico. On 24 and 25 November, Queen played two sell out nights at the Montreal Forum, Quebec, Canada. One of Mercury's most notable performances of The Game's final track, "Save Me", took place in Montreal, and the concert is recorded in the live album, Queen Rock Montreal.

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: In

text: February

text: Queen

text: travelled

text: to

text: South

text: America

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: The

text: Game

text: Tour

text: and

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: major

text: rock

text: band

text: to

text: play

text: in

text: Latin

text: American

text: stadiums

text: The

text: tour

text: included

text: five

text: shows

text: in

text: Argentina

text: one

text: of

text: which

text: drew

text: the

text: largest

text: single

text: concert

text: crowd

text: in

text: Argentine

text: history

text: with

text: an

text: audience

text: of

text: in

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: and

text: two

text: concerts

text: at

text: the

text: Morumbi

text: Stadium

text: in

text: São

text: Paulo

text: Brazil

text: where

text: they

text: played

text: to

text: an

text: audience

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: night

text: then

text: the

text: largest

text: paying

text: audience

text: for

text: a

text: single

text: band

text: anywhere

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: people

text: the

text: following

text: night

text: In

text: October

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: Queen

text: performed

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: fans

text: on

text: October

text: at

text: Monterrey

text: Estadio

text: Universitario

text: and

text: and

text: at

text: Puebla

text: Estadio

text: Zaragoza

text: Mexico

text: On

text: and

text: November

text: Queen

text: played

text: two

text: sell

text: out

text: nights

text: at

text: the

text: Montreal

text: Forum

text: Quebec

text: Canada

text: One

text: of

text: Mercury

text: 's

text: most

text: notable

text: performances

text: of

text: The

text: Game

text: 's

text: final

text: track

text: Save

text: Me

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: Montreal

text: and

text: the

text: concert

text: is

text: recorded

text: in

text: the

text: live

text: album

text: Queen

text: Rock

text: Montreal

question: What band was the first major band to play in Latin American stadiums?

answer: Queen

text: Queen

question: The Game Tour of the band Queen included how many shows in Argentina?

answer: five

text: five

question: How large was Queen's record audience in Argentina?

answer: 300,000

question: What was the final track on Queen's The Game?

answer: Save Me

text: Save Me

question: What sold out venue did Queen play in Canada?

answer: Montreal Forum

text: Montreal Forum


text: Relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim have not always been warm. North African Sepharadim and Berber Jews were often looked upon by Ashkenazim as second-class citizens during the first decade after the creation of Israel. This has led to protest movements such as the Israeli Black Panthers led by Saadia Marciano a Moroccan Jew. Nowadays, relations are getting better. In some instances, Ashkenazi communities have accepted significant numbers of Sephardi newcomers, sometimes resulting in intermarriage.

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

text: Relations

text: between

text: Ashkenazim

text: and

text: Sephardim

text: have

text: not

text: always

text: been

text: warm

text: North

text: African

text: Sepharadim

text: and

text: Berber

text: Jews

text: were

text: often

text: looked

text: upon

text: by

text: Ashkenazim

text: as

text: second

text: class

text: citizens

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: decade

text: after

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: Israel

text: This

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: protest

text: movements

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Israeli

text: Black

text: Panthers

text: led

text: by

text: Saadia

text: Marciano

text: a

text: Moroccan

text: Jew

text: Nowadays

text: relations

text: are

text: getting

text: better

text: In

text: some

text: instances

text: Ashkenazi

text: communities

text: have

text: accepted

text: significant

text: numbers

text: of

text: Sephardi

text: newcomers

text: sometimes

text: resulting

text: in

text: intermarriage

question: In the past have relations between Ashkenazim and Sephardim tended to be warm or cold?

answer: have not always been warm

text: have not always been warm

question: How did the Ashkenazim view north African Sepharadim and Berber Jews?

answer: as second-class citizens

text: as second-class citizens

question: Who led the Israeli Black Panthers?

answer: Saadia Marciano

text: Saadia Marciano

question: Where was Saadia Marciano from?

answer: Moroccan Jew

text: Moroccan Jew

question: What did Saadia Marciano do with the Israeli Black Panthers?

