text: Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (although approved symbols sometimes change). Symbols are preferably kept consistent with other members of a gene family and with homologs in other species, particularly the mouse due to its role as a common model organism.

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: Gene

text: nomenclature

text: has

text: been

text: established

text: by

text: the

text: HUGO

text: Gene

text: Nomenclature

text: Committee

text: HGNC

text: for

text: each

text: known

text: human

text: gene

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: an

text: approved

text: gene

text: name

text: and

text: symbol

text: short

text: form

text: abbreviation

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: accessed

text: through

text: a

text: database

text: maintained

text: by

text: HGNC

text: Symbols

text: are

text: chosen

text: to

text: be

text: unique

text: and

text: each

text: gene

text: has

text: only

text: one

text: symbol

text: although

text: approved

text: symbols

text: sometimes

text: change

text: Symbols

text: are

text: preferably

text: kept

text: consistent

text: with

text: other

text: members

text: of

text: a

text: gene

text: family

text: and

text: with

text: homologs

text: in

text: other

text: species

text: particularly

text: the

text: mouse

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: role

text: as

text: a

text: common

text: model

text: organism

question: What committee has established gene nomenclature for every known human gene?

answer: HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

text: HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

question: How can the gene nomenclature be accessed?

answer: through a database maintained by HGNC

text: through a database maintained by HGNC

question: How many symbols does each gene have?

answer: only one

text: only one

question: With what is it preferred that symbols are kept consistent with?

answer: homologs in other species

text: homologs in other species

question: What type of model does the mouse play a role for?

answer: common model

text: common model


text: In many people, the infection waxes and wanes. Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and fibrosis. Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. During active disease, some of these cavities are joined to the air passages bronchi and this material can be coughed up. It contains living bacteria, so can spread the infection. Treatment with appropriate antibiotics kills bacteria and allows healing to take place. Upon cure, affected areas are eventually replaced by scar tissue.

title: Tuberculosis

title: Tuberculosis

text: In

text: many

text: people

text: the

text: infection

text: waxes

text: and

text: wanes

text: Tissue

text: destruction

text: and

text: necrosis

text: are

text: often

text: balanced

text: by

text: healing

text: and

text: fibrosis

text: Affected

text: tissue

text: is

text: replaced

text: by

text: scarring

text: and

text: cavities

text: filled

text: with

text: caseous

text: necrotic

text: material

text: During

text: active

text: disease

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: cavities

text: are

text: joined

text: to

text: the

text: air

text: passages

text: bronchi

text: and

text: this

text: material

text: can

text: be

text: coughed

text: up

text: It

text: contains

text: living

text: bacteria

text: so

text: can

text: spread

text: the

text: infection

text: Treatment

text: with

text: appropriate

text: antibiotics

text: kills

text: bacteria

text: and

text: allows

text: healing

text: to

text: take

text: place

text: Upon

text: cure

text: affected

text: areas

text: are

text: eventually

text: replaced

text: by

text: scar

text: tissue

question: What process replaces tissue damaged by TB?

answer: scarring

text: scarring

question: What material can sometimes be expelled by coughing if the cavities it's stored in connect to bronchi?

answer: caseous necrotic material

text: caseous necrotic material

question: What type of bacteria-attacking medicine will treat tuberculosis?

answer: antibiotics

text: antibiotics

question: Are the bacteria in caseous necrotic material living or dead?

answer: living

text: living

question: What replaces scarring?

text: Affected tissue

question: What is affected tissue filled with?

text: caseous necrotic material

question: What do cavities join with in the waning period?

text: air passages bronchi

question: What medicine treats scar tissue?

text: antibiotics

question: What joins with air passages to prevent material from being coughed up?

text: cavities


text: The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body) by Andreas Vesalius, and also De Revolutionibus, by the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, were first printed. The thesis of Copernicus' book was that the Earth moved around the Sun. The period culminated with the publication of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687 by Isaac Newton, representative of the unprecedented growth of scientific publications throughout Europe.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: The

text: willingness

text: to

text: question

text: previously

text: held

text: truths

text: and

text: search

text: for

text: new

text: answers

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: major

text: scientific

text: advancements

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Scientific

text: Revolution

text: The

text: Scientific

text: Revolution

text: is

text: traditionally

text: held

text: by

text: most

text: historians

text: to

text: have

text: begun

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: books

text: De

text: humani

text: corporis

text: fabrica

text: On

text: the

text: Workings

text: of

text: the

text: Human

text: Body

text: by

text: Andreas

text: Vesalius

text: and

text: also

text: De

text: Revolutionibus

text: by

text: the

text: astronomer

text: Nicolaus

text: Copernicus

text: were

text: first

text: printed

text: The

text: thesis

text: of

text: Copernicus

text: book

text: was

text: that

text: the

text: Earth

text: moved

text: around

text: the

text: Sun

text: The

text: period

text: culminated

text: with

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: the

text: Philosophiæ

text: Naturalis

text: Principia

text: Mathematica

text: in

text: by

text: Isaac

text: Newton

text: representative

text: of

text: the

text: unprecedented

text: growth

text: of

text: scientific

text: publications

text: throughout

text: Europe

question: What was the Scientific Revolution?

answer: a period of major scientific advancements

text: a period of major scientific advancements

question: What year is considered to be the beginning of the Scientific Revolution?

answer: 1543

question: What book by Andreas Vesalius was published in 1543?

answer: De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body)

text: De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body)

question: What was the focus of De Revolutionibus by Nicolaus Copernicus?

answer: the Earth moved around the Sun

text: the Earth moved around the Sun

question: What book was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687?

answer: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

text: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica


text: What little there was, started with Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80), and Claude Nicolas Ledoux's Barriere des Bonshommes (1785–89). First-hand evidence of Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French, due to the influence of Marc-Antoine Laugier's doctrines that sought to discern the principles of the Greeks instead of their mere practices. It would take until Laboustre's Neo-Grec of the second Empire for the Greek revival to flower briefly in France.

title: Neoclassical_architecture

title: Neoclassical_architecture

text: What

text: little

text: there

text: was

text: started

text: with

text: Charles

text: de

text: Wailly

text: 's

text: crypt

text: in

text: the

text: church

text: of

text: St

text: Leu

text: St

text: Gilles

text: and

text: Claude

text: Nicolas

text: Ledoux

text: 's

text: Barriere

text: des

text: Bonshommes

text: First

text: hand

text: evidence

text: of

text: Greek

text: architecture

text: was

text: of

text: very

text: little

text: importance

text: to

text: the

text: French

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: Marc

text: Antoine

text: Laugier

text: 's

text: doctrines

text: that

text: sought

text: to

text: discern

text: the

text: principles

text: of

text: the

text: Greeks

text: instead

text: of

text: their

text: mere

text: practices

text: It

text: would

text: take

text: until

text: Laboustre

text: 's

text: Neo

text: Grec

text: of

text: the

text: second

text: Empire

text: for

text: the

text: Greek

text: revival

text: to

text: flower

text: briefly

text: in

text: France

question: What is the earliest example of Greek architecture in France?

answer: Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80

text: Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80

question: How concerned was France with Greek architecture?

answer: Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French

text: Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French

question: Who's influence brought about Greek revival in France?

answer: Laboustre

text: Laboustre

question: In which wave of neoclassical was the greek revival in France?

answer: second Empire

text: second Empire

question: Who consider first-hand evidence of Greek architecture very important?

text: the French,

question: What sought to discern the practices of the Greeks?

text: Marc-Antoine Laugier's doctrines

question: What revival flourished in France?

text: Greek

question: What started with the crypt of Claude Nicholas Ludoux?

text: Greek revival


text: In 2006, Beyoncé introduced her all-female tour band Suga Mama (also the name of a song in B'Day) which includes bassists, drummers, guitarists, horn players, keyboardists and percussionists. Her background singers, The Mamas, consist of Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick. They made their debut appearance at the 2006 BET Awards and re-appeared in the music videos for "Irreplaceable" and "Green Light". The band have supported Beyoncé in most subsequent live performances, including her 2007 concert tour The Beyoncé Experience, 2009–2010 I Am... World Tour and 2013–2014 The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour.

title: Beyoncé

title: Beyoncé

text: In

text: Beyoncé

text: introduced

text: her

text: all

text: female

text: tour

text: band

text: Suga

text: Mama

text: also

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: a

text: song

text: in

text: B'Day

text: which

text: includes

text: bassists

text: drummers

text: guitarists

text: horn

text: players

text: keyboardists

text: and

text: percussionists

text: Her

text: background

text: singers

text: The

text: Mamas

text: consist

text: of

text: Montina

text: Cooper

text: Donnell

text: Crystal

text: Collins

text: and

text: Tiffany

text: Moniqué

text: Riddick

text: They

text: made

text: their

text: debut

text: appearance

text: at

text: the

text: BET

text: Awards

text: and

text: re

text: appeared

text: in

text: the

text: music

text: videos

text: for

text: Irreplaceable

text: and

text: Green

text: Light

text: The

text: band

text: have

text: supported

text: Beyoncé

text: in

text: most

text: subsequent

text: live

text: performances

text: including

text: her

text: concert

text: tour

text: The

text: Beyoncé

text: Experience

text: I

text: Am

text: World

text: Tour

text: and

text: The

text: Mrs.

