text: In the controversial elections in 2002, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His two main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, Andre Milongo, advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the one-party state. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

text: In

text: the

text: controversial

text: elections

text: in

text: Sassou

text: won

text: with

text: almost

text: of

text: the

text: vote

text: cast

text: His

text: two

text: main

text: rivals

text: Lissouba

text: and

text: Bernard

text: Kolelas

text: were

text: prevented

text: from

text: competing

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: remaining

text: credible

text: rival

text: Andre

text: Milongo

text: advised

text: his

text: supporters

text: to

text: boycott

text: the

text: elections

text: and

text: then

text: withdrew

text: from

text: the

text: race

text: A

text: new

text: constitution

text: agreed

text: upon

text: by

text: referendum

text: in

text: January

text: granted

text: the

text: president

text: new

text: powers

text: extended

text: his

text: term

text: to

text: seven

text: years

text: and

text: introduced

text: a

text: new

text: bicameral

text: assembly

text: International

text: observers

text: took

text: issue

text: with

text: the

text: organization

text: of

text: the

text: presidential

text: election

text: and

text: the

text: constitutional

text: referendum

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: reminiscent

text: in

text: their

text: organization

text: of

text: Congo

text: 's

text: era

text: of

text: the

text: one

text: party

text: state

text: Following

text: the

text: presidential

text: elections

text: fighting

text: restarted

text: in

text: the

text: Pool

text: region

text: between

text: government

text: forces

text: and

text: rebels

text: led

text: by

text: Pastor

text: Ntumi

text: a

text: peace

text: treaty

text: to

text: end

text: the

text: conflict

text: was

text: signed

text: in

text: April

question: Which politican left the presidential race after supporting a boycott by voters?

answer: Milongo

text: Milongo

question: How long did the presidential term become under the new constitution?

answer: seven years

text: seven years

question: When was the new constitution ratified?

answer: January 2002

text: January 2002

question: When was an end brought to the fighting between the government and Ntumi's rebels?

answer: April 2003

text: April 2003

question: Who won more than 90% of the vote?

text: Sassou

question: When did Bernard Kolelas win the election?

question: What did Lissouba advise his supporters to do?

text: boycott the elections

question: What did international observers see no problem with?

text: presidential election

question: What reduced the president's term to seven years?

text: new constitution


text: Advaita literally means "not two, sole, unity". It is a sub-school of Vedanta, and asserts spiritual and universal non-dualism. Its metaphysics is a form of absolute monism, that is all ultimate reality is interconnected oneness. This is the oldest and most widely acknowledged Vedantic school. The foundational texts of this school are the Brahma Sutras and the early Upanishads from the 1st millennium BCE. Its first great consolidator was the 8th century scholar Adi Shankara, who continued the line of thought of the Upanishadic teachers, and that of his teacher's teacher Gaudapada. He wrote extensive commentaries on the major Vedantic scriptures and is celebrated as one of the major Hindu philosophers from whose doctrines the main currents of modern Indian thought are derived.

title: Hindu_philosophy

title: Hindu_philosophy

text: Advaita

text: literally

text: means

text: not

text: two

text: sole

text: unity

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: sub

text: school

text: of

text: Vedanta

text: and

text: asserts

text: spiritual

text: and

text: universal

text: non

text: dualism

text: Its

text: metaphysics

text: is

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: absolute

text: monism

text: that

text: is

text: all

text: ultimate

text: reality

text: is

text: interconnected

text: oneness

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: and

text: most

text: widely

text: acknowledged

text: Vedantic

text: school

text: The

text: foundational

text: texts

text: of

text: this

text: school

text: are

text: the

text: Brahma

text: Sutras

text: and

text: the

text: early

text: Upanishads

text: from

text: the

text: millennium

text: BCE

text: Its

text: first

text: great

text: consolidator

text: was

text: the

text: century

text: scholar

text: Adi

text: Shankara

text: who

text: continued

text: the

text: line

text: of

text: thought

text: of

text: the

text: Upanishadic

text: teachers

text: and

text: that

text: of

text: his

text: teacher

text: 's

text: teacher

text: Gaudapada

text: He

text: wrote

text: extensive

text: commentaries

text: on

text: the

text: major

text: Vedantic

text: scriptures

text: and

text: is

text: celebrated

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: Hindu

text: philosophers

text: from

text: whose

text: doctrines

text: the

text: main

text: currents

text: of

text: modern

text: Indian

text: thought

text: are

text: derived

question: What means

answer: Advaita

text: Advaita

question: What means two?

text: Advaita

question: What is the youngest Vedantic School?

text: Advaita

question: Who coined the term Advaita?

text: Adi Shankara

question: Who was Gaudapada's teacher?

text: Adi Shankara

question: What is the name of the author of the Vedantic scriptures?

text: Gaudapada


text: Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is "The Pilgrims". The city also has four Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road, Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross. All four clubs play in the South West Peninsula League.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Plymouth

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: Plymouth

text: Argyle

text: F.C.

text: who

text: play

text: in

text: the

text: fourth

text: tier

text: of

text: English

text: football

text: league

text: known

text: as

text: Football

text: League

text: Two

text: The

text: team

text: 's

text: home

text: ground

text: is

text: called

text: Home

text: Park

text: and

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: Central

text: Park

text: It

text: links

text: itself

text: with

text: the

text: group

text: of

text: English

text: non

text: conformists

text: that

text: left

text: Plymouth

text: for

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: in

text: its

text: nickname

text: is

text: The

text: Pilgrims

text: The

text: city

text: also

text: has

text: four

text: Non

text: League

text: football

text: clubs

text: Plymouth

text: Parkway

text: F.C.

text: who

text: play

text: at

text: Bolitho

text: Park

text: Elburton

text: Villa

text: F.C.

text: who

text: play

text: at

text: Haye

text: Road

text: Vospers

text: Oak

text: Villa

text: F.C.

text: who

text: play

text: at

text: Weston

text: Mill

text: and

text: Plymstock

text: United

text: F.C.

text: who

text: play

text: at

text: Deans

text: Cross

text: All

text: four

text: clubs

text: play

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: West

text: Peninsula

text: League

question: What football league team is located in Plymouth?

answer: Plymouth Argyle F.C.

text: Plymouth Argyle F.C.

question: What level of the football league does Plymouth Argyle F.C. operate in?

answer: Football League Two

text: Football League Two

question: What is the home field of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?

answer: Home Park

text: Home Park

question: What is the nickname of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?

answer: The Pilgrims

text: The Pilgrims

question: What team plays its home games at Weston Mill?

answer: Vospers Oak Villa F.C.

text: Vospers Oak Villa F.C.


text: Education in Swaziland begins with pre-school education for infants, primary, secondary and high school education for general education and training (GET), and universities and colleges at tertiary level. Pre-school education is usually for children 5-year or younger after that the students can enroll in a primary school anywhere in the country. In Swaziland early childhood care and education (ECCE) centres are in the form of preschools or neighbourhood care points (NCPs). In the country 21.6% of preschool age children have access to early childhood education.

title: Swaziland

title: Swaziland

text: Education

text: in

text: Swaziland

text: begins

text: with

text: pre

text: school

text: education

text: for

text: infants

text: primary

text: secondary

text: and

text: high

text: school

text: education

text: for

text: general

text: education

text: and

text: training

text: GET

text: and

text: universities

text: and

text: colleges

text: at

text: tertiary

text: level

text: Pre

text: school

text: education

text: is

text: usually

text: for

text: children

text: or

text: younger

text: after

text: that

text: the

text: students

text: can

text: enroll

text: in

text: a

text: primary

text: school

text: anywhere

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: In

text: Swaziland

text: early

text: childhood

text: care

text: and

text: education

text: ECCE

text: centres

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: preschools

text: or

text: neighbourhood

text: care

text: points

text: NCPs

text: In

text: the

text: country

text: of

text: preschool

text: age

text: children

text: have

text: access

text: to

text: early

text: childhood

text: education

question: What age attends pre-school in Swaziland?

answer: 5-year or younger

text: 5-year or younger

question: What percentage of children of age for preschool have access to education in Swaziland?

answer: 21.6%

question: In reference to education in Swaziland, hat is an NCP otherwise known as?

answer: neighbourhood care points

text: neighbourhood care points

question: What is does ECCE refer to in the Swazi educational system?

answer: early childhood care and education

text: early childhood care and education

question: Where do 5 year-olds attend primary school at?

text: anywhere in the country

question: What percentage of preschool children do not have acess to early education?

question: What percentage of children have acess to primary school at NCPs?


text: Following the 1967 war and the "three nos" resolution of the Arab League, during the 1967–1970 War of Attrition Israel faced attacks from the Egyptians in the Sinai, and from Palestinian groups targeting Israelis in the occupied territories, in Israel proper, and around the world. Most important among the various Palestinian and Arab groups was the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), established in 1964, which initially committed itself to "armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland". In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Palestinian groups launched a wave of attacks against Israeli and Jewish targets around the world, including a massacre of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. The Israeli government responded with an assassination campaign against the organizers of the massacre, a bombing and a raid on the PLO headquarters in Lebanon.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Following

