text: Evidence exists that native peoples traveled through Oklahoma as early as the last ice age. Ancestors of the Wichita and Caddo lived in what is now Oklahoma. The Panhandle culture peoples were precontact residents of the panhandle region. The westernmost center of the Mississippian culture was Spiro Mounds, in what is now Spiro, Oklahoma, which flourished between AD 850 and 1450. Spaniard Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled through the state in 1541, but French explorers claimed the area in the 1700s and it remained under French rule until 1803, when all the French territory west of the Mississippi River was purchased by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase.

title: Oklahoma

title: Oklahoma

text: Evidence

text: exists

text: that

text: native

text: peoples

text: traveled

text: through

text: Oklahoma

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: last

text: ice

text: age

text: Ancestors

text: of

text: the

text: Wichita

text: and

text: Caddo

text: lived

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Oklahoma

text: The

text: Panhandle

text: culture

text: peoples

text: were

text: precontact

text: residents

text: of

text: the

text: panhandle

text: region

text: The

text: westernmost

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippian

text: culture

text: was

text: Spiro

text: Mounds

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Spiro

text: Oklahoma

text: which

text: flourished

text: between

text: AD

text: and

text: Spaniard

text: Francisco

text: Vásquez

text: de

text: Coronado

text: traveled

text: through

text: the

text: state

text: in

text: but

text: French

text: explorers

text: claimed

text: the

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: it

text: remained

text: under

text: French

text: rule

text: until

text: when

text: all

text: the

text: French

text: territory

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: was

text: purchased

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: Louisiana

text: Purchase

question: Ancestors of which tribes lived in Oklahoma?

answer: Wichita and Caddo

text: Wichita and Caddo

question: What was Spiro, Oklahoma named for?

answer: Spiro Mounds

text: Spiro Mounds

question: When did Spiro Mounds flourish?

answer: between AD 850 and 1450

text: between AD 850 and 1450

question: What Spanish explorer visited Oklahoma in 1541?

answer: Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

text: Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

question: When did France sell Oklahoma's land to the US?

answer: 1803


text: In the 2000 Census Oklahoma City's age composition was 25.5% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: In

text: the

text: Census

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: 's

text: age

text: composition

text: was

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: from

text: to

text: from

text: to

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: who

text: were

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: or

text: older

text: The

text: median

text: age

text: was

text: years

text: For

text: every

text: females

text: there

text: were

text: males

text: For

text: every

text: females

text: age

text: and

text: over

text: there

text: were

text: males

question: What was Oklahoma cities median age in 2000?

answer: 34

question: Which gender was prominent in that time?

answer: females

text: females


text: In the assembly elections held in November 2012, the Congress secured an absolute majority. The Congress won 36 of the 68 seats while the BJP won only 26 of the 68 seats. Virbhadra Singh was sworn-in as Himachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term in Shimla on 25 December 2012. Virbhadra Singh who has held the top office in Himachal five times in the past, was administered the oath of office and secrecy by Governor Urmila Singh at an open ceremony at the historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla.

title: Himachal_Pradesh

title: Himachal_Pradesh

text: In

text: the

text: assembly

text: elections

text: held

text: in

text: November

text: the

text: Congress

text: secured

text: an

text: absolute

text: majority

text: The

text: Congress

text: won

text: of

text: the

text: seats

text: while

text: the

text: BJP

text: won

text: only

text: of

text: the

text: seats

text: Virbhadra

text: Singh

text: was

text: sworn

text: in

text: as

text: Himachal

text: Pradesh

text: 's

text: Chief

text: Minister

text: for

text: a

text: record

text: sixth

text: term

text: in

text: Shimla

text: on

text: December

text: Virbhadra

text: Singh

text: who

text: has

text: held

text: the

text: top

text: office

text: in

text: Himachal

text: five

text: times

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: was

text: administered

text: the

text: oath

text: of

text: office

text: and

text: secrecy

text: by

text: Governor

text: Urmila

text: Singh

text: at

text: an

text: open

text: ceremony

text: at

text: the

text: historic

text: Ridge

text: Maidan

text: in

text: Shimla

question: When did Congress secure an absolute majority?

answer: In the assembly elections held in November 2012

text: In the assembly elections held in November 2012

question: How many seats did Congress win?

answer: 36 of the 68 seats

text: 36 of the 68 seats

question: Who was sworn in as HImachal Pradesh's Chief Minister for a record sixth term?

answer: Virbhadra Singh

text: Virbhadra Singh

question: Who administered the oath of office and secrecy?

answer: Governor Urmila Singh

text: Governor Urmila Singh

question: Where was the oath of office and secrecy taken?

answer: historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla

text: historic Ridge Maidan in Shimla

question: What did the BJP secure in November 2012?

text: an absolute majority

question: What was Shimla sworn in as for a 6th term?

text: Himachal Pradesh's Chief Minister

question: At what location did congress secure an absolute majorty in the election?

text: the historic Ridge Maidan

question: What did Virbhadra Singh administer at an open ceremony?

text: the oath of office and secrecy

question: How many seats did Himachal Pradesh win to gain an absolute majority?

text: 36 of the 68 seats


text: Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal with respect to other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.

title: Mammal

title: Mammal

text: Molecular

text: studies

text: based

text: on

text: DNA

text: analysis

text: have

text: suggested

text: new

text: relationships

text: among

text: mammal

text: families

text: over

text: the

text: last

text: few

text: years

text: Most

text: of

text: these

text: findings

text: have

text: been

text: independently

text: validated

text: by

text: retrotransposon

text: presence

text: absence

text: data

text: Classification

text: systems

text: based

text: on

text: molecular

text: studies

text: reveal

text: three

text: major

text: groups

text: or

text: lineages

text: of

text: placental

text: mammals-

text: Afrotheria

text: Xenarthra

text: and

text: Boreoeutheria-

text: which

text: diverged

text: from

text: early

text: common

text: ancestors

text: in

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: The

text: relationships

text: between

text: these

text: three

text: lineages

text: is

text: contentious

text: and

text: all

text: three

text: possible

text: different

text: hypotheses

text: have

text: been

text: proposed

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: which

text: group

text: is

text: basal

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: other

text: placentals

text: These

text: hypotheses

text: are

text: Atlantogenata

text: basal

text: Boreoeutheria

text: Epitheria

text: basal

text: Xenarthra

text: and

text: Exafroplacentalia

text: basal

text: Afrotheria

text: Boreoeutheria

text: in

text: turn

text: contains

text: two

text: major

text: lineages-

text: Euarchontoglires

text: and

text: Laurasiatheria

question: Through Molecular studies, what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families?

answer: DNA analysis

text: DNA analysis

question: During these Molecular studies, which three major groups of mammals shared a common ancestors from the Cretaceous period?

answer: Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria

text: Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria

question: Afrotheria,Xenartha, and Boreoeutheria deprives from which two lineages?

answer: Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria

text: Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria

question: What have studies based on Boreoeutheria suggested?

text: new relationships among mammal families

question: What have findings based on common ancestors in the Cretaceous been validated by?

text: retrotransposon presence/absence data

question: What are three major groups of Laurasiatheria?

question: Where did Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria come from?

question: What two major common ancestors does Alantogenata contain?

text: Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria


text: Theophrastus wrote some of the earliest descriptions of plants and animals, establishing the first taxonomy and looking at minerals in terms of their properties such as hardness. Pliny the Elder produced what is one of the largest encyclopedias of the natural world in 77 AD, and must be regarded as the rightful successor to Theophrastus. For example, he accurately describes the octahedral shape of the diamond, and proceeds to mention that diamond dust is used by engravers to cut and polish other gems owing to its great hardness. His recognition of the importance of crystal shape is a precursor to modern crystallography, while mention of numerous other minerals presages mineralogy. He also recognises that other minerals have characteristic crystal shapes, but in one example, confuses the crystal habit with the work of lapidaries. He was also the first to recognise that amber was a fossilized resin from pine trees because he had seen samples with trapped insects within them.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: Theophrastus

text: wrote

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: descriptions

text: of

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: establishing

text: the

text: first

text: taxonomy

text: and

text: looking

text: at

text: minerals

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: their

text: properties

text: such

text: as

text: hardness

text: Pliny

text: the

text: Elder

text: produced

text: what

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: encyclopedias

text: of

text: the

text: natural

text: world

text: in

text: AD

text: and

text: must

text: be

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: rightful

text: successor

text: to

text: Theophrastus

text: For

text: example

text: he

text: accurately

text: describes

text: the

text: octahedral

text: shape

text: of

text: the

text: diamond

text: and

text: proceeds

text: to

text: mention

text: that

text: diamond

text: dust

text: is

text: used

text: by

text: engravers

text: to

text: cut

text: and

text: polish

text: other

text: gems

text: owing

text: to

text: its

text: great

text: hardness

text: His

text: recognition

text: of

text: the

text: importance

text: of

text: crystal

text: shape

text: is

text: a

text: precursor

text: to

text: modern

text: crystallography

text: while

text: mention

text: of

text: numerous

text: other

text: minerals

text: presages

text: mineralogy

text: He

text: also

text: recognises

text: that

text: other

text: minerals

text: have

text: characteristic

text: crystal

text: shapes

text: but

text: in

text: one

text: example

text: confuses

text: the

text: crystal

text: habit

text: with

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: lapidaries

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: recognise

text: that

text: amber

text: was

text: a

text: fossilized

text: resin

text: from

text: pine

text: trees

text: because

text: he

text: had

text: seen

text: samples

text: with

text: trapped

text: insects

text: within

text: them

question: What classification guide did Theophrastus create?

