text: Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands. Keith S. Chambers and Doug Munro (1980) identified Niutao as the island that Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa sailed past on 5 May 1781, thus solving what Europeans had called The Mystery of Gran Cocal. Mourelle's map and journal named the island El Gran Cocal ('The Great Coconut Plantation'); however, the latitude and longitude was uncertain. Longitude could only be reckoned crudely as accurate chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: Captain

text: John

text: Byron

text: passed

text: through

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Tuvalu

text: in

text: during

text: his

text: circumnavigation

text: of

text: the

text: globe

text: as

text: captain

text: of

text: the

text: Dolphin

text: Byron

text: charted

text: the

text: atolls

text: as

text: Lagoon

text: Islands

text: Keith

text: S.

text: Chambers

text: and

text: Doug

text: Munro

text: identified

text: Niutao

text: as

text: the

text: island

text: that

text: Francisco

text: Mourelle

text: de

text: la

text: Rúa

text: sailed

text: past

text: on

text: May

text: thus

text: solving

text: what

text: Europeans

text: had

text: called

text: The

text: Mystery

text: of

text: Gran

text: Cocal

text: Mourelle

text: 's

text: map

text: and

text: journal

text: named

text: the

text: island

text: El

text: Gran

text: Cocal

text: The

text: Great

text: Coconut

text: Plantation

text: however

text: the

text: latitude

text: and

text: longitude

text: was

text: uncertain

text: Longitude

text: could

text: only

text: be

text: reckoned

text: crudely

text: as

text: accurate

text: chronometers

text: were

text: unavailable

text: until

text: the

text: late

text: century

question: What explorer traveled through the Tuvalu islands in 1764?

answer: Captain John Byron

text: Captain John Byron

question: What was Captain Byron doing when he visited Tuvalu?

answer: circumnavigation of the globe

text: circumnavigation of the globe

question: How did Byron name the Tuvalu islands?

answer: Lagoon Islands

text: Lagoon Islands

question: Which island of Tuvalu was identified as the one that Mourelle sailed past in 1781?

answer: Niutao

text: Niutao

question: When were chronometers available for accurate location charting?

answer: late 18th

text: late 18th


text: After the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776, the Connecticut colonial government ordered the construction of Black Rock Fort (to be built on top of an older 17th-century fort) to protect the port of New Haven. In 1779, during the Battle of New Haven, British soldiers captured Black Rock Fort and burned the barracks to the ground. The fort was reconstructed in 1807 by the federal government (on orders from the Thomas Jefferson administration), and rechristened Fort Nathan Hale, after the Revolutionary War hero who had lived in New Haven. The cannons of Fort Nathan Hale were successful in defying British war ships during the War of 1812. In 1863, during the Civil War, a second Fort Hale was built next to the original, complete with bomb-resistant bunkers and a moat, to defend the city should a Southern raid against New Haven be launched. The United States Congress deeded the site to the state in 1921, and all three versions of the fort have been restored. The site is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places and receives thousands of visitors each year.

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

text: After

text: the

text: American

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: broke

text: out

text: in

text: the

text: Connecticut

text: colonial

text: government

text: ordered

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: Black

text: Rock

text: Fort

text: to

text: be

text: built

text: on

text: top

text: of

text: an

text: older

text: century

text: fort

text: to

text: protect

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: New

text: Haven

text: In

text: during

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: New

text: Haven

text: British

text: soldiers

text: captured

text: Black

text: Rock

text: Fort

text: and

text: burned

text: the

text: barracks

text: to

text: the

text: ground

text: The

text: fort

text: was

text: reconstructed

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: on

text: orders

text: from

text: the

text: Thomas

text: Jefferson

text: administration

text: and

text: rechristened

text: Fort

text: Nathan

text: Hale

text: after

text: the

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: hero

text: who

text: had

text: lived

text: in

text: New

text: Haven

text: The

text: cannons

text: of

text: Fort

text: Nathan

text: Hale

text: were

text: successful

text: in

text: defying

text: British

text: war

text: ships

text: during

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: In

text: during

text: the

text: Civil

text: War

text: a

text: second

text: Fort

text: Hale

text: was

text: built

text: next

text: to

text: the

text: original

text: complete

text: with

text: bomb

text: resistant

text: bunkers

text: and

text: a

text: moat

text: to

text: defend

text: the

text: city

text: should

text: a

text: Southern

text: raid

text: against

text: New

text: Haven

text: be

text: launched

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Congress

text: deeded

text: the

text: site

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: in

text: and

text: all

text: three

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: fort

text: have

text: been

text: restored

text: The

text: site

text: is

text: now

text: listed

text: on

text: the

text: National

text: Register

text: of

text: Historic

text: Places

text: and

text: receives

text: thousands

text: of

text: visitors

text: each

text: year

question: What structure was ordered to be built in New Haven in 1776 to protect the port at the outset of the Revolutionary War?

answer: Black Rock Fort

text: Black Rock Fort

question: In what year was Black Rock Fort captured by the British in New Haven and incinerated?

answer: 1779

question: After which revolutionary war hero and New Haven native was Black Rock Fort rechristened upon reconstruction in 1807?

answer: Nathan Hale

text: Nathan Hale

question: What two fortifications distinguished the second Fort Hale built in New Haven during the Civil War?

answer: bomb-resistant bunkers and a moat

text: bomb-resistant bunkers and a moat

question: In what year did the U.S. Congress afford Connecticut the deed to the site at Fort Hale in New Haven?

answer: 1921

question: Black Rock Fort was built in response to what event in the 18th century?

answer: the American Revolutionary War

text: the American Revolutionary War

question: The fort was destroy during the fighting only to be rebuilt in what year?

answer: 1807

question: Why exactly was the fort rename to Fort Nathan Hale?

answer: Revolutionary War hero

text: Revolutionary War hero

question: During the Civil War, New Haven needed to be further fortify incase of another invasion, what structure did the city built?

answer: a second Fort Hale was built

text: a second Fort Hale was built

question: The federal government pass the ownership of the fort to the state of Connecticut, what year was this?

answer: 1921


text: Until 1917, it was possible for someone who was not a priest, but only in minor orders, to become a cardinal (see "lay cardinals", below), but they were enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. In 1917 it was established that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops, even if they are only priests at the time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals aged over 80 or close to it when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but one of them, Roberto Tucci, lived long enough to exercise the right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest.

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism

text: Until

text: it

text: was

text: possible

text: for

text: someone

text: who

text: was

text: not

text: a

text: priest

text: but

text: only

text: in

text: minor

text: orders

text: to

text: become

text: a

text: cardinal

text: see

text: lay

text: cardinals

text: below

text: but

text: they

text: were

text: enrolled

text: only

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: of

text: cardinal

text: deacons

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Reginald

text: Pole

text: was

text: a

text: cardinal

text: for

text: years

text: before

text: he

text: was

text: ordained

text: a

text: priest

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: established

text: that

text: all

text: cardinals

text: even

text: cardinal

text: deacons

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: priests

text: and

text: in

text: Pope

text: John

text: XXIII

text: set

text: the

text: norm

text: that

text: all

text: cardinals

text: be

text: ordained

text: as

text: bishops

text: even

text: if

text: they

text: are

text: only

text: priests

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: appointment

text: As

text: a

text: consequence

text: of

text: these

text: two

text: changes

text: canon

text: of

text: the

text: Code

text: of

text: Canon

text: Law

text: requires

text: that

text: a

text: cardinal

text: be

text: at

text: least

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: of

text: priesthood

text: at

text: his

text: appointment

text: and

text: that

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: not

text: already

text: bishops

text: must

text: receive

text: episcopal

text: consecration

text: Several

text: cardinals

text: aged

text: over

text: or

text: close

text: to

text: it

text: when

text: appointed

text: have

text: obtained

text: dispensation

text: from

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: having

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: bishop

text: These

text: were

text: all

text: appointed

text: cardinal

text: deacons

text: but

text: one

text: of

text: them

text: Roberto

text: Tucci

text: lived

text: long

text: enough

text: to

text: exercise

text: the

text: right

text: of

text: option

text: and

text: be

text: promoted

text: to

text: the

text: rank

text: of

text: cardinal

text: priest

question: In what year did the practice of allowing non priests to become Cardinals stop?

answer: 1917

question: In what year was it declared that Cardinals had to be bishops?

answer: 1962

question: What was possible for someone to become who was not a priest, but only in major orders?

text: a cardinal

question: Who was enrolled only in the order of cardinal laymen?

text: lay cardinals

question: What year did Pope John XX set the norm that all cardinals be ordained as bishops?

question: What canon does not require that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment?

text: canon 351

question: What year did the practice of allowing nuns to become Cardinals stop?


