text: The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic innovation, nor on his only rival as mythmaker of the era, Ovid. In his Fasti, a long-form poem covering Roman holidays from January to June, Ovid presents a unique look at Roman antiquarian lore, popular customs, and religious practice that is by turns imaginative, entertaining, high-minded, and scurrilous; not a priestly account, despite the speaker's pose as a vates or inspired poet-prophet, but a work of description, imagination and poetic etymology that reflects the broad humor and burlesque spirit of such venerable festivals as the Saturnalia, Consualia, and feast of Anna Perenna on the Ides of March, where Ovid treats the assassination of the newly deified Julius Caesar as utterly incidental to the festivities among the Roman people. But official calendars preserved from different times and places also show a flexibility in omitting or expanding events, indicating that there was no single static and authoritative calendar of required observances. In the later Empire under Christian rule, the new Christian festivals were incorporated into the existing framework of the Roman calendar, alongside at least some of the traditional festivals.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: The

text: meaning

text: and

text: origin

text: of

text: many

text: archaic

text: festivals

text: baffled

text: even

text: Rome

text: 's

text: intellectual

text: elite

text: but

text: the

text: more

text: obscure

text: they

text: were

text: the

text: greater

text: the

text: opportunity

text: for

text: reinvention

text: and

text: reinterpretation

text: a

text: fact

text: lost

text: neither

text: on

text: Augustus

text: in

text: his

text: program

text: of

text: religious

text: reform

text: which

text: often

text: cloaked

text: autocratic

text: innovation

text: nor

text: on

text: his

text: only

text: rival

text: as

text: mythmaker

text: of

text: the

text: era

text: Ovid

text: In

text: his

text: Fasti

text: a

text: long

text: form

text: poem

text: covering

text: Roman

text: holidays

text: from

text: January

text: to

text: June

text: Ovid

text: presents

text: a

text: unique

text: look

text: at

text: Roman

text: antiquarian

text: lore

text: popular

text: customs

text: and

text: religious

text: practice

text: that

text: is

text: by

text: turns

text: imaginative

text: entertaining

text: high

text: minded

text: and

text: scurrilous

text: not

text: a

text: priestly

text: account

text: despite

text: the

text: speaker

text: 's

text: pose

text: as

text: a

text: vates

text: or

text: inspired

text: poet

text: prophet

text: but

text: a

text: work

text: of

text: description

text: imagination

text: and

text: poetic

text: etymology

text: that

text: reflects

text: the

text: broad

text: humor

text: and

text: burlesque

text: spirit

text: of

text: such

text: venerable

text: festivals

text: as

text: the

text: Saturnalia

text: Consualia

text: and

text: feast

text: of

text: Anna

text: Perenna

text: on

text: the

text: Ides

text: of

text: March

text: where

text: Ovid

text: treats

text: the

text: assassination

text: of

text: the

text: newly

text: deified

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: as

text: utterly

text: incidental

text: to

text: the

text: festivities

text: among

text: the

text: Roman

text: people

text: But

text: official

text: calendars

text: preserved

text: from

text: different

text: times

text: and

text: places

text: also

text: show

text: a

text: flexibility

text: in

text: omitting

text: or

text: expanding

text: events

text: indicating

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: single

text: static

text: and

text: authoritative

text: calendar

text: of

text: required

text: observances

text: In

text: the

text: later

text: Empire

text: under

text: Christian

text: rule

text: the

text: new

text: Christian

text: festivals

text: were

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: existing

text: framework

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: calendar

text: alongside

text: at

text: least

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: traditional

text: festivals

question: What did obscure festivals offer Romans the opportunity to do?

answer: reinterpretation

text: reinterpretation

question: What did Augustus wish to do for Roman religion?

answer: reform

text: reform

question: What poet wrote a long poem describing Roman religious holidays?

answer: Ovid

text: Ovid

question: What was lacking in the presentation of religious events in Rome?

answer: authoritative calendar

text: authoritative calendar

question: Under whose rule were new Christian festivals added to previous Roman holidays?

answer: Christian

text: Christian


text: Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived The Glasgow Looking Glass in 1825. The most popular was Punch, which popularized the term cartoon for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character Ally Sloper featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884.

title: Comics

title: Comics

text: Illustrated

text: humour

text: periodicals

text: were

text: popular

text: in

text: century

text: Britain

text: the

text: earliest

text: of

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: short

text: lived

text: The

text: Glasgow

text: Looking

text: Glass

text: in

text: The

text: most

text: popular

text: was

text: Punch

text: which

text: popularized

text: the

text: term

text: cartoon

text: for

text: its

text: humorous

text: caricatures

text: On

text: occasion

text: the

text: cartoons

text: in

text: these

text: magazines

text: appeared

text: in

text: sequences

text: the

text: character

text: Ally

text: Sloper

text: featured

text: in

text: the

text: earliest

text: serialized

text: comic

text: strip

text: when

text: the

text: character

text: began

text: to

text: feature

text: in

text: its

text: own

text: weekly

text: magazine

text: in

question: What was the first illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?

answer: The Glasgow Looking Glass

text: The Glasgow Looking Glass

question: When did The Glasgow Looking Glass begin?

answer: 1825

question: In Britain, what was the most liked illustrated humor periodical?

answer: Punch

text: Punch

question: Which comic character was the first to appear in a weekly magazine?

answer: Ally Sloper

text: Ally Sloper

question: When did Ally Sloper first appear?

answer: 1884

question: What was the last illustrated humor periodical in Britain during the 19th century?

text: The Glasgow Looking Glass

question: When did The Glasgow Looking Glass end?

question: In Britain, what was the least liked illustrated humor periodical?

text: Punch

question: Which comic character was the last to appear in a weekly magazine?

text: Ally Sloper

question: When did Ally Sloper last appear?


text: During his initial campaign for governor, allegations of sexual and personal misconduct were raised against Schwarzenegger, dubbed "Gropegate". Within the last five days before the election, news reports appeared in the Los Angeles Times recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women, six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories.

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

text: During

text: his

text: initial

text: campaign

text: for

text: governor

text: allegations

text: of

text: sexual

text: and

text: personal

text: misconduct

text: were

text: raised

text: against

text: Schwarzenegger

text: dubbed

text: Gropegate

text: Within

text: the

text: last

text: five

text: days

text: before

text: the

text: election

text: news

text: reports

text: appeared

text: in

text: the

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Times

text: recounting

text: allegations

text: of

text: sexual

text: misconduct

text: from

text: several

text: individual

text: women

text: six

text: of

text: whom

text: eventually

text: came

text: forward

text: with

text: their

text: personal

text: stories

question: What was the controversy around Schwarzenegger's first gubernatorial campaign nicknamed?

answer: Gropegate

text: Gropegate

question: How many women spoke out publicly about misconduct on Schwarzenegger's part?

answer: six

text: six

question: Which newspaper broke the story about Schwarzenegger's alleged sexual misconduct?

answer: Los Angeles Times

text: Los Angeles Times


text: In Central Africa, Ndembu warriors rub themselves with red paint during celebrations. Since their culture sees the color as a symbol of life and health, sick people are also painted with it. Like most Central African cultures, the Ndembu see red as ambivalent, better than black but not as good as white. In other parts of Africa, however, red is a color of mourning, representing death. Because red bears are associated with death in many parts of Africa, the Red Cross has changed its colors to green and white in parts of the continent.

title: Red

title: Red

text: In

text: Central

text: Africa

text: Ndembu

text: warriors

text: rub

text: themselves

text: with

text: red

text: paint

text: during

text: celebrations

text: Since

text: their

text: culture

text: sees

text: the

text: color

text: as

text: a

text: symbol

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: health

text: sick

text: people

text: are

text: also

text: painted

text: with

text: it

text: Like

text: most

text: Central

text: African

text: cultures

text: the

text: Ndembu

text: see

text: red

text: as

text: ambivalent

text: better

text: than

text: black

text: but

text: not

text: as

text: good

text: as

text: white

text: In

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: Africa

text: however

text: red

text: is

text: a

text: color

text: of

text: mourning

text: representing

text: death

text: Because

text: red

text: bears

text: are

text: associated

text: with

text: death

text: in

text: many

text: parts

text: of

text: Africa

text: the

text: Red

text: Cross

text: has

text: changed

text: its

text: colors

text: to

text: green

text: and

text: white

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: continent

question: What central African warriors are said to cover themselves in red for celebrations?

answer: Ndembu warriors

text: Ndembu warriors

question: What does the Ndembu culture believe red symbolizes?

answer: life and health

text: life and health

question: What color do the Ndembu believe is better than red?

answer: white

text: white

question: What alternative colors does the Red Cross use in certain parts of Africa?

answer: green and white

text: green and white

question: What warriors in Africa rub themselves with red paint during celebrations?

text: Ndembu

question: How is red seen in Africa?

question: What color did the Red Cross change to in Central Africa?

text: green and white

question: What color are sick people painted with in Africa?

