text: Nanjing Library, founded in 1907, houses more than 10 million volumes of printed materials and is the third largest library in China, after the National Library in Beijing and Shanghai Library. Other libraries, such as city-owned Jinling Library and various district libraries, also provide considerable amount of information to citizens. Nanjing University Library is the second largest university libraries in China after Peking University Library, and the fifth largest nationwide, especially in the number of precious collections.

title: Nanjing

title: Nanjing

text: Nanjing

text: Library

text: founded

text: in

text: houses

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: volumes

text: of

text: printed

text: materials

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: library

text: in

text: China

text: after

text: the

text: National

text: Library

text: in

text: Beijing

text: and

text: Shanghai

text: Library

text: Other

text: libraries

text: such

text: as

text: city

text: owned

text: Jinling

text: Library

text: and

text: various

text: district

text: libraries

text: also

text: provide

text: considerable

text: amount

text: of

text: information

text: to

text: citizens

text: Nanjing

text: University

text: Library

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: university

text: libraries

text: in

text: China

text: after

text: Peking

text: University

text: Library

text: and

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: nationwide

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: precious

text: collections

question: When was the Nanjing Library completed?

answer: 1907

question: What is the Nanjing Library's ranking in China?

answer: the third largest library in China

text: the third largest library in China

question: How many volumes does the Nanjing Library have?

answer: more than 10 million volumes

text: more than 10 million volumes

question: What is the name of the fifth largest library in China?

answer: Nanjing University Library

text: Nanjing University Library

question: Which university library is larger than Nanjing University Library?

answer: Peking University Library

text: Peking University Library


text: Regularity is a concept based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, the basic membership requirements, tenets and rituals of the craft. Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition of what these landmarks are, and thus what is Regular and what is Irregular (and the definitions do not necessarily agree between Grand Lodges). Essentially, every Grand Lodge will hold that its landmarks (its requirements, tenets and rituals) are Regular, and judge other Grand Lodges based on those. If the differences are significant, one Grand Lodge may declare the other "Irregular" and withdraw or withhold recognition.

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: Regularity

text: is

text: a

text: concept

text: based

text: on

text: adherence

text: to

text: Masonic

text: Landmarks

text: the

text: basic

text: membership

text: requirements

text: tenets

text: and

text: rituals

text: of

text: the

text: craft

text: Each

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: sets

text: its

text: own

text: definition

text: of

text: what

text: these

text: landmarks

text: are

text: and

text: thus

text: what

text: is

text: Regular

text: and

text: what

text: is

text: Irregular

text: and

text: the

text: definitions

text: do

text: not

text: necessarily

text: agree

text: between

text: Grand

text: Lodges

text: Essentially

text: every

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: will

text: hold

text: that

text: its

text: landmarks

text: its

text: requirements

text: tenets

text: and

text: rituals

text: are

text: Regular

text: and

text: judge

text: other

text: Grand

text: Lodges

text: based

text: on

text: those

text: If

text: the

text: differences

text: are

text: significant

text: one

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: may

text: declare

text: the

text: other

text: Irregular

text: and

text: withdraw

text: or

text: withhold

text: recognition

question: What concept is based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, basic membership requirements, and tenets and rituals of the craft?

answer: Regularity

text: Regularity

question: Is each definition of regularity the same throughout all Masonic Lodges?

answer: Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition

text: Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition

question: When can a Grand Lodge declare another lodge as irregular?

answer: If the differences are significant

text: If the differences are significant

question: What concept is not based on adherence to Masonic Landmarks, basic membership requirements, and tenets and rituals of the craft?

text: Regularity

question: When can a Grand Lodge declare another lodge as regular?

text: If the differences are significant

question: What are never considered "Irregular"?

text: every Grand Lodge

question: Why are landmarks for every Grand Lodge the same?

text: adherence to Masonic Landmarks


text: Daylight saving time (DST) or summer time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that in the evening daylight is experienced an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions with summer time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust them backward in the autumn to standard time.

title: Daylight_saving_time

title: Daylight_saving_time

text: Daylight

text: saving

text: time

text: DST

text: or

text: summer

text: time

text: is

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: advancing

text: clocks

text: during

text: summer

text: months

text: by

text: one

text: hour

text: so

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: evening

text: daylight

text: is

text: experienced

text: an

text: hour

text: longer

text: while

text: sacrificing

text: normal

text: sunrise

text: times

text: Typically

text: regions

text: with

text: summer

text: time

text: adjust

text: clocks

text: forward

text: one

text: hour

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: spring

text: and

text: adjust

text: them

text: backward

text: in

text: the

text: autumn

text: to

text: standard

text: time

question: What term is used interchangeably with daylight saving time?

answer: summer time

text: summer time

question: What period of time do we set our clocks forward in DST?

answer: one hour

text: one hour

question: What do we get an extra hour of because we set the clocks forward?

answer: daylight

text: daylight

question: In what season do regions who practice DST set the clocks back one hour?

answer: autumn

text: autumn

question: By setting the clocks forward, the normal time of what daily event is disrupted?

answer: sunrise

text: sunrise


text: Thermal conductivity gauges rely on the fact that the ability of a gas to conduct heat decreases with pressure. In this type of gauge, a wire filament is heated by running current through it. A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of the filament. This temperature is dependent on the rate at which the filament loses heat to the surrounding gas, and therefore on the thermal conductivity. A common variant is the Pirani gauge which uses a single platinum filament as both the heated element and RTD. These gauges are accurate from 10 torr to 10−3 torr, but they are sensitive to the chemical composition of the gases being measured.

title: Vacuum

title: Vacuum

text: Thermal

text: conductivity

text: gauges

text: rely

text: on

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: the

text: ability

text: of

text: a

text: gas

text: to

text: conduct

text: heat

text: decreases

text: with

text: pressure

text: In

text: this

text: type

text: of

text: gauge

text: a

text: wire

text: filament

text: is

text: heated

text: by

text: running

text: current

text: through

text: it

text: A

text: thermocouple

text: or

text: Resistance

text: Temperature

text: Detector

text: RTD

text: can

text: then

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: measure

text: the

text: temperature

text: of

text: the

text: filament

text: This

text: temperature

text: is

text: dependent

text: on

text: the

text: rate

text: at

text: which

text: the

text: filament

text: loses

text: heat

text: to

text: the

text: surrounding

text: gas

text: and

text: therefore

text: on

text: the

text: thermal

text: conductivity

text: A

text: common

text: variant

text: is

text: the

text: Pirani

text: gauge

text: which

text: uses

text: a

text: single

text: platinum

text: filament

text: as

text: both

text: the

text: heated

text: element

text: and

text: RTD

text: These

text: gauges

text: are

text: accurate

text: from

text: torr

text: to

text: torr

text: but

text: they

text: are

text: sensitive

text: to

text: the

text: chemical

text: composition

text: of

text: the

text: gases

text: being

text: measured

question: The fact that gases ability to conduct heat decreases with pressure is used by what form of measurement?

answer: Thermal conductivity gauges

text: Thermal conductivity gauges

question: How is the wire filament in a Thermal conductivity gauge heated?

answer: by running current through it

text: by running current through it

question: What is a Pirani gauge sensitive to?

answer: chemical composition of the gases being measured

text: chemical composition of the gases being measured

question: What is a RTD used for on a Thermal Conductivity gauge?

answer: to measure the temperature of the filament

text: to measure the temperature of the filament

question: A Pirani gauge is accurate within what ranges?

answer: 10 torr to 10−3 torr

text: 10 torr to 10−3 torr

question: How does plantinums ability to conduct heat decrease?

text: with pressure

question: What kind of filament does the RTD use?

text: a single platinum filament

question: How do thermal conductivity gauges use a single platinum filament as?

text: both the heated element and RTD

question: How quickly does a filament lose heat?

text: from 10 torr to 10−3 torr

question: Pressure is sensitive to the heated element of what?

text: the gases being measured


text: Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religion' is not defined in the Constitution. We must go elsewhere, therefore, to ascertain its meaning, and nowhere more appropriately, we think, than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted." The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. Quoting the "separation" paragraph from Jefferson's letter to the Danbury Baptists, the court concluded that, "coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure, it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured."

title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

text: Jefferson

text: 's

text: concept

text: of

text: separation

text: of

text: church

text: and

text: state

text: first

text: became

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: Establishment

text: Clause

text: jurisprudence

text: in

text: Reynolds

text: v.

text: U.S.

text: U.S.

text: In

text: that

text: case

text: the

text: court

text: examined

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: religious

text: liberty

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: determining

text: that

text: while

text: the

text: constitution

text: guarantees

text: religious

text: freedom

text: The

text: word

text: religion

text: is

text: not

text: defined

text: in

text: the

text: Constitution

text: We

text: must

text: go

text: elsewhere

text: therefore

text: to

text: ascertain

text: its

text: meaning

text: and

text: nowhere

text: more

text: appropriately

text: we

text: think

text: than

text: to

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: times

text: in

text: the

text: midst

text: of

text: which

text: the

text: provision

text: was

text: adopted

text: The

text: court

text: found

text: that

text: the

text: leaders

text: in

text: advocating

text: and

text: formulating

text: the

text: constitutional

text: guarantee

text: of

text: religious

text: liberty

text: were

text: James

text: Madison

text: and

text: Thomas

text: Jefferson

text: Quoting

text: the

text: separation

text: paragraph

text: from

text: Jefferson

text: 's

text: letter

text: to

text: the

text: Danbury

text: Baptists

text: the

text: court

text: concluded

text: that

text: coming

text: as

text: this

text: does

text: from

text: an

text: acknowledged

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: advocates

text: of

text: the

text: measure

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: accepted

text: almost

text: as

text: an

text: authoritative

text: declaration

text: of

text: the

text: scope

text: and

text: effect

text: of

text: the

text: amendment

text: thus

text: secured

question: What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" became part of what jurisprudence?