text: Later, von Neumann suggested a new method of linear programming, using the homogeneous linear system of Gordan (1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative least squares subproblem with a convexity constraint (projecting the zero-vector onto the convex hull of the active simplex). Von Neumann's algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: Later

text: von

text: Neumann

text: suggested

text: a

text: new

text: method

text: of

text: linear

text: programming

text: using

text: the

text: homogeneous

text: linear

text: system

text: of

text: Gordan

text: which

text: was

text: later

text: popularized

text: by

text: Karmarkar

text: 's

text: algorithm

text: Von

text: Neumann

text: 's

text: method

text: used

text: a

text: pivoting

text: algorithm

text: between

text: simplices

text: with

text: the

text: pivoting

text: decision

text: determined

text: by

text: a

text: nonnegative

text: least

text: squares

text: subproblem

text: with

text: a

text: convexity

text: constraint

text: projecting

text: the

text: zero

text: vector

text: onto

text: the

text: convex

text: hull

text: of

text: the

text: active

text: simplex

text: Von

text: Neumann

text: 's

text: algorithm

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: interior

text: point

text: method

text: of

text: linear

text: programming

question: What was the new method of linear programming that von Neumann suggested?

answer: homogeneous linear system of Gordan

text: homogeneous linear system of Gordan

question: What did von Neuman's method use?

answer: pivoting algorithm between simplices

text: pivoting algorithm between simplices

question: What was von Neumann's method known to be the first of?

answer: algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.

text: algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.


text: The Houston Theater District, located downtown, is home to nine major performing arts organizations and six performance halls. It is the second-largest concentration of theater seats in a downtown area in the United States. Houston is one of few United States cities with permanent, professional, resident companies in all major performing arts disciplines: opera (Houston Grand Opera), ballet (Houston Ballet), music (Houston Symphony Orchestra), and theater (The Alley Theatre). Houston is also home to folk artists, art groups and various small progressive arts organizations. Houston attracts many touring Broadway acts, concerts, shows, and exhibitions for a variety of interests. Facilities in the Theater District include the Jones Hall—home of the Houston Symphony Orchestra and Society for the Performing Arts—and the Hobby Center for the Performing Arts.

title: Houston

title: Houston

text: The

text: Houston

text: Theater

text: District

text: located

text: downtown

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: nine

text: major

text: performing

text: arts

text: organizations

text: and

text: six

text: performance

text: halls

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: concentration

text: of

text: theater

text: seats

text: in

text: a

text: downtown

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Houston

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: few

text: United

text: States

text: cities

text: with

text: permanent

text: professional

text: resident

text: companies

text: in

text: all

text: major

text: performing

text: arts

text: disciplines

text: opera

text: Houston

text: Grand

text: Opera

text: ballet

text: Houston

text: Ballet

text: music

text: Houston

text: Symphony

text: Orchestra

text: and

text: theater

text: The

text: Alley

text: Theatre

text: Houston

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: folk

text: artists

text: art

text: groups

text: and

text: various

text: small

text: progressive

text: arts

text: organizations

text: Houston

text: attracts

text: many

text: touring

text: Broadway

text: acts

text: concerts

text: shows

text: and

text: exhibitions

text: for

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: interests

text: Facilities

text: in

text: the

text: Theater

text: District

text: include

text: the

text: Jones

text: Hall

text: home

text: of

text: the

text: Houston

text: Symphony

text: Orchestra

text: and

text: Society

text: for

text: the

text: Performing

text: Arts

text: and

text: the

text: Hobby

text: Center

text: for

text: the

text: Performing

text: Arts

question: What area of Houston hosts performing arts?

answer: Houston Theater District

text: Houston Theater District

question: Of what is Houston second in performing arts?

answer: theater seats

text: theater seats

question: To what type of arts is Houston home?

answer: major performing arts

text: major performing arts

question: To what group is Jones Hall home?

answer: Houston Symphony Orchestra

text: Houston Symphony Orchestra

question: Besides Jones Hall, what other organization is housed in the Theater District?

answer: Hobby Center for the Performing Arts

text: Hobby Center for the Performing Arts

question: What area of Houston hosts visual arts?

text: Houston Theater District

question: Of what is Houston fourth in performing arts?

text: theater seats

question: To what type of arts is Texas home?

text: all major performing

question: What company is Jones Hall owned by?

text: Houston Symphony Orchestra

question: Besides Jones Hall, what other organization is housed in the Movie District?

text: Hobby Center for the Performing Arts


text: Barcelona is one of the most supported teams in the world, and has the largest social media following in the world among sports teams. Barcelona's players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards (11), as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards (7). In 2010, the club made history when three players who came through its youth academy (Messi, Iniesta and Xavi) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school.

title: FC_Barcelona

title: FC_Barcelona

text: Barcelona

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: supported

text: teams

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: has

text: the

text: largest

text: social

text: media

text: following

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: among

text: sports

text: teams

text: Barcelona

text: 's

text: players

text: have

text: won

text: a

text: record

text: number

text: of

text: Ballon

text: d'Or

text: awards

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: record

text: number

text: of

text: FIFA

text: World

text: Player

text: of

text: the

text: Year

text: awards

text: In

text: the

text: club

text: made

text: history

text: when

text: three

text: players

text: who

text: came

text: through

text: its

text: youth

text: academy

text: Messi

text: Iniesta

text: and

text: Xavi

text: were

text: chosen

text: as

text: the

text: three

text: best

text: players

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: the

text: FIFA

text: Ballon

text: d'Or

text: awards

text: an

text: unprecedented

text: feat

text: for

text: players

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: football

text: school

question: Which sports team has the world's largest social media following?

answer: Barcelona

text: Barcelona

question: How Ballon d'Or awards have members of the Barcelona team won?

answer: 11

question: How amny FIFA World Player of the Year have members of FC Barcelona won?

answer: 7

question: How amny of Barcelona's players were picked as the three best players of the year in 2010?

answer: three

text: three

question: Where did Messi, Iniesta and Xavi learn their football in Barcelona?

answer: youth academy

text: youth academy


text: Panelization is a procedure whereby a number of PCBs are grouped for manufacturing onto a larger board - the panel. Usually a panel consists of a single design but sometimes multiple designs are mixed on a single panel. There are two types of panels: assembly panels - often called arrays - and bare board manufacturing panels. The assemblers often mount components on panels rather than single PCBs because this is efficient. The bare board manufactures always uses panels, not only for efficiency, but because of the requirements the plating process. Thus a manufacturing panel can consist of a grouping of individual PCBs or of arrays, depending on what must be delivered.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: Panelization

text: is

text: a

text: procedure

text: whereby

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: PCBs

text: are

text: grouped

text: for

text: manufacturing

text: onto

text: a

text: larger

text: board

text: the

text: panel

text: Usually

text: a

text: panel

text: consists

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: design

text: but

text: sometimes

text: multiple

text: designs

text: are

text: mixed

text: on

text: a

text: single

text: panel

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: types

text: of

text: panels

text: assembly

text: panels

text: often

text: called

text: arrays

text: and

text: bare

text: board

text: manufacturing

text: panels

text: The

text: assemblers

text: often

text: mount

text: components

text: on

text: panels

text: rather

text: than

text: single

text: PCBs

text: because

text: this

text: is

text: efficient

text: The

text: bare

text: board

text: manufactures

text: always

text: uses

text: panels

text: not

text: only

text: for

text: efficiency

text: but

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: requirements

text: the

text: plating

text: process

text: Thus

text: a

text: manufacturing

text: panel

text: can

text: consist

text: of

text: a

text: grouping

text: of

text: individual

text: PCBs

text: or

text: of

text: arrays

text: depending

text: on

text: what

text: must

text: be

text: delivered

question: What process groups PCBs before transfer to a panel?

answer: Panelization

text: Panelization

question: Is it more common for panels to have a single design or many designs?

answer: a single design

text: a single design

question: What type of panels can also be referred to as an "array?'

answer: assembly panels

text: assembly panels

question: Besides assembly panels, what's the other type of panel?

answer: bare board manufacturing panels

text: bare board manufacturing panels

question: What step of the bare board manufacture would be impossible if panels weren't always used?

answer: the plating process

text: the plating process

question: Usually a panel consists of multiple designs, but sometimes what?

question: The two types of portals are what?

question: Depending on what must be discussed, a manufacturing panel can consist of what?

question: Assemblers often mount components on portals rather than single PCBs why?

text: this is efficient


text: Social insects, such as termites, ants and many bees and wasps, are the most familiar species of eusocial animal. They live together in large well-organized colonies that may be so tightly integrated and genetically similar that the colonies of some species are sometimes considered superorganisms. It is sometimes argued that the various species of honey bee are the only invertebrates (and indeed one of the few non-human groups) to have evolved a system of abstract symbolic communication where a behavior is used to represent and convey specific information about something in the environment. In this communication system, called dance language, the angle at which a bee dances represents a direction relative to the sun, and the length of the dance represents the distance to be flown.:309–311 Though perhaps not as advanced as honey bees, bumblebees also potentially have some social communication behaviors. Bombus terrestris, for example, exhibit a faster learning curve for visiting unfamiliar, yet rewarding flowers, when they can see a conspecific foraging on the same species.

