text: U.S. submarines, as well as some British and Dutch vessels, operating from bases at Cavite in the Philippines (1941–42); Fremantle and Brisbane, Australia; Pearl Harbor; Trincomalee, Ceylon; Midway; and later Guam, played a major role in defeating Japan, even though submarines made up a small proportion of the Allied navies—less than two percent in the case of the US Navy. Submarines strangled Japan by sinking its merchant fleet, intercepting many troop transports, and cutting off nearly all the oil imports essential to weapons production and military operations. By early 1945 Japanese oil supplies were so limited that its fleet was virtually stranded.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: U.S.

text: submarines

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: some

text: British

text: and

text: Dutch

text: vessels

text: operating

text: from

text: bases

text: at

text: Cavite

text: in

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Fremantle

text: and

text: Brisbane

text: Australia

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: Trincomalee

text: Ceylon

text: Midway

text: and

text: later

text: Guam

text: played

text: a

text: major

text: role

text: in

text: defeating

text: Japan

text: even

text: though

text: submarines

text: made

text: up

text: a

text: small

text: proportion

text: of

text: the

text: Allied

text: navies

text: less

text: than

text: two

text: percent

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: the

text: US

text: Navy

text: Submarines

text: strangled

text: Japan

text: by

text: sinking

text: its

text: merchant

text: fleet

text: intercepting

text: many

text: troop

text: transports

text: and

text: cutting

text: off

text: nearly

text: all

text: the

text: oil

text: imports

text: essential

text: to

text: weapons

text: production

text: and

text: military

text: operations

text: By

text: early

text: Japanese

text: oil

text: supplies

text: were

text: so

text: limited

text: that

text: its

text: fleet

text: was

text: virtually

text: stranded

question: What type of vessels were part of a major role in defeating Japan?

answer: submarines

text: submarines

question: What percent did submarines make up in the US Navy fighting Japan?

answer: two percent

text: two percent

question: What did submarines sinking Japanese ships do?

answer: strangled Japan

text: strangled Japan

question: What happened to the Japanese fleet when nearly all oil imports were cut off?

answer: virtually stranded

text: virtually stranded


text: In 1603, James VI, King of Scots, ascended (as James I) to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the Treaty of London, ending hostilities with Spain. Now at peace with its main rival, English attention shifted from preying on other nations' colonial infrastructures to the business of establishing its own overseas colonies. The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century, with the English settlement of North America and the smaller islands of the Caribbean, and the establishment of private companies, most notably the English East India Company, to administer colonies and overseas trade. This period, until the loss of the Thirteen Colonies after the American War of Independence towards the end of the 18th century, has subsequently been referred to by some historians as the "First British Empire".

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: In

text: James

text: VI

text: King

text: of

text: Scots

text: ascended

text: as

text: James

text: I

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: throne

text: and

text: in

text: negotiated

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: London

text: ending

text: hostilities

text: with

text: Spain

text: Now

text: at

text: peace

text: with

text: its

text: main

text: rival

text: English

text: attention

text: shifted

text: from

text: preying

text: on

text: other

text: nations

text: colonial

text: infrastructures

text: to

text: the

text: business

text: of

text: establishing

text: its

text: own

text: overseas

text: colonies

text: The

text: British

text: Empire

text: began

text: to

text: take

text: shape

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: with

text: the

text: English

text: settlement

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: smaller

text: islands

text: of

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: and

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: private

text: companies

text: most

text: notably

text: the

text: English

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: to

text: administer

text: colonies

text: and

text: overseas

text: trade

text: This

text: period

text: until

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: the

text: Thirteen

text: Colonies

text: after

text: the

text: American

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: towards

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: has

text: subsequently

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: some

text: historians

text: as

text: the

text: First

text: British

text: Empire

question: What was James I's name/title before taking the English throne?

answer: James VI, King of Scots

text: James VI, King of Scots

question: When did James I negotiate the Treaty of London?

answer: 1604

question: Which country did England negotiate the Treaty of London with?

answer: Spain

text: Spain

question: In what century did the English East India Company form?

answer: 17th

question: What period ended towards the end of the 18th century?

answer: the "First British Empire"

text: the "First British Empire"


text: In Evita (1996), Madonna played the title role of Eva Perón. For a long time, Madonna had desired to play Perón and wrote to director Alan Parker to explain why she would be perfect for the part. She said later, "This is the role I was born to play. I put everything of me into this because it was much more than a role in a movie. It was exhilarating and intimidating at the same time..... And I am prouder of Evita than anything else I have done." After securing the role, she had vocal training and learned about the history of Argentina and Perón. During shooting she became ill several times due to the intense emotional effort required. However, as she told Oprah, she was also pregnant during the filming: "I was winded after every take. I had to lie on the couch every ten minutes so I could recover from dizzy spells, I was worried that I was shaking the baby around too much and that would injure it in some way." Madonna wrote in her personal diary at the time: "Ironically, this feeling of vulnerability and weakness is helping me in the movie. I'm sure Evita felt this way every day of her life once she discovered she was ill."

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: In

text: Evita

text: Madonna

text: played

text: the

text: title

text: role

text: of

text: Eva

text: Perón

text: For

text: a

text: long

text: time

text: Madonna

text: had

text: desired

text: to

text: play

text: Perón

text: and

text: wrote

text: to

text: director

text: Alan

text: Parker

text: to

text: explain

text: why

text: she

text: would

text: be

text: perfect

text: for

text: the

text: part

text: She

text: said

text: later

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: role

text: I

text: was

text: born

text: to

text: play

text: I

text: put

text: everything

text: of

text: me

text: into

text: this

text: because

text: it

text: was

text: much

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: role

text: in

text: a

text: movie

text: It

text: was

text: exhilarating

text: and

text: intimidating

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: And

text: I

text: am

text: prouder

text: of

text: Evita

text: than

text: anything

text: else

text: I

text: have

text: done

text: After

text: securing

text: the

text: role

text: she

text: had

text: vocal

text: training

text: and

text: learned

text: about

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Argentina

text: and

text: Perón

text: During

text: shooting

text: she

text: became

text: ill

text: several

text: times

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: intense

text: emotional

text: effort

text: required

text: However

text: as

text: she

text: told

text: Oprah

text: she

text: was

text: also

text: pregnant

text: during

text: the

text: filming

text: I

text: was

text: winded

text: after

text: every

text: take

text: I

text: had

text: to

text: lie

text: on

text: the

text: couch

text: every

text: ten

text: minutes

text: so

text: I

text: could

text: recover

text: from

text: dizzy

text: spells

text: I

text: was

text: worried

text: that

text: I

text: was

text: shaking

text: the

text: baby

text: around

text: too

text: much

text: and

text: that

text: would

text: injure

text: it

text: in

text: some

text: way

text: Madonna

text: wrote

text: in

text: her

text: personal

text: diary

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: Ironically

text: this

text: feeling

text: of

text: vulnerability

text: and

text: weakness

text: is

text: helping

text: me

text: in

text: the

text: movie

text: I

text: 'm

text: sure

text: Evita

text: felt

text: this

text: way

text: every

text: day

text: of

text: her

text: life

text: once

text: she

text: discovered

text: she

text: was

text: ill

question: In the film Evita, who did Madonna play?

answer: Eva Perón

text: Eva Perón

question: Which director did Madonna write to saying that she was perfect for the part of Eva Peron?

answer: Alan Parker

text: Alan Parker

question: When was Madonna pregnant?

answer: During shooting

text: During shooting

question: After securing the role of Evita, what kind of training did Madonna have?

answer: vocal training

text: vocal training


text: The Jewish Legion, a group primarily of Zionist volunteers, assisted, in 1918, in the British conquest of Palestine. Arab opposition to British rule and Jewish immigration led to the 1920 Palestine riots and the formation of a Jewish militia known as the Haganah (meaning "The Defense" in Hebrew), from which the Irgun and Lehi, or Stern Gang, paramilitary groups later split off. In 1922, the League of Nations granted Britain a mandate over Palestine under terms which included the Balfour Declaration with its promise to the Jews, and with similar provisions regarding the Arab Palestinians. The population of the area at this time was predominantly Arab and Muslim, with Jews accounting for about 11%, and Arab Christians at about 9.5% of the population.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: The

text: Jewish

text: Legion

text: a

text: group

text: primarily

text: of

text: Zionist

text: volunteers

text: assisted

text: in

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: conquest

text: of

text: Palestine

text: Arab

text: opposition

text: to

text: British

text: rule

text: and

text: Jewish

text: immigration

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: Palestine

text: riots

text: and

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: a

text: Jewish

text: militia

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Haganah

text: meaning

text: The

text: Defense

text: in

text: Hebrew

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: Irgun

text: and

text: Lehi

text: or

text: Stern

text: Gang

text: paramilitary

text: groups

text: later

text: split

text: off

text: In

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

text: granted

text: Britain

text: a

text: mandate

text: over

text: Palestine

text: under

text: terms

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: Balfour

text: Declaration

text: with

text: its

text: promise

text: to

text: the

text: Jews

text: and

text: with

text: similar

text: provisions

text: regarding

text: the

text: Arab

text: Palestinians

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: area

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: was

text: predominantly

text: Arab

text: and

text: Muslim

text: with

text: Jews

text: accounting

text: for

text: about

text: and

text: Arab

text: Christians

text: at

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

question: What is the Jewish Legion?

answer: a group primarily of Zionist volunteers

text: a group primarily of Zionist volunteers

question: When did the League of Nations grant Britain a mandate over Palestine?

answer: 1922

question: What does Haganah mean in Hebrew?

answer: The Defense

text: The Defense


text: In 1964, CBS established its own UK distribution with the acquisition of Oriole Records. EMI continued to distribute Epic and Okeh label material on the Columbia label in the UK until the distribution deal with EMI expired in 1968 when CBS took over distribution.

