text: On July 1, 1988, the fourth and last day of a bruising 19th Party Conference, Gorbachev won the backing of the tired delegates for his last-minute proposal to create a new supreme legislative body called the Congress of People's Deputies. Frustrated by the old guard's resistance, Gorbachev embarked on a set of constitutional changes to try to separate party and state, and thereby isolate his conservative Party opponents. Detailed proposals for the new Congress of People's Deputies were published on October 2, 1988, and to enable the creation of the new legislature the Supreme Soviet, during its November 29–December 1, 1988, session, implemented amendments to the 1977 Soviet Constitution, enacted a law on electoral reform, and set the date of the election for March 26, 1989.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: On

text: July

text: the

text: fourth

text: and

text: last

text: day

text: of

text: a

text: bruising

text: Party

text: Conference

text: Gorbachev

text: won

text: the

text: backing

text: of

text: the

text: tired

text: delegates

text: for

text: his

text: last

text: minute

text: proposal

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: new

text: supreme

text: legislative

text: body

text: called

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: People

text: 's

text: Deputies

text: Frustrated

text: by

text: the

text: old

text: guard

text: 's

text: resistance

text: Gorbachev

text: embarked

text: on

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: constitutional

text: changes

text: to

text: try

text: to

text: separate

text: party

text: and

text: state

text: and

text: thereby

text: isolate

text: his

text: conservative

text: Party

text: opponents

text: Detailed

text: proposals

text: for

text: the

text: new

text: Congress

text: of

text: People

text: 's

text: Deputies

text: were

text: published

text: on

text: October

text: and

text: to

text: enable

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: legislature

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Soviet

text: during

text: its

text: November

text: session

text: implemented

text: amendments

text: to

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Constitution

text: enacted

text: a

text: law

text: on

text: electoral

text: reform

text: and

text: set

text: the

text: date

text: of

text: the

text: election

text: for

text: March

question: What ws the final day of the 19th Party Conference?

answer: July 1, 1988

text: July 1, 1988

question: What did Gorbachev hope to create?

answer: new supreme legislative body

text: new supreme legislative body

question: What was Gorbachev trying to separate?

answer: party and state

text: party and state

question: What was the proposed legislative body called?

answer: Congress of People's Deputies

text: Congress of People's Deputies

question: What was the ideology of Gorbachev's opponents?

answer: conservative

text: conservative


text: In the mainly Christian Indian state of Mizoram, the Presbyterian denomination is the largest denomination; it was brought to the region with missionaries from Wales in 1894. Prior to Mizoram, the Welsh Presbyterians (missionaries) started venturing into the north-east of India through the Khasi Hills (presently located within the state of Meghalaya in India) and established Presbyterian churches all over the Khasi Hills from the 1840s onwards. Hence there is a strong presence of Presbyterians in Shillong (the present capital of Meghalaya) and the areas adjoining it. The Welsh missionaries built their first church in Sohra (aka Cherrapunji) in 1846. Presbyterians participated in the mergers that resulted in the Church of North India and the Church of South India.Sohra

title: Presbyterianism

title: Presbyterianism

text: In

text: the

text: mainly

text: Christian

text: Indian

text: state

text: of

text: Mizoram

text: the

text: Presbyterian

text: denomination

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: denomination

text: it

text: was

text: brought

text: to

text: the

text: region

text: with

text: missionaries

text: from

text: Wales

text: in

text: Prior

text: to

text: Mizoram

text: the

text: Welsh

text: Presbyterians

text: missionaries

text: started

text: venturing

text: into

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: of

text: India

text: through

text: the

text: Khasi

text: Hills

text: presently

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Meghalaya

text: in

text: India

text: and

text: established

text: Presbyterian

text: churches

text: all

text: over

text: the

text: Khasi

text: Hills

text: from

text: the

text: onwards

text: Hence

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: strong

text: presence

text: of

text: Presbyterians

text: in

text: Shillong

text: the

text: present

text: capital

text: of

text: Meghalaya

text: and

text: the

text: areas

text: adjoining

text: it

text: The

text: Welsh

text: missionaries

text: built

text: their

text: first

text: church

text: in

text: Sohra

text: aka

text: Cherrapunji

text: in

text: Presbyterians

text: participated

text: in

text: the

text: mergers

text: that

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: North

text: India

text: and

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: South

text: India

text: Sohra

question: What year was the largest Presbyterian denomination brought to Mizoram?

answer: 1894

question: Before Mizoram, what was the name of the group of  missionaries that  ventured into east india?

answer: Welsh Presbyterians

text: Welsh Presbyterians

question: Where did the Welsh Presbyterians build there first church?

answer: Sohra

text: Sohra

question: During what year was the smallest the first Presbyterian church in Tainan

question: In what year was Presbyterianism brought to the region from India?

question: There is a weak presence of Presbyterians in which capital of Meghalaya?

text: Shillong

question: Where did the Welsh missionaries establish their first church in 1894?

text: Sohra

question: Who participated in mergers which created the Church of South Khasi Hills?

