text: With the two-factor theory now incorporating cognition, several theories began to argue that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts were entirely necessary for an emotion to occur. One of the main proponents of this view was Richard Lazarus who argued that emotions must have some cognitive intentionality. The cognitive activity involved in the interpretation of an emotional context may be conscious or unconscious and may or may not take the form of conceptual processing.

title: Emotion

title: Emotion

text: With

text: the

text: two

text: factor

text: theory

text: now

text: incorporating

text: cognition

text: several

text: theories

text: began

text: to

text: argue

text: that

text: cognitive

text: activity

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: judgments

text: evaluations

text: or

text: thoughts

text: were

text: entirely

text: necessary

text: for

text: an

text: emotion

text: to

text: occur

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: proponents

text: of

text: this

text: view

text: was

text: Richard

text: Lazarus

text: who

text: argued

text: that

text: emotions

text: must

text: have

text: some

text: cognitive

text: intentionality

text: The

text: cognitive

text: activity

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: interpretation

text: of

text: an

text: emotional

text: context

text: may

text: be

text: conscious

text: or

text: unconscious

text: and

text: may

text: or

text: may

text: not

text: take

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: conceptual

text: processing

question: Who argued that emotions arise from cognitive intentionality?

answer: Richard Lazarus

text: Richard Lazarus

question: Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists believe to be required for emotion?

answer: judgments

text: judgments

question: In Lazarus' view, what could the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?

answer: unconscious

text: unconscious

question: Who argued that emotions don't come from cognitive intentionality?

text: Richard Lazarus

question: Along with evaluations and thoughts, what cognitive activity did theorists not believe to be required for emotion?

text: judgments

question: In Lazarus' view, what couldn't the cognitive activity be if it was not conscious?

text: unconscious


text: Although the etymology of the name has been studied since the 7th century by authors like Isidore of Seville —who wrote that "Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls", relating the name to the Greek word for milk—, currently scholars derive the name of the ancient Callaeci either from Proto-Indo-European *kal-n-eH2 'hill', through a local relational suffix -aik-, so meaning 'the hill (people)'; or either from Proto-Celtic *kallī- 'forest', so meaning 'the forest (people)'. In any case, Galicia, being per se a derivation of the ethnic name Kallaikói, would mean 'the land of the Galicians'.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: Although

text: the

text: etymology

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: has

text: been

text: studied

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: by

text: authors

text: like

text: Isidore

text: of

text: Seville

text: —who

text: wrote

text: that

text: Galicians

text: are

text: called

text: so

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: fair

text: skin

text: as

text: the

text: Gauls

text: relating

text: the

text: name

text: to

text: the

text: Greek

text: word

text: for

text: milk—

text: currently

text: scholars

text: derive

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Callaeci

text: either

text: from

text: Proto

text: Indo

text: European

text: kal

text: n

text: hill

text: through

text: a

text: local

text: relational

text: suffix

text: -aik-

text: so

text: meaning

text: the

text: hill

text: people

text: or

text: either

text: from

text: Proto

text: Celtic

text: kallī-

text: forest

text: so

text: meaning

text: the

text: forest

text: people

text: In

text: any

text: case

text: Galicia

text: being

text: per

text: se

text: a

text: derivation

text: of

text: the

text: ethnic

text: name

text: Kallaikói

text: would

text: mean

text: the

text: land

text: of

text: the

text: Galicians

question: Which author wrote that "Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls"?

answer: Isidore

text: Isidore

question: Which original ethnic name is "Galicia" derived from?

answer: Kallaikói

text: Kallaikói

question: What does Galicia's name mean?

answer: the land of the Galicians

text: the land of the Galicians


text: Miami is noted as "the only major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle", a local citrus grower and a wealthy Cleveland native. The Miami area was better known as "Biscayne Bay Country" in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness. The area was also characterized as "one of the finest building sites in Florida." The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miami's growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the only ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a railroad tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region, for which she became known as "the mother of Miami." Miami was officially incorporated as a city on July 28, 1896 with a population of just over 300. It was named for the nearby Miami River, derived from Mayaimi, the historic name of Lake Okeechobee.

title: Miami

title: Miami

text: Miami

text: is

text: noted

text: as

text: the

text: only

text: major

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: conceived

text: by

text: a

text: woman

text: Julia

text: Tuttle

text: a

text: local

text: citrus

text: grower

text: and

text: a

text: wealthy

text: Cleveland

text: native

text: The

text: Miami

text: area

text: was

text: better

text: known

text: as

text: Biscayne

text: Bay

text: Country

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: years

text: of

text: its

text: growth

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: reports

text: described

text: the

text: area

text: as

text: a

text: promising

text: wilderness

text: The

text: area

text: was

text: also

text: characterized

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: finest

text: building

text: sites

text: in

text: Florida

text: The

text: Great

text: Freeze

text: of

text: hastened

text: Miami

text: 's

text: growth

text: as

text: the

text: crops

text: of

text: the

text: Miami

text: area

text: were

text: the

text: only

text: ones

text: in

text: Florida

text: that

text: survived

text: Julia

text: Tuttle

text: subsequently

text: convinced

text: Henry

text: Flagler

text: a

text: railroad

text: tycoon

text: to

text: expand

text: his

text: Florida

text: East

text: Coast

text: Railway

text: to

text: the

text: region

text: for

text: which

text: she

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: mother

text: of

text: Miami

text: Miami

text: was

text: officially

text: incorporated

text: as

text: a

text: city

text: on

text: July

text: with

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: just

text: over

text: It

text: was

text: named

text: for

text: the

text: nearby

text: Miami

text: River

text: derived

text: from

text: Mayaimi

text: the

text: historic

text: name

text: of

text: Lake

text: Okeechobee

question: Where was Julia Tuttle born?

answer: Cleveland

text: Cleveland

question: Prior to the naming of Miami, what was the area around Miami called?

answer: Biscayne Bay Country

text: Biscayne Bay Country

question: When did the Great Freeze occur?

answer: 1894–95

question: What railroad was owned by Henry Flagler?

answer: Florida East Coast Railway

text: Florida East Coast Railway

question: Who was "the mother of Miami"?

answer: Julia Tuttle

text: Julia Tuttle

question: Where wasn't Julia Tuttle born?

text: Cleveland

question: Prior to the naming of Miami, what wasn't the area around Miami called?

text: Biscayne Bay Country

question: When did the Great Thaw occur?

question: What railroad was disowned by Henry Flagler?

text: Florida East Coast Railway

question: Who was "the father of Miami"?

text: Julia Tuttle


text: On July 1, 2009, SME and IODA announced their global strategic partnership to leverage combined worldwide online retail distribution networks and complementary technologies to support independent labels and music rightsholders.

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

text: On

text: July

text: SME

text: and

text: IODA

text: announced

text: their

text: global

text: strategic

text: partnership

text: to

text: leverage

text: combined

text: worldwide

text: online

text: retail

text: distribution

text: networks

text: and

text: complementary

text: technologies

text: to

text: support

text: independent

text: labels

text: and

text: music

text: rightsholders

question: What labels strove to support indie labels and music rightsholders?

answer: SME and IODA

text: SME and IODA

question: In what year did they partner in order to do so?

answer: 2009

question: SME and IODA announced the end of their partnership on what date?

text: July 1, 2009

question: Who announced their local strategic partnership on July 1, 2009?

text: SME and IODA

question: SEM partnered with whom?

text: IODA

question: On July 1, 2019, who partnered together?

text: SME and IODA


text: In season eight, Latin Grammy Award-nominated singer–songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge. She stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten. Paula Abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers. Emmy Award-winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for that season, but left after just one season. On January 11, 2010, Simon Cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show The X Factor to the USA for 2011. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel in season ten, but both left after two seasons. They were replaced by three new judges, Mariah Carey, Nicki Minaj and Keith Urban, who joined Randy Jackson in season 12. However both Carey and Minaj left after one season, and Randy Jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor. Urban is the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13. He was joined by previous judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr.. Lopez, Urban and Connick, Jr. all returned as judges for the show's fourteenth and fifteenth seasons.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: In

text: season

text: eight

text: Latin

text: Grammy

text: Award

text: nominated

text: singer

text: songwriter

text: and

text: record

text: producer

text: Kara

text: DioGuardi

text: was

text: added

text: as

text: a

text: fourth

text: judge

text: She

text: stayed

text: for

text: two

text: seasons

text: and

text: left

text: the

text: show

text: before

text: season

text: ten

text: Paula

text: Abdul

text: left

text: the

text: show

text: before

text: season

text: nine

text: after

text: failing

text: to

text: agree

text: terms

text: with

text: the

text: show

text: producers

text: Emmy

text: Award

text: winning

text: talk

text: show

text: host

text: Ellen

text: DeGeneres

text: replaced

text: Paula

text: Abdul

text: for

text: that

text: season

text: but

text: left

text: after

text: just

text: one

text: season

text: On

text: January

text: Simon

text: Cowell

text: announced

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: leaving

text: the

text: show

text: to

text: pursue

text: introducing

text: the

text: American

text: version

text: of

text: his

text: show

text: The

text: X

text: Factor

text: to

text: the

text: USA

text: for

text: Jennifer

text: Lopez

text: and

text: Steven

text: Tyler

text: joined

text: the

text: judging

text: panel

text: in

text: season

text: ten

text: but

text: both

text: left

text: after

text: two

text: seasons

text: They

text: were

text: replaced

text: by

text: three

text: new

text: judges

text: Mariah

text: Carey

text: Nicki

text: Minaj

text: and

text: Keith

text: Urban

text: who

text: joined

text: Randy

text: Jackson

text: in

text: season

text: However

text: both

text: Carey

text: and

text: Minaj

text: left

text: after

text: one

text: season

text: and

text: Randy

text: Jackson

text: also

text: announced

text: that

text: he

text: would

text: depart

text: the

text: show

text: after

text: twelve

text: seasons

text: as

text: a

text: judge

text: but

text: would

text: return

text: as

text: a

text: mentor

text: Urban

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: judge

text: from

text: season

text: to

text: return

text: in

text: season

text: He

text: was

text: joined

text: by

text: previous

text: judge

text: Jennifer

text: Lopez

text: and

text: former

text: mentor

text: Harry

text: Connick

text: Jr

text: Lopez

text: Urban

text: and

text: Connick

text: Jr.