answer: led to protest movements

text: led to protest movements


text: This position was carried by the D.C. Statehood Party, a political party; it has since merged with the local Green Party affiliate to form the D.C. Statehood Green Party. The nearest this movement ever came to success was in 1978, when Congress passed the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment. Two years later in 1980, local citizens passed an initiative calling for a constitutional convention for a new state. In 1982, voters ratified the constitution of the state, which was to be called New Columbia. The drive for statehood stalled in 1985, however, when the Washington, D.C. Voting Rights Amendment failed because not enough states ratified the amendment within the seven-year span specified.

title: 51st_state

title: 51st_state

text: This

text: position

text: was

text: carried

text: by

text: the

text: D.C.

text: Statehood

text: Party

text: a

text: political

text: party

text: it

text: has

text: since

text: merged

text: with

text: the

text: local

text: Green

text: Party

text: affiliate

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: D.C.

text: Statehood

text: Green

text: Party

text: The

text: nearest

text: this

text: movement

text: ever

text: came

text: to

text: success

text: was

text: in

text: when

text: Congress

text: passed

text: the

text: District

text: of

text: Columbia

text: Voting

text: Rights

text: Amendment

text: Two

text: years

text: later

text: in

text: local

text: citizens

text: passed

text: an

text: initiative

text: calling

text: for

text: a

text: constitutional

text: convention

text: for

text: a

text: new

text: state

text: In

text: voters

text: ratified

text: the

text: constitution

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: which

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: called

text: New

text: Columbia

text: The

text: drive

text: for

text: statehood

text: stalled

text: in

text: however

text: when

text: the

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: Voting

text: Rights

text: Amendment

text: failed

text: because

text: not

text: enough

text: states

text: ratified

text: the

text: amendment

text: within

text: the

text: seven

text: year

text: span

text: specified

question: What party carried the position of D.C. Statehood?

answer: D.C. Statehood Party

text: D.C. Statehood Party

question: What party did the D.C. Statehood Party merge when?

answer: the local Green Party affiliate

text: the local Green Party affiliate

question: When did the movement get closest to success?

answer: 1978

question: What would be the new name of the D.C. State?

answer: New Columbia

text: New Columbia

question: When did the drive for statehood falter?

answer: 1985

question: What party carried the position of Columbia statehood?

text: D.C. Statehood Party

question: What party did the Washington Party merge with?

text: the local Green Party affiliate

question: When did Columbia get closest to success?

question: What would be the new name of the Columbia state?

text: New Columbia

question: When did the drive for Columbian statehood falter?


text: In the 20th century, new types of glass such as laminated glass, reinforced glass and glass bricks have increased the use of glass as a building material and resulted in new applications of glass. Multi-storey buildings are frequently constructed with curtain walls made almost entirely of glass. Similarly, laminated glass has been widely applied to vehicles for windscreens. While glass containers have always been used for storage and are valued for their hygienic properties, glass has been utilized increasingly in industry. Optical glass for spectacles has been used since the late Middle Ages. The production of lenses has become increasingly proficient, aiding astronomers as well as having other application in medicine and science. Glass is also employed as the aperture cover in many solar energy systems.

title: Glass

title: Glass

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: new

text: types

text: of

text: glass

text: such

text: as

text: laminated

text: glass

text: reinforced

text: glass

text: and

text: glass

text: bricks

text: have

text: increased

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: glass

text: as

text: a

text: building

text: material

text: and

text: resulted

text: in

text: new

text: applications

text: of

text: glass

text: Multi

text: storey

text: buildings

text: are

text: frequently

text: constructed

text: with

text: curtain

text: walls

text: made

text: almost

text: entirely

text: of

text: glass

text: Similarly

text: laminated

text: glass

text: has

text: been

text: widely

text: applied

text: to

text: vehicles

text: for

text: windscreens

text: While

text: glass

text: containers

text: have

text: always

text: been

text: used

text: for

text: storage

text: and

text: are

text: valued

text: for

text: their

text: hygienic

text: properties

text: glass

text: has

text: been

text: utilized

text: increasingly

text: in

text: industry

text: Optical

text: glass

text: for

text: spectacles

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: since

text: the

text: late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: The

text: production

text: of

text: lenses

text: has

text: become

text: increasingly

text: proficient

text: aiding

text: astronomers

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: having

text: other

text: application

text: in

text: medicine

text: and

text: science

text: Glass

text: is

text: also

text: employed

text: as

text: the

text: aperture

text: cover

text: in

text: many

text: solar

text: energy

text: systems

question: What type of glass is used in cars?

answer: laminated

text: laminated

question: When did eyeglasses originate?