text: Presbyterians


text: In September 2006, German officials seized MP3 players from SanDisk's booth at the IFA show in Berlin after an Italian patents firm won an injunction on behalf of Sisvel against SanDisk in a dispute over licensing rights. The injunction was later reversed by a Berlin judge, but that reversal was in turn blocked the same day by another judge from the same court, "bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany" in the words of one commentator.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: In

text: September

text: German

text: officials

text: seized

text: players

text: from

text: SanDisk

text: 's

text: booth

text: at

text: the

text: IFA

text: show

text: in

text: Berlin

text: after

text: an

text: Italian

text: patents

text: firm

text: won

text: an

text: injunction

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: Sisvel

text: against

text: SanDisk

text: in

text: a

text: dispute

text: over

text: licensing

text: rights

text: The

text: injunction

text: was

text: later

text: reversed

text: by

text: a

text: Berlin

text: judge

text: but

text: that

text: reversal

text: was

text: in

text: turn

text: blocked

text: the

text: same

text: day

text: by

text: another

text: judge

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: court

text: bringing

text: the

text: Patent

text: Wild

text: West

text: to

text: Germany

text: in

text: the

text: words

text: of

text: one

text: commentator

question: What did German officials seize from SanDisk on September 2006?

answer: MP3 players

text: MP3 players

question: At which show did SanDisk have their assets seized?

answer: IFA

text: IFA

question: Which company was the Italian patents firm representing?

answer: Sisvel

text: Sisvel

question: What happened after the injunction was successful?

answer: The injunction was later reversed

text: The injunction was later reversed

question: The continuous back and forth regarding the decisions on patents was referred to as what?

answer: bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany

text: bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany


text: Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: Having

text: removed

text: the

text: monarchical

text: government

text: Gaddafi

text: proclaimed

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: the

text: Libyan

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: Addressing

text: the

text: populace

text: by

text: radio

text: he

text: proclaimed

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: the

text: reactionary

text: and

text: corrupt

text: regime

text: the

text: stench

text: of

text: which

text: has

text: sickened

text: and

text: horrified

text: us

text: all

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: coup

text: 's

text: bloodless

text: nature

text: it

text: was

text: initially

text: labelled

text: the

text: White

text: Revolution

text: although

text: was

text: later

text: renamed

text: the

text: One

text: September

text: Revolution

text: after

text: the

text: date

text: on

text: which

text: it

text: occurred

text: Gaddafi

text: insisted

text: that

text: the

text: Free

text: Officers

text: coup

text: represented

text: a

text: revolution

text: marking

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: widespread

text: change

text: in

text: the

text: socio

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: nature

text: of

text: Libya

text: He

text: proclaimed

text: that

text: the

text: revolution

text: meant

text: freedom

text: socialism

text: and

text: unity

text: and

text: over

text: the

text: coming

text: years

text: implemented

text: measures

text: to

text: achieve

text: this

question: How did Gaddafi announced his leadership?:

answer: Addressing the populace by radio

text: Addressing the populace by radio

question: List the two names of Gaddafi's coup.

answer: "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution"

text: "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution"

question: What did Gaddafi tell the people that the revolution represented?

answer: freedom, socialism, and unity

text: freedom, socialism, and unity

question: What did Gaddafi insist that the coup be referred to as?

answer: a revolution

text: a revolution

question: What was the name of the government Gaddafi set up after overthrowing the monarchy?

answer: Libyan Arab Republic

text: Libyan Arab Republic

question: What was the Libyan coup called at first?

answer: White Revolution

text: White Revolution

question: What was the Libyan coup later called, when it was renamed for the day it took place?

answer: One September Revolution

text: One September Revolution

question: What was the name of the revolutionary group led by Gaddafi?

answer: Free Officers

text: Free Officers

question: How did Gaddafi characterize the monarchy in his radio address?

answer: reactionary and corrupt

text: reactionary and corrupt


text: Gradually, the predetermined nature of professional wrestling became an open secret, as prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon) began to publicly admit that wrestling was entertainment, not competition. This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community, as some feel that exposure ruins the experience to the spectators as does exposure in illusionism. Despite the public admission of the theatrical nature of professional wrestling, many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports. For example, New York State still regulates "professional wrestling" through the New York State Athletic Commission (SAC).

title: Professional_wrestling

title: Professional_wrestling

text: Gradually

text: the

text: predetermined

text: nature

text: of

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: became

text: an

text: open

text: secret

text: as

text: prominent

text: figures

text: in

text: the

text: wrestling

text: business

text: including

text: WWE

text: owner

text: Vince

text: McMahon

text: began

text: to

text: publicly

text: admit

text: that

text: wrestling

text: was

text: entertainment

text: not

text: competition

text: This

text: public

text: reveal

text: has

text: garnered

text: mixed

text: reactions

text: from

text: the

text: wrestling

text: community

text: as

text: some

text: feel

text: that

text: exposure

text: ruins

text: the

text: experience

text: to

text: the

text: spectators

text: as

text: does

text: exposure

text: in

text: illusionism

text: Despite

text: the

text: public

text: admission

text: of

text: the

text: theatrical

text: nature

text: of

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: many

text: U.S.

text: states

text: still

text: regulate

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: as

text: they

text: do

text: other

text: professional

text: competitive

text: sports

text: For

text: example

text: New

text: York

text: State

text: still

text: regulates

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: through

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: State

text: Athletic

text: Commission

text: SAC

question: Who confessed that wrestling was not competition?

answer: prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon)

text: prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon)

question: How have people reacted to the revelation that wrestling is purely entertainment?

answer: This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community

text: This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community

question: How do many U.S. states handle wrestling?

answer: many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports

text: many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports


text: By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or "doughboys" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918.