text: red


text: The winner receives a record deal with a major label, which may be for up to six albums, and secures a management contract with American Idol-affiliated 19 Management (which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants), as well as various lucrative contracts. All winners prior to season nine reportedly earned at least $1 million in their first year as winner. All the runners-up of the first ten seasons, as well as some of other finalists, have also received record deals with major labels. However, starting in season 11, the runner-up may only be guaranteed a single-only deal. BMG/Sony (seasons 1–9) and UMG (season 10–) had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season's finale. Starting in the fourteenth season, the winner was signed with Big Machine Records. Prominent music mogul Clive Davis also produced some of the selected contestants' albums, such as Kelly Clarkson, Clay Aiken, Fantasia Barrino and Diana DeGarmo. All top 10 (11 in seasons 10 and 12) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour, where the participants may each earn a six-figure sum.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: The

text: winner

text: receives

text: a

text: record

text: deal

text: with

text: a

text: major

text: label

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: for

text: up

text: to

text: six

text: albums

text: and

text: secures

text: a

text: management

text: contract

text: with

text: American

text: Idol

text: affiliated

text: Management

text: which

text: has

text: the

text: right

text: of

text: first

text: refusal

text: to

text: sign

text: all

text: contestants

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: various

text: lucrative

text: contracts

text: All

text: winners

text: prior

text: to

text: season

text: nine

text: reportedly

text: earned

text: at

text: least

text: million

text: in

text: their

text: first

text: year

text: as

text: winner

text: All

text: the

text: runners

text: up

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: ten

text: seasons

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: some

text: of

text: other

text: finalists

text: have

text: also

text: received

text: record

text: deals

text: with

text: major

text: labels

text: However

text: starting

text: in

text: season

text: the

text: runner

text: up

text: may

text: only

text: be

text: guaranteed

text: a

text: single

text: only

text: deal

text: BMG

text: Sony

text: seasons

text: and

text: UMG

text: season

text: had

text: the

text: right

text: of

text: first

text: refusal

text: to

text: sign

text: contestants

text: for

text: three

text: months

text: after

text: the

text: season

text: 's

text: finale

text: Starting

text: in

text: the

text: fourteenth

text: season

text: the

text: winner

text: was

text: signed

text: with

text: Big

text: Machine

text: Records

text: Prominent

text: music

text: mogul

text: Clive

text: Davis

text: also

text: produced

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: selected

text: contestants

text: albums

text: such

text: as

text: Kelly

text: Clarkson

text: Clay

text: Aiken

text: Fantasia

text: Barrino

text: and

text: Diana

text: DeGarmo

text: All

text: top

text: in

text: seasons

text: and

text: finalists

text: earn

text: the

text: privilege

text: of

text: going

text: on

text: a

text: tour

text: where

text: the

text: participants

text: may

text: each

text: earn

text: a

text: six

text: figure

text: sum

question: Which company manages the winners of American Idol?

answer: 19 Management

text: 19 Management

question: What record label signed the winner of season fourteen of American Idol?

answer: Big Machine Records

text: Big Machine Records

question: How long does the record company have the right of first refusal for contestants on American Idol?

answer: three months

text: three months

question: What does the winner of American Idol receive?

answer: a record deal

text: a record deal

question: The winner also receives a management contract with which company?

answer: 19 Management

text: 19 Management

question: In season 14, the winner was signed to which company?

answer: Big Machine Records

text: Big Machine Records


text: The Ordovician Period started at a major extinction event called the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events some time about 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma. During the Ordovician the southern continents were collected into a single continent called Gondwana. Gondwana started the period in the equatorial latitudes and, as the period progressed, drifted toward the South Pole. Early in the Ordovician the continents Laurentia, Siberia and Baltica were still independent continents (since the break-up of the supercontinent Pannotia earlier), but Baltica began to move toward Laurentia later in the period, causing the Iapetus Ocean to shrink between them. Also, Avalonia broke free from Gondwana and began to head north toward Laurentia. The Rheic Ocean was formed as a result of this. By the end of the period, Gondwana had neared or approached the pole and was largely glaciated.

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

text: The

text: Ordovician

text: Period

text: started

text: at

text: a

text: major

text: extinction

text: event

text: called

text: the

text: Cambrian

text: Ordovician

text: extinction

text: events

text: some

text: time

text: about

text: Ma

text: During

text: the

text: Ordovician

text: the

text: southern

text: continents

text: were

text: collected

text: into

text: a

text: single

text: continent

text: called

text: Gondwana

text: Gondwana

text: started

text: the

text: period

text: in

text: the

text: equatorial

text: latitudes

text: and

text: as

text: the

text: period

text: progressed

text: drifted

text: toward

text: the

text: South

text: Pole

text: Early

text: in

text: the

text: Ordovician

text: the

text: continents

text: Laurentia

text: Siberia

text: and

text: Baltica

text: were

text: still

text: independent

text: continents

text: since

text: the

text: break

text: up

text: of

text: the

text: supercontinent

text: Pannotia

text: earlier

text: but

text: Baltica

text: began

text: to

text: move

text: toward

text: Laurentia

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: period

text: causing

text: the

text: Iapetus

text: Ocean

text: to

text: shrink

text: between

text: them

text: Also

text: Avalonia

text: broke

text: free

text: from

text: Gondwana

text: and

text: began

text: to

text: head

text: north

text: toward

text: Laurentia

text: The

text: Rheic

text: Ocean

text: was

text: formed

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: this

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: Gondwana

text: had

text: neared

text: or

text: approached

text: the

text: pole

text: and

text: was

text: largely

text: glaciated

question: How long ago did the Ordovician period begin?

answer: 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma.

text: 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma.

question: Which event precipitated the Ordovician period?

answer: the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction

text: the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction

question: What was the name of the large southernmost continent during the Ordovician?

answer: Gondwana

text: Gondwana

question: Which ocean decreased in size with the movement of Baltica in the Ordovician?

answer: Iapetus Ocean

text: Iapetus Ocean

question: What continent fractured off Gondwana in the direction of Laurentia?

answer: Avalonia

text: Avalonia

question: What was the name of the period that ended with a major extinction event?

text: The Ordovician Period

question: What extinction event occured at the end of the Ordocician Period?

text: the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction

question: When was the extinction event that ended the Ordovician period?

text: 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma

question: What contenent formed several southern coninents during the Ordovician?

text: Gondwana

question: What continent drifted from the South Pole to the equator?

text: Gondwana


text: Although some earlier unpublished studies had been prepared, not until the early 1970s was true textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon. At that time BYU Professor Ellis Rasmussen and his associates were asked by the LDS Church to begin preparation for a new edition of the Holy Scriptures. One aspect of that effort entailed digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes, another aspect required establishing the most dependable text. To that latter end, Stanley R. Larson (a Rasmussen graduate student) set about applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts and early editions of the Book of Mormon as his thesis project – which he completed in 1974. To that end, Larson carefully examined the Original Manuscript (the one dictated by Joseph Smith to his scribes) and the Printer’s Manuscript (the copy Oliver Cowdery prepared for the Printer in 1829–1830), and compared them with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd editions of the Book of Mormon to determine what sort of changes had occurred over time and to make judgments as to which readings were the most original. Larson proceeded to publish a useful set of well-argued articles on the phenomena which he had discovered. Many of his observations were included as improvements in the 1981 LDS edition of the Book of Mormon.

title: Textual_criticism

title: Textual_criticism

text: Although

text: some

text: earlier

text: unpublished

text: studies

text: had

text: been

text: prepared

text: not

text: until

text: the

text: early

text: was

text: true

text: textual

text: criticism

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: Mormon

text: At

text: that

text: time

text: BYU

text: Professor

text: Ellis

text: Rasmussen

text: and

text: his

text: associates

text: were

text: asked

text: by

text: the

text: LDS

text: Church

text: to

text: begin

text: preparation

text: for

text: a

text: new

text: edition

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Scriptures

text: One

text: aspect

text: of

text: that

text: effort

text: entailed

text: digitizing

text: the

text: text

text: and

text: preparing

text: appropriate

text: footnotes

text: another

text: aspect

text: required

text: establishing

text: the

text: most

text: dependable

text: text

text: To

text: that

text: latter

text: end

text: Stanley

text: R.

text: Larson

text: a

text: Rasmussen

text: graduate

text: student

text: set

text: about

text: applying

text: modern

text: text

text: critical

text: standards

text: to

text: the

text: manuscripts

text: and

text: early

text: editions

text: of

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: Mormon

text: as

text: his

text: thesis

text: project

text: which

text: he

text: completed

text: in

text: To

text: that

text: end

text: Larson

text: carefully

text: examined

text: the

text: Original

text: Manuscript

text: the

text: one

text: dictated

text: by

text: Joseph

text: Smith

text: to

text: his

text: scribes

text: and

text: the

text: Printer

text: ’s

text: Manuscript

text: the

text: copy

text: Oliver

text: Cowdery

text: prepared

text: for

text: the

text: Printer

text: in

text: and

text: compared

text: them

text: with

text: the

text: and

text: editions

text: of

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: Mormon

text: to

text: determine

text: what

text: sort

text: of

text: changes

text: had

text: occurred

text: over

text: time

text: and

text: to

text: make

text: judgments

text: as

text: to

text: which

text: readings

text: were

text: the

text: most

text: original

text: Larson

text: proceeded

text: to

text: publish

text: a

text: useful

text: set

text: of

text: well

text: argued

text: articles

text: on

text: the

text: phenomena

text: which

text: he

text: had

text: discovered

text: Many

text: of

text: his

text: observations

text: were

text: included

text: as

text: improvements

text: in

text: the

text: LDS

text: edition

text: of

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: Mormon

question: When did textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon?