answer: Establishment Clause

text: Establishment Clause

question: What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to?

answer: Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145

text: Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145

question: What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion?

answer: freedom

text: freedom

question: What word is not defined in the Constitution?

answer: religion

text: religion

question: Who had Jefferson's letter been sent to?

answer: the Danbury Baptists

text: the Danbury Baptists

question: Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" didn't become part of what jurisprudence?

text: Establishment Clause

question: What case wasn't Jefferson's concept apropos to?

text: Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145

question: What doesn't the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion?

text: freedom

question: What word is defined in the Constitution?

text: religion

question: Who hadn't Jefferson's letter been sent to?

text: Danbury Baptists


text: The above "history of economics" reflects modern economic textbooks and this means that the last stage of a science is represented as the culmination of its history (Kuhn, 1962). The "invisible hand" mentioned in a lost page in the middle of a chapter in the middle of the to "Wealth of Nations", 1776, advances as Smith's central message.[clarification needed] It is played down that this "invisible hand" acts only "frequently" and that it is "no part of his [the individual's] intentions" because competition leads to lower prices by imitating "his" invention. That this "invisible hand" prefers "the support of domestic to foreign industry" is cleansed—often without indication that part of the citation is truncated. The opening passage of the "Wealth" containing Smith's message is never mentioned as it cannot be integrated into modern theory: "Wealth" depends on the division of labour which changes with market volume and on the proportion of productive to Unproductive labor.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: The

text: above

text: history

text: of

text: economics

text: reflects

text: modern

text: economic

text: textbooks

text: and

text: this

text: means

text: that

text: the

text: last

text: stage

text: of

text: a

text: science

text: is

text: represented

text: as

text: the

text: culmination

text: of

text: its

text: history

text: Kuhn

text: The

text: invisible

text: hand

text: mentioned

text: in

text: a

text: lost

text: page

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: a

text: chapter

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: to

text: Wealth

text: of

text: Nations

text: advances

text: as

text: Smith

text: 's

text: central

text: message.[clarification

text: needed

text: It

text: is

text: played

text: down

text: that

text: this

text: invisible

text: hand

text: acts

text: only

text: frequently

text: and

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: no

text: part

text: of

text: his

text: the

text: individual

text: 's

text: intentions

text: because

text: competition

text: leads

text: to

text: lower

text: prices

text: by

text: imitating

text: his

text: invention

text: That

text: this

text: invisible

text: hand

text: prefers

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: domestic

text: to

text: foreign

text: industry

text: is

text: cleansed

text: often

text: without

text: indication

text: that

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: citation

text: is

text: truncated

text: The

text: opening

text: passage

text: of

text: the

text: Wealth

text: containing

text: Smith

text: 's

text: message

text: is

text: never

text: mentioned

text: as

text: it

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: integrated

text: into

text: modern

text: theory

text: Wealth

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: division

text: of

text: labour

text: which

text: changes

text: with

text: market

text: volume

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: proportion

text: of

text: productive

text: to

text: Unproductive

text: labor

question: When was Wealth of Nations written?

answer: 1776

question: How present was Smith's invisible hand intended to be?

answer: frequently

text: frequently

question: What happens in a market when there is competition?

answer: lower prices

text: lower prices

question: What is the most important part of "Wealth"?

answer: the division of labour

text: the division of labour


text: Pope Julius had died in April, 352, and was succeeded by Liberius. For two years Liberius had been favourable to the cause of Athanasius; but driven at last into exile, he was induced to sign an ambiguous formula, from which the great Nicene text, the "homoousion", had been studiously omitted. In 355 a council was held at Milan, where in spite of the vigorous opposition of a handful of loyal prelates among the Western bishops, a fourth condemnation of Athanasius was announced to the world. With his friends scattered, the saintly Hosius in exile, and Pope Liberius denounced as acquiescing in Arian formularies, Athanasius could hardly hope to escape. On the night of 8 February, 356, while engaged in services in the Church of St. Thomas, a band of armed men burst in to secure his arrest. It was the beginning of his third exile.

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

text: Pope

text: Julius

text: had

text: died

text: in

text: April

text: and

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: Liberius

text: For

text: two

text: years

text: Liberius

text: had

text: been

text: favourable

text: to

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: Athanasius

text: but

text: driven

text: at

text: last

text: into

text: exile

text: he

text: was

text: induced

text: to

text: sign

text: an

text: ambiguous

text: formula

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: great

text: Nicene

text: text

text: the

text: homoousion

text: had

text: been

text: studiously

text: omitted

text: In

text: a

text: council

text: was

text: held

text: at

text: Milan

text: where

text: in

text: spite

text: of

text: the

text: vigorous

text: opposition

text: of

text: a

text: handful

text: of

text: loyal

text: prelates

text: among

text: the

text: Western

text: bishops

text: a

text: fourth

text: condemnation

text: of

text: Athanasius

text: was

text: announced

text: to

text: the

text: world

text: With

text: his

text: friends

text: scattered

text: the

text: saintly

text: Hosius

text: in

text: exile

text: and

text: Pope

text: Liberius

text: denounced

text: as

text: acquiescing

text: in

text: Arian

text: formularies

text: Athanasius

text: could

text: hardly

text: hope

text: to

text: escape

text: On

text: the

text: night

text: of

text: February

text: while

text: engaged

text: in

text: services

text: in

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: St.

text: Thomas

text: a

text: band

text: of

text: armed

text: men

text: burst

text: in

text: to

text: secure

text: his

text: arrest

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: his

text: third

text: exile

question: In what year did Pope Julius die?

answer: 352

question: Did Liberius sympathize with Athanasius?

answer: Liberius had been favourable

text: Liberius had been favourable

question: What was the outcome of the Council of Milan?

answer: a fourth condemnation of Athanasius

text: a fourth condemnation of Athanasius

question: What was  Athanasius doing when he was arrested?

answer: engaged in services

text: engaged in services

question: Where the men armed who arrested him?

answer: armed men

text: armed men

question: In what year was Pope Julius born?

question: What wasn't the outcome of the Council of Milan?

text: a fourth condemnation

question: Who was arrested by unarmed men?

text: Athanasius

question: What happened in 368?


text: The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front to their orthodox opponents. The Emperor Constantius, who had been the cause of so much trouble, died 4 November, 361 and was succeeded by Julian. The proclamation of the new prince's accession was the signal for a pagan outbreak against the still dominant Arian faction in Alexandria. George, the usurping Bishop, was flung into prison and murdered. An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus was immediately chosen by the Arians to succeed him, when fresh news arrived that filled the orthodox party with hope. An edict had been put forth by Julian permitting the exiled bishops of the "Galileans" to return to their "towns and provinces". Athanasius received a summons from his own flock, and he accordingly re-entered his episcopal capitol on 22 February, 362.

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

text: The

text: Arians

text: no

text: longer

text: presented

text: an

text: unbroken

text: front

text: to

text: their

text: orthodox

text: opponents

text: The

text: Emperor

text: Constantius

text: who

text: had

text: been

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: so

text: much

text: trouble

text: died

text: November

text: and

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: Julian

text: The

text: proclamation

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: prince

text: 's

text: accession

text: was

text: the

text: signal

text: for

text: a

text: pagan

text: outbreak

text: against

text: the

text: still

text: dominant

text: Arian

text: faction

text: in

text: Alexandria

text: George

text: the

text: usurping

text: Bishop

text: was

text: flung

text: into

text: prison

text: and

text: murdered

text: An

text: obscure

text: presbyter

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: Pistus

text: was

text: immediately

text: chosen

text: by

text: the

text: Arians

text: to

text: succeed

text: him

text: when

text: fresh

text: news

text: arrived

text: that

text: filled

text: the

text: orthodox

text: party

text: with

text: hope

text: An

text: edict

text: had

text: been

text: put

text: forth

text: by

text: Julian

text: permitting

text: the

text: exiled

text: bishops

text: of

text: the

text: Galileans

text: to

text: return

text: to

text: their

text: towns

text: and

text: provinces

text: Athanasius

text: received

text: a

text: summons

text: from

text: his

text: own

text: flock

text: and

text: he

text: accordingly

text: re

text: entered

text: his

text: episcopal

text: capitol

text: on

text: February

question: Who succeeded Emperor Constantius?

answer: Julian

text: Julian

question: Who succeeded George of Cappadocia?

answer: Pistus

text: Pistus

question: In what year did Athanasius return to his episcopal capitol?

answer: 362

question: In what year did Emperor Constantius die?

answer: 361

question: How did George of Cappadocia die in prison?

