text: Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine. Roman emperor Augustus in 12 BC ordered the conquest of the Germans, but the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest resulted in the Roman Empire abandoning its plans to completely conquer Germany. Germanic peoples in Roman territory were culturally Romanized, and although much of Germany remained free of direct Roman rule, Rome deeply influenced the development of German society, especially the adoption of Christianity by the Germans who obtained it from the Romans. In Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become a major influence in the development of a common German identity.

title: Germans

title: Germans

text: Conflict

text: between

text: the

text: Germanic

text: tribes

text: and

text: the

text: forces

text: of

text: Rome

text: under

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: forced

text: major

text: Germanic

text: tribes

text: to

text: retreat

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: Roman

text: emperor

text: Augustus

text: in

text: BC

text: ordered

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Germans

text: but

text: the

text: catastrophic

text: Roman

text: defeat

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Teutoburg

text: Forest

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: abandoning

text: its

text: plans

text: to

text: completely

text: conquer

text: Germany

text: Germanic

text: peoples

text: in

text: Roman

text: territory

text: were

text: culturally

text: Romanized

text: and

text: although

text: much

text: of

text: Germany

text: remained

text: free

text: of

text: direct

text: Roman

text: rule

text: Rome

text: deeply

text: influenced

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: German

text: society

text: especially

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: Christianity

text: by

text: the

text: Germans

text: who

text: obtained

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: Romans

text: In

text: Roman

text: held

text: territories

text: with

text: Germanic

text: populations

text: the

text: Germanic

text: and

text: Roman

text: peoples

text: intermarried

text: and

text: Roman

text: Germanic

text: and

text: Christian

text: traditions

text: intermingled

text: The

text: adoption

text: of

text: Christianity

text: would

text: later

text: become

text: a

text: major

text: influence

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: a

text: common

text: German

text: identity

question: What emperor forced the Germanic tribes to the east side of the Rhine?

answer: Julius Caesar

text: Julius Caesar

question: In what did Emperor Augustus order the conquest of the Germans?

answer: 12 BC

text: 12 BC

question: The Romans suffered a horrible defeat in there conquest of the Germans in what battle?

answer: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

text: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

question: Roman's adoption of what religion would greatly influence the German society?

answer: Christianity

text: Christianity

question: Through what act would Roman and German customs become intertwine?

answer: Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried

text: Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried

question: Which Roman emperor ordered the conquest of the Germans?

answer: Augustus

text: Augustus

question: What religion did Germans adopt?

answer: Christianity

text: Christianity

question: What battle did Germans defeat the Romans?

answer: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest r

text: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest r

question: Who ordered the conquest of the Germans in the 1200's BC

text: Roman emperor Augustus

question: Who did the Romans defeat ate the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest?

text: Germans

question: What did the Romans get from the Germans?

text: Christianity

question: What identity did Roman culture form?

text: a common German identity


text: Historians have judged the Qing dynasty's vulnerability and weakness to foreign imperialism in the 19th century to be based mainly on its maritime naval weakness while it achieved military success against westerners on land, the historian Edward L. Dreyer said that "China’s nineteenth-century humiliations were strongly related to her weakness and failure at sea. At the start of the Opium War, China had no unified navy and no sense of how vulnerable she was to attack from the sea; British forces sailed and steamed wherever they wanted to go......In the Arrow War (1856–60), the Chinese had no way to prevent the Anglo-French expedition of 1860 from sailing into the Gulf of Zhili and landing as near as possible to Beijing. Meanwhile, new but not exactly modern Chinese armies suppressed the midcentury rebellions, bluffed Russia into a peaceful settlement of disputed frontiers in Central Asia, and defeated the French forces on land in the Sino-French War (1884–85). But the defeat of the fleet, and the resulting threat to steamship traffic to Taiwan, forced China to conclude peace on unfavorable terms."

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: Historians

text: have

text: judged

text: the

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: 's

text: vulnerability

text: and

text: weakness

text: to

text: foreign

text: imperialism

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: to

text: be

text: based

text: mainly

text: on

text: its

text: maritime

text: naval

text: weakness

text: while

text: it

text: achieved

text: military

text: success

text: against

text: westerners

text: on

text: land

text: the

text: historian

text: Edward

text: L.

text: Dreyer

text: said

text: that

text: China

text: ’s

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: humiliations

text: were

text: strongly

text: related

text: to

text: her

text: weakness

text: and

text: failure

text: at

text: sea

text: At

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Opium

text: War

text: China

text: had

text: no

text: unified

text: navy

text: and

text: no

text: sense

text: of

text: how

text: vulnerable

text: she

text: was

text: to

text: attack

text: from

text: the

text: sea

text: British

text: forces

text: sailed

text: and

text: steamed

text: wherever

text: they

text: wanted

text: to

text: go

text: In

text: the

text: Arrow

text: War

text: the

text: Chinese

text: had

text: no

text: way

text: to

text: prevent

text: the

text: Anglo

text: French

text: expedition

text: of

text: from

text: sailing

text: into

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Zhili

text: and

text: landing

text: as

text: near

text: as

text: possible

text: to

text: Beijing

text: Meanwhile

text: new

text: but

text: not

text: exactly

text: modern

text: Chinese

text: armies

text: suppressed

text: the

text: midcentury

text: rebellions

text: bluffed

text: Russia

text: into

text: a

text: peaceful

text: settlement

text: of

text: disputed

text: frontiers

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: defeated

text: the

text: French

text: forces

text: on

text: land

text: in

text: the

text: Sino

text: French

text: War

text: But

text: the

text: defeat

text: of

text: the

text: fleet

text: and

text: the

text: resulting

text: threat

text: to

text: steamship

text: traffic

text: to

text: Taiwan

text: forced

text: China

text: to

text: conclude

text: peace

text: on

text: unfavorable

text: terms

question: What was the main problem the Qing had in preventing invasion from Europe?

answer: naval weakness

text: naval weakness

question: Which historian blamed naval weakness for European imperialism in China?

answer: Edward L. Dreyer

text: Edward L. Dreyer

question: When was the Arrow War?

answer: (1856–60)

question: Where did the French and English land in 1860?

answer: Gulf of Zhili

text: Gulf of Zhili


text: He tells that during this time he ran into a friend who told him that he was teaching Transcendental Meditation (TM), which prompted Schwarzenegger to reveal he had been struggling with anxiety for the first time in his life: "Even today, I still benefit from [the year of TM] because I don't merge and bring things together and see everything as one big problem."

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

text: He

text: tells

text: that

text: during

text: this

text: time

text: he

text: ran

text: into

text: a

text: friend

text: who

text: told

text: him

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: teaching

text: Transcendental

text: Meditation

text: TM

text: which

text: prompted

text: Schwarzenegger

text: to

text: reveal

text: he

text: had

text: been

text: struggling

text: with

text: anxiety

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: in

text: his

text: life

text: Even

text: today

text: I

text: still

text: benefit

text: from

text: the

text: year

text: of

text: TM

text: because

text: I

text: do

text: n't

text: merge

text: and

text: bring

text: things

text: together

text: and

text: see

text: everything

text: as

text: one

text: big

text: problem

question: What does TM stand for?

answer: Transcendental Meditation

text: Transcendental Meditation

question: What psychological problem did Schwarzenegger say he struggled with?

answer: anxiety

text: anxiety


text: The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, which left London as the only large metropolis in the world without a central administration. In 2000, London-wide government was restored, with the creation of the Greater London Authority. To celebrate the start of the 21st century, the Millennium Dome, London Eye and Millennium Bridge were constructed. On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics, making London the first city to stage the Olympic Games three times. In January 2015, Greater London's population was estimated to be 8.63 million, the highest level since 1939.

title: London

title: London

text: The

text: Greater

text: London

text: Council

text: was

text: abolished

text: in

text: which

text: left

text: London

text: as

text: the

text: only

text: large

text: metropolis

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: without

text: a

text: central

text: administration

text: In

text: London

text: wide

text: government

text: was

text: restored

text: with

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Greater

text: London

text: Authority

text: To

text: celebrate

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: Millennium

text: Dome

text: London

text: Eye

text: and

text: Millennium

text: Bridge

text: were

text: constructed

text: On

text: July

text: London

text: was

text: awarded

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: making

text: London

text: the

text: first

text: city

text: to

text: stage

text: the

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: three

text: times

text: In

text: January

text: Greater

text: London

text: 's

text: population

text: was

text: estimated

text: to

text: be

text: million

text: the

text: highest

text: level

text: since

question: What were the Millennium Dome, the London Eye, and the Millennium Bridge created to honor?

answer: the start of the 21st century

text: the start of the 21st century

question: What government entity was abolished in 1986?

answer: The Greater London Council

text: The Greater London Council

question: London was honored with what in July, 2005?

answer: awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics

text: awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics

question: What replaced the long-abolished Greater London Council in 2000?

answer: the Greater London Authority

text: the Greater London Authority

question: The population of Greater London in January 2015 was its greatest since what year?

answer: 1939


text: Traditionally a carnival feast was the last opportunity to eat well before the time of food shortage at the end of the winter during which one was limited to the minimum necessary. On what nowadays is called vastenavond (the days before fasting) all the remaining winter stores of lard, butter and meat which were left would be eaten, for it would soon start to rot and decay. The selected livestock had in fact already been slaughtered in November and the meat would be no longer preservable. All the food that had survived the winter had to be eaten to assure that everyone was fed enough to survive until the coming spring would provide new food sources.

