text: Historically, the population of Tibet consisted of primarily ethnic Tibetans and some other ethnic groups. According to tradition the original ancestors of the Tibetan people, as represented by the six red bands in the Tibetan flag, are: the Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra. Other traditional ethnic groups with significant population or with the majority of the ethnic group residing in Tibet (excluding a disputed area with India) include Bai people, Blang, Bonan, Dongxiang, Han, Hui people, Lhoba, Lisu people, Miao, Mongols, Monguor (Tu people), Menba (Monpa), Mosuo, Nakhi, Qiang, Nu people, Pumi, Salar, and Yi people.

title: Tibet

title: Tibet

text: Historically

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Tibet

text: consisted

text: of

text: primarily

text: ethnic

text: Tibetans

text: and

text: some

text: other

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: According

text: to

text: tradition

text: the

text: original

text: ancestors

text: of

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: people

text: as

text: represented

text: by

text: the

text: six

text: red

text: bands

text: in

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: flag

text: are

text: the

text: Se

text: Mu

text: Dong

text: Tong

text: Dru

text: and

text: Ra

text: Other

text: traditional

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: with

text: significant

text: population

text: or

text: with

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: ethnic

text: group

text: residing

text: in

text: Tibet

text: excluding

text: a

text: disputed

text: area

text: with

text: India

text: include

text: Bai

text: people

text: Blang

text: Bonan

text: Dongxiang

text: Han

text: Hui

text: people

text: Lhoba

text: Lisu

text: people

text: Miao

text: Mongols

text: Monguor

text: Tu

text: people

text: Menba

text: Monpa

text: Mosuo

text: Nakhi

text: Qiang

text: Nu

text: people

text: Pumi

text: Salar

text: and

text: Yi

text: people

question: How are the original ancestors of the Tibetan people represented?

answer: six red bands in the Tibetan flag

text: six red bands in the Tibetan flag

question: What has the population of Tibet primarily consisted of?

answer: ethnic Tibetans

text: ethnic Tibetans

question: Which country has a disputed area with Tibet?

answer: India

text: India

question: What groups represented by the red bands in the flag of India are the original ancestors of the Tibetan people?

text: Se, Mu, Dong, Tong, Dru and Ra

question: What other ethnic groups live throughout all of Tibet?

question: What does the population of Tibet consist of?

text: ethnic Tibetans


text: The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life, called cenobitism, which was pioneered by Pachomius (d. 348) in the 4th century. Monastic ideals spread from Egypt to Western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries through hagiographical literature such as the Life of Anthony. Benedict of Nursia (d. 547) wrote the Benedictine Rule for Western monasticism during the 6th century, detailing the administrative and spiritual responsibilities of a community of monks led by an abbot. Monks and monasteries had a deep effect on the religious and political life of the Early Middle Ages, in various cases acting as land trusts for powerful families, centres of propaganda and royal support in newly conquered regions, and bases for missions and proselytisation. They were the main and sometimes only outposts of education and literacy in a region. Many of the surviving manuscripts of the Latin classics were copied in monasteries in the Early Middle Ages. Monks were also the authors of new works, including history, theology, and other subjects, written by authors such as Bede (d. 735), a native of northern England who wrote in the late 7th and early 8th centuries.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: The

text: Early

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: witnessed

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: monasticism

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: The

text: shape

text: of

text: European

text: monasticism

text: was

text: determined

text: by

text: traditions

text: and

text: ideas

text: that

text: originated

text: with

text: the

text: Desert

text: Fathers

text: of

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Syria

text: Most

text: European

text: monasteries

text: were

text: of

text: the

text: type

text: that

text: focuses

text: on

text: community

text: experience

text: of

text: the

text: spiritual

text: life

text: called

text: cenobitism

text: which

text: was

text: pioneered

text: by

text: Pachomius

text: d.

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Monastic

text: ideals

text: spread

text: from

text: Egypt

text: to

text: Western

text: Europe

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: through

text: hagiographical

text: literature

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Life

text: of

text: Anthony

text: Benedict

text: of

text: Nursia

text: d.

text: wrote

text: the

text: Benedictine

text: Rule

text: for

text: Western

text: monasticism

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: detailing

text: the

text: administrative

text: and

text: spiritual

text: responsibilities

text: of

text: a

text: community

text: of

text: monks

text: led

text: by

text: an

text: abbot

text: Monks

text: and

text: monasteries

text: had

text: a

text: deep

text: effect

text: on

text: the

text: religious

text: and

text: political

text: life

text: of

text: the

text: Early

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: in

text: various

text: cases

text: acting

text: as

text: land

text: trusts

text: for

text: powerful

text: families

text: centres

text: of

text: propaganda

text: and

text: royal

text: support

text: in

text: newly

text: conquered

text: regions

text: and

text: bases

text: for

text: missions

text: and

text: proselytisation

text: They

text: were

text: the

text: main

text: and

text: sometimes

text: only

text: outposts

text: of

text: education

text: and

text: literacy

text: in

text: a

text: region

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: surviving

text: manuscripts

text: of

text: the

text: Latin

text: classics

text: were

text: copied

text: in

text: monasteries

text: in

text: the

text: Early

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Monks

text: were

text: also

text: the

text: authors

text: of

text: new

text: works

text: including

text: history

text: theology

text: and

text: other

text: subjects

text: written

text: by

text: authors

text: such

text: as

text: Bede

text: d.

text: a

text: native

text: of

text: northern

text: England

text: who

text: wrote

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

question: What religious lifestyle arose in the Early Middle Ages?

answer: monasticism

text: monasticism

question: Who was the pioneer of cenobitism?

answer: Pachomius

text: Pachomius

question: Who composed the Benedictine Rule?

answer: Benedict of Nursia

text: Benedict of Nursia

question: From what part of England did Bede come?

answer: northern

text: northern

question: What was the title of the leader of a monastery?

answer: abbot

text: abbot


text: The government broadened land ownership by returning land that had been sold to large landowners in the late Ming period by families unable to pay the land tax. To give people more incentives to participate in the market, they reduced the tax burden in comparison with the late Ming, and replaced the corvée system with a head tax used to hire laborers. The administration of the Grand Canal was made more efficient, and transport opened to private merchants. A system of monitoring grain prices eliminated severe shortages, and enabled the price of rice to rise slowly and smoothly through the 18th century. Wary of the power of wealthy merchants, Qing rulers limited their trading licenses and usually refused them permission to open new mines, except in poor areas. These restrictions on domestic resource exploration, as well as on foreign trade, are held by some scholars as a cause of the Great Divergence, by which the Western world overtook China economically.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: The

text: government

text: broadened

text: land

text: ownership

text: by

text: returning

text: land

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: sold

text: to

text: large

text: landowners

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Ming

text: period

text: by

text: families

text: unable

text: to

text: pay

text: the

text: land

text: tax

text: To

text: give

text: people

text: more

text: incentives

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: the

text: market

text: they

text: reduced

text: the

text: tax

text: burden

text: in

text: comparison

text: with

text: the

text: late

text: Ming

text: and

text: replaced

text: the

text: corvée

text: system

text: with

text: a

text: head

text: tax

text: used

text: to

text: hire

text: laborers

text: The

text: administration

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Canal

text: was

text: made

text: more

text: efficient

text: and

text: transport

text: opened

text: to

text: private

text: merchants

text: A

text: system

text: of

text: monitoring

text: grain

text: prices

text: eliminated

text: severe

text: shortages

text: and

text: enabled

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: rice

text: to

text: rise

text: slowly

text: and

text: smoothly

text: through

text: the

text: century

text: Wary

text: of

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: wealthy

text: merchants

text: Qing

text: rulers

text: limited

text: their

text: trading

text: licenses

text: and

text: usually

text: refused

text: them

text: permission

text: to

text: open

text: new

text: mines

text: except

text: in

text: poor

text: areas

text: These

text: restrictions

text: on

text: domestic

text: resource

text: exploration

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: on

text: foreign

text: trade

text: are

text: held

text: by

text: some

text: scholars

text: as

text: a

text: cause

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Divergence

text: by

text: which

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: overtook

text: China

text: economically

question: What did the Qing do to reform land ownership?

answer: reduced the tax burden

text: reduced the tax burden

question: What happened to the price of rice during the 18th century?

answer: rise slowly and smoothly

text: rise slowly and smoothly

question: What was the Great Divergence?