answer: murdered

text: murdered

question: Were the Arians united in their oppostion?

answer: The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front

text: The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front

question: Who succeeded the Emperor Constantius?

answer: Julian

text: Julian

question: What happened to the usurping bishop, George?

answer: flung into prison and murdered

text: flung into prison and murdered

question: Who then succeeded George?

answer: An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus

text: An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus

question: When did Athanasius re-enter the capitol?

answer: 22 February, 362

text: 22 February, 362

question: Who preceded Emperor Constantius?

text: Julian

question: Who preceded George of Cappadocia?

text: Constantius

question: In what year was Emperor Constantius born?

question: How did George of Cappadocia die outside of prison?

text: murdered


text: The Miami area has a unique dialect, (commonly called the "Miami accent") which is widely spoken. The dialect developed among second- or third-generation Hispanics, including Cuban-Americans, whose first language was English (though some non-Hispanic white, black, and other races who were born and raised the Miami area tend to adopt it as well.) It is based on a fairly standard American accent but with some changes very similar to dialects in the Mid-Atlantic (especially the New York area dialect, Northern New Jersey English, and New York Latino English.) Unlike Virginia Piedmont, Coastal Southern American, and Northeast American dialects and Florida Cracker dialect (see section below), "Miami accent" is rhotic; it also incorporates a rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Spanish (wherein rhythm is syllable-timed). However, this is a native dialect of English, not learner English or interlanguage; it is possible to differentiate this variety from an interlanguage spoken by second-language speakers in that "Miami accent" does not generally display the following features: there is no addition of /ɛ/ before initial consonant clusters with /s/, speakers do not confuse of /dʒ/ with /j/, (e.g., Yale with jail), and /r/ and /rr/ are pronounced as alveolar approximant [ɹ] instead of alveolar tap [ɾ] or alveolar trill [r] in Spanish.

title: Miami

title: Miami

text: The

text: Miami

text: area

text: has

text: a

text: unique

text: dialect

text: commonly

text: called

text: the

text: Miami

text: accent

text: which

text: is

text: widely

text: spoken

text: The

text: dialect

text: developed

text: among

text: second-

text: or

text: third

text: generation

text: Hispanics

text: including

text: Cuban

text: Americans

text: whose

text: first

text: language

text: was

text: English

text: though

text: some

text: non

text: Hispanic

text: white

text: black

text: and

text: other

text: races

text: who

text: were

text: born

text: and

text: raised

text: the

text: Miami

text: area

text: tend

text: to

text: adopt

text: it

text: as

text: well

text: It

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: fairly

text: standard

text: American

text: accent

text: but

text: with

text: some

text: changes

text: very

text: similar

text: to

text: dialects

text: in

text: the

text: Mid

text: Atlantic

text: especially

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: area

text: dialect

text: Northern

text: New

text: Jersey

text: English

text: and

text: New

text: York

text: Latino

text: English

text: Unlike

text: Virginia

text: Piedmont

text: Coastal

text: Southern

text: American

text: and

text: Northeast

text: American

text: dialects

text: and

text: Florida

text: Cracker

text: dialect

text: see

text: section

text: below

text: Miami

text: accent

text: is

text: rhotic

text: it

text: also

text: incorporates

text: a

text: rhythm

text: and

text: pronunciation

text: heavily

text: influenced

text: by

text: Spanish

text: wherein

text: rhythm

text: is

text: syllable

text: timed

text: However

text: this

text: is

text: a

text: native

text: dialect

text: of

text: English

text: not

text: learner

text: English

text: or

text: interlanguage

text: it

text: is

text: possible

text: to

text: differentiate

text: this

text: variety

text: from

text: an

text: interlanguage

text: spoken

text: by

text: second

text: language

text: speakers

text: in

text: that

text: Miami

text: accent

text: does

text: not

text: generally

text: display

text: the

text: following

text: features

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: addition

text: of

text: /ɛ/

text: before

text: initial

text: consonant

text: clusters

text: with

text: /s/

text: speakers

text: do

text: not

text: confuse

text: of

text: /dʒ/

text: with

text: /j/

text: e.g.

text: Yale

text: with

text: jail

text: and

text: /r/

text: and

text: /rr/

text: are

text: pronounced

text: as

text: alveolar

text: approximant

text: ɹ

text: instead

text: of

text: alveolar

text: tap

text: ɾ

text: or

text: alveolar

text: trill

text: r

text: in

text: Spanish

question: What is another term for Miami's dialect?

answer: Miami accent

text: Miami accent

question: What area of the country has a similar dialect to Miami?

answer: Mid-Atlantic

text: Mid-Atlantic

question: What non-English language influences the Miami dialect?

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

question: What isn't another term for Miami's dialect?

text: Miami accent

question: What is another term for Florida's dialect?

text: Miami accent

question: What area of the country has a dissimilar dialect to Miami?

text: Mid-Atlantic

question: What English language influences the Miami dialect?

text: Spanish

question: What non-English language doesn't influence the Miami dialect?

text: Spanish


text: Between 1042 and 1052 King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style. The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edward's death on 5 January 1066. A week later he was buried in the church, and nine years later his wife Edith was buried alongside him. His successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year.

title: Westminster_Abbey

title: Westminster_Abbey

text: Between

text: and

text: King

text: Edward

text: the

text: Confessor

text: began

text: rebuilding

text: St

text: Peter

text: 's

text: Abbey

text: to

text: provide

text: himself

text: with

text: a

text: royal

text: burial

text: church

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: church

text: in

text: England

text: built

text: in

text: the

text: Romanesque

text: style

text: The

text: building

text: was

text: not

text: completed

text: until

text: around

text: but

text: was

text: consecrated

text: on

text: December

text: only

text: a

text: week

text: before

text: Edward

text: 's

text: death

text: on

text: January

text: A

text: week

text: later

text: he

text: was

text: buried

text: in

text: the

text: church

text: and

text: nine

text: years

text: later

text: his

text: wife

text: Edith

text: was

text: buried

text: alongside

text: him

text: His

text: successor

text: Harold

text: II

text: was

text: probably

text: crowned

text: in

text: the

text: abbey

text: although

text: the

text: first

text: documented

text: coronation

text: is

text: that

text: of

text: William

text: the

text: Conqueror

text: later

text: the

text: same

text: year

question: Who rebuilt the abbey for a burial church?

answer: King Edward the Confessor

text: King Edward the Confessor

question: What style was the church rebuilt in?

answer: Romanesque

text: Romanesque

question: When was the building consecrated?

answer: 28 December 1065

text: 28 December 1065

question: When did King Edward the Confessor die?

answer: 5 January 1066

text: 5 January 1066

question: Who was the first documented coronation?

answer: William the Conqueror

text: William the Conqueror

question: What architectural design wasn't St Peter's abbey considered?

text: Romanesque style

question: What year was the building started?

question: What was the date of the Abbey's demolition?

text: 28 December 1065

question: Who was the last recorded coronation at the Abbey?

text: William the Conqueror

question: What King restored the Abbey in the years 1042 and 1062?

text: King Edward the Confessor


text: The original post-punk movement ended as the bands associated with the movement turned away from its aesthetics, often in favor of more commercial sounds. Many of these groups would continue recording as part of the new pop movement, with entryism becoming a popular concept. In the United States, driven by MTV and modern rock radio stations, a number of post-punk acts had an influence on or became part of the Second British Invasion of "New Music" there. Some shifted to a more commercial new wave sound (such as Gang of Four), while others were fixtures on American college radio and became early examples of alternative rock. Perhaps the most successful band to emerge from post-punk was U2, who combined elements of religious imagery together with political commentary into their often anthemic music.

title: Post-punk

title: Post

title: punk

text: The

text: original

text: post

text: punk

text: movement

text: ended

text: as

text: the

text: bands

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: movement

text: turned

text: away

text: from

text: its

text: aesthetics

text: often

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: more

text: commercial

text: sounds

text: Many

text: of

text: these

text: groups

text: would

text: continue

text: recording

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: pop

text: movement

text: with

text: entryism

text: becoming

text: a

text: popular

text: concept

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: driven

text: by

text: MTV

text: and

text: modern

text: rock

text: radio

text: stations

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: post

text: punk

text: acts

text: had

text: an

text: influence

text: on

text: or

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: British

text: Invasion

text: of

text: New

text: Music

text: there

text: Some

text: shifted

text: to

text: a

text: more

text: commercial

text: new

text: wave

text: sound

text: such

text: as

text: Gang

text: of

text: Four

text: while

text: others

text: were

text: fixtures

text: on

text: American

text: college

text: radio

text: and

text: became

text: early

text: examples

text: of

text: alternative

text: rock

text: Perhaps

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: band

text: to

text: emerge

text: from

text: post

text: punk

text: was

text: who

text: combined

text: elements

text: of

text: religious

text: imagery

text: together

text: with

text: political

text: commentary

text: into

text: their

text: often

text: anthemic

text: music

question: How did bands associated with the original post-punk movement cause it to end?

answer: turned away from its aesthetics

text: turned away from its aesthetics

question: What type of music did many of the post-punk bands start indulging in?

answer: pop

text: pop

question: What venue drove a lot of the awareness of the music from the now pop post-punk bands?