text: all

text: returned

text: as

text: judges

text: for

text: the

text: show

text: 's

text: fourteenth

text: and

text: fifteenth

text: seasons

question: Who was added as a fourth judge in the eighth season of American Idol?

answer: Kara DioGuardi

text: Kara DioGuardi

question: Who replaced Paula Abdul as a judge in season nine of American Idol?

answer: Ellen DeGeneres

text: Ellen DeGeneres

question: For how many seasons was Steven Tyler a judge on American Idol?

answer: two

text: two

question: What year did Simon Cowell announce that he was leaving American Idol?

answer: 2010

question: What show did Simon Cowell launch in 2011 after leaving American Idol?

answer: The X Factor

text: The X Factor

question: Who was added as a fourth judge for the eighth season?

answer: Kara DioGuardi

text: Kara DioGuardi

question: When did Paula Abdul quit as a judge?

answer: before season nine

text: before season nine

question: When did Simon Cowell announce he was no longer going to be a judge?

answer: January 11, 2010

text: January 11, 2010

question: Which talk show host replaced Paula Abdul?

answer: Ellen DeGeneres

text: Ellen DeGeneres

question: When did Steven Tyler become a judge?

answer: season ten

text: season ten


text: Adolescents' thinking is less bound to concrete events than that of children: they can contemplate possibilities outside the realm of what currently exists. One manifestation of the adolescent's increased facility with thinking about possibilities is the improvement of skill in deductive reasoning, which leads to the development of hypothetical thinking. This provides the ability to plan ahead, see the future consequences of an action and to provide alternative explanations of events. It also makes adolescents more skilled debaters, as they can reason against a friend's or parent's assumptions. Adolescents also develop a more sophisticated understanding of probability.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: Adolescents

text: thinking

text: is

text: less

text: bound

text: to

text: concrete

text: events

text: than

text: that

text: of

text: children

text: they

text: can

text: contemplate

text: possibilities

text: outside

text: the

text: realm

text: of

text: what

text: currently

text: exists

text: One

text: manifestation

text: of

text: the

text: adolescent

text: 's

text: increased

text: facility

text: with

text: thinking

text: about

text: possibilities

text: is

text: the

text: improvement

text: of

text: skill

text: in

text: deductive

text: reasoning

text: which

text: leads

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: hypothetical

text: thinking

text: This

text: provides

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: plan

text: ahead

text: see

text: the

text: future

text: consequences

text: of

text: an

text: action

text: and

text: to

text: provide

text: alternative

text: explanations

text: of

text: events

text: It

text: also

text: makes

text: adolescents

text: more

text: skilled

text: debaters

text: as

text: they

text: can

text: reason

text: against

text: a

text: friend

text: 's

text: or

text: parent

text: 's

text: assumptions

text: Adolescents

text: also

text: develop

text: a

text: more

text: sophisticated

text: understanding

text: of

text: probability

question: Are adolescents or children more bound to concrete events?

answer: children

text: children

question: Deductive reasoning leads to the development of what type of thinking?

answer: hypothetical

text: hypothetical

question: What type of thinking provides the ability to plan ahead and makes adolescents more skilled debaters?

answer: hypothetical

text: hypothetical

question: Adolescents develop a more sophisticated understanding of what mathematical concept thanks to their increased hypothetical thinking abilties?

answer: probability

text: probability


text: The government has also relaxed reporting laws, but these remain highly restrictive. In September 2011, several banned websites, including YouTube, Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America, were unblocked. A 2011 report by the Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations found that, while contact with the Myanmar government was constrained by donor restrictions, international humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) see opportunities for effective advocacy with government officials, especially at the local level. At the same time, international NGOs are mindful of the ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: The

text: government

text: has

text: also

text: relaxed

text: reporting

text: laws

text: but

text: these

text: remain

text: highly

text: restrictive

text: In

text: September

text: several

text: banned

text: websites

text: including

text: YouTube

text: Democratic

text: Voice

text: of

text: Burma

text: and

text: Voice

text: of

text: America

text: were

text: unblocked

text: A

text: report

text: by

text: the

text: Hauser

text: Center

text: for

text: Nonprofit

text: Organizations

text: found

text: that

text: while

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: Myanmar

text: government

text: was

text: constrained

text: by

text: donor

text: restrictions

text: international

text: humanitarian

text: non

text: governmental

text: organisations

text: NGOs

text: see

text: opportunities

text: for

text: effective

text: advocacy

text: with

text: government

text: officials

text: especially

text: at

text: the

text: local

text: level

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: international

text: NGOs

text: are

text: mindful

text: of

text: the

text: ethical

text: quandary

text: of

text: how

text: to

text: work

text: with

text: the

text: government

text: without

text: bolstering

text: or

text: appeasing

text: it

question: Has the government of Myanmar made life any easier for it's inhabitants ?

answer: has also relaxed reporting laws, but these remain highly restrictive.

text: has also relaxed reporting laws, but these remain highly restrictive.

question: Does the government allow access to any desired  media channels for residents ?

answer: several banned websites, including YouTube, Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America, were unblocked.

text: several banned websites, including YouTube, Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America, were unblocked.

question: Are there any groups who are able to effectively operate in Burma ?

answer: international humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

text: international humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

question: Why are groups hesitant to work with government officials ?

answer: ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it.

text: ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it.


text: The AP reported that "The state-controlled media has largely ignored the issue, apparently under the propaganda bureau's instructions. Parents and volunteers who have questioned authorities have been detained and threatened."

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

text: The

text: AP

text: reported

text: that

text: The

text: state

text: controlled

text: media

text: has

text: largely

text: ignored

text: the

text: issue

text: apparently

text: under

text: the

text: propaganda

text: bureau

text: 's

text: instructions

text: Parents

text: and

text: volunteers

text: who

text: have

text: questioned

text: authorities

text: have

text: been

text: detained

text: and

text: threatened

question: Who has ignored the school issue?

answer: state-controlled media

text: state-controlled media

question: Who gave instructions to ignore the school issue?

answer: propaganda bureau

text: propaganda bureau

question: What media source has reported this happening?

answer: The AP

text: The AP


text: In reaction to the emergence of Reform Judaism, a group of traditionalist German Jews emerged in support of some of the values of the Haskalah, but also wanted to defend the classic, traditional interpretation of Jewish law and tradition. This group was led by those who opposed the establishment of a new temple in Hamburg , as reflected in the booklet "Ele Divrei HaBerit". As a group of Reform Rabbis convened in Braunschweig, Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger of Altona published a manifesto entitled "Shlomei Emunei Yisrael" in German and Hebrew, having 177 Rabbis sign on. At this time the first Orthodox Jewish periodical, "Der Treue Zions Waechter", was launched with the Hebrew supplement "Shomer Zion HaNe'eman" [1845 - 1855]. In later years it was Rav Ettlinger's students Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch and Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer of Berlin who deepened the awareness and strength of Orthodox Jewry. Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch commented in 1854:

title: Orthodox_Judaism

title: Orthodox_Judaism

text: In

text: reaction

text: to

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: Reform

text: Judaism

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: traditionalist

text: German

text: Jews

text: emerged

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: values

text: of

text: the

text: Haskalah

text: but

text: also

text: wanted

text: to

text: defend

text: the

text: classic

text: traditional

text: interpretation

text: of

text: Jewish

text: law

text: and

text: tradition

text: This

text: group

text: was

text: led

text: by

text: those

text: who

text: opposed

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: temple

text: in

text: Hamburg

text: as

text: reflected

text: in

text: the

text: booklet

text: Ele

text: Divrei

text: HaBerit

text: As

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: Reform

text: Rabbis

text: convened

text: in

text: Braunschweig

text: Rabbi

text: Jacob

text: Ettlinger

text: of

text: Altona

text: published

text: a

text: manifesto

text: entitled

text: Shlomei

text: Emunei

text: Yisrael

text: in

text: German

text: and

text: Hebrew

text: having

text: Rabbis

text: sign

text: on

text: At

text: this

text: time

text: the

text: first

text: Orthodox

text: Jewish

text: periodical

text: Der

text: Treue

text: Zions

text: Waechter

text: was

text: launched

text: with

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: supplement

text: Shomer

text: Zion

text: HaNe'eman

text: In

text: later

text: years

text: it

text: was

text: Rav

text: Ettlinger

text: 's

text: students

text: Rabbi

text: Samson

text: Raphael

text: Hirsch

text: and

text: Rabbi

text: Azriel

text: Hildesheimer

text: of

text: Berlin

text: who

text: deepened

text: the

text: awareness

text: and

text: strength

text: of

text: Orthodox

text: Jewry

text: Rabbi

text: Samson

text: Raphael

text: Hirsch

text: commented

text: in

question: Where was Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer from?