answer: Western world overtook China economically

text: Western world overtook China economically


text: Even more complex morphological changes are sometimes possible. For example, when starved of amino acids, Myxobacteria detect surrounding cells in a process known as quorum sensing, migrate toward each other, and aggregate to form fruiting bodies up to 500 micrometres long and containing approximately 100,000 bacterial cells. In these fruiting bodies, the bacteria perform separate tasks; this type of cooperation is a simple type of multicellular organisation. For example, about one in 10 cells migrate to the top of these fruiting bodies and differentiate into a specialised dormant state called myxospores, which are more resistant to drying and other adverse environmental conditions than are ordinary cells.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Even

text: more

text: complex

text: morphological

text: changes

text: are

text: sometimes

text: possible

text: For

text: example

text: when

text: starved

text: of

text: amino

text: acids

text: Myxobacteria

text: detect

text: surrounding

text: cells

text: in

text: a

text: process

text: known

text: as

text: quorum

text: sensing

text: migrate

text: toward

text: each

text: other

text: and

text: aggregate

text: to

text: form

text: fruiting

text: bodies

text: up

text: to

text: micrometres

text: long

text: and

text: containing

text: approximately

text: bacterial

text: cells

text: In

text: these

text: fruiting

text: bodies

text: the

text: bacteria

text: perform

text: separate

text: tasks

text: this

text: type

text: of

text: cooperation

text: is

text: a

text: simple

text: type

text: of

text: multicellular

text: organisation

text: For

text: example

text: about

text: one

text: in

text: cells

text: migrate

text: to

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: these

text: fruiting

text: bodies

text: and

text: differentiate

text: into

text: a

text: specialised

text: dormant

text: state

text: called

text: myxospores

text: which

text: are

text: more

text: resistant

text: to

text: drying

text: and

text: other

text: adverse

text: environmental

text: conditions

text: than

text: are

text: ordinary

text: cells

question: What is the vital nutriment for Myxobacteria?

answer: amino acids

text: amino acids

question: Why do cells of Myxobacteria migrate towards each other?

answer: aggregate to form fruiting bodies

text: aggregate to form fruiting bodies

question: How hard to treat bacteria cells in a passive state?

answer: more resistant

text: more resistant

question: What bacteria do in fruiting bodies?

answer: multicellular organisation

text: multicellular organisation


text: Translation has served as a school of writing for many authors. Translators, including monks who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia, and the early modern European translators of the Bible, in the course of their work have shaped the very languages into which they have translated. They have acted as bridges for conveying knowledge between cultures; and along with ideas, they have imported from the source languages, into their own languages, loanwords and calques of grammatical structures, idioms and vocabulary.

title: Translation

title: Translation

text: Translation

text: has

text: served

text: as

text: a

text: school

text: of

text: writing

text: for

text: many

text: authors

text: Translators

text: including

text: monks

text: who

text: spread

text: Buddhist

text: texts

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: early

text: modern

text: European

text: translators

text: of

text: the

text: Bible

text: in

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: their

text: work

text: have

text: shaped

text: the

text: very

text: languages

text: into

text: which

text: they

text: have

text: translated

text: They

text: have

text: acted

text: as

text: bridges

text: for

text: conveying

text: knowledge

text: between

text: cultures

text: and

text: along

text: with

text: ideas

text: they

text: have

text: imported

text: from

text: the

text: source

text: languages

text: into

text: their

text: own

text: languages

text: loanwords

text: and

text: calques

text: of

text: grammatical

text: structures

text: idioms

text: and

text: vocabulary

question: What has served as a school of writing for many authors?

answer: Translation

text: Translation

question: Who spread Buddhist texts in East Asia?

answer: monks

text: monks

question: What did translators shape in the course of their work?

answer: languages

text: languages

question: What have translators acted as by conveying knowledge between cultures?

answer: bridges

text: bridges

question: Where were idioms and vocabulary imported from?

answer: source languages

text: source languages

question: What has served as an enemy of writing for many authors?

text: Translation

question: Who spread Buddhist texts in South America?

text: monks

question: What did translators lose in the course of their work?

text: languages

question: What have translators acted as by conveying ignorance between cultures?

text: bridges

question: Where were idioms and vocabulary hidden from?

text: source languages


text: Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s. The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration, including the Canary Wharf development. This was borne out of London's ever-increasing role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea.

title: London

title: London

text: Greater

text: London

text: 's

text: population

text: declined

text: steadily

text: in

text: the

text: decades

text: after

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: from

text: an

text: estimated

text: peak

text: of

text: million

text: in

text: to

text: around

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: principal

text: ports

text: for

text: London

text: moved

text: downstream

text: to

text: Felixstowe

text: and

text: Tilbury

text: with

text: the

text: London

text: Docklands

text: area

text: becoming

text: a

text: focus

text: for

text: regeneration

text: including

text: the

text: Canary

text: Wharf

text: development

text: This

text: was

text: borne

text: out

text: of

text: London

text: 's

text: ever

text: increasing

text: role

text: as

text: a

text: major

text: international

text: financial

text: centre

text: during

text: the

text: The

text: Thames

text: Barrier

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: the

text: to

text: protect

text: London

text: against

text: tidal

text: surges

text: from

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

question: What was London's estimated population in the 1980s?

answer: around 6.8 million

text: around 6.8 million

question: What event preceded a substantial decrease in the average population in London?

answer: the Second World War

text: the Second World War

question: The main ports for London were relocated to where?

answer: Felixstowe and Tilbury

text: Felixstowe and Tilbury

question: When was construction on the Thames Barrier completed?

answer: the 1980s

text: the 1980s

question: What was the primary function of the Thames Barrier?

answer: to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea

text: to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea


text: The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: The

text: health

text: benefits

text: of

text: dogs

text: can

text: result

text: from

text: contact

text: with

text: dogs

text: in

text: general

text: and

text: not

text: solely

text: from

text: having

text: dogs

text: as

text: pets

text: For

text: example

text: when

text: in

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: a

text: pet

text: dog

text: people

text: show

text: reductions

text: in

text: cardiovascular

text: behavioral

text: and

text: psychological

text: indicators

text: of

text: anxiety

text: Other

text: health

text: benefits

text: are

text: gained

text: from

text: exposure

text: to

text: immune

text: stimulating

text: microorganisms

text: which

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: hygiene

text: hypothesis

text: can

text: protect

text: against

text: allergies

text: and

text: autoimmune

text: diseases

text: The

text: benefits

text: of

text: contact

text: with

text: a

text: dog

text: also

text: include

text: social

text: support

text: as

text: dogs

text: are

text: able

text: to

text: not

text: only

text: provide

text: companionship

text: and

text: social

text: support

text: themselves

text: but

text: also

text: to

text: act

text: as

text: facilitators

text: of

text: social

text: interactions

text: between

text: humans

text: One

text: study

text: indicated

text: that

text: wheelchair

text: users

text: experience

text: more

text: positive

text: social

text: interactions

text: with

text: strangers

text: when

text: they

text: are

text: accompanied

text: by

text: a

text: dog

text: than

text: when

text: they

text: are

text: not

text: In

text: a

text: study

text: found

text: that

text: pet

text: owners

text: were

text: significantly

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: get

text: to

text: know

text: people

text: in

text: their

text: neighborhood

text: than

text: non

text: pet

text: owners

question: What do humans get exposed to with pets that may help them not get sick?

answer: immune-stimulating microorganisms

text: immune-stimulating microorganisms

question: Dogs can act as a facilitator of what between human beings?

answer: social interactions

text: social interactions

question: What year was the study done that indicated people with pets are more likely to get to know neighbors?

answer: 2015

question: What is lessened when people are with their pet dogs?

answer: anxiety

text: anxiety

question: People in wheelchairs have better social interactions with who when dogs are involved?

answer: strangers

text: strangers


text: New Haven has been depicted in a number of movies. Scenes in the film All About Eve (1950) are set at the Taft Hotel (now Taft Apartments) on the corner of College and Chapel streets, and the history of New Haven theaters as Broadway "tryouts" is depicted in the Fred Astaire film The Band Wagon (1953). The city was fictionally portrayed in the Steven Spielberg movie Amistad (1997) concerning the events around the mutiny trial of that ship's rebelling captives. New Haven was also fictionalized in the movie The Skulls (2000), which focused on conspiracy theories surrounding the real-life Skull and Bones secret society which is located in New Haven.

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

text: New

text: Haven

text: has

text: been

text: depicted

text: in

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: movies

text: Scenes

text: in

text: the

text: film

text: All

text: About

text: Eve

text: are

text: set

text: at

text: the

text: Taft

text: Hotel

text: now

text: Taft

text: Apartments

text: on

text: the

text: corner

text: of

text: College

text: and

text: Chapel

text: streets

text: and

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: New

text: Haven

text: theaters

text: as

text: Broadway

text: tryouts

text: is

text: depicted

text: in

text: the

text: Fred

text: Astaire

text: film

text: The

text: Band

text: Wagon

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: fictionally

text: portrayed

text: in

text: the

text: Steven

text: Spielberg

text: movie

text: Amistad

text: concerning

text: the

text: events

text: around

text: the

text: mutiny

text: trial

text: of

text: that

text: ship

text: 's

text: rebelling

text: captives

text: New

text: Haven

text: was

text: also

text: fictionalized

text: in

text: the

text: movie

text: The

text: Skulls

text: which

text: focused

text: on

text: conspiracy

text: theories

text: surrounding

text: the

text: real

text: life

text: Skull

text: and

text: Bones

text: secret

text: society

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: New

text: Haven

question: At what former lodging facility in New Haven were scenes from the 1950's classic, All About Eve, filmed?

answer: Taft Hotel

text: Taft Hotel

question: What Fred Astaire film depicts the reported history of New Haven theaters as "tryouts" for Broadway?

answer: The Band Wagon

text: The Band Wagon

question: What Spielberg movie provided a fictional account of the slave ship mutiny trials that took place in New Haven?

answer: Amistad

text: Amistad

question: What movie produced in 2000 investigated conspiracy theories surrounding the notorious Skull and Bone Society in New Haven?

answer: The Skulls

text: The Skulls

question: What is currently located at the site of the old Taft Hotel in New Haven?

answer: Taft Apartments

text: Taft Apartments

question: What was the name of the movie that once film in the corner of College and Chapel streets?

answer: All About Eve (1950)

text: All About Eve (1950)

question: The fim Amistad uses references to New Haven in the movie, who was the director of Amistad?

answer: Steven Spielberg

text: Steven Spielberg

question: New Haven was feature in what movie regarding secret society and conspiracy theories?

answer: The Skulls (2000)

text: The Skulls (2000)


text: Mary is also depicted as being present among the women at the crucifixion during the crucifixion standing near "the disciple whom Jesus loved" along with Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene,[Jn 19:25-26] to which list Matthew 27:56 adds "the mother of the sons of Zebedee", presumably the Salome mentioned in Mark 15:40. This representation is called a Stabat Mater. While not recorded in the Gospel accounts, Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, called a "pietà" or "pity".