answer: MTV

text: MTV

question: Where was a lot of the post-punk pop bands played in addition to MTV?

answer: American college radio

text: American college radio

question: What band combined religious imagery with political commentary into their music?

answer: U2

question: What was the death knell of the post-punk movement?

answer: commercial sounds

text: commercial sounds

question: What else would the post-punk bands record under?

answer: pop

text: pop

question: What was one of the most popular concepts of the pop movement?

answer: entryism

text: entryism

question: What was a driving force behind the revival of the second British Invasion of New Music to America?

answer: MTV and modern rock radio stations

text: MTV and modern rock radio stations

question: Who was the most successful band to arrise from post-punk?

answer: U2

question: What did bands associated with post-punk never turn away from?

text: its aesthetics

question: Where was post-punk not driven by MTV or modern rock radio stations?

text: United States

question: Who decided not to shift their sound?

text: Gang of Four

question: Which bands were least successful during post-punk?


text: In mid-2004 Madonna embarked on the Re-Invention World Tour in the U.S., Canada, and Europe. It became the highest-grossing tour of 2004, earning around $120 million and became the subject of her documentary I'm Going to Tell You a Secret. In November 2004, she was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame as one of its five founding members, along with The Beatles, Elvis Presley, Bob Marley, and U2. In January 2005, Madonna performed a cover version of the John Lennon song "Imagine" at Tsunami Aid. She also performed at the Live 8 benefit concert in London in July 2005.

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: In

text: Madonna

text: embarked

text: on

text: the

text: Re

text: Invention

text: World

text: Tour

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Canada

text: and

text: Europe

text: It

text: became

text: the

text: highest

text: grossing

text: tour

text: of

text: earning

text: around

text: million

text: and

text: became

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: her

text: documentary

text: I

text: 'm

text: Going

text: to

text: Tell

text: You

text: a

text: Secret

text: In

text: November

text: she

text: was

text: inducted

text: into

text: the

text: UK

text: Music

text: Hall

text: of

text: Fame

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: five

text: founding

text: members

text: along

text: with

text: The

text: Beatles

text: Elvis

text: Presley

text: Bob

text: Marley

text: and

text: In

text: January

text: Madonna

text: performed

text: a

text: cover

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: John

text: Lennon

text: song

text: Imagine

text: at

text: Tsunami

text: Aid

text: She

text: also

text: performed

text: at

text: the

text: Live

text: benefit

text: concert

text: in

text: London

text: in

text: July

question: When was the Re-Invention World Tour kick off?

answer: mid-2004

question: HOw much did the tour earn?

answer: around $120 million

text: around $120 million

question: What was Madonna's documentary called?

answer: I'm Going to Tell You a Secret

text: I'm Going to Tell You a Secret

question: When was Madonna inducted into the UK Hall of Fame?

answer: November 2004

text: November 2004

question: When did Madonna perform at the Live 8 benefit concert in the UK?

answer: July 2005.

text: July 2005.


text: Henry VIII's wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall, built in 1514–1516 for Cardinal Wolsey, is in the basement of Main Building, and is used for entertainment. The entire vaulted brick structure of the cellar was encased in steel and concrete and relocated nine feet to the west and nearly 19 feet (5.8 m) deeper in 1949, when construction was resumed at the site after World War II. This was carried out without any significant damage to the structure.

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom

text: Henry

text: VIII

text: 's

text: wine

text: cellar

text: at

text: the

text: Palace

text: of

text: Whitehall

text: built

text: in

text: for

text: Cardinal

text: Wolsey

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: basement

text: of

text: Main

text: Building

text: and

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: entertainment

text: The

text: entire

text: vaulted

text: brick

text: structure

text: of

text: the

text: cellar

text: was

text: encased

text: in

text: steel

text: and

text: concrete

text: and

text: relocated

text: nine

text: feet

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: nearly

text: feet

text: m

text: deeper

text: in

text: when

text: construction

text: was

text: resumed

text: at

text: the

text: site

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: This

text: was

text: carried

text: out

text: without

text: any

text: significant

text: damage

text: to

text: the

text: structure

question: Who had a wine cellar at the Palace of Whitehall?

answer: Henry VIII

text: Henry VIII

question: Where is Henry VIII's wine cellar?

answer: the basement of Main Building

text: the basement of Main Building

question: When was the cellar in the basement of Main Building built?

answer: 1514–1516

question: What is the main material used to build the cellar in the basement of Main Building?

answer: brick

text: brick

question: When was the cellar relocated?

answer: 1949

question: Where is Cardinal Wolsey buried?

question: When was Henry VIII's reign?

question: Who did Cardinal Wolsey build the wine cellar for?

text: Henry VIII

question: When was the Palace of Whitehall relocated?

question: What was the Palace of Whitehall built with in 1949?

text: steel and concrete


text: The contemporary Liberal Party generally advocates economic liberalism (see New Right). Historically, the party has supported a higher degree of economic protectionism and interventionism than it has in recent decades. However, from its foundation the party has identified itself as anti-socialist. Strong opposition to socialism and communism in Australia and abroad was one of its founding principles. The party's founder and longest-serving leader Robert Menzies envisaged that Australia's middle class would form its main constituency.

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

text: The

text: contemporary

text: Liberal

text: Party

text: generally

text: advocates

text: economic

text: liberalism

text: see

text: New

text: Right

text: Historically

text: the

text: party

text: has

text: supported

text: a

text: higher

text: degree

text: of

text: economic

text: protectionism

text: and

text: interventionism

text: than

text: it

text: has

text: in

text: recent

text: decades

text: However

text: from

text: its

text: foundation

text: the

text: party

text: has

text: identified

text: itself

text: as

text: anti

text: socialist

text: Strong

text: opposition

text: to

text: socialism

text: and

text: communism

text: in

text: Australia

text: and

text: abroad

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: founding

text: principles

text: The

text: party

text: 's

text: founder

text: and

text: longest

text: serving

text: leader

text: Robert

text: Menzies

text: envisaged

text: that

text: Australia

text: 's

text: middle

text: class

text: would

text: form

text: its

text: main

text: constituency

question: What is economic liberalism sometimes also referred to?

answer: New Right

text: New Right

question: Does the Liberal Party of Australia consider itself socialist or anti-socialist?

answer: anti-socialist

text: anti-socialist

question: Who was the Liberal Party of Australia's longest-serving leader?

answer: Robert Menzies

text: Robert Menzies

question: Who founded Australia's liberal party?

answer: Robert Menzies

text: Robert Menzies

question: What is communism also referred to?

text: New Right

question: Does the Liberal Party of Australia consider itself liberal or anti-socialist?

text: anti-socialist

question: Who was the Liberal Party of Australia's longest-serving socialist?

text: Robert Menzies

question: Who founded communism in Australia?

text: Robert Menzies

question: What has Australia's middle class now support more of?


text: When used as a count noun "a culture", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes "culture" is also used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society, a subculture (e.g. "bro culture"), or a counter culture. Within cultural anthropology, the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism holds that cultures cannot easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture.

title: Culture

title: Culture

text: When

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: count

text: noun

text: a

text: culture

text: is

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: customs

text: traditions

text: and

text: values

text: of

text: a

text: society

text: or

text: community

text: such

text: as

text: an

text: ethnic

text: group

text: or

text: nation

text: In

text: this

text: sense

text: multiculturalism

text: is

text: a

text: concept

text: that

text: values

text: the

text: peaceful

text: coexistence

text: and

text: mutual

text: respect

text: between

text: different

text: cultures

text: inhabiting

text: the

text: same

text: territory

text: Sometimes

text: culture

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: specific

text: practices

text: within

text: a

text: subgroup

text: of

text: a

text: society

text: a

text: subculture

text: e.g.

text: bro

text: culture

text: or

text: a

text: counter

text: culture

text: Within

text: cultural

text: anthropology

text: the

text: ideology

text: and

text: analytical

text: stance

text: of

text: cultural

text: relativism

text: holds

text: that

text: cultures

text: can

text: not

text: easily

text: be

text: objectively

text: ranked

text: or

text: evaluated

text: because

text: any

text: evaluation

text: is

text: necessarily

text: situated

text: within

text: the

text: value

text: system

text: of

text: a

text: given

text: culture

question: What does the term "Count Noun" mean?

answer: a culture

text: a culture

question: What cultural traits fall under the term count noun?

answer: customs, traditions and values of a society or community

text: customs, traditions and values of a society or community

question: What falls within the term "cultural anthropology"?

answer: the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism

text: the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism

question: What can never be used as a count noun?

text: "a culture"

question: What is a concept that values an angry coexistence and mutual disrespect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory?

text: multiculturalism

question: What term is no longer used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society?

text: culture

question: What perspective holds that cultures can be easily ranked and evaluated?

text: cultural relativism


text: The March 1906 Scientific American article by American pioneer William E. Meacham explained the basic principle of hydrofoils and hydroplanes. Bell considered the invention of the hydroplane as a very significant achievement. Based on information gained from that article he began to sketch concepts of what is now called a hydrofoil boat. Bell and assistant Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin began hydrofoil experimentation in the summer of 1908 as a possible aid to airplane takeoff from water. Baldwin studied the work of the Italian inventor Enrico Forlanini and began testing models. This led him and Bell to the development of practical hydrofoil watercraft.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: The

text: March

text: Scientific

text: American

text: article

text: by

text: American

text: pioneer

text: William

text: E.