text: Carter

text: Show

text: World

text: Tour

question: Beyonce had an all-female tour band whose name was what?

answer: Suga Mama

text: Suga Mama

question: Beyonce had singers in the background known by the name as?

answer: The Mamas

text: The Mamas

question: The Mamas members included which 3 musicians?

answer: Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick

text: Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick

question: The Mamas first appearance was when?

answer: 2006

question: What band did Beyonce introduce in 2006?

answer: Suga Mama

text: Suga Mama

question: What song name does the band Suga Mama  and a song on the B'Day album share?

answer: Suga Mama

text: Suga Mama

question: Where did Suga Mama band make their first appearance?

answer: 2006 BET Awards

text: 2006 BET Awards

question: What band supports Beyonce in her tours?

answer: Suga Mama

text: Suga Mama

question: What is the name of Beyoncé's female tour band?

answer: Suga Mama

text: Suga Mama

question: Suga Mama is also a song on which Beyoncé album?

answer: B'Day

text: B'Day

question: What are Beyoncé's backup singers called?

answer: The Mamas

text: The Mamas

question: When did The Mamas make their debut?

answer: the 2006 BET Awards

text: the 2006 BET Awards


text: Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centuries between the fall of Rome and the present had been the age of Darkness". According to Petrarch, what was needed to remedy this situation was the careful study and imitation of the great classical authors. For Petrarch and Boccaccio, the greatest master was Cicero, whose prose became the model for both learned (Latin) and vernacular (Italian) prose.

title: Humanism

title: Humanism

text: Renaissance

text: humanism

text: was

text: an

text: intellectual

text: movement

text: in

text: Europe

text: of

text: the

text: later

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: the

text: Early

text: Modern

text: period

text: The

text: century

text: German

text: historian

text: Georg

text: Voigt

text: identified

text: Petrarch

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: Renaissance

text: humanist

text: Paul

text: Johnson

text: agrees

text: that

text: Petrarch

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: put

text: into

text: words

text: the

text: notion

text: that

text: the

text: centuries

text: between

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Rome

text: and

text: the

text: present

text: had

text: been

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: Darkness

text: According

text: to

text: Petrarch

text: what

text: was

text: needed

text: to

text: remedy

text: this

text: situation

text: was

text: the

text: careful

text: study

text: and

text: imitation

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: classical

text: authors

text: For

text: Petrarch

text: and

text: Boccaccio

text: the

text: greatest

text: master

text: was

text: Cicero

text: whose

text: prose

text: became

text: the

text: model

text: for

text: both

text: learned

text: Latin

text: and

text: vernacular

text: Italian

text: prose

question: When did the first wave of Humanism reach Europe?

answer: Middle Ages and the Early Modern period

text: Middle Ages and the Early Modern period

question: Who was thought to be the original believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period?

answer: Petrarch

text: Petrarch

question: The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue?

answer: Cicero

text: Cicero

question: When did the first wave of Humanism fail to reach Europe?

text: Middle Ages and the Early Modern period

question: Who was thought to be the only believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period?

text: Petrarch

question: What issue was the study and following of classical writers said to be a problem of?

text: age of Darkness

question: Who did not understand prose?

text: Cicero

question: What was an intellectual movement forbidden in Europe?

text: Renaissance humanism


text: The styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture— and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking world's equivalent of European Rococo. From the mid-1760s a range of Neoclassical modes were fashionable, associated with the British architects Robert Adam, James Gibbs, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt, George Dance the Younger, Henry Holland and Sir John Soane. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, he was responsible for designing large areas of London. Greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke.

title: Georgian_architecture

title: Georgian_architecture

text: The

text: styles

text: that

text: resulted

text: fall

text: within

text: several

text: categories

text: In

text: the

text: mainstream

text: of

text: Georgian

text: style

text: were

text: both

text: Palladian

text: architecture—

text: and

text: its

text: whimsical

text: alternatives

text: Gothic

text: and

text: Chinoiserie

text: which

text: were

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: world

text: 's

text: equivalent

text: of

text: European

text: Rococo

text: From

text: the

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: Neoclassical

text: modes

text: were

text: fashionable

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: British

text: architects

text: Robert

text: Adam

text: James

text: Gibbs

text: Sir

text: William

text: Chambers

text: James

text: Wyatt

text: George

text: Dance

text: the

text: Younger

text: Henry

text: Holland

text: and

text: Sir

text: John

text: Soane

text: John

text: Nash

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: prolific

text: architects

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: Georgian

text: era

text: known

text: as

text: The

text: Regency

text: style

text: he

text: was

text: responsible

text: for

text: designing

text: large

text: areas

text: of

text: London

text: Greek

text: Revival

text: architecture

text: was

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: repertory

text: beginning

text: around

text: but

text: increasing

text: in

text: popularity

text: after

text: Leading

text: exponents

text: were

text: William

text: Wilkins

text: and

text: Robert

text: Smirke

question: What are the whimsical alternatives of Palladian architecture?

answer: Gothic and Chinoiserie

text: Gothic and Chinoiserie

question: Gothic and Chinoiserie were the English-speaking world's equivalent of what style?

answer: European Rococo

text: European Rococo

question: John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of which style?

answer: The Regency style

text: The Regency style

question: Who were two leading exponent of the Greek Revival style?

answer: William Wilkins and Robert Smirke

text: William Wilkins and Robert Smirke

question: Around what year was the Greek Revival added to the repertory?

answer: around 1750

text: around 1750

question: What style was the English-speaking world's equivalent of the Georgian style?

text: European Rococo

question: Palladian architecture is a whimsical alternative to what other two styles?

text: Gothic and Chinoiserie

question: What modes were fashionable before the mid-1760s?

text: Neoclassical modes

question: What style of the early Georgian era was John Nash known for?

text: The Regency style

question: What style architecture lost popularity after 1800?

text: Greek Revival


text: Agricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity. This is a functional classification that we impose and not an intrinsic feature of life or diversity. Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised (e.g.: crops, covers, symbionts and livestock, among others), which can be contrasted with the associated diversity that arrives among the crops, uninvited (e.g.: herbivores, weed species and pathogens, among others).

title: Biodiversity

title: Biodiversity

text: Agricultural

text: diversity

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: divided

text: by

text: whether

text: it

text: is

text: planned’

text: diversity

text: or

text: associated’

text: diversity

text: This

text: is

text: a

text: functional

text: classification

text: that

text: we

text: impose

text: and

text: not

text: an

text: intrinsic

text: feature

text: of

text: life

text: or

text: diversity

text: Planned

text: diversity

text: includes

text: the

text: crops

text: which

text: a

text: farmer

text: has

text: encouraged

text: planted

text: or

text: raised

text: e.g.

text: crops

text: covers

text: symbionts

text: and

text: livestock

text: among

text: others

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: contrasted

text: with

text: the

text: associated

text: diversity

text: that

text: arrives

text: among

text: the

text: crops

text: uninvited

text: e.g.

text: herbivores

text: weed

text: species

text: and

text: pathogens

text: among

text: others

question: What are two types of Agricultural diversity?

answer: ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity

text: ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity

question: What type of diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised?

answer: Planned diversity

text: Planned diversity

question: What type of diversity arrives uninvited?

answer: associated diversity

text: associated diversity

question: What type of diversity includes herbivores and pathogens?

answer: associated diversity

text: associated diversity

question: What are two types of uninvited diversity?

question: What type of diversity included the crops which a farmer has uninvited?

text: Planned diversity

question: What type of agriculure arrives uninvited?

text: associated diversity

question: What type of agricluture includes herbivores and pathogens?

text: associated diversity

question: What can be divided by covers?

text: Agricultural diversity


text: Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. Fossils of most modern mobile polychaete groups appeared by the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago. Palaeontologists disagree about whether some body fossils from the mid Ordovician, about 472 to 461 million years ago, are the remains of oligochaetes, and the earliest indisputable fossils of the group appear in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago.