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus

text: Mary

text: is

text: also

text: depicted

text: as

text: being

text: present

text: among

text: the

text: women

text: at

text: the

text: crucifixion

text: during

text: the

text: crucifixion

text: standing

text: near

text: the

text: disciple

text: whom

text: Jesus

text: loved

text: along

text: with

text: Mary

text: of

text: Clopas

text: and

text: Mary

text: Magdalene,[Jn

text: to

text: which

text: list

text: Matthew

text: adds

text: the

text: mother

text: of

text: the

text: sons

text: of

text: Zebedee

text: presumably

text: the

text: Salome

text: mentioned

text: in

text: Mark

text: This

text: representation

text: is

text: called

text: a

text: Stabat

text: Mater

text: While

text: not

text: recorded

text: in

text: the

text: Gospel

text: accounts

text: Mary

text: cradling

text: the

text: dead

text: body

text: of

text: her

text: son

text: is

text: a

text: common

text: motif

text: in

text: art

text: called

text: a

text: pietà

text: or

text: pity

question: Name the two women present with Mary at the Crucifixion of Jesus?

answer: Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene

text: Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene

question: In art, what is the name for the motif of Mary cradling the body of Jesus?

answer: pietà

text: pietà

question: In Matthew, who else besides Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene are with Mary at the Crucifixion?

answer: Salome

text: Salome

question: What does pieta mean?

answer: pity

text: pity

question: What is a representation of Mary at the Crucifixion called?

answer: a Stabat Mater

text: a Stabat Mater

question: What is the name for the motif of Jesus cradling the body of Mary?

text: pietà

question: Who is "the disciple whom Jesus loved"?

text: Zebedee

question: What is a representation of Jesus at the Crucifixion called?

text: Stabat Mater

question: Who was the sister of Mary of Clopas?

text: Mary Magdalene


text: Most of Hume's followers have disagreed with his conclusion that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable, contending that Hume's own principles implicitly contained the rational justification for such a belief, that is, beyond being content to let the issue rest on human instinct, custom and habit. According to an extreme empiricist theory known as phenomenalism, anticipated by the arguments of both Hume and George Berkeley, a physical object is a kind of construction out of our experiences. Phenomenalism is the view that physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events. Ultimately, only mental objects, properties, events, exist — hence the closely related term subjective idealism. By the phenomenalistic line of thinking, to have a visual experience of a real physical thing is to have an experience of a certain kind of group of experiences. This type of set of experiences possesses a constancy and coherence that is lacking in the set of experiences of which hallucinations, for example, are a part. As John Stuart Mill put it in the mid-19th century, matter is the "permanent possibility of sensation". Mill's empiricism went a significant step beyond Hume in still another respect: in maintaining that induction is necessary for all meaningful knowledge including mathematics. As summarized by D.W. Hamlin:

title: Empiricism

title: Empiricism

text: Most

text: of

text: Hume

text: 's

text: followers

text: have

text: disagreed

text: with

text: his

text: conclusion

text: that

text: belief

text: in

text: an

text: external

text: world

text: is

text: rationally

text: unjustifiable

text: contending

text: that

text: Hume

text: 's

text: own

text: principles

text: implicitly

text: contained

text: the

text: rational

text: justification

text: for

text: such

text: a

text: belief

text: that

text: is

text: beyond

text: being

text: content

text: to

text: let

text: the

text: issue

text: rest

text: on

text: human

text: instinct

text: custom

text: and

text: habit

text: According

text: to

text: an

text: extreme

text: empiricist

text: theory

text: known

text: as

text: phenomenalism

text: anticipated

text: by

text: the

text: arguments

text: of

text: both

text: Hume

text: and

text: George

text: Berkeley

text: a

text: physical

text: object

text: is

text: a

text: kind

text: of

text: construction

text: out

text: of

text: our

text: experiences

text: Phenomenalism

text: is

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: physical

text: objects

text: properties

text: events

text: whatever

text: is

text: physical

text: are

text: reducible

text: to

text: mental

text: objects

text: properties

text: events

text: Ultimately

text: only

text: mental

text: objects

text: properties

text: events

text: exist

text: hence

text: the

text: closely

text: related

text: term

text: subjective

text: idealism

text: By

text: the

text: phenomenalistic

text: line

text: of

text: thinking

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: visual

text: experience

text: of

text: a

text: real

text: physical

text: thing

text: is

text: to

text: have

text: an

text: experience

text: of

text: a

text: certain

text: kind

text: of

text: group

text: of

text: experiences

text: This

text: type

text: of

text: set

text: of

text: experiences

text: possesses

text: a

text: constancy

text: and

text: coherence

text: that

text: is

text: lacking

text: in

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: experiences

text: of

text: which

text: hallucinations

text: for

text: example

text: are

text: a

text: part

text: As

text: John

text: Stuart

text: Mill

text: put

text: it

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: matter

text: is

text: the

text: permanent

text: possibility

text: of

text: sensation

text: Mill

text: 's

text: empiricism

text: went

text: a

text: significant

text: step

text: beyond

text: Hume

text: in

text: still

text: another

text: respect

text: in

text: maintaining

text: that

text: induction

text: is

text: necessary

text: for

text: all

text: meaningful

text: knowledge

text: including

text: mathematics

text: As

text: summarized

text: by

text: D.W.

text: Hamlin

question: What conclusion do most of Hume's followers disagree with?

answer: that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable

text: that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable

question: What did Hume say can't be rationally justified?

answer: belief in an external world

text: belief in an external world

question: What is phenomenalism?

answer: physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events

text: physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events

question: What is subjective idealism closely related to?

answer: Phenomenalism

text: Phenomenalism

question: What did John Stuart Mill say matter is?

answer: the "permanent possibility of sensation"

text: the "permanent possibility of sensation"

question: Who founded the phenomenalism philosophy?

text: Hume and George Berkeley

question: When did DW Hamlin publish his essays?

text: mid-19th century

question: Why did John Stuart Mill disagree with Hume?

question: When did Phenomenalism begin?

text: mid-19th century

question: Who argued for subjective idealism?

text: Hume's followers


text: In 1972, in a mosque in the city of Sana'a, Yemen, manuscripts were discovered that were later proved to be the most ancient Quranic text known to exist at the time. The Sana'a manuscripts contain palimpsests, a manuscript page from which the text has been washed off to make the parchment reusable again—a practice which was common in ancient times due to scarcity of writing material. However, the faint washed-off underlying text (scriptio inferior) is still barely visible and believed to be "pre-Uthmanic" Quranic content, while the text written on top (scriptio superior) is believed to belong to Uthmanic time. Studies using radiocarbon dating indicate that the parchments are dated to the period before 671 AD with a 99 percent probability.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: In

text: in

text: a

text: mosque

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Sana'a

text: Yemen

text: manuscripts

text: were

text: discovered

text: that

text: were

text: later

text: proved

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: most

text: ancient

text: Quranic

text: text

text: known

text: to

text: exist

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: The

text: Sana'a

text: manuscripts

text: contain

text: palimpsests

text: a

text: manuscript

text: page

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: text

text: has

text: been

text: washed

text: off

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: parchment

text: reusable

text: again

text: a

text: practice

text: which

text: was

text: common

text: in

text: ancient

text: times

text: due

text: to

text: scarcity

text: of

text: writing

text: material

text: However

text: the

text: faint

text: washed

text: off

text: underlying

text: text

text: scriptio

text: inferior

text: is

text: still

text: barely

text: visible

text: and

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: pre

text: Uthmanic

text: Quranic

text: content

text: while

text: the

text: text

text: written

text: on

text: top

text: scriptio

text: superior

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: belong

text: to

text: Uthmanic

text: time

text: Studies

text: using

text: radiocarbon

text: dating

text: indicate

text: that

text: the

text: parchments

text: are

text: dated

text: to

text: the

text: period

text: before

text: AD

text: with

text: a

text: percent

text: probability

question: What is the term for recycled parchments used in ancient manuscripts?

answer: palimpsests

text: palimpsests

question: Before which year were the Sana'a manuscripts produced?

answer: 671 AD

text: 671 AD

question: In which city was evidence of pre-Uthmanic Quranic writing discovered in 1972?