title: Carnival

title: Carnival

text: Traditionally

text: a

text: carnival

text: feast

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: opportunity

text: to

text: eat

text: well

text: before

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: food

text: shortage

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: winter

text: during

text: which

text: one

text: was

text: limited

text: to

text: the

text: minimum

text: necessary

text: On

text: what

text: nowadays

text: is

text: called

text: vastenavond

text: the

text: days

text: before

text: fasting

text: all

text: the

text: remaining

text: winter

text: stores

text: of

text: lard

text: butter

text: and

text: meat

text: which

text: were

text: left

text: would

text: be

text: eaten

text: for

text: it

text: would

text: soon

text: start

text: to

text: rot

text: and

text: decay

text: The

text: selected

text: livestock

text: had

text: in

text: fact

text: already

text: been

text: slaughtered

text: in

text: November

text: and

text: the

text: meat

text: would

text: be

text: no

text: longer

text: preservable

text: All

text: the

text: food

text: that

text: had

text: survived

text: the

text: winter

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: eaten

text: to

text: assure

text: that

text: everyone

text: was

text: fed

text: enough

text: to

text: survive

text: until

text: the

text: coming

text: spring

text: would

text: provide

text: new

text: food

text: sources

question: Why was the carnival feast typically the last opportunity to eat well?

answer: food shortage at the end of the winter

text: food shortage at the end of the winter

question: What was one limited to during the winter?

answer: the minimum necessary

text: the minimum necessary

question: What does "vastenavond" mean?

answer: the days before fasting)

text: the days before fasting)

question: Why would all the remaining stores of lard, butter and meat left at vastenavond be eaten?

answer: it would soon start to rot and decay

text: it would soon start to rot and decay

question: When would new food sources be available for those who survived the winter?

answer: spring

text: spring


text: Firstly conceived and still used today for optical storage devices (CD-RW drives, DVD drives, etc.), several manufacturers offer external portable USB hard disk drives, or empty enclosures for disk drives. These offer performance comparable to internal drives, limited by the current number and types of attached USB devices, and by the upper limit of the USB interface (in practice about 30 MB/s for USB 2.0 and potentially 400 MB/s or more for USB 3.0). These external drives typically include a "translating device" that bridges between a drive's interface to a USB interface port. Functionally, the drive appears to the user much like an internal drive. Other competing standards for external drive connectivity include eSATA, ExpressCard, FireWire (IEEE 1394), and most recently Thunderbolt.

title: USB

title: USB

text: Firstly

text: conceived

text: and

text: still

text: used

text: today

text: for

text: optical

text: storage

text: devices

text: CD

text: RW

text: drives

text: DVD

text: drives

text: etc

text: several

text: manufacturers

text: offer

text: external

text: portable

text: USB

text: hard

text: disk

text: drives

text: or

text: empty

text: enclosures

text: for

text: disk

text: drives

text: These

text: offer

text: performance

text: comparable

text: to

text: internal

text: drives

text: limited

text: by

text: the

text: current

text: number

text: and

text: types

text: of

text: attached

text: USB

text: devices

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: upper

text: limit

text: of

text: the

text: USB

text: interface

text: in

text: practice

text: about

text: MB

text: s

text: for

text: USB

text: and

text: potentially

text: MB

text: s

text: or

text: more

text: for

text: USB

text: These

text: external

text: drives

text: typically

text: include

text: a

text: translating

text: device

text: that

text: bridges

text: between

text: a

text: drive

text: 's

text: interface

text: to

text: a

text: USB

text: interface

text: port

text: Functionally

text: the

text: drive

text: appears

text: to

text: the

text: user

text: much

text: like

text: an

text: internal

text: drive

text: Other

text: competing

text: standards

text: for

text: external

text: drive

text: connectivity

text: include

text: eSATA

text: ExpressCard

text: FireWire

text: IEEE

text: and

text: most

text: recently

text: Thunderbolt

question: Several manufacturers offer what?

answer: external portable USB hard disk drives

text: external portable USB hard disk drives

question: What do external portable USB hard drive disks offer?

answer: performance comparable to internal drives

text: performance comparable to internal drives

question: What is the most recent standard for external drive connectivity?

answer: Thunderbolt

text: Thunderbolt

question: What do the external drives typically include?

answer: a "translating device"

text: a "translating device"


text: Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348.

title: Late_Middle_Ages

title: Late_Middle_Ages

text: Parallel

text: to

text: the

text: military

text: developments

text: emerged

text: also

text: a

text: constantly

text: more

text: elaborate

text: chivalric

text: code

text: of

text: conduct

text: for

text: the

text: warrior

text: class

text: This

text: new

text: found

text: ethos

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: a

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: diminishing

text: military

text: role

text: of

text: the

text: aristocracy

text: and

text: gradually

text: it

text: became

text: almost

text: entirely

text: detached

text: from

text: its

text: military

text: origin

text: The

text: spirit

text: of

text: chivalry

text: was

text: given

text: expression

text: through

text: the

text: new

text: secular

text: type

text: of

text: chivalric

text: orders

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: these

text: was

text: the

text: Order

text: of

text: St.

text: George

text: founded

text: by

text: Charles

text: I

text: of

text: Hungary

text: in

text: while

text: the

text: best

text: known

text: was

text: probably

text: the

text: English

text: Order

text: of

text: the

text: Garter

text: founded

text: by

text: Edward

text: III

text: in

question: What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348?

answer: Order of the Garter

text: Order of the Garter

question: Who founded the Order of St. George?

answer: Charles I of Hungary

text: Charles I of Hungary

question: In what year was the Order of St. George founded?

answer: 1325

question: What was the code of conduct of the military orders called?

answer: chivalry

text: chivalry

question: In what year was the Order of the Garter established?

answer: 1348

question: What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1438?

text: English Order of the Garter

question: Who co-founded the Order of St. George?

text: Charles I of Hungary

question: In what year was the Order of St. George disbanded?

question: What wasn't the code of conduct of the military orders called?

text: chivalry

question: In what year was the Order of the Garter destroyed?


text: Air Force officer promotions are governed by the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act (ROPMA) for officers in the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard. DOPMA also establishes limits on the number of officers that can serve at any given time in the Air Force. Currently, promotion from second lieutenant to first lieutenant is virtually guaranteed after two years of satisfactory service. The promotion from first lieutenant to captain is competitive after successfully completing another two years of service, with a selection rate varying between 99% and 100%. Promotion to major through major general is through a formal selection board process, while promotions to lieutenant general and general are contingent upon nomination to specific general officer positions and subject to U.S. Senate approval.

title: United_States_Air_Force

title: United_States_Air_Force

text: Air

text: Force

text: officer

text: promotions

text: are

text: governed

text: by

text: the

text: Defense

text: Officer

text: Personnel

text: Management

text: Act

text: of

text: and

text: its

text: companion

text: Reserve

text: Officer

text: Personnel

text: Management

text: Act

text: ROPMA

text: for

text: officers

text: in

text: the

text: Air

text: Force

text: Reserve

text: and

text: the

text: Air

text: National

text: Guard

text: DOPMA

text: also

text: establishes

text: limits

text: on

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: officers

text: that

text: can

text: serve

text: at

text: any

text: given

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: Air

text: Force

text: Currently

text: promotion

text: from

text: second

text: lieutenant

text: to

text: first

text: lieutenant

text: is

text: virtually

text: guaranteed

text: after

text: two

text: years

text: of

text: satisfactory

text: service

text: The

text: promotion

text: from

text: first

text: lieutenant

text: to

text: captain

text: is

text: competitive

text: after

text: successfully

text: completing

text: another

text: two

text: years

text: of

text: service

text: with

text: a

text: selection

text: rate

text: varying

text: between

text: and

text: Promotion

text: to

text: major

text: through

text: major

text: general

text: is

text: through

text: a

text: formal

text: selection

text: board

text: process

text: while

text: promotions

text: to

text: lieutenant

text: general

text: and

text: general

text: are

text: contingent

text: upon

text: nomination

text: to

text: specific

text: general

text: officer

text: positions

text: and

text: subject

text: to

text: U.S.

text: Senate

text: approval

question: What are Air Force Officer promotions overseen by?

answer: Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980

text: Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980

question: Was does ROPMA stand for in the USAF?

answer: Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act

text: Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act

question: Who establishes limits on the amount of Air Force officers?

answer: DOPMA

text: DOPMA

question: How long does it usually take to be promoted from second to first lieutenant in the USAF?

answer: virtually guaranteed after two years

text: virtually guaranteed after two years

question: What promotion in the USAF is governed by a formal selection process?

answer: Promotion to major through major general

text: Promotion to major through major general


text: Armenians enjoy many different native and foreign foods. Arguably the favorite food is khorovats an Armenian-styled barbecue. Lavash is a very popular Armenian flat bread, and Armenian paklava is a popular dessert made from filo dough. Other famous Armenian foods include the kabob (a skewer of marinated roasted meat and vegetables), various dolmas (minced lamb, or beef meat and rice wrapped in grape leaves, cabbage leaves, or stuffed into hollowed vegetables), and pilaf, a rice dish. Also, ghapama, a rice-stuffed pumpkin dish, and many different salads are popular in Armenian culture. Fruits play a large part in the Armenian diet. Apricots (Prunus armeniaca, also known as Armenian Plum) have been grown in Armenia for centuries and have a reputation for having an especially good flavor. Peaches are popular as well, as are grapes, figs, pomegranates, and melons. Preserves are made from many fruits, including cornelian cherries, young walnuts, sea buckthorn, mulberries, sour cherries, and many others.

