text: Annelids are members of the protostomes, one of the two major superphyla of bilaterian animals – the other is the deuterostomes, which includes vertebrates. Within the protostomes, annelids used to be grouped with arthropods under the super-group Articulata ("jointed animals"), as segmentation is obvious in most members of both phyla. However, the genes that drive segmentation in arthropods do not appear to do the same in annelids. Arthropods and annelids both have close relatives that are unsegmented. It is at least as easy to assume that they evolved segmented bodies independently as it is to assume that the ancestral protostome or bilaterian was segmented and that segmentation disappeared in many descendant phyla. The current view is that annelids are grouped with molluscs, brachiopods and several other phyla that have lophophores (fan-like feeding structures) and/or trochophore larvae as members of Lophotrochozoa. Bryzoa may be the most basal phylum (the one that first became distinctive) within the Lophotrochozoa, and the relationships between the other members are not yet known. Arthropods are now regarded as members of the Ecdysozoa ("animals that molt"), along with some phyla that are unsegmented.

title: Annelid

title: Annelid

text: Annelids

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: protostomes

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: major

text: superphyla

text: of

text: bilaterian

text: animals

text: the

text: other

text: is

text: the

text: deuterostomes

text: which

text: includes

text: vertebrates

text: Within

text: the

text: protostomes

text: annelids

text: used

text: to

text: be

text: grouped

text: with

text: arthropods

text: under

text: the

text: super

text: group

text: Articulata

text: jointed

text: animals

text: as

text: segmentation

text: is

text: obvious

text: in

text: most

text: members

text: of

text: both

text: phyla

text: However

text: the

text: genes

text: that

text: drive

text: segmentation

text: in

text: arthropods

text: do

text: not

text: appear

text: to

text: do

text: the

text: same

text: in

text: annelids

text: Arthropods

text: and

text: annelids

text: both

text: have

text: close

text: relatives

text: that

text: are

text: unsegmented

text: It

text: is

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: easy

text: to

text: assume

text: that

text: they

text: evolved

text: segmented

text: bodies

text: independently

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: to

text: assume

text: that

text: the

text: ancestral

text: protostome

text: or

text: bilaterian

text: was

text: segmented

text: and

text: that

text: segmentation

text: disappeared

text: in

text: many

text: descendant

text: phyla

text: The

text: current

text: view

text: is

text: that

text: annelids

text: are

text: grouped

text: with

text: molluscs

text: brachiopods

text: and

text: several

text: other

text: phyla

text: that

text: have

text: lophophores

text: fan

text: like

text: feeding

text: structures

text: and/or

text: trochophore

text: larvae

text: as

text: members

text: of

text: Lophotrochozoa

text: Bryzoa

text: may

text: be

text: the

text: most

text: basal

text: phylum

text: the

text: one

text: that

text: first

text: became

text: distinctive

text: within

text: the

text: Lophotrochozoa

text: and

text: the

text: relationships

text: between

text: the

text: other

text: members

text: are

text: not

text: yet

text: known

text: Arthropods

text: are

text: now

text: regarded

text: as

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Ecdysozoa

text: animals

text: that

text: molt

text: along

text: with

text: some

text: phyla

text: that

text: are

text: unsegmented

question: What superphylum are annelids in?

answer: protostomes

text: protostomes

question: What is the other superphylum besides protostomes?

answer: deuterostomes

text: deuterostomes

question: What superphylum are vertebrates in?

answer: deuterostomes

text: deuterostomes

question: What does 'Articulata' mean?

answer: jointed animals

text: jointed animals

question: What are lophophores?

answer: fan-like feeding structures

text: fan-like feeding structures

question: What superphylum are annelids now excluded from?

text: protostomes

question: What is one of many superphylums besides protostomes?

text: deuterostomes

question: What superpower are vertebrates in?

text: deuterostomes

question: What are lophosmores?

text: fan-like feeding structures


text: Although the numbered streets begin just north of East Houston Street in the East Village, they generally do not extend west into Greenwich Village, which already had streets when the grid plan was laid out by the Commissioners' Plan of 1811. Streets that do continue farther west change direction before reaching the Hudson River. The grid covers the length of the island from 14th Street north.

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: Although

text: the

text: numbered

text: streets

text: begin

text: just

text: north

text: of

text: East

text: Houston

text: Street

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: Village

text: they

text: generally

text: do

text: not

text: extend

text: west

text: into

text: Greenwich

text: Village

text: which

text: already

text: had

text: streets

text: when

text: the

text: grid

text: plan

text: was

text: laid

text: out

text: by

text: the

text: Commissioners

text: Plan

text: of

text: Streets

text: that

text: do

text: continue

text: farther

text: west

text: change

text: direction

text: before

text: reaching

text: the

text: Hudson

text: River

text: The

text: grid

text: covers

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: from

text: Street

text: north

question: The grid covers the length of the island from what starting point?

answer: 14th Street north

text: 14th Street north

question: Which street do numbered streets begin just north of?

answer: East Houston Street

text: East Houston Street

question: In what village is East Houston Street located?

answer: East Village

text: East Village

question: Which Village already had streets when the grid plan was laid out?

answer: Greenwich Village

text: Greenwich Village

question: Who laid out the Grid Plan?

answer: Commissioners' Plan of 1811

text: Commissioners' Plan of 1811


text: A reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3). It was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC technical report in March 1994 and printed as document CD 11172-5 in April 1994. It was approved as a draft technical report (DTR/DIS) in November 1994, finalized in 1996 and published as international standard ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998 in 1998. The reference software in C language was later published as a freely available ISO standard. Working in non-real time on a number of operating systems, it was able to demonstrate the first real time hardware decoding (DSP based) of compressed audio. Some other real time implementation of MPEG Audio encoders were available for the purpose of digital broadcasting (radio DAB, television DVB) towards consumer receivers and set top boxes.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: A

text: reference

text: simulation

text: software

text: implementation

text: written

text: in

text: the

text: C

text: language

text: and

text: later

text: known

text: as

text: ISO

text: was

text: developed

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: ISO

text: MPEG

text: Audio

text: committee

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: produce

text: bit

text: compliant

text: MPEG

text: Audio

text: files

text: Layer

text: Layer

text: Layer

text: It

text: was

text: approved

text: as

text: a

text: committee

text: draft

text: of

text: ISO

text: IEC

text: technical

text: report

text: in

text: March

text: and

text: printed

text: as

text: document

text: CD

text: in

text: April

text: It

text: was

text: approved

text: as

text: a

text: draft

text: technical

text: report

text: DTR

text: DIS

text: in

text: November

text: finalized

text: in

text: and

text: published

text: as

text: international

text: standard

text: ISO

text: IEC

text: TR

text: in

text: The

text: reference

text: software

text: in

text: C

text: language

text: was

text: later

text: published

text: as

text: a

text: freely

text: available

text: ISO

text: standard

text: Working

text: in

text: non

text: real

text: time

text: on

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: operating

text: systems

text: it

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: demonstrate

text: the

text: first

text: real

text: time

text: hardware

text: decoding

text: DSP

text: based

text: of

text: compressed

text: audio

text: Some

text: other

text: real

text: time

text: implementation

text: of

text: MPEG

text: Audio

text: encoders

text: were

text: available

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: digital

text: broadcasting

text: radio

text: DAB

text: television

text: DVB

text: towards

text: consumer

text: receivers

text: and

text: set

text: top

text: boxes

question: Which language was the reference simulation software written in?

answer: C

text: C

question: Who developed the reference simulation software?

answer: the ISO MPEG Audio committee

text: the ISO MPEG Audio committee

question: When was the reference software approved?

answer: March 1994

text: March 1994

question: When did the reference software become an international standard?

answer: 1998

question: What could the reference software demonstrate?

answer: real time hardware decoding

text: real time hardware decoding


text: On the night of December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time, after Gorbachev left the Kremlin, the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time, and the Russian tricolor was raised in its place, symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union. The next day, December 26, 1991, the Council of Republics, the upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet, issued a formal Declaration recognizing that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist as a state and subject of international law, and voted both itself and the Soviet Union out of existence (the other chamber of the Supreme Soviet, the Council of the Union, had been unable to work since December 12, 1991, when the recall of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum). The following day Yeltsin moved into Gorbachev's former office, though the Russian authorities had taken over the suite two days earlier. By December 31, 1991, the few remaining Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased operation, and individual republics assumed the central government's role.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: On

text: the

text: night

text: of

text: December

text: at

text: p.m.

text: Moscow

text: time

text: after

text: Gorbachev

text: left

text: the

text: Kremlin

text: the

text: Soviet

text: flag

text: was

text: lowered

text: for

text: the

text: last

text: time

text: and

text: the

text: Russian

text: tricolor

text: was

text: raised

text: in

text: its

text: place

text: symbolically

text: marking

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: The

text: next

text: day

text: December

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Republics

text: the

text: upper

text: chamber

text: of

text: the

text: Union

text: 's

text: Supreme

text: Soviet

text: issued

text: a

text: formal

text: Declaration

text: recognizing

text: that

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: had

text: ceased

text: to

text: exist

text: as

text: a

text: state

text: and

text: subject

text: of

text: international

text: law

text: and

text: voted

text: both

text: itself

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: out

text: of

text: existence

text: the

text: other

text: chamber

text: of

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Soviet

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: the

text: Union

text: had

text: been

text: unable

text: to

text: work

text: since

text: December

text: when

text: the

text: recall

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: deputies

text: left

text: it

text: without

text: a

text: quorum

text: The

text: following

text: day

text: Yeltsin

text: moved

text: into

text: Gorbachev

text: 's

text: former

text: office

text: though

text: the

text: Russian

text: authorities

text: had

text: taken

text: over

text: the

text: suite

text: two

text: days

text: earlier

text: By

text: December

text: the

text: few

text: remaining

text: Soviet

text: institutions

text: that

text: had

text: not

text: been

text: taken

text: over

text: by

text: Russia

text: ceased

text: operation

text: and

text: individual

text: republics

text: assumed

text: the

text: central

text: government

text: 's

text: role

question: What went down after Gorbachev departed from the Kremlin?