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: the

text: three

text: nos

text: resolution

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: League

text: during

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: Attrition

text: Israel

text: faced

text: attacks

text: from

text: the

text: Egyptians

text: in

text: the

text: Sinai

text: and

text: from

text: Palestinian

text: groups

text: targeting

text: Israelis

text: in

text: the

text: occupied

text: territories

text: in

text: Israel

text: proper

text: and

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: Most

text: important

text: among

text: the

text: various

text: Palestinian

text: and

text: Arab

text: groups

text: was

text: the

text: Palestinian

text: Liberation

text: Organization

text: PLO

text: established

text: in

text: which

text: initially

text: committed

text: itself

text: to

text: armed

text: struggle

text: as

text: the

text: only

text: way

text: to

text: liberate

text: the

text: homeland

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: Palestinian

text: groups

text: launched

text: a

text: wave

text: of

text: attacks

text: against

text: Israeli

text: and

text: Jewish

text: targets

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: including

text: a

text: massacre

text: of

text: Israeli

text: athletes

text: at

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: in

text: Munich

text: The

text: Israeli

text: government

text: responded

text: with

text: an

text: assassination

text: campaign

text: against

text: the

text: organizers

text: of

text: the

text: massacre

text: a

text: bombing

text: and

text: a

text: raid

text: on

text: the

text: PLO

text: headquarters

text: in

text: Lebanon

question: Where was the massacre of the Israeli athletes?

answer: 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich

text: 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich

question: What was the resolution of the Arab league?

answer: three nos

text: three nos

question: What did the ELO commit itself on?

answer: armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland

text: armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland


text: The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative language; in other words, morphemes ("units of meaning") are added together to create words, unlike analytic languages where morphemes are purely added together to create sentences. Some authors have proposed that there may be evidence of a sub-stratum or add-stratum language for geographic features and various crafts and agricultural activities, called variously Proto-Euphratean or Proto Tigrean, but this is disputed by others.

title: Sumer

title: Sumer

text: The

text: Sumerian

text: language

text: is

text: generally

text: regarded

text: as

text: a

text: language

text: isolate

text: in

text: linguistics

text: because

text: it

text: belongs

text: to

text: no

text: known

text: language

text: family

text: Akkadian

text: by

text: contrast

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: Semitic

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Afroasiatic

text: languages

text: There

text: have

text: been

text: many

text: failed

text: attempts

text: to

text: connect

text: Sumerian

text: to

text: other

text: language

text: groups

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: agglutinative

text: language

text: in

text: other

text: words

text: morphemes

text: units

text: of

text: meaning

text: are

text: added

text: together

text: to

text: create

text: words

text: unlike

text: analytic

text: languages

text: where

text: morphemes

text: are

text: purely

text: added

text: together

text: to

text: create

text: sentences

text: Some

text: authors

text: have

text: proposed

text: that

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: evidence

text: of

text: a

text: sub

text: stratum

text: or

text: add

text: stratum

text: language

text: for

text: geographic

text: features

text: and

text: various

text: crafts

text: and

text: agricultural

text: activities

text: called

text: variously

text: Proto

text: Euphratean

text: or

text: Proto

text: Tigrean

text: but

text: this

text: is

text: disputed

text: by

text: others

question: Why is the Sumerian language usually thought of as a language isolate in linguistics?

answer: belongs to no known language family

text: belongs to no known language family

question: Akkadian's language can be traced to the Semitic branch of what languages?

answer: Afroasiatic

text: Afroasiatic

question: What has been the result of attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups?

answer: failed

text: failed

question: What are morphemes?

answer: "units of meaning"

text: "units of meaning"

question: In Sumerian, what are morphemes added together to create?

answer: words

text: words

question: Why is Akkadian an isolate language?

text: it belongs to no known language family

question: What are added together to make words in analytic languages?

text: morphemes

question: What language has been proven to proceed Sumerian?

text: Proto-Euphratean or Proto Tigrean


text: Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: Despite

text: its

text: relative

text: lexical

text: unity

text: the

text: two

text: dialectal

text: blocks

text: of

text: Catalan

text: Eastern

text: and

text: Western

text: show

text: some

text: differences

text: in

text: word

text: choices

text: Any

text: lexical

text: divergence

text: within

text: any

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: groups

text: can

text: be

text: explained

text: as

text: an

text: archaism

text: Also

text: usually

text: Central

text: Catalan

text: acts

text: as

text: an

text: innovative

text: element

question: As what can divergence in the groups be shown?

answer: as an archaism

text: as an archaism

question: How does central Catalan behave with the groups?

answer: as an innovative element

text: as an innovative element

question: What are the two dialectical groups of Catalan?

answer: Eastern and Western

text: Eastern and Western

question: What language has a lexical unity?

answer: Catalan

text: Catalan


text: In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there were 46,000 across the country, far outnumbering the combined total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and hotels. Because it was so easy to obtain permission and the profits could be huge compared to the low cost of gaining permission, the number of beer houses was continuing to rise and in some towns nearly every other house in a street could be a beer house. Finally in 1869 the growth had to be checked by magisterial control and new licensing laws were introduced. Only then was it made harder to get a licence, and the licensing laws which operate today were formulated.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: year

text: beer

text: houses

text: opened

text: and

text: within

text: eight

text: years

text: there

text: were

text: across

text: the

text: country

text: far

text: outnumbering

text: the

text: combined

text: total

text: of

text: long

text: established

text: taverns

text: pubs

text: inns

text: and

text: hotels

text: Because

text: it

text: was

text: so

text: easy

text: to

text: obtain

text: permission

text: and

text: the

text: profits

text: could

text: be

text: huge

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: low

text: cost

text: of

text: gaining

text: permission

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: beer

text: houses

text: was

text: continuing

text: to

text: rise

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: towns

text: nearly

text: every

text: other

text: house

text: in

text: a

text: street

text: could

text: be

text: a

text: beer

text: house

text: Finally

text: in

text: the

text: growth

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: checked

text: by

text: magisterial

text: control

text: and

text: new

text: licensing

text: laws

text: were

text: introduced

text: Only

text: then

text: was

text: it

text: made

text: harder

text: to

text: get

text: a

text: licence

text: and

text: the

text: licensing

text: laws

text: which

text: operate

text: today

text: were

text: formulated

question: How many beer houses opened their doors in the inaugural year of the Beer Act?

answer: 400

question: How many beer houses existed throughout Britain eight years after the passage of the Beer Act?

answer: 46,000

question: In what year were additional licensing laws introduced for beer houses?

answer: 1869


text: Rookie Starlin Castro debuted in early May (2010) as the starting shortstop. However, the club played poorly in the early season, finding themselves 10 games under .500 at the end of June. In addition, long-time ace Carlos Zambrano was pulled from a game against the White Sox on June 25 after a tirade and shoving match with Derrek Lee, and was suspended indefinitely by Jim Hendry, who called the conduct "unacceptable." On August 22, Lou Piniella, who had already announced his retirement at the end of the season, announced that he would leave the Cubs prematurely to take care of his sick mother. Mike Quade took over as the interim manager for the final 37 games of the year. Despite being well out of playoff contention the Cubs went 24–13 under Quade, the best record in baseball during that 37 game stretch, earning Quade to have the interim tag removed on October 19.

title: Chicago_Cubs

title: Chicago_Cubs

text: Rookie

text: Starlin

text: Castro

text: debuted

text: in

text: early

text: May

text: as

text: the

text: starting

text: shortstop

text: However

text: the

text: club

text: played

text: poorly

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: season

text: finding

text: themselves

text: games

text: under

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: June

text: In

text: addition

text: long

text: time

text: ace

text: Carlos

text: Zambrano

text: was

text: pulled

text: from

text: a

text: game

text: against

text: the

text: White

text: Sox

text: on

text: June

text: after

text: a

text: tirade

text: and

text: shoving

text: match

text: with

text: Derrek

text: Lee

text: and

text: was

text: suspended

text: indefinitely

text: by

text: Jim

text: Hendry

text: who

text: called

text: the

text: conduct

text: unacceptable

text: On

text: August

text: Lou

text: Piniella

text: who

text: had

text: already

text: announced

text: his

text: retirement

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: season

text: announced

text: that

text: he

text: would

text: leave

text: the

text: Cubs

text: prematurely

text: to

text: take

text: care

text: of

text: his

text: sick

text: mother

text: Mike

text: Quade

text: took

text: over

text: as

text: the

text: interim

text: manager

text: for

text: the

text: final

text: games

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: Despite

text: being

text: well

text: out

text: of

text: playoff

text: contention

text: the

text: Cubs

text: went

text: under

text: Quade

text: the

text: best

text: record

text: in

text: baseball

text: during

text: that

text: game

text: stretch

text: earning

text: Quade

text: to

text: have

text: the

text: interim

text: tag

text: removed

text: on

text: October

question: Who debuted as the starting shortstop in early May 2010?

answer: Starlin Castro

text: Starlin Castro

question: When did Starlin Castro debut as the starting shortstop?

answer: early May (2010)

text: early May (2010)

question: Who announced on August 22nd they were leaving the Cubs prematurely?

answer: Lou Piniella

text: Lou Piniella

question: Why did Lou Piniella leave the cubs prematurely?