answer: Berlin

text: Berlin

question: what was the name of the Rabbi of Altona?

answer: Jacob Ettlinger

text: Jacob Ettlinger

question: What was the name of the manifesto that Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger produced?

answer: Shlomei Emunei Yisrael

text: Shlomei Emunei Yisrael

question: How many rabbi's signed on with the manifesto Jacob Ettlinger published?

answer: 177

question: Where was Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch from?

answer: Berlin

text: Berlin

question: What did Roman Jews support?

text: values of the Haskalah

question: What group supported a new temple in Hamburg?

text: a group of traditionalist German Jews

question: Where did a group of orthodox Jews convene?

text: Braunschweig

question: What was considered the first Reformed Jewish periodical?

text: Der Treue Zions Waechter

question: Who fought against the strength and awareness of the Orthodox Jewry?

text: Rabbi Samson


text: While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression. Darwin had long been immersed in the literary forms and practices of specialist science, and made effective use of his skills in structuring arguments. David Quammen has described the book as written in everyday language for a wide audience, but noted that Darwin's literary style was uneven: in some places he used convoluted sentences that are difficult to read, while in other places his writing was beautiful. Quammen advised that later editions were weakened by Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics, and recommended the first edition. James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay, it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on, which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail. He added that some parts of Origin are dense, but other parts are almost lyrical, and the case studies and observations are presented in a narrative style unusual in serious scientific books, which broadened its audience.

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: While

text: the

text: book

text: was

text: readable

text: enough

text: to

text: sell

text: its

text: dryness

text: ensured

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: seen

text: as

text: aimed

text: at

text: specialist

text: scientists

text: and

text: could

text: not

text: be

text: dismissed

text: as

text: mere

text: journalism

text: or

text: imaginative

text: fiction

text: Unlike

text: the

text: still

text: popular

text: Vestiges

text: it

text: avoided

text: the

text: narrative

text: style

text: of

text: the

text: historical

text: novel

text: and

text: cosmological

text: speculation

text: though

text: the

text: closing

text: sentence

text: clearly

text: hinted

text: at

text: cosmic

text: progression

text: Darwin

text: had

text: long

text: been

text: immersed

text: in

text: the

text: literary

text: forms

text: and

text: practices

text: of

text: specialist

text: science

text: and

text: made

text: effective

text: use

text: of

text: his

text: skills

text: in

text: structuring

text: arguments

text: David

text: Quammen

text: has

text: described

text: the

text: book

text: as

text: written

text: in

text: everyday

text: language

text: for

text: a

text: wide

text: audience

text: but

text: noted

text: that

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: literary

text: style

text: was

text: uneven

text: in

text: some

text: places

text: he

text: used

text: convoluted

text: sentences

text: that

text: are

text: difficult

text: to

text: read

text: while

text: in

text: other

text: places

text: his

text: writing

text: was

text: beautiful

text: Quammen

text: advised

text: that

text: later

text: editions

text: were

text: weakened

text: by

text: Darwin

text: making

text: concessions

text: and

text: adding

text: details

text: to

text: address

text: his

text: critics

text: and

text: recommended

text: the

text: first

text: edition

text: James

text: T.

text: Costa

text: said

text: that

text: because

text: the

text: book

text: was

text: an

text: abstract

text: produced

text: in

text: haste

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: Wallace

text: 's

text: essay

text: it

text: was

text: more

text: approachable

text: than

text: the

text: big

text: book

text: on

text: natural

text: selection

text: Darwin

text: had

text: been

text: working

text: on

text: which

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: encumbered

text: by

text: scholarly

text: footnotes

text: and

text: much

text: more

text: technical

text: detail

text: He

text: added

text: that

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: Origin

text: are

text: dense

text: but

text: other

text: parts

text: are

text: almost

text: lyrical

text: and

text: the

text: case

text: studies

text: and

text: observations

text: are

text: presented

text: in

text: a

text: narrative

text: style

text: unusual

text: in

text: serious

text: scientific

text: books

text: which

text: broadened

text: its

text: audience

question: What element of On the Origin of Species ensured that the book would be taken seriously by scientists?

answer: its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction.

text: its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction.

question: What did On Origin of Species avoid in order to raise its chance of being taken seriously?

answer: it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation

text: it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation

question: What reason did David Quammen believe that On the Origin of Species was weakened in later editions?

answer: Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics

text: Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics

question: Why did James T. Costa think that On the Origin of Species was more likely to draw interest than a larger book that Darwin had been working on?

answer: because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay

text: because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay

question: Why did James T. Costa think the larger, abandoned book would not have been as successful?

answer: would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail

text: would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail


text: Tensions between John and the barons had been growing for several years, as demonstrated by the 1212 plot against the king. Many of the disaffected barons came from the north of England; that faction was often labelled by contemporaries and historians as "the Northerners". The northern barons rarely had any personal stake in the conflict in France, and many of them owed large sums of money to John; the revolt has been characterised as "a rebellion of the king's debtors". Many of John's military household joined the rebels, particularly amongst those that John had appointed to administrative roles across England; their local links and loyalties outweighed their personal loyalty to John. Tension also grew across North Wales, where opposition to the 1211 treaty between John and Llywelyn was turning into open conflict. For some the appointment of Peter des Roches as justiciar was an important factor, as he was considered an "abrasive foreigner" by many of the barons. The failure of John's French military campaign in 1214 was probably the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John's final years as king; James Holt describes the path to civil war as "direct, short and unavoidable" following the defeat at Bouvines.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: Tensions

text: between

text: John

text: and

text: the

text: barons

text: had

text: been

text: growing

text: for

text: several

text: years

text: as

text: demonstrated

text: by

text: the

text: plot

text: against

text: the

text: king

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: disaffected

text: barons

text: came

text: from

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: England

text: that

text: faction

text: was

text: often

text: labelled

text: by

text: contemporaries

text: and

text: historians

text: as

text: the

text: Northerners

text: The

text: northern

text: barons

text: rarely

text: had

text: any

text: personal

text: stake

text: in

text: the

text: conflict

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: many

text: of

text: them

text: owed

text: large

text: sums

text: of

text: money

text: to

text: John

text: the

text: revolt

text: has

text: been

text: characterised

text: as

text: a

text: rebellion

text: of

text: the

text: king

text: 's

text: debtors

text: Many

text: of

text: John

text: 's

text: military

text: household

text: joined

text: the

text: rebels

text: particularly

text: amongst

text: those

text: that

text: John

text: had

text: appointed

text: to

text: administrative

text: roles

text: across

text: England

text: their

text: local

text: links

text: and

text: loyalties

text: outweighed

text: their

text: personal

text: loyalty

text: to

text: John

text: Tension

text: also

text: grew

text: across

text: North

text: Wales

text: where

text: opposition

text: to

text: the

text: treaty

text: between

text: John

text: and

text: Llywelyn

text: was

text: turning

text: into

text: open

text: conflict

text: For

text: some

text: the

text: appointment

text: of

text: Peter

text: des

text: Roches

text: as

text: justiciar

text: was

text: an

text: important

text: factor

text: as

text: he

text: was

text: considered

text: an

text: abrasive

text: foreigner

text: by

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: barons

text: The

text: failure

text: of

text: John

text: 's

text: French

text: military

text: campaign

text: in

text: was

text: probably

text: the

text: final

text: straw

text: that

text: precipitated

text: the

text: baronial

text: uprising

text: during

text: John

text: 's

text: final

text: years

text: as

text: king

text: James

text: Holt

text: describes

text: the

text: path

text: to

text: civil

text: war

text: as

text: direct

text: short

text: and

text: unavoidable

text: following

text: the

text: defeat

text: at

text: Bouvines

question: Where did many of the disaffected barons come from?

answer: north of England

text: north of England

question: Who was appointed justiciar?

answer: Peter des Roches

text: Peter des Roches

question: What was the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John's final years as king?

