text: A 2010 study on Jewish ancestry by Atzmon-Ostrer et al. stated "Two major groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent (IBD) analysis: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews. The IBD segment sharing and the proximity of European Jews to each other and to southern European populations suggested similar origins for European Jewry and refuted large-scale genetic contributions of Central and Eastern European and Slavic populations to the formation of Ashkenazi Jewry", as both groups – the Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews – shared common ancestors in the Middle East about 2500 years ago. The study examines genetic markers spread across the entire genome and shows that the Jewish groups (Ashkenazi and non Ashkenazi) share large swaths of DNA, indicating close relationships and that each of the Jewish groups in the study (Iranian, Iraqi, Syrian, Italian, Turkish, Greek and Ashkenazi) has its own genetic signature but is more closely related to the other Jewish groups than to their fellow non-Jewish countrymen. Atzmon's team found that the SNP markers in genetic segments of 3 million DNA letters or longer were 10 times more likely to be identical among Jews than non-Jews. Results of the analysis also tally with biblical accounts of the fate of the Jews. The study also found that with respect to non-Jewish European groups, the population most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews are modern-day Italians. The study speculated that the genetic-similarity between Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be due to inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire. It was also found that any two Ashkenazi Jewish participants in the study shared about as much DNA as fourth or fifth cousins.

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

text: A

text: study

text: on

text: Jewish

text: ancestry

text: by

text: Atzmon

text: Ostrer

text: et

text: al

text: stated

text: Two

text: major

text: groups

text: were

text: identified

text: by

text: principal

text: component

text: phylogenetic

text: and

text: identity

text: by

text: descent

text: IBD

text: analysis

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: Jews

text: and

text: European

text: Syrian

text: Jews

text: The

text: IBD

text: segment

text: sharing

text: and

text: the

text: proximity

text: of

text: European

text: Jews

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: and

text: to

text: southern

text: European

text: populations

text: suggested

text: similar

text: origins

text: for

text: European

text: Jewry

text: and

text: refuted

text: large

text: scale

text: genetic

text: contributions

text: of

text: Central

text: and

text: Eastern

text: European

text: and

text: Slavic

text: populations

text: to

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jewry

text: as

text: both

text: groups

text: the

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: Jews

text: and

text: European

text: Syrian

text: Jews

text: shared

text: common

text: ancestors

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: about

text: years

text: ago

text: The

text: study

text: examines

text: genetic

text: markers

text: spread

text: across

text: the

text: entire

text: genome

text: and

text: shows

text: that

text: the

text: Jewish

text: groups

text: Ashkenazi

text: and

text: non

text: Ashkenazi

text: share

text: large

text: swaths

text: of

text: DNA

text: indicating

text: close

text: relationships

text: and

text: that

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: groups

text: in

text: the

text: study

text: Iranian

text: Iraqi

text: Syrian

text: Italian

text: Turkish

text: Greek

text: and

text: Ashkenazi

text: has

text: its

text: own

text: genetic

text: signature

text: but

text: is

text: more

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: Jewish

text: groups

text: than

text: to

text: their

text: fellow

text: non

text: Jewish

text: countrymen

text: Atzmon

text: 's

text: team

text: found

text: that

text: the

text: SNP

text: markers

text: in

text: genetic

text: segments

text: of

text: million

text: DNA

text: letters

text: or

text: longer

text: were

text: times

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: be

text: identical

text: among

text: Jews

text: than

text: non

text: Jews

text: Results

text: of

text: the

text: analysis

text: also

text: tally

text: with

text: biblical

text: accounts

text: of

text: the

text: fate

text: of

text: the

text: Jews

text: The

text: study

text: also

text: found

text: that

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: non

text: Jewish

text: European

text: groups

text: the

text: population

text: most

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jews

text: are

text: modern

text: day

text: Italians

text: The

text: study

text: speculated

text: that

text: the

text: genetic

text: similarity

text: between

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jews

text: and

text: Italians

text: may

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: inter

text: marriage

text: and

text: conversions

text: in

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: found

text: that

text: any

text: two

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jewish

text: participants

text: in

text: the

text: study

text: shared

text: about

text: as

text: much

text: DNA

text: as

text: fourth

text: or

text: fifth

text: cousins

question: In a 2010 study, which two groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent analysis?

answer: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews

text: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews

question: The 2010 study found that what modern population is most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews?

answer: modern-day Italians

text: modern-day Italians

question: Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be genetically similar due to what two factors?

answer: inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire

text: inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire


text: On November 17, 1987, SCA acquired CBS Records, which hosted such acts as Michael Jackson, for US$2 billion. CBS Inc., now CBS Corporation, retained the rights to the CBS name for music recordings but granted Sony a temporary license to use the CBS name. CBS Corporation founded a new CBS Records in 2006, which is distributed by Sony through its RED subsidiary.

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

text: On

text: November

text: SCA

text: acquired

text: CBS

text: Records

text: which

text: hosted

text: such

text: acts

text: as

text: Michael

text: Jackson

text: for

text: US$

text: billion

text: CBS

text: Inc.

text: now

text: CBS

text: Corporation

text: retained

text: the

text: rights

text: to

text: the

text: CBS

text: name

text: for

text: music

text: recordings

text: but

text: granted

text: Sony

text: a

text: temporary

text: license

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: CBS

text: name

text: CBS

text: Corporation

text: founded

text: a

text: new

text: CBS

text: Records

text: in

text: which

text: is

text: distributed

text: by

text: Sony

text: through

text: its

text: RED

text: subsidiary

question: In what year did SCA buy CBS Records?

answer: 1987

question: Who was the biggest artist that CBS had?

answer: Michael Jackson

text: Michael Jackson

question: How much did SCA pay for CBS Records?

answer: $2 billion

text: $2 billion

question: In what year did the CBS Corporation begin another CBS Records?

answer: 2006

question: Who distributes CBS Records material?

answer: Sony through its RED subsidiary

text: Sony through its RED subsidiary

question: On what date did CBS Records acquire SCA?

text: November 17, 1987

question: How much did it cost for CBS Records to acquire SCA?

text: US$2 billion

question: Who retained the right to the CAS name for music recording?

text: CBS Inc

question: Who founded a new CBS Records in 2016?

text: CBS Corporation

question: In what year did CBS Corporation found a new CAS Records?


text: The Papalote children's museum, which houses the world's largest dome screen, is located in the wooded park of Chapultepec, near the Museo Tecnológico, and La Feria amusement park. The theme park Six Flags México (the largest amusement park in Latin America) is located in the Ajusco neighborhood, in Tlalpan borough, southern Mexico City. During the winter, the main square of the Zócalo is transformed into a gigantic ice skating rink, which is said to be the largest in the world behind that of Moscow's Red Square.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: The

text: Papalote

text: children

text: 's

text: museum

text: which

text: houses

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: dome

text: screen

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: wooded

text: park

text: of

text: Chapultepec

text: near

text: the

text: Museo

text: Tecnológico

text: and

text: La

text: Feria

text: amusement

text: park

text: The

text: theme

text: park

text: Six

text: Flags

text: México

text: the

text: largest

text: amusement

text: park

text: in

text: Latin

text: America

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Ajusco

text: neighborhood

text: in

text: Tlalpan

text: borough

text: southern

text: Mexico

text: City

text: During

text: the

text: winter

text: the

text: main

text: square

text: of

text: the

text: Zócalo

text: is

text: transformed

text: into

text: a

text: gigantic

text: ice

text: skating

text: rink

text: which

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: behind

text: that

text: of

text: Moscow

text: 's

text: Red

text: Square

question: What makes the Papalote children's museum so famous?

answer: world's largest dome screen

text: world's largest dome screen

question: Where is the Papalote Children's Museum located?

answer: wooded park of Chapultepec

text: wooded park of Chapultepec

question: What is the largest amusement park in Latin America?

answer: Six Flags México

text: Six Flags México

question: What borough is Six Flags Mexico located?

answer: Tlalpan

text: Tlalpan

question: What city has the largest outdoor ice skating rink in the world?

answer: Moscow

text: Moscow


text: In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen (or the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen), known as the United Arab States. In 1959, the All-Palestine Government of the Gaza Strip, an Egyptian client state, was absorbed into the United Arab Republic under the pretext of Arab union, and was never restored.