answer: take care of his sick mother

text: take care of his sick mother


text: The onset of symptoms in myocardial infarction (MI) is usually gradual, over several minutes, and rarely instantaneous. Chest pain is the most common symptom of acute MI and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. Chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle is termed angina pectoris. Pain radiates most often to the left arm, but may also radiate to the lower jaw, neck, right arm, back, and upper abdomen, where it may mimic heartburn. Levine's sign, in which a person localizes the chest pain by clenching their fists over their sternum, has classically been thought to be predictive of cardiac chest pain, although a prospective observational study showed it had a poor positive predictive value.

title: Myocardial_infarction

title: Myocardial_infarction

text: The

text: onset

text: of

text: symptoms

text: in

text: myocardial

text: infarction

text: MI

text: is

text: usually

text: gradual

text: over

text: several

text: minutes

text: and

text: rarely

text: instantaneous

text: Chest

text: pain

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: symptom

text: of

text: acute

text: MI

text: and

text: is

text: often

text: described

text: as

text: a

text: sensation

text: of

text: tightness

text: pressure

text: or

text: squeezing

text: Chest

text: pain

text: due

text: to

text: ischemia

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: blood

text: and

text: hence

text: oxygen

text: supply

text: of

text: the

text: heart

text: muscle

text: is

text: termed

text: angina

text: pectoris

text: Pain

text: radiates

text: most

text: often

text: to

text: the

text: left

text: arm

text: but

text: may

text: also

text: radiate

text: to

text: the

text: lower

text: jaw

text: neck

text: right

text: arm

text: back

text: and

text: upper

text: abdomen

text: where

text: it

text: may

text: mimic

text: heartburn

text: Levine

text: 's

text: sign

text: in

text: which

text: a

text: person

text: localizes

text: the

text: chest

text: pain

text: by

text: clenching

text: their

text: fists

text: over

text: their

text: sternum

text: has

text: classically

text: been

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: predictive

text: of

text: cardiac

text: chest

text: pain

text: although

text: a

text: prospective

text: observational

text: study

text: showed

text: it

text: had

text: a

text: poor

text: positive

text: predictive

text: value

question: What type of heart problem has a typically instantaneous onset?

text: myocardial infarction

question: How is pain in the left arm often described?

question: What is a good way to predict a heart attack?

text: Levine's sign

question: What is the term for pain in the left arm?

text: angina pectoris

question: What does a lack of oxygen supply cause?

text: a lack of blood


text: The Portuguese language is the official national language and the primary language taught in schools. English and Spanish are also part of the official curriculum. The city has six international schools: American School of Brasília, Brasília International School (BIS), Escola das Nações, Swiss International School (SIS), Lycée français François-Mitterrand (LfFM) and Maple Bear Canadian School. August 2016 will see the opening of a new international school - The British School of Brasilia. Brasília has two universities, three university centers, and many private colleges.

title: Bras%C3%ADlia

title: Bras%C3%ADlia

text: The

text: Portuguese

text: language

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: national

text: language

text: and

text: the

text: primary

text: language

text: taught

text: in

text: schools

text: English

text: and

text: Spanish

text: are

text: also

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: official

text: curriculum

text: The

text: city

text: has

text: six

text: international

text: schools

text: American

text: School

text: of

text: Brasília

text: Brasília

text: International

text: School

text: BIS

text: Escola

text: das

text: Nações

text: Swiss

text: International

text: School

text: SIS

text: Lycée

text: français

text: François

text: Mitterrand

text: LfFM

text: and

text: Maple

text: Bear

text: Canadian

text: School

text: August

text: will

text: see

text: the

text: opening

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: international

text: school

text: The

text: British

text: School

text: of

text: Brasilia

text: Brasília

text: has

text: two

text: universities

text: three

text: university

text: centers

text: and

text: many

text: private

text: colleges

question: What is Brazil's official language?

answer: Portuguese

text: Portuguese

question: What languages besides Portuguese are taught in Brasilia's schools?

answer: English and Spanish

text: English and Spanish

question: How many international schools are in Brasilia?

answer: six

text: six

question: When will a new international school open in Brasilia?

answer: August 2016

text: August 2016

question: What nationality will the new international school in Brasilia be?

answer: British

text: British

question: Where is English the primary language taught in Brasilia?

text: in schools

question: How many private colleges are in Brasilia?

text: six

question: In what year will the official curriculum start?

text: August 2016

question: What school will the official curriculum be taught in?

text: The British School of Brasilia

question: What is the Maple Bear Canadian School's official language?

text: Portuguese


text: PAL LaserDiscs have a slightly longer playing time than NTSC discs, but have fewer audio options. PAL discs only have two audio tracks, consisting of either two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs. In comparison, later NTSC LDs are capable of carrying four tracks (two analog and two digital). On certain releases, one of the analog tracks is used to carry a modulated AC-3 signal for 5.1 channel audio (for decoding and playback by newer LD players with an "AC-3 RF" output). However, older NTSC LDs made before 1984 (such as the original DiscoVision discs) only have two analog audio tracks.

title: LaserDisc

title: LaserDisc

text: PAL

text: LaserDiscs

text: have

text: a

text: slightly

text: longer

text: playing

text: time

text: than

text: NTSC

text: discs

text: but

text: have

text: fewer

text: audio

text: options

text: PAL

text: discs

text: only

text: have

text: two

text: audio

text: tracks

text: consisting

text: of

text: either

text: two

text: analog

text: only

text: tracks

text: on

text: older

text: PAL

text: LDs

text: or

text: two

text: digital

text: only

text: tracks

text: on

text: newer

text: discs

text: In

text: comparison

text: later

text: NTSC

text: LDs

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: carrying

text: four

text: tracks

text: two

text: analog

text: and

text: two

text: digital

text: On

text: certain

text: releases

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: analog

text: tracks

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: carry

text: a

text: modulated

text: signal

text: for

text: channel

text: audio

text: for

text: decoding

text: and

text: playback

text: by

text: newer

text: LD

text: players

text: with

text: an

text: RF

text: output

text: However

text: older

text: NTSC

text: LDs

text: made

text: before

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: original

text: DiscoVision

text: discs

text: only

text: have

text: two

text: analog

text: audio

text: tracks

question: Which has a longer playing time: PAL LaserDiscs or NTSC discs?

answer: PAL LaserDiscs

text: PAL LaserDiscs

question: How many audio tracks do PAL LaserDiscs have?

answer: two

text: two

question: Which two audio options are available on PAL LaserDiscs?

answer: two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs

text: two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs


text: Making up 16% of the population, Muslims constitute Israel's largest religious minority. About 2% of the population is Christian and 1.5% is Druze. The Christian population primarily comprises Arab Christians, but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, the foreign laborers of multinational origins, and followers of Messianic Judaism, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity. Members of many other religious groups, including Buddhists and Hindus, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers. Out of more than one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the Orthodox rabbinate.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Making

text: up

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: Muslims

text: constitute

text: Israel

text: 's

text: largest

text: religious

text: minority

text: About

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: is

text: Christian

text: and

text: is

text: Druze

text: The

text: Christian

text: population

text: primarily

text: comprises

text: Arab

text: Christians

text: but

text: also

text: includes

text: post

text: Soviet

text: immigrants

text: the

text: foreign

text: laborers

text: of

text: multinational

text: origins

text: and

text: followers

text: of

text: Messianic

text: Judaism

text: considered

text: by

text: most

text: Christians

text: and

text: Jews

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: Christianity

text: Members

text: of

text: many

text: other

text: religious

text: groups

text: including

text: Buddhists

text: and

text: Hindus

text: maintain

text: a

text: presence

text: in

text: Israel

text: albeit

text: in

text: small

text: numbers

text: Out

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: million

text: immigrants

text: from

text: the

text: former

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: in

text: Israel

text: about

text: are

text: considered

text: not

text: Jewish

text: by

text: the

text: Orthodox

text: rabbinate

question: Muslims make up how much of the Israel's population?

answer: 16%

question: 2% of the population in Israel are what?

answer: Christian

text: Christian

question: Druze makes up what percent?

answer: 1.5%


text: Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Yangon (Rangoon) on occasion all the way until the 1930s. Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions such as the British refusal to remove shoes when they entered pagodas. Buddhist monks became the vanguards of the independence movement. U Wisara, an activist monk, died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike to protest against a rule that forbade him from wearing his Buddhist robes while imprisoned.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: Burmese

text: resentment

text: was

text: strong

text: and

text: was

text: vented

text: in

text: violent

text: riots

text: that

text: paralysed

text: Yangon

text: Rangoon

text: on

text: occasion

text: all

text: the

text: way

text: until

text: the

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: discontent

text: was

text: caused

text: by

text: a

text: disrespect

text: for

text: Burmese

text: culture

text: and

text: traditions

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: British

text: refusal

text: to

text: remove

text: shoes

text: when

text: they

text: entered

text: pagodas

text: Buddhist

text: monks

text: became

text: the

text: vanguards

text: of

text: the

text: independence

text: movement

text: U

text: Wisara

text: an

text: activist

text: monk

text: died

text: in

text: prison

text: after

text: a

text: hunger

text: strike

text: to

text: protest

text: against

text: a

text: rule

text: that

text: forbade

text: him

text: from

text: wearing

text: his

text: Buddhist

text: robes

text: while

text: imprisoned

question: have the Burmese people ever shown any reservations about the ruling government bodies?

answer: Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Yangon (Rangoon) on occasion all the way until the 1930s.