answer: The failure of John's French military campaign

text: The failure of John's French military campaign


text: Some nations started rocket research before World War II, including for anti-aircraft use. Further research started during the war. The first step was unguided missile systems like the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch, which was fired in large numbers from Z batteries, and were also fitted to warships. The firing of one of these devices during an air raid is suspected to have caused the Bethnal Green disaster in 1943. Facing the threat of Japanese Kamikaze attacks the British and US developed surface-to-air rockets like British Stooge or the American Lark as counter measures, but none of them were ready at the end of the war. The Germans missile research was the most advanced of the war as the Germans put considerable effort in the research and development of rocket systems for all purposes. Among them were several guided and unguided systems. Unguided systems involved the Fliegerfaust (literally "aircraft fist") as the first MANPADS. Guided systems were several sophisticated radio, wire, or radar guided missiles like the Wasserfall ("waterfall") rocket. Due to the severe war situation for Germany all of those systems were only produced in small numbers and most of them were only used by training or trial units.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: Some

text: nations

text: started

text: rocket

text: research

text: before

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: including

text: for

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: use

text: Further

text: research

text: started

text: during

text: the

text: war

text: The

text: first

text: step

text: was

text: unguided

text: missile

text: systems

text: like

text: the

text: British

text: RP

text: and

text: which

text: was

text: fired

text: in

text: large

text: numbers

text: from

text: Z

text: batteries

text: and

text: were

text: also

text: fitted

text: to

text: warships

text: The

text: firing

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: these

text: devices

text: during

text: an

text: air

text: raid

text: is

text: suspected

text: to

text: have

text: caused

text: the

text: Bethnal

text: Green

text: disaster

text: in

text: Facing

text: the

text: threat

text: of

text: Japanese

text: Kamikaze

text: attacks

text: the

text: British

text: and

text: US

text: developed

text: surface

text: to

text: air

text: rockets

text: like

text: British

text: Stooge

text: or

text: the

text: American

text: Lark

text: as

text: counter

text: measures

text: but

text: of

text: them

text: were

text: ready

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: The

text: Germans

text: missile

text: research

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: advanced

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: as

text: the

text: Germans

text: put

text: considerable

text: effort

text: in

text: the

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: of

text: rocket

text: systems

text: for

text: all

text: purposes

text: Among

text: them

text: were

text: several

text: guided

text: and

text: unguided

text: systems

text: Unguided

text: systems

text: involved

text: the

text: Fliegerfaust

text: literally

text: aircraft

text: fist

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: MANPADS

text: Guided

text: systems

text: were

text: several

text: sophisticated

text: radio

text: wire

text: or

text: radar

text: guided

text: missiles

text: like

text: the

text: Wasserfall

text: waterfall

text: rocket

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: severe

text: war

text: situation

text: for

text: Germany

text: all

text: of

text: those

text: systems

text: were

text: only

text: produced

text: in

text: small

text: numbers

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: them

text: were

text: only

text: used

text: by

text: training

text: or

text: trial

text: units

question: Rocket research began prior to which war in some countries?

answer: World War II

text: World War II

question: What unguided missile systems was fitted to warships?

answer: the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch

text: the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch

question: When did the Bethnal Green disaster occur?

answer: 1943

question: What was the US military's counterpart to the British Stooge to counter the attacks by Kamikazes?

answer: American Lark

text: American Lark

question: Which country's research was ahead of all other countries for missiles?

answer: Germans missile research

text: Germans missile research


text: Wine was considered the basic drink, consumed at all meals and occasions by all classes and was quite inexpensive. Cato the Elder once advised cutting his rations in half to conserve wine for the workforce. Many types of drinks involving grapes and honey were consumed as well. Drinking on an empty stomach was regarded as boorish and a sure sign for alcoholism, the debilitating physical and psychological effects of which were known to the Romans. An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic was an effective way to discredit political rivals. Prominent Roman alcoholics included Mark Antony, and Cicero's own son Marcus (Cicero Minor). Even Cato the Younger was known to be a heavy drinker.[citation needed]

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Wine

text: was

text: considered

text: the

text: basic

text: drink

text: consumed

text: at

text: all

text: meals

text: and

text: occasions

text: by

text: all

text: classes

text: and

text: was

text: quite

text: inexpensive

text: Cato

text: the

text: Elder

text: once

text: advised

text: cutting

text: his

text: rations

text: in

text: half

text: to

text: conserve

text: wine

text: for

text: the

text: workforce

text: Many

text: types

text: of

text: drinks

text: involving

text: grapes

text: and

text: honey

text: were

text: consumed

text: as

text: well

text: Drinking

text: on

text: an

text: empty

text: stomach

text: was

text: regarded

text: as

text: boorish

text: and

text: a

text: sure

text: sign

text: for

text: alcoholism

text: the

text: debilitating

text: physical

text: and

text: psychological

text: effects

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: known

text: to

text: the

text: Romans

text: An

text: accurate

text: accusation

text: of

text: being

text: an

text: alcoholic

text: was

text: an

text: effective

text: way

text: to

text: discredit

text: political

text: rivals

text: Prominent

text: Roman

text: alcoholics

text: included

text: Mark

text: Antony

text: and

text: Cicero

text: 's

text: own

text: son

text: Marcus

text: Cicero

text: Minor

text: Even

text: Cato

text: the

text: Younger

text: was

text: known

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: heavy

text: drinker.[citation

text: needed

question: What beverage was consumed by all the classes in the Roman Republic?

answer: Wine

text: Wine

question: What was considered a compelling way to defame poltical rivals?

answer: An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic

text: An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic

question: During what meals was wine commonly drank?

answer: all meals

text: all meals

question: What was considered an indication of alcoholism in the Roman Republic?

answer: Drinking on an empty stomach

text: Drinking on an empty stomach


text: Dietary minerals are inorganic chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen that are present in nearly all organic molecules. The term "mineral" is archaic, since the intent is to describe simply the less common elements in the diet. Some are heavier than the four just mentioned, including several metals, which often occur as ions in the body. Some dietitians recommend that these be supplied from foods in which they occur naturally, or at least as complex compounds, or sometimes even from natural inorganic sources (such as calcium carbonate from ground oyster shells). Some minerals are absorbed much more readily in the ionic forms found in such sources. On the other hand, minerals are often artificially added to the diet as supplements; the most famous is likely iodine in iodized salt which prevents goiter.

title: Nutrition

title: Nutrition

text: Dietary

text: minerals

text: are

text: inorganic

text: chemical

text: elements

text: required

text: by

text: living

text: organisms

text: other

text: than

text: the

text: four

text: elements

text: carbon

text: hydrogen

text: nitrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: that

text: are

text: present

text: in

text: nearly

text: all

text: organic

text: molecules

text: The

text: term

text: mineral

text: is

text: archaic

text: since

text: the

text: intent

text: is

text: to

text: describe

text: simply

text: the

text: less

text: common

text: elements

text: in

text: the

text: diet

text: Some

text: are

text: heavier

text: than

text: the

text: four

text: just

text: mentioned

text: including

text: several

text: metals

text: which

text: often

text: occur

text: as

text: ions

text: in

text: the

text: body

text: Some

text: dietitians

text: recommend

text: that

text: these

text: be

text: supplied

text: from

text: foods

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: occur

text: naturally

text: or

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: complex

text: compounds

text: or

text: sometimes

text: even

text: from

text: natural

text: inorganic

text: sources

text: such

text: as

text: calcium

text: carbonate

text: from

text: ground

text: oyster

text: shells

text: Some

text: minerals

text: are

text: absorbed

text: much

text: more

text: readily

text: in

text: the

text: ionic

text: forms

text: found

text: in

text: such

text: sources

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: minerals

text: are

text: often

text: artificially

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: diet

text: as

text: supplements

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: is

text: likely

text: iodine

text: in

text: iodized

text: salt

text: which

text: prevents

text: goiter

question: What kind of element are dietary minerals?

answer: inorganic chemical elements

text: inorganic chemical elements

question: What was the term "mineral" originally meant to describe?

answer: the less common elements in the diet

text: the less common elements in the diet

question: In what form are some metals commonly found in the body?

answer: ions

text: ions

question: In what form should minerals be to be absorbed easier?

answer: ionic forms

text: ionic forms

question: What is the most famous mineral that is artificially added that prevents goiter?

answer: iodine

text: iodine


text: By 1836, the Duchess's brother, Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry his niece to his nephew, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold, Victoria's mother, and Albert's father (Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) were siblings. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert. William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son of the Prince of Orange. Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes. According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful." Alexander, on the other hand, was "very plain".

title: Queen_Victoria

title: Queen_Victoria

text: By

text: the

text: Duchess

text: 's

text: brother

text: Leopold

text: who

text: had

text: been

text: King

text: of

text: the

text: Belgians

text: since

text: hoped

text: to

text: marry

text: his

text: niece

text: to

text: his

text: nephew

text: Prince

text: Albert

text: of

text: Saxe

text: Coburg

text: and

text: Gotha

text: Leopold

text: Victoria

text: 's

text: mother

text: and

text: Albert

text: 's

text: father

text: Ernest

text: I

text: Duke

text: of

text: Saxe

text: Coburg

text: and

text: Gotha

text: were

text: siblings

text: Leopold

text: arranged

text: for

text: Victoria

text: 's

text: mother

text: to

text: invite

text: her

text: Coburg

text: relatives

text: to

text: visit

text: her

text: in

text: May

text: with

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: introducing

text: Victoria

text: to

text: Albert

text: William

text: IV

text: however

text: disapproved

text: of

text: any

text: match

text: with

text: the

text: Coburgs

text: and

text: instead

text: favoured

text: the

text: suit

text: of

text: Prince

text: Alexander

text: of

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: second

text: son

text: of

text: the

text: Prince

text: of

text: Orange

text: Victoria

text: was

text: aware

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: matrimonial

text: plans

text: and

text: critically

text: appraised

text: a

text: parade

text: of

text: eligible

text: princes

text: According

text: to

text: her

text: diary

text: she

text: enjoyed

text: Albert

text: 's

text: company

text: from

text: the

text: beginning

text: After

text: the

text: visit

text: she

text: wrote

text: Albert

text: is

text: extremely

text: handsome

text: his

text: hair

text: is

text: about

text: the

text: same

text: colour

text: as

text: mine

text: his

text: eyes

text: are

text: large

text: and

text: blue

text: and

text: he

text: has

text: a

text: beautiful

text: nose

text: and

text: a

text: very

text: sweet

text: mouth

text: with

text: fine

text: teeth

text: but

text: the

text: charm

text: of

text: his

text: countenance

text: is

text: his

text: expression

text: which

text: is

text: most

text: delightful

text: Alexander

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: was

text: very

text: plain

question: The Dutchesses brother Leopold was the King of what country?