answer: Soviet flag

text: Soviet flag

question: What replaced the Soviet flag?

answer: Russian tricolor

text: Russian tricolor

question: When did Gorbachev make his final Kremlin exit?

answer: December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time

text: December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time

question: What was declared as having ceased to exist?

answer: the Soviet Union

text: the Soviet Union

question: What body also stopped existing following a vote by itself to end itself?

answer: upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet,

text: upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet,


text: In the first large-scale depictions during the early archaic period (640–580 BC), the artists tried to draw one's attention to look into the interior of the face and the body which were not represented as lifeless masses, but as being full of life. The Greeks maintained, until late in their civilization, an almost animistic idea that the statues are in some sense alive. This embodies the belief that the image was somehow the god or man himself. A fine example is the statue of the Sacred gate Kouros which was found at the cemetery of Dipylon in Athens (Dipylon Kouros). The statue is the "thing in itself", and his slender face with the deep eyes express an intellectual eternity. According to the Greek tradition the Dipylon master was named Daedalus, and in his statues the limbs were freed from the body, giving the impression that the statues could move. It is considered that he created also the New York kouros, which is the oldest fully preserved statue of Kouros type, and seems to be the incarnation of the god himself.

title: Apollo

title: Apollo

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: large

text: scale

text: depictions

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: archaic

text: period

text: BC

text: the

text: artists

text: tried

text: to

text: draw

text: one

text: 's

text: attention

text: to

text: look

text: into

text: the

text: interior

text: of

text: the

text: face

text: and

text: the

text: body

text: which

text: were

text: not

text: represented

text: as

text: lifeless

text: masses

text: but

text: as

text: being

text: full

text: of

text: life

text: The

text: Greeks

text: maintained

text: until

text: late

text: in

text: their

text: civilization

text: an

text: almost

text: animistic

text: idea

text: that

text: the

text: statues

text: are

text: in

text: some

text: sense

text: alive

text: This

text: embodies

text: the

text: belief

text: that

text: the

text: image

text: was

text: somehow

text: the

text: god

text: or

text: man

text: himself

text: A

text: fine

text: example

text: is

text: the

text: statue

text: of

text: the

text: Sacred

text: gate

text: Kouros

text: which

text: was

text: found

text: at

text: the

text: cemetery

text: of

text: Dipylon

text: in

text: Athens

text: Dipylon

text: Kouros

text: The

text: statue

text: is

text: the

text: thing

text: in

text: itself

text: and

text: his

text: slender

text: face

text: with

text: the

text: deep

text: eyes

text: express

text: an

text: intellectual

text: eternity

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Greek

text: tradition

text: the

text: Dipylon

text: master

text: was

text: named

text: Daedalus

text: and

text: in

text: his

text: statues

text: the

text: limbs

text: were

text: freed

text: from

text: the

text: body

text: giving

text: the

text: impression

text: that

text: the

text: statues

text: could

text: move

text: It

text: is

text: considered

text: that

text: he

text: created

text: also

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: kouros

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: fully

text: preserved

text: statue

text: of

text: Kouros

text: type

text: and

text: seems

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: incarnation

text: of

text: the

text: god

text: himself

question: The period between 640-580 BC was known as what?

answer: early archaic period

text: early archaic period

question: What was the name of the Dipylon master?

answer: Daedalus

text: Daedalus

question: Who created the New York kouros?

answer: Daedalus

text: Daedalus


text: In 2008, a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost around CN¥20,000RMB (US$2,929), almost 10 times the price of a contemporary GPS terminal. The price of the terminals was explained as being due to the cost of imported microchips. At the China High-Tech Fair ELEXCON of November 2009 in Shenzhen, a BeiDou terminal priced at CN¥3,000RMB was presented.

title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

text: In

text: a

text: ground

text: terminal

text: cost

text: around

text: US$

text: almost

text: times

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: a

text: contemporary

text: GPS

text: terminal

text: The

text: price

text: of

text: the

text: terminals

text: was

text: explained

text: as

text: being

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: cost

text: of

text: imported

text: microchips

text: At

text: the

text: China

text: High

text: Tech

text: Fair

text: ELEXCON

text: of

text: November

text: in

text: Shenzhen

text: a

text: BeiDou

text: terminal

text: priced

text: at

text: was

text: presented

question: How much did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost in 2008?

answer: around CN¥20,000RMB (US$2,929)

text: around CN¥20,000RMB (US$2,929)

question: How much more did a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost than a current GPS terminal?

answer: almost 10 times the price

text: almost 10 times the price

question: Why is a BeiDou-1 ground terminal so expensive?

answer: due to the cost of imported microchips

text: due to the cost of imported microchips

question: Where was the ELEXCON fair held in 2009?

answer: Shenzhen

text: Shenzhen

question: What was presented at the ELEXCON fair in 2009?

answer: a BeiDou terminal priced at CN¥3,000RMB

text: a BeiDou terminal priced at CN¥3,000RMB

question: In what year was the price of a BeiDou-1 ground terminal $250 USD?

question: The price of the port was a result of the cost of what?

text: imported microchips

question: The price of what was a result of imported macro chips?

text: terminals

question: The price of what was a result of the price of motherboards?

text: terminals

question: Where was there a terminal priced over CNY2,000RMB?

text: China High-Tech Fair ELEXCON


text: Scientific academies and societies grew out of the Scientific Revolution as the creators of scientific knowledge in contrast to the scholasticism of the university. During the Enlightenment, some societies created or retained links to universities. However, contemporary sources distinguished universities from scientific societies by claiming that the university's utility was in the transmission of knowledge, while societies functioned to create knowledge. As the role of universities in institutionalized science began to diminish, learned societies became the cornerstone of organized science. Official scientific societies were chartered by the state in order to provide technical expertise. Most societies were granted permission to oversee their own publications, control the election of new members, and the administration of the society. After 1700, a tremendous number of official academies and societies were founded in Europe, and by 1789 there were over seventy official scientific societies. In reference to this growth, Bernard de Fontenelle coined the term "the Age of Academies" to describe the 18th century.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: Scientific

text: academies

text: and

text: societies

text: grew

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: Scientific

text: Revolution

text: as

text: the

text: creators

text: of

text: scientific

text: knowledge

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: scholasticism

text: of

text: the

text: university

text: During

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: some

text: societies

text: created

text: or

text: retained

text: links

text: to

text: universities

text: However

text: contemporary

text: sources

text: distinguished

text: universities

text: from

text: scientific

text: societies

text: by

text: claiming

text: that

text: the

text: university

text: 's

text: utility

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: transmission

text: of

text: knowledge

text: while

text: societies

text: functioned

text: to

text: create

text: knowledge

text: As

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: universities

text: in

text: institutionalized

text: science

text: began

text: to

text: diminish

text: learned

text: societies

text: became

text: the

text: cornerstone

text: of

text: organized

text: science

text: Official

text: scientific

text: societies

text: were

text: chartered

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: provide

text: technical

text: expertise

text: Most

text: societies

text: were

text: granted

text: permission

text: to

text: oversee

text: their

text: own

text: publications

text: control

text: the

text: election

text: of

text: new

text: members

text: and

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: the

text: society

text: After

text: a

text: tremendous

text: number

text: of

text: official

text: academies

text: and

text: societies

text: were

text: founded

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: by

text: there

text: were

text: over

text: seventy

text: official

text: scientific

text: societies

text: In

text: reference

text: to

text: this

text: growth

text: Bernard

text: de

text: Fontenelle

text: coined

text: the

text: term

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Academies

text: to

text: describe

text: the

text: century

question: What did contemporary sources claim was the purpose of the universiity in contrast to the societies?

answer: transmission of knowledge

text: transmission of knowledge

question: Contemporary sources considered societies functioned for what purpose in contrast to universities?

answer: to create knowledge

text: to create knowledge

question: By what year were there over seventy official scientific societies?

answer: 1789

question: Who coined the term "the Age of Academies" to describe the 18th century?

answer: Bernard de Fontenelle

text: Bernard de Fontenelle


text: In Bolivia, a 62% majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people, while another 3.7% grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous. Including both of these categories, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's population was registered as indigenous in the 2001 Census. The largest indigenous ethnic groups are: Quechua, about 2.5 million people; Aymara, 2.0 million; Chiquitano, 181,000; Guaraní, 126,000; and Mojeño, 69,000. Some 124,000 belong to smaller indigenous groups. The Constitution of Bolivia, enacted in 2009, recognizes 36 cultures, each with its own language, as part of a plurinational state. Some groups, including CONAMAQ (the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu) draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking population, resulting in a total of fifty indigenous peoples native to Bolivia.