text: Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Yangon (Rangoon) on occasion all the way until the 1930s.

question: What were some of problems experienced with the colonialism of Burma by the British?

answer: Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions

text: Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions

question: How long was U Wisara on a strike were he refused subsistence ?

answer: 166-day hunger strike

text: 166-day hunger strike

question: Was U Wisara able to survive  the protest?

answer: died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike

text: died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike

question: Why was U Wisara involved in a resistance movement of such extremes ?

answer: to protest against a rule that forbade him from wearing his Buddhist robes while imprisoned.

text: to protest against a rule that forbade him from wearing his Buddhist robes while imprisoned.


text: Chinese generals and officials such as Zuo Zongtang led the suppression of rebellions and stood behind the Manchus. When the Tongzhi Emperor came to the throne at the age of five in 1861, these officials rallied around him in what was called the Tongzhi Restoration. Their aim was to adopt western military technology in order to preserve Confucian values. Zeng Guofan, in alliance with Prince Gong, sponsored the rise of younger officials such as Li Hongzhang, who put the dynasty back on its feet financially and instituted the Self-Strengthening Movement. The reformers then proceeded with institutional reforms, including China's first unified ministry of foreign affairs, the Zongli Yamen; allowing foreign diplomats to reside in the capital; establishment of the Imperial Maritime Customs Service; the formation of modernized armies, such as the Beiyang Army, as well as a navy; and the purchase from Europeans of armament factories.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: Chinese

text: generals

text: and

text: officials

text: such

text: as

text: Zuo

text: Zongtang

text: led

text: the

text: suppression

text: of

text: rebellions

text: and

text: stood

text: behind

text: the

text: Manchus

text: When

text: the

text: Tongzhi

text: Emperor

text: came

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: five

text: in

text: these

text: officials

text: rallied

text: around

text: him

text: in

text: what

text: was

text: called

text: the

text: Tongzhi

text: Restoration

text: Their

text: aim

text: was

text: to

text: adopt

text: western

text: military

text: technology

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: preserve

text: Confucian

text: values

text: Zeng

text: Guofan

text: in

text: alliance

text: with

text: Prince

text: Gong

text: sponsored

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: younger

text: officials

text: such

text: as

text: Li

text: Hongzhang

text: who

text: put

text: the

text: dynasty

text: back

text: on

text: its

text: feet

text: financially

text: and

text: instituted

text: the

text: Self

text: Strengthening

text: Movement

text: The

text: reformers

text: then

text: proceeded

text: with

text: institutional

text: reforms

text: including

text: China

text: 's

text: first

text: unified

text: ministry

text: of

text: foreign

text: affairs

text: the

text: Zongli

text: Yamen

text: allowing

text: foreign

text: diplomats

text: to

text: reside

text: in

text: the

text: capital

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Maritime

text: Customs

text: Service

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: modernized

text: armies

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Beiyang

text: Army

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: navy

text: and

text: the

text: purchase

text: from

text: Europeans

text: of

text: armament

text: factories

question: Who put down the rebellions?

answer: Zuo Zongtang

text: Zuo Zongtang

question: How old was Tongzhi when he came to power?

answer: five

text: five

question: What year did Tongzhi take power?

answer: 1861

question: What would the Chinese use to continue Confucian values?

answer: western military technology

text: western military technology

question: What was the name of a modern Chinese Army?

answer: Beiyang Army

text: Beiyang Army


text: The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) began around 8,800 BCE according to the ASPRO chronology in the Levant (Jericho, Israel). As with the PPNA dates, there are two versions from the same laboratories noted above. This system of terminology, however, is not convenient for southeast Anatolia and settlements of the middle Anatolia basin. This era was before the Mesolithic era.[citation needed] A settlement of 3,000 inhabitants was found in the outskirts of Amman, Jordan. Considered to be one of the largest prehistoric settlements in the Near East, called 'Ain Ghazal, it was continuously inhabited from approximately 7,250 – 5,000 B.

title: Neolithic

title: Neolithic

text: The

text: Neolithic

text: PPNB

text: began

text: around

text: BCE

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: ASPRO

text: chronology

text: in

text: the

text: Levant

text: Jericho

text: Israel

text: As

text: with

text: the

text: PPNA

text: dates

text: there

text: are

text: two

text: versions

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: laboratories

text: noted

text: above

text: This

text: system

text: of

text: terminology

text: however

text: is

text: not

text: convenient

text: for

text: southeast

text: Anatolia

text: and

text: settlements

text: of

text: the

text: middle

text: Anatolia

text: basin

text: This

text: era

text: was

text: before

text: the

text: Mesolithic

text: era.[citation

text: needed

text: A

text: settlement

text: of

text: inhabitants

text: was

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: outskirts

text: of

text: Amman

text: Jordan

text: Considered

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: prehistoric

text: settlements

text: in

text: the

text: Near

text: East

text: called

text: Ain

text: Ghazal

text: it

text: was

text: continuously

text: inhabited

text: from

text: approximately

text: B.

question: When did the The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era start?

answer: around 8,800 BCE

text: around 8,800 BCE

question: What era followed the  The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era?

answer: the Mesolithic era

text: the Mesolithic era

question: How many settlers were found in Jordan?

answer: 3,000 inhabitants

text: 3,000 inhabitants

question: What is the name of one of the biggest prehistoric settlements in the Near East?

answer: Ain Ghazal

text: Ain Ghazal

question: When did the Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era end?

text: around 8,800 BCE

question: What era preceded the Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era?

text: Mesolithic era

question: How many settlers were founded in the PPNA?

text: 3,000 inhabitants

question: What is the name of one of the biggest prehistoric settlements the PPNA?

text: 'Ain Ghazal

question: When was Amman continuously inhabited?

text: 7,250 – 5,000 B


text: Pakistan: The Olympic torch reached Islamabad for the first time ever on April 16. President Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani spoke at the opening ceremony of the relay. Security was high, for what one newspaper called the "most sensitive leg" of the torch's Olympic journey. The relay was initially supposed to carry the torch around Islamabad, but the entire relay was cancelled due to security concerns regarding "militant threats or anti-China protests", and replaced by an indoors ceremony with the torch carried around the track of Jinnah Stadium. In fear of violent protests and bomb attacks, the torch relay in Pakistan took place in a stadium behind closed doors. Although the relay was behind closed doors, thousands of policemen and soldiers guarded the flame. As a consequence, no incidents arose.

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: Pakistan

text: The

text: Olympic

text: torch

text: reached

text: Islamabad

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: ever

text: on

text: April

text: President

text: Pervez

text: Musharraf

text: and

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Yousaf

text: Raza

text: Gillani

text: spoke

text: at

text: the

text: opening

text: ceremony

text: of

text: the

text: relay

text: Security

text: was

text: high

text: for

text: what

text: one

text: newspaper

text: called

text: the

text: most

text: sensitive

text: leg

text: of

text: the

text: torch

text: 's

text: Olympic

text: journey

text: The

text: relay

text: was

text: initially

text: supposed

text: to

text: carry

text: the

text: torch

text: around

text: Islamabad

text: but

text: the

text: entire

text: relay

text: was

text: cancelled

text: due

text: to

text: security

text: concerns

text: regarding

text: militant

text: threats

text: or

text: anti

text: China

text: protests

text: and

text: replaced

text: by

text: an

text: indoors

text: ceremony

text: with

text: the

text: torch

text: carried

text: around

text: the

text: track

text: of

text: Jinnah

text: Stadium

text: In

text: fear

text: of

text: violent

text: protests

text: and

text: bomb

text: attacks

text: the

text: torch

text: relay

text: in

text: Pakistan

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: a

text: stadium

text: behind

text: closed

text: doors

text: Although

text: the

text: relay

text: was

text: behind

text: closed

text: doors

text: thousands

text: of

text: policemen

text: and

text: soldiers

text: guarded

text: the

text: flame

text: As

text: a

text: consequence

text: no

text: incidents

text: arose

question: When did the torch arrive in Islamabad?

answer: April 16

text: April 16

question: Where was an indoor ceremony held since the outdoor relay was cancelled?

answer: Jinnah Stadium

text: Jinnah Stadium

question: Who spoke at the opening ceremony in Islamabad in addition to President Musharraf?

answer: Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani

text: Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani

question: Where did the Olympic torch relay start in Pakistan?

answer: Islamabad

text: Islamabad

question: Instead of a traditinal relay, where was the track the torch was carried in Pakistan?

answer: Jinnah Stadium.

text: Jinnah Stadium.


text: Raskin was authorized to start hiring for the project in September 1979, and he immediately asked his long-time colleague, Brian Howard, to join him. His initial team would eventually consist of himself, Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble. The rest of the original Mac team would include Bill Atkinson, Bob Belleville, Steve Capps, George Crow, Donn Denman, Chris Espinosa, Andy Hertzfeld, Bruce Horn, Susan Kare, Larry Kenyon, and Caroline Rose with Steve Jobs leading the project.