answer: the early 1970s

text: the early 1970s

question: What was one portion of preparing a new edition of the Holy Scriptures?

answer: digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes

text: digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes

question: How was the most reliable version of the Holy Scriptures determined?

answer: applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts

text: applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts

question: When did Larson finish his project?

answer: 1974

question: Whose observations were included in the 1981 publication of the Book of Mormon?

answer: Larson

text: Larson

question: What year did true textual criticism stop being applied?

question: What school did Ellis Rasmussen not teach at?

text: BYU

question: What church did not want a new edition of the holy scriptures?

text: LDS Church

question: What class did Larson teach at Rasmussen?

text: modern text critical standards

question: When did Larson begin his thesis project?


text: Several influential people of the time, including Bell, viewed deafness as something that should be eradicated, and also believed that with resources and effort they could teach the deaf to speak and avoid the use of sign language, thus enabling their integration within the wider society from which many were often being excluded. In several schools, children were mistreated, for example by having their hands tied behind their backs so they could not communicate by signing—the only language they knew—in an attempt to force them to attempt oral communication. Owing to his efforts to suppress the teaching of sign language, Bell is often viewed negatively by those embracing Deaf culture.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: Several

text: influential

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: including

text: Bell

text: viewed

text: deafness

text: as

text: something

text: that

text: should

text: be

text: eradicated

text: and

text: also

text: believed

text: that

text: with

text: resources

text: and

text: effort

text: they

text: could

text: teach

text: the

text: deaf

text: to

text: speak

text: and

text: avoid

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: sign

text: language

text: thus

text: enabling

text: their

text: integration

text: within

text: the

text: wider

text: society

text: from

text: which

text: many

text: were

text: often

text: being

text: excluded

text: In

text: several

text: schools

text: children

text: were

text: mistreated

text: for

text: example

text: by

text: having

text: their

text: hands

text: tied

text: behind

text: their

text: backs

text: so

text: they

text: could

text: not

text: communicate

text: by

text: signing

text: the

text: only

text: language

text: they

text: knew

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: force

text: them

text: to

text: attempt

text: oral

text: communication

text: Owing

text: to

text: his

text: efforts

text: to

text: suppress

text: the

text: teaching

text: of

text: sign

text: language

text: Bell

text: is

text: often

text: viewed

text: negatively

text: by

text: those

text: embracing

text: Deaf

text: culture

question: Bell's goal was to instruct the deaf to speak and not use what?

answer: sign language

text: sign language

question: What would happen so some children's hands in schools?

answer: tied behind their backs

text: tied behind their backs

question: In what light to many pro-deaf people see Bell?

answer: negative

text: negative

question: What was the only language many deaf people had?

answer: signing

text: signing


text: There are eight Island Courts and Lands Courts; appeals in relation to land disputes are made to the Lands Courts Appeal Panel. Appeals from the Island Courts and the Lands Courts Appeal Panel are made to the Magistrates Court, which has jurisdiction to hear civil cases involving up to $T10,000. The superior court is the High Court of Tuvalu as it has unlimited original jurisdiction to determine the Law of Tuvalu and to hear appeals from the lower courts. Sir Gordon Ward is the current Chief Justice of Tuvalu. Rulings of the High Court can be appealed to the Court of Appeal of Tuvalu. From the Court of Appeal there is a right of appeal to Her Majesty in Council, i.e., the Privy Council in London.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: There

text: are

text: eight

text: Island

text: Courts

text: and

text: Lands

text: Courts

text: appeals

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: land

text: disputes

text: are

text: made

text: to

text: the

text: Lands

text: Courts

text: Appeal

text: Panel

text: Appeals

text: from

text: the

text: Island

text: Courts

text: and

text: the

text: Lands

text: Courts

text: Appeal

text: Panel

text: are

text: made

text: to

text: the

text: Magistrates

text: Court

text: which

text: has

text: jurisdiction

text: to

text: hear

text: civil

text: cases

text: involving

text: up

text: to

text: The

text: superior

text: court

text: is

text: the

text: High

text: Court

text: of

text: Tuvalu

text: as

text: it

text: has

text: unlimited

text: original

text: jurisdiction

text: to

text: determine

text: the

text: Law

text: of

text: Tuvalu

text: and

text: to

text: hear

text: appeals

text: from

text: the

text: lower

text: courts

text: Sir

text: Gordon

text: Ward

text: is

text: the

text: current

text: Chief

text: Justice

text: of

text: Tuvalu

text: Rulings

text: of

text: the

text: High

text: Court

text: can

text: be

text: appealed

text: to

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeal

text: of

text: Tuvalu

text: From

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeal

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: right

text: of

text: appeal

text: to

text: Her

text: Majesty

text: in

text: Council

text: i.e.

text: the

text: Privy

text: Council

text: in

text: London

question: How many courts are there on Tuvalu?

answer: eight

text: eight

question: What is the name of the superior court of Tuvalu?

answer: High Court of Tuvalu

text: High Court of Tuvalu

question: What is the High Court's right to determine?

answer: Law of Tuvalu

text: Law of Tuvalu

question: What judge is the Chief Justice of the Tuvalu High Court?

answer: Sir Gordon Ward

text: Sir Gordon Ward

question: To where can judgments be appealed?

answer: Court of Appeal of Tuvalu

text: Court of Appeal of Tuvalu


text: According to Strabo, the Greco-Bactrians seem to have had contacts with China through the silk road trade routes (Strabo, XI.XI.I). Indian sources also maintain religious contact between Buddhist monks and the Greeks, and some Greco-Bactrians did convert to Buddhism. Demetrius, son and successor of Euthydemus, invaded north-western India in 180 BC, after the destruction of the Mauryan empire there; the Mauryans were probably allies of the Bactrians (and Seleucids). The exact justification for the invasion remains unclear, but by about 175 BC, the Greeks ruled over parts of north-western India. This period also marks the beginning of the obfuscation of Greco-Bactrian history. Demetrius possibly died about 180 BC; numismatic evidence suggest the existence of several other kings shortly thereafter. It is probable that at this point that the Greco-Bactrian kingdom split into several semi-independent regions for some years, often warring amongst themselves. Heliocles was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria, his power collapsing in the face of central Asian tribal invasions (Scythian and Yuezhi), by about 130 BCE. However, Greek urban civilisation seems to have continued in Bactria after the fall of the kingdom, having a hellenising effect on the tribes which had displaced Greek-rule. The Kushan empire which followed continued to use Greek on their coinage and Greeks continued being influential in the empire.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: According

text: to

text: Strabo

text: the

text: Greco

text: Bactrians

text: seem

text: to

text: have

text: had

text: contacts

text: with

text: China

text: through

text: the

text: silk

text: road

text: trade

text: routes

text: Strabo

text: XI.XI.I

text: Indian

text: sources

text: also

text: maintain

text: religious

text: contact

text: between

text: Buddhist

text: monks

text: and

text: the

text: Greeks

text: and

text: some

text: Greco

text: Bactrians

text: did

text: convert

text: to

text: Buddhism

text: Demetrius

text: son

text: and

text: successor

text: of

text: Euthydemus

text: invaded

text: north

text: western

text: India

text: in

text: BC

text: after

text: the

text: destruction

text: of

text: the

text: Mauryan

text: empire

text: there

text: the

text: Mauryans

text: were

text: probably

text: allies

text: of

text: the

text: Bactrians

text: and

text: Seleucids

text: The

text: exact

text: justification

text: for

text: the

text: invasion

text: remains

text: unclear

text: but

text: by

text: about

text: BC

text: the

text: Greeks

text: ruled

text: over

text: parts

text: of

text: north

text: western

text: India

text: This

text: period

text: also

text: marks

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: obfuscation

text: of

text: Greco

text: Bactrian

text: history

text: Demetrius

text: possibly

text: died

text: about

text: BC

text: numismatic

text: evidence

text: suggest

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: several

text: other

text: kings

text: shortly

text: thereafter

text: It

text: is

text: probable

text: that

text: at

text: this

text: point

text: that

text: the

text: Greco

text: Bactrian

text: kingdom

text: split

text: into

text: several

text: semi

text: independent

text: regions

text: for

text: some

text: years

text: often

text: warring

text: amongst

text: themselves

text: Heliocles

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: Greek

text: to

text: clearly

text: rule

text: Bactria

text: his

text: power

text: collapsing

text: in

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: central

text: Asian

text: tribal

text: invasions

text: Scythian

text: and

text: Yuezhi

text: by

text: about

text: BCE

text: However

text: Greek

text: urban

text: civilisation

text: seems

text: to

text: have

text: continued

text: in

text: Bactria

text: after

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: kingdom

text: having

text: a

text: hellenising

text: effect

text: on

text: the

text: tribes

text: which

text: had

text: displaced

text: Greek

text: rule

text: The

text: Kushan

text: empire

text: which

text: followed

text: continued

text: to

text: use

text: Greek

text: on

text: their

text: coinage

text: and

text: Greeks

text: continued

text: being

text: influential

text: in

text: the

text: empire

question: Who stated that the Greco-Bactrians had connections through the silk road?