title: Annelid

title: Annelid

text: Since

text: annelids

text: are

text: soft

text: bodied

text: their

text: fossils

text: are

text: rare

text: mostly

text: jaws

text: and

text: the

text: mineralized

text: tubes

text: that

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: species

text: secreted

text: Although

text: some

text: late

text: Ediacaran

text: fossils

text: may

text: represent

text: annelids

text: the

text: oldest

text: known

text: fossil

text: that

text: is

text: identified

text: with

text: confidence

text: comes

text: from

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: Cambrian

text: period

text: Fossils

text: of

text: most

text: modern

text: mobile

text: polychaete

text: groups

text: appeared

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Carboniferous

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Palaeontologists

text: disagree

text: about

text: whether

text: some

text: body

text: fossils

text: from

text: the

text: mid

text: Ordovician

text: about

text: to

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: are

text: the

text: remains

text: of

text: oligochaetes

text: and

text: the

text: earliest

text: indisputable

text: fossils

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: appear

text: in

text: the

text: Tertiary

text: period

text: which

text: began

text: million

text: years

text: ago

question: Why are annelid fossils rare?

answer: annelids are soft-bodied

text: annelids are soft-bodied

question: What fossil signs of annelids are found?

answer: jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted

text: jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted

question: How old is the earliest annelid fossil?

answer: 518 million years ago

text: 518 million years ago

question: What types of annelids appeared 299 million years ago?

answer: modern mobile polychaete groups

text: modern mobile polychaete groups

question: What period started around 472 million years ago?

answer: the mid Ordovician

text: the mid Ordovician

question: Why are annelid fossils common?

text: annelids are soft-bodied

question: What fossil signs of annelids can no longer be found?

question: How old is the oldest living annelid?

text: 518 million years

question: What types of annelids disappeared 299 million years ago?

text: modern mobile polychaete groups

question: What period started around 372 million years ago?

text: the mid Ordovician


text: Campus Martius, a reconfiguration of downtown's main intersection as a new park was opened in 2004. The park has been cited as one of the best public spaces in the United States. The city's riverfront has been the focus of redevelopment, following successful examples of other older industrial cities. In 2001, the first portion of the International Riverfront was completed as a part of the city's 300th anniversary celebration, with miles of parks and associated landscaping completed in succeeding years. In 2011, the Port Authority Passenger Terminal opened with the river walk connecting Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center.

title: Detroit

title: Detroit

text: Campus

text: Martius

text: a

text: reconfiguration

text: of

text: downtown

text: 's

text: main

text: intersection

text: as

text: a

text: new

text: park

text: was

text: opened

text: in

text: The

text: park

text: has

text: been

text: cited

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: public

text: spaces

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: riverfront

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: focus

text: of

text: redevelopment

text: following

text: successful

text: examples

text: of

text: other

text: older

text: industrial

text: cities

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: International

text: Riverfront

text: was

text: completed

text: as

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: anniversary

text: celebration

text: with

text: miles

text: of

text: parks

text: and

text: associated

text: landscaping

text: completed

text: in

text: succeeding

text: years

text: In

text: the

text: Port

text: Authority

text: Passenger

text: Terminal

text: opened

text: with

text: the

text: river

text: walk

text: connecting

text: Hart

text: Plaza

text: to

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: Center

question: In which year was Campus Martius open?

answer: 2004

question: What area has Detroit been trying to redevelop?

answer: riverfront

text: riverfront

question: In which year did Detroit celebrate it's 300th anniversary?

answer: 2001

question: What opened in 2011?

answer: Port Authority Passenger Terminal

text: Port Authority Passenger Terminal

question: Which two areas were connected by the Port Authority Passenger Terminal?

answer: Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center

text: Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center


text: Kublai Khan did not conquer the Song dynasty in South China until 1279, so Tibet was a component of the early Mongol Empire before it was combined into one of its descendant empires with the whole of China under the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Van Praag writes that this conquest "marked the end of independent China," which was then incorporated into the Yuan dynasty that ruled China, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, parts of Siberia and Upper Burma. Morris Rossabi, a professor of Asian history at Queens College, City University of New York, writes that "Khubilai wished to be perceived both as the legitimate Khan of Khans of the Mongols and as the Emperor of China. Though he had, by the early 1260s, become closely identified with China, he still, for a time, claimed universal rule", and yet "despite his successes in China and Korea, Khubilai was unable to have himself accepted as the Great Khan". Thus, with such limited acceptance of his position as Great Khan, Kublai Khan increasingly became identified with China and sought support as Emperor of China.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Kublai

text: Khan

text: did

text: not

text: conquer

text: the

text: Song

text: dynasty

text: in

text: South

text: China

text: until

text: so

text: Tibet

text: was

text: a

text: component

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: Mongol

text: Empire

text: before

text: it

text: was

text: combined

text: into

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: descendant

text: empires

text: with

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: China

text: under

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: Van

text: Praag

text: writes

text: that

text: this

text: conquest

text: marked

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: independent

text: China

text: which

text: was

text: then

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: that

text: ruled

text: China

text: Tibet

text: Mongolia

text: Korea

text: parts

text: of

text: Siberia

text: and

text: Upper

text: Burma

text: Morris

text: Rossabi

text: a

text: professor

text: of

text: Asian

text: history

text: at

text: Queens

text: College

text: City

text: University

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: writes

text: that

text: Khubilai

text: wished

text: to

text: be

text: perceived

text: both

text: as

text: the

text: legitimate

text: Khan

text: of

text: Khans

text: of

text: the

text: Mongols

text: and

text: as

text: the

text: Emperor

text: of

text: China

text: Though

text: he

text: had

text: by

text: the

text: early

text: become

text: closely

text: identified

text: with

text: China

text: he

text: still

text: for

text: a

text: time

text: claimed

text: universal

text: rule

text: and

text: yet

text: despite

text: his

text: successes

text: in

text: China

text: and

text: Korea

text: Khubilai

text: was

text: unable

text: to

text: have

text: himself

text: accepted

text: as

text: the

text: Great

text: Khan

text: Thus

text: with

text: such

text: limited

text: acceptance

text: of

text: his

text: position

text: as

text: Great

text: Khan

text: Kublai

text: Khan

text: increasingly

text: became

text: identified

text: with

text: China

text: and

text: sought

text: support

text: as

text: Emperor

text: of

text: China

question: When did Kublai Khan conquer the song dynasty?

answer: 1279

question: When did the Yuan dynasty rule?

answer: 1271–1368

question: Which dynasty ruled all of china?

answer: the Yuan dynasty

text: the Yuan dynasty

question: What did Khubilai claim for a while?

answer: universal rule

text: universal rule

question: Where did Khubilai seek support as Emperor?

answer: China

text: China


text: Richard Phillips Feynman was born on May 11, 1918, in Queens, New York City, the son of Lucille (née Phillips), a homemaker, and Melville Arthur Feynman, a sales manager. His family originated from Russia and Poland; both of his parents were Ashkenazi Jews. They were not religious, and by his youth Feynman described himself as an "avowed atheist". He also stated "To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory," and adding "... at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'." Later in his life, during a visit to the Jewish Theological Seminary, he encountered the Talmud for the first time, and remarked that he found it a "wonderful book" and "valuable".

title: Richard_Feynman

title: Richard_Feynman

text: Richard

text: Phillips

text: Feynman

text: was

text: born

text: on

text: May

text: in

text: Queens

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Lucille

text: née

text: Phillips

text: a

text: homemaker

text: and

text: Melville

text: Arthur

text: Feynman

text: a

text: sales

text: manager

text: His

text: family

text: originated

text: from

text: Russia

text: and

text: Poland

text: both

text: of

text: his

text: parents

text: were

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jews

text: They

text: were

text: not

text: religious

text: and

text: by

text: his

text: youth

text: Feynman

text: described

text: himself

text: as

text: an

text: avowed

text: atheist

text: He

text: also

text: stated

text: To

text: select

text: for

text: approbation

text: the

text: peculiar

text: elements

text: that

text: come

text: from

text: some

text: supposedly

text: Jewish

text: heredity

text: is

text: to

text: open

text: the

text: door

text: to

text: all

text: kinds

text: of

text: nonsense

text: on

text: racial

text: theory

text: and

text: adding

text: at

text: thirteen

text: I

text: was

text: not

text: only

text: converted

text: to

text: other

text: religious

text: views

text: but

text: I

text: also

text: stopped

text: believing

text: that

text: the

text: Jewish

text: people

text: are

text: in

text: any

text: way

text: the

text: chosen

text: people

text: Later

text: in

text: his

text: life

text: during

text: a

text: visit

text: to

text: the

text: Jewish

text: Theological

text: Seminary

text: he

text: encountered

text: the

text: Talmud

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: and

text: remarked

text: that

text: he

text: found

text: it

text: a

text: wonderful

text: book

text: and

text: valuable

question: What was the date of Feynman's birth?

answer: May 11, 1918

text: May 11, 1918

question: In what city was Feynman born?

answer: New York City

text: New York City

question: Whats is Feynman's religious affiliation?

answer: atheist

text: atheist

question: What Jewish affiliation did his parents hold?

answer: Ashkenazi

text: Ashkenazi

question: What did Feynam think of the Talmud?