answer: the first taxonomy

text: the first taxonomy

question: In what year did Pliny the Elder publish the largest encyclopedia?

answer: 77 AD

text: 77 AD

question: What did Pliny the Elder observe about diamonds?

answer: the octahedral shape

text: the octahedral shape

question: Who do engravers use diamond dust for?

answer: to cut and polish other gems

text: to cut and polish other gems

question: What characteristic was Pliny the Elder the first to recognize about amber?

answer: was a fossilized resin

text: was a fossilized resin


text: A scientific study in the journal, Biological Conservation, states that trophy hunting is of "major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism." However, another study states that less than 3% of a trophy hunters' expenditures reach the local level, meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is "minimal, particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy."

title: Hunting

title: Hunting

text: A

text: scientific

text: study

text: in

text: the

text: journal

text: Biological

text: Conservation

text: states

text: that

text: trophy

text: hunting

text: is

text: of

text: major

text: importance

text: to

text: conservation

text: in

text: Africa

text: by

text: creating

text: economic

text: incentives

text: for

text: conservation

text: over

text: vast

text: areas

text: including

text: areas

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: unsuitable

text: for

text: alternative

text: wildlife

text: based

text: land

text: uses

text: such

text: as

text: photographic

text: ecotourism

text: However

text: another

text: study

text: states

text: that

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: a

text: trophy

text: hunters

text: expenditures

text: reach

text: the

text: local

text: level

text: meaning

text: that

text: the

text: economic

text: incentive

text: and

text: benefit

text: is

text: minimal

text: particularly

text: when

text: we

text: consider

text: the

text: vast

text: areas

text: of

text: land

text: that

text: hunting

text: concessions

text: occupy

question: What Continent did the biological Conservation state trophy hunting is of major importance to the conservation of?

answer: Africa

text: Africa

question: What does hunting create economic incentives for?

answer: conservation

text: conservation

question: What did another study show that less than 3% of reached the local level?

answer: expenditures

text: expenditures

question: What type of studies does the Biological Conservation journal publish?

answer: scientific

text: scientific

question: Why is trophy hunting important to conservation in Africa?

answer: creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas

text: creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas

question: Trophy hunting can include areas which would likely be unsuitable for what other types of ecotourism?

answer: photographic

text: photographic

question: How much of a trophy hunters' expenditures actually reach the local level, according to another study?

answer: less than 3%

text: less than 3%

question: What thus is the level of economic incentive and benefit?

answer: minimal

text: minimal

question: What is of major importance in Africa?

answer: trophy hunting

text: trophy hunting

question: What does trophy hunting create in Africa?

answer: economic incentives for conservation

text: economic incentives for conservation

question: How much of trophy hunters expenditures actually reach the local level?

answer: less than 3%

text: less than 3%

question: What percentage of people read the journal Biological Conservation each year?

question: What is photographic ecotourism of major importance to in Africa?

text: conservation

question: How does photographic ecotourism help preserve wildlife in Africa?

question: What group funded the Biological Conservation study?

text: trophy hunters

question: What did another study show that less than 3% of was used to mount trophies?

text: a trophy hunters' expenditures


text: YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion. YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload, view, rate, share, and comment on videos, and it makes use of WebM, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, and Adobe Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user-generated and corporate media video. Available content includes video clips, TV clips, music videos, movie trailers, and other content such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational videos.

title: YouTube

title: YouTube

text: YouTube

text: is

text: a

text: global

text: video

text: sharing

text: website

text: headquartered

text: in

text: San

text: Bruno

text: California

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: service

text: was

text: created

text: by

text: three

text: former

text: PayPal

text: employees

text: in

text: February

text: In

text: November

text: it

text: was

text: bought

text: by

text: Google

text: for

text: US$

text: billion

text: YouTube

text: now

text: operates

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: Google

text: 's

text: subsidiaries

text: The

text: site

text: allows

text: users

text: to

text: upload

text: view

text: rate

text: share

text: and

text: comment

text: on

text: videos

text: and

text: it

text: makes

text: use

text: of

text: WebM

text: AVC

text: and

text: Adobe

text: Flash

text: Video

text: technology

text: to

text: display

text: a

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: user

text: generated

text: and

text: corporate

text: media

text: video

text: Available

text: content

text: includes

text: video

text: clips

text: TV

text: clips

text: music

text: videos

text: movie

text: trailers

text: and

text: other

text: content

text: such

text: as

text: video

text: blogging

text: short

text: original

text: videos

text: and

text: educational

text: videos

question: Where is Youtube headquartered?

answer: San Bruno, California, United States

text: San Bruno, California, United States

question: When was Youtube created?

answer: February 2005

text: February 2005

question: How much did Google pay for Youtube in 2006?

answer: US$1.65 billion

text: US$1.65 billion

question: Other than video blogging and and educational videos, what content is available on youtube?

answer: short original videos

text: short original videos

question: How does youtube now operate as a business?

answer: as one of Google's subsidiaries

text: as one of Google's subsidiaries

question: What company did the three employees that started YouTube in 2006 used to work for?

text: PayPal

question: Who bought YouTube in 2005 for US$1.65 billion?

text: Google

question: Who's subsidiary does Google now operate under?

text: YouTube

question: What other technology does YouTube use besides WebM and H.642/MPEG-4 VAC?

text: Adobe Flash Video


text: Mexico City is home to a number of orchestras offering season programs. These include the Mexico City Philharmonic, which performs at the Sala Ollin Yoliztli; the National Symphony Orchestra, whose home base is the Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of the Fine Arts), a masterpiece of art nouveau and art decó styles; the Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (OFUNAM), and the Minería Symphony Orchestra, both of which perform at the Sala Nezahualcóyotl, which was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere when inaugurated in 1976. There are also many smaller ensembles that enrich the city's musical scene, including the Carlos Chávez Youth Symphony, the New World Orchestra (Orquesta del Nuevo Mundo), the National Polytechnical Symphony and the Bellas Artes Chamber Orchestra (Orquesta de Cámara de Bellas Artes).

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: Mexico

text: City

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: orchestras

text: offering

text: season

text: programs

text: These

text: include

text: the

text: Mexico

text: City

text: Philharmonic

text: which

text: performs

text: at

text: the

text: Sala

text: Ollin

text: Yoliztli

text: the

text: National

text: Symphony

text: Orchestra

text: whose

text: home

text: base

text: is

text: the

text: Palacio

text: de

text: Bellas

text: Artes

text: Palace

text: of

text: the

text: Fine

text: Arts

text: a

text: masterpiece

text: of

text: art

text: nouveau

text: and

text: art

text: decó

text: styles

text: the

text: Philharmonic

text: Orchestra

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Autonomous

text: University

text: of

text: Mexico

text: OFUNAM

text: and

text: the

text: Minería

text: Symphony

text: Orchestra

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: perform

text: at

text: the

text: Sala

text: Nezahualcóyotl

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: wrap

text: around

text: concert

text: hall

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: Hemisphere

text: when

text: inaugurated

text: in

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: many

text: smaller

text: ensembles

text: that

text: enrich

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: musical

text: scene

text: including

text: the

text: Carlos

text: Chávez

text: Youth

text: Symphony

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: Orchestra

text: Orquesta

text: del

text: Nuevo

text: Mundo

text: the

text: National

text: Polytechnical

text: Symphony

text: and

text: the

text: Bellas

text: Artes

text: Chamber

text: Orchestra

text: Orquesta

text: de

text: Cámara

text: de

text: Bellas

text: Artes

question: Where does the Mexico City Philharmonic perform?

answer: Sala Ollin Yoliztli

text: Sala Ollin Yoliztli

question: When was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere opened?

answer: 1976

question: What is the name of one of the main orchestras of Mexico City?

answer: National Symphony Orchestra

text: National Symphony Orchestra

question: The Palace of Fine Arts hosts what main symphony?

answer: National Symphony Orchestra

text: National Symphony Orchestra

question: What does OFUNAM stand for?

answer: Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico

text: Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico


text: During his brief majority reign, Murad IV (1612–1640) reasserted central authority and recaptured Iraq (1639) from the Safavids. The resulting Treaty of Zuhab of that same year decisively parted the Caucasus and adjacent regions between the two neighbouring empires as it had already been defined in the 1555 Peace of Amasya. The Sultanate of women (1648–1656) was a period in which the mothers of young sultans exercised power on behalf of their sons. The most prominent women of this period were Kösem Sultan and her daughter-in-law Turhan Hatice, whose political rivalry culminated in Kösem's murder in 1651. During the Köprülü Era (1656–1703), effective control of the Empire was exercised by a sequence of Grand Viziers from the Köprülü family. The Köprülü Vizierate saw renewed military success with authority restored in Transylvania, the conquest of Crete completed in 1669, and expansion into Polish southern Ukraine, with the strongholds of Khotyn and Kamianets-Podilskyi and the territory of Podolia ceding to Ottoman control in 1676.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: During

text: his

text: brief

text: majority

text: reign

text: Murad

text: IV

text: reasserted

text: central

text: authority

text: and

text: recaptured

text: Iraq

text: from

text: the

text: Safavids

text: The

text: resulting

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Zuhab

text: of

text: that

text: same

text: year

text: decisively

text: parted

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: and

text: adjacent

text: regions

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: neighbouring

text: empires

text: as

text: it

text: had

text: already

text: been

text: defined

text: in

text: the

text: Peace

text: of

text: Amasya

text: The

text: Sultanate

text: of

text: women

text: was

text: a

text: period

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: mothers

text: of

text: young

text: sultans

text: exercised

text: power

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: their

text: sons

text: The

text: most

text: prominent

text: women

text: of

text: this

text: period

text: were

text: Kösem

text: Sultan

text: and

text: her

text: daughter

text: in

text: law

text: Turhan

text: Hatice

text: whose

text: political

text: rivalry

text: culminated

text: in

text: Kösem

text: 's

text: murder

text: in

text: During

text: the

text: Köprülü

text: Era

text: effective

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: was

text: exercised

text: by

text: a

text: sequence

text: of

text: Grand

text: Viziers

text: from

text: the

text: Köprülü

text: family

text: The

text: Köprülü

text: Vizierate

text: saw

text: renewed

text: military

text: success

text: with

text: authority

text: restored

text: in

text: Transylvania

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: Crete

text: completed

text: in

text: and

text: expansion

text: into

text: Polish

text: southern

text: Ukraine

text: with

text: the

text: strongholds

text: of

text: Khotyn

text: and

text: Kamianets

text: Podilskyi

text: and

text: the

text: territory

text: of

text: Podolia

text: ceding

text: to

text: Ottoman

text: control

text: in

question: Who recaptured Iraq in 1639?