title: Armenians

title: Armenians

text: Armenians

text: enjoy

text: many

text: different

text: native

text: and

text: foreign

text: foods

text: Arguably

text: the

text: favorite

text: food

text: is

text: khorovats

text: an

text: Armenian

text: styled

text: barbecue

text: Lavash

text: is

text: a

text: very

text: popular

text: Armenian

text: flat

text: bread

text: and

text: Armenian

text: paklava

text: is

text: a

text: popular

text: dessert

text: made

text: from

text: filo

text: dough

text: Other

text: famous

text: Armenian

text: foods

text: include

text: the

text: kabob

text: a

text: skewer

text: of

text: marinated

text: roasted

text: meat

text: and

text: vegetables

text: various

text: dolmas

text: minced

text: lamb

text: or

text: beef

text: meat

text: and

text: rice

text: wrapped

text: in

text: grape

text: leaves

text: cabbage

text: leaves

text: or

text: stuffed

text: into

text: hollowed

text: vegetables

text: and

text: pilaf

text: a

text: rice

text: dish

text: Also

text: ghapama

text: a

text: rice

text: stuffed

text: pumpkin

text: dish

text: and

text: many

text: different

text: salads

text: are

text: popular

text: in

text: Armenian

text: culture

text: Fruits

text: play

text: a

text: large

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: Armenian

text: diet

text: Apricots

text: Prunus

text: armeniaca

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Armenian

text: Plum

text: have

text: been

text: grown

text: in

text: Armenia

text: for

text: centuries

text: and

text: have

text: a

text: reputation

text: for

text: having

text: an

text: especially

text: good

text: flavor

text: Peaches

text: are

text: popular

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: are

text: grapes

text: figs

text: pomegranates

text: and

text: melons

text: Preserves

text: are

text: made

text: from

text: many

text: fruits

text: including

text: cornelian

text: cherries

text: young

text: walnuts

text: sea

text: buckthorn

text: mulberries

text: sour

text: cherries

text: and

text: many

text: others

question: What is khorovats?

answer: an Armenian-styled barbecue

text: an Armenian-styled barbecue

question: What is lavash?

answer: Armenian flat bread

text: Armenian flat bread

question: What is paklava?

answer: a popular dessert made from filo dough

text: a popular dessert made from filo dough

question: What is a kabob?

answer: a skewer of marinated roasted meat and vegetables

text: a skewer of marinated roasted meat and vegetables

question: What is ghapama?

answer: a rice-stuffed pumpkin dish

text: a rice-stuffed pumpkin dish

question: What is the favorite fruit that is part of Armenian-style barbecue?

text: Apricots

question: How long have cornelian cherries been grown in Armenia?

text: for centuries

question: What reputation do cornelian cherries have?

text: for having an especially good flavor

question: What is a dish called that uses fruits, grapes and figs?

text: ghapama

question: What is a popular grape leaf in Armenia?

text: Lavash


text: Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders, utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At Çatal höyük, houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub were constructed. Elaborate tombs were built for the dead. These tombs are particularly numerous in Ireland, where there are many thousand still in existence. Neolithic people in the British Isles built long barrows and chamber tombs for their dead and causewayed camps, henges, flint mines and cursus monuments. It was also important to figure out ways of preserving food for future months, such as fashioning relatively airtight containers, and using substances like salt as preservatives.

title: Neolithic

title: Neolithic

text: Neolithic

text: peoples

text: in

text: the

text: Levant

text: Anatolia

text: Syria

text: northern

text: Mesopotamia

text: and

text: Central

text: Asia

text: were

text: also

text: accomplished

text: builders

text: utilizing

text: mud

text: brick

text: to

text: construct

text: houses

text: and

text: villages

text: At

text: Çatal

text: höyük

text: houses

text: were

text: plastered

text: and

text: painted

text: with

text: elaborate

text: scenes

text: of

text: humans

text: and

text: animals

text: In

text: Europe

text: long

text: houses

text: built

text: from

text: wattle

text: and

text: daub

text: were

text: constructed

text: Elaborate

text: tombs

text: were

text: built

text: for

text: the

text: dead

text: These

text: tombs

text: are

text: particularly

text: numerous

text: in

text: Ireland

text: where

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: thousand

text: still

text: in

text: existence

text: Neolithic

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: built

text: long

text: barrows

text: and

text: chamber

text: tombs

text: for

text: their

text: dead

text: and

text: causewayed

text: camps

text: henges

text: flint

text: mines

text: and

text: cursus

text: monuments

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: important

text: to

text: figure

text: out

text: ways

text: of

text: preserving

text: food

text: for

text: future

text: months

text: such

text: as

text: fashioning

text: relatively

text: airtight

text: containers

text: and

text: using

text: substances

text: like

text: salt

text: as

text: preservatives

question: What did Neolithic people use mud-brick to build?

answer: houses and villages

text: houses and villages

question: What scenes did the paintings on homes depict?

answer: humans and animals

text: humans and animals

question: What were European homes constructed from?

answer: wattle and daub

text: wattle and daub

question: What types of sites were built for the deceased?

answer: Elaborate tombs

text: Elaborate tombs

question: Where do thousands of early tombs still exist?

answer: Ireland

text: Ireland

question: What did European people use mud-brick to build?

text: houses and villages

question: What scenes did the people on homes depict?

text: humans and animals

question: What were Syrian homes constructed from?

text: wattle and daub

question: What types of sites were built for the animals?

text: Elaborate tombs

question: Where do thousands of early humans still exist?

text: Ireland


text: The geography of Southampton is influenced by the sea and rivers. The city lies at the northern tip of the Southampton Water, a deep water estuary, which is a ria formed at the end of the last Ice Age. Here, the rivers Test and Itchen converge. The Test—which has salt marsh that makes it ideal for salmon fishing—runs along the western edge of the city, while the Itchen splits Southampton in two—east and west. The city centre is located between the two rivers.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: The

text: geography

text: of

text: Southampton

text: is

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: sea

text: and

text: rivers

text: The

text: city

text: lies

text: at

text: the

text: northern

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: Southampton

text: Water

text: a

text: deep

text: water

text: estuary

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: ria

text: formed

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: Ice

text: Age

text: Here

text: the

text: rivers

text: Test

text: and

text: Itchen

text: converge

text: The

text: Test

text: which

text: has

text: salt

text: marsh

text: that

text: makes

text: it

text: ideal

text: for

text: salmon

text: fishing

text: runs

text: along

text: the

text: western

text: edge

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: while

text: the

text: Itchen

text: splits

text: Southampton

text: in

text: two

text: east

text: and

text: west

text: The

text: city

text: centre

text: is

text: located

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: rivers

question: At which tip of Southampton Water is Southampton located?

answer: northern

text: northern

question: What river converges with the Test?

answer: Itchen

text: Itchen

question: Which river is excellent for salmon fishing?

answer: Test

text: Test

question: Which river splits the city of Southampton into an east section and a west section?

answer: Itchen

text: Itchen

question: What Southampton area is located between the Itchen and Test rivers?

answer: The city centre

text: The city centre


text: The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large schools, is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, and is an important food organism for whales, seals, leopard seals, fur seals, squid, icefish, penguins, albatrosses and many other birds.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: The

text: Antarctic

text: fur

text: seal

text: was

text: very

text: heavily

text: hunted

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: for

text: its

text: pelt

text: by

text: sealers

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: The

text: Weddell

text: seal

text: a

text: true

text: seal

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: Sir

text: James

text: Weddell

text: commander

text: of

text: British

text: sealing

text: expeditions

text: in

text: the

text: Weddell

text: Sea

text: Antarctic

text: krill

text: which

text: congregate

text: in

text: large

text: schools

text: is

text: the

text: keystone

text: species

text: of

text: the

text: ecosystem

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: and

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: food

text: organism

text: for

text: whales

text: seals

text: leopard

text: seals

text: fur

text: seals

text: squid

text: icefish

text: penguins

text: albatrosses

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: birds

question: What animal was greatly hunted during the 18th and 19th centuries?

answer: Antarctic fur seal

text: Antarctic fur seal

question: For whom is the Weddell seal named ?

answer: Sir James Weddell

text: Sir James Weddell

question: What did  Sir James Weddell command?

answer: British sealing expeditions

text: British sealing expeditions

question: What is a very important species in the Southern Ocean?

answer: Antarctic krill

text: Antarctic krill

question: Why is the krill so important to the Antarctic area?

answer: important food

text: important food

question: What animal was heavily hunted in the 18 and 1900's?

text: fur seal

question: What seal is named after the commander of American sealing expoditions?

text: The Weddell seal

question: What whaler had a seal named after him?

text: Sir James Weddell

question: What is the keystone species of the Arctic Ocean?

text: Antarctic krill

question: What bird do leapard seals feed on?

text: albatrosses

question: What was hunted during 1819?

text: Antarctic fur seal

question: What countries did the 1819 sealers come from?

text: United States and the United Kingdom

question: What is named after James Sir Weddell?

text: Weddell seal

question: What was James Sir Weddell commander of?


text: Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate.

title: Southern_Europe

title: Southern_Europe

text: Cooler

text: climates

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: certain

text: parts

text: of

text: Southern

text: European

text: countries

text: for

text: example

text: within

text: the

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: of

text: Spain

text: and

text: Italy

text: Additionally

text: the

text: north

text: coast

text: of

text: Spain

text: experiences

text: a

text: wetter

text: Atlantic

text: climate

question: Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe?

answer: mountain ranges of Spain and Italy

text: mountain ranges of Spain and Italy

question: Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe?

answer: north coast of Spain

text: north coast of Spain

question: What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain?

answer: Atlantic climate

text: Atlantic climate

question: Where do colder areas occur within northern Europe?

text: mountain ranges of Spain and Italy

question: Where are dry areas found in southern Europe?

text: north coast of Spain

question: What term can be used to describe the wet area of Northern Europe?

text: Atlantic climate

question: The east coast of Spain experiences what kind of climate?