answer: Sana'a, Yemen

text: Sana'a, Yemen

question: What version of the Quran was the scriptio superior of the Sana'a manuscripts?

answer: Uthmanic

text: Uthmanic

question: What is the term for recycled parchments unused in ancient manuscripts?

text: palimpsests

question: What is the term for recycled parchments used in modern manuscripts?

text: palimpsests

question: After which year were the Sana'a manuscripts produced?

text: 671 AD

question: In which city was evidence of pre-Uthmanic Quranic writing discovered in 1927?

text: Sana'a, Yemen

question: What version of the Quran was the scriptio inferior of the Sana'a manuscripts?

text: Uthmanic


text: Paris' urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century, particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned. In recent developments, a 1974-2010 building height limitation of 37 metres (121 ft) was raised to 50 m (160 ft) in central areas and 180 metres (590 ft) in some of Paris' peripheral quarters, yet for some of the city's more central quarters, even older building-height laws still remain in effect. The 210 metres (690 ft) Montparnasse tower was both Paris and France's tallest building until 1973, but this record has been held by the La Défense quarter Tour First tower in Courbevoie since its 2011 construction. A new project for La Defense, called Hermitage Plaza, launched in 2009, proposes to build two towers, 85 and 86 stories or 320 metres high, which would be the tallest buildings in the European Union, just slightly shorter than the Eiffel Tower. They were scheduled for completion in 2019 or 2020, but as of January 2015 construction had not yet begun, and there were questions in the press about the future of the project.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: Paris

text: urbanism

text: laws

text: have

text: been

text: under

text: strict

text: control

text: since

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: particularly

text: where

text: street

text: front

text: alignment

text: building

text: height

text: and

text: building

text: distribution

text: is

text: concerned

text: In

text: recent

text: developments

text: a

text: building

text: height

text: limitation

text: of

text: metres

text: ft

text: was

text: raised

text: to

text: m

text: ft

text: in

text: central

text: areas

text: and

text: metres

text: ft

text: in

text: some

text: of

text: Paris

text: peripheral

text: quarters

text: yet

text: for

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: more

text: central

text: quarters

text: even

text: older

text: building

text: height

text: laws

text: still

text: remain

text: in

text: effect

text: The

text: metres

text: ft

text: Montparnasse

text: tower

text: was

text: both

text: Paris

text: and

text: France

text: 's

text: tallest

text: building

text: until

text: but

text: this

text: record

text: has

text: been

text: held

text: by

text: the

text: La

text: Défense

text: quarter

text: Tour

text: First

text: tower

text: in

text: Courbevoie

text: since

text: its

text: construction

text: A

text: new

text: project

text: for

text: La

text: Defense

text: called

text: Hermitage

text: Plaza

text: launched

text: in

text: proposes

text: to

text: build

text: two

text: towers

text: and

text: stories

text: or

text: metres

text: high

text: which

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: tallest

text: buildings

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: just

text: slightly

text: shorter

text: than

text: the

text: Eiffel

text: Tower

text: They

text: were

text: scheduled

text: for

text: completion

text: in

text: or

text: but

text: as

text: of

text: January

text: construction

text: had

text: not

text: yet

text: begun

text: and

text: there

text: were

text: questions

text: in

text: the

text: press

text: about

text: the

text: future

text: of

text: the

text: project

question: What is the current height limitation in Paris in central areas?

answer: 50 m

text: 50 m

question: Until 1973, what was Paris; tallest building?

answer: Montparnasse

text: Montparnasse

question: What is the name of the project for La Defense called that has not yet been started?

answer: Hermitage Plaza

text: Hermitage Plaza

question: When was the Hermitage Plaza launched?

answer: 2009

question: How many towers were planned to be built?

answer: two

text: two


text: Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese forces soon seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia, except for Australia, which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii.

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

text: Starting

text: in

text: months

text: before

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: the

text: nation

text: mobilized

text: giving

text: high

text: priority

text: to

text: air

text: power

text: American

text: involvement

text: in

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: in

text: was

text: limited

text: to

text: providing

text: war

text: material

text: and

text: financial

text: support

text: to

text: Britain

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: and

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: The

text: U.S.

text: entered

text: officially

text: on

text: December

text: following

text: the

text: Japanese

text: attack

text: on

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: Hawaii

text: Japanese

text: forces

text: soon

text: seized

text: American

text: Dutch

text: and

text: British

text: possessions

text: across

text: the

text: Pacific

text: and

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: except

text: for

text: Australia

text: which

text: became

text: a

text: main

text: American

text: forward

text: base

text: along

text: with

text: Hawaii

question: What was the American priority in mobilization prior to entering World War II?

answer: air power

text: air power

question: When did the US officially enter World War II?

answer: 8 December 1941

text: 8 December 1941

question: What event led to America entering the war?

answer: the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

text: the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

question: At the start of the conflict with the Allies, what did Japan do?

answer: seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia

text: seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia

question: What country served as an American forward base to wage war with Japan?

answer: Australia

text: Australia

question: What was the American priority in mobilization prior to entering World War I?

text: air power

question: When did the US officially enter World War I?

text: 8 December 1941

question: What event led to Africa entering the war?

text: Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

question: At the start of the conflict with the Allies, what did England do?

question: What country served as an African forward base to wage war with Japan?

text: Australia


text: The relative peace of the Tokugawa era was shattered with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry's massive U.S. Navy steamships in 1853. Perry used his superior firepower to force Japan to open its borders to trade. Prior to that only a few harbor towns, under strict control from the Shogunate, were allowed to participate in Western trade, and even then, it was based largely on the idea of playing the Franciscans and Dominicans off against one another (in exchange for the crucial arquebus technology, which in turn was a major contributor to the downfall of the classical samurai).

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: The

text: relative

text: peace

text: of

text: the

text: Tokugawa

text: era

text: was

text: shattered

text: with

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: Commodore

text: Matthew

text: Perry

text: 's

text: massive

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: steamships

text: in

text: Perry

text: used

text: his

text: superior

text: firepower

text: to

text: force

text: Japan

text: to

text: open

text: its

text: borders

text: to

text: trade

text: Prior

text: to

text: that

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: harbor

text: towns

text: under

text: strict

text: control

text: from

text: the

text: Shogunate

text: were

text: allowed

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: Western

text: trade

text: and

text: even

text: then

text: it

text: was

text: based

text: largely

text: on

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: playing

text: the

text: Franciscans

text: and

text: Dominicans

text: off

text: against

text: one

text: another

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: the

text: crucial

text: arquebus

text: technology

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: was

text: a

text: major

text: contributor

text: to

text: the

text: downfall

text: of

text: the

text: classical

text: samurai

question: Which force invaded Japan in 1853?

answer: U.S. Navy

text: U.S. Navy

question: Who lead the US Navy's invasion of Japan?

answer: Commodore Matthew Perry

text: Commodore Matthew Perry

question: What was Perry's goal in Japan?

answer: force Japan to open its borders to trade

text: force Japan to open its borders to trade

question: What technology helped the downfall of samurai?

answer: arquebus

text: arquebus


text: Following the death of Freddie Gray, Beyoncé and Jay-Z, among other notable figures, met with his family. After the imprisonment of protesters of Gray's death, Beyoncé and Jay-Z donated thousands of dollars to bail them out.

title: Beyoncé

title: Beyoncé

text: Following

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Freddie

text: Gray

text: Beyoncé

text: and

text: Jay

text: Z

text: among

text: other

text: notable

text: figures

text: met

text: with

text: his

text: family

text: After

text: the

text: imprisonment

text: of

text: protesters

text: of

text: Gray

text: 's

text: death

text: Beyoncé

text: and

text: Jay

text: Z

text: donated

text: thousands

text: of

text: dollars

text: to

text: bail

text: them

text: out

question: Beyonce along with Jay Z met with whom's family after their death?

answer: Freddie Gray

text: Freddie Gray

question: Beyonce with Jay Z gave lots of money to bail who out of prison?

answer: protesters

text: protesters

question: Who's death caused this protest?

answer: Freddie Gray

text: Freddie Gray

question: How much bail money did they spend?

answer: thousands of dollars

text: thousands of dollars


text: A lone naked human is at a physical disadvantage to other comparable apex predators in areas such as speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength. Humans also lack innate weaponry such as claws. Without crafted weapons, society, or cleverness, a lone human can easily be defeated by fit predatory animals, such as wild dogs, big cats and bears (see Man-eater). However, humans are not solitary creatures; they are social animals with highly developed social behaviors. Early humans, such as Homo erectus, have been using stone tools and weapons for well over a million years. Anatomically modern humans have been apex predators since they first evolved, and many species of carnivorous megafauna actively avoid interacting with humans; the primary environmental competitor for a human is other humans. The one subspecies of carnivorous megafauna that does interact frequently with humans in predatory roles is the domestic dog, but usually as a partner in predation especially if they hunt together. Cannibalism has occurred in various places, among various cultures, and for various reasons. At least a few people, such as the Donner party, are said to have resorted to it in desperation.