answer: Murad IV

text: Murad IV

question: Who had control over Iraq before it was recaptured in 1639?

answer: the Safavids

text: the Safavids

question: When was Kösem murdered?

answer: 1651

question: What years define the Köprülü Era?

answer: 1656–1703

question: What territory was conquered by the Köprülü Vizierate in 1669?

answer: Crete

text: Crete


text: The United Nations designates Tuvalu as a least developed country (LDC) because of its limited potential for economic development, absence of exploitable resources and its small size and vulnerability to external economic and environmental shocks. Tuvalu participates in the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries (EIF), which was established in October 1997 under the auspices of the World Trade Organisation. In 2013 Tuvalu deferred its graduation from least developed country (LDC) status to a developing country to 2015. Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga said that this deferral was necessary to maintain access by Tuvalu to the funds provided by the United Nations's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), as "Once Tuvalu graduates to a developed country, it will not be considered for funding assistance for climate change adaptation programmes like NAPA, which only goes to LDCs". Tuvalu had met targets so that Tuvalu was to graduate from LDC status. Prime minister, Enele Sopoaga wants the United Nations to reconsider its criteria for graduation from LDC status as not enough weight is given to the environmental plight of small island states like Tuvalu in the application of the Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI).

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: The

text: United

text: Nations

text: designates

text: Tuvalu

text: as

text: a

text: least

text: developed

text: country

text: LDC

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: limited

text: potential

text: for

text: economic

text: development

text: absence

text: of

text: exploitable

text: resources

text: and

text: its

text: small

text: size

text: and

text: vulnerability

text: to

text: external

text: economic

text: and

text: environmental

text: shocks

text: Tuvalu

text: participates

text: in

text: the

text: Enhanced

text: Integrated

text: Framework

text: for

text: Trade

text: Related

text: Technical

text: Assistance

text: to

text: Least

text: Developed

text: Countries

text: EIF

text: which

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: October

text: under

text: the

text: auspices

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Trade

text: Organisation

text: In

text: Tuvalu

text: deferred

text: its

text: graduation

text: from

text: least

text: developed

text: country

text: LDC

text: status

text: to

text: a

text: developing

text: country

text: to

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Enele

text: Sopoaga

text: said

text: that

text: this

text: deferral

text: was

text: necessary

text: to

text: maintain

text: access

text: by

text: Tuvalu

text: to

text: the

text: funds

text: provided

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: 's

text: National

text: Adaptation

text: Programme

text: of

text: Action

text: NAPA

text: as

text: Once

text: Tuvalu

text: graduates

text: to

text: a

text: developed

text: country

text: it

text: will

text: not

text: be

text: considered

text: for

text: funding

text: assistance

text: for

text: climate

text: change

text: adaptation

text: programmes

text: like

text: NAPA

text: which

text: only

text: goes

text: to

text: LDCs

text: Tuvalu

text: had

text: met

text: targets

text: so

text: that

text: Tuvalu

text: was

text: to

text: graduate

text: from

text: LDC

text: status

text: Prime

text: minister

text: Enele

text: Sopoaga

text: wants

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: to

text: reconsider

text: its

text: criteria

text: for

text: graduation

text: from

text: LDC

text: status

text: as

text: not

text: enough

text: weight

text: is

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: environmental

text: plight

text: of

text: small

text: island

text: states

text: like

text: Tuvalu

text: in

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: the

text: Environmental

text: Vulnerability

text: Index

text: EVI

question: What is the UN developmental designation for Tuvalu?

answer: least developed

text: least developed

question: What organization sponsors an assistance program for least developed countries?

answer: World Trade Organisation

text: World Trade Organisation

question: What did Tuvalu do in 2013 in regards to it least developed country status?

answer: deferred its graduation

text: deferred its graduation

question: What would Tuvalu have lost as a developed country?

answer: funding assistance

text: funding assistance

question: What type of problem does the current developed country rating not take into enough consideration?

answer: environmental

text: environmental


text: After 13 months at the hospital, Broz was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains where prisoners selected him for their camp leader. In February 1917, revolting workers broke into the prison and freed the prisoners. Broz subsequently joined a Bolshevik group. In April 1917, he was arrested again but managed to escape and participate in the July Days demonstrations in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) on 16–17 July 1917. On his way to Finland, Broz was caught and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress for three weeks. He was again sent to Kungur, but escaped from the train. He hid with a Russian family in Omsk, Siberia where he met his future wife Pelagija Belousova. After the October Revolution, he joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Following a White counteroffensive, he fled to Kirgiziya and subsequently returned to Omsk, where he married Belousova. In the spring of 1918, he joined the Yugoslav section of the Russian Communist Party. By June of the same year, Broz left Omsk to find work and support his family, and was employed as a mechanic near Omsk for a year.

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

text: After

text: months

text: at

text: the

text: hospital

text: Broz

text: was

text: sent

text: to

text: a

text: work

text: camp

text: in

text: the

text: Ural

text: Mountains

text: where

text: prisoners

text: selected

text: him

text: for

text: their

text: camp

text: leader

text: In

text: February

text: revolting

text: workers

text: broke

text: into

text: the

text: prison

text: and

text: freed

text: the

text: prisoners

text: Broz

text: subsequently

text: joined

text: a

text: Bolshevik

text: group

text: In

text: April

text: he

text: was

text: arrested

text: again

text: but

text: managed

text: to

text: escape

text: and

text: participate

text: in

text: the

text: July

text: Days

text: demonstrations

text: in

text: Petrograd

text: St.

text: Petersburg

text: on

text: July

text: On

text: his

text: way

text: to

text: Finland

text: Broz

text: was

text: caught

text: and

text: imprisoned

text: in

text: the

text: Peter

text: and

text: Paul

text: Fortress

text: for

text: three

text: weeks

text: He

text: was

text: again

text: sent

text: to

text: Kungur

text: but

text: escaped

text: from

text: the

text: train

text: He

text: hid

text: with

text: a

text: Russian

text: family

text: in

text: Omsk

text: Siberia

text: where

text: he

text: met

text: his

text: future

text: wife

text: Pelagija

text: Belousova

text: After

text: the

text: October

text: Revolution

text: he

text: joined

text: a

text: Red

text: Guard

text: unit

text: in

text: Omsk

text: Following

text: a

text: White

text: counteroffensive

text: he

text: fled

text: to

text: Kirgiziya

text: and

text: subsequently

text: returned

text: to

text: Omsk

text: where

text: he

text: married

text: Belousova

text: In

text: the

text: spring

text: of

text: he

text: joined

text: the

text: Yugoslav

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Communist

text: Party

text: By

text: June

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: Broz

text: left

text: Omsk

text: to

text: find

text: work

text: and

text: support

text: his

text: family

text: and

text: was

text: employed

text: as

text: a

text: mechanic

text: near

text: Omsk

text: for

text: a

text: year

question: How long was Broz in the hospital?

answer: 13 months

text: 13 months

question: Where was Broz's work camp?

answer: Ural Mountains

text: Ural Mountains

question: What position was he selected for at work camp?

answer: camp leader

text: camp leader

question: Where did Broz flee to after a White counteroffensive?

answer: Kirgiziya

text: Kirgiziya

question: Where did Broz marry Belousova?

answer: Omsk

text: Omsk


text: Logic operations involve Boolean logic: AND, OR, XOR, and NOT. These can be useful for creating complicated conditional statements and processing boolean logic.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: Logic

text: operations

text: involve

text: Boolean

text: logic

text: AND

text: OR

text: XOR

text: and

text: NOT

text: These

text: can

text: be

text: useful

text: for

text: creating

text: complicated

text: conditional

text: statements

text: and

text: processing

text: boolean

text: logic

question: Boolean logic consists of what?

answer: AND, OR, XOR, and NOT

text: AND, OR, XOR, and NOT


text: The marine life found here consists of anemones, urchins, sea cucumbers, and eels, which all live on the reefs along with turtles, conch and many varieties of marine fishes. The marine aquafauna is rich in conch, which has pearly-pink shells. Its meat is a favourite food supplement item and their shells are a collectors item. Other species of fish which are recorded close to the shore line in shallow waters are: sergeant majors, the blue chromis, brown chromis, surgeon fish; blue tangs and trumpet fish. On the shore are ghost crabs, which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand, and the hermit crabs, which live in land but lay eggs in water and which also eat garbage and sewerage. They spend some months in the sea during and after the hatching season.