text: wetter

question: Where have cooler climates recently began to warm up?

text: Southern European countries


text: While Nasser was in Syria, King Saud planned to have him assassinated on his return flight to Cairo. On 4 March, Nasser addressed the masses in Damascus and waved before them the Saudi check given to Syrian security chief and Nasser supporter Abdel Hamid Sarraj to shoot down Nasser's plane. As a consequence of Saud's scheme, he was forced by senior members of the Saudi royal family to informally cede most of his powers to his brother, King Faisal, a major opponent of Nasser and advocate for pan-Islamic unity over pan-Arabism.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: While

text: Nasser

text: was

text: in

text: Syria

text: King

text: Saud

text: planned

text: to

text: have

text: him

text: assassinated

text: on

text: his

text: return

text: flight

text: to

text: Cairo

text: On

text: March

text: Nasser

text: addressed

text: the

text: masses

text: in

text: Damascus

text: and

text: waved

text: before

text: them

text: the

text: Saudi

text: check

text: given

text: to

text: Syrian

text: security

text: chief

text: and

text: Nasser

text: supporter

text: Abdel

text: Hamid

text: Sarraj

text: to

text: shoot

text: down

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: plane

text: As

text: a

text: consequence

text: of

text: Saud

text: 's

text: scheme

text: he

text: was

text: forced

text: by

text: senior

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Saudi

text: royal

text: family

text: to

text: informally

text: cede

text: most

text: of

text: his

text: powers

text: to

text: his

text: brother

text: King

text: Faisal

text: a

text: major

text: opponent

text: of

text: Nasser

text: and

text: advocate

text: for

text: pan

text: Islamic

text: unity

text: over

text: pan

text: Arabism

question: Who tried to assassinate Nasser?

answer: King Saud

text: King Saud

question: How was the assassination supposed to have been carried out?

answer: shoot down Nasser's plane

text: shoot down Nasser's plane

question: Who assumed power in Saudi Arabia after the failed assassination attempt?

answer: King Faisal

text: King Faisal

question: What was King Faisal's position toward Nasser?

answer: opponent

text: opponent


text: In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men. This was due to North Vietnam's support of "uprisings" in the south and concern the nation would fall. In May 1957 Diem, then President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States for ten days. President Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diem's honor in New York City. Although Diem was publicly praised, in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diem had been selected because there were no better alternatives.

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: In

text: the

text: years

text: that

text: followed

text: Eisenhower

text: increased

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: U.S.

text: military

text: advisors

text: in

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: to

text: men

text: This

text: was

text: due

text: to

text: North

text: Vietnam

text: 's

text: support

text: of

text: uprisings

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: concern

text: the

text: nation

text: would

text: fall

text: In

text: May

text: Diem

text: then

text: President

text: of

text: South

text: Vietnam

text: made

text: a

text: state

text: visit

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: for

text: ten

text: days

text: President

text: Eisenhower

text: pledged

text: his

text: continued

text: support

text: and

text: a

text: parade

text: was

text: held

text: in

text: Diem

text: 's

text: honor

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Although

text: Diem

text: was

text: publicly

text: praised

text: in

text: private

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: John

text: Foster

text: Dulles

text: conceded

text: that

text: Diem

text: had

text: been

text: selected

text: because

text: there

text: were

text: no

text: better

text: alternatives

question: How many soldiers did Eisenhower ultimately send to Vietnam?

answer: 900

question: How many days did the President of South Vietnam visit the US for in 1957?

answer: ten

text: ten

question: Where was a parade held for the President of South Vietnam?

answer: New York City

text: New York City

question: Who was Secretary of State in 1957?

answer: John Foster Dulles

text: John Foster Dulles

question: According to Dulles, why was Diem made president of Vietnam?

answer: there were no better alternatives

text: there were no better alternatives


text: Most historians[who?] consider Caliph Muawiyah (661–80) to have been the second ruler of the Umayyad dynasty, even though he was the first to assert the Umayyads' right to rule on a dynastic principle. It was really the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan (644–656), a member of Umayyad clan himself, that witnessed the revival and then the ascendancy of the Umayyad clan to the corridors of power. Uthman placed some of the trusted members of his clan at prominent and strong positions throughout the state. Most notable was the appointment of Marwan ibn al-Hakam, Uthman's first cousin, as his top advisor, which created a stir among the Hashimite companions of Muhammad, as Marwan along with his father Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As had been permanently exiled from Medina by Muhammad during his lifetime. Uthman also appointed as governor of Kufa his half-brother, Walid ibn Uqba, who was accused by Hashmites of leading prayer while under the influence of alcohol. Uthman also consolidated Muawiyah's governorship of Syria by granting him control over a larger area and appointed his foster brother Abdullah ibn Saad as the Governor of Egypt. However, since Uthman never named an heir, he cannot be considered the founder of a dynasty.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: Most

text: historians[who

text: consider

text: Caliph

text: Muawiyah

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: the

text: second

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: Umayyad

text: dynasty

text: even

text: though

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: assert

text: the

text: Umayyads

text: right

text: to

text: rule

text: on

text: a

text: dynastic

text: principle

text: It

text: was

text: really

text: the

text: caliphate

text: of

text: Uthman

text: Ibn

text: Affan

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: Umayyad

text: clan

text: himself

text: that

text: witnessed

text: the

text: revival

text: and

text: then

text: the

text: ascendancy

text: of

text: the

text: Umayyad

text: clan

text: to

text: the

text: corridors

text: of

text: power

text: Uthman

text: placed

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: trusted

text: members

text: of

text: his

text: clan

text: at

text: prominent

text: and

text: strong

text: positions

text: throughout

text: the

text: state

text: Most

text: notable

text: was

text: the

text: appointment

text: of

text: Marwan

text: ibn

text: al

text: Hakam

text: Uthman

text: 's

text: first

text: cousin

text: as

text: his

text: top

text: advisor

text: which

text: created

text: a

text: stir

text: among

text: the

text: Hashimite

text: companions

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: as

text: Marwan

text: along

text: with

text: his

text: father

text: Al

text: Hakam

text: ibn

text: Abi

text: al-'As

text: had

text: been

text: permanently

text: exiled

text: from

text: Medina

text: by

text: Muhammad

text: during

text: his

text: lifetime

text: Uthman

text: also

text: appointed

text: as

text: governor

text: of

text: Kufa

text: his

text: half

text: brother

text: Walid

text: ibn

text: Uqba

text: who

text: was

text: accused

text: by

text: Hashmites

text: of

text: leading

text: prayer

text: while

text: under

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: alcohol

text: Uthman

text: also

text: consolidated

text: Muawiyah

text: 's

text: governorship

text: of

text: Syria

text: by

text: granting

text: him

text: control

text: over

text: a

text: larger

text: area

text: and

text: appointed

text: his

text: foster

text: brother

text: Abdullah

text: ibn

text: Saad

text: as

text: the

text: Governor

text: of

text: Egypt

text: However

text: since

text: Uthman

text: never

text: named

text: an

text: heir

text: he

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: considered

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: a

text: dynasty

question: When did Muawiyah become caliph?

answer: 661

question: When did the caliphate of Uthman Ibn Affan end?

answer: 656

question: Who was the son of Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As?

answer: Marwan ibn al-Hakam

text: Marwan ibn al-Hakam

question: Who was the second ruler to asset the Umayyads' right to rule on dynastic principal?

text: Caliph Muawiyah

question: Who do most historians think was the first rules of the Umayyad dynasty?

text: Caliph Muawiyah

question: Which caliphate witnessed the downfall of the Umayyad clan?

text: Marwan ibn al-Hakam

question: Who was Marwan ibn al-Hakam'a top advisor?

text: Uthman

question: Why can Uthman be considered the founder of a dynasty?

text: never named an heir


text: Scientists have been studying the impact of climate change and water use. For example, each year more water is diverted from rivers for snowmaking in the ski resorts, the effect of which is yet unknown. Furthermore, the decrease of glaciated areas combined with a succession of winters with lower-than-expected precipitation may have a future impact on the rivers in the Alps as well as an effect on the water availability to the lowlands.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: Scientists

text: have

text: been

text: studying

text: the

text: impact

text: of

text: climate

text: change

text: and

text: water

text: use

text: For

text: example

text: each

text: year

text: more

text: water

text: is

text: diverted

text: from

text: rivers

text: for

text: snowmaking

text: in

text: the

text: ski

text: resorts

text: the

text: effect

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: yet

text: unknown

text: Furthermore

text: the

text: decrease

text: of

text: glaciated

text: areas

text: combined

text: with

text: a

text: succession

text: of

text: winters

text: with

text: lower

text: than

text: expected

text: precipitation

text: may

text: have

text: a

text: future

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: rivers

text: in

text: the

text: Alps

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: an

text: effect

text: on

text: the

text: water

text: availability

text: to

text: the

text: lowlands

question: Who have been studying the impact of climate change and water use?

answer: Scientists

text: Scientists

question: Water is diverted from rivers for what purpose?

answer: snowmaking in the ski resorts

text: snowmaking in the ski resorts

question: What are the effects of diverting the water from rivers?

answer: unknown

text: unknown


text: New chemical glass compositions or new treatment techniques can be initially investigated in small-scale laboratory experiments. The raw materials for laboratory-scale glass melts are often different from those used in mass production because the cost factor has a low priority. In the laboratory mostly pure chemicals are used. Care must be taken that the raw materials have not reacted with moisture or other chemicals in the environment (such as alkali or alkaline earth metal oxides and hydroxides, or boron oxide), or that the impurities are quantified (loss on ignition). Evaporation losses during glass melting should be considered during the selection of the raw materials, e.g., sodium selenite may be preferred over easily evaporating SeO2. Also, more readily reacting raw materials may be preferred over relatively inert ones, such as Al(OH)3 over Al2O3. Usually, the melts are carried out in platinum crucibles to reduce contamination from the crucible material. Glass homogeneity is achieved by homogenizing the raw materials mixture (glass batch), by stirring the melt, and by crushing and re-melting the first melt. The obtained glass is usually annealed to prevent breakage during processing.