answer: Strabo

text: Strabo

question: When did Demetrius, son of Euthydemus invade north-western India?

answer: 180 BC

text: 180 BC

question: Whose death signifies the beginning of confusing documentation of Greco-Bactrian history?

answer: Demetrius

text: Demetrius

question: Who was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria?

answer: Heliocles

text: Heliocles


text: A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian professor Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best repeated this study, and found that injections of pancreatic extract reversed the symptoms produced by pancreas removal. Soon, the extract was demonstrated to work in people, but development of insulin therapy as a routine medical procedure was delayed by difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity. The researchers sought assistance from industrial collaborators at Eli Lilly and Co. based on the company's experience with large scale purification of biological materials. Chemist George Walden of Eli Lilly and Company found that careful adjustment of the pH of the extract allowed a relatively pure grade of insulin to be produced. Under pressure from Toronto University and a potential patent challenge by academic scientists who had independently developed a similar purification method, an agreement was reached for non-exclusive production of insulin by multiple companies. Prior to the discovery and widespread availability of insulin therapy the life expectancy of diabetics was only a few months.

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: A

text: series

text: of

text: experiments

text: performed

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: revealed

text: that

text: diabetes

text: is

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: a

text: substance

text: normally

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: pancreas

text: In

text: Oskar

text: Minkowski

text: and

text: Joseph

text: von

text: Mering

text: found

text: that

text: diabetes

text: could

text: be

text: induced

text: in

text: dogs

text: by

text: surgical

text: removal

text: of

text: the

text: pancreas

text: In

text: Canadian

text: professor

text: Frederick

text: Banting

text: and

text: his

text: student

text: Charles

text: Best

text: repeated

text: this

text: study

text: and

text: found

text: that

text: injections

text: of

text: pancreatic

text: extract

text: reversed

text: the

text: symptoms

text: produced

text: by

text: pancreas

text: removal

text: Soon

text: the

text: extract

text: was

text: demonstrated

text: to

text: work

text: in

text: people

text: but

text: development

text: of

text: insulin

text: therapy

text: as

text: a

text: routine

text: medical

text: procedure

text: was

text: delayed

text: by

text: difficulties

text: in

text: producing

text: the

text: material

text: in

text: sufficient

text: quantity

text: and

text: with

text: reproducible

text: purity

text: The

text: researchers

text: sought

text: assistance

text: from

text: industrial

text: collaborators

text: at

text: Eli

text: Lilly

text: and

text: Co.

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: experience

text: with

text: large

text: scale

text: purification

text: of

text: biological

text: materials

text: Chemist

text: George

text: Walden

text: of

text: Eli

text: Lilly

text: and

text: Company

text: found

text: that

text: careful

text: adjustment

text: of

text: the

text: pH

text: of

text: the

text: extract

text: allowed

text: a

text: relatively

text: pure

text: grade

text: of

text: insulin

text: to

text: be

text: produced

text: Under

text: pressure

text: from

text: Toronto

text: University

text: and

text: a

text: potential

text: patent

text: challenge

text: by

text: academic

text: scientists

text: who

text: had

text: independently

text: developed

text: a

text: similar

text: purification

text: method

text: an

text: agreement

text: was

text: reached

text: for

text: non

text: exclusive

text: production

text: of

text: insulin

text: by

text: multiple

text: companies

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: discovery

text: and

text: widespread

text: availability

text: of

text: insulin

text: therapy

text: the

text: life

text: expectancy

text: of

text: diabetics

text: was

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: months

question: What is diabetes caused from?

answer: absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas

text: absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas

question: Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of diabetics?

answer: only a few months

text: only a few months

question: How can diabetes be induced in dogs?

answer: surgical removal of the pancreas

text: surgical removal of the pancreas

question: Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of pancreas removal?

answer: Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best

text: Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best

question: Why was insulin therapy delayed?

answer: difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity

text: difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity

question: Diabetes is caused by the removal of what organ?

answer: pancreas

text: pancreas

question: Left untreated, how long were diabetic patients were expected to live?

answer: a few months

text: a few months

question: What could be adjusted in a sample of pancreatic extract to produce purer insulin?

answer: pH

text: pH

question: To purify insulin, Banting and Best sought the assistance of what company?

answer: Eli Lilly and Co.

text: Eli Lilly and Co.

question: Minkowski and von Mering did surgical tests on what animal?

answer: dogs

text: dogs

question: What is purification caused from?

question: Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of purification?

text: only a few months

question: How can purification be induced in dogs?

text: surgical removal of the pancreas

question: Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of purification removal?

question: Why was purification therapy delayed?


text: Melbourne rates highly in education, entertainment, health care, research and development, tourism and sport, making it the world's most liveable city—for the fifth year in a row in 2015, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit. It is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region, and ranks among the top 30 cities in the world in the Global Financial Centres Index. Referred to as Australia's "cultural capital", it is the birthplace of Australian impressionism, Australian rules football, the Australian film and television industries, and Australian contemporary dance such as the Melbourne Shuffle. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a major centre for street art, music and theatre. It is home to many of Australia's largest and oldest cultural institutions such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the National Gallery of Victoria, the State Library of Victoria and the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building.

title: Melbourne

title: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

text: rates

text: highly

text: in

text: education

text: entertainment

text: health

text: care

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: tourism

text: and

text: sport

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: liveable

text: city

text: for

text: the

text: fifth

text: year

text: in

text: a

text: row

text: in

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Economist

text: Intelligence

text: Unit

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: leading

text: financial

text: centre

text: in

text: the

text: Asia

text: Pacific

text: region

text: and

text: ranks

text: among

text: the

text: top

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: the

text: Global

text: Financial

text: Centres

text: Index

text: Referred

text: to

text: as

text: Australia

text: 's

text: cultural

text: capital

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: birthplace

text: of

text: Australian

text: impressionism

text: Australian

text: rules

text: football

text: the

text: Australian

text: film

text: and

text: television

text: industries

text: and

text: Australian

text: contemporary

text: dance

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Melbourne

text: Shuffle

text: It

text: is

text: recognised

text: as

text: a

text: UNESCO

text: City

text: of

text: Literature

text: and

text: a

text: major

text: centre

text: for

text: street

text: art

text: music

text: and

text: theatre

text: It

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: many

text: of

text: Australia

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: oldest

text: cultural

text: institutions

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Melbourne

text: Cricket

text: Ground

text: the

text: National

text: Gallery

text: of

text: Victoria

text: the

text: State

text: Library

text: of

text: Victoria

text: and

text: the

text: UNESCO

text: World

text: Heritage

text: listed

text: Royal

text: Exhibition

text: Building

question: Melbourne is the world's most liveable city according to whom?

answer: Economist Intelligence Unit

text: Economist Intelligence Unit

question: For how many years has Melbourne been considered the world's most liveable city?

answer: fifth year in a row

text: fifth year in a row

question: Which city is referred to as Australia's cultural capital?

answer: Melbourne

text: Melbourne

question: What is one example of Australian contemporary dance?

answer: Melbourne Shuffle

text: Melbourne Shuffle


text: In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, which was hired by individuals, businessmen, local governments and the federal government. At its height, the Pinkerton Agency's numbers exceeded those of the United States Army.[citation needed]

title: Police

title: Police

text: In

text: the

text: American

text: Old

text: West

text: policing

text: was

text: often

text: of

text: very

text: poor

text: quality.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: Army

text: often

text: provided

text: some

text: policing

text: alongside

text: poorly

text: resourced

text: sheriffs

text: and

text: temporarily

text: organized

text: posses.[citation

text: needed

text: Public

text: organizations

text: were

text: supplemented

text: by

text: private

text: contractors

text: notably

text: the

text: Pinkerton

text: National

text: Detective

text: Agency

text: which

text: was

text: hired

text: by

text: individuals

text: businessmen

text: local

text: governments

text: and

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: At

text: its

text: height

text: the

text: Pinkerton

text: Agency

text: 's

text: numbers

text: exceeded

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Army.[citation

text: needed

question: What were the Old West's local police options?

answer: poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses

text: poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses

question: Which military branch helped the Old West's inadequate local police?

answer: The Army

text: The Army

question: Which private contractor acted as police for businesses?

answer: Pinkerton National Detective Agency

text: Pinkerton National Detective Agency

question: Which military branch did the Pinkertons exceed at their height?

answer: Army

text: Army

question: What were the New West's local police options?

question: What were the Old West's national police options?

question: Which military branch fought the Old West's inadequate local police?

text: The Army

question: Which public contractor acted as police for businesses?