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: Social

text: insects

text: such

text: as

text: termites

text: ants

text: and

text: many

text: bees

text: and

text: wasps

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: familiar

text: species

text: of

text: eusocial

text: animal

text: They

text: live

text: together

text: in

text: large

text: well

text: organized

text: colonies

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: so

text: tightly

text: integrated

text: and

text: genetically

text: similar

text: that

text: the

text: colonies

text: of

text: some

text: species

text: are

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: superorganisms

text: It

text: is

text: sometimes

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: various

text: species

text: of

text: honey

text: bee

text: are

text: the

text: only

text: invertebrates

text: and

text: indeed

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: non

text: human

text: groups

text: to

text: have

text: evolved

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: abstract

text: symbolic

text: communication

text: where

text: a

text: behavior

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: represent

text: and

text: convey

text: specific

text: information

text: about

text: something

text: in

text: the

text: environment

text: In

text: this

text: communication

text: system

text: called

text: dance

text: language

text: the

text: angle

text: at

text: which

text: a

text: bee

text: dances

text: represents

text: a

text: direction

text: relative

text: to

text: the

text: sun

text: and

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: dance

text: represents

text: the

text: distance

text: to

text: be

text: Though

text: perhaps

text: not

text: as

text: advanced

text: as

text: honey

text: bees

text: bumblebees

text: also

text: potentially

text: have

text: some

text: social

text: communication

text: behaviors

text: Bombus

text: terrestris

text: for

text: example

text: exhibit

text: a

text: faster

text: learning

text: curve

text: for

text: visiting

text: unfamiliar

text: yet

text: rewarding

text: flowers

text: when

text: they

text: can

text: see

text: a

text: conspecific

text: foraging

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: species

question: Termites are considered what type of insect?

answer: Social

text: Social

question: Termites, bees, wasps, and what other insect are social insects?

answer: ants

text: ants

question: What is another term for social insect?

answer: eusocial animal

text: eusocial animal

question: Social insects live in well organized what?

answer: colonies

text: colonies

question: The method that a bee dances is called what?

answer: dance language

text: dance language


text: Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see. Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light. Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source.

title: Infrared

title: Infrared

text: Infrared

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: night

text: vision

text: equipment

text: when

text: there

text: is

text: insufficient

text: visible

text: light

text: to

text: see

text: Night

text: vision

text: devices

text: operate

text: through

text: a

text: process

text: involving

text: the

text: conversion

text: of

text: ambient

text: light

text: photons

text: into

text: electrons

text: that

text: are

text: then

text: amplified

text: by

text: a

text: chemical

text: and

text: electrical

text: process

text: and

text: then

text: converted

text: back

text: into

text: visible

text: light

text: Infrared

text: light

text: sources

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: augment

text: the

text: available

text: ambient

text: light

text: for

text: conversion

text: by

text: night

text: vision

text: devices

text: increasing

text: in

text: the

text: dark

text: visibility

text: without

text: actually

text: using

text: a

text: visible

text: light

text: source

question: What sort of equipment uses the infrared spectrum in the absence of sufficient visible light?

answer: night vision

text: night vision

question: What do night vision devices convert ambient light photons into?

answer: electrons

text: electrons

question: Along with a chemical process, what type of process is used by night vision devices to convert infrared into visible light?

answer: electrical

text: electrical

question: What equipment uses the infrared spectrum with visible light?

text: night vision

question: What do night vision devices convert electrons into?

text: photons

question: By what process do night vision devices convert infrared into photons?

text: electrical

question: What process uses a chemical source to augment ambient light?

text: conversion

question: What does a visible light source increase for a night vision device?

text: in-the-dark visibility


text: In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), noted in its judgement on Jorgic v. Germany case that in 1992 the majority of legal scholars took the narrow view that "intent to destroy" in the CPPCG meant the intended physical-biological destruction of the protected group and that this was still the majority opinion. But the ECHR also noted that a minority took a broader view and did not consider biological-physical destruction was necessary as the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide.

title: Genocide

title: Genocide

text: In

text: the

text: European

text: Court

text: of

text: Human

text: Rights

text: ECHR

text: noted

text: in

text: its

text: judgement

text: on

text: Jorgic

text: v.

text: Germany

text: case

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: legal

text: scholars

text: took

text: the

text: narrow

text: view

text: that

text: intent

text: to

text: destroy

text: in

text: the

text: CPPCG

text: meant

text: the

text: intended

text: physical

text: biological

text: destruction

text: of

text: the

text: protected

text: group

text: and

text: that

text: this

text: was

text: still

text: the

text: majority

text: opinion

text: But

text: the

text: ECHR

text: also

text: noted

text: that

text: a

text: minority

text: took

text: a

text: broader

text: view

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: consider

text: biological

text: physical

text: destruction

text: was

text: necessary

text: as

text: the

text: intent

text: to

text: destroy

text: a

text: national

text: racial

text: religious

text: or

text: ethnic

text: group

text: was

text: enough

text: to

text: qualify

text: as

text: genocide

question: In 2007 what former case did the European Court of Human Rights draw on to further refine qualifiers of genocide?

answer: Jorgic v. Germany

text: Jorgic v. Germany

question: Which group was accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide?

answer: majority of legal scholars

text: majority of legal scholars

question: What form of destruction was considered too limited by a smaller group of experts?

answer: biological-physical

text: biological-physical

question: What groups did the ECHR feel should be included as potential victims of genocide?

answer: national, racial, religious or ethnic

text: national, racial, religious or ethnic

question: What former case did the European Court of Human Rights draw on in 2002 to further refine qualifiers of genocide?

text: Jorgic v. Germany

question: Which group was not accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining genocide?

text: majority of legal scholars

question: What form of destruction was considered  unlimited by a smaller group of experts?

text: biological-physical

question: What groups did the ECHR feel should not be included as potential victims of genocide?

text: national, racial, religious or ethnic

question: in 2007 what former case did the Euopean Court of Human Rights draw onto further refine qualifiers of CPPCG?

text: Jorgic v. Germany

question: Which group was accused by the ECHR of having an overly constricted idea of the meaning of destruction in defining CPPCG?

text: majority of legal scholars

question: What form of destruction was considered too limited by the Germany?

text: biological-physical

question: What groups did the ECHR feel should be included as potential victims of CPPCG?

text: national, racial, religious or ethnic

question: When did the majority of legal scholars take a narrow view on genocide?


text: From 7 September 1940, one year into the war, London was bombed by the Luftwaffe for 57 consecutive nights. More than one million London houses were destroyed or damaged and more than 40,000 civilians were killed, almost half of them in London. Ports and industrial centres outside London were also attacked. The main Atlantic sea port of Liverpool was bombed, causing nearly 4,000 deaths within the Merseyside area during the war. The North Sea port of Hull, a convenient and easily found target or secondary target for bombers unable to locate their primary targets, was subjected to 86 raids in the Hull Blitz during the war, with a conservative estimate of 1,200 civilians killed and 95 percent of its housing stock destroyed or damaged. Other ports including Bristol, Cardiff, Portsmouth, Plymouth, Southampton and Swansea were also bombed, as were the industrial cities of Birmingham, Belfast, Coventry, Glasgow, Manchester and Sheffield. Birmingham and Coventry were chosen because of the Spitfire and tank factories in Birmingham and the many munitions factories in Coventry. The city centre of Coventry was almost destroyed, as was Coventry Cathedral.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: From

text: September

text: one

text: year

text: into

text: the

text: war

text: London

text: was

text: bombed

text: by

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: for

text: consecutive

text: nights

text: More

text: than

text: one

text: million

text: London

text: houses

text: were

text: destroyed

text: or

text: damaged

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: civilians

text: were

text: killed

text: almost

text: half

text: of

text: them

text: in

text: London

text: Ports

text: and

text: industrial

text: centres

text: outside

text: London

text: were

text: also

text: attacked

text: The

text: main

text: Atlantic

text: sea

text: port

text: of

text: Liverpool

text: was

text: bombed

text: causing

text: nearly

text: deaths

text: within

text: the

text: Merseyside

text: area

text: during

text: the

text: war

text: The

text: North

text: Sea

text: port

text: of

text: Hull

text: a

text: convenient

text: and

text: easily

text: found

text: target

text: or

text: secondary

text: target

text: for

text: bombers

text: unable

text: to

text: locate

text: their

text: primary

text: targets

text: was

text: subjected

text: to

text: raids

text: in

text: the

text: Hull

text: Blitz

text: during

text: the

text: war

text: with

text: a

text: conservative

text: estimate

text: of

text: civilians

text: killed

text: and

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: housing

text: stock

text: destroyed

text: or

text: damaged

text: Other

text: ports

text: including

text: Bristol

text: Cardiff

text: Portsmouth

text: Plymouth

text: Southampton

text: and

text: Swansea

text: were

text: also

text: bombed

text: as

text: were

text: the

text: industrial

text: cities

text: of

text: Birmingham

text: Belfast

text: Coventry

text: Glasgow

text: Manchester

text: and

text: Sheffield

text: Birmingham

text: and

text: Coventry

text: were

text: chosen

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: Spitfire

text: and

text: tank

text: factories

text: in

text: Birmingham

text: and

text: the

text: many

text: munitions

text: factories

text: in

text: Coventry

text: The

text: city

text: centre

text: of

text: Coventry

text: was

text: almost

text: destroyed

text: as

text: was

text: Coventry

text: Cathedral

question: How many nights did the Luftwaffe bomb London?