title: Glass

title: Glass

text: New

text: chemical

text: glass

text: compositions

text: or

text: new

text: treatment

text: techniques

text: can

text: be

text: initially

text: investigated

text: in

text: small

text: scale

text: laboratory

text: experiments

text: The

text: raw

text: materials

text: for

text: laboratory

text: scale

text: glass

text: melts

text: are

text: often

text: different

text: from

text: those

text: used

text: in

text: mass

text: production

text: because

text: the

text: cost

text: factor

text: has

text: a

text: low

text: priority

text: In

text: the

text: laboratory

text: mostly

text: pure

text: chemicals

text: are

text: used

text: Care

text: must

text: be

text: taken

text: that

text: the

text: raw

text: materials

text: have

text: not

text: reacted

text: with

text: moisture

text: or

text: other

text: chemicals

text: in

text: the

text: environment

text: such

text: as

text: alkali

text: or

text: alkaline

text: earth

text: metal

text: oxides

text: and

text: hydroxides

text: or

text: boron

text: oxide

text: or

text: that

text: the

text: impurities

text: are

text: quantified

text: loss

text: on

text: ignition

text: Evaporation

text: losses

text: during

text: glass

text: melting

text: should

text: be

text: considered

text: during

text: the

text: selection

text: of

text: the

text: raw

text: materials

text: e.g.

text: sodium

text: selenite

text: may

text: be

text: preferred

text: over

text: easily

text: evaporating

text: Also

text: more

text: readily

text: reacting

text: raw

text: materials

text: may

text: be

text: preferred

text: over

text: relatively

text: inert

text: ones

text: such

text: as

text: over

text: Usually

text: the

text: melts

text: are

text: carried

text: out

text: in

text: platinum

text: crucibles

text: to

text: reduce

text: contamination

text: from

text: the

text: crucible

text: material

text: Glass

text: homogeneity

text: is

text: achieved

text: by

text: homogenizing

text: the

text: raw

text: materials

text: mixture

text: glass

text: batch

text: by

text: stirring

text: the

text: melt

text: and

text: by

text: crushing

text: and

text: re

text: melting

text: the

text: first

text: melt

text: The

text: obtained

text: glass

text: is

text: usually

text: annealed

text: to

text: prevent

text: breakage

text: during

text: processing

question: What material is useful in glassmaking because of its slow evaporation?

answer: sodium selenite

text: sodium selenite

question: What containers are used for melting?

answer: platinum crucibles

text: platinum crucibles

question: Why are different materials used in a lab than are used in factory production?

answer: the cost factor has a low priority

text: the cost factor has a low priority

question: What is the reason for crushing the glass and melting it again?

answer: homogeneity

text: homogeneity

question: Why is glass annealed?

answer: to prevent breakage

text: to prevent breakage

question: What meterial is useful in glassmaking because of its hydroxides?

text: sodium selenite

question: What containers are used for evaporation?

text: platinum crucibles

question: Why are different materials used in a lab than are used in the environment?

text: the cost factor has a low priority

question: What is the reason for crushing the glass by chemicals?

text: homogeneity

question: Why is glass evaporated?

text: to prevent breakage


text: Some street trams (streetcars) used conduit third-rail current collection. The third rail was below street level. The tram picked up the current through a plough (U.S. "plow") accessed through a narrow slot in the road. In the United States, much (though not all) of the former streetcar system in Washington, D.C. (discontinued in 1962) was operated in this manner to avoid the unsightly wires and poles associated with electric traction. The same was true with Manhattan's former streetcar system. The evidence of this mode of running can still be seen on the track down the slope on the northern access to the abandoned Kingsway Tramway Subway in central London, United Kingdom, where the slot between the running rails is clearly visible, and on P and Q Streets west of Wisconsin Avenue in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington DC, where the abandoned tracks have not been paved over. The slot can easily be confused with the similar looking slot for cable trams/cars (in some cases, the conduit slot was originally a cable slot). The disadvantage of conduit collection included much higher initial installation costs, higher maintenance costs, and problems with leaves and snow getting in the slot. For this reason, in Washington, D.C. cars on some lines converted to overhead wire on leaving the city center, a worker in a "plough pit" disconnecting the plough while another raised the trolley pole (hitherto hooked down to the roof) to the overhead wire. In New York City for the same reasons of cost and operating efficiency outside of Manhattan overhead wire was used. A similar system of changeover from conduit to overhead wire was also used on the London tramways, notably on the southern side; a typical changeover point was at Norwood, where the conduit snaked sideways from between the running rails, to provide a park for detached shoes or ploughs.

title: Railway_electrification_system

title: Railway_electrification_system

text: Some

text: street

text: trams

text: streetcars

text: used

text: conduit

text: third

text: rail

text: current

text: collection

text: The

text: third

text: rail

text: was

text: below

text: street

text: level

text: The

text: tram

text: picked

text: up

text: the

text: current

text: through

text: a

text: plough

text: U.S.

text: plow

text: accessed

text: through

text: a

text: narrow

text: slot

text: in

text: the

text: road

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: much

text: though

text: not

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: streetcar

text: system

text: in

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: discontinued

text: in

text: was

text: operated

text: in

text: this

text: manner

text: to

text: avoid

text: the

text: unsightly

text: wires

text: and

text: poles

text: associated

text: with

text: electric

text: traction

text: The

text: same

text: was

text: true

text: with

text: Manhattan

text: 's

text: former

text: streetcar

text: system

text: The

text: evidence

text: of

text: this

text: mode

text: of

text: running

text: can

text: still

text: be

text: seen

text: on

text: the

text: track

text: down

text: the

text: slope

text: on

text: the

text: northern

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: abandoned

text: Kingsway

text: Tramway

text: Subway

text: in

text: central

text: London

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: where

text: the

text: slot

text: between

text: the

text: running

text: rails

text: is

text: clearly

text: visible

text: and

text: on

text: P

text: and

text: Q

text: Streets

text: west

text: of

text: Wisconsin

text: Avenue

text: in

text: the

text: Georgetown

text: neighborhood

text: of

text: Washington

text: DC

text: where

text: the

text: abandoned

text: tracks

text: have

text: not

text: been

text: paved

text: over

text: The

text: slot

text: can

text: easily

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: the

text: similar

text: looking

text: slot

text: for

text: cable

text: trams

text: cars

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: the

text: conduit

text: slot

text: was

text: originally

text: a

text: cable

text: slot

text: The

text: disadvantage

text: of

text: conduit

text: collection

text: included

text: much

text: higher

text: initial

text: installation

text: costs

text: higher

text: maintenance

text: costs

text: and

text: problems

text: with

text: leaves

text: and

text: snow

text: getting

text: in

text: the

text: slot

text: For

text: this

text: reason

text: in

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: cars

text: on

text: some

text: lines

text: converted

text: to

text: overhead

text: wire

text: on

text: leaving

text: the

text: city

text: center

text: a

text: worker

text: in

text: a

text: plough

text: pit

text: disconnecting

text: the

text: plough

text: while

text: another

text: raised

text: the

text: trolley

text: pole

text: hitherto

text: hooked

text: down

text: to

text: the

text: roof

text: to

text: the

text: overhead

text: wire

text: In

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: for

text: the

text: same

text: reasons

text: of

text: cost

text: and

text: operating

text: efficiency

text: outside

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: overhead

text: wire

text: was

text: used

text: A

text: similar

text: system

text: of

text: changeover

text: from

text: conduit

text: to

text: overhead

text: wire

text: was

text: also

text: used

text: on

text: the

text: London

text: tramways

text: notably

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: side

text: a

text: typical

text: changeover

text: point

text: was

text: at

text: Norwood

text: where

text: the

text: conduit

text: snaked

text: sideways

text: from

text: between

text: the

text: running

text: rails

text: to

text: provide

text: a

text: park

text: for

text: detached

text: shoes

text: or

text: ploughs

question: What is the other name for the street trams?

answer: streetcars

text: streetcars

question: Where is third rail situated in the street trams system?

answer: below street level

text: below street level

question: What area in US discontinued using overhead wires for streetcars in 1962?

answer: Washington, D.C.

text: Washington, D.C.

question: What external and weather factors can effect conduit slot?

answer: leaves and snow

text: leaves and snow

question: What are the main reasons the conduit lines were converted to overhead  wire system?

answer: cost and operating efficiency

text: cost and operating efficiency

question: All street trams use conduit what?

text: third-rail current collection

question: What is accessed through a wide slot in the road?

text: a plough

question: In what neighborhood in New York have the abandoned tracks not been paved over?

text: Georgetown

question: An advantage of conduit collection is much high what?

text: initial installation costs

question: Cars on all lines have been converted to overhead wire in what city?

text: Washington, D.C.