title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

text: The

text: marine

text: life

text: found

text: here

text: consists

text: of

text: anemones

text: urchins

text: sea

text: cucumbers

text: and

text: eels

text: which

text: all

text: live

text: on

text: the

text: reefs

text: along

text: with

text: turtles

text: conch

text: and

text: many

text: varieties

text: of

text: marine

text: fishes

text: The

text: marine

text: aquafauna

text: is

text: rich

text: in

text: conch

text: which

text: has

text: pearly

text: pink

text: shells

text: Its

text: meat

text: is

text: a

text: favourite

text: food

text: supplement

text: item

text: and

text: their

text: shells

text: are

text: a

text: collectors

text: item

text: Other

text: species

text: of

text: fish

text: which

text: are

text: recorded

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: shore

text: line

text: in

text: shallow

text: waters

text: are

text: sergeant

text: majors

text: the

text: blue

text: chromis

text: brown

text: chromis

text: surgeon

text: fish

text: blue

text: tangs

text: and

text: trumpet

text: fish

text: On

text: the

text: shore

text: are

text: ghost

text: crabs

text: which

text: always

text: live

text: on

text: the

text: beach

text: in

text: small

text: burrowed

text: tunnels

text: made

text: in

text: sand

text: and

text: the

text: hermit

text: crabs

text: which

text: live

text: in

text: land

text: but

text: lay

text: eggs

text: in

text: water

text: and

text: which

text: also

text: eat

text: garbage

text: and

text: sewerage

text: They

text: spend

text: some

text: months

text: in

text: the

text: sea

text: during

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: hatching

text: season

question: What color are conch shells?

answer: pearly-pink

text: pearly-pink

question: What common sea creature produces a collectable Item?

answer: conch

text: conch

question: Where are surgeonfish found in St. Barts?

answer: shallow waters

text: shallow waters

question: What kind of crabs besides hermit crabs are common on the beach in St. Barts?

answer: ghost

text: ghost

question: What do hermit crabs eat?

answer: garbage and sewerage

text: garbage and sewerage

question: What color is are the turtles?

text: pearly-pink

question: What color are sergeant majors?

text: blue

question: What color are surgeon fish?

text: brown

question: Where do ghost crabs lay their eggs?

text: in water

question: What do ghost crabs eat?

text: garbage and sewerage


text: He reminded the council fathers that only a few years earlier Pope Pius XII had issued the encyclical Mystici corporis about the mystical body of Christ. He asked them not to repeat or create new dogmatic definitions but to explain in simple words how the Church sees itself. He thanked the representatives of other Christian communities for their attendance and asked for their forgiveness if the Catholic Church is guilty for the separation. He also reminded the Council Fathers that many bishops from the east could not attend because the governments in the East did not permit their journeys.

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: He

text: reminded

text: the

text: council

text: fathers

text: that

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: years

text: earlier

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: XII

text: had

text: issued

text: the

text: encyclical

text: Mystici

text: corporis

text: about

text: the

text: mystical

text: body

text: of

text: Christ

text: He

text: asked

text: them

text: not

text: to

text: repeat

text: or

text: create

text: new

text: dogmatic

text: definitions

text: but

text: to

text: explain

text: in

text: simple

text: words

text: how

text: the

text: Church

text: sees

text: itself

text: He

text: thanked

text: the

text: representatives

text: of

text: other

text: Christian

text: communities

text: for

text: their

text: attendance

text: and

text: asked

text: for

text: their

text: forgiveness

text: if

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: is

text: guilty

text: for

text: the

text: separation

text: He

text: also

text: reminded

text: the

text: Council

text: Fathers

text: that

text: many

text: bishops

text: from

text: the

text: east

text: could

text: not

text: attend

text: because

text: the

text: governments

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: did

text: not

text: permit

text: their

text: journeys

question: What edict did Pope Pius XXIII issue regarding the body of Christ?

answer: Mystici corporis

text: Mystici corporis

question: How is the body of Christ regarded by Catholic liturgy?

answer: mystical

text: mystical

question: What type of language did Paul VI want to the church to relay dogma in?

answer: simple

text: simple

question: From what area were bishops prevented from attending the ecumenical meeting of Paul VI?

answer: the east

text: the east

question: What did Paul VI ask other Christian faiths forgiveness for?

answer: separation

text: separation


text: In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism, Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism. Masonic scholar Albert Pike is often quoted (in some cases misquoted) by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues. However, Pike, although undoubtedly learned, was not a spokesman for Freemasonry and was also controversial among Freemasons in general. His writings represented his personal opinion only, and furthermore an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA. Notably, his book carries in the preface a form of disclaimer from his own Grand Lodge. No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry.

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: In

text: contrast

text: to

text: Catholic

text: allegations

text: of

text: rationalism

text: and

text: naturalism

text: Protestant

text: objections

text: are

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: be

text: based

text: on

text: allegations

text: of

text: mysticism

text: occultism

text: and

text: even

text: Satanism

text: Masonic

text: scholar

text: Albert

text: Pike

text: is

text: often

text: quoted

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: misquoted

text: by

text: Protestant

text: anti

text: Masons

text: as

text: an

text: authority

text: for

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: Masonry

text: on

text: these

text: issues

text: However

text: Pike

text: although

text: undoubtedly

text: learned

text: was

text: not

text: a

text: spokesman

text: for

text: Freemasonry

text: and

text: was

text: also

text: controversial

text: among

text: Freemasons

text: in

text: general

text: His

text: writings

text: represented

text: his

text: personal

text: opinion

text: only

text: and

text: furthermore

text: an

text: opinion

text: grounded

text: in

text: the

text: attitudes

text: and

text: understandings

text: of

text: late

text: century

text: Southern

text: Freemasonry

text: of

text: the

text: USA

text: Notably

text: his

text: book

text: carries

text: in

text: the

text: preface

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: disclaimer

text: from

text: his

text: own

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: No

text: one

text: voice

text: has

text: ever

text: spoken

text: for

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: Freemasonry

question: What are some Protestant objections to Freemasonry?

answer: mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism

text: mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism

question: What are Catholic objections to Freemasonry?

answer: rationalism and naturalism

text: rationalism and naturalism

question: Who is generally accepted as the voice of Freemasonry?

answer: No one voice

text: No one voice

question: Who do the Protestant anti-Masons believe is the absolute authority on the use of mysticism, Satanism and occultism in Freemasonry?

answer: Albert Pike

text: Albert Pike

question: What was Albert Pike actually more of an expert in?

answer: late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA

text: late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA

question: What religion alleged Freemasons as Satanic?

answer: Protestant

text: Protestant

question: What religion alleged Freemasons as unnatural and irrational?

answer: Catholic

text: Catholic

question: Who was controversial among Freemasons?

answer: Albert Pike

text: Albert Pike

question: Who has spoke for all Freemasons?

answer: No one

text: No one

question: Albert Pike's opinions were grounded in what?

answer: late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA

text: late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA

question: What are some Protestant rewards to Freemasonry?

text: mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism

question: Who is always accepted as the voice of Freemasonry?

text: one voice

question: Who do the Protestant anti-Masons believe is the worst authority on the use of mysticism, Satanism and occultism in Freemasonry?

text: Albert Pike

question: What was Albert Pike actually more of an amateur in?

text: late 19th century Southern Freemasonry

question: What religion alleged Freemasons as omniscient?

text: Catholic


text: The earliest disc records (1889–1894) were made of various materials including hard rubber. Around 1895, a shellac-based compound was introduced and became standard. Exact formulas for this compound varied by manufacturer and over the course of time, but it was typically composed of about one-third shellac and about two-thirds mineral filler, which meant finely pulverized rock, usually slate and limestone, with an admixture of cotton fibers to add tensile strength, carbon black for color (without this, it tended to be a "dirty" gray or brown color that most record companies considered unattractive), and a very small amount of a lubricant to facilitate mold release during manufacture. Some makers, notably Columbia Records, used a laminated construction with a core disc of coarser material or fiber. The production of shellac records continued until the end of the 78 rpm format (i.e., the late 1950s in most developed countries, but well into the 1960s in some other places), but increasingly less abrasive formulations were used during its declining years and very late examples in truly like-new condition can have as low noise levels as vinyl.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: The

text: earliest

text: disc

text: records

text: were

text: made

text: of

text: various

text: materials

text: including

text: hard

text: rubber

text: Around

text: a

text: shellac

text: based

text: compound

text: was

text: introduced

text: and

text: became

text: standard

text: Exact

text: formulas

text: for

text: this

text: compound

text: varied

text: by

text: manufacturer

text: and

text: over

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: time

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: typically

text: composed

text: of

text: about

text: one

text: third

text: shellac

text: and

text: about

text: two

text: thirds

text: mineral

text: filler

text: which

text: meant

text: finely

text: pulverized

text: rock

text: usually

text: slate

text: and

text: limestone

text: with

text: an

text: admixture

text: of

text: cotton

text: fibers

text: to

text: add

text: tensile

text: strength

text: carbon

text: black

text: for

text: color

text: without

text: this

text: it

text: tended

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: dirty

text: gray

text: or

text: brown

text: color

text: that

text: most

text: record

text: companies

text: considered

text: unattractive

text: and

text: a

text: very

text: small

text: amount

text: of

text: a

text: lubricant

text: to

text: facilitate

text: mold

text: release

text: during

text: manufacture

text: Some

text: makers

text: notably

text: Columbia

text: Records

text: used

text: a

text: laminated

text: construction

text: with

text: a

text: core

text: disc

text: of

text: coarser

text: material

text: or

text: fiber

text: The

text: production

text: of

text: shellac

text: records

text: continued

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: rpm

text: format

text: i.e.