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

text: In

text: Bolivia

text: a

text: majority

text: of

text: residents

text: over

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: self

text: identify

text: as

text: belonging

text: to

text: an

text: indigenous

text: people

text: while

text: another

text: grew

text: up

text: with

text: an

text: indigenous

text: mother

text: tongue

text: yet

text: do

text: not

text: self

text: identify

text: as

text: indigenous

text: Including

text: both

text: of

text: these

text: categories

text: and

text: children

text: under

text: some

text: of

text: Bolivia

text: 's

text: population

text: was

text: registered

text: as

text: indigenous

text: in

text: the

text: Census

text: The

text: largest

text: indigenous

text: ethnic

text: groups

text: are

text: Quechua

text: about

text: million

text: people

text: Aymara

text: million

text: Chiquitano

text: Guaraní

text: and

text: Mojeño

text: Some

text: belong

text: to

text: smaller

text: indigenous

text: groups

text: The

text: Constitution

text: of

text: Bolivia

text: enacted

text: in

text: recognizes

text: cultures

text: each

text: with

text: its

text: own

text: language

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: plurinational

text: state

text: Some

text: groups

text: including

text: CONAMAQ

text: the

text: National

text: Council

text: of

text: Ayllus

text: and

text: Markas

text: of

text: Qullasuyu

text: draw

text: ethnic

text: boundaries

text: within

text: the

text: Quechua-

text: and

text: Aymara

text: speaking

text: population

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: fifty

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: native

text: to

text: Bolivia

question: What percentage of the residents in Bolivia self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people?

answer: 62%

question: What percent of people in Bolivia grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet don't call themselves indigenous?

answer: 3.7%

question: In the 2001 census, how much of Bolivia's population was labeled as being indigenous?

answer: 66.4%

question: How many cultures does the Constitution of Bolivia recognize?

answer: 36

question: How many total groups of indigenous peoples are in Bolivia?

answer: fifty

text: fifty


text: Arguing against the absolutist position, Leibniz offers a number of thought experiments with the purpose of showing that there is contradiction in assuming the existence of facts such as absolute location and velocity. These arguments trade heavily on two principles central to his philosophy: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles. The principle of sufficient reason holds that for every fact, there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise. The identity of indiscernibles states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing.

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

text: Arguing

text: against

text: the

text: absolutist

text: position

text: Leibniz

text: offers

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: thought

text: experiments

text: with

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: showing

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: contradiction

text: in

text: assuming

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: facts

text: such

text: as

text: absolute

text: location

text: and

text: velocity

text: These

text: arguments

text: trade

text: heavily

text: on

text: two

text: principles

text: central

text: to

text: his

text: philosophy

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: sufficient

text: reason

text: and

text: the

text: identity

text: of

text: indiscernibles

text: The

text: principle

text: of

text: sufficient

text: reason

text: holds

text: that

text: for

text: every

text: fact

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: reason

text: that

text: is

text: sufficient

text: to

text: explain

text: what

text: and

text: why

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: way

text: it

text: is

text: and

text: not

text: otherwise

text: The

text: identity

text: of

text: indiscernibles

text: states

text: that

text: if

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: way

text: of

text: telling

text: two

text: entities

text: apart

text: then

text: they

text: are

text: one

text: and

text: the

text: same

text: thing

question: What did Leibniz argue against?

answer: the absolutist position

text: the absolutist position

question: Which principles did Leibniz's arguments trade heavily upon?

answer: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles

text: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles

question: Leibnitz held that there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise for every what?

answer: fact

text: fact

question: What states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing?

answer: identity of indiscernibles

text: identity of indiscernibles

question: Who's position does Leibniz support?

text: absolutist

question: What two principles did Leibniz argue against?

question: What states that two things are not necessarily the same just because no difference can be identified?

text: The identity of indiscernibles states


text: Estonia was a member of the League of Nations from 22 September 1921, has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991, and of NATO since 29 March 2004, as well as the European Union since 1 May 2004. Estonia is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB). As an OSCE participating State, Estonia's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. Estonia has also signed the Kyoto Protocol.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: Estonia

text: was

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

text: from

text: September

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: since

text: September

text: and

text: of

text: NATO

text: since

text: March

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: since

text: May

text: Estonia

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Organization

text: for

text: Security

text: and

text: Cooperation

text: in

text: Europe

text: OSCE

text: Organisation

text: for

text: Economic

text: Co

text: operation

text: and

text: Development

text: OECD

text: Council

text: of

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: States

text: CBSS

text: and

text: the

text: Nordic

text: Investment

text: Bank

text: NIB

text: As

text: an

text: OSCE

text: participating

text: State

text: Estonia

text: 's

text: international

text: commitments

text: are

text: subject

text: to

text: monitoring

text: under

text: the

text: mandate

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Helsinki

text: Commission

text: Estonia

text: has

text: also

text: signed

text: the

text: Kyoto

text: Protocol

question: What date did Estonia join the League of Nations?

answer: 22 September 1921

text: 22 September 1921

question: What date did Estonia join the United Nations?

answer: 17 September 1991

text: 17 September 1991

question: What date did Estonia join NATO?

answer: 29 March 2004

text: 29 March 2004

question: What date did Estonia join the European Union?

answer: 1 May 2004

text: 1 May 2004


text: Note: The green arrows (), red arrows (), and blue dashes () represent changes in rank when compared to the 2010 HDI list, for countries listed in both rankings.

title: Human_Development_Index

title: Human_Development_Index

text: Note

text: The

text: green

text: arrows

text: red

text: arrows

text: and

text: blue

text: dashes

text: represent

text: changes

text: in

text: rank

text: when

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: HDI

text: list

text: for

text: countries

text: listed

text: in

text: both

text: rankings

question: What arrows do not represent changes in rank?

text: green arrows (), red arrows


text: In The Wombles, Uncle Bulgaria read The Times and asked for the other Wombles to bring him any copies that they found amongst the litter. The newspaper played a central role in the episode Very Behind the Times (Series 2, Episode 12).

title: The_Times

title: The_Times

text: In

text: The

text: Wombles

text: Uncle

text: Bulgaria

text: read

text: The

text: Times

text: and

text: asked

text: for

text: the

text: other

text: Wombles

text: to

text: bring

text: him

text: any

text: copies

text: that

text: they

text: found

text: amongst

text: the

text: litter

text: The

text: newspaper

text: played

text: a

text: central

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: episode

text: Very

text: Behind

text: the

text: Times

text: Series

text: Episode

question: In what children TV series is there is a fictional character named Uncle Bulgaria that asks others to bring him copies of The Times found amongst the litter?

answer: The Wombles

text: The Wombles

question: What is the name of the episode where the newspaper, The Times, is featured and plays a central role in an episode of The Wombles?

answer: Very Behind the Times

text: Very Behind the Times

question: In the children's TV show, The Wombles, what character asks others to bring him any copies of The Times that they find amongst the litter?

answer: Uncle Bulgaria

text: Uncle Bulgaria


text: The area's many colleges and universities are active in college athletics. Four NCAA Division I members play in the city—Boston College, Boston University, Harvard University, and Northeastern University. Of the four, only Boston College participates in college football at the highest level, the Football Bowl Subdivision. Harvard participates in the second-highest level, the Football Championship Subdivision.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: The

text: area

text: 's

text: many

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: are

text: active

text: in

text: college

text: athletics

text: Four

text: NCAA

text: Division

text: I

text: members

text: play

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: Boston

text: College

text: Boston

text: University

text: Harvard

text: University

text: and

text: Northeastern

text: University

text: Of

text: the

text: four

text: only

text: Boston

text: College

text: participates

text: in

text: college

text: football

text: at

text: the

text: highest

text: level

text: the

text: Football

text: Bowl

text: Subdivision

text: Harvard

text: participates

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: highest

text: level

text: the

text: Football

text: Championship

text: Subdivision

question: How many NCAA Division I members play in Boston?

answer: four

text: four

question: Which college participates in college football at the highest level?

answer: Boston College

text: Boston College

question: What is the name of the highest level of college football?

answer: the Football Bowl Subdivision

text: the Football Bowl Subdivision

question: Who participates in the second highest level of college football?

answer: Harvard

text: Harvard

question: What is the name of the second highest level of college football?

answer: Football Championship Subdivision

text: Football Championship Subdivision


text: On the other hand, certain financial techniques can reduce the impact of such purchases on the currency. One is sterilisation, in which highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased, which keeps the money supply neutral. Another technique is simply to accept the bad assets as long-term collateral (as opposed to short-term repo swaps) to be held until their market value stabilises. This would imply, as a quid pro quo, adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies of the weaker states to improve the perceived value of the assets.

title: European_Central_Bank

title: European_Central_Bank

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: certain

text: financial

text: techniques

text: can

text: reduce

text: the

text: impact

text: of

text: such

text: purchases

text: on

text: the

text: currency

text: One

text: is

text: sterilisation

text: in

text: which

text: highly

text: valued

text: assets

text: are

text: sold

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: that

text: the

text: weaker

text: assets

text: are

text: purchased

text: which

text: keeps

text: the

text: money

text: supply

text: neutral

text: Another

text: technique

text: is

text: simply

text: to

text: accept

text: the

text: bad

text: assets

text: as

text: long

text: term

text: collateral

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: short

text: term

text: repo

text: swaps

text: to

text: be

text: held

text: until

text: their

text: market

text: value

text: stabilises

text: This

text: would

text: imply

text: as

text: a

text: quid

text: pro

text: quo

text: adjustments

text: in

text: taxation

text: and

text: expenditure

text: in

text: the

text: economies

text: of

text: the

text: weaker

text: states

text: to

text: improve

text: the

text: perceived

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: assets

question: How does sterilisation help to keep the money flow even?