text: The Partyja BPF (Belarusian Popular Front) was established in 1988 as a political party and cultural movement for democracy and independence, à la the Baltic republics’ popular fronts. The discovery of mass graves in Kurapaty outside Minsk by historian Zianon Pazniak, the Belarusian Popular Front’s first leader, gave additional momentum to the pro-democracy and pro-independence movement in Belarus. It claimed that the NKVD performed secret killings in Kurapaty. Initially the Front had significant visibility because its numerous public actions almost always ended in clashes with the police and the KGB.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: The

text: Partyja

text: BPF

text: Belarusian

text: Popular

text: Front

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: as

text: a

text: political

text: party

text: and

text: cultural

text: movement

text: for

text: democracy

text: and

text: independence

text: à

text: la

text: the

text: Baltic

text: republics’

text: popular

text: fronts

text: The

text: discovery

text: of

text: mass

text: graves

text: in

text: Kurapaty

text: outside

text: Minsk

text: by

text: historian

text: Zianon

text: Pazniak

text: the

text: Belarusian

text: Popular

text: Front

text: ’s

text: first

text: leader

text: gave

text: additional

text: momentum

text: to

text: the

text: pro

text: democracy

text: and

text: pro

text: independence

text: movement

text: in

text: Belarus

text: It

text: claimed

text: that

text: the

text: NKVD

text: performed

text: secret

text: killings

text: in

text: Kurapaty

text: Initially

text: the

text: Front

text: had

text: significant

text: visibility

text: because

text: its

text: numerous

text: public

text: actions

text: almost

text: always

text: ended

text: in

text: clashes

text: with

text: the

text: police

text: and

text: the

text: KGB

question: When did The Partyja BDF start?

answer: 1988

question: Who found mass graves?

answer: Zianon Pazniak

text: Zianon Pazniak

question: What is Pazniak's occupation?

answer: historian

text: historian

question: Where were the graves found?

answer: Kurapaty

text: Kurapaty

question: In addition to the police who did the BDF often have conflicts with?

answer: KGB

text: KGB


text: Since 2002, the North East of the country has seen sectarian violence by Boko Haram, an Islamist movement that seeks to abolish the secular system of government and establish Sharia law. Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in May 2014 claimed that Boko Haram attacks have left at least 12,000 people dead and 8,000 people crippled. At the same time, neighbouring countries, Benin, Chad, Cameroon and Niger joined Nigeria in a united effort to combat Boko Haram in the aftermath of a world media highlighted kidnapping of 276 schoolgirls and the spread of Boko Haram attacks to these countries.

title: Nigeria

title: Nigeria

text: Since

text: the

text: North

text: East

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: has

text: seen

text: sectarian

text: violence

text: by

text: Boko

text: Haram

text: an

text: Islamist

text: movement

text: that

text: seeks

text: to

text: abolish

text: the

text: secular

text: system

text: of

text: government

text: and

text: establish

text: Sharia

text: law

text: Nigerian

text: President

text: Goodluck

text: Jonathan

text: in

text: May

text: claimed

text: that

text: Boko

text: Haram

text: attacks

text: have

text: left

text: at

text: least

text: people

text: dead

text: and

text: people

text: crippled

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: Benin

text: Chad

text: Cameroon

text: and

text: Niger

text: joined

text: Nigeria

text: in

text: a

text: united

text: effort

text: to

text: combat

text: Boko

text: Haram

text: in

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: a

text: world

text: media

text: highlighted

text: kidnapping

text: of

text: schoolgirls

text: and

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: Boko

text: Haram

text: attacks

text: to

text: these

text: countries

question: When did Boko Haram become active in Nigeria?

answer: 2002

question: Who is the President of Nigeria?

answer: Goodluck Jonathan

text: Goodluck Jonathan

question: How many people had Boko Haram killed by May 2014?

answer: at least 12,000

text: at least 12,000

question: How many schoolgirls did Boko Haram kidnap?

answer: 276


text: The same character converted to UTF-8 becomes the byte sequence EF BB BF. The Unicode Standard allows that the BOM "can serve as signature for UTF-8 encoded text where the character set is unmarked". Some software developers have adopted it for other encodings, including UTF-8, in an attempt to distinguish UTF-8 from local 8-bit code pages. However RFC 3629, the UTF-8 standard, recommends that byte order marks be forbidden in protocols using UTF-8, but discusses the cases where this may not be possible. In addition, the large restriction on possible patterns in UTF-8 (for instance there cannot be any lone bytes with the high bit set) means that it should be possible to distinguish UTF-8 from other character encodings without relying on the BOM.

title: Unicode

title: Unicode

text: The

text: same

text: character

text: converted

text: to

text: becomes

text: the

text: byte

text: sequence

text: EF

text: BB

text: BF

text: The

text: Unicode

text: Standard

text: allows

text: that

text: the

text: BOM

text: can

text: serve

text: as

text: signature

text: for

text: encoded

text: text

text: where

text: the

text: character

text: set

text: is

text: unmarked

text: Some

text: software

text: developers

text: have

text: adopted

text: it

text: for

text: other

text: encodings

text: including

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: distinguish

text: from

text: local

text: code

text: pages

text: However

text: RFC

text: the

text: standard

text: recommends

text: that

text: byte

text: order

text: marks

text: be

text: forbidden

text: in

text: protocols

text: using

text: but

text: discusses

text: the

text: cases

text: where

text: this

text: may

text: not

text: be

text: possible

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: large

text: restriction

text: on

text: possible

text: patterns

text: in

text: for

text: instance

text: there

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: any

text: lone

text: bytes

text: with

text: the

text: high

text: bit

text: set

text: means

text: that

text: it

text: should

text: be

text: possible

text: to

text: distinguish

text: from

text: other

text: character

text: encodings

text: without

text: relying

text: on

text: the

text: BOM

question: What is the UTF-8 standard?

answer: RFC 3629

text: RFC 3629

question: Byte order marks are forbidden in protocols using what standard?

answer: UTF-8

question: Why is it possible to distinguish UTF-8 from other protocols?

answer: the large restriction on possible patterns

text: the large restriction on possible patterns

question: BOM can not replace what kind of UTF-8 text?

text: where the character set is unmarked

question: What is used to distinguish local 8-bit code pages?

text: BOM

question: What is the name of the BOM standard?

text: RFC 3629

question: What type of bytes are required in a high bit set?

text: lone

question: What type of patterns are rarely resticted?

text: possible patterns in UTF-8


text: Nociceptive pain may also be divided into "visceral", "deep somatic" and "superficial somatic" pain. Visceral structures are highly sensitive to stretch, ischemia and inflammation, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures, such as burning and cutting. Visceral pain is diffuse, difficult to locate and often referred to a distant, usually superficial, structure. It may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting and may be described as sickening, deep, squeezing, and dull. Deep somatic pain is initiated by stimulation of nociceptors in ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels, fasciae and muscles, and is dull, aching, poorly-localized pain. Examples include sprains and broken bones. Superficial pain is initiated by activation of nociceptors in the skin or other superficial tissue, and is sharp, well-defined and clearly located. Examples of injuries that produce superficial somatic pain include minor wounds and minor (first degree) burns.

title: Pain

title: Pain

text: Nociceptive

text: pain

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: visceral

text: deep

text: somatic

text: and

text: superficial

text: somatic

text: pain

text: Visceral

text: structures

text: are

text: highly

text: sensitive

text: to

text: stretch

text: ischemia

text: and

text: inflammation

text: but

text: relatively

text: insensitive

text: to

text: other

text: stimuli

text: that

text: normally

text: evoke

text: pain

text: in

text: other

text: structures

text: such

text: as

text: burning

text: and

text: cutting

text: Visceral

text: pain

text: is

text: diffuse

text: difficult

text: to

text: locate

text: and

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: a

text: distant

text: usually

text: superficial

text: structure

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: accompanied

text: by

text: nausea

text: and

text: vomiting

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: described

text: as

text: sickening

text: deep

text: squeezing

text: and

text: dull

text: Deep

text: somatic

text: pain

text: is

text: initiated

text: by

text: stimulation

text: of

text: nociceptors

text: in

text: ligaments

text: tendons

text: bones

text: blood

text: vessels

text: fasciae

text: and

text: muscles

text: and

text: is

text: dull

text: aching

text: poorly

text: localized

text: pain

text: Examples

text: include

text: sprains

text: and

text: broken

text: bones

text: Superficial

text: pain

text: is

text: initiated

text: by

text: activation

text: of

text: nociceptors

text: in

text: the

text: skin

text: or

text: other

text: superficial

text: tissue

text: and

text: is

text: sharp

text: well

text: defined

text: and

text: clearly

text: located

text: Examples

text: of

text: injuries

text: that

text: produce

text: superficial

text: somatic

text: pain

text: include

text: minor

text: wounds

text: and

text: minor

text: first

text: degree

text: burns

question: What type of of pain is visceral a division of?

answer: Nociceptive

text: Nociceptive

question: What type of structures are sensitive to being stretched but not very sensitive to burning?

answer: Visceral

text: Visceral

question: What can visceral pain be accompanied by?

answer: nausea and vomiting

text: nausea and vomiting

question: Which type of pain is dull, aching and hard to pin-point?

answer: Deep somatic

text: Deep somatic

question: What type of pain are first degree burns classified as causing?

answer: Superficial

text: Superficial

question: What categories is visceral pain divided into?

question: What is deep visceral pain initiated by?

text: stimulation of nociceptors

question: What are some examples of deep visceral pain?

text: sprains and broken bones

question: What is superficial somatic pain initiated by?


text: On May 20, 2011, Schwarzenegger's entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted: "Schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to commit to any production schedules or timelines". On July 11, 2011, it was announced that Schwarzenegger was considering a comeback film despite his legal problems. He appeared in The Expendables 2 (2012), and starred in The Last Stand (2013), his first leading role in 10 years, and Escape Plan (2013), his first co-starring role alongside Sylvester Stallone. He starred in Sabotage, released in March 2014, and appeared in The Expendables 3, released in August 2014. He starred in the fifth Terminator movie Terminator Genisys in 2015 and will reprise his role as Conan the Barbarian in The Legend of Conan.