text: the

text: late

text: in

text: most

text: developed

text: countries

text: but

text: well

text: into

text: the

text: in

text: some

text: other

text: places

text: but

text: increasingly

text: less

text: abrasive

text: formulations

text: were

text: used

text: during

text: its

text: declining

text: years

text: and

text: very

text: late

text: examples

text: in

text: truly

text: like

text: new

text: condition

text: can

text: have

text: as

text: low

text: noise

text: levels

text: as

text: vinyl

question: What materials were discs made of in 1889-1894?

answer: hard rubber

text: hard rubber

question: What was the standard material for discs around 1895?

answer: a shellac-based compound

text: a shellac-based compound

question: What company was known for laminate construction of discs?

answer: Columbia Records

text: Columbia Records

question: What material give the vinyl records their known black color?

answer: carbon

text: carbon

question: What material is used in order to release the vinyl records from their molds?

answer: lubricant

text: lubricant


text: West has been an outspoken and controversial celebrity throughout his career, receiving both criticism and praise from many, including the mainstream media, other artists and entertainers, and two U.S. presidents. On September 2, 2005, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC, A Concert for Hurricane Relief, West (a featured speaker) accused President George W. Bush of not "car[ing] about black people". When West was presenting alongside actor Mike Myers, he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media's portrayal of hurricane victims, saying:

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: West

text: has

text: been

text: an

text: outspoken

text: and

text: controversial

text: celebrity

text: throughout

text: his

text: career

text: receiving

text: both

text: criticism

text: and

text: praise

text: from

text: many

text: including

text: the

text: mainstream

text: media

text: other

text: artists

text: and

text: entertainers

text: and

text: two

text: U.S.

text: presidents

text: On

text: September

text: during

text: a

text: benefit

text: concert

text: for

text: Hurricane

text: Katrina

text: relief

text: on

text: NBC

text: A

text: Concert

text: for

text: Hurricane

text: Relief

text: West

text: a

text: featured

text: speaker

text: accused

text: President

text: George

text: W.

text: Bush

text: of

text: not

text: car[ing

text: about

text: black

text: people

text: When

text: West

text: was

text: presenting

text: alongside

text: actor

text: Mike

text: Myers

text: he

text: deviated

text: from

text: the

text: prepared

text: script

text: to

text: criticize

text: the

text: media

text: 's

text: portrayal

text: of

text: hurricane

text: victims

text: saying

question: During what show did Kanye take an opportunity to criticize the efforts of a U.S. President?

answer: A Concert for Hurricane Relief

text: A Concert for Hurricane Relief

question: Which U.S. President did Kanye criticize after the events of Hurricane Katrina?

answer: George W. Bush

text: George W. Bush

question: Which President did Kanye West accuse of "Not caring for black people"?

answer: George W. Bush

text: George W. Bush

question: On what day did the Kanye's famous George W. Bush criticism take place?

answer: September 2, 2005

text: September 2, 2005


text: In 2012, the city contained a total of 594 high-rise buildings, with 8 under construction, 71 planned and 39 at proposal stage making the city's skyline the second largest in Australia. The CBD is dominated by modern office buildings including the Rialto Towers (1986), built on the site of several grand classical Victorian buildings, two of which — the Rialto Building (1889) designed by William Pitt and the Winfield Building (1890) designed by Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight — still remain today and more recently hi-rise apartment buildings including Eureka Tower (2006), which is listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014.

title: Melbourne

title: Melbourne

text: In

text: the

text: city

text: contained

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: high

text: rise

text: buildings

text: with

text: under

text: construction

text: planned

text: and

text: at

text: proposal

text: stage

text: making

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: skyline

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: in

text: Australia

text: The

text: CBD

text: is

text: dominated

text: by

text: modern

text: office

text: buildings

text: including

text: the

text: Rialto

text: Towers

text: built

text: on

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: several

text: grand

text: classical

text: Victorian

text: buildings

text: two

text: of

text: which

text: the

text: Rialto

text: Building

text: designed

text: by

text: William

text: Pitt

text: and

text: the

text: Winfield

text: Building

text: designed

text: by

text: Charles

text: D'Ebro

text: and

text: Richard

text: Speight

text: still

text: remain

text: today

text: and

text: more

text: recently

text: hi

text: rise

text: apartment

text: buildings

text: including

text: Eureka

text: Tower

text: which

text: is

text: listed

text: as

text: the

text: tallest

text: residential

text: building

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: January

question: Who designed the Rialto Building in 1889?

answer: William Pitt

text: William Pitt

question: Who designed the Winfield Building in 1890?

answer: Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight

text: Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight

question: Which building was listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014?

answer: Eureka Tower

text: Eureka Tower

question: In what year was the Eureka Tower completed?

answer: 2006

question: How does Melbourne's skyline rank in terms of other skylines in Australia?

answer: second largest

text: second largest


text: In recent years, there has been a rise of indigenous movements in the Americas (mainly South America). These are rights-driven groups that organize themselves in order to achieve some sort of self-determination and the preservation of their culture for their peoples. Organizations like the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin and the Indian Council of South America are examples of movements that are breaking the barrier of borders in order to obtain rights for Amazonian indigenous populations everywhere. Similar movements for indigenous rights can also be seen in Canada and the United States, with movements like the International Indian Treaty Council and the accession of native Indian group into the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization.

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: rise

text: of

text: indigenous

text: movements

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: mainly

text: South

text: America

text: These

text: are

text: rights

text: driven

text: groups

text: that

text: organize

text: themselves

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: achieve

text: some

text: sort

text: of

text: self

text: determination

text: and

text: the

text: preservation

text: of

text: their

text: culture

text: for

text: their

text: peoples

text: Organizations

text: like

text: the

text: Coordinator

text: of

text: Indigenous

text: Organizations

text: of

text: the

text: Amazon

text: River

text: Basin

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: Council

text: of

text: South

text: America

text: are

text: examples

text: of

text: movements

text: that

text: are

text: breaking

text: the

text: barrier

text: of

text: borders

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: obtain

text: rights

text: for

text: Amazonian

text: indigenous

text: populations

text: everywhere

text: Similar

text: movements

text: for

text: indigenous

text: rights

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: seen

text: in

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: movements

text: like

text: the

text: International

text: Indian

text: Treaty

text: Council

text: and

text: the

text: accession

text: of

text: native

text: Indian

text: group

text: into

text: the

text: Unrepresented

text: Nations

text: and

text: Peoples

text: Organization

question: Where has there been a rise of indigenous movements in recent years?

answer: the Americas (mainly South America)

text: the Americas (mainly South America)

question: What do the organizing groups hope to obtain for themselves?

answer: preservation of their culture

text: preservation of their culture

question: What is an example of a movement which is working to obtain rights for Amazonian populations everywhere?

answer: Indian Council of South America

text: Indian Council of South America

question: Where can similar movements for indigenous rights be seen?

answer: Canada and the United States,

text: Canada and the United States,


text: The army is led by a civilian Secretary of the Army, who has the statutory authority to conduct all the affairs of the army under the authority, direction and control of the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Staff of the Army, who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army, serves as the principal military adviser and executive agent for the Secretary of the Army, i.e., its service chief; and as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a body composed of the service chiefs from each of the four military services belonging to the Department of Defense who advise the President of the United States, the Secretary of Defense, and the National Security Council on operational military matters, under the guidance of the Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In 1986, the Goldwater–Nichols Act mandated that operational control of the services follows a chain of command from the President to the Secretary of Defense directly to the unified combatant commanders, who have control of all armed forces units in their geographic or function area of responsibility. Thus, the secretaries of the military departments (and their respective service chiefs underneath them) only have the responsibility to organize, train and equip their service components. The army provides trained forces to the combatant commanders for use as directed by the Secretary of Defense.

title: United_States_Army

title: United_States_Army

text: The

text: army

text: is

text: led

text: by

text: a

text: civilian

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Army

text: who

text: has

text: the

text: statutory

text: authority

text: to

text: conduct

text: all

text: the

text: affairs

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: under

text: the

text: authority

text: direction

text: and

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Secretary

text: of

text: Defense

text: The

text: Chief

text: of

text: Staff

text: of

text: the

text: Army

text: who

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: ranked

text: military

text: officer

text: in

text: the

text: army

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: principal

text: military

text: adviser

text: and

text: executive

text: agent

text: for

text: the

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Army

text: i.e.

text: its

text: service

text: chief

text: and

text: as

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Joint

text: Chiefs

text: of

text: Staff

text: a

text: body

text: composed

text: of

text: the

text: service

text: chiefs

text: from

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: military

text: services

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: Defense

text: who

text: advise

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: Secretary

text: of

text: Defense

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Security

text: Council

text: on

text: operational

text: military

text: matters

text: under

text: the

text: guidance

text: of

text: the

text: Chairman

text: and

text: Vice

text: Chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Joint

text: Chiefs

text: of

text: Staff

text: In

text: the

text: Goldwater

text: Nichols

text: Act

text: mandated

text: that

text: operational

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: services

text: follows

text: a

text: chain

text: of

text: command

text: from

text: the

text: President

text: to

text: the

text: Secretary

text: of

text: Defense

text: directly

text: to

text: the

text: unified

text: combatant

text: commanders

text: who

text: have

text: control

text: of

text: all

text: armed

text: forces

text: units

text: in

text: their

text: geographic

text: or

text: function

text: area

text: of

text: responsibility

text: Thus

text: the

text: secretaries

text: of

text: the

text: military

text: departments

text: and

text: their

text: respective

text: service

text: chiefs

text: underneath

text: them

text: only

text: have

text: the

text: responsibility

text: to

text: organize

text: train

text: and

text: equip

text: their

text: service

text: components

text: The

text: army

text: provides

text: trained

text: forces

text: to

text: the

text: combatant

text: commanders

text: for

text: use

text: as

text: directed

text: by

text: the

text: Secretary

text: of

text: Defense

question: Who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army?