answer: highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased

text: highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased

question: What can a state do with bad assets, rather than cashing them in directly?

answer: long-term collateral

text: long-term collateral

question: How can weaker states improve the surface value of their assets?

answer: adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies

text: adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies

question: How does sterilisation help to keep the money flow uneven?

question: What can a state do with good assets, rather than cashing them in directly?

text: long-term collateral

question: How can weaker states destroy the surface value of their assets?

question: What kinds of techniques can never reduce the impact of purchases on a currency?

text: financial techniques


text: To determine what information in an audio signal is perceptually irrelevant, most lossy compression algorithms use transforms such as the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) to convert time domain sampled waveforms into a transform domain. Once transformed, typically into the frequency domain, component frequencies can be allocated bits according to how audible they are. Audibility of spectral components calculated using the absolute threshold of hearing and the principles of simultaneous masking—the phenomenon wherein a signal is masked by another signal separated by frequency—and, in some cases, temporal masking—where a signal is masked by another signal separated by time. Equal-loudness contours may also be used to weight the perceptual importance of components. Models of the human ear-brain combination incorporating such effects are often called psychoacoustic models.

title: Data_compression

title: Data_compression

text: To

text: determine

text: what

text: information

text: in

text: an

text: audio

text: signal

text: is

text: perceptually

text: irrelevant

text: most

text: lossy

text: compression

text: algorithms

text: use

text: transforms

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: modified

text: discrete

text: cosine

text: transform

text: MDCT

text: to

text: convert

text: time

text: domain

text: sampled

text: waveforms

text: into

text: a

text: transform

text: domain

text: Once

text: transformed

text: typically

text: into

text: the

text: frequency

text: domain

text: component

text: frequencies

text: can

text: be

text: allocated

text: bits

text: according

text: to

text: how

text: audible

text: they

text: are

text: Audibility

text: of

text: spectral

text: components

text: calculated

text: using

text: the

text: absolute

text: threshold

text: of

text: hearing

text: and

text: the

text: principles

text: of

text: simultaneous

text: masking

text: the

text: phenomenon

text: wherein

text: a

text: signal

text: is

text: masked

text: by

text: another

text: signal

text: separated

text: by

text: frequency

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: temporal

text: masking

text: where

text: a

text: signal

text: is

text: masked

text: by

text: another

text: signal

text: separated

text: by

text: time

text: Equal

text: loudness

text: contours

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: weight

text: the

text: perceptual

text: importance

text: of

text: components

text: Models

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: ear

text: brain

text: combination

text: incorporating

text: such

text: effects

text: are

text: often

text: called

text: psychoacoustic

text: models

question: What may be used to weight the importance of components?

answer: Equal-loudness contours

text: Equal-loudness contours

question: What are often called psychoacoustic models?

answer: Models of the human ear-brain

text: Models of the human ear-brain

question: What is the process called when a signal is masked by another signal separated by time?

answer: temporal masking

text: temporal masking

question: What may be used to weight the importance of cosine?

text: Equal-loudness contours

question: What are often called psychoacoustic masking?

text: Models of the human ear-brain

question: What is the process when a signal is masked by another signal separated by contours?

text: temporal masking

question: What is the phenomenon wherein a signal is masked by another signal separated by threshold?

text: simultaneous masking

question: What is a transform that a compression frequency might use?

text: modified discrete cosine transform


text: Guinea-Bissau was once part of the kingdom of Gabu, as well as part of the Mali Empire. Parts of this kingdom persisted until the 18th century, while a few others were under some rule by the Portuguese Empire since the 16th century. In the 19th century, it was colonized as Portuguese Guinea. Upon independence, declared in 1973 and recognised in 1974, the name of its capital, Bissau, was added to the country's name to prevent confusion with Guinea (formerly French Guinea). Guinea-Bissau has a history of political instability since independence, and no elected president has successfully served a full five-year term.

title: Guinea-Bissau

title: Guinea

title: Bissau

text: Guinea

text: Bissau

text: was

text: once

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Gabu

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Mali

text: Empire

text: Parts

text: of

text: this

text: kingdom

text: persisted

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: while

text: a

text: few

text: others

text: were

text: under

text: some

text: rule

text: by

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: Empire

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: it

text: was

text: colonized

text: as

text: Portuguese

text: Guinea

text: Upon

text: independence

text: declared

text: in

text: and

text: recognised

text: in

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: its

text: capital

text: Bissau

text: was

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: name

text: to

text: prevent

text: confusion

text: with

text: Guinea

text: formerly

text: French

text: Guinea

text: Guinea

text: Bissau

text: has

text: a

text: history

text: of

text: political

text: instability

text: since

text: independence

text: and

text: no

text: elected

text: president

text: has

text: successfully

text: served

text: a

text: full

text: five

text: year

text: term

question: What kingdom was Guinea-Bissau once part of?

answer: Gabu

text: Gabu

question: What empire was Guinea-Bissau once part of?

answer: Mali Empire

text: Mali Empire

question: What year was Guinea-Bissau declared independent?

answer: 1973

question: What country did Guinea-Bissau seek to differentiate itself from?

answer: Guinea (formerly French Guinea)

text: Guinea (formerly French Guinea)

question: Guinea-Bissau has a history of what since independence?

answer: political instability

text: political instability


text: Stepper motors can be rotated to a specific angle in discrete steps with ease, and hence stepper motors are used for read/write head positioning in computer floppy diskette drives. They were used for the same purpose in pre-gigabyte era computer disk drives, where the precision and speed they offered was adequate for the correct positioning of the read/write head of a hard disk drive. As drive density increased, the precision and speed limitations of stepper motors made them obsolete for hard drives—the precision limitation made them unusable, and the speed limitation made them uncompetitive—thus newer hard disk drives use voice coil-based head actuator systems. (The term "voice coil" in this connection is historic; it refers to the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker. This structure was used for a while to position the heads. Modern drives have a pivoted coil mount; the coil swings back and forth, something like a blade of a rotating fan. Nevertheless, like a voice coil, modern actuator coil conductors (the magnet wire) move perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force.)

title: Electric_motor

title: Electric_motor

text: Stepper

text: motors

text: can

text: be

text: rotated

text: to

text: a

text: specific

text: angle

text: in

text: discrete

text: steps

text: with

text: ease

text: and

text: hence

text: stepper

text: motors

text: are

text: used

text: for

text: read

text: write

text: head

text: positioning

text: in

text: computer

text: floppy

text: diskette

text: drives

text: They

text: were

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: same

text: purpose

text: in

text: pre

text: gigabyte

text: era

text: computer

text: disk

text: drives

text: where

text: the

text: precision

text: and

text: speed

text: they

text: offered

text: was

text: adequate

text: for

text: the

text: correct

text: positioning

text: of

text: the

text: read

text: write

text: head

text: of

text: a

text: hard

text: disk

text: drive

text: As

text: drive

text: density

text: increased

text: the

text: precision

text: and

text: speed

text: limitations

text: of

text: stepper

text: motors

text: made

text: them

text: obsolete

text: for

text: hard

text: drives

text: the

text: precision

text: limitation

text: made

text: them

text: unusable

text: and

text: the

text: speed

text: limitation

text: made

text: them

text: uncompetitive

text: thus

text: newer

text: hard

text: disk

text: drives

text: use

text: voice

text: coil

text: based

text: head

text: actuator

text: systems

text: The

text: term

text: voice

text: coil

text: in

text: this

text: connection

text: is

text: historic

text: it

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: structure

text: in

text: a

text: typical

text: cone

text: type

text: loudspeaker

text: This

text: structure

text: was

text: used

text: for

text: a

text: while

text: to

text: position

text: the

text: heads

text: Modern

text: drives

text: have

text: a

text: pivoted

text: coil

text: mount

text: the

text: coil

text: swings

text: back

text: and

text: forth

text: something

text: like

text: a

text: blade

text: of

text: a

text: rotating

text: fan

text: Nevertheless

text: like

text: a

text: voice

text: coil

text: modern

text: actuator

text: coil

text: conductors

text: the

text: magnet

text: wire

text: move

text: perpendicular

text: to

text: the

text: magnetic

text: lines

text: of

text: force

question: Why were stepper motors abandoned in computer drive designs?

answer: precision and speed limitations

text: precision and speed limitations

question: What do newer computer drives use instead of stepper motors?

answer: voice coil-based head actuator systems

text: voice coil-based head actuator systems

question: In what direction do modern coil actuators move?

answer: perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force

text: perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force

question: To what device does the term, "voice coil" historically refer?

answer: the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker

text: the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker

question: Why weren't stepper motors abandoned in computer drive designs?

text: precision and speed limitations

question: What don't newer computer drives use instead of stepper motors?

text: voice coil-based head actuator systems

question: In what direction don't modern coil actuators move?

question: To what device does the term, "voice coil" not historically refer?