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

text: On

text: May

text: Schwarzenegger

text: 's

text: entertainment

text: counsel

text: announced

text: that

text: all

text: movie

text: projects

text: currently

text: in

text: development

text: were

text: being

text: halted

text: Schwarzenegger

text: is

text: focusing

text: on

text: personal

text: matters

text: and

text: is

text: not

text: willing

text: to

text: commit

text: to

text: any

text: production

text: schedules

text: or

text: timelines

text: On

text: July

text: it

text: was

text: announced

text: that

text: Schwarzenegger

text: was

text: considering

text: a

text: comeback

text: film

text: despite

text: his

text: legal

text: problems

text: He

text: appeared

text: in

text: The

text: Expendables

text: and

text: starred

text: in

text: The

text: Last

text: Stand

text: his

text: first

text: leading

text: role

text: in

text: years

text: and

text: Escape

text: Plan

text: his

text: first

text: co

text: starring

text: role

text: alongside

text: Sylvester

text: Stallone

text: He

text: starred

text: in

text: Sabotage

text: released

text: in

text: March

text: and

text: appeared

text: in

text: The

text: Expendables

text: released

text: in

text: August

text: He

text: starred

text: in

text: the

text: fifth

text: Terminator

text: movie

text: Terminator

text: Genisys

text: in

text: and

text: will

text: reprise

text: his

text: role

text: as

text: Conan

text: the

text: Barbarian

text: in

text: The

text: Legend

text: of

text: Conan

question: On what date in 2011 was the hold on Schwarzenegger's movie projects announced?

answer: May 20

text: May 20

question: 2013's The Last Stand marked Schwarzenegger's first starring role in how long?

answer: 10 years

text: 10 years

question: What was the first film Schwarzenegger co-starred in with Sylvester Stallone?

answer: Escape Plan

text: Escape Plan

question: What's the title of the fifth film in the Terminator franchise?

answer: Terminator Genisys

text: Terminator Genisys

question: What year did Terminator Genisys debut?

answer: 2015


text: On July 16, 1945, with numerous other Manhattan Project personnel, von Neumann was an eyewitness to the first atomic bomb blast, code named Trinity, conducted as a test of the implosion method device, at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield, 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico. Based on his observation alone, von Neumann estimated the test had resulted in a blast equivalent to 5 kilotons of TNT (21 TJ) but Enrico Fermi produced a more accurate estimate of 10 kilotons by dropping scraps of torn-up paper as the shock wave passed his location and watching how far they scattered. The actual power of the explosion had been between 20 and 22 kilotons. It was in von Neumann's 1944 papers that the expression "kilotons" appeared for the first time. After the war, Robert Oppenheimer remarked that the physicists involved in the Manhattan project had "known sin". Von Neumann's response was that "sometimes someone confesses a sin in order to take credit for it."

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: On

text: July

text: with

text: numerous

text: other

text: Manhattan

text: Project

text: personnel

text: von

text: Neumann

text: was

text: an

text: eyewitness

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: blast

text: code

text: named

text: Trinity

text: conducted

text: as

text: a

text: test

text: of

text: the

text: implosion

text: method

text: device

text: at

text: the

text: bombing

text: range

text: near

text: Alamogordo

text: Army

text: Airfield

text: miles

text: km

text: southeast

text: of

text: Socorro

text: New

text: Mexico

text: Based

text: on

text: his

text: observation

text: alone

text: von

text: Neumann

text: estimated

text: the

text: test

text: had

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: blast

text: equivalent

text: to

text: kilotons

text: of

text: TNT

text: TJ

text: but

text: Enrico

text: Fermi

text: produced

text: a

text: more

text: accurate

text: estimate

text: of

text: kilotons

text: by

text: dropping

text: scraps

text: of

text: torn

text: up

text: paper

text: as

text: the

text: shock

text: wave

text: passed

text: his

text: location

text: and

text: watching

text: how

text: far

text: they

text: scattered

text: The

text: actual

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: explosion

text: had

text: been

text: between

text: and

text: kilotons

text: It

text: was

text: in

text: von

text: Neumann

text: 's

text: papers

text: that

text: the

text: expression

text: kilotons

text: appeared

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: After

text: the

text: war

text: Robert

text: Oppenheimer

text: remarked

text: that

text: the

text: physicists

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: Manhattan

text: project

text: had

text: known

text: sin

text: Von

text: Neumann

text: 's

text: response

text: was

text: that

text: sometimes

text: someone

text: confesses

text: a

text: sin

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: take

text: credit

text: for

text: it

question: On what day was the first atomic blast?

answer: July 16, 1945

text: July 16, 1945

question: Where did the first atomic blast test take place?

answer: Alamogordo Army Airfield,

text: Alamogordo Army Airfield,

question: What was the power of the first atomic blast?

answer: between 20 and 22 kilotons

text: between 20 and 22 kilotons


text: During the last decade, Philadelphia experienced a large shift in its age profile. In 2000, the city's population pyramid had a largely stationary shape. In 2013, the city took on an expansive pyramid shape, with an increase in the three millennial age groups, 20 to 24, 25 to 29, and 30 to 34. The city's 25- to 29-year-old age group was the city's largest age cohort. According to the 2010 Census, 343,837 (22.5%) were under the age of 18; 203,697 (13.3%) from 18 to 25; 434,385 (28.5%) from 25 to 44; 358,778 (23.5%) from 45 to 64; and 185,309 (12.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.5 years. For every 100 females there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.7 males. The city had 22,018 births in 2013, down from a peak 23,689 births in 2008. Philadelphia's death rate was at its lowest in at least a half-century, 13,691 deaths in 2013. Another factor attributing to the population increase is Philadelphia's immigration rate. In 2013, 12.7 percent of residents were foreign-born, just shy of the national average, 13.1 percent.

title: Philadelphia

title: Philadelphia

text: During

text: the

text: last

text: decade

text: Philadelphia

text: experienced

text: a

text: large

text: shift

text: in

text: its

text: age

text: profile

text: In

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: population

text: pyramid

text: had

text: a

text: largely

text: stationary

text: shape

text: In

text: the

text: city

text: took

text: on

text: an

text: expansive

text: pyramid

text: shape

text: with

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: three

text: millennial

text: age

text: groups

text: to

text: to

text: and

text: to

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: to

text: old

text: age

text: group

text: was

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: largest

text: age

text: cohort

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Census

text: were

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: from

text: to

text: from

text: to

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: who

text: were

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: or

text: older

text: The

text: median

text: age

text: was

text: years

text: For

text: every

text: females

text: there

text: were

text: males

text: For

text: every

text: females

text: age

text: and

text: over

text: there

text: were

text: males

text: The

text: city

text: had

text: births

text: in

text: down

text: from

text: a

text: peak

text: births

text: in

text: Philadelphia

text: 's

text: death

text: rate

text: was

text: at

text: its

text: lowest

text: in

text: at

text: least

text: a

text: half

text: century

text: deaths

text: in

text: Another

text: factor

text: attributing

text: to

text: the

text: population

text: increase

text: is

text: Philadelphia

text: 's

text: immigration

text: rate

text: In

text: percent

text: of

text: residents

text: were

text: foreign

text: born

text: just

text: shy

text: of

text: the

text: national

text: average

text: percent

question: What is the city's largest age group?

answer: 25- to 29-year-old

text: 25- to 29-year-old

question: How many people at the last census were under 18?

answer: 343,837

question: How many baby's were there in 2013?

answer: 22,018

question: How many deaths were there in 2013?

answer: 13,691


text: Thermodynamics divides energy transformation into two kinds: reversible processes and irreversible processes. An irreversible process is one in which energy is dissipated (spread) into empty energy states available in a volume, from which it cannot be recovered into more concentrated forms (fewer quantum states), without degradation of even more energy. A reversible process is one in which this sort of dissipation does not happen. For example, conversion of energy from one type of potential field to another, is reversible, as in the pendulum system described above. In processes where heat is generated, quantum states of lower energy, present as possible excitations in fields between atoms, act as a reservoir for part of the energy, from which it cannot be recovered, in order to be converted with 100% efficiency into other forms of energy. In this case, the energy must partly stay as heat, and cannot be completely recovered as usable energy, except at the price of an increase in some other kind of heat-like increase in disorder in quantum states, in the universe (such as an expansion of matter, or a randomisation in a crystal).

title: Energy

title: Energy

text: Thermodynamics

text: divides

text: energy

text: transformation

text: into

text: two

text: kinds

text: reversible

text: processes

text: and

text: irreversible

text: processes

text: An

text: irreversible

text: process

text: is

text: one

text: in

text: which

text: energy

text: is

text: dissipated

text: spread

text: into

text: empty

text: energy

text: states

text: available

text: in

text: a

text: volume

text: from

text: which

text: it

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: recovered

text: into

text: more

text: concentrated

text: forms

text: fewer

text: quantum

text: states

text: without

text: degradation

text: of

text: even

text: more

text: energy

text: A

text: reversible

text: process

text: is

text: one

text: in

text: which

text: this

text: sort

text: of

text: dissipation

text: does

text: not

text: happen

text: For

text: example

text: conversion

text: of

text: energy

text: from

text: one

text: type

text: of

text: potential

text: field

text: to

text: another

text: is

text: reversible

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: pendulum

text: system

text: described

text: above

text: In

text: processes

text: where

text: heat

text: is

text: generated

text: quantum

text: states

text: of

text: lower

text: energy

text: present

text: as

text: possible

text: excitations

text: in

text: fields

text: between

text: atoms

text: act

text: as

text: a

text: reservoir

text: for

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: energy

text: from

text: which

text: it

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: recovered

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: be

text: converted

text: with

text: efficiency

text: into

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: energy

text: In

text: this

text: case

text: the

text: energy

text: must

text: partly

text: stay

text: as

text: heat

text: and

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: completely

text: recovered

text: as

text: usable

text: energy

text: except

text: at

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: some

text: other

text: kind

text: of

text: heat

text: like

text: increase

text: in

text: disorder

text: in

text: quantum

text: states

text: in

text: the

text: universe

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: expansion

text: of

text: matter

text: or

text: a

text: randomisation

text: in

text: a

text: crystal

question: Thermodynamics divides energy information into what two kinds?