text: Pinkerton National Detective Agency

question: Which military branch did the Pinkertons never exceed at their height?

text: United States Army


text: In 2003, a congestion charge was introduced to reduce traffic volumes in the city centre. With a few exceptions, motorists are required to pay £10 per day to drive within a defined zone encompassing much of central London. Motorists who are residents of the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced season pass. London government initially expected the Congestion Charge Zone to increase daily peak period Underground and bus users by 20,000 people, reduce road traffic by 10 to 15 per cent, increase traffic speeds by 10 to 15 per cent, and reduce queues by 20 to 30 per cent. Over the course of several years, the average number of cars entering the centre of London on a weekday was reduced from 195,000 to 125,000 cars – a 35-per-cent reduction of vehicles driven per day.

title: London

title: London

text: In

text: a

text: congestion

text: charge

text: was

text: introduced

text: to

text: reduce

text: traffic

text: volumes

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: With

text: a

text: few

text: exceptions

text: motorists

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: pay

text: per

text: day

text: to

text: drive

text: within

text: a

text: defined

text: zone

text: encompassing

text: much

text: of

text: central

text: London

text: Motorists

text: who

text: are

text: residents

text: of

text: the

text: defined

text: zone

text: can

text: buy

text: a

text: greatly

text: reduced

text: season

text: pass

text: London

text: government

text: initially

text: expected

text: the

text: Congestion

text: Charge

text: Zone

text: to

text: increase

text: daily

text: peak

text: period

text: Underground

text: and

text: bus

text: users

text: by

text: people

text: reduce

text: road

text: traffic

text: by

text: to

text: per

text: cent

text: increase

text: traffic

text: speeds

text: by

text: to

text: per

text: cent

text: and

text: reduce

text: queues

text: by

text: to

text: per

text: cent

text: Over

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: several

text: years

text: the

text: average

text: number

text: of

text: cars

text: entering

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: London

text: on

text: a

text: weekday

text: was

text: reduced

text: from

text: to

text: cars

text: a

text: cent

text: reduction

text: of

text: vehicles

text: driven

text: per

text: day

question: What is the daily cost for most drivers to operate their cars within a given zone in the center of London?

answer: £10

question: When was the daily congestion charge in London implemented?

answer: In 2003

text: In 2003

question: By what percentage did the congestion charge decrease the amount of cars traveling through the center of London?

answer: 35-per-cent

question: Drivers who live in a given zone reduce the cost of their congestion charge by means of what?

answer: season pass

text: season pass

question: What services were anticipated to be greatly increased as a result of the congestion charge zone?

answer: Underground and bus

text: Underground and bus


text: The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead). The name "Carriage Return" comes from the fact that on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary. The entire carriage had to be pushed (returned) to the right in order to position the left margin of the paper for the next line.

title: ASCII

title: ASCII

text: The

text: inherent

text: ambiguity

text: of

text: many

text: control

text: characters

text: combined

text: with

text: their

text: historical

text: usage

text: created

text: problems

text: when

text: transferring

text: plain

text: text

text: files

text: between

text: systems

text: The

text: best

text: example

text: of

text: this

text: is

text: the

text: newline

text: problem

text: on

text: various

text: operating

text: systems

text: Teletype

text: machines

text: required

text: that

text: a

text: line

text: of

text: text

text: be

text: terminated

text: with

text: both

text: Carriage

text: Return

text: which

text: moves

text: the

text: printhead

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: line

text: and

text: Line

text: Feed

text: which

text: advances

text: the

text: paper

text: one

text: line

text: without

text: moving

text: the

text: printhead

text: The

text: name

text: Carriage

text: Return

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: on

text: a

text: manual

text: typewriter

text: the

text: carriage

text: holding

text: the

text: paper

text: moved

text: while

text: the

text: position

text: where

text: the

text: typebars

text: struck

text: the

text: ribbon

text: remained

text: stationary

text: The

text: entire

text: carriage

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: pushed

text: returned

text: to

text: the

text: right

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: position

text: the

text: left

text: margin

text: of

text: the

text: paper

text: for

text: the

text: next

text: line

question: Why were problems created when transferring files between systems?

answer: The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage

text: The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage

question: Teletype machines had to have two codes to termanate a line, what were they?

answer: "Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead)

text: "Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead)

question: Where does the name "Carriage Return" come from?

answer: on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary

text: on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary

question: What side does the carriage have to be pushed to when starting a new line?

answer: right

text: right

question: Why were problems created when beginning a line?

question: Teletype machines had to have entire carriages to terminate a line, what were they?

question: What side does the carriage have to be pushed to without moving the printhead?

text: right

question: What moves the printhead to the various operating systems?

text: Carriage Return

question: Which advances the paper where the typebars strike the ribbon?

text: Line Feed


text: Śīla (Sanskrit) or sīla (Pāli) is usually translated into English as "virtuous behavior", "morality", "moral discipline", "ethics" or "precept". It is an action committed through the body, speech, or mind, and involves an intentional effort. It is one of the three practices (sīla, samādhi, and paññā) and the second pāramitā. It refers to moral purity of thought, word, and deed. The four conditions of śīla are chastity, calmness, quiet, and extinguishment.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Śīla

text: Sanskrit

text: or

text: sīla

text: Pāli

text: is

text: usually

text: translated

text: into

text: English

text: as

text: virtuous

text: behavior

text: morality

text: moral

text: discipline

text: ethics

text: or

text: precept

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: action

text: committed

text: through

text: the

text: body

text: speech

text: or

text: mind

text: and

text: involves

text: an

text: intentional

text: effort

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: practices

text: sīla

text: samādhi

text: and

text: paññā

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: pāramitā

text: It

text: refers

text: to

text: moral

text: purity

text: of

text: thought

text: word

text: and

text: deed

text: The

text: four

text: conditions

text: of

text: śīla

text: are

text: chastity

text: calmness

text: quiet

text: and

text: extinguishment

question: What is an action committed through the body and involves intentional effort?

answer: Śīla

text: Śīla

question: Sila is the second what?

answer: pāramitā

text: pāramitā


text: Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a country’s development status and conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because - they claim - the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large.[citation needed] In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to a January 6, 2011 article in the magazine which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.

title: Human_Development_Index

title: Human_Development_Index

text: Economists

text: Hendrik

text: Wolff

text: Howard

text: Chong

text: and

text: Maximilian

text: Auffhammer

text: discuss

text: the

text: HDI

text: from

text: the

text: perspective

text: of

text: data

text: error

text: in

text: the

text: underlying

text: health

text: education

text: and

text: income

text: statistics

text: used

text: to

text: construct

text: the

text: HDI

text: They

text: identified

text: three

text: sources

text: of

text: data

text: error

text: which

text: are

text: due

text: to

text: i

text: data

text: updating

text: ii

text: formula

text: revisions

text: and

text: iii

text: thresholds

text: to

text: classify

text: a

text: country

text: ’s

text: development

text: status

text: and

text: conclude

text: that

text: and

text: of

text: all

text: countries

text: can

text: be

text: interpreted

text: as

text: currently

text: misclassified

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: bins

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: three

text: sources

text: of

text: data

text: error

text: respectively

text: The

text: authors

text: suggest

text: that

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: should

text: discontinue

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: classifying

text: countries

text: into

text: development

text: bins

text: because

text: they

text: claim

text: the

text: cut

text: off

text: values

text: seem

text: arbitrary

text: can

text: provide

text: incentives

text: for

text: strategic

text: behavior

text: in

text: reporting

text: official

text: statistics

text: and

text: have

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: misguide

text: politicians

text: investors

text: charity

text: donors

text: and

text: the

text: public

text: who

text: use

text: the

text: HDI

text: at

text: large.[citation

text: needed

text: In

text: the

text: UNDP

text: reacted

text: to

text: the

text: criticism

text: and

text: updated

text: the

text: thresholds

text: to

text: classify

text: nations

text: as

text: low

text: medium

text: and

text: high

text: human

text: development

text: countries

text: In

text: a

text: comment

text: to

text: The

text: Economist

text: in

text: early

text: January

text: the

text: Human

text: Development

text: Report

text: Office

text: responded

text: to

text: a

text: January

text: article

text: in

text: the

text: magazine

text: which

text: discusses

text: the

text: Wolff

text: et

text: al

text: paper

text: The

text: Human

text: Development

text: Report

text: Office

text: states

text: that

text: they

text: undertook

text: a

text: systematic

text: revision

text: of

text: the

text: methods

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: calculation

text: of

text: the

text: HDI

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: new

text: methodology

text: directly

text: addresses

text: the

text: critique

text: by

text: Wolff

text: et

text: al

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: generates

text: a

text: system

text: for

text: continuous

text: updating

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: development

text: categories

text: whenever

text: formula

text: or

text: data

text: revisions

text: take

text: place

question: How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI?

answer: three

text: three

question: In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report?

answer: 2010

question: Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2011?

answer: The Economist

text: The Economist

question: How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HIDI?

text: three

question: In what year did the ULNDP respond to the criticism of its report?

question: Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2012?