answer: 57 consecutive nights

text: 57 consecutive nights

question: What north sea port was the secondary target for bombers that could not find their primary target?

answer: Sea port of Hull

text: Sea port of Hull

question: How many homes in London were destroyed in London?

answer: More than one million

text: More than one million

question: How many people were killed in Liverpool?

answer: nearly 4,000 deaths

text: nearly 4,000 deaths

question: Which city centre was destroyed?

answer: Coventry

text: Coventry


text: MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: or

text: Audio

text: Layer

text: III

text: more

text: commonly

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: is

text: an

text: audio

text: coding

text: format

text: for

text: digital

text: audio

text: which

text: uses

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: lossy

text: data

text: compression

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: common

text: audio

text: format

text: for

text: consumer

text: audio

text: streaming

text: or

text: storage

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: de

text: facto

text: standard

text: of

text: digital

text: audio

text: compression

text: for

text: the

text: transfer

text: and

text: playback

text: of

text: music

text: on

text: most

text: digital

text: audio

text: players

question: What is the common name for MPEG-2 Audio Layer III?

answer: MP3

question: What kind of audio is the coding format for?

answer: digital

text: digital

question: Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for?

answer: consumer audio streaming

text: consumer audio streaming

question: What does MP3 use to format it's data?

answer: lossy data compression

text: lossy data compression

question: Where will MP3 files most commonly be found?

answer: digital audio players

text: digital audio players


text: The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the "Ghon focus", is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the upper lobe. Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of the lung. This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites, such as peripheral lymph nodes, the kidneys, the brain, and the bones. All parts of the body can be affected by the disease, though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the heart, skeletal muscles, pancreas, or thyroid.

title: Tuberculosis

title: Tuberculosis

text: The

text: primary

text: site

text: of

text: infection

text: in

text: the

text: lungs

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Ghon

text: focus

text: is

text: generally

text: located

text: in

text: either

text: the

text: upper

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: lower

text: lobe

text: or

text: the

text: lower

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: upper

text: lobe

text: Tuberculosis

text: of

text: the

text: lungs

text: may

text: also

text: occur

text: via

text: infection

text: from

text: the

text: blood

text: stream

text: This

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: Simon

text: focus

text: and

text: is

text: typically

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: the

text: lung

text: This

text: hematogenous

text: transmission

text: can

text: also

text: spread

text: infection

text: to

text: more

text: distant

text: sites

text: such

text: as

text: peripheral

text: lymph

text: nodes

text: the

text: kidneys

text: the

text: brain

text: and

text: the

text: bones

text: All

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: can

text: be

text: affected

text: by

text: the

text: disease

text: though

text: for

text: unknown

text: reasons

text: it

text: rarely

text: affects

text: the

text: heart

text: skeletal

text: muscles

text: pancreas

text: or

text: thyroid

question: What two-word phrase is used for the main part of the lungs infected by TB?

answer: Ghon focus

text: Ghon focus

question: If the lungs are infected by TB via bloodstream, what's the type of focus?

answer: Simon focus

text: Simon focus

question: In what general area of the lungs is SImon focus usually located?

answer: the top

text: the top

question: What is the term that describes a blood-borne infection, like TB when it travels through the blood to the kidneys or brain?

answer: hematogenous

text: hematogenous

question: Four areas of the body are usually safe from TB infection, including skeletal muscles, heart, and thyroid; what's the fourth?

answer: pancreas

text: pancreas

question: What is the section of lung not affected by TB called?

text: Ghon focus

question: What is another name for Ghon focus?

text: Simon focus

question: What is type of transmission is found in the lungs?

text: hematogenous

question: Where are the peripheral lymph nodes?

text: the kidneys

question: What disease often affects the heart, skeletal muscles, pancreas, or thyroid?

text: Tuberculosis


text: Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.

title: Genome

title: Genome

text: Both

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: base

text: pairs

text: and

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: genes

text: vary

text: widely

text: from

text: one

text: species

text: to

text: another

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: only

text: a

text: rough

text: correlation

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: an

text: observation

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: C

text: value

text: paradox

text: At

text: present

text: the

text: highest

text: known

text: number

text: of

text: genes

text: is

text: around

text: for

text: the

text: protozoan

text: causing

text: trichomoniasis

text: see

text: List

text: of

text: sequenced

text: eukaryotic

text: genomes

text: almost

text: three

text: times

text: as

text: many

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: human

text: genome

question: What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called?

answer: C-value paradox

text: C-value paradox

question: Which organism has the most genes?

answer: trichomoniasis

text: trichomoniasis

question: How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have?

answer: 60,000

question: Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have?

answer: three times

text: three times

question: What is the highest known number of species?

question: How many genes are in the human genome?

text: around 60,000

question: What two things vary in the protozoan causing trichomoniasis?

question: What is the relationship between base pairs and trichomoniasis?

text: a rough correlation between the two

question: What is the relation between base pairs and the human genome called?

text: the C-value paradox


text: Throughout the second half of the 19th century, child labour began to decline in industrialised societies due to regulation and economic factors. The regulation of child labour began from the earliest days of the Industrial revolution. The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803. As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the "Short Time Committees" in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10-hour working days. Lord Shaftesbury was an outspoken advocate of regulating child labour.

title: Child_labour

title: Child_labour

text: Throughout

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: child

text: labour

text: began

text: to

text: decline

text: in

text: industrialised

text: societies

text: due

text: to

text: regulation

text: and

text: economic

text: factors

text: The

text: regulation

text: of

text: child

text: labour

text: began

text: from

text: the

text: earliest

text: days

text: of

text: the

text: Industrial

text: revolution

text: The

text: first

text: act

text: to

text: regulate

text: child

text: labour

text: in

text: Britain

text: was

text: passed

text: in

text: As

text: early

text: as

text: and

text: Factory

text: Acts

text: were

text: passed

text: to

text: regulate

text: the

text: working

text: hours

text: of

text: workhouse

text: children

text: in

text: factories

text: and

text: cotton

text: mills

text: to

text: hours

text: per

text: day

text: These

text: acts

text: were

text: largely

text: ineffective

text: and

text: after

text: radical

text: agitation

text: by

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: Short

text: Time

text: Committees

text: in

text: a

text: Royal

text: Commission

text: recommended

text: in

text: that

text: children

text: aged

text: should

text: work

text: a

text: maximum

text: of

text: hours

text: per

text: day

text: children

text: aged

text: a

text: maximum

text: of

text: eight

text: hours

text: and

text: children

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: nine

text: were

text: no

text: longer

text: permitted

text: to

text: work

text: This

text: act

text: however

text: only

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: textile

text: industry

text: and

text: further

text: agitation

text: led

text: to

text: another

text: act

text: in

text: limiting

text: both

text: adults

text: and

text: children

text: to

text: working

text: days

text: Lord

text: Shaftesbury

text: was

text: an

text: outspoken

text: advocate

text: of

text: regulating

text: child

text: labour

question: During the 19th century was there any advocates for the working children?

answer: Lord Shaftesbury

text: Lord Shaftesbury

question: In 1833 at what age was the limit to working in a textile industry factory?

answer: children under the age of nine

text: children under the age of nine

question: What year were both adults and children only able to work 10 hours a day?

answer: 1847

question: In the 19th century was there an increase or decreased need to child labour?

answer: child labour began to decline

text: child labour began to decline

question: What year did Britain first inact legislation with regards to child labour?

answer: 1803


text: The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V, Emperor of India during the Delhi Durbar of 1911. It was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by India's Viceroy Lord Irwin.

title: New_Delhi

title: New_Delhi

text: The

text: foundation

text: stone

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: laid

text: by

text: George

text: V

text: Emperor

text: of

text: India

text: during

text: the

text: Delhi

text: Durbar

text: of

text: It

text: was

text: designed

text: by

text: British

text: architects

text: Sir

text: Edwin

text: Lutyens

text: and

text: Sir

text: Herbert

text: Baker

text: The

text: new

text: capital

text: was

text: inaugurated

text: on

text: February

text: by

text: India

text: 's

text: Viceroy

text: Lord

text: Irwin

question: In what year was the foundation stone of New Delhi laid?

answer: 1911

question: Who designed the foundation stone of the city of New Delhi?

answer: Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker

text: Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker

question: On what date was New Delhi inaugurated?

answer: 13 February 1931

text: 13 February 1931

question: Who inaugurated the city of New Delhi?