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

text: By

text: summer

text: a

text: million

text: American

text: soldiers

text: or

text: doughboys

text: as

text: they

text: were

text: often

text: called

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Expeditionary

text: Forces

text: were

text: in

text: Europe

text: under

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: John

text: J.

text: Pershing

text: with

text: more

text: arriving

text: every

text: week

text: The

text: failure

text: of

text: Germany

text: 's

text: spring

text: offensive

text: exhausted

text: its

text: reserves

text: and

text: they

text: were

text: unable

text: to

text: launch

text: new

text: offensives

text: The

text: German

text: Navy

text: and

text: home

text: front

text: then

text: revolted

text: and

text: a

text: new

text: German

text: government

text: signed

text: a

text: conditional

text: surrender

text: the

text: Armistice

text: ending

text: the

text: war

text: against

text: the

text: western

text: front

text: on

text: November

question: What was the name given to American soldiers in Europe in 1918?

answer: doughboys

text: doughboys

question: What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Europe in 1918?

answer: American Expeditionary Forces

text: American Expeditionary Forces

question: Who had overall command of the American forces in Europe?

answer: John J. Pershing

text: John J. Pershing

question: When did fighting on the western front end?

answer: November 11, 1918

text: November 11, 1918

question: What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the western front?

answer: the Armistice

text: the Armistice

question: What was the name given to African soldiers in Europe in 1918?

text: doughboys

question: What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Asia in 1918?

text: American Expeditionary Forces

question: Who had overall command of the African forces in Europe?

text: John J. Pershing

question: When did fighting on the eastern front end?

text: November 11, 1918

question: What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the eastern front?

text: Armistice


text: Hume maintained that all knowledge, even the most basic beliefs about the natural world, cannot be conclusively established by reason. Rather, he maintained, our beliefs are more a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences. Among his many arguments Hume also added another important slant to the debate about scientific method — that of the problem of induction. Hume argued that it requires inductive reasoning to arrive at the premises for the principle of inductive reasoning, and therefore the justification for inductive reasoning is a circular argument. Among Hume's conclusions regarding the problem of induction is that there is no certainty that the future will resemble the past. Thus, as a simple instance posed by Hume, we cannot know with certainty by inductive reasoning that the sun will continue to rise in the East, but instead come to expect it to do so because it has repeatedly done so in the past.

title: Empiricism

title: Empiricism

text: Hume

text: maintained

text: that

text: all

text: knowledge

text: even

text: the

text: most

text: basic

text: beliefs

text: about

text: the

text: natural

text: world

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: conclusively

text: established

text: by

text: reason

text: Rather

text: he

text: maintained

text: our

text: beliefs

text: are

text: more

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: accumulated

text: habits

text: developed

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: accumulated

text: sense

text: experiences

text: Among

text: his

text: many

text: arguments

text: Hume

text: also

text: added

text: another

text: important

text: slant

text: to

text: the

text: debate

text: about

text: scientific

text: method

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: problem

text: of

text: induction

text: Hume

text: argued

text: that

text: it

text: requires

text: inductive

text: reasoning

text: to

text: arrive

text: at

text: the

text: premises

text: for

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: inductive

text: reasoning

text: and

text: therefore

text: the

text: justification

text: for

text: inductive

text: reasoning

text: is

text: a

text: circular

text: argument

text: Among

text: Hume

text: 's

text: conclusions

text: regarding

text: the

text: problem

text: of

text: induction

text: is

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: certainty

text: that

text: the

text: future

text: will

text: resemble

text: the

text: past

text: Thus

text: as

text: a

text: simple

text: instance

text: posed

text: by

text: Hume

text: we

text: can

text: not

text: know

text: with

text: certainty

text: by

text: inductive

text: reasoning

text: that

text: the

text: sun

text: will

text: continue

text: to

text: rise

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: but

text: instead

text: come

text: to

text: expect

text: it

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: because

text: it

text: has

text: repeatedly

text: done

text: so

text: in

text: the

text: past

question: What did Hume think our beliefs are?

answer: a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences

text: a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences

question: What did Hume think our beliefs can't be established solely by?

answer: reason

text: reason

question: What did Hume think is a circular argument?

answer: the justification for inductive reasoning

text: the justification for inductive reasoning

question: What did Hume say we can't know by inductive reasoning?

answer: that the sun will continue to rise in the East

text: that the sun will continue to rise in the East

question: Why did Hume say we expect the sun to rise?

answer: because it has repeatedly done so in the past

text: because it has repeatedly done so in the past

question: Who invented the circular argument?

text: Hume

question: Why does Hume say we can know the sun will rise in the east?

text: the future will resemble the past

question: What did problem of the scientific method did Hume solve?

text: the problem of induction

question: Where does Hume say the sun sets?

text: the East

question: Humes argues there is no way to know the past will be like what?

text: the future


text: Whitehead has had some influence on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory. This has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events (as opposed to static things) within organizations through an “organization studies” discourse that accommodates a variety of 'weak' and 'strong' process perspectives from a number of philosophers. One of the leading figures having an explicitly Whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is Mark Dibben, who works in what he calls "applied process thought" to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics. For Dibben, this allows "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening." Dibben has published two books on applied process thought, Applied Process Thought I: Initial Explorations in Theory and Research (2008), and Applied Process Thought II: Following a Trail Ablaze (2009), as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics.