answer: "wonderful book" and "valuable"

text: "wonderful book" and "valuable"

question: What was the incorrect date of Feynman's birth?

text: May 11, 1918

question: What city was Feynman abandoned in at his birth?

text: New York City

question: Whats is no longer Feynman's religious affiliation?

text: atheist

question: What Jewish affiliation did his parents revoke?

text: Ashkenazi

question: What book did Feynman not encounter in a Seminary?

text: the Talmud


text: The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC preserves an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449) addressed to the Karmapa in 1445, written after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court. Zhengtong had the following message delivered to the Great Treasure Prince of Dharma, the Karmapa:

title: Sino

title: Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

text: The

text: Information

text: Office

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: Council

text: of

text: the

text: PRC

text: preserves

text: an

text: edict

text: of

text: the

text: Zhengtong

text: Emperor

text: r.

text: addressed

text: to

text: the

text: Karmapa

text: in

text: written

text: after

text: the

text: latter

text: 's

text: agent

text: had

text: brought

text: holy

text: relics

text: to

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: Zhengtong

text: had

text: the

text: following

text: message

text: delivered

text: to

text: the

text: Great

text: Treasure

text: Prince

text: of

text: Dharma

text: the

text: Karmapa

question: What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign?

answer: 1435–1449

question: Who maintains an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor?

answer: The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC

text: The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC

question: Who was the edict addressed to?

answer: the Karmapa

text: the Karmapa

question: Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong?

answer: Great Treasure Prince of Dharma

text: Great Treasure Prince of Dharma

question: When was the edict written?

answer: after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court

text: after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court


text: Alsace is one of the most conservative régions of France. It is one of just two régions in metropolitan France where the conservative right won the 2004 région elections and thus controls the Alsace Regional Council. Conservative leader Nicolas Sarkozy got his best score in Alsace (over 65%) in the second round of the French presidential elections of 2007. The president of the Regional Council is Philippe Richert, a member of the Union for a Popular Movement, elected in the 2010 regional election. The frequently changing status of the région throughout history has left its mark on modern day politics in terms of a particular interest in national identity issues. Alsace is also one of the most pro-EU regions of France. It was one of the few French regions that voted 'yes' to the European Constitution in 2005.

title: Alsace

title: Alsace

text: Alsace

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: conservative

text: régions

text: of

text: France

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: just

text: two

text: régions

text: in

text: metropolitan

text: France

text: where

text: the

text: conservative

text: right

text: won

text: the

text: région

text: elections

text: and

text: thus

text: controls

text: the

text: Alsace

text: Regional

text: Council

text: Conservative

text: leader

text: Nicolas

text: Sarkozy

text: got

text: his

text: best

text: score

text: in

text: Alsace

text: over

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: round

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: presidential

text: elections

text: of

text: The

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: Regional

text: Council

text: is

text: Philippe

text: Richert

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Union

text: for

text: a

text: Popular

text: Movement

text: elected

text: in

text: the

text: regional

text: election

text: The

text: frequently

text: changing

text: status

text: of

text: the

text: région

text: throughout

text: history

text: has

text: left

text: its

text: mark

text: on

text: modern

text: day

text: politics

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: a

text: particular

text: interest

text: in

text: national

text: identity

text: issues

text: Alsace

text: is

text: also

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: pro

text: EU

text: regions

text: of

text: France

text: It

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: French

text: regions

text: that

text: voted

text: yes

text: to

text: the

text: European

text: Constitution

text: in

question: Which conservative leader in 2007 received the best score during the second round of elections?

answer: Nicolas Sarkozy

text: Nicolas Sarkozy

question: Who is the president of the regional counsel?

answer: Philippe Richert

text: Philippe Richert

question: Alsace was one of the few to vote for this measure from France, what was it?

answer: European Constitution in 2005

text: European Constitution in 2005

question: What was Philippe Richert's score in Alsace?

text: over 65%

question: What constitution was voted on in 2010?

text: European Constitution

question: What was one of the few regions to vote against the European Constitution?

text: Alsace

question: Alsace is anti- what?

text: EU

question: Who was elected head of the Alsace Regional Council in 2007?

text: Nicolas Sarkozy


text: A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that saw uses other than as a pub during their history. Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, holds the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England, as it is an 11th-century structure on an 8th-century site. Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham is claimed to be the "oldest inn in England". It has a claimed date of 1189, based on the fact it is constructed on the site of the Nottingham Castle brewhouse; the present building dates from around 1650. Likewise, The Nags Head in Burntwood, Staffordshire only dates back to the 16th century, but there has been a pub on the site since at least 1086, as it is mentioned in the Domesday Book.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: pubs

text: claim

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: oldest

text: surviving

text: establishment

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: although

text: in

text: several

text: cases

text: original

text: buildings

text: have

text: been

text: demolished

text: and

text: replaced

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: site

text: Others

text: are

text: ancient

text: buildings

text: that

text: saw

text: uses

text: other

text: than

text: as

text: a

text: pub

text: during

text: their

text: history

text: Ye

text: Olde

text: Fighting

text: Cocks

text: in

text: St

text: Albans

text: Hertfordshire

text: holds

text: the

text: Guinness

text: World

text: Record

text: for

text: the

text: oldest

text: pub

text: in

text: England

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: century

text: structure

text: on

text: an

text: century

text: site

text: Ye

text: Olde

text: Trip

text: to

text: Jerusalem

text: in

text: Nottingham

text: is

text: claimed

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: oldest

text: inn

text: in

text: England

text: It

text: has

text: a

text: claimed

text: date

text: of

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: fact

text: it

text: is

text: constructed

text: on

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: Nottingham

text: Castle

text: brewhouse

text: the

text: present

text: building

text: dates

text: from

text: around

text: Likewise

text: The

text: Nags

text: Head

text: in

text: Burntwood

text: Staffordshire

text: only

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: but

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: pub

text: on

text: the

text: site

text: since

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: mentioned

text: in

text: the

text: Domesday

text: Book

question: What pub holds the Guinness World Record as the oldest in England?

answer: Ye Olde Fighting Cocks

text: Ye Olde Fighting Cocks

question: In what century was the building occupied by Ye Olde Fighting Cocks built?

answer: 11th

question: Where is Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem located?

answer: Nottingham

text: Nottingham

question: When does Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem claim to have been founded?

answer: 1189

question: When was a pub documented as existing on the current site of the Nags Head?

answer: 1086


text: It seems to have been St Bernard of Clairvaux who, in the 12th century, explicitly raised the question of the Immaculate Conception. A feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin had already begun to be celebrated in some churches of the West. St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See. In doing so, he takes occasion to repudiate altogether the view that the conception of Mary was sinless. It is doubtful, however, whether he was using the term "conception" in the same sense in which it is used in the definition of Pope Pius IX. Bernard would seem to have been speaking of conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation, for in his argument he says: "How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?" and stronger expressions follow, showing that he is speaking of the mother and not of the child.

title: Immaculate_Conception

title: Immaculate_Conception

text: It

text: seems

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: St

text: Bernard

text: of

text: Clairvaux

text: who

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: explicitly

text: raised

text: the

text: question

text: of

text: the

text: Immaculate

text: Conception

text: A

text: feast

text: of

text: the

text: Conception

text: of

text: the

text: Blessed

text: Virgin

text: had

text: already

text: begun

text: to

text: be

text: celebrated

text: in

text: some

text: churches

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: St

text: Bernard

text: blames

text: the

text: canons

text: of

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: church

text: of

text: Lyon

text: for

text: instituting

text: such

text: a

text: festival

text: without

text: the

text: permission

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: See

text: In

text: doing

text: so

text: he

text: takes

text: occasion

text: to

text: repudiate

text: altogether

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: the

text: conception

text: of

text: Mary

text: was

text: sinless

text: It

text: is

text: doubtful

text: however

text: whether

text: he

text: was

text: using

text: the

text: term

text: conception

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: sense

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: IX

text: Bernard

text: would

text: seem

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: speaking

text: of

text: conception

text: in

text: the

text: active

text: sense

text: of

text: the

text: mother

text: 's

text: cooperation

text: for

text: in

text: his

text: argument

text: he

text: says

text: How

text: can

text: there

text: be

text: absence

text: of

text: sin

text: where

text: there

text: is

text: concupiscence

text: libido

text: and

text: stronger

text: expressions

text: follow

text: showing

text: that

text: he

text: is

text: speaking

text: of

text: the

text: mother

text: and

text: not

text: of

text: the

text: child

question: Who began to query the position of the conception of Mary following the 11th century ?

answer: St Bernard of Clairvaux

text: St Bernard of Clairvaux

question: Who did the query starter lay blame upon for the festivals that surrounded Mary's inception ?

answer: St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See.

text: St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See.

question: What did the query starter believe to be the ultimate difficulty in accepting  the a virgin conception of Mary ?