answer: Viceroy Lord Irwin

text: Viceroy Lord Irwin


text: Plymouth has a post-war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation. At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 – pannier meaning "basket" from French, so it translates as "basket market". In terms of retail floorspace, Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West, and 29th nationally. Plymouth was one of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business Improvement District initiative. The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for £3.4 million.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Plymouth

text: has

text: a

text: post

text: war

text: shopping

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: with

text: substantial

text: pedestrianisation

text: At

text: the

text: west

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: zone

text: inside

text: a

text: grade

text: II

text: listed

text: building

text: is

text: the

text: Pannier

text: Market

text: that

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: pannier

text: meaning

text: basket

text: from

text: French

text: so

text: it

text: translates

text: as

text: basket

text: market

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: retail

text: floorspace

text: Plymouth

text: is

text: ranked

text: in

text: the

text: top

text: five

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: West

text: and

text: nationally

text: Plymouth

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: ten

text: British

text: cities

text: to

text: trial

text: the

text: new

text: Business

text: Improvement

text: District

text: initiative

text: The

text: Tinside

text: Pool

text: is

text: situated

text: at

text: the

text: foot

text: of

text: the

text: Hoe

text: and

text: became

text: a

text: grade

text: II

text: listed

text: building

text: in

text: before

text: being

text: restored

text: to

text: its

text: look

text: for

text: million

question: What notable shop is located in a grade II listed building?

answer: Pannier Market

text: Pannier Market

question: In what year was Pannier Market finished?

answer: 1959

question: What is Plymouth's national rank in retail floorspace?

answer: 29th

question: What notable location was named a grade II listed building in 1998?

answer: Tinside Pool

text: Tinside Pool

question: What was the cost to restore Tinside Pool?

answer: £3.4 million

text: £3.4 million


text: The majority of the citizens of the Marshall Islands are of Marshallese descent, though there are small numbers of immigrants from the United States, China, Philippines and other Pacific islands. The two official languages are Marshallese, which is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, and English. Almost the entire population of the islands practises some religion, with three-quarters of the country either following the United Church of Christ – Congregational in the Marshall Islands (UCCCMI) or the Assemblies of God.

title: Marshall_Islands

title: Marshall_Islands

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: Marshall

text: Islands

text: are

text: of

text: Marshallese

text: descent

text: though

text: there

text: are

text: small

text: numbers

text: of

text: immigrants

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: China

text: Philippines

text: and

text: other

text: Pacific

text: islands

text: The

text: two

text: official

text: languages

text: are

text: Marshallese

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Malayo

text: Polynesian

text: languages

text: and

text: English

text: Almost

text: the

text: entire

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: islands

text: practises

text: some

text: religion

text: with

text: three

text: quarters

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: either

text: following

text: the

text: United

text: Church

text: of

text: Christ

text: Congregational

text: in

text: the

text: Marshall

text: Islands

text: UCCCMI

text: or

text: the

text: Assemblies

text: of

text: God

question: What is the ethnicity of most people living in the Marshall Islands?

answer: Marshallese

text: Marshallese

question: What family of languages does Marshallese belong to?

answer: Malayo-Polynesian

text: Malayo-Polynesian

question: What does UCCCMI stand for?

answer: United Church of Christ – Congregational in the Marshall Islands

text: United Church of Christ – Congregational in the Marshall Islands

question: Aside from UCCCMI, what is the other major religious denomination of the Marshall Islands?

answer: the Assemblies of God

text: the Assemblies of God

question: From what non-Asian nation do some people living in the Marshall Islands come?

answer: the United States

text: the United States

question: Of what ancestry are most Marshall Islands citizens?

answer: Marshallese

text: Marshallese

question: Along with Marshallese, what is the official language of the Marshall Islands?

answer: English

text: English

question: Of what language group is the Marshallese language?

answer: Malayo-Polynesian

text: Malayo-Polynesian

question: What fraction of Marshall Islands residents are religious?

answer: three-quarters

text: three-quarters

question: Along with the United Church of Christ and the UCCCMI, what is a main religion of the Marshall Islands?

answer: the Assemblies of God

text: the Assemblies of God


text: An airbase, sometimes referred to as an air station or airfield, provides basing and support of military aircraft. Some airbases, known as military airports, provide facilities similar to their civilian counterparts. For example, RAF Brize Norton in the UK has a terminal which caters to passengers for the Royal Air Force's scheduled TriStar flights to the Falkland Islands. Some airbases are co-located with civilian airports, sharing the same ATC facilities, runways, taxiways and emergency services, but with separate terminals, parking areas and hangars. Bardufoss Airport , Bardufoss Air Station in Norway and Pune Airport in India are examples of this.

title: Airport

title: Airport

text: An

text: airbase

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: an

text: air

text: station

text: or

text: airfield

text: provides

text: basing

text: and

text: support

text: of

text: military

text: aircraft

text: Some

text: airbases

text: known

text: as

text: military

text: airports

text: provide

text: facilities

text: similar

text: to

text: their

text: civilian

text: counterparts

text: For

text: example

text: RAF

text: Brize

text: Norton

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: has

text: a

text: terminal

text: which

text: caters

text: to

text: passengers

text: for

text: the

text: Royal

text: Air

text: Force

text: 's

text: scheduled

text: TriStar

text: flights

text: to

text: the

text: Falkland

text: Islands

text: Some

text: airbases

text: are

text: co

text: located

text: with

text: civilian

text: airports

text: sharing

text: the

text: same

text: ATC

text: facilities

text: runways

text: taxiways

text: and

text: emergency

text: services

text: but

text: with

text: separate

text: terminals

text: parking

text: areas

text: and

text: hangars

text: Bardufoss

text: Airport

text: Bardufoss

text: Air

text: Station

text: in

text: Norway

text: and

text: Pune

text: Airport

text: in

text: India

text: are

text: examples

text: of

text: this

question: An airfield is also referred to as what?

answer: airbase

text: airbase

question: What provides basing and support of military aircraft?

answer: airbase

text: airbase

question: Where is RAF Brize Norton located?

answer: the UK

text: the UK

question: Where is Bardufoss Air Station located?

answer: Norway

text: Norway

question: Where is Pune Airport located?

answer: India

text: India

question: What is a terminal also referred to as?

text: an air station or airfield

question: What does a terminal provide?

text: basing and support of military aircraft

question: What kind of passengers do the Pune Airport in the UK cater to?

question: What does the RAF Brize Norton in India share with a civilian airport?

question: Where do Prune Airport's TriStar flights go to?

text: the Falkland Islands


text: As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth.

title: Late_Middle_Ages

title: Late_Middle_Ages

text: As

text: economic

text: and

text: demographic

text: methods

text: were

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: history

text: the

text: trend

text: was

text: increasingly

text: to

text: see

text: the

text: late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: as

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: recession

text: and

text: crisis

text: Belgian

text: historian

text: Henri

text: Pirenne

text: continued

text: the

text: subdivision

text: of

text: Early

text: High

text: and

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: in

text: the

text: years

text: around

text: World

text: War

text: I.

text: Yet

text: it

text: was

text: his

text: Dutch

text: colleague

text: Johan

text: Huizinga

text: who

text: was

text: primarily

text: responsible

text: for

text: popularising

text: the

text: pessimistic

text: view

text: of

text: the

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: with

text: his

text: book

text: The

text: Autumn

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: To

text: Huizinga

text: whose

text: research

text: focused

text: on

text: France

text: and

text: the

text: Low

text: Countries

text: rather

text: than

text: Italy

text: despair

text: and

text: decline

text: were

text: the

text: main

text: themes

text: not

text: rebirth

question: What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?

answer: economic and demographic

text: economic and demographic

question: Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book?

answer: Johan Huizinga

text: Johan Huizinga

question: What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages?

answer: The Autumn of the Middle Ages

text: The Autumn of the Middle Ages

question: Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research?

answer: France and the Low Countries

text: France and the Low Countries

question: What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?

answer: Belgian

text: Belgian

question: What methods, applied to the study of chemistry, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?

text: economic and demographic

question: Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1991 book?

text: Johan Huizinga

question: What was the title of Huizinga's 1819 book on the Middle Ages?

text: The Autumn of the Middle Ages

question: Which countries weren't the focus of Huizinga's research?

text: France and the Low Countries

question: What wasn't the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?

text: Belgian


text: The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect protostars before they begin to emit visible light. Stars emit a smaller portion of their energy in the infrared spectrum, so nearby cool objects such as planets can be more readily detected. (In the visible light spectrum, the glare from the star will drown out the reflected light from a planet.)

title: Infrared

title: Infrared

text: The

text: infrared

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: spectrum

text: has

text: several

text: useful

text: benefits

text: for

text: astronomers

text: Cold

text: dark

text: molecular

text: clouds

text: of

text: gas

text: and

text: dust

text: in

text: our

text: galaxy

text: will

text: glow

text: with

text: radiated

text: heat

text: as

text: they

text: are

text: irradiated

text: by

text: imbedded

text: stars

text: Infrared

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: detect

text: protostars

text: before

text: they

text: begin

text: to

text: emit

text: visible

text: light

text: Stars

text: emit

text: a

text: smaller

text: portion

text: of

text: their

text: energy

text: in

text: the

text: infrared

text: spectrum

text: so

text: nearby

text: cool

text: objects

text: such

text: as

text: planets

text: can

text: be

text: more

text: readily

text: detected

text: In

text: the

text: visible

text: light

text: spectrum

text: the

text: glare

text: from

text: the

text: star

text: will

text: drown

text: out

text: the

text: reflected

text: light

text: from

text: a

text: planet

question: What irradiates clouds of gas in the galaxy and makes them glow?