text: Meacham

text: explained

text: the

text: basic

text: principle

text: of

text: hydrofoils

text: and

text: hydroplanes

text: Bell

text: considered

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: hydroplane

text: as

text: a

text: very

text: significant

text: achievement

text: Based

text: on

text: information

text: gained

text: from

text: that

text: article

text: he

text: began

text: to

text: sketch

text: concepts

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: called

text: a

text: hydrofoil

text: boat

text: Bell

text: and

text: assistant

text: Frederick

text: W.

text: Casey

text: Baldwin

text: began

text: hydrofoil

text: experimentation

text: in

text: the

text: summer

text: of

text: as

text: a

text: possible

text: aid

text: to

text: airplane

text: takeoff

text: from

text: water

text: Baldwin

text: studied

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: inventor

text: Enrico

text: Forlanini

text: and

text: began

text: testing

text: models

text: This

text: led

text: him

text: and

text: Bell

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: practical

text: hydrofoil

text: watercraft

question: Who wrote the paper laying out hydrofoils and hydroplanes?

answer: William E. Meacham

text: William E. Meacham

question: What nationality was Meacham?

answer: American

text: American

question: What did Bell start drawing after reading the article?

answer: hydrofoil boat

text: hydrofoil boat

question: Who helped Bell investigate hydrofoils in 1908?

answer: Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin

text: Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin

question: Which Italian scientist did Baldwin draw inspiration from?

answer: Enrico Forlanini

text: Enrico Forlanini


text: BeiDou-1 is an experimental regional navigation system, which consists of four satellites (three working satellites and one backup satellite). The satellites themselves were based on the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite and had a launch weight of 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each.

title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

text: is

text: an

text: experimental

text: regional

text: navigation

text: system

text: which

text: consists

text: of

text: four

text: satellites

text: three

text: working

text: satellites

text: and

text: one

text: backup

text: satellite

text: The

text: satellites

text: themselves

text: were

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: Chinese

text: geostationary

text: communications

text: satellite

text: and

text: had

text: a

text: launch

text: weight

text: of

text: kilograms

text: pounds

text: each

question: What is the BeiDou-1?

answer: an experimental regional navigation system

text: an experimental regional navigation system

question: The BeiDou-1 is made up of how may satellites?

answer: four

text: four

question: How many satellites in the BeiDou-1 system is used for back up?

answer: one

text: one

question: What were the BeiDou-1 system satellites based on?

answer: the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite

text: the Chinese DFH-3 geostationary communications satellite

question: How much did each satellite for the BeiDou-1 system weigh?

answer: 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each

text: 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) each

question: Which navigational system is regional and consists of five satellites?

question: The launch weight of what was over 3,000 pounds?

text: satellites

question: BeiDou-1 consists of four working satellites and how many backups?

text: one

question: BeiDou-1 consists of four backup satellites and how many working satellites?

text: three

question: Which navigational system is national and consists of four satellites?


text: Historically, the paper was not overtly pro-Tory or Whig, but has been a long time bastion of the English Establishment and empire. The Times adopted a stance described as "peculiarly detached" at the 1945 general election; although it was increasingly critical of the Conservative Party's campaign, it did not advocate a vote for any one party. However, the newspaper reverted to the Tories for the next election five years later. It supported the Conservatives for the subsequent three elections, followed by support for both the Conservatives and the Liberal Party for the next five elections, expressly supporting a Con-Lib coalition in 1974. The paper then backed the Conservatives solidly until 1997, when it declined to make any party endorsement but supported individual (primarily Eurosceptic) candidates.

title: The_Times

title: The_Times

text: Historically

text: the

text: paper

text: was

text: not

text: overtly

text: pro

text: Tory

text: or

text: Whig

text: but

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: long

text: time

text: bastion

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: Establishment

text: and

text: empire

text: The

text: Times

text: adopted

text: a

text: stance

text: described

text: as

text: peculiarly

text: detached

text: at

text: the

text: general

text: election

text: although

text: it

text: was

text: increasingly

text: critical

text: of

text: the

text: Conservative

text: Party

text: 's

text: campaign

text: it

text: did

text: not

text: advocate

text: a

text: vote

text: for

text: any

text: one

text: party

text: However

text: the

text: newspaper

text: reverted

text: to

text: the

text: Tories

text: for

text: the

text: next

text: election

text: five

text: years

text: later

text: It

text: supported

text: the

text: Conservatives

text: for

text: the

text: subsequent

text: three

text: elections

text: followed

text: by

text: support

text: for

text: both

text: the

text: Conservatives

text: and

text: the

text: Liberal

text: Party

text: for

text: the

text: next

text: five

text: elections

text: expressly

text: supporting

text: a

text: Con

text: Lib

text: coalition

text: in

text: The

text: paper

text: then

text: backed

text: the

text: Conservatives

text: solidly

text: until

text: when

text: it

text: declined

text: to

text: make

text: any

text: party

text: endorsement

text: but

text: supported

text: individual

text: primarily

text: Eurosceptic

text: candidates

question: At the 1945 general election, The Times adopted a stance that was referred to by what name?

answer: peculiarly detached

text: peculiarly detached

question: After 1945, The Times supported what party for 5 years afterwards?

answer: Tory

text: Tory

question: What kind of political coalition did The Times support in 1974?

answer: Con-Lib coalition

text: Con-Lib coalition

question: From the 1970s until 1997, The Times supported what political party?

answer: Conservatives

text: Conservatives

question: After 1997, The Times declined from making any party endorsements however, they supported individual candidates known by what name?

answer: Eurosceptic

text: Eurosceptic


text: The distinctive characteristic of French cathedrals, and those in Germany and Belgium that were strongly influenced by them, is their height and their impression of verticality. Each French cathedral tends to be stylistically unified in appearance when compared with an English cathedral where there is great diversity in almost every building. They are compact, with slight or no projection of the transepts and subsidiary chapels. The west fronts are highly consistent, having three portals surmounted by a rose window, and two large towers. Sometimes there are additional towers on the transept ends. The east end is polygonal with ambulatory and sometimes a chevette of radiating chapels. In the south of France, many of the major churches are without transepts and some are without aisles.

title: Gothic_architecture

title: Gothic_architecture

text: The

text: distinctive

text: characteristic

text: of

text: French

text: cathedrals

text: and

text: those

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: Belgium

text: that

text: were

text: strongly

text: influenced

text: by

text: them

text: is

text: their

text: height

text: and

text: their

text: impression

text: of

text: verticality

text: Each

text: French

text: cathedral

text: tends

text: to

text: be

text: stylistically

text: unified

text: in

text: appearance

text: when

text: compared

text: with

text: an

text: English

text: cathedral

text: where

text: there

text: is

text: great

text: diversity

text: in

text: almost

text: every

text: building

text: They

text: are

text: compact

text: with

text: slight

text: or

text: no

text: projection

text: of

text: the

text: transepts

text: and

text: subsidiary

text: chapels

text: The

text: west

text: fronts

text: are

text: highly

text: consistent

text: having

text: three

text: portals

text: surmounted

text: by

text: a

text: rose

text: window

text: and

text: two

text: large

text: towers

text: Sometimes

text: there

text: are

text: additional

text: towers

text: on

text: the

text: transept

text: ends

text: The

text: east

text: end

text: is

text: polygonal

text: with

text: ambulatory

text: and

text: sometimes

text: a

text: chevette

text: of

text: radiating

text: chapels

text: In

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: France

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: churches

text: are

text: without

text: transepts

text: and

text: some

text: are

text: without

text: aisles

question: What is the distinguiushing visual design feature of French cathedrals?

answer: their impression of verticality

text: their impression of verticality

question: How many portals are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals?

answer: three portals

text: three portals

question: How many towers are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals?

answer: two large towers

text: two large towers

question: What shape does the east end of French chapels typically have?

answer: The east end is polygonal

text: The east end is polygonal

question: What do many major churches in Southern France often lack?

answer: transepts

text: transepts

question: What is the only visual design feature of French cathedrals?

text: their impression of verticality

question: How many wormholes are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals?

text: three

question: What do many major churches in Southern France often require?

text: transepts

question: What shape does the east end of French chapels typically forbid?

text: polygonal


text: The king returned west but is said to have lost a significant part of his baggage train along the way. Roger of Wendover provides the most graphic account of this, suggesting that the king's belongings, including the Crown Jewels, were lost as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries which empties into the Wash, being sucked in by quicksand and whirlpools. Accounts of the incident vary considerably between the various chroniclers and the exact location of the incident has never been confirmed; the losses may have involved only a few of his pack-horses. Modern historians assert that by October 1216 John faced a "stalemate", "a military situation uncompromised by defeat".