answer: the Belgians

text: the Belgians

question: What year did Leopold become King of the Belgians?

answer: 1831

question: Who was the nephew of leopold?

answer: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

question: Who was Alberts father?

answer: Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

text: Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

question: How did Victoria describe the physical appearance of Alexander?

answer: very plain

text: very plain

question: Who disapproved of the proposed marriage between Victoria and Albert?

answer: William IV

text: William IV

question: Who was the man William IV wanted Victoria to wed instead?

answer: Prince Alexander of the Netherlands

text: Prince Alexander of the Netherlands

question: Prince Alexander was the second son of whom?

answer: Prince of Orange

text: Prince of Orange

question: What did Victoria think of her suiter, the Prince Alexander of Orange?

answer: very plain

text: very plain

question: How did Victoria feel about Albert?

answer: enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning

text: enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning

question: Who wanted to see Victoria and Albert marry?

answer: the Duchess's brother, Leopold

text: the Duchess's brother, Leopold

question: Who opposed Victoria marrying Albert, or any Coburg?

answer: William IV

text: William IV

question: Who did William IV feel was a suitable husband for Victoria?

answer: Prince Alexander of the Netherlands

text: Prince Alexander of the Netherlands

question: The Dutchesses brother Leopold was the Queen of what country?

text: the Belgians

question: What year did Leopold become King of the Belgiums?

question: Who was the neice of leopold?

text: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

question: Who wasn't Alberts father?

text: Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

question: How did Victoria describe the mental appearance of Alexander?

text: very plain


text: Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate an Abhidharma, a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material appearing in the Suttas, according to schematic classifications. These Abhidharma texts do not contain systematic philosophical treatises, but summaries or numerical lists. Scholars generally date these texts to around the 3rd century BCE, 100 to 200 years after the death of the Buddha. Therefore the seven Abhidharma works are generally claimed not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of disciples and great scholars.[note 38] Every school had its own version of the Abhidharma, with different theories and different texts. The different Abhidharmas of the various schools did not agree with each other. Scholars disagree on whether the Mahasanghika school had an Abhidhamma Pitaka or not.[note 38]

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Following

text: or

text: leading

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: schisms

text: each

text: Saṅgha

text: started

text: to

text: accumulate

text: an

text: Abhidharma

text: a

text: detailed

text: scholastic

text: reworking

text: of

text: doctrinal

text: material

text: appearing

text: in

text: the

text: Suttas

text: according

text: to

text: schematic

text: classifications

text: These

text: Abhidharma

text: texts

text: do

text: not

text: contain

text: systematic

text: philosophical

text: treatises

text: but

text: summaries

text: or

text: numerical

text: lists

text: Scholars

text: generally

text: date

text: these

text: texts

text: to

text: around

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: to

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: Buddha

text: Therefore

text: the

text: seven

text: Abhidharma

text: works

text: are

text: generally

text: claimed

text: not

text: to

text: represent

text: the

text: words

text: of

text: the

text: Buddha

text: himself

text: but

text: those

text: of

text: disciples

text: and

text: great

text: scholars.[note

text: Every

text: school

text: had

text: its

text: own

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: Abhidharma

text: with

text: different

text: theories

text: and

text: different

text: texts

text: The

text: different

text: Abhidharmas

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: schools

text: did

text: not

text: agree

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: Scholars

text: disagree

text: on

text: whether

text: the

text: Mahasanghika

text: school

text: had

text: an

text: Abhidhamma

text: Pitaka

text: or

text: not.[note

question: What is a detailed scholastic reworking of doctrinal material called?

answer: Abhidharma

text: Abhidharma

question: The abhidharma texts do not contain treatises, but what?

answer: summaries or numerical lists

text: summaries or numerical lists

question: The Abhidharma texts are from what time?

answer: 3rd century BCE

text: 3rd century BCE

question: There is a disagreement on whether a school had an Abhidhamma or not, which school is it?

answer: Mahasanghika

text: Mahasanghika


text: Almost all animals are capable of modifying their behavior as a result of experience—even the most primitive types of worms. Because behavior is driven by brain activity, changes in behavior must somehow correspond to changes inside the brain. Theorists dating back to Santiago Ramón y Cajal argued that the most plausible explanation is that learning and memory are expressed as changes in the synaptic connections between neurons. Until 1970, however, experimental evidence to support the synaptic plasticity hypothesis was lacking. In 1971 Tim Bliss and Terje Lømo published a paper on a phenomenon now called long-term potentiation: the paper showed clear evidence of activity-induced synaptic changes that lasted for at least several days. Since then technical advances have made these sorts of experiments much easier to carry out, and thousands of studies have been made that have clarified the mechanism of synaptic change, and uncovered other types of activity-driven synaptic change in a variety of brain areas, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and physical activity appear to play a beneficial role in the process.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: Almost

text: all

text: animals

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: modifying

text: their

text: behavior

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: experience

text: even

text: the

text: most

text: primitive

text: types

text: of

text: worms

text: Because

text: behavior

text: is

text: driven

text: by

text: brain

text: activity

text: changes

text: in

text: behavior

text: must

text: somehow

text: correspond

text: to

text: changes

text: inside

text: the

text: brain

text: Theorists

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: Santiago

text: Ramón

text: y

text: Cajal

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: most

text: plausible

text: explanation

text: is

text: that

text: learning

text: and

text: memory

text: are

text: expressed

text: as

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: synaptic

text: connections

text: between

text: neurons

text: Until

text: however

text: experimental

text: evidence

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: synaptic

text: plasticity

text: hypothesis

text: was

text: lacking

text: In

text: Tim

text: Bliss

text: and

text: Terje

text: Lømo

text: published

text: a

text: paper

text: on

text: a

text: phenomenon

text: now

text: called

text: long

text: term

text: potentiation

text: the

text: paper

text: showed

text: clear

text: evidence

text: of

text: activity

text: induced

text: synaptic

text: changes

text: that

text: lasted

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: several

text: days

text: Since

text: then

text: technical

text: advances

text: have

text: made

text: these

text: sorts

text: of

text: experiments

text: much

text: easier

text: to

text: carry

text: out

text: and

text: thousands

text: of

text: studies

text: have

text: been

text: made

text: that

text: have

text: clarified

text: the

text: mechanism

text: of

text: synaptic

text: change

text: and

text: uncovered

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: activity

text: driven

text: synaptic

text: change

text: in

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: brain

text: areas

text: including

text: the

text: cerebral

text: cortex

text: hippocampus

text: basal

text: ganglia

text: and

text: cerebellum

text: Brain

text: derived

text: neurotrophic

text: factor

text: BDNF

text: and

text: physical

text: activity

text: appear

text: to

text: play

text: a

text: beneficial

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: process

question: In what year did Tim Bliss and Terje Lomo publish a paper about long-term potentiation?

answer: 1971

question: BDNF is an abbreviation for what term?

answer: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

text: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

question: Learning and memory expressed as changes in the synaptic connections was first theorized by whom?

answer: Santiago Ramón y Cajal

text: Santiago Ramón y Cajal


text: The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger output signal, a voltage or current, which is proportional to a weaker input signal; that is, it can act as an amplifier. Alternatively, the transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of current is determined by other circuit elements.

title: Transistor

title: Transistor

text: The

text: essential

text: usefulness

text: of

text: a

text: transistor

text: comes

text: from

text: its

text: ability

text: to

text: use

text: a

text: small

text: signal

text: applied

text: between

text: one

text: pair

text: of

text: its

text: terminals

text: to

text: control

text: a

text: much

text: larger

text: signal

text: at

text: another

text: pair

text: of

text: terminals

text: This

text: property

text: is

text: called

text: gain

text: It

text: can

text: produce

text: a

text: stronger

text: output

text: signal

text: a

text: voltage

text: or

text: current

text: which

text: is

text: proportional

text: to

text: a

text: weaker

text: input

text: signal

text: that

text: is

text: it

text: can

text: act

text: as

text: an

text: amplifier

text: Alternatively

text: the

text: transistor

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: turn

text: current

text: on

text: or

text: off

text: in

text: a

text: circuit

text: as

text: an

text: electrically

text: controlled

text: switch

text: where

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: current

text: is

text: determined

text: by

text: other

text: circuit

text: elements

question: Why is a transistor so useful?