title: Macintosh

title: Macintosh

text: Raskin

text: was

text: authorized

text: to

text: start

text: hiring

text: for

text: the

text: project

text: in

text: September

text: and

text: he

text: immediately

text: asked

text: his

text: long

text: time

text: colleague

text: Brian

text: Howard

text: to

text: join

text: him

text: His

text: initial

text: team

text: would

text: eventually

text: consist

text: of

text: himself

text: Howard

text: Joanna

text: Hoffman

text: Burrell

text: Smith

text: and

text: Bud

text: Tribble

text: The

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: Mac

text: team

text: would

text: include

text: Bill

text: Atkinson

text: Bob

text: Belleville

text: Steve

text: Capps

text: George

text: Crow

text: Donn

text: Denman

text: Chris

text: Espinosa

text: Andy

text: Hertzfeld

text: Bruce

text: Horn

text: Susan

text: Kare

text: Larry

text: Kenyon

text: and

text: Caroline

text: Rose

text: with

text: Steve

text: Jobs

text: leading

text: the

text: project

question: What year was Raskin hired by Apple?

answer: September 1979

text: September 1979

question: Who did Raskin immediately hire to help him on the Apple project in 1979?

answer: his long-time colleague, Brian Howard

text: his long-time colleague, Brian Howard

question: Who comprised the original Mac team besides Raskin?

answer: Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble

text: Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble

question: Who eventually lead the project on the Mac team?

answer: Steve Jobs

text: Steve Jobs

question: What year was Raskin fired by Apple?

question: Who did Raskin immediately fire to help him on the Apple project in 1979?

text: Brian Howard

question: Who did Raskin immediately hire to help him on the Apple project in 1997?

text: Brian Howard

question: Who comprised the original Microsoft team besides Raskin?

question: Who eventually lead the project on the Microsoft team?

text: Steve Jobs


text: According to the journal DesignIntelligence, which annually publishes "America's Best Architecture and Design Schools," the School of Architecture and Urban Design at the University of Kansas was named the best in the Midwest and ranked 11th among all undergraduate architecture programs in the U.S in 2012.

title: University_of_Kansas

title: University_of_Kansas

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: journal

text: DesignIntelligence

text: which

text: annually

text: publishes

text: America

text: 's

text: Best

text: Architecture

text: and

text: Design

text: Schools

text: the

text: School

text: of

text: Architecture

text: and

text: Urban

text: Design

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Kansas

text: was

text: named

text: the

text: best

text: in

text: the

text: Midwest

text: and

text: ranked

text: among

text: all

text: undergraduate

text: architecture

text: programs

text: in

text: the

text: U.S

text: in

question: What is the name of the publication that ranks schools engaged in architecture and design education?

answer: DesignIntelligence

text: DesignIntelligence

question: What is the name of the yearly ratings published by DesignIntelligence?

answer: America's Best Architecture and Design Schools

text: America's Best Architecture and Design Schools

question: What title did KU's architecture school receive in 2012?

answer: best in the Midwest

text: best in the Midwest

question: In what place did the University of Kansas finish in national rankings for undergraduate architecture programs in 2012?

answer: 11th

question: What is the name of the publication that doesn't rank schools engaged in architecture and design education?

text: DesignIntelligence

question: What is the name of the monthly ratings published by DesignIntelligence?

question: What title did KU's architecture school lose in 2012?

text: best in the Midwest

question: In what place did the University of Kansas finish in international rankings for undergraduate architecture programs in 2012?

question: In what place did the University of Kansas finish in national rankings for graduate architecture programs in 2012?


text: After about 1840, Georgian conventions were slowly abandoned as a number of revival styles, including Gothic Revival, that had originated in the Georgian period, developed and contested in Victorian architecture, and in the case of Gothic became better researched, and closer to their originals. Neoclassical architecture remained popular, and was the opponent of Gothic in the Battle of the Styles of the early Victorian period. In the United States the Federalist Style contained many elements of Georgian style, but incorporated revolutionary symbols.

title: Georgian_architecture

title: Georgian_architecture

text: After

text: about

text: Georgian

text: conventions

text: were

text: slowly

text: abandoned

text: as

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: revival

text: styles

text: including

text: Gothic

text: Revival

text: that

text: had

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: Georgian

text: period

text: developed

text: and

text: contested

text: in

text: Victorian

text: architecture

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: Gothic

text: became

text: better

text: researched

text: and

text: closer

text: to

text: their

text: originals

text: Neoclassical

text: architecture

text: remained

text: popular

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: opponent

text: of

text: Gothic

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Styles

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: Victorian

text: period

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: Federalist

text: Style

text: contained

text: many

text: elements

text: of

text: Georgian

text: style

text: but

text: incorporated

text: revolutionary

text: symbols

question: What year did Georgian architecture begin to be abandoned?

answer: 1840

question: What was the rivalry between Gothic Revival and Neoclassical referred to as?

answer: the Battle of the Styles

text: the Battle of the Styles

question: What style from the United States used many elements of Georgian style but with revolutionary symbols?

answer: Federalist Style

text: Federalist Style

question: When was the Battle of the Styles contested?

answer: early Victorian period

text: early Victorian period

question: What year to Georgian architecture become even more popular?

question: What was the rivalry between Gothic Revival and Classical called?

text: Battle of the Styles

question: What style had many elements of Gothic along with revolutionary symbols?

text: Federalist Style

question: Georgian and what other style were known as revival?

text: Gothic Revival


text: The country bounced between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalizations were enforced; the Portuguese Constitution (approved in 1976) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution was a highly charged ideological document with numerous references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a socialist economy. Portugal's economic situation after its transition to democracy, obliged the government to pursue International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilization programs in 1977–78 and 1983–85.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: The

text: country

text: bounced

text: between

text: socialism

text: and

text: adherence

text: to

text: the

text: neoliberal

text: model

text: Land

text: reform

text: and

text: nationalizations

text: were

text: enforced

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: Constitution

text: approved

text: in

text: was

text: rewritten

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: accommodate

text: socialist

text: and

text: communist

text: principles

text: Until

text: the

text: constitutional

text: revisions

text: of

text: and

text: the

text: constitution

text: was

text: a

text: highly

text: charged

text: ideological

text: document

text: with

text: numerous

text: references

text: to

text: socialism

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: workers

text: and

text: the

text: desirability

text: of

text: a

text: socialist

text: economy

text: Portugal

text: 's

text: economic

text: situation

text: after

text: its

text: transition

text: to

text: democracy

text: obliged

text: the

text: government

text: to

text: pursue

text: International

text: Monetary

text: Fund

text: IMF)-monitored

text: stabilization

text: programs

text: in

text: and

question: Between which two political ideals did Portugal bounce between?

answer: socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model

text: socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model

question: In what year was the Portuguese Constitution approved?

answer: 1976

question: For what reasons were the Portuguese Constitution rewritten?

answer: to accommodate socialist and communist principles

text: to accommodate socialist and communist principles


text: By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation, forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction, and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress. The minority view of August Weismann, that natural selection was the only mechanism, was called neo-Darwinism. It was thought that the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance invalidated Darwin's views.

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: By

text: the

text: most

text: scientists

text: accepted

text: evolution

text: but

text: relegated

text: natural

text: selection

text: to

text: a

text: minor

text: role

text: as

text: they

text: believed

text: evolution

text: was

text: purposeful

text: and

text: progressive

text: The

text: range

text: of

text: evolutionary

text: theories

text: during

text: the

text: eclipse

text: of

text: Darwinism

text: included

text: forms

text: of

text: saltationism

text: in

text: which

text: new

text: species

text: were

text: thought

text: to

text: arise

text: through

text: jumps

text: rather

text: than

text: gradual

text: adaptation

text: forms

text: of

text: orthogenesis

text: claiming

text: that

text: species

text: had

text: an

text: inherent

text: tendency

text: to

text: change

text: in

text: a

text: particular

text: direction

text: and

text: forms

text: of

text: neo

text: Lamarckism

text: in

text: which

text: inheritance

text: of

text: acquired

text: characteristics

text: led

text: to

text: progress

text: The

text: minority

text: view

text: of

text: August

text: Weismann

text: that

text: natural

text: selection

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: mechanism

text: was

text: called

text: neo

text: Darwinism

text: It

text: was

text: thought

text: that

text: the

text: rediscovery

text: of

text: Mendelian

text: inheritance

text: invalidated

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: views

question: Why did most scientists accept the validity of evolution by the 1870s, but considered natural selection a minor part of it?

answer: they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive.

text: they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive.

question: What was meant by the term saltationism?

answer: new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation

text: new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation

question: What is the term for the belief that species have a tendency to change and adapt in a certain direction?

answer: orthogenesis

text: orthogenesis

question: What was the minority view on evolution that was believed by August Weismann?

answer: neo-Darwinism

text: neo-Darwinism

question: What rediscovered inheritance was thought to invalidate Darwin's views on evolution?

answer: Mendelian inheritance

text: Mendelian inheritance


text: While christian festivals such as corpus christi were church-sanctioned celebrations, Carnival was also a manifestation of European folk culture. In the Christian tradition the fasting is to commemorate the 40 days that Jesus fasted in the desert according to the New Testament and also to reflect on Christian values. As with many other Christian festivals such as Christmas which was originally a pagan midwinter festival, the Christian church has found it easier to turn the pagan Carnaval in a catholic tradition than to eliminate it.  Unlike today, carnival in the Middle Ages took not just a few days, but it covered almost the entire period between Christmas and the beginning of Lent. In those two months, several Catholic holidays were seized by the Catholic population as an outlet for their daily frustrations.