answer: imbedded stars

text: imbedded stars

question: What can be detected via infrared prior to their emitting visible light?

answer: protostars

text: protostars

question: What objects emit less of their energy as infrared light versus visible light?

answer: Stars

text: Stars

question: What glows with heat and shows visible light?

question: What can be used to detect protostars when they are cool?

text: Infrared

question: What spectrum benefits stars?

text: infrared portion of the spectrum

question: What heats clouds of gas and makes them readily detected?

text: imbedded stars

question: What do stars emit a smaller portion of in our galaxy?

text: their energy


text: The endonym is pronounced /kə.təˈɫa/ in the Eastern Catalan dialects, and /ka.taˈɫa/ in the Western dialects. In the Valencian Community, the term valencià (/va.len.siˈa/) is frequently used instead. The names "Catalan" and "Valencian" are two names for the same language. See also status of Valencian below.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: The

text: endonym

text: is

text: pronounced

text: /kə.təˈɫa/

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Catalan

text: dialects

text: and

text: /ka.taˈɫa/

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: dialects

text: In

text: the

text: Valencian

text: Community

text: the

text: term

text: valencià

text: /va.len.siˈa/

text: is

text: frequently

text: used

text: instead

text: The

text: names

text: Catalan

text: and

text: Valencian

text: are

text: two

text: names

text: for

text: the

text: same

text: language

text: See

text: also

text: status

text: of

text: Valencian

text: below

question: Where is Valencia used instead of Catalan?

answer: Valencian Community

text: Valencian Community

question: What are Catalan and Valencian the names for?

answer: the same language

text: the same language

question: What affect does  different pronunciations in the two areas of Catalan speakers produce?

answer: dialects

text: dialects


text: Reverse osmosis (R/O) desalination units supplement rainwater harvesting on Funafuti. The 65 m3 desalination plant operates at a real production level of around 40 m3 per day. R/O water is only intended to be produced when storage falls below 30%, however demand to replenish household storage supplies with tanker-delivered water means that the R/O desalination units are continually operating. Water is delivered at a cost of A$3.50 per m3. Cost of production and delivery has been estimated at A$6 per m3, with the difference subsidised by the government.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: Reverse

text: osmosis

text: R

text: O

text: desalination

text: units

text: supplement

text: rainwater

text: harvesting

text: on

text: Funafuti

text: The

text: desalination

text: plant

text: operates

text: at

text: a

text: real

text: production

text: level

text: of

text: around

text: per

text: day

text: R

text: O

text: water

text: is

text: only

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: produced

text: when

text: storage

text: falls

text: below

text: however

text: demand

text: to

text: replenish

text: household

text: storage

text: supplies

text: with

text: tanker

text: delivered

text: water

text: means

text: that

text: the

text: R

text: O

text: desalination

text: units

text: are

text: continually

text: operating

text: Water

text: is

text: delivered

text: at

text: a

text: cost

text: of

text: A$

text: per

text: Cost

text: of

text: production

text: and

text: delivery

text: has

text: been

text: estimated

text: at

text: A$

text: per

text: with

text: the

text: difference

text: subsidised

text: by

text: the

text: government

question: What type of desalination is used on Funafuti?

answer: Reverse osmosis

text: Reverse osmosis

question: How much water does the Funafuti plant produce?

answer: 40 m3 per day

text: 40 m3 per day

question: At what storage  point is R/O water production meant to be used?

answer: below 30%

text: below 30%

question: What is the cost of R/O produced water?

answer: A$3.50 per m3

text: A$3.50 per m3

question: What organization subsidizes the cost of water desalination?

answer: government

text: government


text: Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media.

title: Tajikistan

title: Tajikistan

text: Freedom

text: of

text: the

text: press

text: is

text: ostensibly

text: officially

text: guaranteed

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: but

text: independent

text: press

text: outlets

text: remain

text: restricted

text: as

text: does

text: a

text: substantial

text: amount

text: of

text: web

text: content

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Institute

text: for

text: War

text: Peace

text: Reporting

text: access

text: is

text: blocked

text: to

text: local

text: and

text: foreign

text: websites

text: including

text: avesta.tj

text: Tjknews.com

text: ferghana.ru

text: centrasia.ru

text: and

text: journalists

text: are

text: often

text: obstructed

text: from

text: reporting

text: on

text: controversial

text: events

text: In

text: practice

text: no

text: public

text: criticism

text: of

text: the

text: regime

text: is

text: tolerated

text: and

text: all

text: direct

text: protest

text: is

text: severely

text: suppressed

text: and

text: does

text: not

text: receive

text: coverage

text: in

text: the

text: local

text: media

question: Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it?

answer: independent press outlets remain restricted

text: independent press outlets remain restricted

question: What access is blocked?

answer: access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru

text: access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru

question: What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media?

answer: no public criticism of the regime is tolerated

text: no public criticism of the regime is tolerated

question: What is not covered by local media?

answer: all direct protest is severely suppressed

text: all direct protest is severely suppressed

question: What remains unrestricted?

text: independent press outlets

question: Access is granted to local and foreign what?

text: websites

question: Criticism of what is often tolerated?

text: the regime

question: What often receives coverage in the local media?

text: criticism of the regime


text: Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the Chowmahalla Palace, which was the seat of royal power. It showcases a diverse array of architectural styles, from the Baroque Harem to its Neoclassical royal court. The other palaces include Falaknuma Palace (inspired by the style of Andrea Palladio), Purani Haveli, King Kothi and Bella Vista Palace all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century. During Mir Osman Ali Khan's rule, European styles, along with Indo-Islamic, became prominent. These styles are reflected in the Falaknuma Palace and many civic monuments such as the Hyderabad High Court, Osmania Hospital, Osmania University, the State Central Library, City College, the Telangana Legislature, the State Archaeology Museum, Jubilee Hall, and Hyderabad and Kachiguda railway stations. Other landmarks of note are Paigah Palace, Asman Garh Palace, Basheer Bagh Palace, Errum Manzil and the Spanish Mosque, all constructed by the Paigah family.:16–17

title: Hyderabad

title: Hyderabad

text: Among

text: the

text: oldest

text: surviving

text: examples

text: of

text: Nizam

text: architecture

text: in

text: Hyderabad

text: is

text: the

text: Chowmahalla

text: Palace

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: royal

text: power

text: It

text: showcases

text: a

text: diverse

text: array

text: of

text: architectural

text: styles

text: from

text: the

text: Baroque

text: Harem

text: to

text: its

text: Neoclassical

text: royal

text: court

text: The

text: other

text: palaces

text: include

text: Falaknuma

text: Palace

text: inspired

text: by

text: the

text: style

text: of

text: Andrea

text: Palladio

text: Purani

text: Haveli

text: King

text: Kothi

text: and

text: Bella

text: Vista

text: Palace

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: built

text: at

text: the

text: peak

text: of

text: Nizam

text: rule

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: During

text: Mir

text: Osman

text: Ali

text: Khan

text: 's

text: rule

text: European

text: styles

text: along

text: with

text: Indo

text: Islamic

text: became

text: prominent

text: These

text: styles

text: are

text: reflected

text: in

text: the

text: Falaknuma

text: Palace

text: and

text: many

text: civic

text: monuments

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Hyderabad

text: High

text: Court

text: Osmania

text: Hospital

text: Osmania

text: University

text: the

text: State

text: Central

text: Library

text: City

text: College

text: the

text: Telangana

text: Legislature

text: the

text: State

text: Archaeology

text: Museum

text: Jubilee

text: Hall

text: and

text: Hyderabad

text: and

text: Kachiguda

text: railway

text: stations

text: Other

text: landmarks

text: of

text: note

text: are

text: Paigah

text: Palace

text: Asman

text: Garh

text: Palace

text: Basheer

text: Bagh

text: Palace

text: Errum

text: Manzil

text: and

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Mosque

text: all

text: constructed

text: by

text: the

text: Paigah

question: The Chowmahalla Palace represents what type of architecture?

answer: Nizam architecture

text: Nizam architecture

question: The royal court of Chowmahalla palace is an example what style of architecture?

answer: Neoclassical

text: Neoclassical

question: Which palace in Hyderabad did the work of Andrea Palladio influence?

answer: Falaknuma Palace

text: Falaknuma Palace

question: What century was Bella Vista Palace built?

answer: 19th century

text: 19th century

question: Which family constructed the Basheer Bagh Palace?

answer: Paigah family

text: Paigah family


text: Another who contributed significantly to the spirituality of the order is Albertus Magnus, the only person of the period to be given the appellation "Great". His influence on the brotherhood permeated nearly every aspect of Dominican life. Albert was a scientist, philosopher, astrologer, theologian, spiritual writer, ecumenist, and diplomat. Under the auspices of Humbert of Romans, Albert molded the curriculum of studies for all Dominican students, introduced Aristotle to the classroom and probed the work of Neoplatonists, such as Plotinus. Indeed, it was the thirty years of work done by Thomas Aquinas and himself (1245–1274) that allowed for the inclusion of Aristotelian study in the curriculum of Dominican schools.