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

text: In

text: CBS

text: established

text: its

text: own

text: UK

text: distribution

text: with

text: the

text: acquisition

text: of

text: Oriole

text: Records

text: EMI

text: continued

text: to

text: distribute

text: Epic

text: and

text: Okeh

text: label

text: material

text: on

text: the

text: Columbia

text: label

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: until

text: the

text: distribution

text: deal

text: with

text: EMI

text: expired

text: in

text: when

text: CBS

text: took

text: over

text: distribution

question: What lable was bought by CBS in the UK?

answer: Oriole Records.

text: Oriole Records.

question: ABC established it own UK distribution in what year?

question: The distribution deal with CBS expired in what year?

question: ABC took over distribution in what year?

question: Who continued to distribute Epic and Oprah label material?

text: EMI

question: CBS acquired Oakland Records in what year?


text: With the abolition of the charters of Valencia and most of its institutions, and the conformation of the kingdom and its capital to the laws and customs of Castile, top civil officials were no longer elected, but instead were appointed directly from Madrid, the king's court city, the offices often filled by foreign aristocrats. Valencia had to become accustomed to being an occupied city, living with the presence of troops quartered in the Citadel near the convent of Santo Domingo and in other buildings such as the Lonja, which served as a barracks until 1762.

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: With

text: the

text: abolition

text: of

text: the

text: charters

text: of

text: Valencia

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: institutions

text: and

text: the

text: conformation

text: of

text: the

text: kingdom

text: and

text: its

text: capital

text: to

text: the

text: laws

text: and

text: customs

text: of

text: Castile

text: top

text: civil

text: officials

text: were

text: no

text: longer

text: elected

text: but

text: instead

text: were

text: appointed

text: directly

text: from

text: Madrid

text: the

text: king

text: 's

text: court

text: city

text: the

text: offices

text: often

text: filled

text: by

text: foreign

text: aristocrats

text: Valencia

text: had

text: to

text: become

text: accustomed

text: to

text: being

text: an

text: occupied

text: city

text: living

text: with

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: troops

text: quartered

text: in

text: the

text: Citadel

text: near

text: the

text: convent

text: of

text: Santo

text: Domingo

text: and

text: in

text: other

text: buildings

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Lonja

text: which

text: served

text: as

text: a

text: barracks

text: until

question: What type of people often held Valencia's offices?

answer: foreign aristocrats

text: foreign aristocrats

question: From where were Valencia's officials chosen?

answer: Madrid

text: Madrid

question: What convent was close to the area where troops lived?

answer: Santo Domingo

text: Santo Domingo

question: Until when was the Lonja used to quarter troops?

answer: 1762


text: Among all cities in the Mediterranean part of the European Union, Limassol has one of the warmest winters, in the period January – February average temperature is 17–18 °C (63–64 °F) during the day and 7–8 °C (45–46 °F) at night, in other coastal locations in Cyprus is generally 16–17 °C (61–63 °F) during the day and 6–8 °C (43–46 °F) at night. During March, Limassol has average temperatures of 19–20 °C (66–68 °F) during the day and 9–11 °C (48–52 °F) at night, in other coastal locations in Cyprus is generally 17–19 °C (63–66 °F) during the day and 8–10 °C (46–50 °F) at night.

title: Cyprus

title: Cyprus

text: Among

text: all

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: Limassol

text: has

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: warmest

text: winters

text: in

text: the

text: period

text: January

text: February

text: average

text: temperature

text: is

text: C

text: F

text: during

text: the

text: day

text: and

text: C

text: F

text: at

text: night

text: in

text: other

text: coastal

text: locations

text: in

text: Cyprus

text: is

text: generally

text: C

text: F

text: during

text: the

text: day

text: and

text: C

text: F

text: at

text: night

text: During

text: March

text: Limassol

text: has

text: average

text: temperatures

text: of

text: C

text: F

text: during

text: the

text: day

text: and

text: C

text: F

text: at

text: night

text: in

text: other

text: coastal

text: locations

text: in

text: Cyprus

text: is

text: generally

text: C

text: F

text: during

text: the

text: day

text: and

text: C

text: F

text: at

text: night

question: Which cities has one of the warmest winters in the European Union?

answer: Limassol

text: Limassol

question: What is the average day emperature of Limassol during winter?

answer: 17–18 °C (63–64 °F)

text: 17–18 °C (63–64 °F)

question: What is the general temperature of coastal location during the night?

answer: 6–8 °C (43–46 °F)

text: 6–8 °C (43–46 °F)


text: The religious art of Nepal and Kathmandu in particular consists of an iconic symbolism of the Mother Goddesses such as: Bhavani, Durga, Gaja-Lakshmi, Hariti-Sitala, Mahsishamardini, Saptamatrika (seven mother goddesses), and Sri-Lakshmi(wealth-goddess). From the 3rd century BC, apart from the Hindu gods and goddesses, Buddhist monuments from the Ashokan period (it is said that Ashoka visited Nepal in 250 BC) have embellished Nepal in general and the valley in particular. These art and architectural edifices encompass three major periods of evolution: the Licchavi or classical period (500 to 900 AD), the post-classical period (1000 to 1400 AD), with strong influence of the Palla art form; the Malla period (1400 onwards) that exhibited explicitly tantric influences coupled with the art of Tibetan Demonology.

title: Kathmandu

title: Kathmandu

text: The

text: religious

text: art

text: of

text: Nepal

text: and

text: Kathmandu

text: in

text: particular

text: consists

text: of

text: an

text: iconic

text: symbolism

text: of

text: the

text: Mother

text: Goddesses

text: such

text: as

text: Bhavani

text: Durga

text: Gaja

text: Lakshmi

text: Hariti

text: Sitala

text: Mahsishamardini

text: Saptamatrika

text: seven

text: mother

text: goddesses

text: and

text: Sri

text: Lakshmi(wealth

text: goddess

text: From

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: apart

text: from

text: the

text: Hindu

text: gods

text: and

text: goddesses

text: Buddhist

text: monuments

text: from

text: the

text: Ashokan

text: period

text: it

text: is

text: said

text: that

text: Ashoka

text: visited

text: Nepal

text: in

text: BC

text: have

text: embellished

text: Nepal

text: in

text: general

text: and

text: the

text: valley

text: in

text: particular

text: These

text: art

text: and

text: architectural

text: edifices

text: encompass

text: three

text: major

text: periods

text: of

text: evolution

text: the

text: Licchavi

text: or

text: classical

text: period

text: to

text: AD

text: the

text: post

text: classical

text: period

text: to

text: AD

text: with

text: strong

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Palla

text: art

text: form

text: the

text: Malla

text: period

text: onwards

text: that

text: exhibited

text: explicitly

text: tantric

text: influences

text: coupled

text: with

text: the

text: art

text: of

text: Tibetan

text: Demonology

question: What types of deities are Bhavani and Durga?

answer: Mother Goddesses

text: Mother Goddesses

question: What is Sri-Lakshmi a deity of?

answer: wealth

text: wealth

question: By tradition, what notable figure came to Nepal 250 years before the birth of Christ?

answer: Ashoka

text: Ashoka

question: When did the Licchavi period end?

answer: 900

question: What is another name for the Licchavi period?

answer: classical

text: classical


text: BBC TV was renamed BBC1 in 1964, after the launch of BBC2 (now BBC Two), the third television station (ITV was the second) for the UK; its remit, to provide more niche programming. The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964, but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London, caused by a fire at Battersea Power Station. A videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a BBC technician. In the end the launch went ahead the following night, hosted by Denis Tuohy holding a candle. BBC2 was the first British channel to use UHF and 625-line pictures, giving higher definition than the existing VHF 405-line system.

title: BBC_Television

title: BBC_Television

text: BBC

text: TV

text: was

text: renamed

text: in

text: after

text: the

text: launch

text: of

text: now

text: BBC

text: Two

text: the

text: third

text: television

text: station

text: ITV

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: for

text: the

text: UK

text: its

text: remit

text: to

text: provide

text: more

text: niche

text: programming

text: The

text: channel

text: was

text: due

text: to

text: launch

text: on

text: April

text: but

text: was

text: put

text: off

text: the

text: air

text: by

text: a

text: massive

text: power

text: failure

text: that

text: affected

text: much

text: of

text: London

text: caused

text: by

text: a

text: fire

text: at

text: Battersea

text: Power

text: Station

text: A

text: videotape

text: made

text: on

text: the

text: opening

text: night

text: was

text: rediscovered

text: in

text: by

text: a

text: BBC

text: technician

text: In

text: the

text: end

text: the

text: launch

text: went

text: ahead

text: the

text: following

text: night

text: hosted

text: by

text: Denis

text: Tuohy

text: holding

text: a

text: candle

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: British

text: channel

text: to

text: use

text: UHF

text: and

text: pictures

text: giving

text: higher

text: definition

text: than

text: the

text: existing

text: VHF

text: system

question: What was the first station launched after the original BBC?

answer: ITV

text: ITV

question: What was the third network started in the UK?