title: Predation

title: Predation

text: A

text: lone

text: naked

text: human

text: is

text: at

text: a

text: physical

text: disadvantage

text: to

text: other

text: comparable

text: apex

text: predators

text: in

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: speed

text: bone

text: density

text: weight

text: and

text: physical

text: strength

text: Humans

text: also

text: lack

text: innate

text: weaponry

text: such

text: as

text: claws

text: Without

text: crafted

text: weapons

text: society

text: or

text: cleverness

text: a

text: lone

text: human

text: can

text: easily

text: be

text: defeated

text: by

text: fit

text: predatory

text: animals

text: such

text: as

text: wild

text: dogs

text: big

text: cats

text: and

text: bears

text: see

text: Man

text: eater

text: However

text: humans

text: are

text: not

text: solitary

text: creatures

text: they

text: are

text: social

text: animals

text: with

text: highly

text: developed

text: social

text: behaviors

text: Early

text: humans

text: such

text: as

text: Homo

text: erectus

text: have

text: been

text: using

text: stone

text: tools

text: and

text: weapons

text: for

text: well

text: over

text: a

text: million

text: years

text: Anatomically

text: modern

text: humans

text: have

text: been

text: apex

text: predators

text: since

text: they

text: first

text: evolved

text: and

text: many

text: species

text: of

text: carnivorous

text: megafauna

text: actively

text: avoid

text: interacting

text: with

text: humans

text: the

text: primary

text: environmental

text: competitor

text: for

text: a

text: human

text: is

text: other

text: humans

text: The

text: one

text: subspecies

text: of

text: carnivorous

text: megafauna

text: that

text: does

text: interact

text: frequently

text: with

text: humans

text: in

text: predatory

text: roles

text: is

text: the

text: domestic

text: dog

text: but

text: usually

text: as

text: a

text: partner

text: in

text: predation

text: especially

text: if

text: they

text: hunt

text: together

text: Cannibalism

text: has

text: occurred

text: in

text: various

text: places

text: among

text: various

text: cultures

text: and

text: for

text: various

text: reasons

text: At

text: least

text: a

text: few

text: people

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Donner

text: party

text: are

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: resorted

text: to

text: it

text: in

text: desperation

question: What physical disadvantages do humans have against other apex predators?

answer: speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength

text: speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength

question: For how long have humans been using stone tools and weapons?

answer: well over a million years

text: well over a million years

question: What are humans' primary competitors?

answer: other humans

text: other humans

question: What is one known istance of cannibalism?

answer: the Donner party

text: the Donner party

question: With what species do humans hunt in partnership?

answer: domestic dog

text: domestic dog

question: In what areas do bears have an advantage compared to big cats?

question: What is one thing bears use to find their prey?

text: cleverness

question: How are bears socially instead of being solitary?

question: How long have bears existed?

text: for well over a million years

question: How long have bears been apex predators?

text: since they first evolved


text: The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. His son, Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I, and assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BCE. His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. 278 – c. 255 BCE), as well as those of his successors, the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries, and they later turned on his son Prusias I, who defeated them in battle. Their last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BCE).

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: The

text: Bithynians

text: were

text: a

text: Thracian

text: people

text: living

text: in

text: northwest

text: Anatolia

text: After

text: Alexander

text: 's

text: conquests

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: Bithynia

text: came

text: under

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: native

text: king

text: Bas

text: who

text: defeated

text: Calas

text: a

text: general

text: of

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: and

text: maintained

text: the

text: independence

text: of

text: Bithynia

text: His

text: son

text: Zipoetes

text: I

text: of

text: Bithynia

text: maintained

text: this

text: autonomy

text: against

text: Lysimachus

text: and

text: Seleucus

text: I

text: and

text: assumed

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: king

text: basileus

text: in

text: BCE

text: His

text: son

text: and

text: successor

text: Nicomedes

text: I

text: founded

text: Nicomedia

text: which

text: soon

text: rose

text: to

text: great

text: prosperity

text: and

text: during

text: his

text: long

text: reign

text: c.

text: c.

text: BCE

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: those

text: of

text: his

text: successors

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Bithynia

text: held

text: a

text: considerable

text: place

text: among

text: the

text: minor

text: monarchies

text: of

text: Anatolia

text: Nicomedes

text: also

text: invited

text: the

text: Celtic

text: Galatians

text: into

text: Anatolia

text: as

text: mercenaries

text: and

text: they

text: later

text: turned

text: on

text: his

text: son

text: Prusias

text: I

text: who

text: defeated

text: them

text: in

text: battle

text: Their

text: last

text: king

text: Nicomedes

text: IV

text: was

text: unable

text: to

text: maintain

text: himself

text: against

text: Mithridates

text: VI

text: of

text: Pontus

text: and

text: after

text: being

text: restored

text: to

text: his

text: throne

text: by

text: the

text: Roman

text: Senate

text: he

text: bequeathed

text: his

text: kingdom

text: by

text: will

text: to

text: the

text: Roman

text: republic

text: BCE

question: Who were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia?

answer: The Bithynians

text: The Bithynians

question: King Bas defeated which general of Alexander?

answer: Calas

text: Calas

question: Who assumed the title of king from Bas?

answer: Zipoetes I

text: Zipoetes I

question: When did Zipoetes I assume the role of king?

answer: 297 BCE

text: 297 BCE

question: Who founded Nicomedia?

answer: Nicomedes I

text: Nicomedes I


text: The Díaz administration made political decisions and took legal measures that allowed the elite throughout Mexico to concentrate the nation's wealth by favoring monopolies. During this time, two-fifths of the state's territory was divided among 17 rich families which owned practically all of the arable land in Chihuahua. The state economy grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato; the economy in Chihuahua was dominated by agriculture and mining. The Díaz administration helped Governor Luis Terrazas by funding the Municipal Public Library in Chihuahua City and passing a federal initiative for the construction of the railroad from Chihuahua City to Ciudad Júarez. By 1881, the Central Mexican Railroad was completed which connected Mexico City to Ciudad Juárez. In 1883 telephone lines were installed throughout the state, allowing communication between Chihuahua City and Aldama. By 1888 the telephone services were extended from the capital to the cites of Julimes, Meoqui, and Hidalgo del Parral; the telecommunication network in the state covered an estimated 3,500 kilometers. The need of laborers to construct the extensive infrastructure projects resulted in a significant Asian immigration, mostly from China. Asian immigrants soon become integral to the state economy by opening restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels. By the end of the Terrazas term, the state experienced an increase in commerce, mining, and banking. When the banks were nationalized, Chihuahua became the most important banking state in Mexico.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: The

text: Díaz

text: administration

text: made

text: political

text: decisions

text: and

text: took

text: legal

text: measures

text: that

text: allowed

text: the

text: elite

text: throughout

text: Mexico

text: to

text: concentrate

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: wealth

text: by

text: favoring

text: monopolies

text: During

text: this

text: time

text: two

text: fifths

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: territory

text: was

text: divided

text: among

text: rich

text: families

text: which

text: owned

text: practically

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: arable

text: land

text: in

text: Chihuahua

text: The

text: state

text: economy

text: grew

text: at

text: a

text: rapid

text: pace

text: during

text: the

text: Porfiriato

text: the

text: economy

text: in

text: Chihuahua

text: was

text: dominated

text: by

text: agriculture

text: and

text: mining

text: The

text: Díaz

text: administration

text: helped

text: Governor

text: Luis

text: Terrazas

text: by

text: funding

text: the

text: Municipal

text: Public

text: Library

text: in

text: Chihuahua

text: City

text: and

text: passing

text: a

text: federal

text: initiative

text: for

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: the

text: railroad

text: from

text: Chihuahua

text: City

text: to

text: Ciudad

text: Júarez

text: By

text: the

text: Central

text: Mexican

text: Railroad

text: was

text: completed

text: which

text: connected

text: Mexico

text: City

text: to

text: Ciudad

text: Juárez

text: In

text: telephone

text: lines

text: were

text: installed

text: throughout

text: the

text: state

text: allowing

text: communication

text: between

text: Chihuahua

text: City

text: and

text: Aldama

text: By

text: the

text: telephone

text: services

text: were

text: extended

text: from

text: the

text: capital

text: to

text: the

text: cites

text: of

text: Julimes

text: Meoqui

text: and

text: Hidalgo

text: del

text: Parral

text: the

text: telecommunication

text: network

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: covered

text: an

text: estimated

text: kilometers

text: The

text: need

text: of

text: laborers

text: to

text: construct

text: the

text: extensive

text: infrastructure

text: projects

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: significant

text: Asian

text: immigration

text: mostly

text: from

text: China

text: Asian

text: immigrants

text: soon

text: become

text: integral

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: economy

text: by

text: opening

text: restaurants

text: small

text: grocery

text: stores

text: and

text: hotels

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Terrazas

text: term

text: the

text: state

text: experienced

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: commerce

text: mining

text: and

text: banking

text: When

text: the

text: banks

text: were

text: nationalized

text: Chihuahua

text: became

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: banking

text: state

text: in

text: Mexico

question: The Diaz administration allowed the elite to concentrate wealth by favoring what?

answer: monopolies

text: monopolies

question: Two-fifths of the state's territory was divided between how many families?

answer: 17

question: This state grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato.

answer: Chihuahua

text: Chihuahua

question: What were installed throughout the state in 1883?