title: Carnival

title: Carnival

text: While

text: christian

text: festivals

text: such

text: as

text: corpus

text: christi

text: were

text: church

text: sanctioned

text: celebrations

text: Carnival

text: was

text: also

text: a

text: manifestation

text: of

text: European

text: folk

text: culture

text: In

text: the

text: Christian

text: tradition

text: the

text: fasting

text: is

text: to

text: commemorate

text: the

text: days

text: that

text: Jesus

text: fasted

text: in

text: the

text: desert

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: New

text: Testament

text: and

text: also

text: to

text: reflect

text: on

text: Christian

text: values

text: As

text: with

text: many

text: other

text: Christian

text: festivals

text: such

text: as

text: Christmas

text: which

text: was

text: originally

text: a

text: pagan

text: midwinter

text: festival

text: the

text: Christian

text: church

text: has

text: found

text: it

text: easier

text: to

text: turn

text: the

text: pagan

text: Carnaval

text: in

text: a

text: catholic

text: tradition

text: than

text: to

text: eliminate

text: it

text: Unlike

text: today

text: carnival

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: took

text: not

text: just

text: a

text: few

text: days

text: but

text: it

text: covered

text: almost

text: the

text: entire

text: period

text: between

text: Christmas

text: and

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: Lent

text: In

text: those

text: two

text: months

text: several

text: Catholic

text: holidays

text: were

text: seized

text: by

text: the

text: Catholic

text: population

text: as

text: an

text: outlet

text: for

text: their

text: daily

text: frustrations

question: What was one of the festivals sanctioned by the church?

answer: corpus christi

text: corpus christi

question: Carnival was also a result of what area's folk culture?

answer: European

text: European

question: How many days is Jesus traditionally said to have fasted in the desert?

answer: 40

question: What pagan midwinter festival did the church find easier to subvert than eliminate?

answer: Christmas

text: Christmas

question: Why were multiple holidays seized by the Catholic population?

answer: outlet for their daily frustrations

text: outlet for their daily frustrations


text: The city also has several smaller music venues, including the Brook, The Talking Heads, The Soul Cellar, The Joiners and Turner Sims, as well as smaller "club circuit" venues like Hampton's and Lennon's, and a number of public houses including the Platform tavern, the Dolphin, the Blue Keys and many others. The Joiners has played host to such acts as Oasis, Radiohead, Green Day, Suede, PJ Harvey, the Manic Street Preachers, Coldplay, the Verve, the Libertines and Franz Ferdinand, while Hampton's and Lennon's have hosted early appearances by Kate Nash, Scouting for Girls and Band of Skulls. The nightclub, Junk, has been nominated for the UK's best small nightclub, and plays host to a range of dance music's top acts.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: The

text: city

text: also

text: has

text: several

text: smaller

text: music

text: venues

text: including

text: the

text: Brook

text: The

text: Talking

text: Heads

text: The

text: Soul

text: Cellar

text: The

text: Joiners

text: and

text: Turner

text: Sims

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: smaller

text: club

text: circuit

text: venues

text: like

text: Hampton

text: 's

text: and

text: Lennon

text: 's

text: and

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: public

text: houses

text: including

text: the

text: Platform

text: tavern

text: the

text: Dolphin

text: the

text: Blue

text: Keys

text: and

text: many

text: others

text: The

text: Joiners

text: has

text: played

text: host

text: to

text: such

text: acts

text: as

text: Oasis

text: Radiohead

text: Green

text: Day

text: Suede

text: PJ

text: Harvey

text: the

text: Manic

text: Street

text: Preachers

text: Coldplay

text: the

text: Verve

text: the

text: Libertines

text: and

text: Franz

text: Ferdinand

text: while

text: Hampton

text: 's

text: and

text: Lennon

text: 's

text: have

text: hosted

text: early

text: appearances

text: by

text: Kate

text: Nash

text: Scouting

text: for

text: Girls

text: and

text: Band

text: of

text: Skulls

text: The

text: nightclub

text: Junk

text: has

text: been

text: nominated

text: for

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: best

text: small

text: nightclub

text: and

text: plays

text: host

text: to

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: dance

text: music

text: 's

text: top

text: acts

question: What nightclub in Southampton was nominated for the UK's best small nightclub?

answer: Junk

text: Junk

question: What genre of music is featured at Junk?

answer: dance

text: dance

question: What small music venue in Southampton is named after an aquatic mammal?

answer: the Dolphin

text: the Dolphin


text: The city's growing Latino population has given rise to a number of local and regional Spanish-language newspapers. These include El Planeta (owned by the former publisher of The Boston Phoenix), El Mundo, and La Semana. Siglo21, with its main offices in nearby Lawrence, is also widely distributed.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: growing

text: Latino

text: population

text: has

text: given

text: rise

text: to

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: local

text: and

text: regional

text: Spanish

text: language

text: newspapers

text: These

text: include

text: El

text: Planeta

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: former

text: publisher

text: of

text: The

text: Boston

text: Phoenix

text: El

text: Mundo

text: and

text: La

text: Semana

text: with

text: its

text: main

text: offices

text: in

text: nearby

text: Lawrence

text: is

text: also

text: widely

text: distributed

question: Where is the main office of Siglo21?

answer: Lawrence

text: Lawrence

question: The former publisher of the Boston phoenix owns what Spanish newspaper?

answer: El Planeta

text: El Planeta


text: There are at least two major approaches to understanding cognitive change during adolescence. One is the constructivist view of cognitive development. Based on the work of Piaget, it takes a quantitative, state-theory approach, hypothesizing that adolescents' cognitive improvement is relatively sudden and drastic. The second is the information-processing perspective, which derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: There

text: are

text: at

text: least

text: two

text: major

text: approaches

text: to

text: understanding

text: cognitive

text: change

text: during

text: adolescence

text: One

text: is

text: the

text: constructivist

text: view

text: of

text: cognitive

text: development

text: Based

text: on

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Piaget

text: it

text: takes

text: a

text: quantitative

text: state

text: theory

text: approach

text: hypothesizing

text: that

text: adolescents

text: cognitive

text: improvement

text: is

text: relatively

text: sudden

text: and

text: drastic

text: The

text: second

text: is

text: the

text: information

text: processing

text: perspective

text: which

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: and

text: attempts

text: to

text: explain

text: cognitive

text: development

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: specific

text: components

text: of

text: the

text: thinking

text: process

question: What view towards cognitive development during adolescence did Piaget take?

answer: constructivist

text: constructivist

question: Did Piaget believe that cognitive improvement was sudden and drastic or slow and steadied?

answer: sudden and drastic

text: sudden and drastic

question: Besides the information-processing perspective, what is the other major approach to understanding cognitive change during adolescence?

answer: quantitative, state-theory

text: quantitative, state-theory

question: The information-processing perspective towards cognitive development derives from the study of what?

answer: artificial intelligence

text: artificial intelligence


text: Application of the term "Indian" originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, thought that he had arrived in the East Indies. The Americas came to be known as the "West Indies", a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the names "Indies" and "Indian", which implied some kind of racial or cultural unity among the aboriginal peoples of the Americas. This unifying concept, codified in law, religion, and politics, was not originally accepted by indigenous peoples but has been embraced by many over the last two centuries.[citation needed] Even though the term "Indian" does not include the Aleuts, Inuit, or Yupik peoples, these groups are considered indigenous peoples of the Americas.

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

text: Application

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: Indian

text: originated

text: with

text: Christopher

text: Columbus

text: who

text: in

text: his

text: search

text: for

text: Asia

text: thought

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: arrived

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: Indies

text: The

text: Americas

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: West

text: Indies

text: a

text: name

text: still

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Sea

text: This

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: names

text: Indies

text: and

text: Indian

text: which

text: implied

text: some

text: kind

text: of

text: racial

text: or

text: cultural

text: unity

text: among

text: the

text: aboriginal

text: peoples

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: This

text: unifying

text: concept

text: codified

text: in

text: law

text: religion

text: and

text: politics

text: was

text: not

text: originally

text: accepted

text: by

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: but

text: has

text: been

text: embraced

text: by

text: many

text: over

text: the

text: last

text: two

text: centuries.[citation

text: needed

text: Even

text: though

text: the

text: term

text: Indian

text: does

text: not

text: include

text: the

text: Aleuts

text: Inuit

text: or

text: Yupik

text: peoples

text: these

text: groups

text: are

text: considered

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

question: What incorrect term for the indigenous population originated with Christopher Columbus?

answer: Indian

text: Indian

question: Where did Columbus believe he had arrived?

answer: East Indies

text: East Indies

question: Because of Columbus' mistake, the Americas came to be known as what?

answer: West Indies

text: West Indies

question: What is implied by the global term of "Indian"?

answer: some kind of racial or cultural unity

text: some kind of racial or cultural unity

question: Despite fitting under the umbrella label of "Indian", Aleuts, Inuit and Yupik peoples are still considered to be what to the Americas?