answer: BBC2

question: What prevented BBC2 from broadcasting on its scheduled launch date?

answer: massive power failure

text: massive power failure

question: Where was the cause of the power outage?

answer: Battersea Power Station

text: Battersea Power Station

question: Who served as MC for the first BBC2 broadcast?

answer: Denis Tuohy

text: Denis Tuohy

question: What channel was launched that caused BBC TV to be renamed BBC2?

question: When was BBC2 launched?

text: 20 April 1964

question: Where did the fire at Battersea Station Power cause a massive power failure?

text: London

question: What was discovered in 2003 by an ITV technician?

question: What was the first channel to use UHF and 405-line pictures?


text: The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since it opened, in 2007. The rebuilding process meant that between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff in Wales. Prior to rebuilding, the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium since it opened in 1923 (being originally named the Empire Stadium). One exception to this 78 year series of Empire Stadium finals (including five replays) was the 1970 replay between Leeds and Chelsea, held at Old Trafford in Manchester.

title: FA_Cup

title: FA_Cup

text: The

text: final

text: has

text: been

text: played

text: at

text: the

text: rebuilt

text: Wembley

text: Stadium

text: since

text: it

text: opened

text: in

text: The

text: rebuilding

text: process

text: meant

text: that

text: between

text: and

text: they

text: were

text: hosted

text: at

text: the

text: Millennium

text: Stadium

text: in

text: Cardiff

text: in

text: Wales

text: Prior

text: to

text: rebuilding

text: the

text: final

text: was

text: hosted

text: by

text: the

text: original

text: Wembley

text: Stadium

text: since

text: it

text: opened

text: in

text: being

text: originally

text: named

text: the

text: Empire

text: Stadium

text: One

text: exception

text: to

text: this

text: year

text: series

text: of

text: Empire

text: Stadium

text: finals

text: including

text: five

text: replays

text: was

text: the

text: replay

text: between

text: Leeds

text: and

text: Chelsea

text: held

text: at

text: Old

text: Trafford

text: in

text: Manchester

question: Where is the final played now?

answer: The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium

text: The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium

question: When did this stadium open?

answer: it opened, in 2007.

text: it opened, in 2007.

question: Where was the FA cup held while this stadium was built?

answer: between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium

text: between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium

question: Where is Millennium Stadium located?

answer: Cardiff in Wales

text: Cardiff in Wales

question: Was it always held in Millennium Stadium?

answer: Prior to rebuilding, the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium

text: Prior to rebuilding, the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium

question: Where has the final never been played after 2007?

text: Wembley Stadium

question: When did Millennium Stadium open?

question: Where is Wembley Stadium located?

text: in Cardiff in Wales

question: When did Old Trafford open?

question: What was the Millennium Stadium originally named?

text: the Empire Stadium


text: Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to season five, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Ruben

text: Studdard

text: emerged

text: as

text: the

text: winner

text: beating

text: Clay

text: Aiken

text: by

text: a

text: small

text: margin

text: Out

text: of

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: million

text: votes

text: Studdard

text: finished

text: just

text: votes

text: ahead

text: of

text: Aiken

text: This

text: slim

text: margin

text: of

text: victory

text: was

text: controversial

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: calls

text: that

text: failed

text: to

text: get

text: through

text: In

text: an

text: interview

text: prior

text: to

text: season

text: five

text: executive

text: producer

text: Nigel

text: Lythgoe

text: indicated

text: that

text: Aiken

text: had

text: led

text: the

text: fan

text: voting

text: from

text: the

text: wildcard

text: week

text: onward

text: until

text: the

text: finale

question: Who was the season two winner of American Idol?

answer: Ruben Studdard

text: Ruben Studdard

question: How many votes were cast during the final week?

answer: 24 million

text: 24 million

question: Who was the runner up on season two of American Idol?

answer: Clay Aiken

text: Clay Aiken

question: How many votes did Ruben Studdard win by?

answer: 134,000

question: What was the name of the shows executive producer?

answer: Nigel Lythgoe

text: Nigel Lythgoe

question: Who won season two?

answer: Ruben Studdard

text: Ruben Studdard

question: Who was the runner up for season two?

answer: Clay Aiken

text: Clay Aiken

question: How many more votes did Studdard have at the finale?

answer: 134,000

question: How many votes were cast for the finale?

answer: 24 million

text: 24 million

question: Who did Nigel Lythgoe say was a fan favorite for the majority of the season?

answer: Clay Aiken

text: Clay Aiken


text: This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the Company. After this point, the Company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown, with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation. Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown, the Company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions. By the middle of the 19th century, the Company's rule extended across most of India, Burma, Malaya, Singapore, and British Hong Kong, and a fifth of the world's population was under its trading influence. In addition, Penang, one of the states in Malaya, became the fourth most important settlement, a presidency, of the Company's Indian territories.

title: East_India_Company

title: East_India_Company

text: This

text: Act

text: clearly

text: demarcated

text: borders

text: between

text: the

text: Crown

text: and

text: the

text: Company

text: After

text: this

text: point

text: the

text: Company

text: functioned

text: as

text: a

text: regularised

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: the

text: Crown

text: with

text: greater

text: accountability

text: for

text: its

text: actions

text: and

text: reached

text: a

text: stable

text: stage

text: of

text: expansion

text: and

text: consolidation

text: Having

text: temporarily

text: achieved

text: a

text: state

text: of

text: truce

text: with

text: the

text: Crown

text: the

text: Company

text: continued

text: to

text: expand

text: its

text: influence

text: to

text: nearby

text: territories

text: through

text: threats

text: and

text: coercive

text: actions

text: By

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: Company

text: 's

text: rule

text: extended

text: across

text: most

text: of

text: India

text: Burma

text: Malaya

text: Singapore

text: and

text: British

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: a

text: fifth

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: was

text: under

text: its

text: trading

text: influence

text: In

text: addition

text: Penang

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: in

text: Malaya

text: became

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: important

text: settlement

text: a

text: presidency

text: of

text: the

text: Company

text: 's

text: Indian

text: territories

question: by the middle of the 19th century how much of the worlds population was effected by EIC and it trade?

answer: fifth

text: fifth

question: To EIC in Malaya what state  was the forth most improtant settlement?

answer: Penang

text: Penang

question: during this time the relationship change between Britian and the EIC. the EIC became more of a what to the crown??

answer: regularised subsidiary

text: regularised subsidiary

question: when EIC become more like a regularised subsidiary  did they have greater or less accountability to the Crown

answer: greater accountability

text: greater accountability

question: How much of the moon's population was effected by EIC and it trade by the middle of the 19th century?

text: fifth

question: What state in Malaya had no important settlements?

text: Penang

question: What did the EIC become less of to the crown?

text: regularised subsidiary

question: When EIC became more like a regularised subsidiary did they have greater or less accountability to Japan?

text: greater accountability


text: The Marshall Islands also lays claim to Wake Island. While Wake has been administered by the United States since 1899, the Marshallese government refers to it by the name Enen-kio.

title: Marshall_Islands

title: Marshall_Islands

text: The

text: Marshall

text: Islands

text: also

text: lays

text: claim

text: to

text: Wake

text: Island

text: While

text: Wake

text: has

text: been

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: since

text: the

text: Marshallese

text: government

text: refers

text: to

text: it

text: by

text: the

text: name

text: Enen

text: kio

question: What island do the Marshall Islands claim?

answer: Wake Island

text: Wake Island

question: Who controls Wake Island?

answer: the United States

text: the United States

question: In what year did the US take control of Wake Island?

answer: 1899

question: What does the Marshall Islands government call Wake Island?

answer: Enen-kio

text: Enen-kio


text: Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance for hundreds of years, and has been a literary language in the Slovak lands since the early fifteenth century. A biblical translation, the Kralice Bible, was published during the late sixteenth century (around the time of the King James and Luther versions) which was more linguistically conservative than either. The publication of the Kralice Bible spawned widespread nationalism, and in 1615 the government of Bohemia ruled that only Czech-speaking residents would be allowed to become full citizens or inherit goods or land. This, and the conversion of the Czech upper classes from the Habsburg Empire's Catholicism to Protestantism, angered the Habsburgs and helped trigger the Thirty Years' War (where the Czechs were defeated at the Battle of White Mountain). The Czechs became serfs; Bohemia's printing industry (and its linguistic and political rights) were dismembered, removing official regulation and support from its language. German quickly became the dominant language in Bohemia.

title: Czech_language

title: Czech_language

text: Czech

text: continued

text: to

text: evolve

text: and

text: gain

text: in

text: regional

text: importance

text: for

text: hundreds

text: of

text: years

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: literary

text: language

text: in

text: the

text: Slovak

text: lands

text: since

text: the

text: early

text: fifteenth

text: century

text: A

text: biblical

text: translation

text: the

text: Kralice

text: Bible

text: was

text: published

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: sixteenth

text: century

text: around

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: King

text: James

text: and

text: Luther

text: versions

text: which

text: was

text: more

text: linguistically

text: conservative

text: than

text: either

text: The

text: publication

text: of

text: the

text: Kralice

text: Bible

text: spawned

text: widespread

text: nationalism

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: Bohemia

text: ruled

text: that

text: only

text: Czech

text: speaking

text: residents

text: would

text: be

text: allowed

text: to

text: become

text: full

text: citizens

text: or

text: inherit

text: goods

text: or

text: land

text: This

text: and

text: the

text: conversion

text: of

text: the

text: Czech

text: upper

text: classes

text: from

text: the

text: Habsburg

text: Empire

text: 's

text: Catholicism

text: to

text: Protestantism

text: angered

text: the

text: Habsburgs

text: and

text: helped

text: trigger

text: the

text: Thirty

text: Years

text: War

text: where

text: the

text: Czechs

text: were

text: defeated

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: White

text: Mountain

text: The

text: Czechs

text: became

text: serfs

text: Bohemia

text: 's

text: printing

text: industry

text: and

text: its

text: linguistic

text: and

text: political

text: rights

text: were

text: dismembered

text: removing

text: official

text: regulation

text: and

text: support

text: from

text: its

text: language

text: German

text: quickly

text: became

text: the

text: dominant

text: language

text: in

text: Bohemia

question: How many years as Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance?