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: The

text: king

text: returned

text: west

text: but

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: lost

text: a

text: significant

text: part

text: of

text: his

text: baggage

text: train

text: along

text: the

text: way

text: Roger

text: of

text: Wendover

text: provides

text: the

text: most

text: graphic

text: account

text: of

text: this

text: suggesting

text: that

text: the

text: king

text: 's

text: belongings

text: including

text: the

text: Crown

text: Jewels

text: were

text: lost

text: as

text: he

text: crossed

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: tidal

text: estuaries

text: which

text: empties

text: into

text: the

text: Wash

text: being

text: sucked

text: in

text: by

text: quicksand

text: and

text: whirlpools

text: Accounts

text: of

text: the

text: incident

text: vary

text: considerably

text: between

text: the

text: various

text: chroniclers

text: and

text: the

text: exact

text: location

text: of

text: the

text: incident

text: has

text: never

text: been

text: confirmed

text: the

text: losses

text: may

text: have

text: involved

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: of

text: his

text: pack

text: horses

text: Modern

text: historians

text: assert

text: that

text: by

text: October

text: John

text: faced

text: a

text: stalemate

text: a

text: military

text: situation

text: uncompromised

text: by

text: defeat

question: What did the king lose on his way to the west?

answer: significant part of his baggage

text: significant part of his baggage

question: When did John face a stalemate?

answer: October 1216

text: October 1216

question: When were the Crown Jewels lost?

answer: as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries

text: as he crossed one of the tidal estuaries


text: Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientific journals, but no practical use was made of the discovery for several decades. Kurt Lehovec, Carl Accardo and Edward Jamgochian, explained these first light-emitting diodes in 1951 using an apparatus employing SiC crystals with a current source of battery or pulse generator and with a comparison to a variant, pure, crystal in 1953.

title: Light-emitting_diode

title: Light

title: emitting_diode

text: Electroluminescence

text: as

text: a

text: phenomenon

text: was

text: discovered

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: experimenter

text: H.

text: J.

text: Round

text: of

text: Marconi

text: Labs

text: using

text: a

text: crystal

text: of

text: silicon

text: carbide

text: and

text: a

text: cat's

text: whisker

text: detector

text: Soviet

text: inventor

text: Oleg

text: Losev

text: reported

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: LED

text: in

text: His

text: research

text: was

text: distributed

text: in

text: Soviet

text: German

text: and

text: British

text: scientific

text: journals

text: but

text: no

text: practical

text: use

text: was

text: made

text: of

text: the

text: discovery

text: for

text: several

text: decades

text: Kurt

text: Lehovec

text: Carl

text: Accardo

text: and

text: Edward

text: Jamgochian

text: explained

text: these

text: first

text: light

text: emitting

text: diodes

text: in

text: using

text: an

text: apparatus

text: employing

text: SiC

text: crystals

text: with

text: a

text: current

text: source

text: of

text: battery

text: or

text: pulse

text: generator

text: and

text: with

text: a

text: comparison

text: to

text: a

text: variant

text: pure

text: crystal

text: in

question: LED lighting is the end result of what phenomenon?

answer: Electroluminescence

text: Electroluminescence

question: When was Electroluminescence discovered?

answer: 1907

question: What was the nationality of the man who discovered Electroluminescence?

answer: British

text: British

question: What type of detector did H.J. Round use to help him in his discovery?

answer: cat's-whisker

text: cat's-whisker

question: Who is the Soviet man that created the first LED?

answer: Oleg Losev

text: Oleg Losev

question: LED lighting is the beginning result of what phenomenon?

text: Electroluminescence

question: When was non-Electroluminescence discovered?

question: What was the nationality of the woman who discovered Electroluminescence?

text: British

question: What type of light did H.J. Round use to help him in his discovery?

text: cat's-whisker

question: Who is the Soviet man that created the second LED?

text: Oleg Losev


text: Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his theorising with the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in January 1844, and by July had rounded out his "sketch" into a 230-page "Essay", to be expanded with his research results and published if he died prematurely.

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: Darwin

text: continued

text: to

text: research

text: and

text: extensively

text: revise

text: his

text: theory

text: while

text: focusing

text: on

text: his

text: main

text: work

text: of

text: publishing

text: the

text: scientific

text: results

text: of

text: the

text: Beagle

text: voyage

text: He

text: tentatively

text: wrote

text: of

text: his

text: ideas

text: to

text: Lyell

text: in

text: January

text: then

text: in

text: June

text: he

text: roughed

text: out

text: a

text: Pencil

text: Sketch

text: of

text: his

text: theory

text: Darwin

text: began

text: correspondence

text: about

text: his

text: theorising

text: with

text: the

text: botanist

text: Joseph

text: Dalton

text: Hooker

text: in

text: January

text: and

text: by

text: July

text: had

text: rounded

text: out

text: his

text: sketch

text: into

text: a

text: Essay

text: to

text: be

text: expanded

text: with

text: his

text: research

text: results

text: and

text: published

text: if

text: he

text: died

text: prematurely

question: What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory?

answer: "Pencil Sketch"

text: "Pencil Sketch"

question: Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspondence with about his theories?

answer: Joseph Dalton Hooker

text: Joseph Dalton Hooker

question: How many pages had Darwin's sketch grown to in 1844?

answer: 230-page

question: What information was Darwin's essay based on?

answer: scientific results of the Beagle voyage

text: scientific results of the Beagle voyage

question: Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842?

answer: Lyell

text: Lyell


text: In the early morning of 10 April, leading elements of the Austrian army crossed the Inn River and invaded Bavaria. The early Austrian attack surprised the French; Napoleon himself was still in Paris when he heard about the invasion. He arrived at Donauwörth on the 17th to find the Grande Armée in a dangerous position, with its two wings separated by 75 miles (121 km) and joined together by a thin cordon of Bavarian troops. Charles pressed the left wing of the French army and hurled his men towards the III Corps of Marshal Davout. In response, Napoleon came up with a plan to cut off the Austrians in the celebrated Landshut Maneuver. He realigned the axis of his army and marched his soldiers towards the town of Eckmühl. The French scored a convincing win in the resulting Battle of Eckmühl, forcing Charles to withdraw his forces over the Danube and into Bohemia. On 13 May, Vienna fell for the second time in four years, although the war continued since most of the Austrian army had survived the initial engagements in Southern Germany.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: morning

text: of

text: April

text: leading

text: elements

text: of

text: the

text: Austrian

text: army

text: crossed

text: the

text: Inn

text: River

text: and

text: invaded

text: Bavaria

text: The

text: early

text: Austrian

text: attack

text: surprised

text: the

text: French

text: Napoleon

text: himself

text: was

text: still

text: in

text: Paris

text: when

text: he

text: heard

text: about

text: the

text: invasion

text: He

text: arrived

text: at

text: Donauwörth

text: on

text: the

text: to

text: find

text: the

text: Grande

text: Armée

text: in

text: a

text: dangerous

text: position

text: with

text: its

text: two

text: wings

text: separated

text: by

text: miles

text: km

text: and

text: joined

text: together

text: by

text: a

text: thin

text: cordon

text: of

text: Bavarian

text: troops

text: Charles

text: pressed

text: the

text: left

text: wing

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: army

text: and

text: hurled

text: his

text: men

text: towards

text: the

text: III

text: Corps

text: of

text: Marshal

text: Davout

text: In

text: response

text: Napoleon

text: came

text: up

text: with

text: a

text: plan

text: to

text: cut

text: off

text: the

text: Austrians

text: in

text: the

text: celebrated

text: Landshut

text: Maneuver

text: He

text: realigned

text: the

text: axis

text: of

text: his

text: army

text: and

text: marched

text: his

text: soldiers

text: towards

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Eckmühl

text: The

text: French

text: scored

text: a

text: convincing

text: win

text: in

text: the

text: resulting

text: Battle

text: of

text: Eckmühl

text: forcing

text: Charles

text: to

text: withdraw

text: his

text: forces

text: over

text: the

text: Danube

text: and

text: into

text: Bohemia

text: On

text: May

text: Vienna

text: fell

text: for

text: the

text: second

text: time

text: in

text: four

text: years

text: although

text: the

text: war

text: continued

text: since

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Austrian

text: army

text: had

text: survived

text: the

text: initial

text: engagements

text: in

text: Southern

text: Germany

question: On what date did the Austrian army first cross the Inn River?

answer: 10 April

text: 10 April

question: Where was Napoleon when he received news of an Austrian invasion?

answer: Paris

text: Paris

question: When Napoleon reached Donauwörth, how much distance were the wings of the Grande Armée separated by?

answer: 75 miles (121 km)

text: 75 miles (121 km)

question: What was the name of the plan Napoleon devised to cut off the Austrians during battle?

answer: Landshut Maneuver

text: Landshut Maneuver

question: What was the name of the conflict where the French defeated Austrian forces and forced them to withdraw to Bohemia?

answer: Battle of Eckmühl

text: Battle of Eckmühl


text: The quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%. Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-high vacuum chambers, common in chemistry, physics, and engineering, operate below one trillionth (10−12) of atmospheric pressure (100 nPa), and can reach around 100 particles/cm3. Outer space is an even higher-quality vacuum, with the equivalent of just a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter on average. According to modern understanding, even if all matter could be removed from a volume, it would still not be "empty" due to vacuum fluctuations, dark energy, transiting gamma rays, cosmic rays, neutrinos, and other phenomena in quantum physics. In the electromagnetism in the 19th century, vacuum was thought to be filled with a medium called aether. In modern particle physics, the vacuum state is considered the ground state of matter.