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

text: Whitehead

text: has

text: had

text: some

text: influence

text: on

text: philosophy

text: of

text: business

text: administration

text: and

text: organizational

text: theory

text: This

text: has

text: led

text: in

text: part

text: to

text: a

text: focus

text: on

text: identifying

text: and

text: investigating

text: the

text: effect

text: of

text: temporal

text: events

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: static

text: things

text: within

text: organizations

text: through

text: an

text: organization

text: studies

text: discourse

text: that

text: accommodates

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: weak

text: and

text: strong

text: process

text: perspectives

text: from

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: philosophers

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: figures

text: having

text: an

text: explicitly

text: Whiteheadian

text: and

text: panexperientialist

text: stance

text: towards

text: management

text: is

text: Mark

text: Dibben

text: who

text: works

text: in

text: what

text: he

text: calls

text: applied

text: process

text: thought

text: to

text: articulate

text: a

text: philosophy

text: of

text: management

text: and

text: business

text: administration

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: wider

text: examination

text: of

text: the

text: social

text: sciences

text: through

text: the

text: lens

text: of

text: process

text: metaphysics

text: For

text: Dibben

text: this

text: allows

text: a

text: comprehensive

text: exploration

text: of

text: life

text: as

text: perpetually

text: active

text: experiencing

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: occasional

text: and

text: thoroughly

text: passive

text: happening

text: Dibben

text: has

text: published

text: two

text: books

text: on

text: applied

text: process

text: thought

text: Applied

text: Process

text: Thought

text: I

text: Initial

text: Explorations

text: in

text: Theory

text: and

text: Research

text: and

text: Applied

text: Process

text: Thought

text: II

text: Following

text: a

text: Trail

text: Ablaze

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: papers

text: in

text: this

text: vein

text: in

text: the

text: fields

text: of

text: philosophy

text: of

text: management

text: and

text: business

text: ethics

question: What business fields has Whitehead influenced?

answer: philosophy of business administration and organizational theory

text: philosophy of business administration and organizational theory

question: What prominent business professor has been heavily influenced by Whitehead?

answer: Mark Dibben

text: Mark Dibben

question: What does Dibben call his philosophy on management and business administration?

answer: "applied process thought"

text: "applied process thought"

question: According to Dibben, what are the benefits of applying process metaphysics to examining management and business administration as a component of social science?

answer: this allows "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening."

text: this allows "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening."

question: In what fields has Dibben published two books and other papers?

answer: philosophy of management and business ethics

text: philosophy of management and business ethics

question: What business fields has Whitehead not influenced?

question: What prominent business professor has not been heavily influenced by Whitehead?

text: Mark Dibben

question: What does Dibben call his philosophy on science and math administration?

text: Applied Process Thought II


text: Russell moved the Watch Tower Society's headquarters to Brooklyn, New York, in 1909, combining printing and corporate offices with a house of worship; volunteers were housed in a nearby residence he named Bethel. He identified the religious movement as "Bible Students," and more formally as the International Bible Students Association. By 1910, about 50,000 people worldwide were associated with the movement and congregations re-elected him annually as their "pastor." Russell died October 31, 1916, at the age of 64 while returning from a ministerial speaking tour.

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

text: Russell

text: moved

text: the

text: Watch

text: Tower

text: Society

text: 's

text: headquarters

text: to

text: Brooklyn

text: New

text: York

text: in

text: combining

text: printing

text: and

text: corporate

text: offices

text: with

text: a

text: house

text: of

text: worship

text: volunteers

text: were

text: housed

text: in

text: a

text: nearby

text: residence

text: he

text: named

text: Bethel

text: He

text: identified

text: the

text: religious

text: movement

text: as

text: Bible

text: Students

text: and

text: more

text: formally

text: as

text: the

text: International

text: Bible

text: Students

text: Association

text: By

text: about

text: people

text: worldwide

text: were

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: movement

text: and

text: congregations

text: re

text: elected

text: him

text: annually

text: as

text: their

text: pastor

text: Russell

text: died

text: October

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: while

text: returning

text: from

text: a

text: ministerial

text: speaking

text: tour

question: When did Russell move the Society's headquarters to Brooklyn?

answer: 1909

question: What did Russell combine at the headquarters?

answer: printing and corporate offices with a house of worship

text: printing and corporate offices with a house of worship

question: What was the name of the residence where volunteers were housed?

answer: Bethel

text: Bethel

question: How many people worldwide were associated with Russell's movement by 1910?

answer: about 50,000 people

text: about 50,000 people

question: When did Russell die?

answer: October 31, 1916

text: October 31, 1916

question: In what month in 1909 did Russell move the Watch Tower Societies headquarters to Brooklyn, New York?

text: October

question: In what year did Russell establish the International Bible Students Association?

question: How many people in the United States were associated with Jehovah's Witnesses as of 1910?

question: In what year had Russell established the Watch Tower Society?

question: What was one of the cities on Russell's 1916 ministerial speaking tour?

text: Brooklyn, New York


text: Developed at roughly the same time as the USB 3.1 specification, but distinct from it, the USB Type-C Specification 1.0 was finalized in August 2014 and defines a new small reversible-plug connector for USB devices. The Type-C plug connects to both hosts and devices, replacing various Type-A and Type-B connectors and cables with a standard meant to be future-proof, similar to Apple Lightning and Thunderbolt. The 24-pin double-sided connector provides four power/ground pairs, two differential pairs for USB 2.0 data bus (though only one pair is implemented in a Type-C cable), four pairs for high-speed data bus, two "sideband use" pins, and two configuration pins for cable orientation detection, dedicated biphase mark code (BMC) configuration data channel, and VCONN +5 V power for active cables. Type-A and Type-B adaptors and cables are required for older devices to plug into Type-C hosts. Adapters and cables with a Type-C receptacle are not allowed.[citation needed]