answer: How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?

text: How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?

question: What did the query starter believe had been done by Mary's direct  maternal line that contradict the conception theory of immaculate for Mary ?

answer: conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation

text: conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation

question: Did the query starter believe that the festival for Mary's conception had authorization to be held ?

answer: instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See

text: instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See

question: Who raised the question of the Immaculate Conception in the 1200s?

text: St Bernard of Clairvaux

question: What was already being celebrated in some churches of the East?

question: Who instituted a feast of the conception of the Blessed Virgin with the permission of the Holy See?

text: church of Lyon

question: Whose conception does St. Bernard say was sinless?

text: Mary

question: What Pope's definition of conception agreed with St. Bernard's?

text: Pope Pius IX


text: Based on studies of these bronze inscriptions, it is clear that, from the Shang dynasty writing to that of the Western Zhou and early Eastern Zhou, the mainstream script evolved in a slow, unbroken fashion, until assuming the form that is now known as seal script in the late Eastern Zhou in the state of Qin, without any clear line of division. Meanwhile, other scripts had evolved, especially in the eastern and southern areas during the late Zhou dynasty, including regional forms, such as the gǔwén ("ancient forms") of the eastern Warring States preserved as variant forms in the Han dynasty character dictionary Shuowen Jiezi, as well as decorative forms such as bird and insect scripts.

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: Based

text: on

text: studies

text: of

text: these

text: bronze

text: inscriptions

text: it

text: is

text: clear

text: that

text: from

text: the

text: Shang

text: dynasty

text: writing

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Zhou

text: and

text: early

text: Eastern

text: Zhou

text: the

text: mainstream

text: script

text: evolved

text: in

text: a

text: slow

text: unbroken

text: fashion

text: until

text: assuming

text: the

text: form

text: that

text: is

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: seal

text: script

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Eastern

text: Zhou

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Qin

text: without

text: any

text: clear

text: line

text: of

text: division

text: Meanwhile

text: other

text: scripts

text: had

text: evolved

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: and

text: southern

text: areas

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: Zhou

text: dynasty

text: including

text: regional

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: gǔwén

text: ancient

text: forms

text: of

text: the

text: eastern

text: Warring

text: States

text: preserved

text: as

text: variant

text: forms

text: in

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: character

text: dictionary

text: Shuowen

text: Jiezi

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: decorative

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: bird

text: and

text: insect

text: scripts

question: What has evolved over time?

answer: scripts

text: scripts

question: What type of forms are bird and insect scripts considered?

answer: decorative

text: decorative

question: What is guwen considered as?

answer: ancient forms

text: ancient forms


text: The notion of the "Land of Israel", known in Hebrew as Eretz Yisrael, has been important and sacred to the Jewish people since Biblical times. According to the Torah, God promised the land to the three Patriarchs of the Jewish people. On the basis of scripture, the period of the three Patriarchs has been placed somewhere in the early 2nd millennium BCE, and the first Kingdom of Israel was established around the 11th century BCE. Subsequent Israelite kingdoms and states ruled intermittently over the next four hundred years, and are known from various extra-biblical sources.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: The

text: notion

text: of

text: the

text: Land

text: of

text: Israel

text: known

text: in

text: Hebrew

text: as

text: Eretz

text: Yisrael

text: has

text: been

text: important

text: and

text: sacred

text: to

text: the

text: Jewish

text: people

text: since

text: Biblical

text: times

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Torah

text: God

text: promised

text: the

text: land

text: to

text: the

text: three

text: Patriarchs

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: people

text: On

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: scripture

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: Patriarchs

text: has

text: been

text: placed

text: somewhere

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: millennium

text: BCE

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Israel

text: was

text: established

text: around

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: Subsequent

text: Israelite

text: kingdoms

text: and

text: states

text: ruled

text: intermittently

text: over

text: the

text: next

text: four

text: hundred

text: years

text: and

text: are

text: known

text: from

text: various

text: extra

text: biblical

text: sources

question: What is the "Land of Israel" known as in Hebrew?

answer: Eretz Yisrael

text: Eretz Yisrael

question: According to the Torah, God promised the land to how many people?

answer: three

text: three

question: When was the first Kingdom of Israel established?

answer: early 2nd millennium BCE

text: early 2nd millennium BCE


text: Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy.

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

text: Beginning

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: Whitehead

text: gradually

text: turned

text: his

text: attention

text: from

text: mathematics

text: to

text: philosophy

text: of

text: science

text: and

text: finally

text: to

text: metaphysics

text: He

text: developed

text: a

text: comprehensive

text: metaphysical

text: system

text: which

text: radically

text: departed

text: from

text: most

text: of

text: western

text: philosophy

text: Whitehead

text: argued

text: that

text: reality

text: consists

text: of

text: processes

text: rather

text: than

text: material

text: objects

text: and

text: that

text: processes

text: are

text: best

text: defined

text: by

text: their

text: relations

text: with

text: other

text: processes

text: thus

text: rejecting

text: the

text: theory

text: that

text: reality

text: is

text: fundamentally

text: constructed

text: by

text: bits

text: of

text: matter

text: that

text: exist

text: independently

text: of

text: one

text: another

text: Today

text: Whitehead

text: 's

text: philosophical

text: works

text: particularly

text: Process

text: and

text: Reality

text: are

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: foundational

text: texts

text: of

text: process

text: philosophy

question: What did Whitehead first study?

answer: mathematics

text: mathematics

question: What was Whitehead's second area of study?

answer: philosophy

text: philosophy

question: What was Whitehead's final area of study?

answer: metaphysics

text: metaphysics

question: What type of system did he develop?

answer: metaphysical

text: metaphysical

question: What did Whitehead argue reality consists of?

answer: processes

text: processes

question: During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from mathematics?

answer: 1910s

question: After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead explore?

answer: philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics

text: philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics

question: As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe reality is composed of?

answer: processes

text: processes

question: What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead opposed?

answer: reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another

text: reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another

question: What book of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy?

answer: Process and Reality

text: Process and Reality

question: During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from science?

question: As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe nonreality is composed of?

text: Process

question: What song of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy?

text: Process and Reality

question: After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead reject?

text: philosophy of science

question: What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead agreed with?


text: Poultry (/ˌpoʊltriː/) are domesticated birds kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets. These birds are most typically members of the superorder Galloanserae (fowl), especially the order Galliformes (which includes chickens, quails and turkeys) and the family Anatidae, in order Anseriformes, commonly known as "waterfowl" and including domestic ducks and domestic geese. Poultry also includes other birds that are killed for their meat, such as the young of pigeons (known as squabs) but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game. The word "poultry" comes from the French/Norman word poule, itself derived from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal.

title: Poultry

title: Poultry

text: Poultry

text: /ˌpoʊltriː/

text: are

text: domesticated

text: birds

text: kept

text: by

text: humans

text: for

text: the

text: eggs

text: they

text: produce

text: their

text: meat

text: their

text: feathers

text: or

text: sometimes

text: as

text: pets

text: These

text: birds

text: are

text: most

text: typically

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: superorder

text: Galloanserae

text: fowl

text: especially

text: the

text: order

text: Galliformes

text: which

text: includes

text: chickens

text: quails

text: and

text: turkeys

text: and

text: the

text: family

text: Anatidae

text: in

text: order

text: Anseriformes

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: waterfowl

text: and

text: including

text: domestic

text: ducks

text: and

text: domestic

text: geese

text: Poultry

text: also

text: includes

text: other

text: birds

text: that

text: are

text: killed

text: for

text: their

text: meat

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: young

text: of

text: pigeons

text: known

text: as

text: squabs

text: but

text: does

text: not

text: include

text: similar

text: wild

text: birds

text: hunted

text: for

text: sport

text: or

text: food

text: and

text: known

text: as

text: game

text: The

text: word

text: poultry

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: Norman

text: word

text: poule

text: itself

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: word

text: pullus

text: which

text: means

text: small

text: animal

question: What is the significance of poultry in the lives of humans?

answer: kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets.

text: kept by humans for the eggs they produce, their meat, their feathers, or sometimes as pets.

question: Are all domesticated and wild birds classified as poultry  ?

answer: but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game.

text: but does not include similar wild birds hunted for sport or food and known as game.

question: What types of  birds are most commonly considered poultry?

answer: chickens, quails and turkeys

text: chickens, quails and turkeys

question: Was the Latin word for poultry also used to decribe other small animals as opposed to any poulty?

answer: from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal.

text: from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal.

question: Are any other birds considered common in the world of poultry?

answer: domestic ducks and domestic geese.

text: domestic ducks and domestic geese.

question: What are domesticated birds kept by humans for the meat they produce?

text: Poultry

question: What is the definition of the French word "pullus?"