text: The Economist


text: In South Africa, a "two apex" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutional Court, which is the highest court in matters involving the interpretation and application of the Constitution. But in August 2013 the Constitution was amended to make the Constitutional Court the country's single apex court, superior to the SCA in all matters, both constitutional and non-constitutional.

title: Supreme_court

title: Supreme_court

text: In

text: South

text: Africa

text: a

text: two

text: apex

text: system

text: existed

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: of

text: Appeal

text: SCA

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: and

text: replaced

text: the

text: Appellate

text: Division

text: of

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: as

text: the

text: highest

text: court

text: of

text: appeal

text: in

text: non

text: constitutional

text: matters

text: The

text: SCA

text: is

text: subordinate

text: to

text: the

text: Constitutional

text: Court

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: court

text: in

text: matters

text: involving

text: the

text: interpretation

text: and

text: application

text: of

text: the

text: Constitution

text: But

text: in

text: August

text: the

text: Constitution

text: was

text: amended

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: Constitutional

text: Court

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: single

text: apex

text: court

text: superior

text: to

text: the

text: SCA

text: in

text: all

text: matters

text: both

text: constitutional

text: and

text: non

text: constitutional

question: South Africa used what type of system to determine it's high courts until 2013?

answer: "two apex"

text: "two apex"

question: When was the Supreme Court of Appeal created?

answer: 1994

question: What court in South Africa has authority over the SCA?

answer: the Constitutional Court

text: the Constitutional Court

question: When did the Constitutional Court become the highest court in South Africa in all matters?

answer: August 2013

text: August 2013

question: What existed from 1993 to 2014?

text: a "two apex" system

question: What was created in 2013 to replace the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa?

text: The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA)

question: What was amended in August 1994?

text: the Constitution

question: What is the Constitutional Court subordinate to?

text: The SCA


text: Mill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience. The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes what direct experience is by differentiating only between actual and possible sensations. This misses some key discussion concerning conditions under which such "groups of permanent possibilities of sensation" might exist in the first place. Berkeley put God in that gap; the phenomenalists, including Mill, essentially left the question unanswered. In the end, lacking an acknowledgement of an aspect of "reality" that goes beyond mere "possibilities of sensation", such a position leads to a version of subjective idealism. Questions of how floor beams continue to support a floor while unobserved, how trees continue to grow while unobserved and untouched by human hands, etc., remain unanswered, and perhaps unanswerable in these terms. Secondly, Mill's formulation leaves open the unsettling possibility that the "gap-filling entities are purely possibilities and not actualities at all". Thirdly, Mill's position, by calling mathematics merely another species of inductive inference, misapprehends mathematics. It fails to fully consider the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures which do not, either today or at the time Mill wrote, fall under the agreed meaning of induction.

title: Empiricism

title: Empiricism

text: Mill

text: 's

text: empiricism

text: thus

text: held

text: that

text: knowledge

text: of

text: any

text: kind

text: is

text: not

text: from

text: direct

text: experience

text: but

text: an

text: inductive

text: inference

text: from

text: direct

text: experience

text: The

text: problems

text: other

text: philosophers

text: have

text: had

text: with

text: Mill

text: 's

text: position

text: center

text: around

text: the

text: following

text: issues

text: Firstly

text: Mill

text: 's

text: formulation

text: encounters

text: difficulty

text: when

text: it

text: describes

text: what

text: direct

text: experience

text: is

text: by

text: differentiating

text: only

text: between

text: actual

text: and

text: possible

text: sensations

text: This

text: misses

text: some

text: key

text: discussion

text: concerning

text: conditions

text: under

text: which

text: such

text: groups

text: of

text: permanent

text: possibilities

text: of

text: sensation

text: might

text: exist

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: place

text: Berkeley

text: put

text: God

text: in

text: that

text: gap

text: the

text: phenomenalists

text: including

text: Mill

text: essentially

text: left

text: the

text: question

text: unanswered

text: In

text: the

text: end

text: lacking

text: an

text: acknowledgement

text: of

text: an

text: aspect

text: of

text: reality

text: that

text: goes

text: beyond

text: mere

text: possibilities

text: of

text: sensation

text: such

text: a

text: position

text: leads

text: to

text: a

text: version

text: of

text: subjective

text: idealism

text: Questions

text: of

text: how

text: floor

text: beams

text: continue

text: to

text: support

text: a

text: floor

text: while

text: unobserved

text: how

text: trees

text: continue

text: to

text: grow

text: while

text: unobserved

text: and

text: untouched

text: by

text: human

text: hands

text: etc

text: remain

text: unanswered

text: and

text: perhaps

text: unanswerable

text: in

text: these

text: terms

text: Secondly

text: Mill

text: 's

text: formulation

text: leaves

text: open

text: the

text: unsettling

text: possibility

text: that

text: the

text: gap

text: filling

text: entities

text: are

text: purely

text: possibilities

text: and

text: not

text: actualities

text: at

text: all

text: Thirdly

text: Mill

text: 's

text: position

text: by

text: calling

text: mathematics

text: merely

text: another

text: species

text: of

text: inductive

text: inference

text: misapprehends

text: mathematics

text: It

text: fails

text: to

text: fully

text: consider

text: the

text: structure

text: and

text: method

text: of

text: mathematical

text: science

text: the

text: products

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: arrived

text: at

text: through

text: an

text: internally

text: consistent

text: deductive

text: set

text: of

text: procedures

text: which

text: do

text: not

text: either

text: today

text: or

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: Mill

text: wrote

text: fall

text: under

text: the

text: agreed

text: meaning

text: of

text: induction

question: What did Mill say knowledge comes from?

answer: an inductive inference from direct experience

text: an inductive inference from direct experience

question: What sensations did Mill differentiate?

answer: actual and possible sensations

text: actual and possible sensations

question: When Mill left a question of sensations unanswered, how did Berkeley answer it?

answer: God

text: God

question: What did Mill say might not actually exist?

answer: gap-filling entities

text: gap-filling entities

question: What did Mill misrepresent about math?

answer: the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures

text: the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures

question: What did Mill put in the gap?

text: God

question: What do indirect experiences produce?

text: knowledge

question: Who disagreed that "gap-filling entities are purely possibilities and not actualities at all"?

text: Berkeley

question: what did Mill realize about mathematics?

question: What does subjective idealism lead to?

text: Mill's empiricism


text: The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt: algae (1483 species), animals (about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects), fungi (more than 627 species), monera (319 species), plants (2426 species), protozoans (371 species). For some major groups, for example lichen-forming fungi and nematode worms, the number was not known. Apart from small and well-studied groups like amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles, the many of those numbers are likely to increase as further species are recorded from Egypt. For the fungi, including lichen-forming species, for example, subsequent work has shown that over 2200 species have been recorded from Egypt, and the final figure of all fungi actually occurring in the country is expected to be much higher.

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: The

text: plan

text: stated

text: that

text: the

text: following

text: numbers

text: of

text: species

text: of

text: different

text: groups

text: had

text: been

text: recorded

text: from

text: Egypt

text: algae

text: species

text: animals

text: about

text: species

text: of

text: which

text: more

text: than

text: were

text: insects

text: fungi

text: more

text: than

text: species

text: monera

text: species

text: plants

text: species

text: protozoans

text: species

text: For

text: some

text: major

text: groups

text: for

text: example

text: lichen

text: forming

text: fungi

text: and

text: nematode

text: worms

text: the

text: number

text: was

text: not

text: known

text: Apart

text: from

text: small

text: and

text: well

text: studied

text: groups

text: like

text: amphibians

text: birds

text: fish

text: mammals

text: and

text: reptiles

text: the

text: many

text: of

text: those

text: numbers

text: are

text: likely

text: to

text: increase

text: as

text: further

text: species

text: are

text: recorded

text: from

text: Egypt

text: For

text: the

text: fungi

text: including

text: lichen

text: forming

text: species

text: for

text: example

text: subsequent

text: work

text: has

text: shown

text: that

text: over

text: species

text: have

text: been

text: recorded

text: from

text: Egypt

text: and

text: the

text: final

text: figure

text: of

text: all

text: fungi

text: actually

text: occurring

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: expected

text: to

text: be

text: much

text: higher

question: How many species of plants were recorded in Egypt?

answer: 2426

question: How many species of fungi were recorded in Egypt?

answer: 627

question: How many species of algae were recorded in Egypt?

answer: 1483

question: How many species of animals were recorded in Egypt?

answer: 15,000

question: How many species of protazoa were recorded in Egypt?

answer: 371


text: The ground-attack aircraft of the USAF are designed to attack targets on the ground and are often deployed as close air support for, and in proximity to, U.S. ground forces. The proximity to friendly forces require precision strikes from these aircraft that are not possible with bomber aircraft listed below. They are typically deployed as close air support to ground forces, their role is tactical rather than strategic, operating at the front of the battle rather than against targets deeper in the enemy's rear.

title: United_States_Air_Force

title: United_States_Air_Force

text: The

text: ground

text: attack

text: aircraft

text: of

text: the

text: USAF

text: are

text: designed

text: to

text: attack

text: targets

text: on

text: the

text: ground

text: and

text: are

text: often

text: deployed

text: as

text: close

text: air

text: support

text: for

text: and

text: in

text: proximity

text: to

text: U.S.