title: Dominican_Order

title: Dominican_Order

text: Another

text: who

text: contributed

text: significantly

text: to

text: the

text: spirituality

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: is

text: Albertus

text: Magnus

text: the

text: only

text: person

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: to

text: be

text: given

text: the

text: appellation

text: Great

text: His

text: influence

text: on

text: the

text: brotherhood

text: permeated

text: nearly

text: every

text: aspect

text: of

text: Dominican

text: life

text: Albert

text: was

text: a

text: scientist

text: philosopher

text: astrologer

text: theologian

text: spiritual

text: writer

text: ecumenist

text: and

text: diplomat

text: Under

text: the

text: auspices

text: of

text: Humbert

text: of

text: Romans

text: Albert

text: molded

text: the

text: curriculum

text: of

text: studies

text: for

text: all

text: Dominican

text: students

text: introduced

text: Aristotle

text: to

text: the

text: classroom

text: and

text: probed

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Neoplatonists

text: such

text: as

text: Plotinus

text: Indeed

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: thirty

text: years

text: of

text: work

text: done

text: by

text: Thomas

text: Aquinas

text: and

text: himself

text: that

text: allowed

text: for

text: the

text: inclusion

text: of

text: Aristotelian

text: study

text: in

text: the

text: curriculum

text: of

text: Dominican

text: schools

question: The Dominican Order was also greatly helped by what German friar?

answer: Albertus Magnus

text: Albertus Magnus

question: Albert Magnus was also known as "Albert the what"?

answer: Great

text: Great

question: What was a discipline of Albert the Great?

answer: ecumenist

text: ecumenist

question: Who did Albert Magnus introduce to Dominican Order students?

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

question: Who helped Albert Magnus bring Aristotelian curriculum to Dominican classrooms?

answer: Thomas Aquinas

text: Thomas Aquinas

question: Who did not greatly help the Dominican Order?

text: Albertus Magnus

question: What was Albert Magnus not also known as "Albert the what?

text: Great

question: What was not a discipline of Albert the Great?

question: Whose curriculum did Albert not mold?

text: Dominican students

question: Who did Albert Magnus not introduce to Dominican Order students?

text: Aristotle


text: The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496 King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic. Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the European discovery of America, and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland (mistakenly believing, like Christopher Columbus, that he had reached Asia), there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was heard of his ships again.

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: The

text: foundations

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: were

text: laid

text: when

text: England

text: and

text: Scotland

text: were

text: separate

text: kingdoms

text: In

text: King

text: Henry

text: VII

text: of

text: England

text: following

text: the

text: successes

text: of

text: Spain

text: and

text: Portugal

text: in

text: overseas

text: exploration

text: commissioned

text: John

text: Cabot

text: to

text: lead

text: a

text: voyage

text: to

text: discover

text: a

text: route

text: to

text: Asia

text: via

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: Cabot

text: sailed

text: in

text: five

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: European

text: discovery

text: of

text: America

text: and

text: although

text: he

text: successfully

text: made

text: landfall

text: on

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: Newfoundland

text: mistakenly

text: believing

text: like

text: Christopher

text: Columbus

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: reached

text: Asia

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: attempt

text: to

text: found

text: a

text: colony

text: Cabot

text: led

text: another

text: voyage

text: to

text: the

text: Americas

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: but

text: nothing

text: was

text: heard

text: of

text: his

text: ships

text: again

question: When was John Cabot's voyage commissioned?

answer: 1496

question: Who commissioned John Cabot's voyage?

answer: King Henry VII of England

text: King Henry VII of England

question: Where was Cabot trying to find a route to via the North Atlantic?

answer: Asia

text: Asia

question: Where did Cabot make landfall?

answer: Newfoundland

text: Newfoundland

question: Which explorer did Cabot make a mistake similar to?

answer: Christopher Columbus

text: Christopher Columbus


text: According to the Sunni scholar Ibn ʻAsākir in the 12th century, there were opportunities for female education in the medieval Islamic world, writing that women could study, earn ijazahs (academic degrees), and qualify as scholars and teachers. This was especially the case for learned and scholarly families, who wanted to ensure the highest possible education for both their sons and daughters. Ibn ʻAsakir had himself studied under 80 different female teachers in his time. Female education in the Islamic world was inspired by Muhammad's wives, such as Khadijah, a successful businesswoman. According to a hadith attributed to Muhammad, he praised the women of Medina because of their desire for religious knowledge:

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Sunni

text: scholar

text: Ibn

text: ʻAsākir

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: there

text: were

text: opportunities

text: for

text: female

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: medieval

text: Islamic

text: world

text: writing

text: that

text: women

text: could

text: study

text: earn

text: ijazahs

text: academic

text: degrees

text: and

text: qualify

text: as

text: scholars

text: and

text: teachers

text: This

text: was

text: especially

text: the

text: case

text: for

text: learned

text: and

text: scholarly

text: families

text: who

text: wanted

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: highest

text: possible

text: education

text: for

text: both

text: their

text: sons

text: and

text: daughters

text: Ibn

text: ʻAsakir

text: had

text: himself

text: studied

text: under

text: different

text: female

text: teachers

text: in

text: his

text: time

text: Female

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: Islamic

text: world

text: was

text: inspired

text: by

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: wives

text: such

text: as

text: Khadijah

text: a

text: successful

text: businesswoman

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: hadith

text: attributed

text: to

text: Muhammad

text: he

text: praised

text: the

text: women

text: of

text: Medina

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: desire

text: for

text: religious

text: knowledge

question: What titles could women earn by going to Islamic schools?

answer: scholars and teachers

text: scholars and teachers

question: Who wanted to ensured that their daughters were educated in Islamic schools?

answer: learned and scholarly families

text: learned and scholarly families

question: Why did the prophet Muhammad esteem women in Medina?

answer: their desire for religious knowledge

text: their desire for religious knowledge

question: Who created a pathway for education for women in the Islamic world?

answer: Muhammad's wives

text: Muhammad's wives

question: Which one of Muhammad's wives had a particular impact on his view of women and education?

answer: Khadijah

text: Khadijah

question: What titles could men earn by going to Islamic schools?

text: scholars and teachers

question: Who wanted to ensured that their daughters were not educated in Islamic schools?

text: learned and scholarly families

question: Why did the prophet Muhammad esteem men in Medina?

text: desire for religious knowledge

question: Which one of Muhammad's sons had a particular impact on his view of women and education?

text: Khadijah


text: About 5% of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous. The largest indigenous group in Nicaragua is the Miskito people. Their territory extended from Cape Camarón, Honduras, to Rio Grande, Nicaragua along the Mosquito Coast. There is a native Miskito language, but large groups speak Miskito Coast Creole, Spanish, Rama and other languages. The Creole English came about through frequent contact with the British who colonized the area. Many are Christians. Traditional Miskito society was highly structured with a defined political structure. There was a king, but he did not have total power. Instead, the power was split between himself, a governor, a general, and by the 1750s, an admiral. Historical information on kings is often obscured by the fact that many of the kings were semi-mythical. Another major group is the Mayangna (or Sumu) people, counting some 10,000 people.

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

text: About

text: of

text: the

text: Nicaraguan

text: population

text: are

text: indigenous

text: The

text: largest

text: indigenous

text: group

text: in

text: Nicaragua

text: is

text: the

text: Miskito

text: people

text: Their

text: territory

text: extended

text: from

text: Cape

text: Camarón

text: Honduras

text: to

text: Rio

text: Grande

text: Nicaragua

text: along

text: the

text: Mosquito

text: Coast

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: native

text: Miskito

text: language

text: but

text: large

text: groups

text: speak

text: Miskito

text: Coast

text: Creole

text: Spanish

text: Rama

text: and

text: other

text: languages

text: The

text: Creole

text: English

text: came

text: about

text: through

text: frequent

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: British

text: who

text: colonized

text: the

text: area

text: Many

text: are

text: Christians

text: Traditional

text: Miskito

text: society

text: was

text: highly

text: structured

text: with

text: a

text: defined

text: political

text: structure

text: There

text: was

text: a

text: king

text: but

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: total

text: power

text: Instead

text: the

text: power

text: was

text: split

text: between

text: himself

text: a

text: governor

text: a

text: general

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: an

text: admiral

text: Historical

text: information

text: on

text: kings

text: is

text: often

text: obscured

text: by

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: kings

text: were

text: semi

text: mythical

text: Another

text: major

text: group

text: is

text: the

text: Mayangna

text: or

text: Sumu

text: people

text: counting

text: some

text: people

question: What percentage of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous?

answer: About 5%

text: About 5%

question: What is the largest indigenous group in Nicaragua?

answer: Miskito

text: Miskito

question: How did Creole English come about?

answer: frequent contact with the British

text: frequent contact with the British

question: What didn't the king have in Miskito society?

answer: total power

text: total power

question: How many Mayanga people are in Nicaragua?

answer: some 10,000

text: some 10,000


text: Standard 35mm photographic film used for cinema projection has a much higher image resolution than HDTV systems, and is exposed and projected at a rate of 24 frames per second (frame/s). To be shown on standard television, in PAL-system countries, cinema film is scanned at the TV rate of 25 frame/s, causing a speedup of 4.1 percent, which is generally considered acceptable. In NTSC-system countries, the TV scan rate of 30 frame/s would cause a perceptible speedup if the same were attempted, and the necessary correction is performed by a technique called 3:2 Pulldown: Over each successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields (1/20 of a second) and the next is held for two video fields (1/30 of a second), giving a total time for the two frames of 1/12 of a second and thus achieving the correct average film frame rate.