answer: telephone lines

text: telephone lines

question: Asian immigrants became integral to the state economy by opening what businesses?

answer: restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels.

text: restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels.


text: The semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since 2008, one year after it opened and after it had already hosted a final (in 2007). For the first decade of the competition, the Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue. In the period between this first decade and the reopening of Wembley, semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England; usually the home grounds of teams not involved in that semi-final, chosen to be roughly equidistant between the two teams for fairness of travel. The top three most used venues in this period were Villa Park in Birmingham (55 times), Hillsborough in Sheffield (34 times) and Old Trafford in Manchester (23 times). The original Wembley Stadium was also used seven times for semi-final, between 1991 and 2000 (the last held there), but not always for fixtures featuring London teams. In 2005, both were held at the Millennium Stadium.

title: FA_Cup

title: FA_Cup

text: The

text: semi

text: finals

text: have

text: been

text: played

text: exclusively

text: at

text: the

text: rebuilt

text: Wembley

text: Stadium

text: since

text: one

text: year

text: after

text: it

text: opened

text: and

text: after

text: it

text: had

text: already

text: hosted

text: a

text: final

text: in

text: For

text: the

text: first

text: decade

text: of

text: the

text: competition

text: the

text: Kennington

text: Oval

text: was

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: semi

text: final

text: venue

text: In

text: the

text: period

text: between

text: this

text: first

text: decade

text: and

text: the

text: reopening

text: of

text: Wembley

text: semi

text: finals

text: were

text: played

text: at

text: high

text: capacity

text: neutral

text: venues

text: around

text: England

text: usually

text: the

text: home

text: grounds

text: of

text: teams

text: not

text: involved

text: in

text: that

text: semi

text: final

text: chosen

text: to

text: be

text: roughly

text: equidistant

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: teams

text: for

text: fairness

text: of

text: travel

text: The

text: top

text: three

text: most

text: used

text: venues

text: in

text: this

text: period

text: were

text: Villa

text: Park

text: in

text: Birmingham

text: times

text: Hillsborough

text: in

text: Sheffield

text: times

text: and

text: Old

text: Trafford

text: in

text: Manchester

text: times

text: The

text: original

text: Wembley

text: Stadium

text: was

text: also

text: used

text: seven

text: times

text: for

text: semi

text: final

text: between

text: and

text: the

text: last

text: held

text: there

text: but

text: not

text: always

text: for

text: fixtures

text: featuring

text: London

text: teams

text: In

text: both

text: were

text: held

text: at

text: the

text: Millennium

text: Stadium

question: Where are the semi finals played?

answer: e semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium

text: e semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium

question: Is there a name for the specific venue?

answer: Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue

text: Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue

question: Where did the semi finals take place before then?

answer: semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England

text: semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England

question: What was the top most used venue?

answer: Villa Park in Birmingham (55 times)

text: Villa Park in Birmingham (55 times)

question: Where was the cup held in 2005?

answer: In 2005, both were held at the Millennium Stadium.

text: In 2005, both were held at the Millennium Stadium.

question: Where are the semi-finals never played?

text: Wembley Stadium

question: In which decade was The Kennington Oval not used as a semi-final venue?

text: the first

question: What were the three least used venues?

question: How many times was The Kennington Oval used for semi-finals between 1991 and 2000?

text: seven

question: How were stadiums chosen from 1991 to 2000?


text: Various benefactions make it possible to give grants each year to boys who wish, for educational or cultural reasons, to work or travel abroad. These include the Busk Fund, which supports individual ventures that show particular initiative; the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund, for the promotion of visits to classical lands; the Sadler Fund, which supports, amongst others, those intending to enter the Foreign Service; and the Marsden Fund, for travel in countries where the principal language is not English.

title: Eton_College

title: Eton_College

text: Various

text: benefactions

text: make

text: it

text: possible

text: to

text: give

text: grants

text: each

text: year

text: to

text: boys

text: who

text: wish

text: for

text: educational

text: or

text: cultural

text: reasons

text: to

text: work

text: or

text: travel

text: abroad

text: These

text: include

text: the

text: Busk

text: Fund

text: which

text: supports

text: individual

text: ventures

text: that

text: show

text: particular

text: initiative

text: the

text: C.M.

text: Wells

text: Memorial

text: Trust

text: Fund

text: for

text: the

text: promotion

text: of

text: visits

text: to

text: classical

text: lands

text: the

text: Sadler

text: Fund

text: which

text: supports

text: amongst

text: others

text: those

text: intending

text: to

text: enter

text: the

text: Foreign

text: Service

text: and

text: the

text: Marsden

text: Fund

text: for

text: travel

text: in

text: countries

text: where

text: the

text: principal

text: language

text: is

text: not

text: English

question: What does the Busk Fund support?

answer: individual ventures that show particular initiative

text: individual ventures that show particular initiative

question: Which Fund is dedicated for travel to non-English speaking countries?

answer: Marsden Fund

text: Marsden Fund

question: Which Fund supports travel to classical lands?

answer: the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund

text: the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund

question: What grant is given for boys who want to travel to countries where English is the main language?

text: Marsden Fund

question: What grant is given to boys who want to enter the teaching profession?

text: C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund

question: What fund is for boys who want to travel to Africa?

text: Busk Fund

question: What fund is for boys who want to travel to Asia?

text: C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund


text: As the capital of Uruguay, Montevideo is home to a number of festivals and carnivals including a Gaucho festival when people ride through the streets on horseback in traditional gaucho gear. The major annual festival is the annual Montevideo Carnaval which is part of the national festival of Carnival Week, celebrated throughout Uruguay, with central activities in the capital, Montevideo. Officially, the public holiday lasts for two days on Carnival Monday and Shrove Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday, but due to the prominence of the festival, most shops and businesses close for the entire week. During carnival there are many open-air stage performances and competitions and the streets and houses are vibrantly decorated. "Tablados" or popular scenes, both fixed and movable, are erected in the whole city. Notable displays include "Desfile de las Llamadas" ("Parade of the Calls"), which is a grand united parade held on the south part of downtown, where it used to be a common ritual back in the early 20th century. Due to the scale of the festival, preparation begins as early as December with an election of the "zonal beauty queens" to appear in the carnival.

title: Montevideo

title: Montevideo

text: As

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Uruguay

text: Montevideo

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: festivals

text: and

text: carnivals

text: including

text: a

text: Gaucho

text: festival

text: when

text: people

text: ride

text: through

text: the

text: streets

text: on

text: horseback

text: in

text: traditional

text: gaucho

text: gear

text: The

text: major

text: annual

text: festival

text: is

text: the

text: annual

text: Montevideo

text: Carnaval

text: which

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: national

text: festival

text: of

text: Carnival

text: Week

text: celebrated

text: throughout

text: Uruguay

text: with

text: central

text: activities

text: in

text: the

text: capital

text: Montevideo

text: Officially

text: the

text: public

text: holiday

text: lasts

text: for

text: two

text: days

text: on

text: Carnival

text: Monday

text: and

text: Shrove

text: Tuesday

text: preceding

text: Ash

text: Wednesday

text: but

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: prominence

text: of

text: the

text: festival

text: most

text: shops

text: and

text: businesses

text: close

text: for

text: the

text: entire

text: week

text: During

text: carnival

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: open

text: air

text: stage

text: performances

text: and

text: competitions

text: and

text: the

text: streets

text: and

text: houses

text: are

text: vibrantly

text: decorated

text: Tablados

text: or

text: popular

text: scenes

text: both

text: fixed

text: and

text: movable

text: are

text: erected

text: in

text: the

text: whole

text: city

text: Notable

text: displays

text: include

text: Desfile

text: de

text: las

text: Llamadas

text: Parade

text: of

text: the

text: Calls

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: grand

text: united

text: parade

text: held

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: part

text: of

text: downtown

text: where

text: it

text: used

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: common

text: ritual

text: back

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: scale

text: of

text: the

text: festival

text: preparation

text: begins

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: December

text: with

text: an

text: election

text: of

text: the

text: zonal

text: beauty

text: queens

text: to

text: appear

text: in

text: the

text: carnival

question: What is the major annual festival in Montevideo?

answer: the annual Montevideo Carnaval

text: the annual Montevideo Carnaval

question: What is the annual Montevideo Carnaval part of?

answer: the national festival of Carnival Week

text: the national festival of Carnival Week

question: What does Tablados mean?

answer: popular scenes

text: popular scenes

question: What does Desfile de las Llamadas mean?