answer: hundreds

text: hundreds

question: When was the Kralice Bible published?

answer: late sixteenth century

text: late sixteenth century

question: What did the publication of the Kralice Bible spawn?

answer: widespread nationalism

text: widespread nationalism

question: In what war were the Czechs defeated at the Battle of White Mountain?

answer: Thirty Years' War

text: Thirty Years' War

question: What language became dominant in Bohemia after the Czech's defeat?

answer: German

text: German

question: At what battle were the Germans defeated?

text: the Battle of White Mountain

question: What war was Germany involved in the longest?

text: Thirty Years' War

question: What change did the publishing of the King James Bible cause?

text: widespread nationalism

question: In what year did Germans become serfs?

question: What did the government of Bohemia only allow Germans do do?


text: The phonautograph, patented by Léon Scott in 1857, used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper, purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back. In the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008. Along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: The

text: phonautograph

text: patented

text: by

text: Léon

text: Scott

text: in

text: used

text: a

text: vibrating

text: diaphragm

text: and

text: stylus

text: to

text: graphically

text: record

text: sound

text: waves

text: as

text: tracings

text: on

text: sheets

text: of

text: paper

text: purely

text: for

text: visual

text: analysis

text: and

text: without

text: any

text: intent

text: of

text: playing

text: them

text: back

text: In

text: the

text: these

text: tracings

text: were

text: first

text: scanned

text: by

text: audio

text: engineers

text: and

text: digitally

text: converted

text: into

text: audible

text: sound

text: Phonautograms

text: of

text: singing

text: and

text: speech

text: made

text: by

text: Scott

text: in

text: were

text: played

text: back

text: as

text: sound

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: in

text: Along

text: with

text: a

text: tuning

text: fork

text: tone

text: and

text: unintelligible

text: snippets

text: recorded

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: these

text: are

text: the

text: earliest

text: known

text: recordings

text: of

text: sound

question: What was the original intent of the phonautograph?

answer: visual analysis

text: visual analysis

question: In what years where phonautograms converted to audible sound?

answer: 2000s

question: What year were the earliest known recordings of sound?

answer: 1857

question: By whom was the phonautograms patented?

answer: Léon Scott

text: Léon Scott

question: In what year was phonautograms patented?

answer: 1857


text: Armenia was annexed by Bolshevist Russia and along with Georgia and Azerbaijan, it was incorporated into the Soviet Union as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (TSFSR) on 4 March 1922. With this annexation, the Treaty of Alexandropol was superseded by the Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Kars. In the agreement, Turkey allowed the Soviet Union to assume control over Adjara with the port city of Batumi in return for sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır, all of which were part of Russian Armenia.

title: Armenia

title: Armenia

text: Armenia

text: was

text: annexed

text: by

text: Bolshevist

text: Russia

text: and

text: along

text: with

text: Georgia

text: and

text: Azerbaijan

text: it

text: was

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Transcaucasian

text: SFSR

text: TSFSR

text: on

text: March

text: With

text: this

text: annexation

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Alexandropol

text: was

text: superseded

text: by

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Soviet

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Kars

text: In

text: the

text: agreement

text: Turkey

text: allowed

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: to

text: assume

text: control

text: over

text: Adjara

text: with

text: the

text: port

text: city

text: of

text: Batumi

text: in

text: return

text: for

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: the

text: cities

text: of

text: Kars

text: Ardahan

text: and

text: Iğdır

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: part

text: of

text: Russian

text: Armenia

question: When was the Transcaucasian SFSR formed?

answer: 4 March 1922

text: 4 March 1922

question: The Soviet Union gained control over which city following the Treaty of Kars?

answer: Batumi

text: Batumi

question: What did Turkey gain from the Treaty of Kars?

answer: sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır

text: sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır

question: Who annexed Armenia?

answer: Bolshevist Russia

text: Bolshevist Russia


text: Some of these estimates also take into account the opportunity cost of investing capital many years before revenues are realized (see Time-value of money). Because of the very long time needed for discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceuticals, these costs can accumulate to nearly half the total expense. A direct consequence within the pharmaceutical industry value chain is that major pharmaceutical multinationals tend to increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research, which somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies playing an increasingly important role, and overall strategies being redefined accordingly. Some approved drugs, such as those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient (also referred to as Line-extensions) are much less expensive to develop.

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: Some

text: of

text: these

text: estimates

text: also

text: take

text: into

text: account

text: the

text: opportunity

text: cost

text: of

text: investing

text: capital

text: many

text: years

text: before

text: revenues

text: are

text: realized

text: see

text: Time

text: value

text: of

text: money

text: Because

text: of

text: the

text: very

text: long

text: time

text: needed

text: for

text: discovery

text: development

text: and

text: approval

text: of

text: pharmaceuticals

text: these

text: costs

text: can

text: accumulate

text: to

text: nearly

text: half

text: the

text: total

text: expense

text: A

text: direct

text: consequence

text: within

text: the

text: pharmaceutical

text: industry

text: value

text: chain

text: is

text: that

text: major

text: pharmaceutical

text: multinationals

text: tend

text: to

text: increasingly

text: outsource

text: risks

text: related

text: to

text: fundamental

text: research

text: which

text: somewhat

text: reshapes

text: the

text: industry

text: ecosystem

text: with

text: biotechnology

text: companies

text: playing

text: an

text: increasingly

text: important

text: role

text: and

text: overall

text: strategies

text: being

text: redefined

text: accordingly

text: Some

text: approved

text: drugs

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: based

text: on

text: re

text: formulation

text: of

text: an

text: existing

text: active

text: ingredient

text: also

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Line

text: extensions

text: are

text: much

text: less

text: expensive

text: to

text: develop

question: What drugs are the least expensive to develop?

answer: those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient

text: those based on re-formulation of an existing active ingredient

question: What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop drugs?

answer: opportunity cost of investing capital

text: opportunity cost of investing capital

question: What is the consequence in the value chain?

answer: increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research

text: increasingly outsource risks related to fundamental research

question: What happens when companies outsource?

answer: somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies

text: somewhat reshapes the industry ecosystem with biotechnology companies

question: What is re-formulations of active ingredients referred to?

answer: Line-extensions

text: Line-extensions

question: Investing capital can increase drug development costs by how much?

answer: nearly half the total expense

text: nearly half the total expense

question: What kind of companies have had a more important role in drug development?

answer: biotechnology

text: biotechnology

question: What firms tend to outsource drug development?

answer: major pharmaceutical multinationals

text: major pharmaceutical multinationals

question: What drugs are the least fundamental to develop?

question: What accounts for nearly half of the costs to develop companies?

text: opportunity cost of investing capital

question: What is the consequence in the research chain?

question: What happens when companies approve drugs?

question: What is re-formulations of approved drugs referred to?

text: Line-extensions


text: White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and because the individual color LEDs typically have slightly different emission patterns (leading to variation of the color depending on direction) even if they are made as a single unit, these are seldom used to produce white lighting. Nonetheless, this method has many applications because of the flexibility of mixing different colors, and in principle, this mechanism also has higher quantum efficiency in producing white light.[citation needed]

title: Light-emitting_diode

title: Light

title: emitting_diode

text: White

text: light

text: can

text: be

text: formed

text: by

text: mixing

text: differently

text: colored

text: lights

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: method

text: is

text: to

text: use

text: red

text: green

text: and

text: blue

text: RGB

text: Hence

text: the

text: method

text: is

text: called

text: multi

text: color

text: white

text: LEDs

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: RGB

text: LEDs

text: Because

text: these

text: need

text: electronic

text: circuits

text: to

text: control

text: the

text: blending

text: and

text: diffusion

text: of

text: different

text: colors

text: and

text: because

text: the

text: individual

text: color

text: LEDs

text: typically

text: have

text: slightly

text: different

text: emission

text: patterns

text: leading

text: to

text: variation

text: of

text: the

text: color

text: depending

text: on

text: direction

text: even

text: if

text: they

text: are

text: made

text: as

text: a

text: single

text: unit

text: these

text: are

text: seldom

text: used

text: to

text: produce

text: white

text: lighting

text: Nonetheless

text: this

text: method

text: has

text: many

text: applications

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: flexibility

text: of

text: mixing

text: different

text: colors

text: and

text: in

text: principle

text: this

text: mechanism

text: also

text: has

text: higher

text: quantum

text: efficiency

text: in

text: producing

text: white

text: light.[citation

text: needed

question: What colors are used to form white light?

answer: red, green, and blue

text: red, green, and blue

question: What is the method called that mixes red, green, and blue colors to form white light?

answer: multi-color white LEDs

text: multi-color white LEDs

question: What does the multi-color white LED method need to produce the end result?

answer: electronic circuits

text: electronic circuits

question: What is another name to reference the multi-color white LED method?

answer: RGB LEDs

text: RGB LEDs

question: What colors are used to form red light?

text: red, green, and blue

question: What is the method called that mixes red, green, and blue colors to form blue light?

text: multi-color white LEDs

question: What does the non-multi-color white LED method need to produce the end result?

text: electronic circuits

question: What is another name to reference the solo-color white LED method?

text: RGB LEDs


text: Details of school casualties had been under non-governmental investigation since December 2008 by volunteers including artist and architect Ai Weiwei, who had been constantly posting updates on his blog since March 2009. The official tally of students killed in the earthquake was not released until May 7, 2009, almost a year after the earthquake. According to the state-run Xinhua news agency, the earthquake killed 5,335 students and left another 546 children disabled. In the aftermath of the earthquake, the Chinese government declared that parents who had lost their only children would get free treatment from fertility clinics to reverse vasectomies and tubal ligations conducted by family planning authorities.