text: Plant responses to climate and other environmental changes can inform our understanding of how these changes affect ecosystem function and productivity. For example, plant phenology can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, and the biological impact of climate change and global warming. Palynology, the analysis of fossil pollen deposits in sediments from thousands or millions of years ago allows the reconstruction of past climates. Estimates of atmospheric CO2 concentrations since the Palaeozoic have been obtained from stomatal densities and the leaf shapes and sizes of ancient land plants. Ozone depletion can expose plants to higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B (UV-B), resulting in lower growth rates. Moreover, information from studies of community ecology, plant systematics, and taxonomy is essential to understanding vegetation change, habitat destruction and species extinction.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: Plant

text: responses

text: to

text: climate

text: and

text: other

text: environmental

text: changes

text: can

text: inform

text: our

text: understanding

text: of

text: how

text: these

text: changes

text: affect

text: ecosystem

text: function

text: and

text: productivity

text: For

text: example

text: plant

text: phenology

text: can

text: be

text: a

text: useful

text: proxy

text: for

text: temperature

text: in

text: historical

text: climatology

text: and

text: the

text: biological

text: impact

text: of

text: climate

text: change

text: and

text: global

text: warming

text: Palynology

text: the

text: analysis

text: of

text: fossil

text: pollen

text: deposits

text: in

text: sediments

text: from

text: thousands

text: or

text: millions

text: of

text: years

text: ago

text: allows

text: the

text: reconstruction

text: of

text: past

text: climates

text: Estimates

text: of

text: atmospheric

text: concentrations

text: since

text: the

text: Palaeozoic

text: have

text: been

text: obtained

text: from

text: stomatal

text: densities

text: and

text: the

text: leaf

text: shapes

text: and

text: sizes

text: of

text: ancient

text: land

text: plants

text: Ozone

text: depletion

text: can

text: expose

text: plants

text: to

text: higher

text: levels

text: of

text: ultraviolet

text: radiation

text: B

text: UV

text: B

text: resulting

text: in

text: lower

text: growth

text: rates

text: Moreover

text: information

text: from

text: studies

text: of

text: community

text: ecology

text: plant

text: systematics

text: and

text: taxonomy

text: is

text: essential

text: to

text: understanding

text: vegetation

text: change

text: habitat

text: destruction

text: and

text: species

text: extinction

question: How can historical changes in the environment be detected?

answer: plant phenology

text: plant phenology

question: How can climate changes be determined from soil?

answer: fossil pollen deposits in sediments

text: fossil pollen deposits in sediments

question: What atmospheric gas can be determined from fossilized leaf sizes and shapes?

answer: CO2

question: What causes lower growth in plants?

answer: Ozone depletion

text: Ozone depletion

question: What does ozone depletion allow?

answer: higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B

text: higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B


text: Queen began their 1980s career with The Game. It featured the singles "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" and "Another One Bites the Dust", both of which reached number one in the US. After attending a Queen concert in Los Angeles, Michael Jackson suggested to Mercury backstage that "Another One Bites the Dust" be released as a single, and in October 1980 it spent three weeks at number one. The album topped the Billboard 200 for five weeks, and sold over four million copies in the US. It was also the first appearance of a synthesiser on a Queen album. Heretofore, their albums featured a distinctive "No Synthesisers!" sleeve note. The note is widely assumed to reflect an anti-synth, pro-"hard"-rock stance by the band, but was later revealed by producer Roy Thomas Baker to be an attempt to clarify that those albums' multi-layered solos were created with guitars, not synths, as record company executives kept assuming at the time. In September 1980, Queen performed three sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden. In 1980, Queen also released the soundtrack they had recorded for Flash Gordon. At the 1981 American Music Awards in January, "Another One Bites the Dust" won the award for Favorite Pop/Rock Single, and Queen were nominated for Favorite Pop/Rock Band, Duo, or Group.

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: Queen

text: began

text: their

text: career

text: with

text: The

text: Game

text: It

text: featured

text: the

text: singles

text: Crazy

text: Little

text: Thing

text: Called

text: Love

text: and

text: Another

text: One

text: Bites

text: the

text: Dust

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: reached

text: number

text: one

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: After

text: attending

text: a

text: Queen

text: concert

text: in

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Michael

text: Jackson

text: suggested

text: to

text: Mercury

text: backstage

text: that

text: Another

text: One

text: Bites

text: the

text: Dust

text: be

text: released

text: as

text: a

text: single

text: and

text: in

text: October

text: it

text: spent

text: three

text: weeks

text: at

text: number

text: one

text: The

text: album

text: topped

text: the

text: Billboard

text: for

text: five

text: weeks

text: and

text: sold

text: over

text: four

text: million

text: copies

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: first

text: appearance

text: of

text: a

text: synthesiser

text: on

text: a

text: Queen

text: album

text: Heretofore

text: their

text: albums

text: featured

text: a

text: distinctive

text: No

text: Synthesisers

text: sleeve

text: note

text: The

text: note

text: is

text: widely

text: assumed

text: to

text: reflect

text: an

text: anti

text: synth

text: pro-"hard

text: rock

text: stance

text: by

text: the

text: band

text: but

text: was

text: later

text: revealed

text: by

text: producer

text: Roy

text: Thomas

text: Baker

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: clarify

text: that

text: those

text: albums

text: multi

text: layered

text: solos

text: were

text: created

text: with

text: guitars

text: not

text: synths

text: as

text: record

text: company

text: executives

text: kept

text: assuming

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: In

text: September

text: Queen

text: performed

text: three

text: sold

text: out

text: shows

text: at

text: Madison

text: Square

text: Garden

text: In

text: Queen

text: also

text: released

text: the

text: soundtrack

text: they

text: had

text: recorded

text: for

text: Flash

text: Gordon

text: At

text: the

text: American

text: Music

text: Awards

text: in

text: January

text: Another

text: One

text: Bites

text: the

text: Dust

text: won

text: the

text: award

text: for

text: Favorite

text: Pop

text: Rock

text: Single

text: and

text: Queen

text: were

text: nominated

text: for

text: Favorite

text: Pop

text: Rock

text: Band

text: Duo

text: or

text: Group

question: Queen performed several sold out shows at what US venue?

answer: Madison Square Garden

text: Madison Square Garden

question: Queen recorded the soundtrack to what show?

answer: Flash Gordon

text: Flash Gordon

question: What Queen song won the award for best Pop/Rock single?

answer: Another One Bites the Dust

text: Another One Bites the Dust

question: Which musical artist suggested Queen release Another One Bites the Dust as a single?

answer: Michael Jackson

text: Michael Jackson

question: Which Queen album kicked off the 1980s?

answer: The Game

text: The Game


text: In addition, the Paris region is served by a light rail network of nine lines, the tramway: Line T1 runs from Asnières-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec, line T2 runs from Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles, line T3a runs from Pont du Garigliano to Porte de Vincennes, line T3b runs from Porte de Vincennes to Porte de la Chapelle, line T5 runs from Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles, line T6 runs from Châtillon to Velizy, line T7 runs from Villejuif to Athis-Mons, line T8 runs from Saint-Denis to Épinay-sur-Seine and Villetaneuse, all of which are operated by the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens, and line T4 runs from Bondy RER to Aulnay-sous-Bois, which is operated by the state rail carrier SNCF. Five new light rail lines are currently in various stages of development.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: Paris

text: region

text: is

text: served

text: by

text: a

text: light

text: rail

text: network

text: of

text: nine

text: lines

text: the

text: tramway

text: Line

text: runs

text: from

text: Asnières

text: Gennevilliers

text: to

text: Noisy

text: le

text: Sec

text: line

text: runs

text: from

text: Pont

text: de

text: Bezons

text: to

text: Porte

text: de

text: Versailles

text: line

text: runs

text: from

text: Pont

text: du

text: Garigliano

text: to

text: Porte

text: de

text: Vincennes

text: line

text: runs

text: from

text: Porte

text: de

text: Vincennes

text: to

text: Porte

text: de

text: la

text: Chapelle

text: line

text: runs

text: from

text: Saint

text: Denis

text: to

text: Garges

text: Sarcelles

text: line

text: runs

text: from

text: Châtillon

text: to

text: Velizy

text: line

text: runs

text: from

text: Villejuif

text: to

text: Athis

text: Mons

text: line

text: runs

text: from

text: Saint

text: Denis

text: to

text: Épinay

text: sur

text: Seine

text: and

text: Villetaneuse

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: operated

text: by

text: the

text: Régie

text: Autonome

text: des

text: Transports

text: Parisiens

text: and

text: line

text: runs

text: from

text: Bondy

text: RER

text: to

text: Aulnay

text: sous

text: Bois

text: which

text: is

text: operated

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: rail

text: carrier

text: SNCF

text: Five

text: new

text: light

text: rail

text: lines

text: are

text: currently

text: in

text: various

text: stages

text: of

text: development

question: Where does line T1 run from?

answer: Asnières-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec

text: Asnières-Gennevilliers to Noisy-le-Sec

question: Where does line T2 run?

answer: Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles

text: Pont de Bezons to Porte de Versailles

question: How many lines are in the rail network?

answer: nine

text: nine

question: where does T5 run?

answer: Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles

text: Saint-Denis to Garges-Sarcelles

question: Who operates these lines?