title: USB

title: USB

text: Developed

text: at

text: roughly

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: as

text: the

text: USB

text: specification

text: but

text: distinct

text: from

text: it

text: the

text: USB

text: Type

text: C

text: Specification

text: was

text: finalized

text: in

text: August

text: and

text: defines

text: a

text: new

text: small

text: reversible

text: plug

text: connector

text: for

text: USB

text: devices

text: The

text: Type

text: C

text: plug

text: connects

text: to

text: both

text: hosts

text: and

text: devices

text: replacing

text: various

text: Type

text: A

text: and

text: Type

text: B

text: connectors

text: and

text: cables

text: with

text: a

text: standard

text: meant

text: to

text: be

text: future

text: proof

text: similar

text: to

text: Apple

text: Lightning

text: and

text: Thunderbolt

text: The

text: double

text: sided

text: connector

text: provides

text: four

text: power

text: ground

text: pairs

text: two

text: differential

text: pairs

text: for

text: USB

text: data

text: bus

text: though

text: only

text: one

text: pair

text: is

text: implemented

text: in

text: a

text: Type

text: C

text: cable

text: four

text: pairs

text: for

text: high

text: speed

text: data

text: bus

text: two

text: sideband

text: use

text: pins

text: and

text: two

text: configuration

text: pins

text: for

text: cable

text: orientation

text: detection

text: dedicated

text: biphase

text: mark

text: code

text: BMC

text: configuration

text: data

text: channel

text: and

text: VCONN

text: V

text: power

text: for

text: active

text: cables

text: Type

text: A

text: and

text: Type

text: B

text: adaptors

text: and

text: cables

text: are

text: required

text: for

text: older

text: devices

text: to

text: plug

text: into

text: Type

text: C

text: hosts

text: Adapters

text: and

text: cables

text: with

text: a

text: Type

text: C

text: receptacle

text: are

text: not

text: allowed.[citation

text: needed

question: When was the Type-C Specification 1.0 finalized?

answer: August 2014

text: August 2014

question: What defined a new reversible-plug connector for USB devices?

answer: USB Type-C Specification 1.0

text: USB Type-C Specification 1.0

question: What does Type-C connect to?

answer: both hosts and devices

text: both hosts and devices

question: What connector provides four power/ground pairs?

answer: The 24-pin double-sided connector

text: The 24-pin double-sided connector


text: In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: In

text: the

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Vincennes

text: Célestine

text: Guynemer

text: de

text: la

text: Hailandière

text: offered

text: land

text: to

text: Father

text: Edward

text: Sorin

text: of

text: the

text: Congregation

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Cross

text: on

text: the

text: condition

text: that

text: he

text: build

text: a

text: college

text: in

text: two

text: years

text: Fr

text: Sorin

text: arrived

text: on

text: the

text: site

text: with

text: eight

text: Holy

text: Cross

text: brothers

text: from

text: France

text: and

text: Ireland

text: on

text: November

text: and

text: began

text: the

text: school

text: using

text: Father

text: Stephen

text: Badin

text: 's

text: old

text: log

text: chapel

text: He

text: soon

text: erected

text: additional

text: buildings

text: including

text: Old

text: College

text: the

text: first

text: church

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: main

text: building

text: They

text: immediately

text: acquired

text: two

text: students

text: and

text: set

text: about

text: building

text: additions

text: to

text: the

text: campus

question: In what year was Father Edward Sorin given two years to create a college?

answer: 1842

question: Which individual offered land to Father Edward Sorin?

answer: Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière

text: Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière

question: Which church was Father Edward Sorin representing?

answer: the Congregation of the Holy Cross

text: the Congregation of the Holy Cross

question: On what date did brothers from Holy Cross arrive at the future location of Notre Dame?

answer: November 26, 1842

text: November 26, 1842

question: Which structure was the first used for the purposes of the college?

answer: Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel

text: Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel


text: Most of the residents are Marshallese, who are of Micronesian origin and migrated from Asia several thousand years ago. A minority of Marshallese have some recent Asian ancestry, mainly Japanese. About one-half of the nation's population lives on Majuro, the capital, and Ebeye, a densely populated island. The outer islands are sparsely populated due to lack of employment opportunities and economic development. Life on the outer atolls is generally traditional.

title: Marshall_Islands

title: Marshall_Islands

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: residents

text: are

text: Marshallese

text: who

text: are

text: of

text: Micronesian

text: origin

text: and

text: migrated

text: from

text: Asia

text: several

text: thousand

text: years

text: ago

text: A

text: minority

text: of

text: Marshallese

text: have

text: some

text: recent

text: Asian

text: ancestry

text: mainly

text: Japanese

text: About

text: one

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: population

text: lives

text: on

text: Majuro

text: the

text: capital

text: and

text: Ebeye

text: a

text: densely

text: populated

text: island

text: The

text: outer

text: islands

text: are

text: sparsely

text: populated

text: due

text: to

text: lack

text: of

text: employment

text: opportunities

text: and

text: economic

text: development

text: Life

text: on

text: the

text: outer

text: atolls

text: is

text: generally

text: traditional

question: What is the ethnicity of most Marshall Islands residents?

answer: Marshallese

text: Marshallese

question: From what continent did the Marshallese originate?

answer: Asia

text: Asia

question: What fraction of the population lives on Majuro or Ebeye?

answer: one-half

text: one-half

question: What recent Asian ancestry do some Marshall Island residents have?

answer: Japanese

text: Japanese

question: From when did the Marshallese migrate from the Asian continent?

answer: several thousand years ago

text: several thousand years ago


text: Trademark infringement occurs when one party uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by another party, in relation to products or services which are identical or similar to the products or services of the other party. In many countries, a trademark receives protection without registration, but registering a trademark provides legal advantages for enforcement. Infringement can be addressed by civil litigation and, in several jurisdictions, under criminal law.