answer: Parade of the Calls

text: Parade of the Calls


text: According to statistics collected by the Association of Religion Data Archives from 2010, about 34% of Alaska residents were members of religious congregations. 100,960 people identified as Evangelical Protestants, 50,866 as Roman Catholic, and 32,550 as mainline Protestants. Roughly 4% are Mormon, 0.5% are Jewish, 1% are Muslim, 0.5% are Buddhist, and 0.5% are Hindu. The largest religious denominations in Alaska as of 2010[update] were the Catholic Church with 50,866 adherents, non-denominational Evangelical Protestants with 38,070 adherents, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 32,170 adherents, and the Southern Baptist Convention with 19,891 adherents. Alaska has been identified, along with Pacific Northwest states Washington and Oregon, as being the least religious states of the USA, in terms of church membership.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: According

text: to

text: statistics

text: collected

text: by

text: the

text: Association

text: of

text: Religion

text: Data

text: Archives

text: from

text: about

text: of

text: Alaska

text: residents

text: were

text: members

text: of

text: religious

text: congregations

text: people

text: identified

text: as

text: Evangelical

text: Protestants

text: as

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: and

text: as

text: mainline

text: Protestants

text: Roughly

text: are

text: Mormon

text: are

text: Jewish

text: are

text: Muslim

text: are

text: Buddhist

text: and

text: are

text: Hindu

text: The

text: largest

text: religious

text: denominations

text: in

text: Alaska

text: as

text: of

text: were

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: with

text: adherents

text: non

text: denominational

text: Evangelical

text: Protestants

text: with

text: adherents

text: The

text: Church

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: of

text: Latter

text: day

text: Saints

text: with

text: adherents

text: and

text: the

text: Southern

text: Baptist

text: Convention

text: with

text: adherents

text: Alaska

text: has

text: been

text: identified

text: along

text: with

text: Pacific

text: Northwest

text: states

text: Washington

text: and

text: Oregon

text: as

text: being

text: the

text: least

text: religious

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: USA

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: church

text: membership

question: According to the Association of Religion Data in 2010, what percentage of Alaskans are members of a relgious congregation?

answer: 34%

question: Which religion is most prevalent in Alaska?

answer: Evangelical Protestants

text: Evangelical Protestants

question: How does Alaska compare with other states in church membership?

answer: least religious states of the USA

text: least religious states of the USA

question: Which other nearby states are also considered to be less religious than others?

answer: Washington and Oregon

text: Washington and Oregon

question: According to the Association of Religion Data in 2012, what percentage of Alaskans are members of a relgious congregation?

question: Which religion is least prevalent in Alaska?

text: Evangelical Protestants

question: How doesn't Alaska compare with other states in church membership?

text: least religious states of the USA

question: Which other nearby states are also considered to be more religious than others?

text: Washington and Oregon

question: Which other far away states are also considered to be less religious than others?

text: Washington and Oregon


text: Nevertheless, whether and to what degree any of these types of intermediaries have secondary liability is the subject of ongoing litigation. The decentralised structure of peer-to-peer networks, in particular, does not sit easily with existing laws on online intermediaries' liability. The BitTorrent protocol established an entirely decentralised network architecture in order to distribute large files effectively. Recent developments in peer-to-peer technology towards more complex network configurations are said to have been driven by a desire to avoid liability as intermediaries under existing laws.

title: Copyright_infringement

title: Copyright_infringement

text: Nevertheless

text: whether

text: and

text: to

text: what

text: degree

text: any

text: of

text: these

text: types

text: of

text: intermediaries

text: have

text: secondary

text: liability

text: is

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: ongoing

text: litigation

text: The

text: decentralised

text: structure

text: of

text: peer

text: to

text: peer

text: networks

text: in

text: particular

text: does

text: not

text: sit

text: easily

text: with

text: existing

text: laws

text: on

text: online

text: intermediaries

text: liability

text: The

text: BitTorrent

text: protocol

text: established

text: an

text: entirely

text: decentralised

text: network

text: architecture

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: distribute

text: large

text: files

text: effectively

text: Recent

text: developments

text: in

text: peer

text: to

text: peer

text: technology

text: towards

text: more

text: complex

text: network

text: configurations

text: are

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: driven

text: by

text: a

text: desire

text: to

text: avoid

text: liability

text: as

text: intermediaries

text: under

text: existing

text: laws

question: What is the legal status of secondary liability?

answer: subject of ongoing litigation

text: subject of ongoing litigation

question: What makes peer-to-peer networks different than other online providers?

answer: decentralised structure

text: decentralised structure

question: What was the initial purpose of the BitTorrent protocol?

answer: distribute large files effectively

text: distribute large files effectively

question: What are the reasons for more complex network configurations in peer-to-peer software development?

answer: to avoid liability as intermediaries

text: to avoid liability as intermediaries

question: What is the legal status of primary liability?

text: subject of ongoing litigation

question: What makes peer-to-peer networks the same as other online providers?

text: decentralised structure

question: What was the final purpose of the BitTorrent protocol?

text: distribute large files effectively

question: What wasn't the initial purpose of the BitTorrent protocol?

text: distribute large files effectively

question: What are the reasons for more simple network configurations in peer-to-peer software development?

text: to avoid liability as intermediaries


text: Sony Music Entertainment Inc. (sometimes known as Sony Music or by the initials, SME) is an American music corporation managed and operated by Sony Corporation of America (SCA), a subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate Sony Corporation. In 1929, the enterprise was first founded as American Record Corporation (ARC) and, in 1938, was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, following ARC's acquisition by CBS. In 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. In 1987, Sony Corporation of Japan bought the company, and in 1991, renamed it SME. It is the world's second largest recorded music company, after Universal Music Group.

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

title: Sony_Music_Entertainment

text: Sony

text: Music

text: Entertainment

text: Inc.

text: sometimes

text: known

text: as

text: Sony

text: Music

text: or

text: by

text: the

text: initials

text: SME

text: is

text: an

text: American

text: music

text: corporation

text: managed

text: and

text: operated

text: by

text: Sony

text: Corporation

text: of

text: America

text: SCA

text: a

text: subsidiary

text: of

text: Japanese

text: conglomerate

text: Sony

text: Corporation

text: In

text: the

text: enterprise

text: was

text: first

text: founded

text: as

text: American

text: Record

text: Corporation

text: ARC

text: and

text: in

text: was

text: renamed

text: Columbia

text: Recording

text: Corporation

text: following

text: ARC

text: 's

text: acquisition

text: by

text: CBS

text: In

text: the

text: company

text: was

text: reorganized

text: to

text: become

text: CBS

text: Records

text: In

text: Sony

text: Corporation

text: of

text: Japan

text: bought

text: the

text: company

text: and

text: in

text: renamed

text: it

text: SME

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: second

text: largest

text: recorded

text: music

text: company

text: after

text: Universal

text: Music

text: Group

question: What was the first name of Sony Music Entertainment, Inc?

answer: American Record Corporation

text: American Record Corporation

question: In what year was it renamed Columbia Recording Corporation?

answer: 1938

question: In what year was it known as CBS Records?

answer: 1966

question: In what year did it land the name, Sony Music Entertainment?

answer: 1987

question: What company is the only group larger than Sony Music Entertainment?

answer: Universal Music Group.

text: Universal Music Group.

question: Who is the Chinese conglomerate who owns SCA?

text: Sony Corporation

question: The American Recording Company (ARC) was founded in what year?

question: ABC Records was established in what year?

question: Sony Corporation of China bought CBS Records in what year?

question: SME is the world's third largest recorded what?

text: music company


text: The European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it "the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using "race" as a category within the law tends to legitimize its existence in the popular imagination. In the diverse geographic context of Europe, ethnicity and ethnic origin are arguably more resonant and are less encumbered by the ideological baggage associated with "race". In European context, historical resonance of "race" underscores its problematic nature. In some states, it is strongly associated with laws promulgated by the Nazi and Fascist governments in Europe during the 1930s and 1940s. Indeed, in 1996, the European Parliament adopted a resolution stating that "the term should therefore be avoided in all official texts".

title: Race_(human_categorization)

title: Race_(human_categorization

text: The

text: European

text: Union

text: uses

text: the

text: terms

text: racial

text: origin

text: and

text: ethnic

text: origin

text: synonymously

text: in

text: its

text: documents

text: and

text: according

text: to

text: it

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: racial

text: origin

text: in

text: this

text: directive

text: does

text: not

text: imply

text: an

text: acceptance

text: of

text: such

text: racial

text: theories".[full

text: citation

text: needed

text: Haney

text: López

text: warns

text: that

text: using

text: race

text: as

text: a

text: category

text: within

text: the

text: law

text: tends

text: to

text: legitimize

text: its

text: existence

text: in

text: the

text: popular

text: imagination

text: In

text: the

text: diverse

text: geographic

text: context

text: of

text: Europe

text: ethnicity

text: and

text: ethnic

text: origin

text: are

text: arguably

text: more

text: resonant

text: and

text: are

text: less

text: encumbered

text: by

text: the

text: ideological

text: baggage

text: associated

text: with

text: race

text: In

text: European

text: context

text: historical

text: resonance

text: of

text: race

text: underscores

text: its

text: problematic

text: nature

text: In

text: some

text: states

text: it

text: is

text: strongly

text: associated

text: with

text: laws

text: promulgated

text: by

text: the

text: Nazi

text: and

text: Fascist

text: governments

text: in

text: Europe

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: Indeed

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Parliament

text: adopted

text: a

text: resolution

text: stating

text: that

text: the

text: term

text: should

text: therefore

text: be

text: avoided

text: in

text: all

text: official

text: texts

question: Who uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin interchangeably?

answer: The European Union

text: The European Union

question: What does using race as a category within the law legitimize?

answer: its existence

text: its existence

question: In what context is the historical use of race underscored by its problematic nature?

answer: European

text: European

question: Race is strongly associated with laws by what type of governments?

answer: Fascist

text: Fascist

question: In what year did the European Parliament adopt a resolution to remove "race" from all official texts?

answer: 1996


text: Immigration law firm Siskind & Susser have stated that Schwarzenegger may have been an illegal immigrant at some point in the late 1960s or early 1970s because of violations in the terms of his visa. LA Weekly would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America, who "overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s".