answer: Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens

text: Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens


text: Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of karma in the Sutta Pitaka, which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism.[page needed][note 32] According to Vetter, "the Buddha at first sought "the deathless" (amata/amrta), which is concerned with the here and now. According to Vetter, only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth." Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha "introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time." According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Bruce

text: Matthews

text: notes

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: cohesive

text: presentation

text: of

text: karma

text: in

text: the

text: Sutta

text: Pitaka

text: which

text: may

text: mean

text: that

text: the

text: doctrine

text: was

text: incidental

text: to

text: the

text: main

text: perspective

text: of

text: early

text: Buddhist

text: soteriology

text: Schmithausen

text: is

text: a

text: notable

text: scholar

text: who

text: has

text: questioned

text: whether

text: karma

text: already

text: played

text: a

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: rebirth

text: of

text: earliest

text: Buddhism.[page

text: needed][note

text: According

text: to

text: Vetter

text: the

text: Buddha

text: at

text: first

text: sought

text: the

text: deathless

text: amata

text: amrta

text: which

text: is

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: here

text: and

text: now

text: According

text: to

text: Vetter

text: only

text: after

text: this

text: realization

text: did

text: he

text: become

text: acquainted

text: with

text: the

text: doctrine

text: of

text: rebirth

text: Bronkhorst

text: disagrees

text: and

text: concludes

text: that

text: the

text: Buddha

text: introduced

text: a

text: concept

text: of

text: karma

text: that

text: differed

text: considerably

text: from

text: the

text: commonly

text: held

text: views

text: of

text: his

text: time

text: According

text: to

text: Bronkhorst

text: not

text: physical

text: and

text: mental

text: activities

text: as

text: such

text: were

text: seen

text: as

text: responsible

text: for

text: rebirth

text: but

text: intentions

text: and

text: desire

question: According the Bronkhorst, intentions and desire are responsible for what?

answer: rebirth

text: rebirth

question: Bronkhurst says that Buddha had a view of 'what' much different then current day?

answer: karma

text: karma


text: Many adult insects use six legs for walking and have adopted a tripedal gait. The tripedal gait allows for rapid walking while always having a stable stance and has been studied extensively in cockroaches. The legs are used in alternate triangles touching the ground. For the first step, the middle right leg and the front and rear left legs are in contact with the ground and move the insect forward, while the front and rear right leg and the middle left leg are lifted and moved forward to a new position. When they touch the ground to form a new stable triangle the other legs can be lifted and brought forward in turn and so on. The purest form of the tripedal gait is seen in insects moving at high speeds. However, this type of locomotion is not rigid and insects can adapt a variety of gaits. For example, when moving slowly, turning, or avoiding obstacles, four or more feet may be touching the ground. Insects can also adapt their gait to cope with the loss of one or more limbs.

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: Many

text: adult

text: insects

text: use

text: six

text: legs

text: for

text: walking

text: and

text: have

text: adopted

text: a

text: tripedal

text: gait

text: The

text: tripedal

text: gait

text: allows

text: for

text: rapid

text: walking

text: while

text: always

text: having

text: a

text: stable

text: stance

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: studied

text: extensively

text: in

text: cockroaches

text: The

text: legs

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: alternate

text: triangles

text: touching

text: the

text: ground

text: For

text: the

text: first

text: step

text: the

text: middle

text: right

text: leg

text: and

text: the

text: front

text: and

text: rear

text: left

text: legs

text: are

text: in

text: contact

text: with

text: the

text: ground

text: and

text: move

text: the

text: insect

text: forward

text: while

text: the

text: front

text: and

text: rear

text: right

text: leg

text: and

text: the

text: middle

text: left

text: leg

text: are

text: lifted

text: and

text: moved

text: forward

text: to

text: a

text: new

text: position

text: When

text: they

text: touch

text: the

text: ground

text: to

text: form

text: a

text: new

text: stable

text: triangle

text: the

text: other

text: legs

text: can

text: be

text: lifted

text: and

text: brought

text: forward

text: in

text: turn

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: The

text: purest

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: tripedal

text: gait

text: is

text: seen

text: in

text: insects

text: moving

text: at

text: high

text: speeds

text: However

text: this

text: type

text: of

text: locomotion

text: is

text: not

text: rigid

text: and

text: insects

text: can

text: adapt

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: gaits

text: For

text: example

text: when

text: moving

text: slowly

text: turning

text: or

text: avoiding

text: obstacles

text: four

text: or

text: more

text: feet

text: may

text: be

text: touching

text: the

text: ground

text: Insects

text: can

text: also

text: adapt

text: their

text: gait

text: to

text: cope

text: with

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: limbs

question: How many legs do adult insects contain?

answer: six

text: six

question: Most adult insects have adopted what kind of gait?

answer: tripedal

text: tripedal

question: The tripedal gait allows what kind of walking?

answer: rapid

text: rapid

question: Insects can adopt how many gaits?

answer: a variety

text: a variety

question: Insects can change their gait to deal with the loss of what?

answer: limbs

text: limbs


text: Bern has an area, as of 2009[update], of 51.62 square kilometers (19.93 sq mi). Of this area, 9.79 square kilometers (3.78 sq mi) or 19.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 17.33 square kilometers (6.69 sq mi) or 33.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 23.25 square kilometers (8.98 sq mi) or 45.0% is settled (buildings or roads), 1.06 square kilometers (0.41 sq mi) or 2.1% is either rivers or lakes and 0.16 square kilometers (0.062 sq mi) or 0.3% is unproductive land.

title: Bern

title: Bern

text: Bern

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: as

text: of

text: of

text: square

text: kilometers

text: sq

text: mi

text: Of

text: this

text: area

text: square

text: kilometers

text: sq

text: mi

text: or

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: agricultural

text: purposes

text: while

text: square

text: kilometers

text: sq

text: mi

text: or

text: is

text: forested

text: Of

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: square

text: kilometers

text: sq

text: mi

text: or

text: is

text: settled

text: buildings

text: or

text: roads

text: square

text: kilometers

text: sq

text: mi

text: or

text: is

text: either

text: rivers

text: or

text: lakes

text: and

text: square

text: kilometers

text: sq

text: mi

text: or

text: is

text: unproductive

text: land

question: What is 33.6% of the land in Bern?

answer: forested

text: forested

question: When was the last time the area of Bern was measured?

answer: 2009


text: The NES uses a custom-made Picture Processing Unit (PPU) developed by Ricoh. All variations of the PPU feature 2 kB of video RAM, 256 bytes of on-die "object attribute memory" (OAM) to store the positions, colors, and tile indices of up to 64 sprites on the screen, and 28 bytes of on-die palette RAM to allow selection of background and sprite colors. The console's 2 kB of onboard RAM may be used for tile maps and attributes on the NES board and 8 kB of tile pattern ROM or RAM may be included on a cartridge. The system has an available color palette of 48 colors and 6 grays. Up to 25 simultaneous colors may be used without writing new values mid-frame: a background color, four sets of three tile colors and four sets of three sprite colors. The NES palette is based on NTSC rather than RGB values. A total of 64 sprites may be displayed onscreen at a given time without reloading sprites mid-screen. The standard display resolution of the NES is 256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels.

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

text: The

text: NES

text: uses

text: a

text: custom

text: made

text: Picture

text: Processing

text: Unit

text: PPU

text: developed

text: by

text: Ricoh

text: All

text: variations

text: of

text: the

text: PPU

text: feature

text: kB

text: of

text: video

text: RAM

text: bytes

text: of

text: on

text: die

text: object

text: attribute

text: memory

text: OAM

text: to

text: store

text: the

text: positions

text: colors

text: and

text: tile

text: indices

text: of

text: up

text: to

text: sprites

text: on

text: the

text: screen

text: and

text: bytes

text: of

text: on

text: die

text: palette

text: RAM

text: to

text: allow

text: selection

text: of

text: background

text: and

text: sprite

text: colors

text: The

text: console

text: 's

text: kB

text: of

text: onboard

text: RAM

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: tile

text: maps

text: and

text: attributes

text: on

text: the

text: NES

text: board

text: and

text: kB

text: of

text: tile

text: pattern

text: ROM

text: or

text: RAM

text: may

text: be

text: included

text: on

text: a

text: cartridge

text: The

text: system

text: has

text: an

text: available

text: color

text: palette

text: of

text: colors

text: and

text: grays

text: Up

text: to

text: simultaneous

text: colors

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: without

text: writing

text: new

text: values

text: mid

text: frame

text: a

text: background

text: color

text: four

text: sets

text: of

text: three

text: tile

text: colors

text: and

text: four

text: sets

text: of

text: three

text: sprite

text: colors

text: The

text: NES

text: palette

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: NTSC

text: rather

text: than

text: RGB

text: values

text: A

text: total

text: of

text: sprites

text: may

text: be

text: displayed

text: onscreen

text: at

text: a

text: given

text: time

text: without

text: reloading

text: sprites

text: mid

text: screen

text: The

text: standard

text: display

text: resolution

text: of

text: the

text: NES

text: is

text: horizontal

text: pixels

text: by

text: vertical

text: pixels

question: Who developed Nintendo's PPU?

answer: Ricoh

text: Ricoh

question: How many kb of Video RAM did the PPU have?

answer: 2

question: The system has how many colors available on it?

answer: 48

question: How many grays could be used as well?

answer: 6

question: What is the standard display resolution of the NES?

answer: 256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels

text: 256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels

question: Who developed Nintendo's SPU?

text: Ricoh

question: How many mb of Video RAM did the PPU have?

question: The system didn't have how many colors available on it?

question: How many blacks could be used as well?

question: What is not the standard display resolution of the NES?