title: Vacuum

title: Vacuum

text: The

text: quality

text: of

text: a

text: partial

text: vacuum

text: refers

text: to

text: how

text: closely

text: it

text: approaches

text: a

text: perfect

text: vacuum

text: Other

text: things

text: equal

text: lower

text: gas

text: pressure

text: means

text: higher

text: quality

text: vacuum

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: typical

text: vacuum

text: cleaner

text: produces

text: enough

text: suction

text: to

text: reduce

text: air

text: pressure

text: by

text: around

text: Much

text: higher

text: quality

text: vacuums

text: are

text: possible

text: Ultra

text: high

text: vacuum

text: chambers

text: common

text: in

text: chemistry

text: physics

text: and

text: engineering

text: operate

text: below

text: one

text: trillionth

text: of

text: atmospheric

text: pressure

text: nPa

text: and

text: can

text: reach

text: around

text: particles

text: Outer

text: space

text: is

text: an

text: even

text: higher

text: quality

text: vacuum

text: with

text: the

text: equivalent

text: of

text: just

text: a

text: few

text: hydrogen

text: atoms

text: per

text: cubic

text: meter

text: on

text: average

text: According

text: to

text: modern

text: understanding

text: even

text: if

text: all

text: matter

text: could

text: be

text: removed

text: from

text: a

text: volume

text: it

text: would

text: still

text: not

text: be

text: empty

text: due

text: to

text: vacuum

text: fluctuations

text: dark

text: energy

text: transiting

text: gamma

text: rays

text: cosmic

text: rays

text: neutrinos

text: and

text: other

text: phenomena

text: in

text: quantum

text: physics

text: In

text: the

text: electromagnetism

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: vacuum

text: was

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: filled

text: with

text: a

text: medium

text: called

text: aether

text: In

text: modern

text: particle

text: physics

text: the

text: vacuum

text: state

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: ground

text: state

text: of

text: matter

question: The Vacuum state is considered what?

answer: the ground state of matter.

text: the ground state of matter.

question: A typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to do what to air pressure?

answer: reduce air pressure by around 20%

text: reduce air pressure by around 20%

question: The quality of a partial vacuum refers to what?

answer: how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum

text: how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum

question: Outer space has a high quality vacuum with what equivalent?

answer: a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter

text: a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter

question: If all matter is removed from a vacuum, would it be empty space?

answer: it would still not be "empty"

text: it would still not be "empty"

question: What does a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter reduce air pressure by?

text: around 20%

question: What does the quality of dark energy refer to?

question: What does lower amounts of dark matter mean?

text: higher-quality vacuum

question: In what century was dark matter discovered?

text: the 19th century

question: What does dark matter usually operate below in space?


text: The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of glass are "silicate glasses" based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide, or quartz), the primary constituent of sand. The term glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, which is familiar from use as window glass and in glass bottles. Of the many silica-based glasses that exist, ordinary glazing and container glass is formed from a specific type called soda-lime glass, composed of approximately 75% silicon dioxide (SiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O) from sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), calcium oxide, also called lime (CaO), and several minor additives. A very clear and durable quartz glass can be made from pure silica, but the high melting point and very narrow glass transition of quartz make glassblowing and hot working difficult. In glasses like soda lime, the compounds added to quartz are used to lower the melting temperature and improve workability, at a cost in the toughness, thermal stability, and optical transmittance.

title: Glass

title: Glass

text: The

text: most

text: familiar

text: and

text: historically

text: the

text: oldest

text: types

text: of

text: glass

text: are

text: silicate

text: glasses

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: chemical

text: compound

text: silica

text: silicon

text: dioxide

text: or

text: quartz

text: the

text: primary

text: constituent

text: of

text: sand

text: The

text: term

text: glass

text: in

text: popular

text: usage

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: only

text: to

text: this

text: type

text: of

text: material

text: which

text: is

text: familiar

text: from

text: use

text: as

text: window

text: glass

text: and

text: in

text: glass

text: bottles

text: Of

text: the

text: many

text: silica

text: based

text: glasses

text: that

text: exist

text: ordinary

text: glazing

text: and

text: container

text: glass

text: is

text: formed

text: from

text: a

text: specific

text: type

text: called

text: soda

text: lime

text: glass

text: composed

text: of

text: approximately

text: silicon

text: dioxide

text: sodium

text: oxide

text: from

text: sodium

text: carbonate

text: calcium

text: oxide

text: also

text: called

text: lime

text: CaO

text: and

text: several

text: minor

text: additives

text: A

text: very

text: clear

text: and

text: durable

text: quartz

text: glass

text: can

text: be

text: made

text: from

text: pure

text: silica

text: but

text: the

text: high

text: melting

text: point

text: and

text: very

text: narrow

text: glass

text: transition

text: of

text: quartz

text: make

text: glassblowing

text: and

text: hot

text: working

text: difficult

text: In

text: glasses

text: like

text: soda

text: lime

text: the

text: compounds

text: added

text: to

text: quartz

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: lower

text: the

text: melting

text: temperature

text: and

text: improve

text: workability

text: at

text: a

text: cost

text: in

text: the

text: toughness

text: thermal

text: stability

text: and

text: optical

text: transmittance

question: Which kinds of glass existed the furthest in the past?

answer: silicate glasses

text: silicate glasses

question: What kind of glass are containers made from?

answer: soda-lime glass

text: soda-lime glass

question: What is sand mostly made of?

answer: silica

text: silica

question: What can a very strong and transparent glass be made from?

answer: pure silica

text: pure silica

question: What types of glass is the word commonly used to mean?

answer: silicate glasses

text: silicate glasses

question: Which kinds of containers existed furthest in the past?

text: silicate glasses

question: What kind of glass are windows made from?

text: soda-lime glass

question: What is calcium oxide mostly made of?

text: silica

question: What can a very strong and transparent transmittance be made from?

text: pure silica

question: What types of workability is the word commonly used to mean?

text: silicate glasses


text: Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality.

title: Queen_Victoria

title: Queen_Victoria

text: Victoria

text: was

text: the

text: daughter

text: of

text: Prince

text: Edward

text: Duke

text: of

text: Kent

text: and

text: Strathearn

text: the

text: fourth

text: son

text: of

text: King

text: George

text: III

text: Both

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Kent

text: and

text: King

text: George

text: III

text: died

text: in

text: and

text: Victoria

text: was

text: raised

text: under

text: close

text: supervision

text: by

text: her

text: German

text: born

text: mother

text: Princess

text: Victoria

text: of

text: Saxe

text: Coburg

text: Saalfeld

text: She

text: inherited

text: the

text: throne

text: aged

text: after

text: her

text: father

text: 's

text: three

text: elder

text: brothers

text: had

text: all

text: died

text: leaving

text: no

text: surviving

text: legitimate

text: children

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: was

text: already

text: an

text: established

text: constitutional

text: monarchy

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: sovereign

text: held

text: relatively

text: little

text: direct

text: political

text: power

text: Privately

text: Victoria

text: attempted

text: to

text: influence

text: government

text: policy

text: and

text: ministerial

text: appointments

text: publicly

text: she

text: became

text: a

text: national

text: icon

text: who

text: was

text: identified

text: with

text: strict

text: standards

text: of

text: personal

text: morality

question: What year did Victorias Father die?

answer: 1820

question: What year did King George III die?

answer: 1820

question: What nationality was Queen Victorias mother?

answer: German

text: German

question: How old was Victoria when she inherited the throne?

answer: 18

question: What was the name of Victoria's father?

answer: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn

text: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn

question: When did the Duke of Kent die?

answer: 1820

question: What was Victoria's mother's name?

answer: Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

text: Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

question: At what age did Victoria inherit the throne, upon the death of her father's three eldest brothers?

answer: 18

question: Who was Victoria's father?

answer: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III

text: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III

question: Who raised Victoria?

answer: mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

text: mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

question: When did Victoria inherit the throne of England?

answer: aged 18

text: aged 18

question: Why did Victoria inherit the throne?

answer: her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children

text: her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children

question: What kind of government did England have at the time?

answer: constitutional monarchy

text: constitutional monarchy

question: What year didn't Victorias Father die?

question: What nationality wasn't Queen Victorias mother?

text: German

question: How old was Victoria when she rejected the throne?

question: What wasn't Victoria's mother's name?


text: The value judgement definition of literature considers it to exclusively include writing that possesses high quality or distinction, forming part of the so-called belles-lettres ('fine writing') tradition. This is the definition used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–11) when it classifies literature as "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing." However, this has the result that there is no objective definition of what constitutes "literature"; anything can be literature, and anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded, since value-judgements can change over time.

title: Literature

title: Literature

text: The

text: value

text: judgement

text: definition

text: of

text: literature

text: considers

text: it

text: to

text: exclusively

text: include

text: writing

text: that

text: possesses

text: high

text: quality

text: or

text: distinction

text: forming

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: belles

text: lettres

text: fine

text: writing

text: tradition

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: definition

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: Encyclopædia

text: Britannica

text: Eleventh

text: Edition

text: when

text: it

text: classifies

text: literature

text: as

text: the

text: best

text: expression

text: of

text: the

text: best

text: thought

text: reduced

text: to

text: writing

text: However

text: this

text: has

text: the

text: result

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: objective

text: definition

text: of

text: what

text: constitutes

text: literature

text: anything

text: can

text: be

text: literature

text: and

text: anything

text: which

text: is

text: universally

text: regarded

text: as

text: literature

text: has

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: be

text: excluded

text: since

text: value

text: judgements

text: can

text: change

text: over

text: time

question: What is the main component of the qualitative judgment definition of literature?