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

text: Immigration

text: law

text: firm

text: Siskind

text: Susser

text: have

text: stated

text: that

text: Schwarzenegger

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: an

text: illegal

text: immigrant

text: at

text: some

text: point

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: or

text: early

text: because

text: of

text: violations

text: in

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: his

text: visa

text: LA

text: Weekly

text: would

text: later

text: say

text: in

text: that

text: Schwarzenegger

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: immigrant

text: in

text: America

text: who

text: overcame

text: a

text: thick

text: Austrian

text: accent

text: and

text: transcended

text: the

text: unlikely

text: background

text: of

text: bodybuilding

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: biggest

text: movie

text: star

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: the

question: What magazine called Schwarzenegger America's most famous immigrant?

answer: LA Weekly

text: LA Weekly


text: The terms "language" and "dialect" are not necessarily mutually exclusive: There is nothing contradictory in the statement "the language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of German".

title: Dialect

title: Dialect

text: The

text: terms

text: language

text: and

text: dialect

text: are

text: not

text: necessarily

text: mutually

text: exclusive

text: There

text: is

text: nothing

text: contradictory

text: in

text: the

text: statement

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: Pennsylvania

text: Dutch

text: is

text: a

text: dialect

text: of

text: German

question: The language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of what language?

answer: German

text: German

question: Which terms are always mutually exclusive?

text: "language" and "dialect"

question: What type of relationship do the terms Pennsylvania and Dutch have?

text: mutually exclusive

question: Which dialect is the language of Germany?

text: Pennsylvania Dutch

question: What type of relationship do the terms dialect and Dutch have?

text: mutually exclusive


text: Muslims have been living in Tibet since as early as the 8th or 9th century. In Tibetan cities, there are small communities of Muslims, known as Kachee (Kache), who trace their origin to immigrants from three main regions: Kashmir (Kachee Yul in ancient Tibetan), Ladakh and the Central Asian Turkic countries. Islamic influence in Tibet also came from Persia. After 1959 a group of Tibetan Muslims made a case for Indian nationality based on their historic roots to Kashmir and the Indian government declared all Tibetan Muslims Indian citizens later on that year. Other Muslim ethnic groups who have long inhabited Tibet include Hui, Salar, Dongxiang and Bonan. There is also a well established Chinese Muslim community (gya kachee), which traces its ancestry back to the Hui ethnic group of China.

title: Tibet

title: Tibet

text: Muslims

text: have

text: been

text: living

text: in

text: Tibet

text: since

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: the

text: or

text: century

text: In

text: Tibetan

text: cities

text: there

text: are

text: small

text: communities

text: of

text: Muslims

text: known

text: as

text: Kachee

text: Kache

text: who

text: trace

text: their

text: origin

text: to

text: immigrants

text: from

text: three

text: main

text: regions

text: Kashmir

text: Kachee

text: Yul

text: in

text: ancient

text: Tibetan

text: Ladakh

text: and

text: the

text: Central

text: Asian

text: Turkic

text: countries

text: Islamic

text: influence

text: in

text: Tibet

text: also

text: came

text: from

text: Persia

text: After

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: Tibetan

text: Muslims

text: made

text: a

text: case

text: for

text: Indian

text: nationality

text: based

text: on

text: their

text: historic

text: roots

text: to

text: Kashmir

text: and

text: the

text: Indian

text: government

text: declared

text: all

text: Tibetan

text: Muslims

text: Indian

text: citizens

text: later

text: on

text: that

text: year

text: Other

text: Muslim

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: who

text: have

text: long

text: inhabited

text: Tibet

text: include

text: Hui

text: Salar

text: Dongxiang

text: and

text: Bonan

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: well

text: established

text: Chinese

text: Muslim

text: community

text: gya

text: kachee

text: which

text: traces

text: its

text: ancestry

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: Hui

text: ethnic

text: group

text: of

text: China

question: What are Tibetan Muslims known as?

answer: Kachee

text: Kachee

question: Where did Islamic influence in Tibet come from?

answer: Persia

text: Persia

question: In what year were all Tibetan Muslims declared Indiana citizens?

answer: 1959

question: What is the Chinese Muslim community called?

answer: gya kachee

text: gya kachee

question: What group of people has been living in Tibet since 1959?

text: Muslims

question: What is an Indian term for Muslims?

text: Kachee

question: What is an Indian term for Chinese Muslims?

text: gya kachee


text: Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks. Peasant women were usually responsible for taking care of the household, child-care, as well as gardening and animal husbandry near the house. They could supplement the household income by spinning or brewing at home. At harvest-time, they were also expected to help with field-work. Townswomen, like peasant women, were responsible for the household, and could also engage in trade. What trades were open to women varied by country and period. Noblewomen were responsible for running a household, and could occasionally be expected to handle estates in the absence of male relatives, but they were usually restricted from participation in military or government affairs. The only role open to women in the Church was that of nuns, as they were unable to become priests.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: Women

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: were

text: officially

text: required

text: to

text: be

text: subordinate

text: to

text: some

text: male

text: whether

text: their

text: father

text: husband

text: or

text: other

text: kinsman

text: Widows

text: who

text: were

text: often

text: allowed

text: much

text: control

text: over

text: their

text: own

text: lives

text: were

text: still

text: restricted

text: legally

text: Women

text: 's

text: work

text: generally

text: consisted

text: of

text: household

text: or

text: other

text: domestically

text: inclined

text: tasks

text: Peasant

text: women

text: were

text: usually

text: responsible

text: for

text: taking

text: care

text: of

text: the

text: household

text: child

text: care

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: gardening

text: and

text: animal

text: husbandry

text: near

text: the

text: house

text: They

text: could

text: supplement

text: the

text: household

text: income

text: by

text: spinning

text: or

text: brewing

text: at

text: home

text: At

text: harvest

text: time

text: they

text: were

text: also

text: expected

text: to

text: help

text: with

text: field

text: work

text: Townswomen

text: like

text: peasant

text: women

text: were

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: household

text: and

text: could

text: also

text: engage

text: in

text: trade

text: What

text: trades

text: were

text: open

text: to

text: women

text: varied

text: by

text: country

text: and

text: period

text: Noblewomen

text: were

text: responsible

text: for

text: running

text: a

text: household

text: and

text: could

text: occasionally

text: be

text: expected

text: to

text: handle

text: estates

text: in

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: male

text: relatives

text: but

text: they

text: were

text: usually

text: restricted

text: from

text: participation

text: in

text: military

text: or

text: government

text: affairs

text: The

text: only

text: role

text: open

text: to

text: women

text: in

text: the

text: Church

text: was

text: that

text: of

text: nuns

text: as

text: they

text: were

text: unable

text: to

text: become

text: priests

question: Along with gardening, animal husbandry and child-care, what work did medieval peasant women do?

answer: taking care of the household

text: taking care of the household

question: Along with spinning, what income-producing work did peasant women engage in?

answer: brewing

text: brewing

question: What did peasant women do when it was time for the harvest?

answer: help with field-work

text: help with field-work

question: What role did women fill in the Church?

answer: nuns

text: nuns


text: There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a collection of stipulation and guidelines. The same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors, women and people with physical disabilities are permitted. The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of football.

title: Association_football

title: Association_football

text: There

text: are

text: laws

text: in

text: the

text: official

text: Laws

text: of

text: the

text: Game

text: each

text: containing

text: a

text: collection

text: of

text: stipulation

text: and

text: guidelines

text: The

text: same

text: laws

text: are

text: designed

text: to

text: apply

text: to

text: all

text: levels

text: of

text: football

text: although

text: certain

text: modifications

text: for

text: groups

text: such

text: as

text: juniors

text: seniors

text: women

text: and

text: people

text: with

text: physical

text: disabilities

text: are

text: permitted

text: The

text: laws

text: are

text: often

text: framed

text: in

text: broad

text: terms

text: which

text: allow

text: flexibility

text: in

text: their

text: application

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: game

text: The

text: Laws

text: of

text: the

text: Game

text: are

text: published

text: by

text: FIFA

text: but

text: are

text: maintained

text: by

text: the

text: International

text: Football

text: Association

text: Board

text: IFAB

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: seventeen

text: laws

text: numerous

text: IFAB

text: decisions

text: and

text: other

text: directives

text: contribute

text: to

text: the

text: regulation

text: of

text: football

question: How many laws are there in the official Laws of the Game?

answer: 17

question: Who maintains the Laws of the Game?

answer: International Football Association Board (IFAB)

text: International Football Association Board (IFAB)

question: Broad terms in the laws allow for what?

answer: flexibility

text: flexibility

question: Who publishes the Laws of the Game?

answer: FIFA

text: FIFA

question: How many laws are excluded from the official Laws of the Game?

question: Who avoids the Laws of the Game?

question: What do broad terms in the laws help eliminate?

text: flexibility

question: Who doesn't read the Laws of the Game?

text: FIFA

question: How many people follow the official Laws of the Game?