answer: gain

text: gain

question: What is gain?

answer: it can act as an amplifier

text: it can act as an amplifier

question: What is an additional use of the transistor?

answer: turn current on or off in a circuit

text: turn current on or off in a circuit

question: What determines the amount of current in an electrically controlled switch?

answer: other circuit elements

text: other circuit elements

question: What controls how strong the output signal is?

text: the amount of current

question: Where are transistors located?

text: terminals

question: How large is a transistor in comparison to a terminal?

text: small

question: What does a signal become when the transistor does not work properly?

text: weaker

question: Where would an electrically controlled switch be located?

text: terminals


text: In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, i.e. replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme (allomorphs), as well as, for example, syllable structure, stress, feature geometry, accent, and intonation.

title: Phonology

title: Phonology

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: minimal

text: units

text: that

text: can

text: serve

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: differentiating

text: meaning

text: the

text: phonemes

text: phonology

text: studies

text: how

text: sounds

text: alternate

text: i.e.

text: replace

text: one

text: another

text: in

text: different

text: forms

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: morpheme

text: allomorphs

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: for

text: example

text: syllable

text: structure

text: stress

text: feature

text: geometry

text: accent

text: and

text: intonation

question: What do phonemes differentiate?

answer: meaning

text: meaning

question: Aside from phonemes what is studied by phonology?

answer: how sounds alternate

text: how sounds alternate

question: The study of syllable structure is part of what discipline?

answer: phonology

text: phonology

question: What do allomorphs differentiate?

text: meaning

question: Aside from phonemes what is studies by geometry?

text: how sounds alternate

question: The study of accent structure is part of what discipline?

text: phonology

question: What studies how geometry alternates?

text: phonology

question: What is another name for syllable?

text: phonemes


text: Episcopalians and Presbyterians, as well as other WASPs, tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated (having graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita) than most other religious groups in United States, and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American business, law and politics, especially the Republican Party. Numbers of the most wealthy and affluent American families as the Vanderbilts and the Astors, Rockefeller, Du Pont, Roosevelt, Forbes, Whitneys, the Morgans and Harrimans are Mainline Protestant families.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: Episcopalians

text: and

text: Presbyterians

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: WASPs

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: considerably

text: wealthier

text: and

text: better

text: educated

text: having

text: graduate

text: and

text: post

text: graduate

text: degrees

text: per

text: capita

text: than

text: most

text: other

text: religious

text: groups

text: in

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: are

text: disproportionately

text: represented

text: in

text: the

text: upper

text: reaches

text: of

text: American

text: business

text: law

text: and

text: politics

text: especially

text: the

text: Republican

text: Party

text: Numbers

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: wealthy

text: and

text: affluent

text: American

text: families

text: as

text: the

text: Vanderbilts

text: and

text: the

text: Astors

text: Rockefeller

text: Du

text: Pont

text: Roosevelt

text: Forbes

text: Whitneys

text: the

text: Morgans

text: and

text: Harrimans

text: are

text: Mainline

text: Protestant

text: families

question: What denominations are considered to be wealthier than most other groups?

answer: Episcopalians and Presbyterians

text: Episcopalians and Presbyterians

question: Affluent American families are what type of families?

answer: Mainline Protestant

text: Mainline Protestant

question: What denominations are considered to be better educated than most other groups?

answer: Episcopalians and Presbyterians

text: Episcopalians and Presbyterians

question: What political group has a disproportionately large number of Protestants?

answer: Republican Party

text: Republican Party

question: Other than politics, what areas have a disproportionately large number of Protestants?

answer: American business, law

text: American business, law


text: United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions, among others. In January 2010, Obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading. The proposals were dubbed "The Volcker Rule", in recognition of Paul Volcker, who has publicly argued for the proposed changes.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: United

text: States

text: President

text: Barack

text: Obama

text: and

text: key

text: advisers

text: introduced

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: regulatory

text: proposals

text: in

text: June

text: The

text: proposals

text: address

text: consumer

text: protection

text: executive

text: pay

text: bank

text: financial

text: cushions

text: or

text: capital

text: requirements

text: expanded

text: regulation

text: of

text: the

text: shadow

text: banking

text: system

text: and

text: derivatives

text: and

text: enhanced

text: authority

text: for

text: the

text: Federal

text: Reserve

text: to

text: safely

text: wind

text: down

text: systemically

text: important

text: institutions

text: among

text: others

text: In

text: January

text: Obama

text: proposed

text: additional

text: regulations

text: limiting

text: the

text: ability

text: of

text: banks

text: to

text: engage

text: in

text: proprietary

text: trading

text: The

text: proposals

text: were

text: dubbed

text: The

text: Volcker

text: Rule

text: in

text: recognition

text: of

text: Paul

text: Volcker

text: who

text: has

text: publicly

text: argued

text: for

text: the

text: proposed

text: changes

question: What was introduced by President Barack Obama in June 2009?

answer: a series of regulatory proposals

text: a series of regulatory proposals

question: What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009?

answer: consumer protection

text: consumer protection

question: Regulations were proposed by Obama in January 2010 to limit the ability of banks to engage in which type trading?

answer: proprietary

text: proprietary

question: Who were proposed new regulations called "The Volcker Rule" named after?

answer: Paul Volcker

text: Paul Volcker

question: Who publicly argued for changes limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading?

answer: Paul Volcker

text: Paul Volcker


text: Currently, the army is divided into the Regular Army, the Army Reserve, and the Army National Guard. The army is also divided into major branches such as Air Defense Artillery, Infantry, Aviation, Signal Corps, Corps of Engineers, and Armor. Before 1903 members of the National Guard were considered state soldiers unless federalized (i.e., activated) by the President. Since the Militia Act of 1903 all National Guard soldiers have held dual status: as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state or territory and, when activated, as a reserve of the U.S. Army under the authority of the President.

title: United_States_Army

title: United_States_Army

text: Currently

text: the

text: army

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: Regular

text: Army

text: the

text: Army

text: Reserve

text: and

text: the

text: Army

text: National

text: Guard

text: The

text: army

text: is

text: also

text: divided

text: into

text: major

text: branches

text: such

text: as

text: Air

text: Defense

text: Artillery

text: Infantry

text: Aviation

text: Signal

text: Corps

text: Corps

text: of

text: Engineers

text: and

text: Armor

text: Before

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Guard

text: were

text: considered

text: state

text: soldiers

text: unless

text: federalized

text: i.e.

text: activated

text: by

text: the

text: President

text: Since

text: the

text: Militia

text: Act

text: of

text: all

text: National

text: Guard

text: soldiers

text: have

text: held

text: dual

text: status

text: as

text: National

text: Guardsmen

text: under

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: governor

text: of

text: their

text: state

text: or

text: territory

text: and

text: when

text: activated

text: as

text: a

text: reserve

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: under

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: President

question: What were National Guard members considered before 1903?

answer: state soldiers

text: state soldiers

question: In what year did the Milita Act take place?

answer: 1903

question: The Air Defense Artillery is a branch of what?

answer: the Army

text: the Army

question: National Guardsmen are under the authority of who?

answer: the governor

text: the governor

question: What was the U.S. Navy considered before 1903?

text: state soldiers

question: In what year did the Milita Act disband?

question: What is the State Defense Artillery a branch of?

text: the Army

question: Who governs the U.S. Navy?

text: the governor


text: Tucson is known for being a trailblazer in voluntary partial publicly financed campaigns. Since 1985, both mayoral and council candidates have been eligible to receive matching public funds from the city. To become eligible, council candidates must receive 200 donations of $10 or more (300 for a mayoral candidate). Candidates must then agree to spending limits equal to 33¢ for every registered Tucson voter, or $79,222 in 2005 (the corresponding figures for mayor are 64¢ per registered voter, or $142,271 in 2003). In return, candidates receive matching funds from the city at a 1:1 ratio of public money to private donations. The only other limitation is that candidates may not exceed 75% of the limit by the date of the primary. Many cities, such as San Francisco and New York City, have copied this system, albeit with more complex spending and matching formulas.

title: Tucson,_Arizona

title: Tucson,_Arizona

text: Tucson

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: being

text: a

text: trailblazer

text: in

text: voluntary

text: partial

text: publicly

text: financed

text: campaigns

text: Since

text: both

text: mayoral

text: and

text: council

text: candidates

text: have

text: been

text: eligible

text: to

text: receive

text: matching

text: public

text: funds

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: To

text: become

text: eligible

text: council

text: candidates

text: must

text: receive

text: donations

text: of

text: or

text: more

text: for

text: a

text: mayoral

text: candidate

text: Candidates

text: must

text: then

text: agree

text: to

text: spending

text: limits

text: equal

text: to

text: for

text: every

text: registered

text: Tucson

text: voter

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: corresponding

text: figures

text: for

text: mayor

text: are

text: per

text: registered

text: voter

text: or

text: in

text: In

text: return

text: candidates

text: receive

text: matching

text: funds

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: at

text: a

text: ratio

text: of

text: public

text: money

text: to

text: private

text: donations

text: The

text: only

text: other

text: limitation

text: is

text: that

text: candidates

text: may

text: not

text: exceed

text: of

text: the

text: limit

text: by

text: the

text: date

text: of

text: the

text: primary

text: Many

text: cities

text: such

text: as

text: San

text: Francisco

text: and

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: have

text: copied

text: this

text: system

text: albeit

text: with

text: more

text: complex

text: spending

text: and

text: matching

text: formulas

question: When did Tucson begin offering city council candidates public funding?