answer: late Middle Ages

text: late Middle Ages

question: The walls of skyscrapers are often made of what material?

answer: glass

text: glass

question: What type of power systems use glass?

answer: solar

text: solar

question: What type of scientists rely on glass for distant observations?

answer: astronomers

text: astronomers

question: What type of glass is used in aperture covers?

text: laminated

question: When did multi-storey buildings originate?

text: late Middle Ages

question: Walls used for storage are often made of what material?

text: glass

question: What type of power systems use curtains?

text: solar

question: What type of scientists rely on windscreens for distant observations?

text: astronomers


text: The first successful light bulb filaments were made of carbon (from carbonized paper or bamboo). Early carbon filaments had a negative temperature coefficient of resistance — as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased. This made the lamp sensitive to fluctuations in the power supply, since a small increase of voltage would cause the filament to heat up, reducing its resistance and causing it to draw even more power and heat even further. In the "flashing" process, carbon filaments were heated by current passing through them while in an evacuated vessel containing hydrocarbon vapor (usually gasoline). The carbon deposited on the filament by this treatment improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency. A metallized or "graphitized" filament was first heated in a high-temperature oven before flashing and lamp assembly. This transformed the carbon into graphite which further strengthened and smoothed the filament. This also changed the filament to have a positive temperature coefficient, like a metallic conductor, and helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: The

text: first

text: successful

text: light

text: bulb

text: filaments

text: were

text: made

text: of

text: carbon

text: from

text: carbonized

text: paper

text: or

text: bamboo

text: Early

text: carbon

text: filaments

text: had

text: a

text: negative

text: temperature

text: coefficient

text: of

text: resistance

text: as

text: they

text: got

text: hotter

text: their

text: electrical

text: resistance

text: decreased

text: This

text: made

text: the

text: lamp

text: sensitive

text: to

text: fluctuations

text: in

text: the

text: power

text: supply

text: since

text: a

text: small

text: increase

text: of

text: voltage

text: would

text: cause

text: the

text: filament

text: to

text: heat

text: up

text: reducing

text: its

text: resistance

text: and

text: causing

text: it

text: to

text: draw

text: even

text: more

text: power

text: and

text: heat

text: even

text: further

text: In

text: the

text: flashing

text: process

text: carbon

text: filaments

text: were

text: heated

text: by

text: current

text: passing

text: through

text: them

text: while

text: in

text: an

text: evacuated

text: vessel

text: containing

text: hydrocarbon

text: vapor

text: usually

text: gasoline

text: The

text: carbon

text: deposited

text: on

text: the

text: filament

text: by

text: this

text: treatment

text: improved

text: the

text: uniformity

text: and

text: strength

text: of

text: filaments

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: their

text: efficiency

text: A

text: metallized

text: or

text: graphitized

text: filament

text: was

text: first

text: heated

text: in

text: a

text: high

text: temperature

text: oven

text: before

text: flashing

text: and

text: lamp

text: assembly

text: This

text: transformed

text: the

text: carbon

text: into

text: graphite

text: which

text: further

text: strengthened

text: and

text: smoothed

text: the

text: filament

text: This

text: also

text: changed

text: the

text: filament

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: positive

text: temperature

text: coefficient

text: like

text: a

text: metallic

text: conductor

text: and

text: helped

text: stabilize

text: the

text: lamp

text: 's

text: power

text: consumption

text: temperature

text: and

text: light

text: output

text: against

text: minor

text: variations

text: in

text: supply

text: voltage

question: What material were the first light bulb filaments made from?

answer: carbon

text: carbon

question: What was the primary problem with early carbon filaments?

answer: as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased

text: as they got hotter, their electrical resistance decreased

question: What were the positive effects of the flashing process?

answer: improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency

text: improved the uniformity and strength of filaments as well as their efficiency

question: What properties of graphite improved the filament?

answer: further strengthened and smoothed the filament

text: further strengthened and smoothed the filament

question: What are the effects of giving the filament a positive temperature coefficient?

answer: helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage

text: helped stabilize the lamp's power consumption, temperature and light output against minor variations in supply voltage

question: What were the first failed light bulb filaments made from?

text: carbon

question: What had a positive temperature coefficient of resistence?

text: Early carbon filaments

question: What was not a problem for early carbon filaments?

question: What were negative effects of the flashing process?

question: What did not further strengthen and did not smooth the filament?