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: In

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Syria

text: formed

text: a

text: sovereign

text: union

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: The

text: union

text: was

text: short

text: lived

text: ending

text: in

text: when

text: Syria

text: seceded

text: thus

text: ending

text: the

text: union

text: During

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: existence

text: the

text: United

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: was

text: also

text: in

text: a

text: loose

text: confederation

text: with

text: North

text: Yemen

text: or

text: the

text: Mutawakkilite

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Yemen

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: United

text: Arab

text: States

text: In

text: the

text: All

text: Palestine

text: Government

text: of

text: the

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: an

text: Egyptian

text: client

text: state

text: was

text: absorbed

text: into

text: the

text: United

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: under

text: the

text: pretext

text: of

text: Arab

text: union

text: and

text: was

text: never

text: restored

question: In what year did Egypt and Syria Form a sovereign union?

answer: 1958

question: What was the sovereign union with Syria known?

answer: United Arab Republic

text: United Arab Republic

question: How long did the union with Syria last?

answer: 1961


text: Israel (/ˈɪzreɪəl/ or /ˈɪzriːəl/; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל Yisrā'el; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل Isrāʼīl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל Medīnat Yisrā'el [mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel] ( listen); Arabic: دولة إِسْرَائِيل Dawlat Isrāʼīl [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. The country is situated in the Middle East at the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea. It shares land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories (which are claimed by the State of Palestine and are partially controlled by Israel) comprising the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. It contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv while Jerusalem is both the self-designated capital and most populous individual city under the country's governmental administration. Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.[note 1]

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Israel

text: /ˈɪzreɪəl/

text: or

text: /ˈɪzriːəl/

text: Hebrew

text: יִשְׂרָאֵל

text: Yisrā'el

text: Arabic

text: إِسْرَائِيل

text: Isrāʼīl

text: officially

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Israel

text: Hebrew

text: מְדִינַת

text: יִשְׂרָאֵל

text: Medīnat

text: Yisrā'el

text: mediˈnat

text: jisʁaˈʔel

text: listen

text: Arabic

text: دولة

text: إِسْرَائِيل

text: Dawlat

text: Isrāʼīl

text: dawlat

text: ʔisraːˈʔiːl

text: is

text: a

text: sovereign

text: state

text: in

text: Western

text: Asia

text: The

text: country

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: at

text: the

text: southeastern

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: northern

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: in

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: It

text: shares

text: land

text: borders

text: with

text: Lebanon

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Syria

text: in

text: the

text: northeast

text: Jordan

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Palestinian

text: territories

text: which

text: are

text: claimed

text: by

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: Palestine

text: and

text: are

text: partially

text: controlled

text: by

text: Israel

text: comprising

text: the

text: West

text: Bank

text: and

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: west

text: respectively

text: and

text: Egypt

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: It

text: contains

text: geographically

text: diverse

text: features

text: within

text: its

text: relatively

text: small

text: area

text: Israel

text: 's

text: financial

text: and

text: technology

text: center

text: is

text: Tel

text: Aviv

text: while

text: Jerusalem

text: is

text: both

text: the

text: self

text: designated

text: capital

text: and

text: most

text: populous

text: individual

text: city

text: under

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: governmental

text: administration

text: Israeli

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Jerusalem

text: is

text: internationally

text: unrecognized.[note

question: What is the official State of Israel?

answer: Israel

text: Israel

question: Where is Israel located?

answer: Middle East

text: Middle East

question: What's Israel's financial and technology center?

answer: Tel Aviv

text: Tel Aviv


text: Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest, its close identification with early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system, including the first university. The growth of the Portuguese overseas empire made its missionaries important agents of colonization, with important roles in the education and evangelization of people from all the inhabited continents. The growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the First Portuguese Republic (1910–26) changed the role and importance of organized religion.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Many

text: Portuguese

text: holidays

text: festivals

text: and

text: traditions

text: have

text: a

text: Christian

text: origin

text: or

text: connotation

text: Although

text: relations

text: between

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: state

text: and

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: were

text: generally

text: amiable

text: and

text: stable

text: since

text: the

text: earliest

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: nation

text: their

text: relative

text: power

text: fluctuated

text: In

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: the

text: church

text: enjoyed

text: both

text: riches

text: and

text: power

text: stemming

text: from

text: its

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: reconquest

text: its

text: close

text: identification

text: with

text: early

text: Portuguese

text: nationalism

text: and

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: educational

text: system

text: including

text: the

text: first

text: university

text: The

text: growth

text: of

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: overseas

text: empire

text: made

text: its

text: missionaries

text: important

text: agents

text: of

text: colonization

text: with

text: important

text: roles

text: in

text: the

text: education

text: and

text: evangelization

text: of

text: people

text: from

text: all

text: the

text: inhabited

text: continents

text: The

text: growth

text: of

text: liberal

text: and

text: nascent

text: republican

text: movements

text: during

text: the

text: eras

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: Portuguese

text: Republic

text: changed

text: the

text: role

text: and

text: importance

text: of

text: organized

text: religion

question: In what religion do many Portuguese holidays and festivals find their origin?

answer: Christian

text: Christian

question: In what centuries did the Roman Catholic Church play a role in the reconquest?

answer: 13th and 14th

text: 13th and 14th

question: What changed the role and importance of organized religion in Portugal?

answer: formation of the First Portuguese Republic

text: formation of the First Portuguese Republic

question: During what years did the formation of the First Portuguese Republic take place?

answer: 1910–26


text: This has led to new terms such as cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism. More and more critical infrastructure is being controlled via computer programs that, while increasing efficiency, exposes new vulnerabilities. The test will be to see if governments and corporations that control critical systems such as energy, communications and other information will be able to prevent attacks before they occur. As Jay Cross, the chief scientist of the Internet Time Group, remarked, "Connectedness begets vulnerability."

title: Computer_security

title: Computer_security

text: This

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: new

text: terms

text: such

text: as

text: cyberwarfare

text: and

text: cyberterrorism

text: More

text: and

text: more

text: critical

text: infrastructure

text: is

text: being

text: controlled

text: via

text: computer

text: programs

text: that

text: while

text: increasing

text: efficiency

text: exposes

text: new

text: vulnerabilities

text: The

text: test

text: will

text: be

text: to

text: see

text: if

text: governments

text: and

text: corporations

text: that

text: control

text: critical

text: systems

text: such

text: as

text: energy

text: communications

text: and

text: other

text: information

text: will

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: prevent

text: attacks

text: before

text: they

text: occur

text: As

text: Jay

text: Cross

text: the

text: chief

text: scientist

text: of

text: the

text: Internet

text: Time

text: Group

text: remarked

text: Connectedness

text: begets

text: vulnerability

question: Who said "Connectedness begets vulnerability?"

answer: Jay Cross

text: Jay Cross

question: What organization does Jay Cross belong to?

answer: the Internet Time Group

text: the Internet Time Group

question: What is the advantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?

answer: increasing efficiency

text: increasing efficiency

question: What is the disadvantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?

answer: exposes new vulnerabilities

text: exposes new vulnerabilities

question: What has led to cyberwarfare?

question: What is cyberterrorism?

text: attacks

question: In what way does "connectedness begets vulnerability?"

text: cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism

question: What types of test will be run?

question: Will cyberterrorism evolve with new technology?

text: Connectedness begets vulnerability

question: Who coined the word "cyberwarfare"?

text: Jay Cross

question: What computer program controls critical infrastructure?

text: Internet Time Group

question: Which infrastructures are the least vulnerable to attack?

question: What is cyberterrorism?

question: Who disagreed with the saying "Connectedness begets vulnerability"?

text: Jay Cross


text: Ireland developed a strong middle class, especially in the major cities, by the mid-nineteenth century. They were active patrons of department stores. Delany's New Mart was opened in 1853 in Dublin, Ireland. Unlike others, Delany's had not evolved gradually from a smaller shop on site. Thus it could claim to be the first purpose-built Department Store in the world. The word department store had not been invented at that time and thus it was called the "Monster House". The store was completely destroyed in the 1916 Easter Rising, but reopened in 1922.

title: Department_store

title: Department_store

text: Ireland

text: developed

text: a

text: strong

text: middle

text: class

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: major

text: cities

text: by

text: the

text: mid

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: They

text: were

text: active

text: patrons

text: of

text: department

text: stores

text: Delany

text: 's

text: New

text: Mart

text: was

text: opened

text: in

text: in

text: Dublin

text: Ireland

text: Unlike

text: others

text: Delany

text: 's

text: had

text: not

text: evolved

text: gradually

text: from

text: a

text: smaller

text: shop

text: on

text: site

text: Thus

text: it

text: could

text: claim

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: first

text: purpose

text: built

text: Department

text: Store

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: word

text: department

text: store

text: had

text: not

text: been

text: invented

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: and

text: thus

text: it

text: was

text: called

text: the

text: Monster

text: House

text: The

text: store

text: was

text: completely

text: destroyed

text: in

text: the

text: Easter

text: Rising

text: but

text: reopened

text: in

question: When did Ireland begin to see a growth in its middle class?

answer: mid-nineteenth century.

text: mid-nineteenth century.

question: What department store was founded in 1853?

answer: Delany's New Mart

text: Delany's New Mart

question: In what city was Delany's New Mart opened?

answer: Dublin

text: Dublin

question: What was Delany's originally called?

answer: Monster House

text: Monster House

question: In what year was the store destroyed?

answer: 1916

question: When did Ireland begin to see a growth in its upper class?

text: mid-nineteenth century

question: What department store was founded in 1835?

text: Delany's New Mart

question: In what city was Delany's New Mart closed?

text: Dublin

question: What wasn't Delany's originally called?

text: Monster House

question: In what year wasn't the store destroyed?


text: Continental Portugal's 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi) territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in Alcochete, to replace Lisbon Portela Airport, though this plan has been stalled due to the austerity. Currently, the most important airports are in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, Funchal (Madeira), and Ponta Delgada (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Continental

text: Portugal

text: 's

text: sq

text: mi

text: territory

text: is

text: serviced

text: by

text: four

text: international

text: airports

text: located

text: near

text: the

text: principal

text: cities

text: of

text: Lisbon

text: Porto

text: Faro

text: and

text: Beja

text: Lisbon

text: 's

text: geographical

text: position

text: makes

text: it

text: a

text: stopover

text: for

text: many

text: foreign

text: airlines

text: at

text: several

text: airports

text: within

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: primary

text: flag

text: carrier

text: is

text: TAP

text: Portugal

text: although

text: many

text: other

text: domestic

text: airlines

text: provide

text: services

text: within

text: and

text: without

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: government

text: decided

text: to

text: build

text: a

text: new

text: airport

text: outside

text: Lisbon

text: in

text: Alcochete

text: to

text: replace

text: Lisbon

text: Portela

text: Airport

text: though

text: this

text: plan

text: has

text: been

text: stalled

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: austerity

text: Currently

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: airports

text: are

text: in

text: Lisbon

text: Porto

text: Faro

text: Funchal

text: Madeira

text: and

text: Ponta

text: Delgada

text: Azores

text: managed

text: by

text: the

text: national

text: airport

text: authority

text: group

text: ANA

text: Aeroportos

text: de

text: Portugal

question: How much land does the Continental Portugal cover?