answer: writing that possesses high quality or distinction

text: writing that possesses high quality or distinction

question: What French term for value-based literature literally translates as "fine writing?"

answer: belles-lettres

text: belles-lettres

question: Encyclopedia Britannica defined literature in its 1911 editions how?

answer: "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing."

text: "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing."

question: What effect does the evolving definition of literature have?

answer: anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded

text: anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded

question: What is the meaning of the Spanish term, "belles-lettres?"

text: fine writing

question: How does the Encyclopedia Britannia Tenth Edition classify literature?

question: Value-decisions can do what over time?

text: change

question: What years does the Encyclopedia Brittanica Tenth Edition cover?

question: What forms part of the so-called belles-lettres law?

question: What Italian term means "fine writing?"

text: belles-lettres

question: How does the 1901 Encyclopedia Britannica define "literature?"

question: In what way can value-judgments not change?

text: over time

question: Which edition of the World Book Encyclopedia uses the value judgment definition of "literature?"

text: Eleventh Edition

question: When was the definition of value judgement first used?

question: What tradition does the value judgement definition form all of?

question: What year was the Eleventh Edition of Encyclopedia Britannica written?

question: How often do value-judgments change?

text: over time


text: During World War II, the British at Bletchley Park achieved a number of successes at breaking encrypted German military communications. The German encryption machine, Enigma, was first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes. To crack the more sophisticated German Lorenz SZ 40/42 machine, used for high-level Army communications, Max Newman and his colleagues commissioned Flowers to build the Colossus. He spent eleven months from early February 1943 designing and building the first Colossus. After a functional test in December 1943, Colossus was shipped to Bletchley Park, where it was delivered on 18 January 1944 and attacked its first message on 5 February.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: British

text: at

text: Bletchley

text: Park

text: achieved

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: successes

text: at

text: breaking

text: encrypted

text: German

text: military

text: communications

text: The

text: German

text: encryption

text: machine

text: Enigma

text: was

text: first

text: attacked

text: with

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: the

text: electro

text: mechanical

text: bombes

text: To

text: crack

text: the

text: more

text: sophisticated

text: German

text: Lorenz

text: SZ

text: machine

text: used

text: for

text: high

text: level

text: Army

text: communications

text: Max

text: Newman

text: and

text: his

text: colleagues

text: commissioned

text: Flowers

text: to

text: build

text: the

text: Colossus

text: He

text: spent

text: eleven

text: months

text: from

text: early

text: February

text: designing

text: and

text: building

text: the

text: first

text: Colossus

text: After

text: a

text: functional

text: test

text: in

text: December

text: Colossus

text: was

text: shipped

text: to

text: Bletchley

text: Park

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: delivered

text: on

text: January

text: and

text: attacked

text: its

text: first

text: message

text: on

text: February

question: Who built the first Colossus in 1943?

answer: Flowers

text: Flowers

question: When was the Colossus sent to Bletchley Park?

answer: 18 January 1944

text: 18 January 1944

question: Who achieved success at cracking secret German military communications during World War II?

answer: , the British

text: , the British

question: Where did the British crack secret German military communications during World War II?

answer: Bletchley Park

text: Bletchley Park


text: On March 10, 2004, Bush officially clinched the number of delegates needed to be nominated at the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City. Bush accepted the nomination on September 2, 2004, and selected Vice President Dick Cheney as his running mate. (In New York, the ticket was also on the ballot as candidates of the Conservative Party of New York State.) During the convention and throughout the campaign, Bush focused on two themes: defending America against terrorism and building an ownership society. The ownership society included allowing people to invest some of their Social Security in the stock market, increasing home and stock ownership, and encouraging more people to buy their own health insurance.

title: United_States_presidential_election,_2004

text: On

text: March

text: Bush

text: officially

text: clinched

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: delegates

text: needed

text: to

text: be

text: nominated

text: at

text: the

text: Republican

text: National

text: Convention

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Bush

text: accepted

text: the

text: nomination

text: on

text: September

text: and

text: selected

text: Vice

text: President

text: Dick

text: Cheney

text: as

text: his

text: running

text: mate

text: In

text: New

text: York

text: the

text: ticket

text: was

text: also

text: on

text: the

text: ballot

text: as

text: candidates

text: of

text: the

text: Conservative

text: Party

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: State

text: During

text: the

text: convention

text: and

text: throughout

text: the

text: campaign

text: Bush

text: focused

text: on

text: two

text: themes

text: defending

text: America

text: against

text: terrorism

text: and

text: building

text: an

text: ownership

text: society

text: The

text: ownership

text: society

text: included

text: allowing

text: people

text: to

text: invest

text: some

text: of

text: their

text: Social

text: Security

text: in

text: the

text: stock

text: market

text: increasing

text: home

text: and

text: stock

text: ownership

text: and

text: encouraging

text: more

text: people

text: to

text: buy

text: their

text: own

text: health

text: insurance

question: By what date did Bush obtain the number of votes required to become the 2004 Republican nominee?

answer: March 10, 2004

text: March 10, 2004

question: When did Bush accept the Republican nomination?

answer: September 2, 2004

text: September 2, 2004

question: Whom did Bush want to stand beside him as Vice President?

answer: Dick Cheney

text: Dick Cheney

question: Which two topics did Bush remain steadfast on, during his campaign?

answer: terrorism and building an ownership society

text: terrorism and building an ownership society

question: In New York State, which party was the Bush/Cheney duo candidates of?

answer: Conservative Party

text: Conservative Party

question: When did Dick Cheney get enough delegates to be nominated at the RNC?

text: March 10, 2004

question: When did Cheney accept the nomination?

text: September 2, 2004

question: In what city was Cheney nominated at the RNC in 2004?

text: New York City

question: What two themes did Cheney speak about often during his campaign?

question: What was one idea endorsed by Cheney in his 2004 speech?


text: In June 2009, many of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an EC-sponsored Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply (EPS). The EU's common EPS specification (EN 62684:2010) references the USB Battery Charging standard and is similar to the GSMA/OMTP and Chinese charging solutions. In January 2011, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) released its version of the (EU's) common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011.

title: USB

title: USB

text: In

text: June

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: mobile

text: phone

text: manufacturers

text: signed

text: an

text: EC

text: sponsored

text: Memorandum

text: of

text: Understanding

text: MoU

text: agreeing

text: to

text: make

text: most

text: data

text: enabled

text: mobile

text: phones

text: marketed

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: compatible

text: with

text: a

text: common

text: External

text: Power

text: Supply

text: EPS

text: The

text: EU

text: 's

text: common

text: EPS

text: specification

text: EN

text: references

text: the

text: USB

text: Battery

text: Charging

text: standard

text: and

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: GSMA

text: OMTP

text: and

text: Chinese

text: charging

text: solutions

text: In

text: January

text: the

text: International

text: Electrotechnical

text: Commission

text: IEC

text: released

text: its

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: EU

text: 's

text: common

text: EPS

text: standard

text: as

text: IEC

question: When did many of the largest mobile phone manufacturers sign an EC-sponsored MoU?

answer: June 2009

text: June 2009

question: What did the MoU make the manufacturers agree to do?

answer: to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply

text: to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply

question: When did the IEC release its version of the common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011?

answer: January 2011

text: January 2011


text: The pricing of risk refers to the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on additional risk, which may be measured by interest rates or fees. Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have, and made the financial crisis far more disruptive than it would have been if risk levels had been disclosed in a straightforward, readily understandable format.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: The

text: pricing

text: of

text: risk

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: incremental

text: compensation

text: required

text: by

text: investors

text: for

text: taking

text: on

text: additional

text: risk

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: measured

text: by

text: interest

text: rates

text: or

text: fees

text: Several

text: scholars

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: transparency

text: about

text: banks

text: risk

text: exposures

text: prevented

text: markets

text: from

text: correctly

text: pricing

text: risk

text: before

text: the

text: crisis

text: enabled

text: the

text: mortgage

text: market

text: to

text: grow

text: larger

text: than

text: it

text: otherwise

text: would

text: have

text: and

text: made

text: the

text: financial

text: crisis

text: far

text: more

text: disruptive

text: than

text: it

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: if

text: risk

text: levels

text: had

text: been

text: disclosed

text: in

text: a

text: straightforward

text: readily

text: understandable

text: format

question: What is a measurement of pricing of risk?

answer: interest rates or fees

text: interest rates or fees

question: What is the incremental compensation required by investors for taking on addition risk called?

answer: pricing of risk

text: pricing of risk

question: According to several scholars, what prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis?

answer: lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures

text: lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures

question: How should risk levels have been disclosed according to several scholars?

answer: straightforward, readily understandable format

text: straightforward, readily understandable format

question: What was the outcome of the financial crisis since risk levels were not adequately disclosed?

answer: far more disruptive

text: far more disruptive