title: Intellectual_property

title: Intellectual_property

text: Trademark

text: infringement

text: occurs

text: when

text: one

text: party

text: uses

text: a

text: trademark

text: that

text: is

text: identical

text: or

text: confusingly

text: similar

text: to

text: a

text: trademark

text: owned

text: by

text: another

text: party

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: products

text: or

text: services

text: which

text: are

text: identical

text: or

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: products

text: or

text: services

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: party

text: In

text: many

text: countries

text: a

text: trademark

text: receives

text: protection

text: without

text: registration

text: but

text: registering

text: a

text: trademark

text: provides

text: legal

text: advantages

text: for

text: enforcement

text: Infringement

text: can

text: be

text: addressed

text: by

text: civil

text: litigation

text: and

text: in

text: several

text: jurisdictions

text: under

text: criminal

text: law

question: What occurs when someone uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by someone else?

answer: Trademark infringement

text: Trademark infringement

question: What does registering a trademark provide?

answer: legal advantages for enforcement

text: legal advantages for enforcement

question: Where is a trademark protected without registration?

answer: In many countries

text: In many countries

question: How is trademark infringement addressed in most jurisdictions?

answer: civil litigation

text: civil litigation

question: How is trademark infringement addressed in a few jurisdictions?

answer: criminal law

text: criminal law

question: What occurs when someone uses an identical trademark but not when the use a similar trademark

text: Trademark infringement

question: What this trademark protection require in most jurisdictions?

text: registration

question: A trademark without what receives the same legal advantages as a registered trademark?

text: registration

question: What is addressed by criminal law in all jurisdictions?

text: Infringement


text: Secretory diarrhea means that there is an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption. There is little to no structural damage. The most common cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions. Therefore, to maintain a charge balance in the lumen, sodium is carried with it, along with water. In this type of diarrhea intestinal fluid secretion is isotonic with plasma even during fasting. It continues even when there is no oral food intake.

title: Diarrhea

title: Diarrhea

text: Secretory

text: diarrhea

text: means

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: active

text: secretion

text: or

text: there

text: is

text: an

text: inhibition

text: of

text: absorption

text: There

text: is

text: little

text: to

text: no

text: structural

text: damage

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: this

text: type

text: of

text: diarrhea

text: is

text: a

text: cholera

text: toxin

text: that

text: stimulates

text: the

text: secretion

text: of

text: anions

text: especially

text: chloride

text: ions

text: Therefore

text: to

text: maintain

text: a

text: charge

text: balance

text: in

text: the

text: lumen

text: sodium

text: is

text: carried

text: with

text: it

text: along

text: with

text: water

text: In

text: this

text: type

text: of

text: diarrhea

text: intestinal

text: fluid

text: secretion

text: is

text: isotonic

text: with

text: plasma

text: even

text: during

text: fasting

text: It

text: continues

text: even

text: when

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: oral

text: food

text: intake

question: What is secretory diarrhea?

answer: an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption

text: an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption

question: What are the causes of secretory diarrhea?

answer: cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions

text: cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions

question: Is there any structural damage associated with secretory diarrhea?

answer: . There is little to no structural damage.

text: . There is little to no structural damage.

question: What means there is an increase in structural damage or absorption inhibition?

text: Secretory diarrhea

question: What causes inhibition of absorption?

question: Is there any structural damage associated with oral food intake?

text: There is little to no structural damage

question: What happens to fluid secretion when there is oral food intake?

question: What stimulates the secretion of chloride plasma?

text: a cholera toxin


text: The micro plug design is rated for at least 10,000 connect-disconnect cycles, which is more than the mini plug design. The micro connector is also designed to reduce the mechanical wear on the device; instead the easier-to-replace cable is designed to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection. The Universal Serial Bus Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification details the mechanical characteristics of micro-A plugs, micro-AB receptacles (which accept both micro-A and micro-B plugs), and micro-B plugs and receptacles, along with a standard-A receptacle to micro-A plug adapter.

title: USB

title: USB

text: The

text: micro

text: plug

text: design

text: is

text: rated

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: connect

text: disconnect

text: cycles

text: which

text: is

text: more

text: than

text: the

text: mini

text: plug

text: design

text: The

text: micro

text: connector

text: is

text: also

text: designed

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: mechanical

text: wear

text: on

text: the

text: device

text: instead

text: the

text: easier

text: to

text: replace

text: cable

text: is

text: designed

text: to

text: bear

text: the

text: mechanical

text: wear

text: of

text: connection

text: and

text: disconnection

text: The

text: Universal

text: Serial

text: Bus

text: Micro

text: USB

text: Cables

text: and

text: Connectors

text: Specification

text: details

text: the

text: mechanical

text: characteristics

text: of

text: micro

text: A

text: plugs

text: micro

text: AB

text: receptacles

text: which

text: accept

text: both

text: micro

text: A

text: and

text: micro

text: B

text: plugs

text: and

text: micro

text: B

text: plugs

text: and

text: receptacles

text: along

text: with

text: a

text: standard

text: A

text: receptacle

text: to

text: micro

text: A

text: plug

text: adapter

question: What is the micro connector designed for?

answer: to reduce the mechanical wear on the device

text: to reduce the mechanical wear on the device

question: What is the easier-to-replace cable designed for?

answer: to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection

text: to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection

question: What is the micro-plug rated for?