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

text: Details

text: of

text: school

text: casualties

text: had

text: been

text: under

text: non

text: governmental

text: investigation

text: since

text: December

text: by

text: volunteers

text: including

text: artist

text: and

text: architect

text: Ai

text: Weiwei

text: who

text: had

text: been

text: constantly

text: posting

text: updates

text: on

text: his

text: blog

text: since

text: March

text: The

text: official

text: tally

text: of

text: students

text: killed

text: in

text: the

text: earthquake

text: was

text: not

text: released

text: until

text: May

text: almost

text: a

text: year

text: after

text: the

text: earthquake

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: run

text: Xinhua

text: news

text: agency

text: the

text: earthquake

text: killed

text: students

text: and

text: left

text: another

text: children

text: disabled

text: In

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: the

text: earthquake

text: the

text: Chinese

text: government

text: declared

text: that

text: parents

text: who

text: had

text: lost

text: their

text: only

text: children

text: would

text: get

text: free

text: treatment

text: from

text: fertility

text: clinics

text: to

text: reverse

text: vasectomies

text: and

text: tubal

text: ligations

text: conducted

text: by

text: family

text: planning

text: authorities

question: When did an investigation occur under school casualties?

answer: December 2008

text: December 2008

question: When was the official tally of students killed in the earthquake released?

answer: May 7, 2009

text: May 7, 2009

question: How many students were killed in Xinhua?

answer: 5,335

question: How many students were disabled in Xinhua?

answer: 546

question: What date were the official numbers of students killed in the earthquake released?

answer: May 7, 2009

text: May 7, 2009

question: Who kept a blog about the school deaths?

answer: Ai Weiwei

text: Ai Weiwei

question: What is the total of school children killed?

answer: 5,335

question: How many children are disabled?

answer: 546

question: Where did the Chinese government decide that parents who had lost children could go for free treatment?

answer: fertility clinics

text: fertility clinics


text: The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.

title: Infrared

title: Infrared

text: The

text: discovery

text: of

text: infrared

text: radiation

text: is

text: ascribed

text: to

text: William

text: Herschel

text: the

text: astronomer

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Herschel

text: published

text: his

text: results

text: in

text: before

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: of

text: London

text: Herschel

text: used

text: a

text: prism

text: to

text: refract

text: light

text: from

text: the

text: sun

text: and

text: detected

text: the

text: infrared

text: beyond

text: the

text: red

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: spectrum

text: through

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: temperature

text: recorded

text: on

text: a

text: thermometer

text: He

text: was

text: surprised

text: at

text: the

text: result

text: and

text: called

text: them

text: Calorific

text: Rays

text: The

text: term

text: Infrared

text: did

text: not

text: appear

text: until

text: late

text: in

text: the

text: century

question: Who discovered infrared radiation?

answer: William Herschel

text: William Herschel

question: In what year did Herschel publish his work on infrared radiation?

answer: 1800

question: To whom did Herschel present his work on infrared radiation?

answer: the Royal Society of London

text: the Royal Society of London

question: What device did Herschel use to discover the infrared?

answer: a prism

text: a prism

question: What did Herschel call the infrared spectrum?

answer: Calorific Rays

text: Calorific Rays

question: Who discovered spectrum radiation?

text: William Herschel

question: When did the term Calorific Rays start to be used?

text: late in the 19th century

question: What did Herschel use to detect light from the sun?

text: a prism

question: What did Herschel refract from Calorific Rays?

text: light

question: What society did Herschel present his work on the red spectrum?

text: the Royal Society of London


text: The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first line was released on October 23, 2001, about 8½ months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: The

text: iPod

text: is

text: a

text: line

text: of

text: portable

text: media

text: players

text: and

text: multi

text: purpose

text: pocket

text: computers

text: designed

text: and

text: marketed

text: by

text: Apple

text: Inc.

text: The

text: first

text: line

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: October

text: about

text: 8½

text: months

text: after

text: iTunes

text: Macintosh

text: version

text: was

text: released

text: The

text: most

text: recent

text: iPod

text: redesigns

text: were

text: announced

text: on

text: July

text: There

text: are

text: three

text: current

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: iPod

text: the

text: ultra

text: compact

text: iPod

text: Shuffle

text: the

text: compact

text: iPod

text: Nano

text: and

text: the

text: touchscreen

text: iPod

text: Touch

question: Which company produces the iPod?

answer: Apple

text: Apple

question: When was the original iPod released?

answer: October 23, 2001

text: October 23, 2001

question: How many different types of iPod are currently available?

answer: three

text: three

question: What kind of device is the iPod?

answer: portable media players

text: portable media players

question: The iPod Touch uses what kind of interface?

answer: touchscreen

text: touchscreen

question: In what year was the first iPod released?

answer: 2001

question: What company manufactures the iPod?

answer: Apple

text: Apple

question: How many versions of the iPod currently exist?

answer: 3

question: Which is the smallest version of the iPod?

answer: Shuffle

text: Shuffle

question: In what year was the iPod most recently redesigned?

answer: 2015


text: Within a population, it is common for different ages and/or sexes to have different patterns of timing and distance. Female chaffinches Fringilla coelebs in Eastern Fennoscandia migrate earlier in the autumn than males do.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Within

text: a

text: population

text: it

text: is

text: common

text: for

text: different

text: ages

text: and/or

text: sexes

text: to

text: have

text: different

text: patterns

text: of

text: timing

text: and

text: distance

text: Female

text: chaffinches

text: Fringilla

text: coelebs

text: in

text: Eastern

text: Fennoscandia

text: migrate

text: earlier

text: in

text: the

text: autumn

text: than

text: males

text: do

question: Which sex of the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate earlier?

answer: Female

text: Female

question: Where are chaffinches Fringilla coelebs from?

answer: Eastern Fennoscandia

text: Eastern Fennoscandia

question: When do the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate?

answer: autumn

text: autumn


text: On 13 March, the upper Clyde port of Clydebank near Glasgow was bombed. All but seven of its 12,000 houses were damaged. Many more ports were attacked. Plymouth was attacked five times before the end of the month while Belfast, Hull, and Cardiff were hit. Cardiff was bombed on three nights, Portsmouth centre was devastated by five raids. The rate of civilian housing lost was averaging 40,000 people per week dehoused in September 1940. In March 1941, two raids on Plymouth and London dehoused 148,000 people. Still, while heavily damaged, British ports continued to support war industry and supplies from North America continued to pass through them while the Royal Navy continued to operate in Plymouth, Southampton, and Portsmouth. Plymouth in particular, because of its vulnerable position on the south coast and close proximity to German air bases, was subjected to the heaviest attacks. On 10/11 March, 240 bombers dropped 193 tons of high explosives and 46,000 incendiaries. Many houses and commercial centres were heavily damaged, the electrical supply was knocked out, and five oil tanks and two magazines exploded. Nine days later, two waves of 125 and 170 bombers dropped heavy bombs, including 160 tons of high explosive and 32,000 incendiaries. Much of the city centre was destroyed. Damage was inflicted on the port installations, but many bombs fell on the city itself. On 17 April 346 tons of explosives and 46,000 incendiaries were dropped from 250 bombers led by KG 26. The damage was considerable, and the Germans also used aerial mines. Over 2,000 AAA shells were fired, destroying two Ju 88s. By the end of the air campaign over Britain, only eight percent of the German effort against British ports was made using mines.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: On