answer: indigenous

text: indigenous


text: The Noble Eightfold Path—the fourth of the Buddha's Noble Truths—consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of dukkha. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: The

text: Noble

text: Eightfold

text: Path

text: the

text: fourth

text: of

text: the

text: Buddha

text: 's

text: Noble

text: Truths

text: consists

text: of

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: eight

text: interconnected

text: factors

text: or

text: conditions

text: that

text: when

text: developed

text: together

text: lead

text: to

text: the

text: cessation

text: of

text: dukkha

text: These

text: eight

text: factors

text: are

text: Right

text: View

text: or

text: Right

text: Understanding

text: Right

text: Intention

text: or

text: Right

text: Thought

text: Right

text: Speech

text: Right

text: Action

text: Right

text: Livelihood

text: Right

text: Effort

text: Right

text: Mindfulness

text: and

text: Right

text: Concentration

question: What is the fourth of the Buddha's Four Noble Truths?

answer: The Noble Eightfold Path

text: The Noble Eightfold Path

question: What is the purpose of the Noble Eightfold Path?

answer: lead to the cessation of dukkha

text: lead to the cessation of dukkha

question: What are the eight factors of the Noble Eightfold Path?

answer: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration

text: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration

question: The Noble Eightfold Path is which of Buddha's Truths?

answer: the fourth

text: the fourth

question: The fourth truth consists of how many factors?

answer: Eight

text: Eight

question: What is the end goal of the Fourth Truth?

answer: the cessation of dukkha

text: the cessation of dukkha

question: What is one of the eight factors?

answer: Right Action

text: Right Action

question: The Noble Eightfold Path is which Noble Truth?

answer: the fourth

text: the fourth

question: The noble Eightfold path is a set of how many inerconnected factors?

answer: eight

text: eight

question: When the eight factors are developed together, is leads to the cessation of what?

answer: dukkha

text: dukkha


text: His father encouraged Bell's interest in speech and, in 1863, took his sons to see a unique automaton, developed by Sir Charles Wheatstone based on the earlier work of Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen. The rudimentary "mechanical man" simulated a human voice. Bell was fascinated by the machine and after he obtained a copy of von Kempelen's book, published in German, and had laboriously translated it, he and his older brother Melville built their own automaton head. Their father, highly interested in their project, offered to pay for any supplies and spurred the boys on with the enticement of a "big prize" if they were successful. While his brother constructed the throat and larynx, Bell tackled the more difficult task of recreating a realistic skull. His efforts resulted in a remarkably lifelike head that could "speak", albeit only a few words. The boys would carefully adjust the "lips" and when a bellows forced air through the windpipe, a very recognizable "Mama" ensued, to the delight of neighbors who came to see the Bell invention.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: His

text: father

text: encouraged

text: Bell

text: 's

text: interest

text: in

text: speech

text: and

text: in

text: took

text: his

text: sons

text: to

text: see

text: a

text: unique

text: automaton

text: developed

text: by

text: Sir

text: Charles

text: Wheatstone

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: earlier

text: work

text: of

text: Baron

text: Wolfgang

text: von

text: Kempelen

text: The

text: rudimentary

text: mechanical

text: man

text: simulated

text: a

text: human

text: voice

text: Bell

text: was

text: fascinated

text: by

text: the

text: machine

text: and

text: after

text: he

text: obtained

text: a

text: copy

text: of

text: von

text: Kempelen

text: 's

text: book

text: published

text: in

text: German

text: and

text: had

text: laboriously

text: translated

text: it

text: he

text: and

text: his

text: older

text: brother

text: Melville

text: built

text: their

text: own

text: automaton

text: head

text: Their

text: father

text: highly

text: interested

text: in

text: their

text: project

text: offered

text: to

text: pay

text: for

text: any

text: supplies

text: and

text: spurred

text: the

text: boys

text: on

text: with

text: the

text: enticement

text: of

text: a

text: big

text: prize

text: if

text: they

text: were

text: successful

text: While

text: his

text: brother

text: constructed

text: the

text: throat

text: and

text: larynx

text: Bell

text: tackled

text: the

text: more

text: difficult

text: task

text: of

text: recreating

text: a

text: realistic

text: skull

text: His

text: efforts

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: remarkably

text: lifelike

text: head

text: that

text: could

text: speak

text: albeit

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: words

text: The

text: boys

text: would

text: carefully

text: adjust

text: the

text: lips

text: and

text: when

text: a

text: bellows

text: forced

text: air

text: through

text: the

text: windpipe

text: a

text: very

text: recognizable

text: Mama

text: ensued

text: to

text: the

text: delight

text: of

text: neighbors

text: who

text: came

text: to

text: see

text: the

text: Bell

text: invention

question: In what year did Bell's father take him to see an automaton?

answer: 1863

question: Who created the automaton Bell saw?

answer: Sir Charles Wheatstone

text: Sir Charles Wheatstone

question: What did the automaton mimic?

answer: human voice

text: human voice

question: Bell built his own automaton with who?

answer: Melville

text: Melville

question: What part of the automaton did Bell create?

answer: skull

text: skull


text: The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people. Choctaw Chief Allen Wright suggested the name in 1866 during treaty negotiations with the federal government regarding the use of Indian Territory, in which he envisioned an all-Indian state controlled by the United States Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was officially approved in 1890, two years after the area was opened to white settlers.

title: Oklahoma

title: Oklahoma

text: The

text: name

text: Oklahoma

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Choctaw

text: phrase

text: okla

text: humma

text: literally

text: meaning

text: red

text: people

text: Choctaw

text: Chief

text: Allen

text: Wright

text: suggested

text: the

text: name

text: in

text: during

text: treaty

text: negotiations

text: with

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: regarding

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: Indian

text: Territory

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: envisioned

text: an

text: all

text: Indian

text: state

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Superintendent

text: of

text: Indian

text: Affairs

text: Equivalent

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: word

text: Indian

text: okla

text: humma

text: was

text: a

text: phrase

text: in

text: the

text: Choctaw

text: language

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: Native

text: American

text: people

text: as

text: a

text: whole

text: Oklahoma

text: later

text: became

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: name

text: for

text: Oklahoma

text: Territory

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: officially

text: approved

text: in

text: two

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: area

text: was

text: opened

text: to

text: white

text: settlers

question: What language does the name Oklahoma come from?

answer: Choctaw

text: Choctaw

question: What does Oklahoma mean?

answer: red people

text: red people

question: When was the name Oklahoma suggested?

answer: 1866

question: Who suggested the name Oklahoma?

answer: Choctaw Chief Allen Wright

text: Choctaw Chief Allen Wright

question: When was the name Oklahoma made official?

answer: 1890


text: Elliot Sperling, a specialist of Indian studies and the director of the Tibetan Studies program at Indiana University’s Department of Central Eurasia Studies, writes that "the idea that Tibet became part of China in the 13th century is a very recent construction." He writes that Chinese writers of the early 20th century were of the view that Tibet was not annexed by China until the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion during the 18th century. He also states that Chinese writers of the early 20th century described Tibet as a feudal dependency of China, not an integral part of it. Sperling states that this is because "Tibet was ruled as such, within the empires of the Mongols and the Manchus" and also that "China's intervening Ming dynasty ... had no control over Tibet." He writes that the Ming relationship with Tibet is problematic for China’s insistence of its unbroken sovereignty over Tibet since the 13th century. As for the Tibetan view that Tibet was never subject to the rule of the Yuan or Qing emperors of China, Sperling also discounts this by stating that Tibet was "subject to rules, laws and decisions made by the Yuan and Qing rulers" and that even Tibetans described themselves as subjects of these emperors.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Elliot

text: Sperling

text: a

text: specialist

text: of

text: Indian

text: studies

text: and

text: the

text: director

text: of

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: Studies

text: program

text: at

text: Indiana

text: University

text: ’s

text: Department

text: of

text: Central

text: Eurasia

text: Studies

text: writes

text: that

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: Tibet

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: China

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: is

text: a

text: very

text: recent

text: construction

text: He

text: writes

text: that

text: Chinese

text: writers

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: were

text: of

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: Tibet

text: was

text: not

text: annexed

text: by

text: China

text: until

text: the

text: Manchu

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: invasion

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: He

text: also

text: states

text: that

text: Chinese

text: writers

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: described

text: Tibet

text: as

text: a

text: feudal

text: dependency

text: of

text: China

text: not

text: an

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: it

text: Sperling

text: states

text: that

text: this

text: is

text: because

text: Tibet

text: was

text: ruled

text: as

text: such

text: within

text: the

text: empires

text: of

text: the

text: Mongols

text: and

text: the

text: Manchus

text: and

text: also

text: that

text: China

text: 's

text: intervening

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: had

text: no

text: control

text: over

text: Tibet

text: He

text: writes

text: that

text: the

text: Ming

text: relationship

text: with

text: Tibet

text: is

text: problematic

text: for

text: China

text: ’s

text: insistence

text: of

text: its

text: unbroken

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Tibet

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: As

text: for

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: view

text: that

text: Tibet

text: was

text: never

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: Yuan

text: or

text: Qing

text: emperors

text: of

text: China

text: Sperling

text: also

text: discounts

text: this

text: by

text: stating

text: that

text: Tibet

text: was

text: subject

text: to

text: rules

text: laws

text: and

text: decisions

text: made

text: by

text: the

text: Yuan

text: and

text: Qing

text: rulers

text: and

text: that

text: even

text: Tibetans

text: described

text: themselves

text: as

text: subjects

text: of

text: these

text: emperors

question: Who said Tibet  wasn't an integral part of of China?