answer: 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)

text: 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)

question: How many national airports does Portugal have?

answer: four

text: four

question: Near what cities are the Portuguese airports located?

answer: Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja

text: Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja

question: Why is Lisbon a popular stopover for many foreign airlines?

answer: geographical position

text: geographical position

question: What is the primary flag-carrier in Portugal?

answer: TAP Portugal

text: TAP Portugal


text: Kathmandu is a center for art in Nepal, displaying the work of contemporary artists in the country and also collections of historical artists. Patan in particular is an ancient city noted for its fine arts and crafts. Art in Kathmandu is vibrant, demonstrating a fusion of traditionalism and modern art, derived from a great number of national, Asian, and global influences. Nepali art is commonly divided into two areas: the idealistic traditional painting known as Paubhas in Nepal and perhaps more commonly known as Thangkas in Tibet, closely linked to the country's religious history and on the other hand the contemporary western-style painting, including nature-based compositions or abstract artwork based on Tantric elements and social themes of which painters in Nepal are well noted for. Internationally, the British-based charity, the Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre is involved with promoting arts in Kathmandu.

title: Kathmandu

title: Kathmandu

text: Kathmandu

text: is

text: a

text: center

text: for

text: art

text: in

text: Nepal

text: displaying

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: contemporary

text: artists

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: also

text: collections

text: of

text: historical

text: artists

text: Patan

text: in

text: particular

text: is

text: an

text: ancient

text: city

text: noted

text: for

text: its

text: fine

text: arts

text: and

text: crafts

text: Art

text: in

text: Kathmandu

text: is

text: vibrant

text: demonstrating

text: a

text: fusion

text: of

text: traditionalism

text: and

text: modern

text: art

text: derived

text: from

text: a

text: great

text: number

text: of

text: national

text: Asian

text: and

text: global

text: influences

text: Nepali

text: art

text: is

text: commonly

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: areas

text: the

text: idealistic

text: traditional

text: painting

text: known

text: as

text: Paubhas

text: in

text: Nepal

text: and

text: perhaps

text: more

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Thangkas

text: in

text: Tibet

text: closely

text: linked

text: to

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: religious

text: history

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: the

text: contemporary

text: western

text: style

text: painting

text: including

text: nature

text: based

text: compositions

text: or

text: abstract

text: artwork

text: based

text: on

text: Tantric

text: elements

text: and

text: social

text: themes

text: of

text: which

text: painters

text: in

text: Nepal

text: are

text: well

text: noted

text: for

text: Internationally

text: the

text: British

text: based

text: charity

text: the

text: Kathmandu

text: Contemporary

text: Art

text: Centre

text: is

text: involved

text: with

text: promoting

text: arts

text: in

text: Kathmandu

question: Contemporary Kathmandu art combines traditional influences with what type of art?

answer: modern

text: modern

question: How many types are Nepali works of art typically divided into?

answer: two

text: two

question: What do the Tibetans call traditional idealistic paintings?

answer: Thangkas

text: Thangkas

question: What UK charity works on behalf of Kathmandu art?

answer: Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre

text: Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre

question: What do the Nepalese call Thangkas?

answer: Paubhas

text: Paubhas


text: In the 1772 First Partition of Poland, the Prussian king Frederick the Great annexed neighboring Royal Prussia, i.e. the Polish voivodeships of Pomerania (Gdańsk Pomerania or Pomerelia), Malbork, Chełmno and the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, thereby bridging the "Polish Corridor" between his Prussian and Farther Pomeranian lands and cutting remaining Poland off the Baltic Coast. The territory of Warmia was incorporated into the lands of former Ducal Prussia, which, by administrative deed of 31 January 1773 were named East Prussia. The former Polish Pomerelian lands beyond the Vistula River together with Malbork and Chełmno Land formed the Province of West Prussia with its capital at Marienwerder (Kwidzyn). The Polish Partition Sejm ratified the cession on 30 September 1773, whereafter Frederick officially went on to call himself a King "of" Prussia.

title: East_Prussia

title: East_Prussia

text: In

text: the

text: First

text: Partition

text: of

text: Poland

text: the

text: Prussian

text: king

text: Frederick

text: the

text: Great

text: annexed

text: neighboring

text: Royal

text: Prussia

text: i.e.

text: the

text: Polish

text: voivodeships

text: of

text: Pomerania

text: Gdańsk

text: Pomerania

text: or

text: Pomerelia

text: Malbork

text: Chełmno

text: and

text: the

text: Prince

text: Bishopric

text: of

text: Warmia

text: thereby

text: bridging

text: the

text: Polish

text: Corridor

text: between

text: his

text: Prussian

text: and

text: Farther

text: Pomeranian

text: lands

text: and

text: cutting

text: remaining

text: Poland

text: off

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Coast

text: The

text: territory

text: of

text: Warmia

text: was

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: lands

text: of

text: former

text: Ducal

text: Prussia

text: which

text: by

text: administrative

text: deed

text: of

text: January

text: were

text: named

text: East

text: Prussia

text: The

text: former

text: Polish

text: Pomerelian

text: lands

text: beyond

text: the

text: Vistula

text: River

text: together

text: with

text: Malbork

text: and

text: Chełmno

text: Land

text: formed

text: the

text: Province

text: of

text: West

text: Prussia

text: with

text: its

text: capital

text: at

text: Marienwerder

text: Kwidzyn

text: The

text: Polish

text: Partition

text: Sejm

text: ratified

text: the

text: cession

text: on

text: September

text: whereafter

text: Frederick

text: officially

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: call

text: himself

text: a

text: King

text: of

text: Prussia

question: In what year was Royal Prussia annexed?

answer: 1772

question: In what year was the territory of Warmia incorporated?

answer: 31 January 1773

text: 31 January 1773

question: What was ratified in 1773 in Prussia?

answer: The Polish Partition Sejm

text: The Polish Partition Sejm

question: In what year was Marienwerder founded?

question: What was the capital of Royal Prussia?

text: Marienwerder

question: What was capital of Poland?

text: Marienwerder

question: Who was the king of Poland?

text: Frederick the Great

question: In what year did Ducal Prussia cease to exist?


text: In the 1520s during the Protestant Reformation, the city, under the political guidance of Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck and the spiritual guidance of Martin Bucer embraced the religious teachings of Martin Luther. Their adherents established a Gymnasium, headed by Johannes Sturm, made into a University in the following century. The city first followed the Tetrapolitan Confession, and then the Augsburg Confession. Protestant iconoclasm caused much destruction to churches and cloisters, notwithstanding that Luther himself opposed such a practice. Strasbourg was a centre of humanist scholarship and early book-printing in the Holy Roman Empire, and its intellectual and political influence contributed much to the establishment of Protestantism as an accepted denomination in the southwest of Germany. (John Calvin spent several years as a political refugee in the city). The Strasbourg Councillor Sturm and guildmaster Matthias represented the city at the Imperial Diet of Speyer (1529), where their protest led to the schism of the Catholic Church and the evolution of Protestantism. Together with four other free cities, Strasbourg presented the confessio tetrapolitana as its Protestant book of faith at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530, where the slightly different Augsburg Confession was also handed over to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

title: Strasbourg

title: Strasbourg

text: In

text: the

text: during

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: the

text: city

text: under

text: the

text: political

text: guidance

text: of

text: Jacob

text: Sturm

text: von

text: Sturmeck

text: and

text: the

text: spiritual

text: guidance

text: of

text: Martin

text: Bucer

text: embraced

text: the

text: religious

text: teachings

text: of

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: Their

text: adherents

text: established

text: a

text: Gymnasium

text: headed

text: by

text: Johannes

text: Sturm

text: made

text: into

text: a

text: University

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: century

text: The

text: city

text: first

text: followed

text: the

text: Tetrapolitan

text: Confession

text: and

text: then

text: the

text: Augsburg

text: Confession

text: Protestant

text: iconoclasm

text: caused

text: much

text: destruction

text: to

text: churches

text: and

text: cloisters

text: notwithstanding

text: that

text: Luther

text: himself

text: opposed

text: such

text: a

text: practice

text: Strasbourg

text: was

text: a

text: centre

text: of

text: humanist

text: scholarship

text: and

text: early

text: book

text: printing

text: in

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: its

text: intellectual

text: and

text: political

text: influence

text: contributed

text: much

text: to

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: Protestantism

text: as

text: an

text: accepted

text: denomination

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: of

text: Germany

text: John

text: Calvin

text: spent

text: several

text: years

text: as

text: a

text: political

text: refugee

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: Strasbourg

text: Councillor

text: Sturm

text: and

text: guildmaster

text: Matthias

text: represented

text: the

text: city

text: at

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Diet

text: of

text: Speyer

text: where

text: their

text: protest

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: schism

text: of

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: and

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: Protestantism

text: Together

text: with

text: four

text: other

text: free

text: cities

text: Strasbourg

text: presented

text: the

text: confessio

text: tetrapolitana

text: as

text: its

text: Protestant

text: book

text: of

text: faith

text: at

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Diet

text: of

text: Augsburg

text: in

text: where

text: the

text: slightly

text: different

text: Augsburg

text: Confession

text: was

text: also

text: handed

text: over

text: to

text: Charles

text: V

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Emperor

question: Who was the political guide during the Protestant Reformation?

answer: Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck

text: Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck

question: Who was the spiritual guide during the Protestant Reformation?