answer: 10,000 connect-disconnect cycles

text: 10,000 connect-disconnect cycles


text: The term Muslim world, also known as Islamic world and the Ummah (Arabic: أمة, meaning "nation" or "community") has different meanings. In a religious sense, the Islamic Ummah refers to those who adhere to the teachings of Islam, referred to as Muslims. In a cultural sense, the Muslim Ummah refers to Islamic civilization, exclusive of non-Muslims living in that civilization. In a modern geopolitical sense, the term "Islamic Nation" usually refers collectively to Muslim-majority countries, states, districts, or towns.

title: Muslim_world

title: Muslim_world

text: The

text: term

text: Muslim

text: world

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Islamic

text: world

text: and

text: the

text: Ummah

text: Arabic

text: أمة

text: meaning

text: nation

text: or

text: community

text: has

text: different

text: meanings

text: In

text: a

text: religious

text: sense

text: the

text: Islamic

text: Ummah

text: refers

text: to

text: those

text: who

text: adhere

text: to

text: the

text: teachings

text: of

text: Islam

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Muslims

text: In

text: a

text: cultural

text: sense

text: the

text: Muslim

text: Ummah

text: refers

text: to

text: Islamic

text: civilization

text: exclusive

text: of

text: non

text: Muslims

text: living

text: in

text: that

text: civilization

text: In

text: a

text: modern

text: geopolitical

text: sense

text: the

text: term

text: Islamic

text: Nation

text: usually

text: refers

text: collectively

text: to

text: Muslim

text: majority

text: countries

text: states

text: districts

text: or

text: towns

question: Islamic World is another way to refer to what?

answer: Muslim world

text: Muslim world

question: When speaking of religion, what does Ummah refer to?

answer: those who adhere to the teachings of Islam

text: those who adhere to the teachings of Islam

question: When speaking about culture, what does Ummah refer to?

answer: Islamic civilization

text: Islamic civilization

question: Community, or Nation are direct translations of what word in reference to Islam?

answer: Ummah

text: Ummah

question: World and group are the same as what Aribic word?

text: Ummah

question: What civilization does Ummah refer to when used in a religious sense?

text: Islamic

question: What teachings does Ummah refer to when used in a cultural sense?

text: teachings of Islam

question: What term refers to all countries where Muslims live?

text: "Islamic Nation"


text: The confusion may stem from the fact that Major League Baseball did decide that, should the Cubs make it to the World Series, the American League winner would have home field advantage unless the Cubs hosted home games at an alternate site since the Cubs home field of Wrigley Field did not yet have lights. Rumor was the Cubs could hold home games across town at Comiskey Park, home of the American League's Chicago White Sox. Rather than hold any games in the cross town rival Sox Park, the Cubs made arrangements with the August A. Busch, owner of the St. Louis Cardinals, to use Busch Stadium in St. Louis as the Cubs "home field" for the World Series. This was approved by Major League Baseball and would have enabled the Cubs to host games 1 and 2, along with games 6 and 7 if necessary. At the time home field advantage was rotated between each league. Odd numbered years the AL had home field advantage. Even numbered years the NL had home field advantage. In the 1982 World Series the St. Louis Cardinals of the NL had home field advantage. In the 1983 World Series the Baltimore Orioles of the AL had home field advantage.

title: Chicago_Cubs

title: Chicago_Cubs

text: The

text: confusion

text: may

text: stem

text: from

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: Major

text: League

text: Baseball

text: did

text: decide

text: that

text: should

text: the

text: Cubs

text: make

text: it

text: to

text: the

text: World

text: Series

text: the

text: American

text: League

text: winner

text: would

text: have

text: home

text: field

text: advantage

text: unless

text: the

text: Cubs

text: hosted

text: home

text: games

text: at

text: an

text: alternate

text: site

text: since

text: the

text: Cubs

text: home

text: field

text: of

text: Wrigley

text: Field

text: did

text: not

text: yet

text: have

text: lights

text: Rumor

text: was

text: the

text: Cubs

text: could

text: hold

text: home

text: games

text: across

text: town

text: at

text: Comiskey

text: Park

text: home

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: League

text: 's

text: Chicago

text: White

text: Sox

text: Rather

text: than

text: hold

text: any

text: games

text: in

text: the

text: cross

text: town

text: rival

text: Sox

text: Park

text: the

text: Cubs

text: made

text: arrangements

text: with

text: the

text: August

text: A.

text: Busch

text: owner

text: of

text: the

text: St.

text: Louis

text: Cardinals

text: to

text: use

text: Busch

text: Stadium

text: in

text: St.

text: Louis

text: as

text: the

text: Cubs

text: home

text: field

text: for

text: the

text: World

text: Series

text: This

text: was

text: approved

text: by

text: Major

text: League

text: Baseball

text: and

text: would

text: have

text: enabled

text: the

text: Cubs

text: to

text: host

text: games

text: and

text: along

text: with

text: games

text: and

text: if

text: necessary

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: home

text: field

text: advantage

text: was

text: rotated

text: between

text: each

text: league

text: Odd

text: numbered

text: years

text: the

text: AL

text: had

text: home

text: field

text: advantage

text: Even

text: numbered

text: years

text: the

text: NL

text: had

text: home

text: field

text: advantage

text: In

text: the

text: World

text: Series

text: the

text: St.

text: Louis

text: Cardinals

text: of

text: the

text: NL

text: had

text: home

text: field

text: advantage

text: In

text: the

text: World

text: Series

text: the

text: Baltimore

text: Orioles

text: of

text: the

text: AL

text: had

text: home

text: field

text: advantage

question: Why did the cubs need to host their home games at an alternative site?

answer: Wrigley Field did not yet have lights

text: Wrigley Field did not yet have lights

question: Where was it rumored that the Cubs could home their home games?

answer: Comiskey Park

text: Comiskey Park

question: Comiskey Park was the home to what team?

answer: Chicago White Sox

text: Chicago White Sox

question: Who had the home field advantage in 1983?

answer: Baltimore Orioles

text: Baltimore Orioles


text: Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her.