answer: The Chief of Staff

text: The Chief of Staff

question: Who does the Chief of Staff serve as the principal military adviser to?

answer: Secretary of the Army

text: Secretary of the Army

question: How many military services beling to the Department of Defense?

answer: four

text: four

question: In what year did the Goldwater-Nichols act take place?

answer: 1986

question: Which civilian leads the Navy?

text: Secretary of the Army

question: Who is the highest-ranked military officer in the Navy?

text: The Chief of Staff

question: How many European military services belong to the Department of Defense?

text: four

question: What year was the Goldwater-Nichols Act rejected?

question: What branch of military does the Secretary of the Treasury direct?

text: The army


text: There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain, often areas dedicated to a particular function. Serotonin, for example—the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids—comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the Raphe nuclei. Norepinephrine, which is involved in arousal, comes exclusively from a nearby small area called the locus coeruleus. Other neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine have multiple sources in the brain, but are not as ubiquitously distributed as glutamate and GABA.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: There

text: are

text: dozens

text: of

text: other

text: chemical

text: neurotransmitters

text: that

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: more

text: limited

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: often

text: areas

text: dedicated

text: to

text: a

text: particular

text: function

text: Serotonin

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: primary

text: target

text: of

text: antidepressant

text: drugs

text: and

text: many

text: dietary

text: aids

text: comes

text: exclusively

text: from

text: a

text: small

text: brainstem

text: area

text: called

text: the

text: Raphe

text: nuclei

text: Norepinephrine

text: which

text: is

text: involved

text: in

text: arousal

text: comes

text: exclusively

text: from

text: a

text: nearby

text: small

text: area

text: called

text: the

text: locus

text: coeruleus

text: Other

text: neurotransmitters

text: such

text: as

text: acetylcholine

text: and

text: dopamine

text: have

text: multiple

text: sources

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: but

text: are

text: not

text: as

text: ubiquitously

text: distributed

text: as

text: glutamate

text: and

text: GABA

question: Serotonin comes from what part of the brain?

answer: Raphe nuclei

text: Raphe nuclei

question: Antidepressants typically affect what chemical of the brain?

answer: Serotonin

text: Serotonin

question: Which chemical of the brain is involved with arousal?

answer: Norepinephrine

text: Norepinephrine

question: Norepinephrine comes from an area of the brain known as what?

answer: locus coeruleus

text: locus coeruleus


text: In the Republic of China (Taiwan), which uses traditional Chinese characters, the Ministry of Education's Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters) lists 4,808 characters; the Cì Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (次常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Less-Than-Common National Characters) lists another 6,341 characters. The Chinese Standard Interchange Code (CNS11643)—the official national encoding standard—supports 48,027 characters, while the most widely used encoding scheme, BIG-5, supports only 13,053.

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: In

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: Taiwan

text: which

text: uses

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: characters

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Education

text: 's

text: Chángyòng

text: Guózì

text: Biāozhǔn

text: Zìtǐ

text: Biǎo

text: 常用國字標準字體表

text: Chart

text: of

text: Standard

text: Forms

text: of

text: Common

text: National

text: Characters

text: lists

text: characters

text: the

text: Cì

text: Chángyòng

text: Guózì

text: Biāozhǔn

text: Zìtǐ

text: Biǎo

text: 次常用國字標準字體表

text: Chart

text: of

text: Standard

text: Forms

text: of

text: Less

text: Than

text: Common

text: National

text: Characters

text: lists

text: another

text: characters

text: The

text: Chinese

text: Standard

text: Interchange

text: Code

text: official

text: national

text: encoding

text: standard

text: supports

text: characters

text: while

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: used

text: encoding

text: scheme

text: supports

text: only

question: What supports 48,027 characters?

answer: the official national encoding standard

text: the official national encoding standard

question: What supports 13,053 characters?

answer: BIG-5

question: What area uses traditional Chinese characters?

answer: Taiwan

text: Taiwan


text: Faced with this loss of business, Valencia suffered a severe economic crisis. This manifested early in 1519–1523 when the artisan guilds known as the Germanies revolted against the government of the Habsburg king Charles I in Valencia, now part of the Crown of Aragon, with most of the fighting done in 1521. The revolt was an anti-monarchist, anti-feudal autonomist movement inspired by the Italian republics, and a social revolt against the nobility who had fled the city before an epidemic of plague in 1519. It also bore a strong anti-Islamic aspect, as rebels rioted against Aragon's population of mudéjars and imposed forced conversions to Christianity.

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: Faced

text: with

text: this

text: loss

text: of

text: business

text: Valencia

text: suffered

text: a

text: severe

text: economic

text: crisis

text: This

text: manifested

text: early

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: artisan

text: guilds

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Germanies

text: revolted

text: against

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: Habsburg

text: king

text: Charles

text: I

text: in

text: Valencia

text: now

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Crown

text: of

text: Aragon

text: with

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: fighting

text: done

text: in

text: The

text: revolt

text: was

text: an

text: anti

text: monarchist

text: anti

text: feudal

text: autonomist

text: movement

text: inspired

text: by

text: the

text: Italian

text: republics

text: and

text: a

text: social

text: revolt

text: against

text: the

text: nobility

text: who

text: had

text: fled

text: the

text: city

text: before

text: an

text: epidemic

text: of

text: plague

text: in

text: It

text: also

text: bore

text: a

text: strong

text: anti

text: Islamic

text: aspect

text: as

text: rebels

text: rioted

text: against

text: Aragon

text: 's

text: population

text: of

text: mudéjars

text: and

text: imposed

text: forced

text: conversions

text: to

text: Christianity

question: Whose government did the guilds rebel against?

answer: Charles I

text: Charles I

question: When did the guilds' rebellion take place?

answer: 1519–1523

question: What caused the nobility to leave Valencia?

answer: plague

text: plague

question: From where did the anti-monarchists get inspiration?

answer: Italian republics

text: Italian republics

question: What were the artisan guilds called?

answer: the Germanies

text: the Germanies


text: Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli described her ballad "I'll Remember" (1994) as an attempt to tone down her provocative image. The song was recorded for Alek Keshishian's film With Honors. She made a subdued appearance with Letterman at an awards show and appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno after realizing that she needed to change her musical direction in order to sustain her popularity. With her sixth studio album, Bedtime Stories (1994), Madonna employed a softer image to try to improve the public perception. The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 and produced four singles, including "Secret" and "Take a Bow", the latter topping the Hot 100 for seven weeks, the longest period of any Madonna single. At the same time, she became romantically involved with fitness trainer Carlos Leon. Something to Remember, a collection of ballads, was released in November 1995. The album featured three new songs: "You'll See", "One More Chance", and a cover of Marvin Gaye's "I Want You".

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Biographer

text: J.

text: Randy

text: Taraborrelli

text: described

text: her

text: ballad

text: I

text: 'll

text: Remember

text: as

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: tone

text: down

text: her

text: provocative

text: image

text: The

text: song

text: was

text: recorded

text: for

text: Alek

text: Keshishian

text: 's

text: film

text: With

text: Honors

text: She

text: made

text: a

text: subdued

text: appearance

text: with

text: Letterman

text: at

text: an

text: awards

text: show

text: and

text: appeared

text: on

text: The

text: Tonight

text: Show

text: with

text: Jay

text: Leno

text: after

text: realizing

text: that

text: she

text: needed

text: to

text: change

text: her

text: musical

text: direction

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: sustain

text: her

text: popularity

text: With

text: her

text: sixth

text: studio

text: album

text: Bedtime

text: Stories

text: Madonna

text: employed

text: a

text: softer

text: image

text: to

text: try

text: to

text: improve

text: the

text: public

text: perception

text: The

text: album

text: debuted

text: at

text: number

text: three

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: and

text: produced

text: four

text: singles

text: including

text: Secret

text: and

text: Take

text: a

text: Bow

text: the

text: latter

text: topping

text: the

text: Hot

text: for

text: seven

text: weeks

text: the

text: longest

text: period

text: of

text: any

text: Madonna

text: single

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: she

text: became

text: romantically

text: involved

text: with

text: fitness

text: trainer

text: Carlos

text: Leon

text: Something

text: to

text: Remember

text: a

text: collection

text: of

text: ballads

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: November

text: The

text: album

text: featured

text: three

text: new

text: songs

text: You

text: 'll

text: See

text: One

text: More

text: Chance

text: and

text: a

text: cover

text: of

text: Marvin

text: Gaye

text: 's

text: I

text: Want

text: You

question: Which biographer described her song "I'll Remember" as trying to clean up Madonna's image?

answer: J. Randy Taraborrelli

text: J. Randy Taraborrelli

question: The song "I'll Remember" was recorded for which film?

answer: With Honors

text: With Honors

question: What was Madonna's sixth album named?

answer: Bedtime Stories

text: Bedtime Stories

question: The single "Take A Bow" was at the Hot 100 for how many weeks?

answer: seven weeks

text: seven weeks

question: Who was the fitness trainer that Madonna was involved with?