answer: Chinese writers of the early 20th century

text: Chinese writers of the early 20th century

question: What does Sperling claim did not have any control over Tibet?

answer: China's intervening Ming dynasty

text: China's intervening Ming dynasty

question: Since what century has Sperling described Ming and Tibet's relation being problematic for China?

answer: the 13th century

text: the 13th century

question: When was the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion?

answer: the 18th century

text: the 18th century


text: The Yiddish linguist Max Weinreich published the expression, A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot ("אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמײ און פֿלאָט": "A language is a dialect with an army and navy") in YIVO Bleter 25.1, 1945, p. 13. The significance of the political factors in any attempt at answering the question "what is a language?" is great enough to cast doubt on whether any strictly linguistic definition, without a socio-cultural approach, is possible. This is illustrated by the frequency with which the army-navy aphorism is cited.

title: Dialect

title: Dialect

text: The

text: Yiddish

text: linguist

text: Max

text: Weinreich

text: published

text: the

text: expression

text: A

text: shprakh

text: iz

text: a

text: dialekt

text: mit

text: an

text: armey

text: un

text: flot

text: אַ

text: שפּראַך

text: איז

text: אַ

text: דיאַלעקט

text: מיט

text: אַן

text: אַרמײ

text: און

text: פֿלאָט"

text: A

text: language

text: is

text: a

text: dialect

text: with

text: an

text: army

text: and

text: navy

text: in

text: YIVO

text: Bleter

text: p.

text: The

text: significance

text: of

text: the

text: political

text: factors

text: in

text: any

text: attempt

text: at

text: answering

text: the

text: question

text: what

text: is

text: a

text: language

text: is

text: great

text: enough

text: to

text: cast

text: doubt

text: on

text: whether

text: any

text: strictly

text: linguistic

text: definition

text: without

text: a

text: socio

text: cultural

text: approach

text: is

text: possible

text: This

text: is

text: illustrated

text: by

text: the

text: frequency

text: with

text: which

text: the

text: army

text: navy

text: aphorism

text: is

text: cited

question: Max Weinreich is a linguist of what language?

answer: Yiddish

text: Yiddish

question: What does "A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot" mean in English?

answer: A language is a dialect with an army and navy

text: A language is a dialect with an army and navy

question: When did Max Weinrich write "A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot"?

answer: 1945

question: In what did the army-navy publish the phrase  "A language is a dialect with an army and navy"?

text: YIVO Bleter

question: What is illustrated by the frequency by Max Weinreich published his expression?

question: Which language is YIVO Bleter a linguist of?

text: Yiddish

question: Max Weinreich is what in relation to the YIVO Bleter language?

text: linguist


text: In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union. In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.

title: Elizabeth_II

title: Elizabeth_II

text: In

text: the

text: British

text: and

text: French

text: prime

text: ministers

text: Sir

text: Anthony

text: Eden

text: and

text: Guy

text: Mollet

text: discussed

text: the

text: possibility

text: of

text: France

text: joining

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: The

text: proposal

text: was

text: never

text: accepted

text: and

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: France

text: signed

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Rome

text: which

text: established

text: the

text: European

text: Economic

text: Community

text: the

text: precursor

text: to

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: In

text: November

text: Britain

text: and

text: France

text: invaded

text: Egypt

text: in

text: an

text: ultimately

text: unsuccessful

text: attempt

text: to

text: capture

text: the

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: Lord

text: Mountbatten

text: claimed

text: the

text: Queen

text: was

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: invasion

text: though

text: Eden

text: denied

text: it

text: Eden

text: resigned

text: two

text: months

text: later

question: When did the prime ministers of Britain and France discuss the idea of France joining the Commonwealth?

answer: 1956

question: What did France sign instead of joining the Commonwealth?

answer: Treaty of Rome

text: Treaty of Rome

question: What did the Treaty of Rome establish?

answer: European Economic Community

text: European Economic Community

question: To what was the European Economic Community the precurser?

answer: European Union

text: European Union

question: When did Britain and France invade Egypt?

answer: November 1956

text: November 1956

question: In what year did Sir Anthony Eden become the British prime minister?

question: In what year did Guy Mollet become the French prime minister?

question: In what year was the Suez Canal dig completed?

question: What was the first country Britain invaded during Queen Elizabeth's rule?

text: Egypt

question: In what year did Queen Elizabeth get crowned?


text: Jonas Bronck (c. 1600–43) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (about 2 square km, or 3/4 of a square mile) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River, or The Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land. The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother.

title: The_Bronx

title: The_Bronx

text: Jonas

text: Bronck

text: c.

text: was

text: a

text: Swedish

text: born

text: emigrant

text: from

text: Komstad

text: Norra

text: Ljunga

text: parish

text: in

text: Småland

text: Sweden

text: who

text: arrived

text: in

text: New

text: Netherland

text: during

text: the

text: spring

text: of

text: He

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: recorded

text: European

text: settler

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Bronx

text: He

text: leased

text: land

text: from

text: the

text: Dutch

text: West

text: India

text: Company

text: on

text: the

text: neck

text: of

text: the

text: mainland

text: immediately

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Dutch

text: settlement

text: in

text: Harlem

text: on

text: Manhattan

text: island

text: and

text: bought

text: additional

text: tracts

text: from

text: the

text: local

text: tribes

text: He

text: eventually

text: accumulated

text: acres

text: about

text: square

text: km

text: or

text: of

text: a

text: square

text: mile

text: between

text: the

text: Harlem

text: River

text: and

text: the

text: Aquahung

text: which

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: Bronck

text: 's

text: River

text: or

text: The

text: Bronx

text: Dutch

text: and

text: English

text: settlers

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: as

text: Bronck

text: 's

text: Land

text: The

text: American

text: poet

text: William

text: Bronk

text: was

text: a

text: descendant

text: of

text: Pieter

text: Bronck

text: either

text: Jonas

text: Bronck

text: 's

text: son

text: or

text: his

text: younger

text: brother

question: When was Jonas Bronck born?

answer: 1600

question: Where did Bronck emigrate from?

answer: Småland, Sweden

text: Småland, Sweden

question: When did Bronck reach the New York area?

answer: spring of 1639

text: spring of 1639

question: What entity did Bronck get his land from?

answer: the Dutch West India Company

text: the Dutch West India Company

question: How much land did Bronck eventually own?

answer: 500 acres

text: 500 acres


text: On January 21, 1990, Rukh organized a 300-mile (480 km) human chain between Kiev, Lviv, and Ivano-Frankivsk. Hundreds of thousands joined hands to commemorate the proclamation of Ukrainian independence in 1918 and the reunification of Ukrainian lands one year later (1919 Unification Act). On January 23, 1990, the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church held its first synod since its liquidation by the Soviets in 1946 (an act which the gathering declared invalid). On February 9, 1990, the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice officially registered Rukh. However, the registration came too late for Rukh to stand its own candidates for the parliamentary and local elections on March 4. At the 1990 elections of people's deputies to the Supreme Council (Verkhovna Rada), candidates from the Democratic Bloc won landslide victories in western Ukrainian oblasts. A majority of the seats had to hold run-off elections. On March 18, Democratic candidates scored further victories in the run-offs. The Democratic Bloc gained about 90 out of 450 seats in the new parliament.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: On

text: January

text: Rukh

text: organized

text: a

text: km

text: human

text: chain

text: between

text: Kiev

text: Lviv

text: and

text: Ivano

text: Frankivsk

text: Hundreds

text: of

text: thousands

text: joined

text: hands

text: to

text: commemorate

text: the

text: proclamation

text: of

text: Ukrainian

text: independence

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: reunification

text: of

text: Ukrainian

text: lands

text: one

text: year

text: later

text: Unification

text: Act

text: On

text: January

text: the

text: Ukrainian

text: Greek

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: held

text: its

text: first

text: synod

text: since

text: its

text: liquidation

text: by

text: the

text: Soviets

text: in

text: an

text: act

text: which

text: the

text: gathering

text: declared

text: invalid

text: On

text: February

text: the

text: Ukrainian

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Justice

text: officially

text: registered

text: Rukh

text: However

text: the

text: registration

text: came

text: too

text: late

text: for

text: Rukh

text: to

text: stand

text: its

text: own

text: candidates

text: for

text: the

text: parliamentary

text: and

text: local

text: elections

text: on

text: March

text: At

text: the

text: elections

text: of

text: people

text: 's

text: deputies

text: to

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Council

text: Verkhovna

text: Rada

text: candidates

text: from

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Bloc

text: won

text: landslide

text: victories

text: in

text: western

text: Ukrainian

text: oblasts

text: A

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: seats

text: had

text: to

text: hold

text: run

text: off

text: elections

text: On

text: March

text: Democratic

text: candidates

text: scored

text: further

text: victories

text: in

text: the

text: run

text: offs

text: The

text: Democratic

text: Bloc

text: gained

text: about

text: out

text: of

text: seats

text: in

text: the

text: new

text: parliament

question: How many miles long was the human chain?

answer: 300

question: Who organized this chain?

answer: Rukh

text: Rukh

question: What country's independence were the chain members celebrating?

answer: Ukrainian

text: Ukrainian

question: When had the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church been broken up by the Soviets?

answer: 1946

question: In 1990 which party had most of the election victories?

answer: the Democratic Bloc

text: the Democratic Bloc