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: Standard

text: mm

text: photographic

text: film

text: used

text: for

text: cinema

text: projection

text: has

text: a

text: much

text: higher

text: image

text: resolution

text: than

text: HDTV

text: systems

text: and

text: is

text: exposed

text: and

text: projected

text: at

text: a

text: rate

text: of

text: frames

text: per

text: second

text: frame

text: s

text: To

text: be

text: shown

text: on

text: standard

text: television

text: in

text: PAL

text: system

text: countries

text: cinema

text: film

text: is

text: scanned

text: at

text: the

text: TV

text: rate

text: of

text: frame

text: s

text: causing

text: a

text: speedup

text: of

text: percent

text: which

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: acceptable

text: In

text: NTSC

text: system

text: countries

text: the

text: TV

text: scan

text: rate

text: of

text: frame

text: s

text: would

text: cause

text: a

text: perceptible

text: speedup

text: if

text: the

text: same

text: were

text: attempted

text: and

text: the

text: necessary

text: correction

text: is

text: performed

text: by

text: a

text: technique

text: called

text: Pulldown

text: Over

text: each

text: successive

text: pair

text: of

text: film

text: frames

text: one

text: is

text: held

text: for

text: three

text: video

text: fields

text: of

text: a

text: second

text: and

text: the

text: next

text: is

text: held

text: for

text: two

text: video

text: fields

text: of

text: a

text: second

text: giving

text: a

text: total

text: time

text: for

text: the

text: two

text: frames

text: of

text: of

text: a

text: second

text: and

text: thus

text: achieving

text: the

text: correct

text: average

text: film

text: frame

text: rate

question: At what rate is standard 35mm photographic film exposed and projected?

answer: 24 frames per second

text: 24 frames per second

question: To be shown on SDTV in PAL-system countries, at what rate is cinema film scanned?

answer: 25 frame/s

text: 25 frame/s

question: The technique in which with successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields, and the next is held for two, is called what?

answer: 3:2 Pulldown

text: 3:2 Pulldown

question: The 3:2 Pulldown techniques gives what total time for two frames?

answer: 1/12 of a second

text: 1/12 of a second

question: What is achieved by the 3:2 Pulldown technique producing a total time of 1/12 of a second for two frames?

answer: the correct average film frame rate

text: the correct average film frame rate

question: At what rate is standard 50mm photographic film exposed and projected?

text: 24 frames per second

question: To be shown on SDTV in PAL-system countries, at what rate is cinema film not scanned?

text: 25 frame/s,

question: The technique in which with successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields, and the next is held for two, isn't called what?

text: 3:2 Pulldown:

question: The 3:2 Pulldown techniques gives what total time for five frames?

text: 1/12 of a second

question: What is achieved by the 3:2 Pulldown technique producing a total time of 1/15 of a second for two frames?

text: correct average film frame rate


text: Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube roots, and matrix methods, finding more accurate approximations for pi, providing mathematical proof of the Pythagorean theorem, use of the decimal fraction, Gaussian elimination to solve linear equations, and continued fractions to find the roots of equations.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: Three

text: Han

text: mathematical

text: treatises

text: still

text: exist

text: These

text: are

text: the

text: Book

text: on

text: Numbers

text: and

text: Computation

text: the

text: Arithmetical

text: Classic

text: of

text: the

text: Gnomon

text: and

text: the

text: Circular

text: Paths

text: of

text: Heaven

text: and

text: the

text: Nine

text: Chapters

text: on

text: the

text: Mathematical

text: Art

text: Han

text: era

text: mathematical

text: achievements

text: include

text: solving

text: problems

text: with

text: right

text: angle

text: triangles

text: square

text: roots

text: cube

text: roots

text: and

text: matrix

text: methods

text: finding

text: more

text: accurate

text: approximations

text: for

text: pi

text: providing

text: mathematical

text: proof

text: of

text: the

text: Pythagorean

text: theorem

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: decimal

text: fraction

text: Gaussian

text: elimination

text: to

text: solve

text: linear

text: equations

text: and

text: continued

text: fractions

text: to

text: find

text: the

text: roots

text: of

text: equations

question: What type of treatise is the Book on Numbers and Computation considered to be?

answer: mathematical

text: mathematical

question: How many mathematical treatises have still managed to survive to this day?

answer: Three

text: Three

question: What achievement of the Han era can be used to help solve linear equations?

answer: Gaussian elimination

text: Gaussian elimination

question: During what era was the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art from?

answer: Han

text: Han

question: What can be used to help find the roots of equations?

answer: continued fractions

text: continued fractions


text: Compact Disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982.

title: Compact_disc

title: Compact_disc

text: Compact

text: Disc

text: CD

text: is

text: a

text: digital

text: optical

text: disc

text: data

text: storage

text: format

text: The

text: format

text: was

text: originally

text: developed

text: to

text: store

text: and

text: play

text: only

text: sound

text: recordings

text: but

text: was

text: later

text: adapted

text: for

text: storage

text: of

text: data

text: CD

text: ROM

text: Several

text: other

text: formats

text: were

text: further

text: derived

text: from

text: these

text: including

text: write

text: once

text: audio

text: and

text: data

text: storage

text: CD

text: R

text: rewritable

text: media

text: CD

text: RW

text: Video

text: Compact

text: Disc

text: VCD

text: Super

text: Video

text: Compact

text: Disc

text: SVCD

text: Photo

text: CD

text: PictureCD

text: CD

text: i

text: and

text: Enhanced

text: Music

text: CD

text: Audio

text: CDs

text: and

text: audio

text: CD

text: players

text: have

text: been

text: commercially

text: available

text: since

text: October

question: When did Audio CDs become available for purchase?

answer: 1982

question: What does CD stand for?

answer: Compact Disc

text: Compact Disc

question: What were CD's originally created to store?

answer: sound recordings

text: sound recordings

question: What does SVCD stand for?

answer: Super Video Compact Disc

text: Super Video Compact Disc

question: In what year were compact discs realesed for purchase?

answer: 1982

question: What was the original intended format for CDs?

answer: data storage

text: data storage

question: What year were CDs changed so that they could store data?

question: What does ROM in CD-ROM stand for?

text: Compact Disc

question: Which was released first; CD-R or CD-RW?

text: CD-R

question: Who created the CD?

question: What does CD-i stand for?

text: Audio CDs


text: The shift in the Cubs' fortunes was characterized June 23 on the "NBC Saturday Game of the Week" contest against the St. Louis Cardinals. it has since been dubbed simply "The Sandberg Game." With the nation watching and Wrigley Field packed, Sandberg emerged as a superstar with not one, but two game-tying home runs against Cardinals closer Bruce Sutter. With his shots in the 9th and 10th innings Wrigley Field erupted and Sandberg set the stage for a comeback win that cemented the Cubs as the team to beat in the East. No one would catch them, except the Padres in the playoffs.

title: Chicago_Cubs

title: Chicago_Cubs

text: The

text: shift

text: in

text: the

text: Cubs

text: fortunes

text: was

text: characterized

text: June

text: on

text: the

text: NBC

text: Saturday

text: Game

text: of

text: the

text: Week

text: contest

text: against

text: the

text: St.

text: Louis

text: Cardinals

text: it

text: has

text: since

text: been

text: dubbed

text: simply

text: The

text: Sandberg

text: Game

text: With

text: the

text: nation

text: watching

text: and

text: Wrigley

text: Field

text: packed

text: Sandberg

text: emerged

text: as

text: a

text: superstar

text: with

text: not

text: one

text: but

text: two

text: game

text: tying

text: home

text: runs

text: against

text: Cardinals

text: closer

text: Bruce

text: Sutter

text: With

text: his

text: shots

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: innings

text: Wrigley

text: Field

text: erupted

text: and

text: Sandberg

text: set

text: the

text: stage

text: for

text: a

text: comeback

text: win

text: that

text: cemented

text: the

text: Cubs

text: as

text: the

text: team

text: to

text: beat

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: No

text: one

text: would

text: catch

text: them

text: except

text: the

text: Padres

text: in

text: the

text: playoffs

question: What contest shift the Cubs' Fortunes?

answer: NBC Saturday Game of the Week

text: NBC Saturday Game of the Week

question: What had the contest between the Cubs and the St. Louis Cardinals been dubbed as?

answer: The Sandberg Game

text: The Sandberg Game

question: How many game-tying home runs did Sandberg get against the Cardinals at the Sandber Game?

answer: two

text: two