answer: Martin Bucer

text: Martin Bucer

question: Who spent several years as a political refugee in the city?

answer: John Calvin

text: John Calvin

question: How many other cities joined Strasbourg at the Imperial Diet of Augsburg in 1530?

answer: four

text: four

question: In what decade did Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck start offering political guidance to Strasbourg?

question: In what decade did Martin Luther start his religious teachings?

question: In what city was John Calvin born?

text: Strasbourg

question: In what year was Charles V made Holy Roman Emperor?

question: In what city was Charle V declared Holy Roman Emperor?

text: Augsburg


text: From 1904 to 1907, the Herero and the Namaqua took up arms against the Germans and in calculated punitive action by the German occupiers, the 'first genocide of the Twentieth Century' was committed. In the Herero and Namaqua genocide, 10,000 Nama (half the population) and approximately 65,000 Hereros (about 80% of the population) were systematically murdered. The survivors, when finally released from detention, were subjected to a policy of dispossession, deportation, forced labour, racial segregation and discrimination in a system that in many ways anticipated apartheid.

title: Namibia

title: Namibia

text: From

text: to

text: the

text: Herero

text: and

text: the

text: Namaqua

text: took

text: up

text: arms

text: against

text: the

text: Germans

text: and

text: in

text: calculated

text: punitive

text: action

text: by

text: the

text: German

text: occupiers

text: the

text: first

text: genocide

text: of

text: the

text: Twentieth

text: Century

text: was

text: committed

text: In

text: the

text: Herero

text: and

text: Namaqua

text: genocide

text: Nama

text: half

text: the

text: population

text: and

text: approximately

text: Hereros

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: were

text: systematically

text: murdered

text: The

text: survivors

text: when

text: finally

text: released

text: from

text: detention

text: were

text: subjected

text: to

text: a

text: policy

text: of

text: dispossession

text: deportation

text: forced

text: labour

text: racial

text: segregation

text: and

text: discrimination

text: in

text: a

text: system

text: that

text: in

text: many

text: ways

text: anticipated

text: apartheid

question: Herero and what other group took action against German occupiers?

answer: Namaqua

text: Namaqua

question: When did two clans take up action against the German occupiers?

answer: 1904 to 1907

text: 1904 to 1907

question: What was the war against the German occupiers considered?

answer: first genocide of the Twentieth Century

text: first genocide of the Twentieth Century

question: How many Herero's were killed in the war against German occupiers?

answer: 65,000

question: How many Nama's were killed in the war against German occupiers?

answer: 10,000

question: In what year did the "first genocide of the Twentieth Century" start?

question: Which group to German occupiers first start to commit genocide against?

text: Nama

question: What percentage of Herero were murdered by Germans?

text: half the population

question: What percentage of Namaqua were murdered by Germans?

text: about 80% of the population

question: In what year did "the first genocide of the Twentieth Century" end?


text: On the other hand, many of the medieval buildings once situated within the town walls are now in ruins or have disappeared altogether. From successive incarnations of the motte and bailey castle, only a section of the bailey wall remains today, lying just off Castle Way. The last remains of the Franciscan friary in Southampton, founded circa 1233 and dissolved in 1538, were swept away in the 1940s. The site is now occupied by Friary House.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: medieval

text: buildings

text: once

text: situated

text: within

text: the

text: town

text: walls

text: are

text: now

text: in

text: ruins

text: or

text: have

text: disappeared

text: altogether

text: From

text: successive

text: incarnations

text: of

text: the

text: motte

text: and

text: bailey

text: castle

text: only

text: a

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: bailey

text: wall

text: remains

text: today

text: lying

text: just

text: off

text: Castle

text: Way

text: The

text: last

text: remains

text: of

text: the

text: Franciscan

text: friary

text: in

text: Southampton

text: founded

text: circa

text: and

text: dissolved

text: in

text: were

text: swept

text: away

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: site

text: is

text: now

text: occupied

text: by

text: Friary

text: House

question: The only remaining piece of the motte and bailey castle can be seen near what modern Southampton street?

answer: Castle Way

text: Castle Way

question: About what year was the Franciscan friary established in Southampton?

answer: 1233

question: What year did Southampton's Franciscan friary shut down?

answer: 1538

question: In what decade were the leftovers of the Southampton friary destroyed?

answer: 1940s

question: What landmark now sits on the site of the Franciscan friary in Southampton?

answer: Friary House

text: Friary House


text: Former Soviet states, as well as countries that used to be satellite states or territories of the Warsaw Pact, have numerous minority Slavic populations, many of whom are originally from the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR. As of now, Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population with most being Russians (Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles are present as well but in much smaller numbers).

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: Former

text: Soviet

text: states

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: countries

text: that

text: used

text: to

text: be

text: satellite

text: states

text: or

text: territories

text: of

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: Pact

text: have

text: numerous

text: minority

text: Slavic

text: populations

text: many

text: of

text: whom

text: are

text: originally

text: from

text: the

text: Russian

text: SFSR

text: Ukrainian

text: SSR

text: and

text: Byelorussian

text: SSR

text: As

text: of

text: now

text: Kazakhstan

text: has

text: the

text: largest

text: Slavic

text: minority

text: population

text: with

text: most

text: being

text: Russians

text: Ukrainians

text: Belarusians

text: and

text: Poles

text: are

text: present

text: as

text: well

text: but

text: in

text: much

text: smaller

text: numbers

question: Many Slavic populations that were part of the Warsaw Pact are originally from where?

answer: the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR

text: the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR

question: What is the largest Slavic minority?

answer: Russians

text: Russians

question: Where is the largest Slavic minority located?

answer: Kazakhstan

text: Kazakhstan

question: What other Slavic minorities are in Kazakhstan?

answer: Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles

text: Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles

question: What country has the largest Ukrainian population?

text: Kazakhstan

question: What was the Warsaw Pact originally part of?

question: What is the largest population in Kazakhstan?

text: Russians

question: What is an example of a satellite state?

text: territories of the Warsaw Pact

question: What is the smallest minority in Kazakhstan?

text: Slavic


text: Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in Kelvin of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics of the lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin; daylight is around 6400 Kelvin. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing, the color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect.

title: Lighting

title: Lighting

text: Color

text: temperature

text: for

text: white

text: light

text: sources

text: also

text: affects

text: their

text: use

text: for

text: certain

text: applications

text: The

text: color

text: temperature

text: of

text: a

text: white

text: light

text: source

text: is

text: the

text: temperature

text: in

text: Kelvin

text: of

text: a

text: theoretical

text: black

text: body

text: emitter

text: that

text: most

text: closely

text: matches

text: the

text: spectral

text: characteristics

text: of

text: the

text: lamp

text: An

text: incandescent

text: bulb

text: has

text: a

text: color

text: temperature

text: around

text: to

text: Kelvin

text: daylight

text: is

text: around

text: Kelvin

text: Lower

text: color

text: temperature

text: lamps

text: have

text: relatively

text: more

text: energy

text: in

text: the

text: yellow

text: and

text: red

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: visible

text: spectrum

text: while

text: high

text: color

text: temperatures

text: correspond

text: to

text: lamps

text: with

text: more

text: of

text: a

text: blue

text: white

text: appearance

text: For

text: critical

text: inspection

text: or

text: color

text: matching

text: tasks

text: or

text: for

text: retail

text: displays

text: of

text: food

text: and

text: clothing

text: the

text: color

text: temperature

text: of

text: the

text: lamps

text: will

text: be

text: selected

text: for

text: the

text: best

text: overall

text: lighting

text: effect

question: How many Kelvins is daylight measured at?

answer: 6400

question: What has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 Kelvin?

answer: incandescent bulb

text: incandescent bulb

question: It can be said that lights with a high color temperature have more energy in what color spectrum?

answer: blue-white

text: blue-white

question: A lamp with more energy in the yellow and red spectrum are known to be?

answer: Lower color temperature

text: Lower color temperature


text: In astrophysics and cosmology, dark matter is matter of unknown composition that does not emit or reflect enough electromagnetic radiation to be observed directly, but whose presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter. Observational evidence of the early universe and the big bang theory require that this matter have energy and mass, but is not composed of either elementary fermions (as above) OR gauge bosons. The commonly accepted view is that most of the dark matter is non-baryonic in nature. As such, it is composed of particles as yet unobserved in the laboratory. Perhaps they are supersymmetric particles, which are not Standard Model particles, but relics formed at very high energies in the early phase of the universe and still floating about.

title: Matter

title: Matter

text: In

text: astrophysics

text: and

text: cosmology

text: dark

text: matter

text: is

text: matter

text: of

text: unknown

text: composition

text: that

text: does

text: not

text: emit

text: or

text: reflect

text: enough

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: to

text: be

text: observed

text: directly

text: but

text: whose

text: presence

text: can

text: be

text: inferred

text: from

text: gravitational

text: effects

text: on

text: visible

text: matter

text: Observational

text: evidence

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: universe

text: and

text: the

text: big

text: bang

text: theory

text: require

text: that

text: this

text: matter

text: have

text: energy

text: and

text: mass

text: but

text: is

text: not

text: composed

text: of

text: either

text: elementary

text: fermions

text: as

text: above

text: OR

text: gauge

text: bosons

text: The

text: commonly

text: accepted

text: view

text: is

text: that

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: dark

text: matter

text: is

text: non

text: baryonic

text: in

text: nature

text: As

text: such

text: it

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: particles

text: as

text: yet

text: unobserved

text: in

text: the

text: laboratory

text: Perhaps

text: they

text: are

text: supersymmetric

text: particles

text: which

text: are

text: not

text: Standard

text: Model

text: particles

text: but

text: relics

text: formed

text: at

text: very

text: high

text: energies

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: phase

text: of

text: the

text: universe

text: and

text: still

text: floating

text: about

question: What does dark matter emit to make it visible?