answer: 1985

question: What is the spending limit for Tucson city council candidates to get public funding?

answer: 33¢ for every registered Tucson voter

text: 33¢ for every registered Tucson voter

question: What is the spending limit for Tucson mayoral candidates to get public funding?

answer: 64¢ per registered voter

text: 64¢ per registered voter

question: What major cities later adopted Tucson's city council public funding system?

answer: San Francisco and New York City

text: San Francisco and New York City

question: How many $10+ donations must Tucson city council candidates receive to get public funding?

answer: 200


text: Due to the expansion of trade and its geographical proximity, Kiev became the most important trade centre and chief among the communes; therefore the leader of Kiev gained political "control" over the surrounding areas. This princedom emerged from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes banded together in an effort to increase the applicable workforce and expand the productivity of the land. This union developed the first major cities in the Rus' and was the first notable form of self-government. As these communes became larger, the emphasis was taken off the family holdings and placed on the territory that surrounded. This shift in ideology became known as the verv'.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: expansion

text: of

text: trade

text: and

text: its

text: geographical

text: proximity

text: Kiev

text: became

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: trade

text: centre

text: and

text: chief

text: among

text: the

text: communes

text: therefore

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: Kiev

text: gained

text: political

text: control

text: over

text: the

text: surrounding

text: areas

text: This

text: princedom

text: emerged

text: from

text: a

text: coalition

text: of

text: traditional

text: patriarchic

text: family

text: communes

text: banded

text: together

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: applicable

text: workforce

text: and

text: expand

text: the

text: productivity

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: This

text: union

text: developed

text: the

text: first

text: major

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: Rus

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: notable

text: form

text: of

text: self

text: government

text: As

text: these

text: communes

text: became

text: larger

text: the

text: emphasis

text: was

text: taken

text: off

text: the

text: family

text: holdings

text: and

text: placed

text: on

text: the

text: territory

text: that

text: surrounded

text: This

text: shift

text: in

text: ideology

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: verv

question: How did the leader of Kiev gain political control?

answer: Due to the expansion of trade

text: Due to the expansion of trade

question: From what did this new princedom emerge from?

answer: from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes

text: from a coalition of traditional patriarchic family communes

question: What type of government came from the coalition of traditional patriachic family?

answer: first notable form of self-government

text: first notable form of self-government

question: What caused the decline of Kiev political power?

text: expansion of trade

question: What emerged from a traditional matriarchal family communes?

text: princedom

question: Why did the patriarchic family communes not band together?

question: What became smaller with am emphasis on family holdings?

text: communes


text: Beyond this, BYU also runs a very large study abroad program, with satellite centers in London, Jerusalem, and Paris, as well as more than 20 other sites. Nearly 2,000 students take advantage of these programs yearly. In 2001, the Institute of International Education ranked BYU as the number one university in the U.S. to offer students study abroad opportunities. The BYU Jerusalem Center, which was closed in 2000 due to student security concerns related to the Second Intifada and, more recently, the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, was reopened to students in the Winter 2007 semester.

title: Brigham_Young_University

title: Brigham_Young_University

text: Beyond

text: this

text: BYU

text: also

text: runs

text: a

text: very

text: large

text: study

text: abroad

text: program

text: with

text: satellite

text: centers

text: in

text: London

text: Jerusalem

text: and

text: Paris

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: more

text: than

text: other

text: sites

text: Nearly

text: students

text: take

text: advantage

text: of

text: these

text: programs

text: yearly

text: In

text: the

text: Institute

text: of

text: International

text: Education

text: ranked

text: BYU

text: as

text: the

text: number

text: one

text: university

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: to

text: offer

text: students

text: study

text: abroad

text: opportunities

text: The

text: BYU

text: Jerusalem

text: Center

text: which

text: was

text: closed

text: in

text: due

text: to

text: student

text: security

text: concerns

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: Second

text: Intifada

text: and

text: more

text: recently

text: the

text: Israel

text: Lebanon

text: conflict

text: was

text: reopened

text: to

text: students

text: in

text: the

text: Winter

text: semester

question: How manys students take advantage of BYU's study abroad programs?

answer: Nearly 2,000

text: Nearly 2,000

question: How did the Institute of International Education rank BYU in 2009 compared with U.S. universities that offer study abroad opportunities?

answer: number one

text: number one

question: Which foreign BYU campus was closed in 2000 due to security concerns?

answer: BYU Jerusalem Center

text: BYU Jerusalem Center

question: When was the BYU Jerusalem Center reopened for students following it's closure in 2000?

answer: Winter 2007 semester

text: Winter 2007 semester

question: What was the most recent conflict that affected the closure of BYU Jerusalem Center from 2000-2007?

answer: 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict

text: 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict

question: What does BUY have in London, Jerusalem, and Paris?

text: satellite centers

question: Who ranked BYU number one in study abroad opportunities in 2000?

text: Institute of International Education

question: What was closed in 2006 because of the Second Intifada?

text: BYU Jerusalem Center,

question: What was closed in 2007 because of the Israel-Lebanon conflict?

text: The BYU Jerusalem Center

question: In which 2006 semester did BYU Jerusalem reopen to students?

text: Winter


text: The Navy was modernized in the 1880s, and by the 1890s had adopted the naval power strategy of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan—as indeed did every major navy. The old sailing ships were replaced by modern steel battleships, bringing them in line with the navies of Britain and Germany. In 1907, most of the Navy's battleships, with several support vessels, dubbed the Great White Fleet, were featured in a 14-month circumnavigation of the world. Ordered by President Theodore Roosevelt, it was a mission designed to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater.

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

text: The

text: Navy

text: was

text: modernized

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: had

text: adopted

text: the

text: naval

text: power

text: strategy

text: of

text: Captain

text: Alfred

text: Thayer

text: Mahan

text: as

text: indeed

text: did

text: every

text: major

text: navy

text: The

text: old

text: sailing

text: ships

text: were

text: replaced

text: by

text: modern

text: steel

text: battleships

text: bringing

text: them

text: in

text: line

text: with

text: the

text: navies

text: of

text: Britain

text: and

text: Germany

text: In

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Navy

text: 's

text: battleships

text: with

text: several

text: support

text: vessels

text: dubbed

text: the

text: Great

text: White

text: Fleet

text: were

text: featured

text: in

text: a

text: circumnavigation

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Ordered

text: by

text: President

text: Theodore

text: Roosevelt

text: it

text: was

text: a

text: mission

text: designed

text: to

text: demonstrate

text: the

text: Navy

text: 's

text: capability

text: to

text: extend

text: to

text: the

text: global

text: theater

question: When in the 19th century was the US navy modernized?

answer: the 1880s

text: the 1880s

question: What replaced the older sailing ships in the navy?

answer: modern steel battleships

text: modern steel battleships

question: By what name was the US fleet known at the start of the 20th Century?

answer: the Great White Fleet

text: the Great White Fleet

question: Who ordered this fleet to sail around the world?

answer: President Theodore Roosevelt

text: President Theodore Roosevelt

question: What was the purpose of this order?

answer: to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater

text: to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater

question: When in the 19th century was the UK navy modernized?

question: What replaced the younger sailing ships in the navy?

text: modern steel battleships

question: By what name was the US fleet known at the start of the 21st Century?

text: Great White Fleet

question: Who wouldn't let this fleet to sail around the world?

text: President Theodore Roosevelt

question: What was the purpose of this order to be cancelled?


text: Groups are also applied in many other mathematical areas. Mathematical objects are often examined by associating groups to them and studying the properties of the corresponding groups. For example, Henri Poincaré founded what is now called algebraic topology by introducing the fundamental group. By means of this connection, topological properties such as proximity and continuity translate into properties of groups.i[›] For example, elements of the fundamental group are represented by loops. The second image at the right shows some loops in a plane minus a point. The blue loop is considered null-homotopic (and thus irrelevant), because it can be continuously shrunk to a point. The presence of the hole prevents the orange loop from being shrunk to a point. The fundamental group of the plane with a point deleted turns out to be infinite cyclic, generated by the orange loop (or any other loop winding once around the hole). This way, the fundamental group detects the hole.