text: small animal

question: What is the French term for "fowl?"

text: Galloanserae

question: What is the Norman term for "waterfowl?"

text: Anseriformes

question: What is the Latin word for pigeons?

text: squabs

question: What is the significance of poultry in the lives of aliens?

question: What types of birds are rarely considered poultry?

text: chickens, quails and turkeys

question: What word means to eat small animals in Latin?

text: pullus

question: What birds are no longer considered as poultry?

text: domestic ducks and domestic geese

question: What language was the word "poultry" banned from?

text: French/Norman


text: Antibacterial-resistant strains and species, sometimes referred to as "superbugs", now contribute to the emergence of diseases that were for a while well controlled. For example, emergent bacterial strains causing tuberculosis (TB) that are resistant to previously effective antibacterial treatments pose many therapeutic challenges. Every year, nearly half a million new cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are estimated to occur worldwide. For example, NDM-1 is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of beta-lactam antibacterials. The United Kingdom's Health Protection Agency has stated that "most isolates with NDM-1 enzyme are resistant to all standard intravenous antibiotics for treatment of severe infections."

title: Antibiotics

title: Antibiotics

text: Antibacterial

text: resistant

text: strains

text: and

text: species

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: superbugs

text: now

text: contribute

text: to

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: diseases

text: that

text: were

text: for

text: a

text: while

text: well

text: controlled

text: For

text: example

text: emergent

text: bacterial

text: strains

text: causing

text: tuberculosis

text: TB

text: that

text: are

text: resistant

text: to

text: previously

text: effective

text: antibacterial

text: treatments

text: pose

text: many

text: therapeutic

text: challenges

text: Every

text: year

text: nearly

text: half

text: a

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: of

text: multidrug

text: resistant

text: tuberculosis

text: MDR

text: TB

text: are

text: estimated

text: to

text: occur

text: worldwide

text: For

text: example

text: is

text: a

text: newly

text: identified

text: enzyme

text: conveying

text: bacterial

text: resistance

text: to

text: a

text: broad

text: range

text: of

text: beta

text: lactam

text: antibacterials

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: Health

text: Protection

text: Agency

text: has

text: stated

text: that

text: most

text: isolates

text: with

text: enzyme

text: are

text: resistant

text: to

text: all

text: standard

text: intravenous

text: antibiotics

text: for

text: treatment

text: of

text: severe

text: infections

question: What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes?

answer: superbugs

text: superbugs

question: What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance?

answer: tuberculosis

text: tuberculosis

question: How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year?

answer: half a million

text: half a million

question: What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB?

answer: MDR-TB

text: MDR-TB

question: What are strains that are resistant to tuberculosis called sometimes?

text: superbugs

question: What was a once almost controlled antibiotic that is coming back to do resistance?

text: tuberculosis

question: How many new infections of bacteria are reported per year?

text: half a million

question: What is the acronym used to describe enzymes?

text: MDR-TB

question: What is a newly identified enzyme conveying bacterial resistance to a broad range of strains and species?


text: The first railway line in Galicia was inaugurated 15 September 1873. It ran from O Carril, Vilagarcía de Arousa to Cornes, Conxo, Santiago de Compostela. A second line was inaugurated in 1875, connecting A Coruña and Lugo. In 1883, Galicia was first connected by rail to the rest of Spain, by way of O Barco de Valdeorras. Galicia today has roughly 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) of rail lines. Several 1,668 mm (5 ft 5 21⁄32 in) Iberian gauge lines operated by Adif and Renfe Operadora connect all the important Galician cities. A 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge line operated by FEVE connects Ferrol to Ribadeo and Oviedo. The only electrified line is the Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo line. Several high-speed rail lines are under construction. Among these are the Olmedo-Zamora-Galicia high-speed rail line that opened partly in 2011, and the AVE Atlantic Axis route, which will connect all of the major Galician Atlantic coast cities A Coruña, Santiago de Compostela, Pontevedra and Vigo to Portugal. Another projected AVE line will connect Ourense to Pontevedra and Vigo.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: The

text: first

text: railway

text: line

text: in

text: Galicia

text: was

text: inaugurated

text: September

text: It

text: ran

text: from

text: O

text: Carril

text: Vilagarcía

text: de

text: Arousa

text: to

text: Cornes

text: Conxo

text: Santiago

text: de

text: Compostela

text: A

text: second

text: line

text: was

text: inaugurated

text: in

text: connecting

text: A

text: Coruña

text: and

text: Lugo

text: In

text: Galicia

text: was

text: first

text: connected

text: by

text: rail

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Spain

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: O

text: Barco

text: de

text: Valdeorras

text: Galicia

text: today

text: has

text: roughly

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: of

text: rail

text: lines

text: Several

text: mm

text: ft

text: in

text: Iberian

text: gauge

text: lines

text: operated

text: by

text: Adif

text: and

text: Renfe

text: Operadora

text: connect

text: all

text: the

text: important

text: Galician

text: cities

text: A

text: mm

text: ft

text: in

text: metre

text: gauge

text: line

text: operated

text: by

text: FEVE

text: connects

text: Ferrol

text: to

text: Ribadeo

text: and

text: Oviedo

text: The

text: only

text: electrified

text: line

text: is

text: the

text: Ponferrada

text: Monforte

text: de

text: Lemos

text: Ourense

text: Vigo

text: line

text: Several

text: high

text: speed

text: rail

text: lines

text: are

text: under

text: construction

text: Among

text: these

text: are

text: the

text: Olmedo

text: Zamora

text: Galicia

text: high

text: speed

text: rail

text: line

text: that

text: opened

text: partly

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: AVE

text: Atlantic

text: Axis

text: route

text: which

text: will

text: connect

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: Galician

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: cities

text: A

text: Coruña

text: Santiago

text: de

text: Compostela

text: Pontevedra

text: and

text: Vigo

text: to

text: Portugal

text: Another

text: projected

text: AVE

text: line

text: will

text: connect

text: Ourense

text: to

text: Pontevedra

text: and

text: Vigo

question: In which year did Galicia's first railway line open?

answer: 1873

question: What is the name of its only electrified railway?

answer: Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo

text: Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo


text: The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools. There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Charter

text: School

text: Center

text: assists

text: the

text: setup

text: of

text: new

text: charter

text: schools

text: There

text: are

text: approximately

text: additional

text: privately

text: run

text: secular

text: and

text: religious

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: city

question: What institution aids in the creation of charter schools in New York?

answer: New York City Charter School Center

text: New York City Charter School Center

question: About how many private schools does New York have?

answer: 900


text: During a panel discussion at Harvard University's reunion for African American alumni during the 2003–04 academic year, two prominent black professors at the institution—Lani Guinier and Henry Louis Gates—pointed out an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard. They stated that only about a third of black Harvard undergraduates were from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community. The majority of black students at Harvard were Caribbean and African immigrants or their children, with some others the mixed-race children of biracial couples. One Harvard student, born in the South Bronx to a black family whose ancestors have been in the United States for multiple generations, said that there were so few Harvard students from the historic African American community that they took to calling themselves "the descendants" (i.e., descendants of American slaves). The reasons for this underrepresentation of historic African Americans, and possible remedies, remain a subject of debate.

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

text: During

text: a

text: panel

text: discussion

text: at

text: Harvard

text: University

text: 's

text: reunion

text: for

text: African

text: American

text: alumni

text: during

text: the

text: academic

text: year

text: two

text: prominent

text: black

text: professors

text: at

text: the

text: institution

text: Lani

text: Guinier

text: and

text: Henry

text: Louis

text: Gates

text: pointed

text: out

text: an

text: unintended

text: effect

text: of

text: affirmative

text: action

text: policies

text: at

text: Harvard

text: They

text: stated

text: that

text: only

text: about

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: black

text: Harvard

text: undergraduates

text: were

text: from

text: families

text: in

text: which

text: all

text: four

text: grandparents

text: were

text: born

text: into

text: the

text: African

text: American

text: community

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: black

text: students

text: at

text: Harvard

text: were

text: Caribbean

text: and

text: African

text: immigrants

text: or

text: their

text: children

text: with

text: some

text: others

text: the

text: mixed

text: race

text: children

text: of

text: biracial

text: couples

text: One

text: Harvard

text: student

text: born

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Bronx

text: to

text: a

text: black

text: family

text: whose

text: ancestors

text: have

text: been

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: for

text: multiple

text: generations

text: said

text: that

text: there

text: were

text: so

text: few

text: Harvard

text: students

text: from

text: the

text: historic

text: African

text: American

text: community

text: that

text: they

text: took

text: to

text: calling

text: themselves

text: the

text: descendants

text: i.e.

text: descendants

text: of

text: American

text: slaves

text: The

text: reasons

text: for

text: this

text: underrepresentation

text: of

text: historic

text: African

text: Americans

text: and

text: possible

text: remedies

text: remain

text: a

text: subject

text: of

text: debate

question: What was going on at Harvard University during the 2003 - 04 academic year?