text: March

text: the

text: upper

text: Clyde

text: port

text: of

text: Clydebank

text: near

text: Glasgow

text: was

text: bombed

text: All

text: but

text: seven

text: of

text: its

text: houses

text: were

text: damaged

text: Many

text: more

text: ports

text: were

text: attacked

text: Plymouth

text: was

text: attacked

text: five

text: times

text: before

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: month

text: while

text: Belfast

text: Hull

text: and

text: Cardiff

text: were

text: hit

text: Cardiff

text: was

text: bombed

text: on

text: three

text: nights

text: Portsmouth

text: centre

text: was

text: devastated

text: by

text: five

text: raids

text: The

text: rate

text: of

text: civilian

text: housing

text: lost

text: was

text: averaging

text: people

text: per

text: week

text: dehoused

text: in

text: September

text: In

text: March

text: two

text: raids

text: on

text: Plymouth

text: and

text: London

text: dehoused

text: people

text: Still

text: while

text: heavily

text: damaged

text: British

text: ports

text: continued

text: to

text: support

text: war

text: industry

text: and

text: supplies

text: from

text: North

text: America

text: continued

text: to

text: pass

text: through

text: them

text: while

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: continued

text: to

text: operate

text: in

text: Plymouth

text: Southampton

text: and

text: Portsmouth

text: Plymouth

text: in

text: particular

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: vulnerable

text: position

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: coast

text: and

text: close

text: proximity

text: to

text: German

text: air

text: bases

text: was

text: subjected

text: to

text: the

text: heaviest

text: attacks

text: On

text: March

text: bombers

text: dropped

text: tons

text: of

text: high

text: explosives

text: and

text: incendiaries

text: Many

text: houses

text: and

text: commercial

text: centres

text: were

text: heavily

text: damaged

text: the

text: electrical

text: supply

text: was

text: knocked

text: out

text: and

text: five

text: oil

text: tanks

text: and

text: two

text: magazines

text: exploded

text: Nine

text: days

text: later

text: two

text: waves

text: of

text: and

text: bombers

text: dropped

text: heavy

text: bombs

text: including

text: tons

text: of

text: high

text: explosive

text: and

text: incendiaries

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: was

text: destroyed

text: Damage

text: was

text: inflicted

text: on

text: the

text: port

text: installations

text: but

text: many

text: bombs

text: fell

text: on

text: the

text: city

text: itself

text: On

text: April

text: tons

text: of

text: explosives

text: and

text: incendiaries

text: were

text: dropped

text: from

text: bombers

text: led

text: by

text: KG

text: The

text: damage

text: was

text: considerable

text: and

text: the

text: Germans

text: also

text: used

text: aerial

text: mines

text: Over

text: AAA

text: shells

text: were

text: fired

text: destroying

text: two

text: Ju

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: air

text: campaign

text: over

text: Britain

text: only

text: eight

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: effort

text: against

text: British

text: ports

text: was

text: made

text: using

text: mines

question: How many houses were spared damage in Glasgow?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: How many people per week were losing housing?

answer: 40,000 people

text: 40,000 people

question: Why was Plymouth targeted the most?

answer: because of its vulnerable position on the south coast

text: because of its vulnerable position on the south coast

question: What did the Germans use along with incendiaries and bombs?

answer: aerial mines

text: aerial mines

question: How many AAA shells were fired?

answer: Over 2,000

text: Over 2,000


text: When Eisenhower was elected President in 1952, he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states, although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government.:50 The President also established the Government Contract Committee in 1953, which "conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors".:50–51 The committee, chaired by Vice President Richard Nixon, had minimal outcomes in that they imposed the contractors with the primary responsibility of desegregation within their own companies and corporations.:51

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

text: When

text: Eisenhower

text: was

text: elected

text: President

text: in

text: he

text: believed

text: hiring

text: practices

text: and

text: anti

text: discrimination

text: laws

text: should

text: be

text: decided

text: by

text: the

text: states

text: although

text: the

text: administration

text: gradually

text: continued

text: to

text: desegregate

text: the

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: and

text: the

text: federal

text: The

text: President

text: also

text: established

text: the

text: Government

text: Contract

text: Committee

text: in

text: which

text: conducted

text: surveys

text: of

text: the

text: racial

text: composition

text: of

text: federal

text: employees

text: and

text: tax

text: supported

text: The

text: committee

text: chaired

text: by

text: Vice

text: President

text: Richard

text: Nixon

text: had

text: minimal

text: outcomes

text: in

text: that

text: they

text: imposed

text: the

text: contractors

text: with

text: the

text: primary

text: responsibility

text: of

text: desegregation

text: within

text: their

text: own

text: companies

text: and

question: Which year was Eisenhower elected President?

answer: 1952

question: Who did Eisenhower believe should be allowed to decide the nature of discrimination laws?

answer: the states

text: the states

question: What was established in 1953?

answer: Government Contract Committee

text: Government Contract Committee

question: What was the main purpose of the Government Contract Committee?

answer: conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors

text: conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors

question: Who was the chairman of the newly established committee?

answer: Vice President Richard Nixon

text: Vice President Richard Nixon

question: Which year was Eisenhower elected vice-President?

question: Who did Eisenhower believe should be disallowed to decide the nature of discrimination laws?

text: the states

question: What was established in 1913?

text: Government Contract Committee

question: What was the last purpose of the Government Contract Committee?

question: Who was the chairman of the old committee?

text: Vice President Richard Nixon


text: There is an environmental program, called Hoy No Circula ("Today Does Not Run", or "One Day without a Car"), whereby vehicles that have not passed emissions testing are restricted from circulating on certain days according to the ending digit of their license plates; this in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion. While in 2003, the program still restricted 40% of vehicles in the metropolitan area, with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006, in practice, these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: There

text: is

text: an

text: environmental

text: program

text: called

text: Hoy

text: No

text: Circula

text: Today

text: Does

text: Not

text: Run

text: or

text: One

text: Day

text: without

text: a

text: Car

text: whereby

text: vehicles

text: that

text: have

text: not

text: passed

text: emissions

text: testing

text: are

text: restricted

text: from

text: circulating

text: on

text: certain

text: days

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: ending

text: digit

text: of

text: their

text: license

text: plates

text: this

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: cut

text: down

text: on

text: pollution

text: and

text: traffic

text: congestion

text: While

text: in

text: the

text: program

text: still

text: restricted

text: of

text: vehicles

text: in

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: with

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: stricter

text: emissions

text: standards

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: practice

text: these

text: days

text: most

text: vehicles

text: are

text: exempt

text: from

text: the

text: circulation

text: restrictions

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: they

text: pass

text: regular

text: emissions

text: tests

question: How do people know which days to not drive their car?

answer: ending digit of their license plates

text: ending digit of their license plates

question: How many cars were still restricted in 2003?

answer: 40%

question: When were new emisson standards enacted?

answer: 2006

question: How can cars get exempt from the restrictions?

answer: pass regular emissions tests

text: pass regular emissions tests


text: The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically been used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel and the entire Jewish people respectively. The name "Israel" (Standard Yisraʾel, Isrāʾīl; Septuagint Greek: Ἰσραήλ Israēl; 'El(God) persists/rules' though, after Hosea 12:4 often interpreted as "struggle with God") in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, according to the Hebrew Bible, was given the name after he successfully wrestled with the angel of the Lord. Jacob's twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. Jacob and his sons had lived in Canaan but were forced by famine to go into Egypt for four generations, lasting 430 years, until Moses, a great-great grandson of Jacob, led the Israelites back into Canaan during the "Exodus". The earliest known archaeological artifact to mention the word "Israel" is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt (dated to the late 13th century BCE).

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: The

text: names

text: Land

text: of

text: Israel

text: and

text: Children

text: of

text: Israel

text: have

text: historically

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: biblical

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Israel

text: and

text: the

text: entire

text: Jewish

text: people

text: respectively

text: The

text: name

text: Israel

text: Standard

text: Yisraʾel

text: Isrāʾīl

text: Septuagint

text: Greek

text: Ἰσραήλ

text: Israēl

text: El(God

text: persists

text: rules

text: though

text: after

text: Hosea

text: often

text: interpreted

text: as

text: struggle

text: with

text: God

text: in

text: these

text: phrases

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: patriarch

text: Jacob

text: who

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: was

text: given

text: the

text: name

text: after

text: he

text: successfully

text: wrestled

text: with

text: the

text: angel

text: of

text: the

text: Lord

text: Jacob

text: 's

text: twelve

text: sons

text: became

text: the

text: ancestors

text: of

text: the

text: Israelites

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Twelve

text: Tribes

text: of

text: Israel

text: or

text: Children

text: of

text: Israel

text: Jacob

text: and

text: his

text: sons

text: had

text: lived

text: in

text: Canaan

text: but

text: were

text: forced

text: by

text: famine

text: to

text: go

text: into

text: Egypt

text: for

text: four

text: generations

text: lasting

text: years

text: until

text: Moses

text: a

text: great

text: great

text: grandson

text: of

text: Jacob

text: led

text: the

text: Israelites

text: back

text: into

text: Canaan

text: during

text: the

text: Exodus

text: The

text: earliest

text: known

text: archaeological

text: artifact

text: to

text: mention

text: the

text: word

text: Israel

text: is

text: the

text: Merneptah

text: Stele

text: of

text: ancient

text: Egypt

text: dated

text: to

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: BCE

question: Who was Moses?

answer: a great-great grandson of Jacob

text: a great-great grandson of Jacob

question: Who led the Israelites back into Canaan during the "Exodus?"

answer: Moses

text: Moses

question: What does the word "Israel" refer to?

answer: Jacob

text: Jacob


text: A new device for granting assent was created during the reign of King Henry VIII. In 1542, Henry sought to execute his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, whom he accused of committing adultery; the execution was to be authorised not after a trial but by a bill of attainder, to which he would have to personally assent after listening to the entire text. Henry decided that "the repetition of so grievous a Story and the recital of so infamous a crime" in his presence "might reopen a Wound already closing in the Royal Bosom". Therefore, parliament inserted a clause into the Act of Attainder, providing that assent granted by Commissioners "is and ever was and ever shall be, as good" as assent granted by the sovereign personally. The procedure was used only five times during the 16th century, but more often during the 17th and 18th centuries, especially when George III's health began to deteriorate. Queen Victoria became the last monarch to personally grant assent in 1854.