text: electromagnetic radiation

question: What effect on other matter allows electromagnetic radiation to be visible?

text: gravitational effects

question: What is baryonic in nature?

text: dark matter

question: What does dark matter form?

question: Supersymmetric particles are part of what Model?

text: Standard


text: In June 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which was later extended by the Sedition Act of 1918, enacted in May 1918. In February 1918, the Montana legislature had passed the Montana Sedition Act, which was a model for the federal version. In combination, these laws criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means. The Montana Act led to the arrest of over 200 individuals and the conviction of 78, mostly of German or Austrian descent. Over 40 spent time in prison. In May 2006, then-Governor Brian Schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the Montana Sedition Act.

title: Montana

title: Montana

text: In

text: June

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Congress

text: passed

text: the

text: Espionage

text: Act

text: of

text: which

text: was

text: later

text: extended

text: by

text: the

text: Sedition

text: Act

text: of

text: enacted

text: in

text: May

text: In

text: February

text: the

text: Montana

text: legislature

text: had

text: passed

text: the

text: Montana

text: Sedition

text: Act

text: which

text: was

text: a

text: model

text: for

text: the

text: federal

text: version

text: In

text: combination

text: these

text: laws

text: criminalized

text: criticism

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: government

text: military

text: or

text: symbols

text: through

text: speech

text: or

text: other

text: means

text: The

text: Montana

text: Act

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: arrest

text: of

text: over

text: individuals

text: and

text: the

text: conviction

text: of

text: mostly

text: of

text: German

text: or

text: Austrian

text: descent

text: Over

text: spent

text: time

text: in

text: prison

text: In

text: May

text: then

text: Governor

text: Brian

text: Schweitzer

text: posthumously

text: issued

text: full

text: pardons

text: for

text: all

text: those

text: convicted

text: of

text: violating

text: the

text: Montana

text: Sedition

text: Act

question: When did Congress pass the Espionage Act?

answer: 1917

question: When was the Sedition Act passed?

answer: 1918

question: What were these acts make do to laws?

answer: criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means

text: criminalized criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means

question: How many people were arrested from the Montana Act?

answer: 200

question: How many of the 200 arrested in the Montana Act were convicted?

answer: 78


text: A wrestler may voluntarily submit by verbally informing the referee (usually used in moves such as the Mexican Surfboard, where all four limbs are incapacitated, making tapping impossible). Also, since Ken Shamrock (a legitimate UFC competitor in its early days) popularized it in 1997, a wrestler can indicate a voluntary submission by "tapping out", that is, tapping a free hand against the mat or against an opponent. Occasionally, a wrestler will reach for a rope (see rope breaks below), only to put their hand back on the mat so they can crawl towards the rope some more; this is not a submission, and the referee decides what their intent is.

title: Professional_wrestling

title: Professional_wrestling

text: A

text: wrestler

text: may

text: voluntarily

text: submit

text: by

text: verbally

text: informing

text: the

text: referee

text: usually

text: used

text: in

text: moves

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Mexican

text: Surfboard

text: where

text: all

text: four

text: limbs

text: are

text: incapacitated

text: making

text: tapping

text: impossible

text: Also

text: since

text: Ken

text: Shamrock

text: a

text: legitimate

text: UFC

text: competitor

text: in

text: its

text: early

text: days

text: popularized

text: it

text: in

text: a

text: wrestler

text: can

text: indicate

text: a

text: voluntary

text: submission

text: by

text: tapping

text: out

text: that

text: is

text: tapping

text: a

text: free

text: hand

text: against

text: the

text: mat

text: or

text: against

text: an

text: opponent

text: Occasionally

text: a

text: wrestler

text: will

text: reach

text: for

text: a

text: rope

text: see

text: rope

text: breaks

text: below

text: only

text: to

text: put

text: their

text: hand

text: back

text: on

text: the

text: mat

text: so

text: they

text: can

text: crawl

text: towards

text: the

text: rope

text: some

text: more

text: this

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: submission

text: and

text: the

text: referee

text: decides

text: what

text: their

text: intent

text: is

question: How can a wrestler willingly submit?

answer: verbally informing the referee

text: verbally informing the referee

question: What is the move called where all limbs are incapicitated?

answer: Mexican Surfboard

text: Mexican Surfboard

question: What can a wrestler do to show a willing submission?

answer: tapping out

text: tapping out


text: Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football, that domestic leagues reduce the number of games clubs played, the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted. On 8 June 2006, FIFA requested that all major European leagues, including Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga be reduced to 18 teams by the start of the 2007–08 season. The Premier League responded by announcing their intention to resist such a reduction. Ultimately, the 2007–08 season kicked off again with 20 teams.

title: Premier_League

title: Premier_League

text: Due

text: to

text: insistence

text: by

text: the

text: International

text: Federation

text: of

text: Association

text: Football

text: FIFA

text: the

text: international

text: governing

text: body

text: of

text: football

text: that

text: domestic

text: leagues

text: reduce

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: games

text: clubs

text: played

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: clubs

text: was

text: reduced

text: to

text: in

text: when

text: four

text: teams

text: were

text: relegated

text: from

text: the

text: league

text: and

text: only

text: two

text: teams

text: promoted

text: On

text: June

text: FIFA

text: requested

text: that

text: all

text: major

text: European

text: leagues

text: including

text: Italy

text: 's

text: Serie

text: A

text: and

text: Spain

text: 's

text: La

text: Liga

text: be

text: reduced

text: to

text: teams

text: by

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: season

text: The

text: Premier

text: League

text: responded

text: by

text: announcing

text: their

text: intention

text: to

text: resist

text: such

text: a

text: reduction

text: Ultimately

text: the

text: season

text: kicked

text: off

text: again

text: with

text: teams

question: In 1995, who requested that domestic leagues lower the amount of games played.

answer: Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football

text: Due to insistence by the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), the international governing body of football

question: What was the number of clubs reduced to in 1995.

answer: the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995

text: the number of clubs was reduced to 20 in 1995

question: Who insisted that the number of games played in each domestic league must be reduced?

answer: FIFA

text: FIFA

question: In 1995, what was the number of clubs in the league reduced to?

answer: 20

question: On which date did FIFA request that all European leagues reduce the number of teams within themselves to 18?

answer: 8 June 2006

text: 8 June 2006

question: In the 2007-08 season, how many teams was the Premier League left with?

answer: 20

question: How many teams were relegated from the Premier League in 1995?

answer: four

text: four

question: In which year the number of games played increased to 20?

question: In 2007, the league reduced the number of games played to how many?

question: Which entity is the national governing body of football?

question: Since which year has FIFA been the governing body of football?

question: Who suggested increasing the number of games played?


text: During the summer of 1968, the Apollo program hit another snag: the first pilot-rated Lunar Module (LM) was not ready for orbital tests in time for a December 1968 launch. NASA planners overcame this challenge by changing the mission flight order, delaying the first LM flight until March 1969, and sending Apollo 8 into lunar orbit without the LM in December. This mission was in part motivated by intelligence rumors the Soviet Union might be ready for a piloted Zond flight during late 1968. In September 1968, Zond 5 made a circumlunar flight with tortoises on board and returned to Earth, accomplishing the first successful water landing of the Soviet space program in the Indian Ocean. It also scared NASA planners, as it took them several days to figure out that it was only an automated flight, not piloted, because voice recordings were transmitted from the craft en route to the Moon. On November 10, 1968 another automated test flight, Zond 6 was launched, but this time encountered difficulties in its Earth reentry, and depressurized and deployed its parachute too early, causing it to crash-land only 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) from where it had been launched six days earlier. It turned out there was no chance of a piloted Soviet circumlunar flight during 1968, due to the unreliability of the Zonds.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: During

text: the

text: summer

text: of

text: the

text: Apollo

text: program

text: hit

text: another

text: snag

text: the

text: first

text: pilot

text: rated

text: Lunar

text: Module

text: LM

text: was

text: not

text: ready

text: for

text: orbital

text: tests

text: in

text: time

text: for

text: a

text: December

text: launch

text: NASA

text: planners

text: overcame

text: this

text: challenge

text: by

text: changing

text: the

text: mission

text: flight

text: order

text: delaying

text: the

text: first

text: LM

text: flight

text: until

text: March

text: and

text: sending

text: Apollo

text: into

text: lunar

text: orbit

text: without

text: the

text: LM

text: in

text: December

text: This

text: mission

text: was

text: in

text: part

text: motivated

text: by

text: intelligence

text: rumors

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: might

text: be

text: ready

text: for

text: a

text: piloted

text: Zond

text: flight

text: during

text: late

text: In

text: September

text: Zond

text: made

text: a

text: circumlunar

text: flight

text: with

text: tortoises

text: on

text: board

text: and

text: returned

text: to

text: Earth

text: accomplishing

text: the

text: first

text: successful

text: water

text: landing

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: space

text: program

text: in

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: It

text: also

text: scared

text: NASA

text: planners

text: as

text: it

text: took

text: them

text: several

text: days

text: to

text: figure

text: out

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: only

text: an

text: automated

text: flight

text: not

text: piloted

text: because

text: voice

text: recordings

text: were

text: transmitted

text: from

text: the

text: craft

text: en

text: route

text: to

text: the

text: Moon

text: On

text: November

text: another

text: automated

text: test

text: flight

text: Zond

text: was

text: launched

text: but

text: this

text: time

text: encountered

text: difficulties

text: in

text: its

text: Earth

text: reentry

text: and

text: depressurized

text: and

text: deployed

text: its

text: parachute

text: too

text: early

text: causing

text: it

text: to

text: crash

text: land

text: only

text: kilometers

text: mi

text: from

text: where

text: it

text: had

text: been

text: launched

text: six

text: days

text: earlier

text: It

text: turned

text: out

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: chance

text: of

text: a

text: piloted

text: Soviet

text: circumlunar

text: flight

text: during

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: unreliability

text: of

text: the

text: Zonds

question: The first successful water landing in the Indian Ocean by the Soviets was was when?