answer: a panel discussion

text: a panel discussion

question: What did two prominent black professors point out at the panel discussion?

answer: an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard

text: an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard

question: What portion of black Harvard undergraduates came from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community?

answer: a third

text: a third

question: What did the African American students at Harvard that could trace their lineage back multiple generations begin calling themselves?

answer: the descendants

text: the descendants

question: Other than the reasons for the under representation of African Americans, what else is still up for debate?

answer: possible remedies

text: possible remedies

question: What was going on at Harvard University during the 2007 - 08 academic year?

text: panel discussion

question: What did two prominent white professors point out at the panel discussion?

question: What portion of black Harvard undergraduates came from families in which all four grandparents were born into the Asian American community?

text: third

question: What did the Asian American students at Harvard that could trace their lineage back multiple generations begin calling themselves?

text: the descendants

question: Other than the reasons for the under representation of Asian Americans, what else is still up for debate?

text: possible remedies


text: In the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a significant movement in favor of the territory becoming a commonwealth, which would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands. However, the federal government rejected the version of a commonwealth that the government of Guam proposed, due to it having clauses incompatible with the Territorial Clause (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 2) of the U.S. Constitution. Other movements advocate U.S. statehood for Guam, union with the state of Hawaii, union with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory, or independence.

title: Guam

title: Guam

text: In

text: the

text: and

text: early

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: significant

text: movement

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: becoming

text: a

text: commonwealth

text: which

text: would

text: give

text: it

text: a

text: level

text: of

text: self

text: government

text: similar

text: to

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: and

text: the

text: Northern

text: Mariana

text: Islands

text: However

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: rejected

text: the

text: version

text: of

text: a

text: commonwealth

text: that

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: Guam

text: proposed

text: due

text: to

text: it

text: having

text: clauses

text: incompatible

text: with

text: the

text: Territorial

text: Clause

text: Art

text: IV

text: Sec

text: cl

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Constitution

text: Other

text: movements

text: advocate

text: U.S.

text: statehood

text: for

text: Guam

text: union

text: with

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: union

text: with

text: the

text: Northern

text: Mariana

text: Islands

text: as

text: a

text: single

text: territory

text: or

text: independence

question: What major movement occurred in Guam in the 80's and 90's?

answer: becoming a commonwealth

text: becoming a commonwealth

question: Why would Guam becoming a commonwealth be so important?

answer: would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico

text: would give it a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico

question: What is the name of this U.S state that could possibly form a union with Guam?

answer: Hawaii

text: Hawaii

question: In what decade was union between Hawaii and Guam first brought up?

question: In what decade did union between Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands first start to get talked about?

question: In what decade was the U.S. Constitution last modified?

question: When did people in Guam start advocating for U.S. statehood?


text: Namibia conducts a census every ten years. After independence the first Population and Housing Census was carried out in 1991, further rounds followed in 2001 and 2011. The data collection method is to count every person resident in Namibia on the census reference night, wherever they happen to be. This is called the de facto method. For enumeration purposes the country is demarcated into 4,042 enumeration areas. These areas do not overlap with constituency boundaries to get reliable data for election purposes as well.

title: Namibia

title: Namibia

text: Namibia

text: conducts

text: a

text: census

text: every

text: ten

text: years

text: After

text: independence

text: the

text: first

text: Population

text: and

text: Housing

text: Census

text: was

text: carried

text: out

text: in

text: further

text: rounds

text: followed

text: in

text: and

text: The

text: data

text: collection

text: method

text: is

text: to

text: count

text: every

text: person

text: resident

text: in

text: Namibia

text: on

text: the

text: census

text: reference

text: night

text: wherever

text: they

text: happen

text: to

text: be

text: This

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: method

text: For

text: enumeration

text: purposes

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: demarcated

text: into

text: enumeration

text: areas

text: These

text: areas

text: do

text: not

text: overlap

text: with

text: constituency

text: boundaries

text: to

text: get

text: reliable

text: data

text: for

text: election

text: purposes

text: as

text: well

question: How often does Namibia conduct a census?

answer: every ten years

text: every ten years

question: When was the first Population and Housing Census in Namibia?

answer: 1991

question: What is it called when the census counts every person wherever they are the night of the census?

answer: de facto method

text: de facto method

question: How many enumeration areas are there in Namibia?

answer: 4,042

question: The enumeration areas in Namibia do not overlap with what in order to get reliable data?

answer: constituency boundaries

text: constituency boundaries

question: How were people counted in Namibia prior to 1991?

text: Population and Housing Census

question: How many enumeration areas are there in a typical nation using the de facto method?

question: How many census workers were there in the 1991 Population and Housing Census?


text: In recent years light emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting. In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics.

title: Lighting

title: Lighting

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: light

text: emitting

text: diodes

text: LEDs

text: are

text: becoming

text: increasingly

text: efficient

text: leading

text: to

text: an

text: extraordinary

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: solid

text: state

text: lighting

text: In

text: many

text: situations

text: controlling

text: the

text: light

text: emission

text: of

text: LEDs

text: may

text: be

text: done

text: most

text: effectively

text: by

text: using

text: the

text: principles

text: of

text: nonimaging

text: optics

question: What is a form of solid state lighting?

answer: LEDs

text: LEDs

question: What is the best way to control light emissions of LEDs?

answer: nonimaging optics

text: nonimaging optics


text: Medieval political philosophy in Europe was heavily influenced by Christian thinking. It had much in common with the Mutazalite Islamic thinking in that the Roman Catholics though subordinating philosophy to theology did not subject reason to revelation but in the case of contradictions, subordinated reason to faith as the Asharite of Islam. The Scholastics by combining the philosophy of Aristotle with the Christianity of St. Augustine emphasized the potential harmony inherent in reason and revelation. Perhaps the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St. Thomas Aquinas who helped reintroduce Aristotle's works, which had only been transmitted to Catholic Europe through Muslim Spain, along with the commentaries of Averroes. Aquinas's use of them set the agenda, for scholastic political philosophy dominated European thought for centuries even unto the Renaissance.

title: Political_philosophy

title: Political_philosophy

text: Medieval

text: political

text: philosophy

text: in

text: Europe

text: was

text: heavily

text: influenced

text: by

text: Christian

text: thinking

text: It

text: had

text: much

text: in

text: common

text: with

text: the

text: Mutazalite

text: Islamic

text: thinking

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholics

text: though

text: subordinating

text: philosophy

text: to

text: theology

text: did

text: not

text: subject

text: reason

text: to

text: revelation

text: but

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: contradictions

text: subordinated

text: reason

text: to

text: faith

text: as

text: the

text: Asharite

text: of

text: Islam

text: The

text: Scholastics

text: by

text: combining

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: Aristotle

text: with

text: the

text: Christianity

text: of

text: St.

text: Augustine

text: emphasized

text: the

text: potential

text: harmony

text: inherent

text: in

text: reason

text: and

text: revelation

text: Perhaps

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: political

text: philosopher

text: of

text: medieval

text: Europe

text: was

text: St.

text: Thomas

text: Aquinas

text: who

text: helped

text: reintroduce

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: works

text: which

text: had

text: only

text: been

text: transmitted

text: to

text: Catholic

text: Europe

text: through

text: Muslim

text: Spain

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: commentaries

text: of

text: Averroes

text: Aquinas

text: 's

text: use

text: of

text: them

text: set

text: the

text: agenda

text: for

text: scholastic

text: political

text: philosophy

text: dominated

text: European

text: thought

text: for

text: centuries

text: even

text: unto

text: the

text: Renaissance

question: What was heavily influenced by Christian thinking?

answer: Medieval political philosophy in Europe

text: Medieval political philosophy in Europe

question: Medieval political philosophy had much in common with what type of thinking?

answer: Mutazalite Islamic thinking

text: Mutazalite Islamic thinking

question: Who was the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe?

answer: St. Thomas Aquinas

text: St. Thomas Aquinas

question: What influenced medieval politics?

text: Christian thinking

question: What did Roman Catholics subordinate theology too?

text: philosophy

question: How did Christian thinking differ from Mutazalite Islamic thinking?

text: subordinating philosophy to theology

question: Who emphasize the harmony absent in reason and revelation?

text: The Scholastics

question: What medieval philosopher help to write some of Aristotle's works?

text: St. Thomas Aquinas

question: What was Mutazalite Islamic thinking influenced by in Europe?

text: Christian thinking

question: Who was the most influential Asharite in medieval Europe?

text: St. Thomas Aquinas

question: What did Averroes help reintroduce in Europe?

text: Aristotle's works

question: What was the effect of Averroes uses of Aristotle's works in Europe?

question: Who was the most influential political philosopher who made the commentaries of Averroes?

text: St. Thomas Aquinas


text: Despite the lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan; its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, aircraft, cement, agricultural machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90% of the paper and paper boards, 71% of the fertilizers, 69% of the sugar and 40% of the cement of Pakistan.