text: ground

text: forces

text: The

text: proximity

text: to

text: friendly

text: forces

text: require

text: precision

text: strikes

text: from

text: these

text: aircraft

text: that

text: are

text: not

text: possible

text: with

text: bomber

text: aircraft

text: listed

text: below

text: They

text: are

text: typically

text: deployed

text: as

text: close

text: air

text: support

text: to

text: ground

text: forces

text: their

text: role

text: is

text: tactical

text: rather

text: than

text: strategic

text: operating

text: at

text: the

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: battle

text: rather

text: than

text: against

text: targets

text: deeper

text: in

text: the

text: enemy

text: 's

text: rear

question: What are the ground-attack aircraft in the USAF usually deployed in support for?

answer: U.S. ground forces

text: U.S. ground forces

question: What does the closeness to friendly troops require of these US Air Force aircraft?

answer: precision strikes

text: precision strikes

question: What part of a battle line are the precision strike aircraft of the USAF deployed?

answer: front of the battle

text: front of the battle

question: What type of aircraft is not appropriate to be used in close proximity of US ground troops?

answer: bomber aircraft

text: bomber aircraft


text: Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorquals and other large whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, primates, including humans, and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta, which enables feeding the fetus during gestation. Mammals range in size from the 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale.

title: Mammal

title: Mammal

text: Mammals

text: include

text: the

text: largest

text: animals

text: on

text: the

text: planet

text: the

text: rorquals

text: and

text: other

text: large

text: whales

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: intelligent

text: such

text: as

text: elephants

text: primates

text: including

text: humans

text: and

text: cetaceans

text: The

text: basic

text: body

text: type

text: is

text: a

text: four

text: legged

text: land

text: borne

text: animal

text: but

text: some

text: mammals

text: are

text: adapted

text: for

text: life

text: at

text: sea

text: in

text: the

text: air

text: in

text: trees

text: or

text: on

text: two

text: legs

text: The

text: largest

text: group

text: of

text: mammals

text: the

text: placentals

text: have

text: a

text: placenta

text: which

text: enables

text: feeding

text: the

text: fetus

text: during

text: gestation

text: Mammals

text: range

text: in

text: size

text: from

text: the

text: mm

text: in

text: bumblebee

text: bat

text: to

text: the

text: ft

text: blue

text: whale

question: Which specific mammal is the largest today?

answer: blue whale

text: blue whale

question: Which mammal is the smallest?

answer: bumblebee bat

text: bumblebee bat

question: Which four legged mammal is considered to be the smartest?

answer: elephants

text: elephants

question: About how small is the average bumble bee bat?

answer: 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in)

text: 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in)

question: What do the largest group of mammals, elephants, have that helps the fetus during gestation?

text: a placenta

question: How small is the average fetus?

text: 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in)

question: What are some fetuses adapted for?

question: What is another name for a large elephant?

text: rorquals

question: What does a placenta help bumblebee bats do?


text: The network's programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. As a result of its devoted format to classic feature films, viewers that are interested in tracing the career development of actresses such as Barbara Stanwyck or Greta Garbo or actors like Cary Grant or Humphrey Bogart have the unique opportunity to see most of the films that were made during their careers, from beginning to end. Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio (widescreen or full screen) whenever possible – widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the network's standard definition feed. TCM also regularly presents widescreen presentations of films not available in the format on any home video release.

title: Turner_Classic_Movies

title: Turner_Classic_Movies

text: The

text: network

text: 's

text: programming

text: season

text: runs

text: from

text: February

text: until

text: the

text: following

text: March

text: of

text: each

text: year

text: when

text: a

text: retrospective

text: of

text: Oscar

text: winning

text: and

text: Oscar

text: nominated

text: movies

text: is

text: shown

text: called

text: Days

text: of

text: Oscar

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: its

text: devoted

text: format

text: to

text: classic

text: feature

text: films

text: viewers

text: that

text: are

text: interested

text: in

text: tracing

text: the

text: career

text: development

text: of

text: actresses

text: such

text: as

text: Barbara

text: Stanwyck

text: or

text: Greta

text: Garbo

text: or

text: actors

text: like

text: Cary

text: Grant

text: or

text: Humphrey

text: Bogart

text: have

text: the

text: unique

text: opportunity

text: to

text: see

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: films

text: that

text: were

text: made

text: during

text: their

text: careers

text: from

text: beginning

text: to

text: end

text: Turner

text: Classic

text: Movies

text: presents

text: many

text: of

text: its

text: features

text: in

text: their

text: original

text: aspect

text: ratio

text: widescreen

text: or

text: full

text: screen

text: whenever

text: possible

text: widescreen

text: films

text: broadcast

text: on

text: TCM

text: are

text: letterboxed

text: on

text: the

text: network

text: 's

text: standard

text: definition

text: feed

text: TCM

text: also

text: regularly

text: presents

text: widescreen

text: presentations

text: of

text: films

text: not

text: available

text: in

text: the

text: format

text: on

text: any

text: home

text: video

text: release

question: What retrospective of the Oscars is shown yearly on TCM?

answer: 31 Days of Oscar

text: 31 Days of Oscar

question: When does TCM's programming season begin?

answer: February

text: February

question: On its standard definition broadcast, what format does TCM use to preserve the original aspect ratio?

answer: letterboxed

text: letterboxed

question: Along with Cary Grant, who is a notable actor whose career a viewer might follow on TCM?

answer: Humphrey Bogart

text: Humphrey Bogart

question: What retrospective of the Oscars is shown yearly on letterbox?

text: 31 Days of Oscar

question: When does the letterbox's programming season begin?

text: February

question: ON its standard definition broadcast, what format does Bogart use to preserve the original aspect ratio?

text: letterboxed

question: Along with Cary Grant, who is a notable actor whose career a viewer might follow on Grant?

text: Humphrey Bogart

question: When is a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated actors shown?

text: March


text: By the late 20th century, the majority of the world's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America modelled on the U.S. system, in which the president directly exercises executive authority.

title: Prime_minister

title: Prime_minister

text: By

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: countries

text: had

text: a

text: prime

text: minister

text: or

text: equivalent

text: minister

text: holding

text: office

text: under

text: either

text: a

text: constitutional

text: monarchy

text: or

text: a

text: ceremonial

text: president

text: The

text: main

text: exceptions

text: to

text: this

text: system

text: have

text: been

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: presidential

text: republics

text: in

text: Latin

text: America

text: modelled

text: on

text: the

text: U.S.

text: system

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: president

text: directly

text: exercises

text: executive

text: authority

question: In the U.S. and governments modeled on it, who holds executive power?

answer: president

text: president

question: What did most countries have by the late 2000's?

text: prime minister or equivalent minister

question: Where in the Amaricas has the British system been adopted?

text: Latin America


text: Currently, international agreements are executed by executive agreement rather than treaties at a rate of 10:1. Despite the relative ease of executive agreements, the President still often chooses to pursue the formal treaty process over an executive agreement in order to gain congressional support on matters that require the Congress to pass implementing legislation or appropriate funds, and those agreements that impose long-term, complex legal obligations on the United States. For example, the deal by the United States, Iran and other countries is not a Treaty.

title: Treaty

title: Treaty

text: Currently

text: international

text: agreements

text: are

text: executed

text: by

text: executive

text: agreement

text: rather

text: than

text: treaties

text: at

text: a

text: rate

text: of

text: Despite

text: the

text: relative

text: ease

text: of

text: executive

text: agreements

text: the

text: President

text: still

text: often

text: chooses

text: to

text: pursue

text: the

text: formal

text: treaty

text: process

text: over

text: an

text: executive

text: agreement

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: gain

text: congressional

text: support

text: on

text: matters

text: that

text: require

text: the

text: Congress

text: to

text: pass

text: implementing

text: legislation

text: or

text: appropriate

text: funds

text: and

text: those

text: agreements

text: that

text: impose

text: long

text: term

text: complex

text: legal

text: obligations

text: on

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: deal

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Iran

text: and

text: other

text: countries

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: Treaty

question: In the United States, what is the ratio of executive agreements to treaties?

answer: 10:1

question: What is it about the approval process of executive agreements might lead a US president to prefer them over treaties?

answer: the relative ease

text: the relative ease

question: The president of the United States might prefer the formal treaty process on matters that require Congress to do what?

answer: pass implementing legislation or appropriate funds

text: pass implementing legislation or appropriate funds

question: The president of the United States might prefer the formal treaty process for agreements that impose what type of legal obligations on the US?

answer: long-term, complex

text: long-term, complex

question: The international deal between the US, other countries, and what controversial nation is not a treaty?

answer: Iran

text: Iran


text: The first Grand Lodge, the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster (later called the Grand Lodge of England (GLE)), was founded on 24 June 1717, when four existing London Lodges met for a joint dinner. Many English Lodges joined the new regulatory body, which itself entered a period of self-publicity and expansion. However, many Lodges could not endorse changes which some Lodges of the GLE made to the ritual (they came to be known as the Moderns), and a few of these formed a rival Grand Lodge on 17 July 1751, which they called the "Antient Grand Lodge of England." These two Grand Lodges vied for supremacy until the Moderns promised to return to the ancient ritual. They united on 27 December 1813 to form the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE).