title: Royal_assent

title: Royal_assent

text: A

text: new

text: device

text: for

text: granting

text: assent

text: was

text: created

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: King

text: Henry

text: VIII

text: In

text: Henry

text: sought

text: to

text: execute

text: his

text: fifth

text: wife

text: Catherine

text: Howard

text: whom

text: he

text: accused

text: of

text: committing

text: adultery

text: the

text: execution

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: authorised

text: not

text: after

text: a

text: trial

text: but

text: by

text: a

text: bill

text: of

text: attainder

text: to

text: which

text: he

text: would

text: have

text: to

text: personally

text: assent

text: after

text: listening

text: to

text: the

text: entire

text: text

text: Henry

text: decided

text: that

text: the

text: repetition

text: of

text: so

text: grievous

text: a

text: Story

text: and

text: the

text: recital

text: of

text: so

text: infamous

text: a

text: crime

text: in

text: his

text: presence

text: might

text: reopen

text: a

text: Wound

text: already

text: closing

text: in

text: the

text: Royal

text: Bosom

text: Therefore

text: parliament

text: inserted

text: a

text: clause

text: into

text: the

text: Act

text: of

text: Attainder

text: providing

text: that

text: assent

text: granted

text: by

text: Commissioners

text: is

text: and

text: ever

text: was

text: and

text: ever

text: shall

text: be

text: as

text: good

text: as

text: assent

text: granted

text: by

text: the

text: sovereign

text: personally

text: The

text: procedure

text: was

text: used

text: only

text: five

text: times

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: but

text: more

text: often

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: especially

text: when

text: George

text: III

text: 's

text: health

text: began

text: to

text: deteriorate

text: Queen

text: Victoria

text: became

text: the

text: last

text: monarch

text: to

text: personally

text: grant

text: assent

text: in

question: Why did Henry VIII wish to execute his fifth wife?

answer: committing adultery

text: committing adultery

question: What was Henry VIII trying to avoid by creating a new procedure for granting assent?

answer: listening to the entire text

text: listening to the entire text

question: How many times in the 16th century was assent granted by Commissioners?

answer: five

text: five

question: Who was the last monarch to grant assent personally?

answer: Queen Victoria

text: Queen Victoria

question: King Henry VIII sought to execute his sixth wife in what year?

question: Catherine Howard was the sixth wife of whom?

text: King Henry VIII

question: A clause was taken out of the Act of what?

text: Attainder

question: Queen Victoria was the last what to grant assent in 1954?

text: monarch


text: From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in different terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: From

text: the

text: century

text: through

text: late

text: century

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: science

text: especially

text: of

text: the

text: physical

text: and

text: biological

text: sciences

text: was

text: often

text: presented

text: in

text: a

text: progressive

text: narrative

text: in

text: which

text: true

text: theories

text: replaced

text: false

text: beliefs

text: More

text: recent

text: historical

text: interpretations

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: of

text: Thomas

text: Kuhn

text: tend

text: to

text: portray

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: science

text: in

text: different

text: terms

text: such

text: as

text: that

text: of

text: competing

text: paradigms

text: or

text: conceptual

text: systems

text: in

text: a

text: wider

text: matrix

text: that

text: includes

text: intellectual

text: cultural

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: themes

text: outside

text: of

text: science

question: What replaced false beliefs?

answer: true theories

text: true theories

question: Who depicts the history of science in a wider matrix?

answer: Thomas Kuhn

text: Thomas Kuhn

question: What time period did the history of science begin to take a progressive narrative?

answer: the 18th century

text: the 18th century

question: Thomas Kuhn used conceptual systems and what other term to define the history of science?

answer: competing paradigms

text: competing paradigms


text: The beer houses tended to avoid the traditional pub names like The Crown, The Red Lion, The Royal Oak etc. and, if they did not simply name their place Smith's Beer House, they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: The

text: beer

text: houses

text: tended

text: to

text: avoid

text: the

text: traditional

text: pub

text: names

text: like

text: The

text: Crown

text: The

text: Red

text: Lion

text: The

text: Royal

text: Oak

text: etc

text: and

text: if

text: they

text: did

text: not

text: simply

text: name

text: their

text: place

text: Smith

text: 's

text: Beer

text: House

text: they

text: would

text: apply

text: topical

text: pub

text: names

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: reflect

text: the

text: mood

text: of

text: the

text: times

question: Along with The Royal Oak and The Crown, what is a traditional name for a pub?

answer: The Red Lion

text: The Red Lion

question: What is an example of a name for a beer house?

answer: Smith's Beer House

text: Smith's Beer House


text: As the Soga clan had taken control of the throne in the sixth century, the Fujiwara by the ninth century had intermarried with the imperial family, and one of their members was the first head of the Emperor's Private Office. Another Fujiwara became regent, Sesshō for his grandson, then a minor emperor, and yet another was appointed Kampaku. Toward the end of the ninth century, several emperors tried, but failed, to check the Fujiwara. For a time, however, during the reign of Emperor Daigo (897-930), the Fujiwara regency was suspended as he ruled directly.

title: Heian_period

title: Heian_period

text: As

text: the

text: Soga

text: clan

text: had

text: taken

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: throne

text: in

text: the

text: sixth

text: century

text: the

text: Fujiwara

text: by

text: the

text: ninth

text: century

text: had

text: intermarried

text: with

text: the

text: imperial

text: family

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: their

text: members

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Emperor

text: 's

text: Private

text: Office

text: Another

text: Fujiwara

text: became

text: regent

text: Sesshō

text: for

text: his

text: grandson

text: then

text: a

text: minor

text: emperor

text: and

text: yet

text: another

text: was

text: appointed

text: Kampaku

text: Toward

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: ninth

text: century

text: several

text: emperors

text: tried

text: but

text: failed

text: to

text: check

text: the

text: Fujiwara

text: For

text: a

text: time

text: however

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Daigo

text: the

text: Fujiwara

text: regency

text: was

text: suspended

text: as

text: he

text: ruled

text: directly

question: In what century did the Soga family take the throne?

answer: sixth

text: sixth

question: A member of what clan became the head of the Emperor's Private Office?

answer: Fujiwara

text: Fujiwara

question: Which emperor suspended the Fujiwara clan's power?

answer: Daigo

text: Daigo

question: Emperor Daigo ruled during what years?

answer: 897-930

question: What family took control of the throne in the 600's?

text: Soga clan

question: What family usurped the throne in the 9th century?

text: Fujiwara

question: Which emperor gave the Fujiware more power?

text: Daigo

question: Who was the first Japanese Emperor to rule directly?

text: Daigo


text: Some 97 percent of male BYU graduates and 32 percent of female graduates took a hiatus from their undergraduate studies at one point to serve as LDS missionaries. In October 2012, the LDS Church announced at its general conference that young men could serve a mission after they turn 18 and have graduated from high school, rather than after age 19 under the old policy. Many young men would often attend a semester or two of higher education prior to beginning missionary service. This policy change will likely impact what has been the traditional incoming freshman class at BYU. Female students may now begin their missionary service anytime after turning 19, rather than age 21 under the previous policy. For males, a full-time mission is two years in length, and for females it lasts 18 months.

title: Brigham_Young_University

title: Brigham_Young_University

text: Some

text: percent

text: of

text: male

text: BYU

text: graduates

text: and

text: percent

text: of

text: female

text: graduates

text: took

text: a

text: hiatus

text: from

text: their

text: undergraduate

text: studies

text: at

text: one

text: point

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: LDS

text: missionaries

text: In

text: October

text: the

text: LDS

text: Church

text: announced

text: at

text: its

text: general

text: conference

text: that

text: young

text: men

text: could

text: serve

text: a

text: mission

text: after

text: they

text: turn

text: and

text: have

text: graduated

text: from

text: high

text: school

text: rather

text: than

text: after

text: age

text: under

text: the

text: old

text: policy

text: Many

text: young

text: men

text: would

text: often

text: attend

text: a

text: semester

text: or

text: two

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: prior

text: to

text: beginning

text: missionary

text: service

text: This

text: policy

text: change

text: will

text: likely

text: impact

text: what

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: traditional

text: incoming

text: freshman

text: class

text: at

text: BYU

text: Female

text: students

text: may

text: now

text: begin

text: their

text: missionary

text: service

text: anytime

text: after

text: turning

text: rather

text: than

text: age

text: under

text: the

text: previous

text: policy

text: For

text: males

text: a

text: full

text: time

text: mission

text: is

text: two

text: years

text: in

text: length

text: and

text: for

text: females

text: it

text: lasts

text: months

question: At what age, since 2012, are men allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation?

answer: 18

question: At what age, since 2012, are women allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation?

answer: 19

question: How long is a full-time mission for males?

answer: two years

text: two years

question: How long is a full-time mission for females?

answer: 18 months

text: 18 months

question: What percentage of graduates had taken a hiatus from their BYU studies to serve as an LDS missionary?

answer: 97

question: What did 97% of female BYU graduates do?

question: What did 32% of male BYU graduates do?

question: What did the LSD Church announce in October 2012?

question: When can female students begin their missionary service now instead of 18?

text: anytime after turning 19


text: Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until 4 July 1949, when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently, for several months at a time, in the hamlet of Gwardamanġa, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. The children remained in Britain.