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

text: Despite

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: a

text: coastline

text: Punjab

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: industrialised

text: province

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: its

text: manufacturing

text: industries

text: produce

text: textiles

text: sports

text: goods

text: heavy

text: machinery

text: electrical

text: appliances

text: surgical

text: instruments

text: vehicles

text: auto

text: parts

text: metals

text: sugar

text: mill

text: plants

text: aircraft

text: cement

text: agricultural

text: machinery

text: bicycles

text: and

text: rickshaws

text: floor

text: coverings

text: and

text: processed

text: foods

text: In

text: the

text: province

text: manufactured

text: of

text: the

text: paper

text: and

text: paper

text: boards

text: of

text: the

text: fertilizers

text: of

text: the

text: sugar

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: cement

text: of

text: Pakistan

question: What geographic feature does Punjab not have?

answer: coastline

text: coastline

question: What medical product does Punjab manufacture?

answer: surgical instruments

text: surgical instruments

question: What transportation products does Punjab manufacture?

answer: bicycles and rickshaws

text: bicycles and rickshaws

question: How much of Pakistan's paper products does Punjab manufacture?

answer: 90%

question: How much of Pakistan's sugar does Punjab manufacture?

answer: 69%

question: Which province has an extended coastline?

text: Punjab

question: What percentage of textiles does Punjab export?

question: What percentage of Pakistan's sugar mill plants are located in Punjab?

question: What type of machinery does Punjab not produce?

text: heavy

question: What percentage of agricultural machinery does Punjab manufacture?


text: Roman religious beliefs date back to the founding of Rome, around 800 BC. However, the Roman religion commonly associated with the republic and early empire did not begin until around 500 BC, when Romans came in contact with Greek culture, and adopted many of the Greek religious beliefs. Private and personal worship was an important aspect of religious practices. In a sense, each household was a temple to the gods. Each household had an altar (lararium), at which the family members would offer prayers, perform rites, and interact with the household gods. Many of the gods that Romans worshiped came from the Proto-Indo-European pantheon, others were based on Greek gods. The two most famous deities were Jupiter (the king God) and Mars (the god of war). With its cultural influence spreading over most of the Mediterranean, Romans began accepting foreign gods into their own culture, as well as other philosophical traditions such as Cynicism and Stoicism.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Roman

text: religious

text: beliefs

text: date

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: Rome

text: around

text: BC

text: However

text: the

text: Roman

text: religion

text: commonly

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: republic

text: and

text: early

text: empire

text: did

text: not

text: begin

text: until

text: around

text: BC

text: when

text: Romans

text: came

text: in

text: contact

text: with

text: Greek

text: culture

text: and

text: adopted

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: religious

text: beliefs

text: Private

text: and

text: personal

text: worship

text: was

text: an

text: important

text: aspect

text: of

text: religious

text: practices

text: In

text: a

text: sense

text: each

text: household

text: was

text: a

text: temple

text: to

text: the

text: gods

text: Each

text: household

text: had

text: an

text: altar

text: lararium

text: at

text: which

text: the

text: family

text: members

text: would

text: offer

text: prayers

text: perform

text: rites

text: and

text: interact

text: with

text: the

text: household

text: gods

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: gods

text: that

text: Romans

text: worshiped

text: came

text: from

text: the

text: Proto

text: Indo

text: European

text: pantheon

text: others

text: were

text: based

text: on

text: Greek

text: gods

text: The

text: two

text: most

text: famous

text: deities

text: were

text: Jupiter

text: the

text: king

text: God

text: and

text: Mars

text: the

text: god

text: of

text: war

text: With

text: its

text: cultural

text: influence

text: spreading

text: over

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Romans

text: began

text: accepting

text: foreign

text: gods

text: into

text: their

text: own

text: culture

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: philosophical

text: traditions

text: such

text: as

text: Cynicism

text: and

text: Stoicism

question: When did the Roman religion that is generally identified with the republic first established?

answer: around 500 BC

text: around 500 BC

question: Who did the Romans adapt several of their religious convictions from?

answer: Greek

text: Greek

question: Where did a large amount of the deities that were worshiped in Roman civilization come from?

answer: Proto-Indo-European pantheon

text: Proto-Indo-European pantheon

question: What religious element could be found in all Roman households?

answer: an altar

text: an altar

question: What in Roman society was considered to be a temple to the gods?

answer: each household

text: each household


text: In 1808, Napoleon and Czar Alexander met at the Congress of Erfurt to preserve the Russo-French alliance. The leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807. By 1811, however, tensions had increased and Alexander was under pressure from the Russian nobility to break off the alliance. A major strain on the relationship between the two nations became the regular violations of the Continental System by the Russians, which led Napoleon to threaten Alexander with serious consequences if he formed an alliance with Britain.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: In

text: Napoleon

text: and

text: Czar

text: Alexander

text: met

text: at

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: Erfurt

text: to

text: preserve

text: the

text: Russo

text: French

text: alliance

text: The

text: leaders

text: had

text: a

text: friendly

text: personal

text: relationship

text: after

text: their

text: first

text: meeting

text: at

text: Tilsit

text: in

text: By

text: however

text: tensions

text: had

text: increased

text: and

text: Alexander

text: was

text: under

text: pressure

text: from

text: the

text: Russian

text: nobility

text: to

text: break

text: off

text: the

text: alliance

text: A

text: major

text: strain

text: on

text: the

text: relationship

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: nations

text: became

text: the

text: regular

text: violations

text: of

text: the

text: Continental

text: System

text: by

text: the

text: Russians

text: which

text: led

text: Napoleon

text: to

text: threaten

text: Alexander

text: with

text: serious

text: consequences

text: if

text: he

text: formed

text: an

text: alliance

text: with

text: Britain

question: What meeting did Napoleon and Czar Alexander participate in in 1808?

answer: the Congress of Erfurt

text: the Congress of Erfurt

question: In what year did the Congress of Erfurt take place?

answer: 1808

question: Where did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?

answer: Tilsit

text: Tilsit

question: In what year did Napoleon and Czar Alexander first meet?

answer: 1807

question: Violations of what Napoleonic policy by Russia led to tensions between Russia and France?

answer: the Continental System

text: the Continental System


text: The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized, accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR. It was, by 1961, the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in the Volga-Urals region and Siberia, trailing only the United States and Saudi Arabia. In 1974, there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students. A network of territorially-organized public-health services provided health care. After 1985, the restructuring policies of the Gorbachev administration relatively liberalised the economy, which had become stagnant since the late 1970s, with the introduction of non-state owned enterprises such as cooperatives. The effects of market policies led to the failure of many enterprises and total instability by 1990.

title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

text: The

text: economy

text: of

text: Russia

text: became

text: heavily

text: industrialized

text: accounting

text: for

text: about

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: electricity

text: produced

text: in

text: the

text: USSR

text: It

text: was

text: by

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: producer

text: of

text: petroleum

text: due

text: to

text: new

text: discoveries

text: in

text: the

text: Volga

text: Urals

text: region

text: and

text: Siberia

text: trailing

text: only

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: institutes

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: republic

text: providing

text: education

text: in

text: languages

text: to

text: some

text: students

text: A

text: network

text: of

text: territorially

text: organized

text: public

text: health

text: services

text: provided

text: health

text: care

text: After

text: the

text: restructuring

text: policies

text: of

text: the

text: Gorbachev

text: administration

text: relatively

text: liberalised

text: the

text: economy

text: which

text: had

text: become

text: stagnant

text: since

text: the

text: late

text: with

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: non

text: state

text: owned

text: enterprises

text: such

text: as

text: cooperatives

text: The

text: effects

text: of

text: market

text: policies

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: failure

text: of

text: many

text: enterprises

text: and

text: total

text: instability

text: by

question: How much of the USSR's electricity was produced in the RSFSR?

answer: two-thirds

text: two-thirds

question: What two countries produced more petroleum than Russia in 1961?

answer: the United States and Saudi Arabia

text: the United States and Saudi Arabia

question: How many students were in institutions of higher education in Russia in 1974?

answer: 23,941,000

question: How many institutions of higher education did Russia possess in 1974?

answer: 475

question: In how many languages were students in institutions of higher education being educated in 1974?

answer: 47

question: How much of the USSR's electricity was delayed in the RSFSR?

text: about two-thirds

question: What two countries produced less petroleum than Russia in 1961?

text: United States and Saudi Arabia

question: How many students were in institutions of lower education in Russia in 1974?

question: How many institutions of high school did Russia possess in 1974?

question: In how many languages were students in institutions of high school being educated in 1974?