answer: Carlos Leon

text: Carlos Leon


text: During the war years Universal did have a co-production arrangement with producer Walter Wanger and his partner, director Fritz Lang, lending the studio some amount of prestige productions. Universal's core audience base was still found in the neighborhood movie theaters, and the studio continued to please the public with low- to medium-budget films. Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce in new Sherlock Holmes mysteries (1942–46), teenage musicals with Gloria Jean, Donald O'Connor, and Peggy Ryan (1942–43), and screen adaptations of radio's Inner Sanctum Mysteries with Lon Chaney, Jr. (1943–45). Alfred Hitchcock was also borrowed for two films from Selznick International Pictures: Saboteur (1942) and Shadow of a Doubt (1943).

title: Universal_Studios

title: Universal_Studios

text: During

text: the

text: war

text: years

text: Universal

text: did

text: have

text: a

text: co

text: production

text: arrangement

text: with

text: producer

text: Walter

text: Wanger

text: and

text: his

text: partner

text: director

text: Fritz

text: Lang

text: lending

text: the

text: studio

text: some

text: amount

text: of

text: prestige

text: productions

text: Universal

text: 's

text: core

text: audience

text: base

text: was

text: still

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: neighborhood

text: movie

text: theaters

text: and

text: the

text: studio

text: continued

text: to

text: please

text: the

text: public

text: with

text: low-

text: to

text: medium

text: budget

text: films

text: Basil

text: Rathbone

text: and

text: Nigel

text: Bruce

text: in

text: new

text: Sherlock

text: Holmes

text: mysteries

text: teenage

text: musicals

text: with

text: Gloria

text: Jean

text: Donald

text: O'Connor

text: and

text: Peggy

text: Ryan

text: and

text: screen

text: adaptations

text: of

text: radio

text: 's

text: Inner

text: Sanctum

text: Mysteries

text: with

text: Lon

text: Chaney

text: Jr.

text: Alfred

text: Hitchcock

text: was

text: also

text: borrowed

text: for

text: two

text: films

text: from

text: Selznick

text: International

text: Pictures

text: Saboteur

text: and

text: Shadow

text: of

text: a

text: Doubt

question: Who was the directorial partner of Walter Wanger?

answer: Fritz Lang

text: Fritz Lang

question: In what period did Basil Rathbone star in a series of Sherlock Holmes films?

answer: 1942–46

question: In what period did film versions of Inner Sanctum Mysteries appear?

answer: 1943–45

question: What was the studio that Alfred Hitchcock normally worked for?

answer: Selznick International Pictures

text: Selznick International Pictures

question: In what year was Shadow of a Doubt produced?

answer: 1943

question: Who partnered with Walter Lang and Fritz Wanger during the war years?

text: Universal

question: What did Basil Bruce and Nigel Rathbone star in?

text: Sherlock Holmes

question: What type of productions did Gloria Ryan and Peggy Jean star in?

text: teenage musicals

question: Who was borrowed for two films from Selznick Pictures International?

text: Alfred Hitchcock

question: Who starred in Inner Mysteries Sanctum?

text: Lon Chaney, Jr.


text: The word madrasah derives from the triconsonantal Semitic root د-ر-س D-R-S 'to learn, study', through the wazn (form/stem) مفعل(ة); mafʻal(ah), meaning "a place where something is done". Therefore, madrasah literally means "a place where learning and studying take place". The word is also present as a loanword with the same innocuous meaning in many Arabic-influenced languages, such as: Urdu, Bengali, Hindi, Persian, Turkish, Azeri, Kurdish, Indonesian, Malay and Bosnian / Croatian. In the Arabic language, the word مدرسة madrasah simply means the same as school does in the English language, whether that is private, public or parochial school, as well as for any primary or secondary school whether Muslim, non-Muslim, or secular. Unlike the use of the word school in British English, the word madrasah more closely resembles the term school in American English, in that it can refer to a university-level or post-graduate school as well as to a primary or secondary school. For example, in the Ottoman Empire during the Early Modern Period, madaris had lower schools and specialised schools where the students became known as danişmends. The usual Arabic word for a university, however, is جامعة (jāmiʻah). The Hebrew cognate midrasha also connotes the meaning of a place of learning; the related term midrash literally refers to study or learning, but has acquired mystical and religious connotations.

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: The

text: word

text: madrasah

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: triconsonantal

text: Semitic

text: root

text: د-ر-س

text: D

text: R

text: S

text: to

text: learn

text: study

text: through

text: the

text: wazn

text: form

text: stem

text: مفعل(ة)

text: mafʻal(ah

text: meaning

text: a

text: place

text: where

text: something

text: is

text: done

text: Therefore

text: madrasah

text: literally

text: means

text: a

text: place

text: where

text: learning

text: and

text: studying

text: take

text: place

text: The

text: word

text: is

text: also

text: present

text: as

text: a

text: loanword

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: innocuous

text: meaning

text: in

text: many

text: Arabic

text: influenced

text: languages

text: such

text: as

text: Urdu

text: Bengali

text: Hindi

text: Persian

text: Turkish

text: Azeri

text: Kurdish

text: Indonesian

text: Malay

text: and

text: Bosnian

text: Croatian

text: In

text: the

text: Arabic

text: language

text: the

text: word

text: مدرسة

text: madrasah

text: simply

text: means

text: the

text: same

text: as

text: school

text: does

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: language

text: whether

text: that

text: is

text: private

text: public

text: or

text: parochial

text: school

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: for

text: any

text: primary

text: or

text: secondary

text: school

text: whether

text: Muslim

text: non

text: Muslim

text: or

text: secular

text: Unlike

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: school

text: in

text: British

text: English

text: the

text: word

text: madrasah

text: more

text: closely

text: resembles

text: the

text: term

text: school

text: in

text: American

text: English

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: can

text: refer

text: to

text: a

text: university

text: level

text: or

text: post

text: graduate

text: school

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: to

text: a

text: primary

text: or

text: secondary

text: school

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: during

text: the

text: Early

text: Modern

text: Period

text: madaris

text: had

text: lower

text: schools

text: and

text: specialised

text: schools

text: where

text: the

text: students

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: danişmends

text: The

text: usual

text: Arabic

text: word

text: for

text: a

text: university

text: however

text: is

text: جامعة

text: jāmiʻah

text: The

text: Hebrew

text: cognate

text: midrasha

text: also

text: connotes

text: the

text: meaning

text: of

text: a

text: place

text: of

text: learning

text: the

text: related

text: term

text: midrash

text: literally

text: refers

text: to

text: study

text: or

text: learning

text: but

text: has

text: acquired

text: mystical

text: and

text: religious

text: connotations

question: What are the root origins of the word madrasah?

answer: triconsonantal Semitic

text: triconsonantal Semitic

question: What is the literal translation of madrasah?

answer: a place where learning and studying take place

text: a place where learning and studying take place

question: In Arabic, what does madarasah mean?

answer: same as school does in the English language

text: same as school does in the English language

question: During the Ottoman Empire, what types of schools were typical?

answer: lower schools and specialised

text: lower schools and specialised

question: What were the students in madaris called?

answer: danişmends

text: danişmends

question: What are not the root origins of the word madrasah?

text: to learn, study

question: What is the not literal translation of madrasah?

text: a place where something is done

question: In French, what does madarasah mean?

text: school

question: During the Ottoman Empire, what types of schools were uncommon?

text: lower schools and specialised schools

question: What were the teachers in madaris called?

text: danişmends


text: Many important biochemical reactions, such as energy generation, use concentration gradients across membranes. The general lack of internal membranes in bacteria means reactions such as electron transport occur across the cell membrane between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space. However, in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and fills most of the cell with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Other proteins import nutrients across the cell membrane, or expel undesired molecules from the cytoplasm.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Many

text: important

text: biochemical

text: reactions

text: such

text: as

text: energy

text: generation

text: use

text: concentration

text: gradients

text: across

text: membranes

text: The

text: general

text: lack

text: of

text: internal

text: membranes

text: in

text: bacteria

text: means

text: reactions

text: such

text: as

text: electron

text: transport

text: occur

text: across

text: the

text: cell

text: membrane

text: between

text: the

text: cytoplasm

text: and

text: the

text: periplasmic

text: space

text: However

text: in

text: many

text: photosynthetic

text: bacteria

text: the

text: plasma

text: membrane

text: is

text: highly

text: folded

text: and

text: fills

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: cell

text: with

text: layers

text: of

text: light

text: gathering

text: membrane

text: These

text: light

text: gathering

text: complexes

text: may

text: even

text: form

text: lipid

text: enclosed

text: structures

text: called

text: chlorosomes

text: in

text: green

text: sulfur

text: bacteria

text: Other

text: proteins

text: import

text: nutrients

text: across

text: the

text: cell

text: membrane

text: or

text: expel

text: undesired

text: molecules

text: from

text: the

text: cytoplasm

question: What is crucial for biochemical reactions?

answer: concentration gradients across membranes

text: concentration gradients across membranes

question: How does electron transit occur in bacteria?

answer: between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space

text: between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space

question: What kind of membrane do bacteria cells are filled with?

answer: light-gathering membrane

text: light-gathering membrane

question: Can membrane of bacteria create lipid structure?

answer: light-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures

text: light-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures


text: The Aeneid appears to have been a great success. Virgil is said to have recited Books 2, 4, and 6 to Augustus; and Book 6 apparently caused Augustus' sister Octavia to faint. Although the truth of this claim is subject to scholarly scepticism, it has served as a basis for later art, such as Jean-Baptiste Wicar's Virgil Reading the Aeneid.

title: Virgil

title: Virgil

text: The

text: Aeneid

text: appears

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: a

text: great

text: success

text: Virgil

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: recited

text: Books

text: and

text: to

text: Augustus

text: and

text: Book

text: apparently

text: caused

text: Augustus

text: sister

text: Octavia

text: to

text: faint

text: Although

text: the

text: truth

text: of

text: this

text: claim

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: scholarly

text: scepticism

text: it

text: has

text: served

text: as

text: a

text: basis

text: for

text: later

text: art

text: such

text: as

text: Jean

text: Baptiste

text: Wicar

text: 's

text: Virgil

text: Reading

text: the

text: Aeneid

question: Which book supposedly caused Augustus' sister to faint?