title: Group_(mathematics)

title: Group_(mathematics

text: Groups

text: are

text: also

text: applied

text: in

text: many

text: other

text: mathematical

text: areas

text: Mathematical

text: objects

text: are

text: often

text: examined

text: by

text: associating

text: groups

text: to

text: them

text: and

text: studying

text: the

text: properties

text: of

text: the

text: corresponding

text: groups

text: For

text: example

text: Henri

text: Poincaré

text: founded

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: called

text: algebraic

text: topology

text: by

text: introducing

text: the

text: fundamental

text: group

text: By

text: means

text: of

text: this

text: connection

text: topological

text: properties

text: such

text: as

text: proximity

text: and

text: continuity

text: translate

text: into

text: properties

text: of

text: groups.i[›

text: For

text: example

text: elements

text: of

text: the

text: fundamental

text: group

text: are

text: represented

text: by

text: loops

text: The

text: second

text: image

text: at

text: the

text: right

text: shows

text: some

text: loops

text: in

text: a

text: plane

text: minus

text: a

text: point

text: The

text: blue

text: loop

text: is

text: considered

text: homotopic

text: and

text: thus

text: irrelevant

text: because

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: continuously

text: shrunk

text: to

text: a

text: point

text: The

text: presence

text: of

text: the

text: hole

text: prevents

text: the

text: orange

text: loop

text: from

text: being

text: shrunk

text: to

text: a

text: point

text: The

text: fundamental

text: group

text: of

text: the

text: plane

text: with

text: a

text: point

text: deleted

text: turns

text: out

text: to

text: be

text: infinite

text: cyclic

text: generated

text: by

text: the

text: orange

text: loop

text: or

text: any

text: other

text: loop

text: winding

text: once

text: around

text: the

text: hole

text: This

text: way

text: the

text: fundamental

text: group

text: detects

text: the

text: hole

question: What are usually analyzed by associating groups to them and studying the elements of the corresponding groups?

answer: Mathematical objects

text: Mathematical objects

question: Who founded algebraic topology?

answer: Henri Poincaré

text: Henri Poincaré

question: What did Henri Poincaré introduce when he established algebraic topology?

answer: the fundamental group

text: the fundamental group

question: What topological properties translate into properties of groups?

answer: proximity and continuity

text: proximity and continuity

question: What represents elements of the fundamental group?

answer: loops

text: loops

question: Who first applied groups to other mathematical areas?

text: Henri Poincaré

question: Which topological properties do not carry over into groups?

text: proximity and continuity

question: Why is the blue loop considered relevant?

question: What causes the orange loop to shrink to a point?

text: The presence of the hole

question: What results in a finite cycle?


text: Downtown San Diego is located on San Diego Bay. Balboa Park encompasses several mesas and canyons to the northeast, surrounded by older, dense urban communities including Hillcrest and North Park. To the east and southeast lie City Heights, the College Area, and Southeast San Diego. To the north lies Mission Valley and Interstate 8. The communities north of the valley and freeway, and south of Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, include Clairemont, Kearny Mesa, Tierrasanta, and Navajo. Stretching north from Miramar are the northern suburbs of Mira Mesa, Scripps Ranch, Rancho Peñasquitos, and Rancho Bernardo. The far northeast portion of the city encompasses Lake Hodges and the San Pasqual Valley, which holds an agricultural preserve. Carmel Valley and Del Mar Heights occupy the northwest corner of the city. To their south are Torrey Pines State Reserve and the business center of the Golden Triangle. Further south are the beach and coastal communities of La Jolla, Pacific Beach, Mission Beach, and Ocean Beach. Point Loma occupies the peninsula across San Diego Bay from downtown. The communities of South San Diego, such as San Ysidro and Otay Mesa, are located next to the Mexico–United States border, and are physically separated from the rest of the city by the cities of National City and Chula Vista. A narrow strip of land at the bottom of San Diego Bay connects these southern neighborhoods with the rest of the city.

title: San_Diego

title: San_Diego

text: Downtown

text: San

text: Diego

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: San

text: Diego

text: Bay

text: Balboa

text: Park

text: encompasses

text: several

text: mesas

text: and

text: canyons

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: surrounded

text: by

text: older

text: dense

text: urban

text: communities

text: including

text: Hillcrest

text: and

text: North

text: Park

text: To

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: southeast

text: lie

text: City

text: Heights

text: the

text: College

text: Area

text: and

text: Southeast

text: San

text: Diego

text: To

text: the

text: north

text: lies

text: Mission

text: Valley

text: and

text: Interstate

text: The

text: communities

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: valley

text: and

text: freeway

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: Marine

text: Corps

text: Air

text: Station

text: Miramar

text: include

text: Clairemont

text: Kearny

text: Mesa

text: Tierrasanta

text: and

text: Navajo

text: Stretching

text: north

text: from

text: Miramar

text: are

text: the

text: northern

text: suburbs

text: of

text: Mira

text: Mesa

text: Scripps

text: Ranch

text: Rancho

text: Peñasquitos

text: and

text: Rancho

text: Bernardo

text: The

text: far

text: northeast

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: encompasses

text: Lake

text: Hodges

text: and

text: the

text: San

text: Pasqual

text: Valley

text: which

text: holds

text: an

text: agricultural

text: preserve

text: Carmel

text: Valley

text: and

text: Del

text: Mar

text: Heights

text: occupy

text: the

text: northwest

text: corner

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: To

text: their

text: south

text: are

text: Torrey

text: Pines

text: State

text: Reserve

text: and

text: the

text: business

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Golden

text: Triangle

text: Further

text: south

text: are

text: the

text: beach

text: and

text: coastal

text: communities

text: of

text: La

text: Jolla

text: Pacific

text: Beach

text: Mission

text: Beach

text: and

text: Ocean

text: Beach

text: Point

text: Loma

text: occupies

text: the

text: peninsula

text: across

text: San

text: Diego

text: Bay

text: from

text: downtown

text: The

text: communities

text: of

text: South

text: San

text: Diego

text: such

text: as

text: San

text: Ysidro

text: and

text: Otay

text: Mesa

text: are

text: located

text: next

text: to

text: the

text: Mexico

text: United

text: States

text: border

text: and

text: are

text: physically

text: separated

text: from

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: by

text: the

text: cities

text: of

text: National

text: City

text: and

text: Chula

text: Vista

text: A

text: narrow

text: strip

text: of

text: land

text: at

text: the

text: bottom

text: of

text: San

text: Diego

text: Bay

text: connects

text: these

text: southern

text: neighborhoods

text: with

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: city

question: What community covers the area from Downtown San Diego to the peninsula?

answer: Point Loma

text: Point Loma

question: Where is Otay Mesa found within the city?

answer: next to the Mexico–United States border

text: next to the Mexico–United States border

question: What is the only coastal community in San Diego without the word "beach" in its name?

answer: La Jolla

text: La Jolla

question: Which valley is encompassed by the most northeast portion of San Diego?

answer: San Pasqual Valley

text: San Pasqual Valley

question: What community covers the area from Downtown San Francisco to the peninsula?

text: Point Loma

question: Where is Otay Mesa found outside the city?

text: next to the Mexico–United States border

question: What is the only coastal community in San Francisco without the word "beach" in its name?

text: La Jolla

question: What is the only coastal community in San Diego with the word "beach" in its name?

text: La Jolla

question: Which valley is encompassed by the most southeast portion of San Diego?

text: San Pasqual Valley


text: In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate.

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

text: In

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: stages

text: of

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: Menzies

text: spoke

text: of

text: the

text: possibility

text: of

text: a

text: looming

text: third

text: world

text: war

text: The

text: Menzies

text: Government

text: entered

text: Australia

text: 's

text: first

text: formal

text: military

text: alliance

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: with

text: the

text: signing

text: of

text: the

text: ANZUS

text: Treaty

text: between

text: Australia

text: New

text: Zealand

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: San

text: Francisco

text: in

text: External

text: Affairs

text: Minister

text: Percy

text: Spender

text: had

text: put

text: forward

text: the

text: proposal

text: to

text: work

text: along

text: similar

text: lines

text: to

text: the

text: NATO

text: Alliance

text: The

text: Treaty

text: declared

text: that

text: any

text: attack

text: on

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: parties

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: area

text: would

text: be

text: viewed

text: as

text: a

text: threat

text: to

text: each

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: common

text: danger

text: would

text: be

text: met

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: each

text: nation

text: 's

text: constitutional

text: processes

text: In

text: the

text: Menzies

text: Government

text: signed

text: the

text: South

text: East

text: Asia

text: Collective

text: Defence

text: Treaty

text: SEATO

text: as

text: a

text: South

text: East

text: Asian

text: counterpart

text: to

text: NATO

text: That

text: same

text: year

text: Soviet

text: diplomat

text: Vladimir

text: Petrov

text: and

text: his

text: wife

text: defected

text: from

text: the

text: Soviet

text: embassy

text: in

text: Canberra

text: revealing

text: evidence

text: of

text: Russian

text: spying

text: activities

text: Menzies

text: called

text: a

text: Royal

text: Commission

text: to

text: investigate

question: Which treaty was Australia's first military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth?

answer: ANZUS Treaty

text: ANZUS Treaty

question: Which areas were involved in the ANZUS Treaty?

answer: Australia, New Zealand and the United States

text: Australia, New Zealand and the United States

question: Where was the signing of the ANZUS Treaty held in 1951?

answer: San Francisco

text: San Francisco

question: What does the acronym SEATO stand for?

answer: South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty

text: South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty

question: Which group is a counterpart to NATO?

answer: the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO)

text: the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO)

question: Which treaty was Austrialia's first military alliance outside of NATO?

text: ANZUS Treaty

question: Which areas were involved with the NATO Treaty?

question: Where was the signing of the NATO Treaty held in 1951?

text: San Francisco

question: What does the acronym did Percy Spender sign?

question: Which group is a counterpart to External Affairs?