answer: 1968

question: What animal was carried aboard the  Zond 5?

answer: tortoises

text: tortoises

question: The first Lunar Module was delayed to what date?

answer: March 1969

text: March 1969


text: In a 1964 interview, Lee remarked that her aspiration was "to be ... the Jane Austen of South Alabama." Both Austen and Lee challenged the social status quo and valued individual worth over social standing. When Scout embarrasses her poorer classmate, Walter Cunningham, at the Finch home one day, Calpurnia, their black cook, chastises and punishes her for doing so. Atticus respects Calpurnia's judgment, and later in the book even stands up to his sister, the formidable Aunt Alexandra, when she strongly suggests they fire Calpurnia. One writer notes that Scout, "in Austenian fashion", satirizes women with whom she does not wish to identify. Literary critic Jean Blackall lists the priorities shared by the two authors: "affirmation of order in society, obedience, courtesy, and respect for the individual without regard for status".

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

text: In

text: a

text: interview

text: Lee

text: remarked

text: that

text: her

text: aspiration

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: Jane

text: Austen

text: of

text: South

text: Alabama

text: Both

text: Austen

text: and

text: Lee

text: challenged

text: the

text: social

text: status

text: quo

text: and

text: valued

text: individual

text: worth

text: over

text: social

text: standing

text: When

text: Scout

text: embarrasses

text: her

text: poorer

text: classmate

text: Walter

text: Cunningham

text: at

text: the

text: Finch

text: home

text: one

text: day

text: Calpurnia

text: their

text: black

text: cook

text: chastises

text: and

text: punishes

text: her

text: for

text: doing

text: so

text: Atticus

text: respects

text: Calpurnia

text: 's

text: judgment

text: and

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: book

text: even

text: stands

text: up

text: to

text: his

text: sister

text: the

text: formidable

text: Aunt

text: Alexandra

text: when

text: she

text: strongly

text: suggests

text: they

text: fire

text: Calpurnia

text: One

text: writer

text: notes

text: that

text: Scout

text: in

text: Austenian

text: fashion

text: satirizes

text: women

text: with

text: whom

text: she

text: does

text: not

text: wish

text: to

text: identify

text: Literary

text: critic

text: Jean

text: Blackall

text: lists

text: the

text: priorities

text: shared

text: by

text: the

text: two

text: authors

text: affirmation

text: of

text: order

text: in

text: society

text: obedience

text: courtesy

text: and

text: respect

text: for

text: the

text: individual

text: without

text: regard

text: for

text: status

question: Who does the cooking at the Finch's house?

answer: Calpurnia

text: Calpurnia

question: Who is Atticus Finch's sibling?

answer: Aunt Alexandra

text: Aunt Alexandra

question: Who does Scout Tease and humiliate at their house?

answer: Walter Cunningham

text: Walter Cunningham

question: Which author did Lee aspire to be like?

answer: Jane Austen

text: Jane Austen

question: Both authors valued what over social standing?

answer: individual worth

text: individual worth


text: An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet: "The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression [and] information [but] has had mixed effects on freedom of the press": It has disrupted traditional sources of funding, and new forms of Internet journalism have replaced only a tiny fraction of what's been lost.

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: An

text: analysis

text: of

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: mass

text: media

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: and

text: Europe

text: since

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: noted

text: mixed

text: results

text: from

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: the

text: Internet

text: The

text: digital

text: revolution

text: has

text: been

text: good

text: for

text: freedom

text: of

text: expression

text: and

text: information

text: but

text: has

text: had

text: mixed

text: effects

text: on

text: freedom

text: of

text: the

text: press

text: It

text: has

text: disrupted

text: traditional

text: sources

text: of

text: funding

text: and

text: new

text: forms

text: of

text: Internet

text: journalism

text: have

text: replaced

text: only

text: a

text: tiny

text: fraction

text: of

text: what

text: 's

text: been

text: lost

question: What did the analysis show mixed results for?

answer: growth of the Internet

text: growth of the Internet

question: What was disrupted by Internet growth for the press?

answer: traditional sources of funding

text: traditional sources of funding

question: How much has new types of Internet journalism replaced what has been lost in the press?

answer: a tiny fraction

text: a tiny fraction


text: In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament. The company sought a permanent establishment, while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company's profits. In 1712, another act renewed the status of the company, though the debts were repaid. By 1720, 15% of British imports were from India, almost all passing through the company, which reasserted the influence of the company lobby. The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730.

title: East_India_Company

title: East_India_Company

text: In

text: the

text: following

text: decades

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: constant

text: battle

text: between

text: the

text: company

text: lobby

text: and

text: the

text: Parliament

text: The

text: company

text: sought

text: a

text: permanent

text: establishment

text: while

text: the

text: Parliament

text: would

text: not

text: willingly

text: allow

text: it

text: greater

text: autonomy

text: and

text: so

text: relinquish

text: the

text: opportunity

text: to

text: exploit

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: profits

text: In

text: another

text: act

text: renewed

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: the

text: company

text: though

text: the

text: debts

text: were

text: repaid

text: By

text: of

text: British

text: imports

text: were

text: from

text: India

text: almost

text: all

text: passing

text: through

text: the

text: company

text: which

text: reasserted

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: company

text: lobby

text: The

text: licence

text: was

text: prolonged

text: until

text: by

text: yet

text: another

text: act

text: in

question: in 1720 what % of  import goods were from India?

answer: 15%

question: Who passed the acts that effected the profits of East india company

answer: Parliament

text: Parliament

question: Who argued against parliament on the trade issue that involded the East India Company

answer: company lobby

text: company lobby

question: What percentage of import goods were abandoned in India in 1720?

question: Who passed the acts that effected the profits of West India company?

text: Parliament

question: Who argued against parliament on the trade issue that involved the East Indian Company?

text: company lobby

question: Who never had any disagreements?

text: the company lobby and the Parliament

question: What imports were forbidden in India in 1720?

text: British


text: The landscapes of Thuringia are quite diverse. The far north is occupied by the Harz mountains, followed by the Goldene Aue, a fertile floodplain around Nordhausen with the Helme as most important river. The north-west includes the Eichsfeld, a hilly and sometimes forested region, where the Leine river emanates. The central and northern part of Thuringia is defined by the 3000 km² wide Thuringian Basin, a very fertile and flat area around the Unstrut river and completely surrounded by the following hill chains (clockwise from the north-west): Dün, Hainleite, Windleite, Kyffhäuser, Hohe Schrecke, Schmücke, Finne, Ettersberg, Steigerwald, Thuringian Forest, Hörselberge and Hainich. Within the Basin the smaller hill chains Fahner Höhe and Heilinger Höhen. South of the Thuringian Basin is the Land's largest mountain range, marked by the Thuringian Forest in the north-west, the Thuringian Highland in the middle and the Franconian Forest in the south-east. Most of this range is forested and the Großer Beerberg (983 m) is Thuringia's highest mountain. To the south-west, the Forest is followed up by Werra river valley, dividing it from the Rhön Mountains in the west and the Grabfeld plain in the south. Eastern Thuringia, commonly described as the area east of Saale and Loquitz valley, is marked by a hilly landscape, rising slowly from the flat north to the mountainous south. The Saale in the west and the Weiße Elster in the east are the two big rivers running from south to north and forming densely settled valleys in this area. Between them lies the flat and forested Holzland in the north, the flat and fertile Orlasenke in the middle and the Vogtland, a hilly but in most parts non-forested region in the south. The far eastern region (east of Weiße Elster) is the Osterland or Altenburger Land along Pleiße river, a flat, fertile and densely settled agricultural area.