answer: 6

question: What was the title of Jean-Baptiste Wicar's artwork inspired by the Aeneid?

answer: Virgil Reading the Aeneid

text: Virgil Reading the Aeneid

question: Who did Virgil recite Books 2, 4, and 6 of the Aeneid to?

answer: Augustus

text: Augustus

question: How many paintings did Jean-Baptiste Wicar base on Virgil's life?

question: Did critics call the painting "Virgil Reading the Aeneid" a great success or a failure?

text: a great success

question: How many poems did Augustus commission from Virgil?

question: What was the name of a scholar that doubted claims that Augustus' sister fainted when Virgil recited the Aeneid?

text: Jean-Baptiste Wicar

question: What book of the Aeneid is the longest?


text: Also emerging during this period was New York's no wave movement, a short-lived art and music scene that began in part as a reaction against punk's recycling of traditionalist rock tropes and often reflected an abrasive, confrontational and nihilistic worldview. No wave musicians such as the Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, Mars, DNA, Theoretical Girls and Rhys Chatham instead experimented with noise, dissonance and atonality in addition to non-rock styles. The former four groups were included on the Eno-produced No New York compilation, often considered the quintessential testament to the scene. The no wave-affiliated label ZE Records was founded in 1978, and would also produce acclaimed and influential compilations in subsequent years.

title: Post-punk

title: Post

title: punk

text: Also

text: emerging

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: was

text: New

text: York

text: 's

text: no

text: wave

text: movement

text: a

text: short

text: lived

text: art

text: and

text: music

text: scene

text: that

text: began

text: in

text: part

text: as

text: a

text: reaction

text: against

text: punk

text: 's

text: recycling

text: of

text: traditionalist

text: rock

text: tropes

text: and

text: often

text: reflected

text: an

text: abrasive

text: confrontational

text: and

text: nihilistic

text: worldview

text: No

text: wave

text: musicians

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Contortions

text: Teenage

text: Jesus

text: and

text: the

text: Jerks

text: Mars

text: DNA

text: Theoretical

text: Girls

text: and

text: Rhys

text: Chatham

text: instead

text: experimented

text: with

text: noise

text: dissonance

text: and

text: atonality

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: non

text: rock

text: styles

text: The

text: former

text: four

text: groups

text: were

text: included

text: on

text: the

text: Eno

text: produced

text: No

text: New

text: York

text: compilation

text: often

text: considered

text: the

text: quintessential

text: testament

text: to

text: the

text: scene

text: The

text: no

text: wave

text: affiliated

text: label

text: ZE

text: Records

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: and

text: would

text: also

text: produce

text: acclaimed

text: and

text: influential

text: compilations

text: in

text: subsequent

text: years

question: What type of worldview did New York's no wave movement tend to have?

answer: nihilistic

text: nihilistic

question: The Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks were all musicians part of what movement?

answer: No wave

text: No wave

question: Who produced the compilation "No New York"?

answer: Eno

text: Eno

question: What no wave-affiliated label was founded in 1978?

answer: ZE Records

text: ZE Records

question: In addition to non-rock styles, what did some of the no-wave groups experiment with sonically?

answer: noise, dissonance and atonality

text: noise, dissonance and atonality

question: What was no wave?

answer: a short-lived art and music scene that began in part as a reaction against punk's recycling of traditionalist rock tropes

text: a short-lived art and music scene that began in part as a reaction against punk's recycling of traditionalist rock tropes

question: What type of a view did no wave have?

answer: an abrasive, confrontational and nihilistic

text: an abrasive, confrontational and nihilistic

question: What types of musicians were the Contortions, Teenage Jesus and the Jerks, Mars, DNA, Theoretical Girls and Rhys Chatham?

answer: No wave

text: No wave

question: When was ZE Records founded?

answer: 1978

question: What was considered the true portrait of the no wave movement?

answer: No New York

text: No New York

question: What musicians avoided no wave?

question: In what year did ZE Records end production?

question: What states were considered the least influential for the no wave movement?

text: New York

question: What musicians refused to experiment with their style?


text: Opposition to the union mounted among some of Syria's key elements, namely the socioeconomic, political, and military elites. In response to Syria's worsening economy, which Nasser attributed to its control by the bourgeoisie, in July 1961, Nasser decreed socialist measures that nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy. He also dismissed Sarraj in September to curb the growing political crisis. Aburish states that Nasser was not fully capable of addressing Syrian problems because they were "foreign to him". In Egypt, the economic situation was more positive, with a GNP growth of 4.5 percent and a rapid growth of industry. In 1960, Nasser nationalized the Egyptian press, which had already been cooperating with his government, in order to steer coverage towards the country's socioeconomic issues and galvanize public support for his socialist measures.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Opposition

text: to

text: the

text: union

text: mounted

text: among

text: some

text: of

text: Syria

text: 's

text: key

text: elements

text: namely

text: the

text: socioeconomic

text: political

text: and

text: military

text: elites

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: Syria

text: 's

text: worsening

text: economy

text: which

text: Nasser

text: attributed

text: to

text: its

text: control

text: by

text: the

text: bourgeoisie

text: in

text: July

text: Nasser

text: decreed

text: socialist

text: measures

text: that

text: nationalized

text: wide

text: ranging

text: sectors

text: of

text: the

text: Syrian

text: economy

text: He

text: also

text: dismissed

text: Sarraj

text: in

text: September

text: to

text: curb

text: the

text: growing

text: political

text: crisis

text: Aburish

text: states

text: that

text: Nasser

text: was

text: not

text: fully

text: capable

text: of

text: addressing

text: Syrian

text: problems

text: because

text: they

text: were

text: foreign

text: to

text: him

text: In

text: Egypt

text: the

text: economic

text: situation

text: was

text: more

text: positive

text: with

text: a

text: GNP

text: growth

text: of

text: percent

text: and

text: a

text: rapid

text: growth

text: of

text: industry

text: In

text: Nasser

text: nationalized

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: press

text: which

text: had

text: already

text: been

text: cooperating

text: with

text: his

text: government

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: steer

text: coverage

text: towards

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: socioeconomic

text: issues

text: and

text: galvanize

text: public

text: support

text: for

text: his

text: socialist

text: measures

question: What Syrian social group opposed the UAR?

answer: elites

text: elites

question: How was Syria's economy fairing under the arrangement?

answer: worsening

text: worsening

question: How did Nasser respond to economic problems in Syria?

answer: nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy

text: nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy

question: What did Nasser do to Sarraj to try and help the political situation?

answer: dismissed

text: dismissed

question: What industry did Nassir nationalize in 1960?

answer: press

text: press


text: Domestication of sheep and goats reached Egypt from the Near East possibly as early as 6,000 BC. Graeme Barker states "The first indisputable evidence for domestic plants and animals in the Nile valley is not until the early fifth millennium bc in northern Egypt and a thousand years later further south, in both cases as part of strategies that still relied heavily on fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants" and suggests that these subsistence changes were not due to farmers migrating from the Near East but was an indigenous development, with cereals either indigenous or obtained through exchange. Other scholars argue that the primary stimulus for agriculture and domesticated animals (as well as mud-brick architecture and other Neolithic cultural features) in Egypt was from the Middle East.

title: Neolithic

title: Neolithic

text: Domestication

text: of

text: sheep

text: and

text: goats

text: reached

text: Egypt

text: from

text: the

text: Near

text: East

text: possibly

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: BC

text: Graeme

text: Barker

text: states

text: The

text: first

text: indisputable

text: evidence

text: for

text: domestic

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: in

text: the

text: Nile

text: valley

text: is

text: not

text: until

text: the

text: early

text: fifth

text: millennium

text: bc

text: in

text: northern

text: Egypt

text: and

text: a

text: thousand

text: years

text: later

text: further

text: south

text: in

text: both

text: cases

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: strategies

text: that

text: still

text: relied

text: heavily

text: on

text: fishing

text: hunting

text: and

text: the

text: gathering

text: of

text: wild

text: plants

text: and

text: suggests

text: that

text: these

text: subsistence

text: changes

text: were

text: not

text: due

text: to

text: farmers

text: migrating

text: from

text: the

text: Near

text: East

text: but

text: was

text: an

text: indigenous

text: development

text: with

text: cereals

text: either

text: indigenous

text: or

text: obtained

text: through

text: exchange

text: Other

text: scholars

text: argue

text: that

text: the

text: primary

text: stimulus

text: for

text: agriculture

text: and

text: domesticated

text: animals

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: mud

text: brick

text: architecture

text: and

text: other

text: Neolithic

text: cultural

text: features

text: in

text: Egypt

text: was

text: from

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

question: When did the domestication of sheep first appear in Egypt?

answer: 6,000 BC

text: 6,000 BC

question: How did Egyptians gather food before raising livestock?

answer: fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants

text: fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants

question: What region do some scholars see as the source for Egypt's start in agriculture?

answer: the Middle East

text: the Middle East

question: When did the domestication of sheep first appear in the Middle East?

text: 6,000 BC

question: How did Egyptians gather food before raising crops?

question: What region do some scholars see as the source for the Near East's start in agriculture?

text: the Middle East

question: Who suggests that these subsistence changes were due to farmers migrating?

text: Graeme Barker

question: What do other scholars say that the primary stimulus for states came from?

text: Middle East