text: While West had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the American Music Awards of 2004 after losing Best New Artist, the rapper's first large-scale controversy came just days following Late Registration's release, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina victims. In September 2005, NBC broadcast A Concert for Hurricane Relief, and West was a featured speaker. When West was presenting alongside actor Mike Myers, he deviated from the prepared script. Myers spoke next and continued to read the script. Once it was West's turn to speak again, he said, "George Bush doesn't care about black people." West's comment reached much of the United States, leading to mixed reactions; President Bush would later call it one of the most "disgusting moments" of his presidency. West raised further controversy in January 2006 when he posed on the cover of Rolling Stone wearing a crown of thorns.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: While

text: West

text: had

text: encountered

text: controversy

text: a

text: year

text: prior

text: when

text: he

text: stormed

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Music

text: Awards

text: of

text: after

text: losing

text: Best

text: New

text: Artist

text: the

text: rapper

text: 's

text: first

text: large

text: scale

text: controversy

text: came

text: just

text: days

text: following

text: Late

text: Registration

text: 's

text: release

text: during

text: a

text: benefit

text: concert

text: for

text: Hurricane

text: Katrina

text: victims

text: In

text: September

text: NBC

text: broadcast

text: A

text: Concert

text: for

text: Hurricane

text: Relief

text: and

text: West

text: was

text: a

text: featured

text: speaker

text: When

text: West

text: was

text: presenting

text: alongside

text: actor

text: Mike

text: Myers

text: he

text: deviated

text: from

text: the

text: prepared

text: script

text: Myers

text: spoke

text: next

text: and

text: continued

text: to

text: read

text: the

text: script

text: Once

text: it

text: was

text: West

text: 's

text: turn

text: to

text: speak

text: again

text: he

text: said

text: George

text: Bush

text: does

text: n't

text: care

text: about

text: black

text: people

text: West

text: 's

text: comment

text: reached

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: leading

text: to

text: mixed

text: reactions

text: President

text: Bush

text: would

text: later

text: call

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: disgusting

text: moments

text: of

text: his

text: presidency

text: West

text: raised

text: further

text: controversy

text: in

text: January

text: when

text: he

text: posed

text: on

text: the

text: cover

text: of

text: Rolling

text: Stone

text: wearing

text: a

text: crown

text: of

text: thorns

question: The loss of which award caused Kanye to leave the American Music Awards?

answer: Best New Artist

text: Best New Artist

question: Kanye participated alongside Mike Meyers in a relief benefit show for what natural disaster?

answer: Hurricane Katrina

text: Hurricane Katrina

question: What magazine did Kanye don a thorn crown for the cover of in 2006?

answer: Rolling Stone

text: Rolling Stone

question: In which AMA category did Kanye lose in 2004?

answer: Best New Artist

text: Best New Artist

question: Which actor was alongside Kanye West when he insulted President Bush?

answer: Mike Myers

text: Mike Myers

question: What magazine did Kanye West pose for in 2006 that caused another controversy?

answer: Rolling Stone

text: Rolling Stone

question: What broadcast for NBC was Kanye presenting for when he spoke negatively about President Bush?

answer: A Concert for Hurricane Relief

text: A Concert for Hurricane Relief


text: The rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south led to conflict and volatile relationships with the Khazars and other neighbors on the Pontic steppe. The Khazars dominated the Black Sea steppe during the 8th century, trading and frequently allying with the Byzantine Empire against Persians and Arabs. In the late 8th century, the collapse of the Göktürk Khaganate led the Magyars and the Pechenegs, Ugric and Turkic peoples from Central Asia, to migrate west into the steppe region, leading to military conflict, disruption of trade, and instability within the Khazar Khaganate. The Rus' and Slavs had earlier allied with the Khazars against Arab raids on the Caucasus, but they increasingly worked against them to secure control of the trade routes.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: The

text: rapid

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: Rus

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: led

text: to

text: conflict

text: and

text: volatile

text: relationships

text: with

text: the

text: Khazars

text: and

text: other

text: neighbors

text: on

text: the

text: Pontic

text: steppe

text: The

text: Khazars

text: dominated

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: steppe

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: trading

text: and

text: frequently

text: allying

text: with

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: against

text: Persians

text: and

text: Arabs

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: Göktürk

text: Khaganate

text: led

text: the

text: Magyars

text: and

text: the

text: Pechenegs

text: Ugric

text: and

text: Turkic

text: peoples

text: from

text: Central

text: Asia

text: to

text: migrate

text: west

text: into

text: the

text: steppe

text: region

text: leading

text: to

text: military

text: conflict

text: disruption

text: of

text: trade

text: and

text: instability

text: within

text: the

text: Khazar

text: Khaganate

text: The

text: Rus

text: and

text: Slavs

text: had

text: earlier

text: allied

text: with

text: the

text: Khazars

text: against

text: Arab

text: raids

text: on

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: but

text: they

text: increasingly

text: worked

text: against

text: them

text: to

text: secure

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: trade

text: routes

question: What led to constant problems with the Khazars?

answer: rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south

text: rapid expansion of the Rus' to the south

question: Which area did the Khazars rule over?

answer: Black Sea steppe

text: Black Sea steppe

question: Who were allies with the Khazars?

answer: Byzantine Empire

text: Byzantine Empire

question: Who were common enimies to both the Khazars and Byzantine Empire?

answer: Persians and Arabs

text: Persians and Arabs

question: What led to intermittent problems for the Khazars?

question: Who had rapid expand to the north?

text: Rus

question: Which area did the Khazars relinquish?

text: Black Sea steppe

question: Who ruled the Black Sea steppe during the 800's?

text: Khazars

question: Who were the common allies to both the Khazarsand the Byzantine Empire?

text: Persians and Arabs


text: However, all of these facets of medieval university life are considered by standard scholarship to be independent medieval European developments with no tracable Islamic influence. Generally, some reviewers have pointed out the strong inclination of Makdisi of overstating his case by simply resting on "the accumulation of close parallels", but all the while failing to point to convincing channels of transmission between the Muslim and Christian world. Norman Daniel points out that the Arab equivalent of the Latin disputation, the taliqa, was reserved for the ruler's court, not the madrasa, and that the actual differences between Islamic fiqh and medieval European civil law were profound. The taliqa only reached Islamic Spain, the only likely point of transmission, after the establishment of the first medieval universities. In fact, there is no Latin translation of the taliqa and, most importantly, no evidence of Latin scholars ever showing awareness of Arab influence on the Latin method of disputation, something they would have certainly found noteworthy. Rather, it was the medieval reception of the Greek Organon which set the scholastic sic et non in motion. Daniel concludes that resemblances in method had more to with the two religions having "common problems: to reconcile the conflicting statements of their own authorities, and to safeguard the data of revelation from the impact of Greek philosophy"; thus Christian scholasticism and similar Arab concepts should be viewed in terms of a parallel occurrence, not of the transmission of ideas from one to the other, a view shared by Hugh Kennedy.

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: However

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: facets

text: of

text: medieval

text: university

text: life

text: are

text: considered

text: by

text: standard

text: scholarship

text: to

text: be

text: independent

text: medieval

text: European

text: developments

text: with

text: no

text: tracable

text: Islamic

text: influence

text: Generally

text: some

text: reviewers

text: have

text: pointed

text: out

text: the

text: strong

text: inclination

text: of

text: Makdisi

text: of

text: overstating

text: his

text: case

text: by

text: simply

text: resting

text: on

text: the

text: accumulation

text: of

text: close

text: parallels

text: but

text: all

text: the

text: while

text: failing

text: to

text: point

text: to

text: convincing

text: channels

text: of

text: transmission

text: between

text: the

text: Muslim

text: and

text: Christian

text: world

text: Norman

text: Daniel

text: points

text: out

text: that

text: the

text: Arab

text: equivalent

text: of

text: the

text: Latin

text: disputation

text: the

text: taliqa

text: was

text: reserved

text: for

text: the

text: ruler

text: 's

text: court

text: not

text: the

text: madrasa

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: actual

text: differences

text: between

text: Islamic

text: fiqh

text: and

text: medieval

text: European

text: civil

text: law

text: were

text: profound

text: The

text: taliqa

text: only

text: reached

text: Islamic

text: Spain

text: the

text: only

text: likely

text: point

text: of

text: transmission

text: after

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: medieval

text: universities

text: In

text: fact

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: Latin

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: taliqa

text: and

text: most

text: importantly

text: no

text: evidence

text: of

text: Latin

text: scholars

text: ever

text: showing

text: awareness

text: of

text: Arab

text: influence

text: on

text: the

text: Latin

text: method

text: of

text: disputation

text: something

text: they

text: would

text: have

text: certainly

text: found

text: noteworthy

text: Rather

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: medieval

text: reception

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: Organon

text: which

text: set

text: the

text: scholastic

text: sic

text: et

text: non

text: in

text: motion

text: Daniel

text: concludes

text: that

text: resemblances

text: in

text: method

text: had

text: more

text: to

text: with

text: the

text: two

text: religions

text: having

text: common

text: problems

text: to

text: reconcile

text: the

text: conflicting

text: statements

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: authorities

text: and

text: to

text: safeguard

text: the

text: data

text: of

text: revelation

text: from

text: the

text: impact

text: of

text: Greek

text: philosophy

text: thus

text: Christian

text: scholasticism

text: and

text: similar

text: Arab

text: concepts

text: should

text: be

text: viewed

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: a

text: parallel

text: occurrence

text: not

text: of

text: the

text: transmission

text: of

text: ideas

text: from

text: one

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: a

text: view

text: shared

text: by

text: Hugh

text: Kennedy

question: What other religion was considered to share parallels in teaching styles with the Muslim faith?