title: Thuringia

title: Thuringia

text: The

text: landscapes

text: of

text: Thuringia

text: are

text: quite

text: diverse

text: The

text: far

text: north

text: is

text: occupied

text: by

text: the

text: Harz

text: mountains

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Goldene

text: Aue

text: a

text: fertile

text: floodplain

text: around

text: Nordhausen

text: with

text: the

text: Helme

text: as

text: most

text: important

text: river

text: The

text: north

text: west

text: includes

text: the

text: Eichsfeld

text: a

text: hilly

text: and

text: sometimes

text: forested

text: region

text: where

text: the

text: Leine

text: river

text: emanates

text: The

text: central

text: and

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: Thuringia

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: wide

text: Thuringian

text: Basin

text: a

text: very

text: fertile

text: and

text: flat

text: area

text: around

text: the

text: Unstrut

text: river

text: and

text: completely

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: following

text: hill

text: chains

text: clockwise

text: from

text: the

text: north

text: west

text: Dün

text: Hainleite

text: Windleite

text: Kyffhäuser

text: Hohe

text: Schrecke

text: Schmücke

text: Finne

text: Ettersberg

text: Steigerwald

text: Thuringian

text: Forest

text: Hörselberge

text: and

text: Hainich

text: Within

text: the

text: Basin

text: the

text: smaller

text: hill

text: chains

text: Fahner

text: Höhe

text: and

text: Heilinger

text: Höhen

text: South

text: of

text: the

text: Thuringian

text: Basin

text: is

text: the

text: Land

text: 's

text: largest

text: mountain

text: range

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: Thuringian

text: Forest

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: west

text: the

text: Thuringian

text: Highland

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: and

text: the

text: Franconian

text: Forest

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: Most

text: of

text: this

text: range

text: is

text: forested

text: and

text: the

text: Großer

text: Beerberg

text: m

text: is

text: Thuringia

text: 's

text: highest

text: mountain

text: To

text: the

text: south

text: west

text: the

text: Forest

text: is

text: followed

text: up

text: by

text: Werra

text: river

text: valley

text: dividing

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: Rhön

text: Mountains

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Grabfeld

text: plain

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: Eastern

text: Thuringia

text: commonly

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: area

text: east

text: of

text: Saale

text: and

text: Loquitz

text: valley

text: is

text: marked

text: by

text: a

text: hilly

text: landscape

text: rising

text: slowly

text: from

text: the

text: flat

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: mountainous

text: south

text: The

text: Saale

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: the

text: Weiße

text: Elster

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: are

text: the

text: two

text: big

text: rivers

text: running

text: from

text: south

text: to

text: north

text: and

text: forming

text: densely

text: settled

text: valleys

text: in

text: this

text: area

text: Between

text: them

text: lies

text: the

text: flat

text: and

text: forested

text: Holzland

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: flat

text: and

text: fertile

text: Orlasenke

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: and

text: the

text: Vogtland

text: a

text: hilly

text: but

text: in

text: most

text: parts

text: non

text: forested

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: The

text: far

text: eastern

text: region

text: east

text: of

text: Weiße

text: Elster

text: is

text: the

text: Osterland

text: or

text: Altenburger

text: Land

text: along

text: Pleiße

text: river

text: a

text: flat

text: fertile

text: and

text: densely

text: settled

text: agricultural

text: area

question: Where are the Harz mountains located?

answer: The far north

text: The far north

question: What is the landscape of Eichsfeld?

answer: hilly and sometimes forested

text: hilly and sometimes forested

question: What is Thuringia's highest mountain?

answer: Großer Beerberg

text: Großer Beerberg

question: Where is Orlasenke located?

answer: in the middle

text: in the middle

question: How many big rivers flow through Thuringia?

answer: The Saale in the west and the Weiße Elster in the east

text: The Saale in the west and the Weiße Elster in the east

question: Where are the Harz mountains hidden?

text: The far north

question: What is the dreamscape of Eichsfeld?

text: hilly and sometimes forested

question: What is Thuringia's oldest mountain?

text: Großer Beerberg

question: Where is Orlasenke lost?

text: in the middle

question: How many small rivers flow through Thuringia?


text: Chinese characters are primarily morphosyllabic, meaning that most Chinese morphemes are monosyllabic and are written with a single character, though in modern Chinese most words are disyllabic and dimorphemic, consisting of two syllables, each of which is a morpheme. In modern Chinese 10% of morphemes only occur as part of a given compound. However, a few morphemes are disyllabic, some of them dating back to Classical Chinese. Excluding foreign loan words, these are typically words for plants and small animals. They are usually written with a pair of phono-semantic compound characters sharing a common radical. Examples are 蝴蝶 húdié "butterfly" and 珊瑚 shānhú "coral". Note that the 蝴 hú of húdié and the 瑚 hú of shānhú have the same phonetic, 胡, but different radicals ("insect" and "jade", respectively). Neither exists as an independent morpheme except as a poetic abbreviation of the disyllabic word.

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: Chinese

text: characters

text: are

text: primarily

text: morphosyllabic

text: meaning

text: that

text: most

text: Chinese

text: morphemes

text: are

text: monosyllabic

text: and

text: are

text: written

text: with

text: a

text: single

text: character

text: though

text: in

text: modern

text: Chinese

text: most

text: words

text: are

text: disyllabic

text: and

text: dimorphemic

text: consisting

text: of

text: two

text: syllables

text: each

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: morpheme

text: In

text: modern

text: Chinese

text: of

text: morphemes

text: only

text: occur

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: given

text: compound

text: However

text: a

text: few

text: morphemes

text: are

text: disyllabic

text: some

text: of

text: them

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: Classical

text: Chinese

text: Excluding

text: foreign

text: loan

text: words

text: these

text: are

text: typically

text: words

text: for

text: plants

text: and

text: small

text: animals

text: They

text: are

text: usually

text: written

text: with

text: a

text: pair

text: of

text: phono

text: semantic

text: compound

text: characters

text: sharing

text: a

text: common

text: radical

text: Examples

text: are

text: 蝴蝶

text: húdié

text: butterfly

text: and

text: 珊瑚

text: shānhú

text: coral

text: Note

text: that

text: the

text: 蝴

text: hú

text: of

text: húdié

text: and

text: the

text: 瑚

text: hú

text: of

text: shānhú

text: have

text: the

text: same

text: phonetic

text: 胡

text: but

text: different

text: radicals

text: insect

text: and

text: jade

text: respectively

text: Neither

text: exists

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: morpheme

text: except

text: as

text: a

text: poetic

text: abbreviation

text: of

text: the

text: disyllabic

text: word

question: What are primarily morphosyllabic?

answer: Chinese characters

text: Chinese characters

question: What are written with a single character?

answer: Chinese morphemes

text: Chinese morphemes

question: What have the same phonetic, but different radicals?

answer: 蝴 hú of húdié and the 瑚 hú of shānhú

text: 蝴 hú of húdié and the 瑚 hú of shānhú


text: In jurisdictions using a common law system, the doctrine of stare decisis applies, whereby the principles applied by the supreme court in its decisions are binding upon all lower courts; this is intended to apply a uniform interpretation and implementation of the law. In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare decisis is not generally considered to apply, so the decisions of the supreme court are not necessarily binding beyond the immediate case before it; however, in practice the decisions of the supreme court usually provide a very strong precedent, or jurisprudence constante, for both itself and all lower courts.

title: Supreme_court

title: Supreme_court

text: In

text: jurisdictions

text: using

text: a

text: common

text: law

text: system

text: the

text: doctrine

text: of

text: stare

text: decisis

text: applies

text: whereby

text: the

text: principles

text: applied

text: by

text: the

text: supreme

text: court

text: in

text: its

text: decisions

text: are

text: binding

text: upon

text: all

text: lower

text: courts

text: this

text: is

text: intended

text: to

text: apply

text: a

text: uniform

text: interpretation

text: and

text: implementation

text: of

text: the

text: law

text: In

text: civil

text: law

text: jurisdictions

text: the

text: doctrine

text: of

text: stare

text: decisis

text: is

text: not

text: generally

text: considered

text: to

text: apply

text: so

text: the

text: decisions

text: of

text: the

text: supreme

text: court

text: are

text: not

text: necessarily

text: binding

text: beyond

text: the

text: immediate

text: case

text: before

text: it

text: however

text: in

text: practice

text: the

text: decisions

text: of

text: the

text: supreme

text: court

text: usually

text: provide

text: a

text: very

text: strong

text: precedent

text: or

text: jurisprudence

text: constante

text: for

text: both

text: itself

text: and

text: all

text: lower

text: courts

question: What term describes a system where the supreme court's decisions are binding over the lower courts?

answer: stare decisis

text: stare decisis

question: What jurisdictions does this system not apply to?

answer: civil law jurisdictions

text: civil law jurisdictions

question: In a civil law jurisdiction, rulings by a supreme court are only binding for which decisions?

answer: the immediate case before it

text: the immediate case before it

question: Even in civil law jurisdictions, decisions by supreme courts establish what?

answer: a very strong precedent

text: a very strong precedent

question: What is the legal term for the precedence established by multiple court rulings?

answer: jurisprudence constante

text: jurisprudence constante

question: What doctrine applies in jurisdictions that have a supreme court system?

text: doctrine of stare decisis

question: What does stare decisis say about decisions made by lower courts in regard the supreme court?

text: its decisions are binding

question: What is the civil court precedent also known as?

text: jurisprudence constante

question: What are not necessarily binding in common law jurisdictions?

text: decisions of the supreme court


text: Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being directed by a conscious mind. On this analysis, species takes the place of price as a visible element of the system formed by a complex set of largely unknowable elements. Human ignorance about the countless interactions between the organisms of an ecosystem limits our ability to manipulate nature. Since humans rely on the ecosystem to sustain themselves, we have a prima facie obligation to not disrupt such systems. This analysis of ecosystems as spontaneous orders does not rely on markets qualifying as spontaneous orders. As such, one need not endorse Hayek’s analysis of markets to endorse ecosystems as spontaneous orders.

title: Friedrich_Hayek

title: Friedrich_Hayek

text: Hayek

text: ’s

text: concept

text: of

text: the

text: market

text: as

text: a

text: spontaneous

text: order

text: has

text: been

text: recently

text: applied

text: to

text: ecosystems

text: to

text: defend

text: a

text: broadly

text: non

text: interventionist

text: policy

text: Like

text: the

text: market

text: ecosystems

text: contain

text: complex

text: networks

text: of

text: information

text: involve

text: an

text: ongoing

text: dynamic

text: process

text: contain

text: orders

text: within

text: orders

text: and

text: the

text: entire

text: system

text: operates

text: without

text: being

text: directed

text: by

text: a

text: conscious

text: mind

text: On

text: this

text: analysis

text: species

text: takes

text: the

text: place

text: of

text: price

text: as

text: a

text: visible

text: element

text: of

text: the

text: system

text: formed

text: by

text: a

text: complex

text: set

text: of

text: largely

text: unknowable

text: elements

text: Human

text: ignorance

text: about

text: the

text: countless

text: interactions

text: between

text: the

text: organisms

text: of

text: an

text: ecosystem

text: limits

text: our

text: ability

text: to

text: manipulate

text: nature

text: Since

text: humans

text: rely

text: on

text: the

text: ecosystem

text: to

text: sustain

text: themselves

text: we

text: have

text: a

text: prima

text: facie

text: obligation

text: to

text: not

text: disrupt

text: such

text: systems

text: This

text: analysis

text: of

text: ecosystems

text: as

text: spontaneous

text: orders

text: does

text: not

text: rely

text: on

text: markets

text: qualifying

text: as

text: spontaneous

text: orders

text: As

text: such

text: one

text: need

text: not

text: endorse

text: Hayek

text: ’s

text: analysis

text: of

text: markets

text: to

text: endorse

text: ecosystems

text: as

text: spontaneous

text: orders

question: What has Hayek's views on the market been used to defend?