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: The

text: first

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: the

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: of

text: London

text: and

text: Westminster

text: later

text: called

text: the

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: of

text: England

text: GLE

text: was

text: founded

text: on

text: June

text: when

text: four

text: existing

text: London

text: Lodges

text: met

text: for

text: a

text: joint

text: dinner

text: Many

text: English

text: Lodges

text: joined

text: the

text: new

text: regulatory

text: body

text: which

text: itself

text: entered

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: self

text: publicity

text: and

text: expansion

text: However

text: many

text: Lodges

text: could

text: not

text: endorse

text: changes

text: which

text: some

text: Lodges

text: of

text: the

text: GLE

text: made

text: to

text: the

text: ritual

text: they

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Moderns

text: and

text: a

text: few

text: of

text: these

text: formed

text: a

text: rival

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: on

text: July

text: which

text: they

text: called

text: the

text: Antient

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: of

text: England

text: These

text: two

text: Grand

text: Lodges

text: vied

text: for

text: supremacy

text: until

text: the

text: Moderns

text: promised

text: to

text: return

text: to

text: the

text: ancient

text: ritual

text: They

text: united

text: on

text: December

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: United

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: of

text: England

text: UGLE

question: The Grand Lodge of England is also know as what?

answer: GLE

text: GLE

question: When was the Grand Lodge of England founded?

answer: 24 June 1717

text: 24 June 1717

question: The Ancient Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?

answer: 17 July 1751

text: 17 July 1751

question: The United Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?

answer: 27 December 1813

text: 27 December 1813

question: Lodges that could not endorse the GLE were later called what?

answer: the Moderns

text: the Moderns

question: What can The Grand Lodge of England never be known as?

text: GLE

question: When did the Grand Lodge of England vanish?

text: 24 June 1717

question: What were lodges that disappeared called?

text: the Moderns

question: Which lodges refused to join the new regulatory body?

text: Many English Lodges

question: Which lodges were always in perfect harmony with one another?

text: Grand Lodges


text: Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([ʰp], [ʰt] [ʰts], [ʰtʃ], [ʰk]) when they occur in medial or final position.

title: Aspirated_consonant

title: Aspirated_consonant

text: Preaspirated

text: stops

text: also

text: occur

text: in

text: most

text: Sami

text: languages

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: North

text: Sami

text: the

text: unvoiced

text: stop

text: and

text: affricate

text: phonemes

text: /p/

text: /t/

text: /ts/

text: /tʃ/

text: /k/

text: are

text: pronounced

text: preaspirated

text: ʰp

text: ʰt

text: ʰts

text: ʰtʃ

text: ʰk

text: when

text: they

text: occur

text: in

text: medial

text: or

text: final

text: position

question: The Sami tongue also has what?

answer: Preaspirated stops

text: Preaspirated stops

question: Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated?

answer: North Sami

text: North Sami

question: Unaspirated stops occur in which languages?

text: most Sami

question: What occurs in the medial or start position?

question: The voiced stop and affricate phonemes occur in what position?

text: medial or final

question: What are pronounced unaspirated?

question: In South Sami what are pronounced preaspirated?


text: Queen's popularity was stimulated in North America when "Bohemian Rhapsody" was featured in the 1992 comedy film Wayne's World. Its inclusion helped the song reach number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks in 1992 (it remained in the Hot 100 for over 40 weeks), and won the band an MTV Award at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards. The compilation album Classic Queen also reached number four on the Billboard 200, and is certified three times platinum in the US. Wayne's World footage was used to make a new music video for "Bohemian Rhapsody", with which the band and management were delighted.

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: Queen

text: 's

text: popularity

text: was

text: stimulated

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: when

text: Bohemian

text: Rhapsody

text: was

text: featured

text: in

text: the

text: comedy

text: film

text: Wayne

text: 's

text: World

text: Its

text: inclusion

text: helped

text: the

text: song

text: reach

text: number

text: two

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: for

text: five

text: weeks

text: in

text: it

text: remained

text: in

text: the

text: Hot

text: for

text: over

text: weeks

text: and

text: won

text: the

text: band

text: an

text: MTV

text: Award

text: at

text: the

text: MTV

text: Video

text: Music

text: Awards

text: The

text: compilation

text: album

text: Classic

text: Queen

text: also

text: reached

text: number

text: four

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: and

text: is

text: certified

text: three

text: times

text: platinum

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: Wayne

text: 's

text: World

text: footage

text: was

text: used

text: to

text: make

text: a

text: new

text: music

text: video

text: for

text: Bohemian

text: Rhapsody

text: with

text: which

text: the

text: band

text: and

text: management

text: were

text: delighted

question: Which movie featured Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody?

answer: Wayne's World

text: Wayne's World

question: What year did Queen get a boost in North American sales due to being featured in a movie?

answer: 1992

question: In what year did Queen win an MTV award?

answer: 1992

question: How high did the album Classic Queen chart on the Billboard 200?

answer: four

text: four

question: How many times platinum did Classic Queen go in the US?

answer: three times

text: three times


text: Some people consider glass to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase transition where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume, entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range. The glass transition may be described as analogous to a second-order phase transition where the intensive thermodynamic variables such as the thermal expansivity and heat capacity are discontinuous. Nonetheless, the equilibrium theory of phase transformations does not entirely hold for glass, and hence the glass transition cannot be classed as one of the classical equilibrium phase transformations in solids.

title: Glass

title: Glass

text: Some

text: people

text: consider

text: glass

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: liquid

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: lack

text: of

text: a

text: first

text: order

text: phase

text: transition

text: where

text: certain

text: thermodynamic

text: variables

text: such

text: as

text: volume

text: entropy

text: and

text: enthalpy

text: are

text: discontinuous

text: through

text: the

text: glass

text: transition

text: range

text: The

text: glass

text: transition

text: may

text: be

text: described

text: as

text: analogous

text: to

text: a

text: second

text: order

text: phase

text: transition

text: where

text: the

text: intensive

text: thermodynamic

text: variables

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: thermal

text: expansivity

text: and

text: heat

text: capacity

text: are

text: discontinuous

text: Nonetheless

text: the

text: equilibrium

text: theory

text: of

text: phase

text: transformations

text: does

text: not

text: entirely

text: hold

text: for

text: glass

text: and

text: hence

text: the

text: glass

text: transition

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: classed

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: classical

text: equilibrium

text: phase

text: transformations

text: in

text: solids

question: What does glass not have, leading some to think it is a liquid?

answer: first-order phase transition

text: first-order phase transition

question: What theory isn't completely valid for glass?

answer: equilibrium theory of phase transformations

text: equilibrium theory of phase transformations

question: Transition in glass is comparable to what?

answer: a second-order phase transition

text: a second-order phase transition

question: What does glass not have, leading some to think it is a classic equilibrium?

text: first-order phase transition

question: What theory isn't completely valid for thermodynamic variables?

question: Transition in heat is comparable to what?

text: a second-order phase transition

question: What variables are intensive through the glass transition range?

text: volume, entropy and enthalpy

question: What do some consider to be a transformation?

text: glass


text: The second generation of the system, officially called the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) and also known as COMPASS or BeiDou-2, will be a global satellite navigation system consisting of 35 satellites, and is under construction as of January 2015[update]. It became operational in China in December 2011, with 10 satellites in use, and began offering services to customers in the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012. It is planned to begin serving global customers upon its completion in 2020.

title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

text: The

text: second

text: generation

text: of

text: the

text: system

text: officially

text: called

text: the

text: BeiDou

text: Navigation

text: Satellite

text: System

text: BDS

text: and

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: COMPASS

text: or

text: will

text: be

text: a

text: global

text: satellite

text: navigation

text: system

text: consisting

text: of

text: satellites

text: and

text: is

text: under

text: construction

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: It

text: became

text: operational

text: in

text: China

text: in

text: December

text: with

text: satellites

text: in

text: use

text: and

text: began

text: offering

text: services

text: to

text: customers

text: in

text: the

text: Asia

text: Pacific

text: region

text: in

text: December

text: It

text: is

text: planned

text: to

text: begin

text: serving

text: global

text: customers

text: upon

text: its

text: completion

text: in

question: What is the name of the second generation of BDS?

answer: BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

text: BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

question: What is another name for the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System?

answer: COMPASS or BeiDou-2

text: COMPASS or BeiDou-2

question: How many satellites will the BeiDou-2 have?

answer: 35

question: When did the BeiDou-2 begin construction?

answer: January 2015

text: January 2015

question: When did the BeiDou-2 begin operating?

answer: December 2011

text: December 2011

question: Which system is under construction until May 2017?

text: BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

question: Which system is also known as COMPANION or BeiDou-23?

text: BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

question: Which system has been operating in China since December 2012?

text: BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

question: BeiDou-1 has how many satellites in use?

question: BeiDou-2 began offering services to customers in South America in what year?