title: Elizabeth_II

title: Elizabeth_II

text: Following

text: their

text: wedding

text: the

text: couple

text: leased

text: Windlesham

text: Moor

text: near

text: Windsor

text: Castle

text: until

text: July

text: when

text: they

text: took

text: up

text: residence

text: at

text: Clarence

text: House

text: in

text: London

text: At

text: various

text: times

text: between

text: and

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Edinburgh

text: was

text: stationed

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: Crown

text: Colony

text: of

text: Malta

text: as

text: a

text: serving

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: officer

text: He

text: and

text: Elizabeth

text: lived

text: intermittently

text: for

text: several

text: months

text: at

text: a

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: hamlet

text: of

text: Gwardamanġa

text: at

text: Villa

text: Guardamangia

text: the

text: rented

text: home

text: of

text: Philip

text: 's

text: uncle

text: Lord

text: Mountbatten

text: The

text: children

text: remained

text: in

text: Britain

question: Where did the newly married Elizabeth and Philip stay until 1949?

answer: Windlesham Moor

text: Windlesham Moor

question: After 1949 where did Elizabeth live in London?

answer: Clarence House

text: Clarence House

question: In which armed force was the Duke of Edinburgh?

answer: Royal Navy

text: Royal Navy

question: Where was Philip stationed during WWII?

answer: British Crown Colony of Malta

text: British Crown Colony of Malta

question: In whose home did Elizabeth and Philip stay in Malta?

answer: Lord Mountbatten

text: Lord Mountbatten

question: In what year did Elizabeth live in Villa Guardamangia?

question: In what year did Lord Mountbatten start to rent Villa Guardamangia?

question: In what year did the Duke of Edinburgh become a Royal Navy officer?

question: In what year was Villa Guardamangia built?

question: In what year did Elizabeth marry the Duke of Edinburgh?


text: Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America.

title: Glacier

title: Glacier

text: Large

text: masses

text: such

text: as

text: ice

text: sheets

text: or

text: glaciers

text: can

text: depress

text: the

text: crust

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: into

text: the

text: mantle

text: The

text: depression

text: usually

text: totals

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: ice

text: sheet

text: or

text: glacier

text: 's

text: thickness

text: After

text: the

text: ice

text: sheet

text: or

text: glacier

text: melts

text: the

text: mantle

text: begins

text: to

text: flow

text: back

text: to

text: its

text: original

text: position

text: pushing

text: the

text: crust

text: back

text: up

text: This

text: post

text: glacial

text: rebound

text: which

text: proceeds

text: very

text: slowly

text: after

text: the

text: melting

text: of

text: the

text: ice

text: sheet

text: or

text: glacier

text: is

text: currently

text: occurring

text: in

text: measurable

text: amounts

text: in

text: Scandinavia

text: and

text: the

text: Great

text: Lakes

text: region

text: of

text: North

text: America

question: Where is post-glacial rebound occuring most?

answer: Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America.

text: Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America.

question: What has the ability to depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle?

answer: Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers

text: Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers

question: With what speed does post-glacial rebound occur?

answer: very slowly

text: very slowly

question: How much of a glacier's thickness is usually involved during crust depression into the mantle?

answer: a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness

text: a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness

question: Where has post-glacial rebound stopped occuring?

question: What totals a thirs of the glaciers length?

text: The depression

question: What happens quickly after the ice sheet melts?

text: post-glacial rebound

question: What pushes up the mantle of the Earth?


text: The Yangtze River and its tributaries flows through the mountains of western Sichuan and the Sichuan Basin; thus, the province is upstream of the great cities that stand along the Yangtze River further to the east, such as Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai. One of the major tributaries of the Yangtze within the province is the Min River of central Sichuan, which joins the Yangtze at Yibin. Sichuan's 4 main rivers, as Sichuan means literally, are Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, and Jinsha Jiang.

title: Sichuan

title: Sichuan

text: The

text: Yangtze

text: River

text: and

text: its

text: tributaries

text: flows

text: through

text: the

text: mountains

text: of

text: western

text: Sichuan

text: and

text: the

text: Sichuan

text: Basin

text: thus

text: the

text: province

text: is

text: upstream

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: cities

text: that

text: stand

text: along

text: the

text: Yangtze

text: River

text: further

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: such

text: as

text: Chongqing

text: Wuhan

text: Nanjing

text: and

text: Shanghai

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: tributaries

text: of

text: the

text: Yangtze

text: within

text: the

text: province

text: is

text: the

text: Min

text: River

text: of

text: central

text: Sichuan

text: which

text: joins

text: the

text: Yangtze

text: at

text: Yibin

text: Sichuan

text: 's

text: main

text: rivers

text: as

text: Sichuan

text: means

text: literally

text: are

text: Jaling

text: Jiang

text: Tuo

text: Jiang

text: Yalong

text: Jiang

text: and

text: Jinsha

text: Jiang

question: Which river flows through the Sichuan Basin?

answer: Yangtze River

text: Yangtze River

question: Which tributary of the Yangtze flows through central Sichuan?

answer: Min River

text: Min River

question: What are the 4 main rivers in Sichuan?

answer: Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, and Jinsha Jiang

text: Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, and Jinsha Jiang

question: Name some cities downstream of the Yangtze river that are to the east of Sichuan.

answer: Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai

text: Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai

question: What river flows through eastern Sichuan?

text: Yangtze

question: What province is downstream from the large cities along the Yangtze?

text: Sichuan

question: what cities are west of Sichuan?

text: Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai.

question: The Yangtze is a trubutary of what river?

text: Min

question: Which river flows through the Nanjing Basin?

text: Yangtze River

question: Which tributary of the Yangtze flows through central Jaling Jaling?

text: Min River

question: What are the 4 main rivers in Chongquing?

question: Name some cities downstream of the Yangtze river that are to the west of Sichuan?

text: Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai

question: What joins the Wuhan at Yibin?

text: Min River


text: Pluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of a single ultimate mental reality or "Absolute". Leibniz' form of idealism, known as Panpsychism, views "monads" as the true atoms of the universe and as entities having perception. The monads are "substantial forms of being",elemental, individual, subject to their own laws, non-interacting, each reflecting the entire universe. Monads are centers of force, which is substance while space, matter and motion are phenomenal and their form and existence is dependent on the simple and immaterial monads. There is a pre-established harmony established by God, the central monad, between the world in the minds of the monads and the external world of objects. Leibniz's cosmology embraced traditional Christian Theism. The English psychologist and philosopher James Ward inspired by Leibniz had also defended a form of pluralistic idealism. According to Ward the universe is composed of "psychic monads" of different levels, interacting for mutual self- betterment.

title: Idealism

title: Idealism

text: Pluralistic

text: idealism

text: such

text: as

text: that

text: of

text: Gottfried

text: Leibniz

text: takes

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: individual

text: minds

text: that

text: together

text: underlie

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: the

text: observed

text: world

text: and

text: make

text: possible

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: the

text: physical

text: universe

text: Unlike

text: absolute

text: idealism

text: pluralistic

text: idealism

text: does

text: not

text: assume

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: ultimate

text: mental

text: reality

text: or

text: Absolute

text: Leibniz

text: form

text: of

text: idealism

text: known

text: as

text: Panpsychism

text: views

text: monads

text: as

text: the

text: true

text: atoms

text: of

text: the

text: universe

text: and

text: as

text: entities

text: having

text: perception

text: The

text: monads

text: are

text: substantial

text: forms

text: of

text: being",elemental

text: individual

text: subject

text: to

text: their

text: own

text: laws

text: non

text: interacting

text: each

text: reflecting

text: the

text: entire

text: universe

text: Monads

text: are

text: centers

text: of

text: force

text: which

text: is

text: substance

text: while

text: space

text: matter

text: and

text: motion

text: are

text: phenomenal

text: and

text: their

text: form

text: and

text: existence

text: is

text: dependent

text: on

text: the

text: simple

text: and

text: immaterial

text: monads

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: pre

text: established

text: harmony

text: established

text: by

text: God

text: the

text: central

text: monad

text: between

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: the

text: minds

text: of

text: the

text: monads

text: and

text: the

text: external

text: world

text: of

text: objects

text: Leibniz

text: 's

text: cosmology

text: embraced

text: traditional

text: Christian

text: Theism

text: The

text: English

text: psychologist

text: and

text: philosopher

text: James

text: Ward

text: inspired

text: by

text: Leibniz

text: had

text: also

text: defended

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: pluralistic

text: idealism

text: According

text: to

text: Ward

text: the

text: universe

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: psychic

text: monads

text: of

text: different

text: levels

text: interacting

text: for

text: mutual

text: self-

text: betterment

question: Who is a notable exponent of pluralistic idealism?

answer: Gottfried Leibniz

text: Gottfried Leibniz

question: What is the term for the type of idealism preached by Leibniz?

answer: Panpsychism

text: Panpsychism

question: What did Leibniz believe the universe is fundamentally composed of?

answer: monads

text: monads

question: Who was a notable disciple of Leibniz?

answer: James Ward

text: James Ward

question: What does Ward see as the purpose of interaction between monads?

answer: self- betterment

text: self- betterment

question: What form of thought rejected Leibniz's cosmology?

text: Christian Theism

question: What was Leibniz's nationality?

text: English

question: Who did James Ward inspire?

text: Leibniz

question: What form of idealism did Ward create?

text: Panpsychism

question: Pluralistic idealism assumes the absolute in the same way what other form of idealism does?

text: absolute