answer: non-interventionist policy

text: non-interventionist policy

question: What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem?

answer: prima facie

text: prima facie

question: What are ecosystems views to be?

answer: spontaneous orders

text: spontaneous orders

question: One might still support spontaneous orders without agreeing with which of Hayek's assessments?

answer: analysis of markets

text: analysis of markets

question: What is limited by the ignorance of humanity?

answer: our ability to manipulate nature

text: our ability to manipulate nature


text: Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family. It is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus'. From the point of view of the spoken language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn, the other three languages in the East Slavic group. In many places in eastern and southern Ukraine and throughout Belarus, these languages are spoken interchangeably, and in certain areas traditional bilingualism resulted in language mixtures, e.g. Surzhyk in eastern Ukraine and Trasianka in Belarus. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is sometimes considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. Also Russian has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on both languages, as well as because of later interaction in the 19th–20th centuries, although Bulgarian grammar differs markedly from Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called "Great Russian" to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called "White Russian" and Ukrainian, then called "Little Russian".

title: Russian_language

title: Russian_language

text: Russian

text: is

text: a

text: Slavic

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: Indo

text: European

text: family

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: lineal

text: descendant

text: of

text: the

text: language

text: used

text: in

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: From

text: the

text: point

text: of

text: view

text: of

text: the

text: spoken

text: language

text: its

text: closest

text: relatives

text: are

text: Ukrainian

text: Belarusian

text: and

text: Rusyn

text: the

text: other

text: three

text: languages

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: Slavic

text: group

text: In

text: many

text: places

text: in

text: eastern

text: and

text: southern

text: Ukraine

text: and

text: throughout

text: Belarus

text: these

text: languages

text: are

text: spoken

text: interchangeably

text: and

text: in

text: certain

text: areas

text: traditional

text: bilingualism

text: resulted

text: in

text: language

text: mixtures

text: e.g.

text: Surzhyk

text: in

text: eastern

text: Ukraine

text: and

text: Trasianka

text: in

text: Belarus

text: An

text: East

text: Slavic

text: Old

text: Novgorod

text: dialect

text: although

text: vanished

text: during

text: the

text: or

text: century

text: is

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: to

text: have

text: played

text: a

text: significant

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: modern

text: Russian

text: Also

text: Russian

text: has

text: notable

text: lexical

text: similarities

text: with

text: Bulgarian

text: due

text: to

text: a

text: common

text: Church

text: Slavonic

text: influence

text: on

text: both

text: languages

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: because

text: of

text: later

text: interaction

text: in

text: the

text: centuries

text: although

text: Bulgarian

text: grammar

text: differs

text: markedly

text: from

text: Russian

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: language

text: was

text: often

text: called

text: Great

text: Russian

text: to

text: distinguish

text: it

text: from

text: Belarusian

text: then

text: called

text: White

text: Russian

text: and

text: Ukrainian

text: then

text: called

text: Little

text: Russian

question: What language does Russian descend from?

answer: the language used in Kievan Rus'

text: the language used in Kievan Rus'

question: What are Russian's closest relatives?

answer: Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn

text: Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn

question: Where is Surzhyk used?

answer: eastern Ukraine

text: eastern Ukraine

question: Where is Trasianka used?

answer: Belarus

text: Belarus

question: What was 'Little Russian'?

answer: Ukrainian

text: Ukrainian

question: What is Ukranian a descendant of that is used in Kievan Rus'?

text: the language

question: In what countries are Surzhyk and Trasianka spoken interchangeably?

question: In what centuries is it thought that the Surzhyk language disappeared?

text: during the 15th or 16th century

question: What is Ukrainian thought to have played a role in forming?

text: modern Russian

question: What language does Trasianka have similar words with?

text: Ukrainian


text: Established bands made something of a comeback in the mid-1980s. After an 8-year separation, Deep Purple returned with the classic Machine Head line-up to produce Perfect Strangers (1984), which reached number five in the UK, hit the top five in five other countries, and was a platinum-seller in the US. After somewhat slower sales of its fourth album, Fair Warning, Van Halen rebounded with the Top 3 album Diver Down in 1982, then reached their commercial pinnacle with 1984. It reached number two on the Billboard album chart and provided the track "Jump", which reached number one on the singles chart and remained there for several weeks. Heart, after floundering during the first half of the decade, made a comeback with their eponymous ninth studio album which hit number one and contained four Top 10 singles including their first number one hit. The new medium of video channels was used with considerable success by bands formed in previous decades. Among the first were ZZ Top, who mixed hard blues rock with new wave music to produce a series of highly successful singles, beginning with "Gimme All Your Lovin'" (1983), which helped their albums Eliminator (1983) and Afterburner (1985) achieve diamond and multi-platinum status respectively. Others found renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads, including REO Speedwagon with "Keep on Loving You" (1980) and "Can't Fight This Feeling" (1984), Journey with "Don't Stop Believin'" (1981) and "Open Arms" (1982), Foreigner's "I Want to Know What Love Is", Scorpions' "Still Loving You" (both from 1984), Heart’s "What About Love" (1985) and "These Dreams" (1986), and Boston's "Amanda" (1986).

title: Hard_rock

title: Hard_rock

text: Established

text: bands

text: made

text: something

text: of

text: a

text: comeback

text: in

text: the

text: After

text: an

text: separation

text: Deep

text: Purple

text: returned

text: with

text: the

text: classic

text: Machine

text: Head

text: line

text: up

text: to

text: produce

text: Perfect

text: Strangers

text: which

text: reached

text: number

text: five

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: hit

text: the

text: top

text: five

text: in

text: five

text: other

text: countries

text: and

text: was

text: a

text: platinum

text: seller

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: After

text: somewhat

text: slower

text: sales

text: of

text: its

text: fourth

text: album

text: Fair

text: Warning

text: Van

text: Halen

text: rebounded

text: with

text: the

text: Top

text: album

text: Diver

text: Down

text: in

text: then

text: reached

text: their

text: commercial

text: pinnacle

text: with

text: It

text: reached

text: number

text: two

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: album

text: chart

text: and

text: provided

text: the

text: track

text: Jump

text: which

text: reached

text: number

text: one

text: on

text: the

text: singles

text: chart

text: and

text: remained

text: there

text: for

text: several

text: weeks

text: Heart

text: after

text: floundering

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: decade

text: made

text: a

text: comeback

text: with

text: their

text: eponymous

text: ninth

text: studio

text: album

text: which

text: hit

text: number

text: one

text: and

text: contained

text: four

text: Top

text: singles

text: including

text: their

text: first

text: number

text: one

text: hit

text: The

text: new

text: medium

text: of

text: video

text: channels

text: was

text: used

text: with

text: considerable

text: success

text: by

text: bands

text: formed

text: in

text: previous

text: decades

text: Among

text: the

text: first

text: were

text: ZZ

text: Top

text: who

text: mixed

text: hard

text: blues

text: rock

text: with

text: new

text: wave

text: music

text: to

text: produce

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: highly

text: successful

text: singles

text: beginning

text: with

text: Gimme

text: All

text: Your

text: Lovin'

text: which

text: helped

text: their

text: albums

text: Eliminator

text: and

text: Afterburner

text: achieve

text: diamond

text: and

text: multi

text: platinum

text: status

text: respectively

text: Others

text: found

text: renewed

text: success

text: in

text: the

text: singles

text: charts

text: with

text: power

text: ballads

text: including

text: REO

text: Speedwagon

text: with

text: Keep

text: on

text: Loving

text: You

text: and

text: Ca

text: n't

text: Fight

text: This

text: Feeling

text: Journey

text: with

text: Do

text: n't

text: Stop

text: Believin

text: and

text: Open

text: Arms

text: Foreigner

text: 's

text: I

text: Want

text: to

text: Know

text: What

text: Love

text: Is

text: Scorpions

text: Still

text: Loving

text: You

text: both

text: from

text: Heart

text: ’s

text: What

text: About

text: Love

text: and

text: These

text: Dreams

text: and

text: Boston

text: 's

text: Amanda

question: What was the title of Deep Purple's 1980s reunion album?

answer: Perfect Strangers

text: Perfect Strangers

question: What album was Van Halen's commercial high point?

answer: 1984

question: In what year did ZZ Top release Eliminator?

answer: 1983

question: What band recorded "Keep On Loving You"?

answer: REO Speedwagon

text: REO Speedwagon

question: The hit single "Amanda" was recorded by what band?

answer: Boston

text: Boston

question: How many years was Deep Purple performing before producing Perfect Strangers?

question: What Deep Purple album reached number five on the US music charts?

text: Perfect Strangers

question: What Van Halen album from 1982 had somewhat slower sales?

text: Fair Warning

question: Which Heart album contained 10 number one hits?

text: Heart

question: What was ZZ Tops successful single produced in 1980?

text: Keep on Loving You