answer: Christian

text: Christian

question: What was Makdisi accused of doing when evaluating the parallels between European and Islamic schools?

answer: overstating his case

text: overstating his case

question: What is the European version of fiqh?

answer: civil law

text: civil law

question: What do scholars believe is the reason for similarities between Islamic and European schools?

answer: parallel occurrence

text: parallel occurrence

question: What other religion was considered to be opposite in teaching styles with the Muslim faith?

text: Christian

question: What was Makdisi not accused of doing when evaluating the parallels between European and Islamic schools?

text: overstating his case

question: What is the non-European version of fiqh?

text: civil law

question: What do scholars believe is the reason for differences between Islamic and European schools?

text: close parallels


text: Unlike most other cities, Strasbourg's collections of European art are divided into several museums according not only to type and area, but also to epoch. Old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories and until 1681 are displayed in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame, old master paintings from all the rest of Europe (including the Dutch Rhenish territories) and until 1871 as well as old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories between 1681 and 1871 are displayed in the Musée des Beaux-Arts. Old master graphic arts until 1871 is displayed in the Cabinet des estampes et dessins. Decorative arts until 1681 ("German period") are displayed in the Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame, decorative arts from 1681 to 1871 ("French period") are displayed in the Musée des Arts décoratifs. International art (painting, sculpture, graphic arts) and decorative art since 1871 is displayed in the Musée d'art moderne et contemporain. The latter museum also displays the city's photographic library.

title: Strasbourg

title: Strasbourg

text: Unlike

text: most

text: other

text: cities

text: Strasbourg

text: 's

text: collections

text: of

text: European

text: art

text: are

text: divided

text: into

text: several

text: museums

text: according

text: not

text: only

text: to

text: type

text: and

text: area

text: but

text: also

text: to

text: epoch

text: Old

text: master

text: paintings

text: from

text: the

text: Germanic

text: Rhenish

text: territories

text: and

text: until

text: are

text: displayed

text: in

text: the

text: Musée

text: de

text: l'Œuvre

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: old

text: master

text: paintings

text: from

text: all

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Europe

text: including

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Rhenish

text: territories

text: and

text: until

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: old

text: master

text: paintings

text: from

text: the

text: Germanic

text: Rhenish

text: territories

text: between

text: and

text: are

text: displayed

text: in

text: the

text: Musée

text: des

text: Beaux

text: Arts

text: Old

text: master

text: graphic

text: arts

text: until

text: is

text: displayed

text: in

text: the

text: Cabinet

text: des

text: estampes

text: et

text: dessins

text: Decorative

text: arts

text: until

text: German

text: period

text: are

text: displayed

text: in

text: the

text: Musée

text: de

text: l'Œuvre

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: decorative

text: arts

text: from

text: to

text: French

text: period

text: are

text: displayed

text: in

text: the

text: Musée

text: des

text: Arts

text: décoratifs

text: International

text: art

text: painting

text: sculpture

text: graphic

text: arts

text: and

text: decorative

text: art

text: since

text: is

text: displayed

text: in

text: the

text: Musée

text: d'art

text: moderne

text: et

text: contemporain

text: The

text: latter

text: museum

text: also

text: displays

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: photographic

text: library

question: Where are old master paintings from the Germanic Rhenish territories until 1681 held?

answer: Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame

text: Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame

question: Where are old master graphic arts until 1871 displayed?

answer: Cabinet des estampes et dessins

text: Cabinet des estampes et dessins

question: Where are decorative arts until 1681 displayed?

answer: Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame

text: Musée de l'Œuvre Notre-Dame

question: Where is the city's photographic library?

answer: Musée d'art moderne et contemporain

text: Musée d'art moderne et contemporain

question: Where is the international art since 1871 displayed?

answer: Musée d'art moderne et contemporain

text: Musée d'art moderne et contemporain

question: When was the Musee de I'OEuvre Notre-Dame completed?

question: When was the Musee d'art moderne et contemporain finished?

question: What style of building is the Musee des Beaux-Arts?

text: Germanic

question: In what year was the Musee des art decoratifs completed?

question: What style of building is the Musee des art decoratifs?

text: Germanic


text: Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685–705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: Marwan

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: his

text: son

text: Abd

text: al

text: Malik

text: who

text: reconsolidated

text: Umayyad

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: caliphate

text: The

text: early

text: reign

text: of

text: Abd

text: al

text: Malik

text: was

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: revolt

text: of

text: Al

text: Mukhtar

text: which

text: was

text: based

text: in

text: Kufa

text: Al

text: Mukhtar

text: hoped

text: to

text: elevate

text: Muhammad

text: ibn

text: al

text: Hanafiyyah

text: another

text: son

text: of

text: Ali

text: to

text: the

text: caliphate

text: although

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Hanafiyyah

text: himself

text: may

text: have

text: had

text: no

text: connection

text: to

text: the

text: revolt

text: The

text: troops

text: of

text: al

text: Mukhtar

text: engaged

text: in

text: battles

text: both

text: with

text: the

text: Umayyads

text: in

text: defeating

text: them

text: at

text: the

text: river

text: Khazir

text: near

text: Mosul

text: and

text: with

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Zubayr

text: in

text: at

text: which

text: time

text: the

text: revolt

text: of

text: al

text: Mukhtar

text: was

text: crushed

text: In

text: Umayyad

text: troops

text: reconquered

text: Iraq

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: army

text: captured

text: Mecca

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Zubayr

text: was

text: killed

text: in

text: the

text: attack

question: Who was the father of Abd al-Malik?

answer: Marwan

text: Marwan

question: When did Abd al-Malik's rule begin?

answer: 685

question: Where was Al-Mukhtar based?

answer: Kufa

text: Kufa

question: Who was the father of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?

answer: Ali

text: Ali

question: In what year did Ibn al-Zubayr die?

answer: 692

question: Who succeeded Abd al-Malik?

text: Marwan

question: What span of years did Marwan rule?

question: Who was another son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?

text: The troops of al-Mukhtar

question: When did the Umayyads defeat the troops of al-Mukhtar near Mosul?


text: Alloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after "natural bronze" had come into general use[citation needed]. Bronze artifacts from the Vinča culture date to 4500 BC. Sumerian and Egyptian artifacts of copper and bronze alloys date to 3000 BC. The Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe around 3700–3300 BC, in Northwestern Europe about 2500 BC. It ended with the beginning of the Iron Age, 2000–1000 BC in the Near East, 600 BC in Northern Europe. The transition between the Neolithic period and the Bronze Age was formerly termed the Chalcolithic period (copper-stone), with copper tools being used with stone tools. This term has gradually fallen out of favor because in some parts of the world the Chalcolithic and Neolithic are coterminous at both ends. Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is of much more recent origin. It was known to the Greeks, but became a significant supplement to bronze during the Roman Empire.

title: Copper

title: Copper

text: Alloying

text: copper

text: with

text: tin

text: to

text: make

text: bronze

text: was

text: first

text: practiced

text: about

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: copper

text: smelting

text: and

text: about

text: years

text: after

text: natural

text: bronze

text: had

text: come

text: into

text: general

text: use[citation

text: needed

text: Bronze

text: artifacts

text: from

text: the

text: Vinča

text: culture

text: date

text: to

text: BC

text: Sumerian

text: and

text: Egyptian

text: artifacts

text: of

text: copper

text: and

text: bronze

text: alloys

text: date

text: to

text: BC

text: The

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: began

text: in

text: Southeastern

text: Europe

text: around

text: BC

text: in

text: Northwestern

text: Europe

text: about

text: BC

text: It

text: ended

text: with

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Iron

text: Age

text: BC

text: in

text: the

text: Near

text: East

text: BC

text: in

text: Northern

text: Europe

text: The

text: transition

text: between

text: the

text: Neolithic

text: period

text: and

text: the

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: was

text: formerly

text: termed

text: the

text: Chalcolithic

text: period

text: copper

text: stone

text: with

text: copper

text: tools

text: being

text: used

text: with

text: stone

text: tools

text: This

text: term

text: has

text: gradually

text: fallen

text: out

text: of

text: favor

text: because

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: Chalcolithic

text: and

text: Neolithic

text: are

text: coterminous

text: at

text: both

text: ends

text: Brass

text: an

text: alloy

text: of

text: copper

text: and

text: zinc

text: is

text: of

text: much

text: more

text: recent

text: origin

text: It

text: was

text: known

text: to

text: the

text: Greeks

text: but

text: became

text: a

text: significant

text: supplement

text: to

text: bronze

text: during

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

question: What started about 4000 years after copper smelting was discovered?

answer: Alloying copper with tin to make bronze

text: Alloying copper with tin to make bronze

question: What are the first datings of Bronze artifacts from the Vinca culture?

answer: 4500 BC

text: 4500 BC

question: When did the Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe?

answer: 3700–3300 BC

text: 3700–3300 BC

question: What was the transition between the Neolithic period and the bronze age called?

answer: Chalcolithic

text: Chalcolithic

question: What is an alloy of copper and zinc?

answer: Brass

text: Brass

question: What started about 3000 years after copper smelting was discovered?

text: Alloying copper with tin to make bronze

question: What are the first datings of Platinum artifacts from the Vinca culture?

text: 4500 BC

question: When did the Silver Age begin in Southeastern Europe?

text: 3700–3300 BC

question: What was the transition between the Neolithic period and the silver age called?

text: Chalcolithic

question: What is an alloy of copper and brass?

text: zinc