answer: reversible processes and irreversible processes

text: reversible processes and irreversible processes

question: What divides energy transformation into two kinds reversible processes and irreversible processes?

answer: Thermodynamics

text: Thermodynamics

question: A reversible process is one in which this does not happen.

answer: dissipation

text: dissipation

question: Thermodynamics multiplies energy information into what two kinds?

question: What doesn't divides energy transformation into two kinds reversible processes and irreversible processes?

text: Thermodynamics

question: A reversible process is one in which this happens.

text: dissipation

question: What isn't reversible?

question: What must not stay partly as heat?

text: energy


text: The causes of World War I included many factors, including the conflicts and antagonisms of the four decades leading up to the war. The Triple Entente was the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907. The alignment of the three powers, supplemented by various agreements with Japan, the United States, and Spain, constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, the third having concluded an additional secret agreement with France effectively nullifying her Alliance commitments. Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism played major roles in the conflict. The immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914, the spark (or casus belli) for which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: The

text: causes

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: included

text: many

text: factors

text: including

text: the

text: conflicts

text: and

text: antagonisms

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: decades

text: leading

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: war

text: The

text: Triple

text: Entente

text: was

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: loose

text: alignment

text: between

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: France

text: and

text: Russia

text: after

text: the

text: signing

text: of

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Russian

text: Entente

text: in

text: The

text: alignment

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: powers

text: supplemented

text: by

text: various

text: agreements

text: with

text: Japan

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Spain

text: constituted

text: a

text: powerful

text: counterweight

text: to

text: the

text: Triple

text: Alliance

text: of

text: Germany

text: Austria

text: Hungary

text: and

text: Italy

text: the

text: third

text: having

text: concluded

text: an

text: additional

text: secret

text: agreement

text: with

text: France

text: effectively

text: nullifying

text: her

text: Alliance

text: commitments

text: Militarism

text: alliances

text: imperialism

text: and

text: nationalism

text: played

text: major

text: roles

text: in

text: the

text: conflict

text: The

text: immediate

text: origins

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: lay

text: in

text: the

text: decisions

text: taken

text: by

text: statesmen

text: and

text: generals

text: during

text: the

text: July

text: Crisis

text: of

text: the

text: spark

text: or

text: casus

text: belli

text: for

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: assassination

text: of

text: Archduke

text: Franz

text: Ferdinand

text: of

text: Austria

question: What is The Triple Entente?

answer: the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907.

text: the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907.

question: When was the Anglo -Russia Entente signed?

answer: 1907.

question: The Triple Entente served as a counter to what agreement?

answer: Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,

text: Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,

question: What was the origin of the war?

answer: the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914

text: the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914

question: Who was murdered in Austria?

answer: Archduke Franz Ferdinand

text: Archduke Franz Ferdinand


text: The double indirect method can be used when it is important to see the work during the creation process as it will appear when completed. The tesserae are placed face-up on a medium (often adhesive-backed paper, sticky plastic or soft lime or putty) as it will appear when installed. When the mosaic is complete, a similar medium is placed atop it. The piece is then turned over, the original underlying material is carefully removed, and the piece is installed as in the indirect method described above. In comparison to the indirect method, this is a complex system to use and requires great skill on the part of the operator, to avoid damaging the work. Its greatest advantage lies in the possibility of the operator directly controlling the final result of the work, which is important e.g. when the human figure is involved. This method was created in 1989 by Maurizio Placuzzi and registered for industrial use (patent n. 0000222556) under the name of his company, Sicis International Srl, now Sicis The Art Mosaic Factory Srl.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: The

text: double

text: indirect

text: method

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: when

text: it

text: is

text: important

text: to

text: see

text: the

text: work

text: during

text: the

text: creation

text: process

text: as

text: it

text: will

text: appear

text: when

text: completed

text: The

text: tesserae

text: are

text: placed

text: face

text: up

text: on

text: a

text: medium

text: often

text: adhesive

text: backed

text: paper

text: sticky

text: plastic

text: or

text: soft

text: lime

text: or

text: putty

text: as

text: it

text: will

text: appear

text: when

text: installed

text: When

text: the

text: mosaic

text: is

text: complete

text: a

text: similar

text: medium

text: is

text: placed

text: atop

text: it

text: The

text: piece

text: is

text: then

text: turned

text: over

text: the

text: original

text: underlying

text: material

text: is

text: carefully

text: removed

text: and

text: the

text: piece

text: is

text: installed

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: indirect

text: method

text: described

text: above

text: In

text: comparison

text: to

text: the

text: indirect

text: method

text: this

text: is

text: a

text: complex

text: system

text: to

text: use

text: and

text: requires

text: great

text: skill

text: on

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: operator

text: to

text: avoid

text: damaging

text: the

text: work

text: Its

text: greatest

text: advantage

text: lies

text: in

text: the

text: possibility

text: of

text: the

text: operator

text: directly

text: controlling

text: the

text: final

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: work

text: which

text: is

text: important

text: e.g.

text: when

text: the

text: human

text: figure

text: is

text: involved

text: This

text: method

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: by

text: Maurizio

text: Placuzzi

text: and

text: registered

text: for

text: industrial

text: use

text: patent

text: n.

text: under

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: his

text: company

text: Sicis

text: International

text: Srl

text: now

text: Sicis

text: The

text: Art

text: Mosaic

text: Factory

text: Srl

question: When is the double indirect method of mosaic useful?

answer: when it is important to see the work

text: when it is important to see the work

question: What is the most powerful aspect of the double indirect method?

answer: directly controlling the final result of the work

text: directly controlling the final result of the work

question: When was the double indirect method invented?

answer: 1989

question: Who invented the double indirect method?

answer: Maurizio Placuzzi

text: Maurizio Placuzzi

question: What is used as a backing adhesive for the double indirect method besides putty or paper?

answer: sticky plastic

text: sticky plastic


text: In 2010, a number of workers committed suicide at a Foxconn operations in China. Apple, HP, and others stated that they were investigating the situation. Foxconn guards have been videotaped beating employees. Another employee killed himself in 2009 when an Apple prototype went missing, and claimed in messages to friends, that he had been beaten and interrogated.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: In

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: workers

text: committed

text: suicide

text: at

text: a

text: Foxconn

text: operations

text: in

text: China

text: Apple

text: HP

text: and

text: others

text: stated

text: that

text: they

text: were

text: investigating

text: the

text: situation

text: Foxconn

text: guards

text: have

text: been

text: videotaped

text: beating

text: employees

text: Another

text: employee

text: killed

text: himself

text: in

text: when

text: an

text: Apple

text: prototype

text: went

text: missing

text: and

text: claimed

text: in

text: messages

text: to

text: friends

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: been

text: beaten

text: and

text: interrogated

question: In what year did Chinese Foxconn emplyees kill themselves?

answer: 2010

question: What disappeared in 2009 prior to the suicide of a Foxconn employee?

answer: Apple prototype

text: Apple prototype

question: In what year did several Foxconn workers commit suicide?

answer: 2010


text: Tibetan music often involves chanting in Tibetan or Sanskrit, as an integral part of the religion. These chants are complex, often recitations of sacred texts or in celebration of various festivals. Yang chanting, performed without metrical timing, is accompanied by resonant drums and low, sustained syllables. Other styles include those unique to the various schools of Tibetan Buddhism, such as the classical music of the popular Gelugpa school, and the romantic music of the Nyingmapa, Sakyapa and Kagyupa schools.

title: Tibet

title: Tibet

text: Tibetan

text: music

text: often

text: involves

text: chanting

text: in

text: Tibetan

text: or

text: Sanskrit

text: as

text: an

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: religion

text: These

text: chants

text: are

text: complex

text: often

text: recitations

text: of

text: sacred

text: texts

text: or

text: in

text: celebration

text: of

text: various

text: festivals

text: Yang

text: chanting

text: performed

text: without

text: metrical

text: timing

text: is

text: accompanied

text: by

text: resonant

text: drums

text: and

text: low

text: sustained

text: syllables

text: Other

text: styles

text: include

text: those

text: unique

text: to

text: the

text: various

text: schools

text: of

text: Tibetan

text: Buddhism

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: classical

text: music

text: of

text: the

text: popular

text: Gelugpa

text: school

text: and

text: the

text: romantic

text: music

text: of

text: the

text: Nyingmapa

text: Sakyapa

text: and

text: Kagyupa

text: schools

question: In what languages is Tibetan music often chanted in?

answer: Tibetan or Sanskrit

text: Tibetan or Sanskrit

question: What do the chants often contain?

answer: recitations of sacred texts

text: recitations of sacred texts

question: What type of chanting is performed without metrical timing?

answer: Yang

text: Yang

question: What type of music comes from the popular Gelugpa school?

answer: classical

text: classical

question: What does Sanskrit music often involve?

text: chanting in Tibetan or Sanskrit

question: What does Yang chanting involve reciting?

text: sacred texts

question: What other schools are romantic music associated with in addition to Gelugpa school?

text: Nyingmapa, Sakyapa and Kagyupa schools