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

text: Alfred

text: North

text: Whitehead

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: Ramsgate

text: Kent

text: England

text: in

text: His

text: father

text: Alfred

text: Whitehead

text: was

text: a

text: minister

text: and

text: schoolmaster

text: of

text: Chatham

text: House

text: Academy

text: a

text: successful

text: school

text: for

text: boys

text: established

text: by

text: Thomas

text: Whitehead

text: Alfred

text: North

text: 's

text: grandfather

text: Whitehead

text: himself

text: recalled

text: both

text: of

text: them

text: as

text: being

text: very

text: successful

text: schoolmasters

text: but

text: that

text: his

text: grandfather

text: was

text: the

text: more

text: extraordinary

text: man

text: Whitehead

text: 's

text: mother

text: was

text: Maria

text: Sarah

text: Whitehead

text: formerly

text: Maria

text: Sarah

text: Buckmaster

text: Whitehead

text: was

text: apparently

text: not

text: particularly

text: close

text: with

text: his

text: mother

text: as

text: he

text: never

text: mentioned

text: her

text: in

text: any

text: of

text: his

text: writings

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: evidence

text: that

text: Whitehead

text: 's

text: wife

text: Evelyn

text: had

text: a

text: low

text: opinion

text: of

text: her

question: Where was Alfred North Whitehead born?

answer: Ramsgate, Kent, England

text: Ramsgate, Kent, England

question: What year was Whitehead born?

answer: 1861

question: What was Whitehead's father's profession?

answer: minister and schoolmaster

text: minister and schoolmaster

question: What was Whitehead's mother's name?

answer: Maria Sarah Whitehead,

text: Maria Sarah Whitehead,

question: What was Whitehead's wife's name?

answer: Evelyn

text: Evelyn

question: Where was Alfred North Whitehead born?

answer: Ramsgate, Kent, England

text: Ramsgate, Kent, England

question: In what year was Whitehead born?

answer: 1861

question: Who founded Chatham House Academy?

answer: Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather

text: Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather

question: What was Whitehead's father's profession?

answer: minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy

text: minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy

question: Who was Whitehead's mother?

answer: Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster

text: Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster

question: Where was Alfred West Whitehead born?

text: Ramsgate, Kent, England

question: What happened in 1864?

text: Alfred North Whitehead was born

question: Who destroyed Chatham House Academy?

text: Thomas Whitehead

question: What was Whitehead's father's hobbies?

question: Who was Whitehead's aunt?


text: The prestige of British institutions in the 19th century and the growth of the British Empire saw the British model of cabinet government, headed by a prime minister, widely copied, both in other European countries and in British colonial territories as they developed self-government. In some places alternative titles such as "premier", "chief minister", "first minister of state", "president of the council" or "chancellor" were adopted, but the essentials of the office were the same.

title: Prime_minister

title: Prime_minister

text: The

text: prestige

text: of

text: British

text: institutions

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: saw

text: the

text: British

text: model

text: of

text: cabinet

text: government

text: headed

text: by

text: a

text: prime

text: minister

text: widely

text: copied

text: both

text: in

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: and

text: in

text: British

text: colonial

text: territories

text: as

text: they

text: developed

text: self

text: government

text: In

text: some

text: places

text: alternative

text: titles

text: such

text: as

text: premier

text: chief

text: minister

text: first

text: minister

text: of

text: state

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: council

text: or

text: chancellor

text: were

text: adopted

text: but

text: the

text: essentials

text: of

text: the

text: office

text: were

text: the

text: same

question: What istitutions were prestiges in the 1900's

text: British

question: What empire expanded in the 1900's?

text: British Empire

question: Who avoided using the the British model o cabinet government?


text: The population density normally reported for Oklahoma City using the area of its city limits can be a bit misleading. Its urbanized zone covers roughly 244 sq mi (630 km2) resulting in a density of 2,500 per square mile (2013 est), compared with larger rural watershed areas incorporated by the city, which cover the remaining 377 sq mi (980 km2) of the city limits.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: The

text: population

text: density

text: normally

text: reported

text: for

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: using

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: its

text: city

text: limits

text: can

text: be

text: a

text: bit

text: misleading

text: Its

text: urbanized

text: zone

text: covers

text: roughly

text: sq

text: mi

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: density

text: of

text: per

text: square

text: mile

text: est

text: compared

text: with

text: larger

text: rural

text: watershed

text: areas

text: incorporated

text: by

text: the

text: city

text: which

text: cover

text: the

text: remaining

text: sq

text: mi

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: limits

question: What covers the remaining 377 square miles?

answer: rural watershed areas

text: rural watershed areas


text: Meanwhile, U.S. garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and matériel to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter. Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the U.S. mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan, the largest Korean port. By late August, the Pusan Perimeter had some 500 medium tanks battle-ready. In early September 1950, ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers. The UN forces, once prepared, counterattacked and broke out of the Pusan Perimeter.

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: Meanwhile

text: U.S.

text: garrisons

text: in

text: Japan

text: continually

text: dispatched

text: soldiers

text: and

text: matériel

text: to

text: reinforce

text: defenders

text: in

text: the

text: Pusan

text: Perimeter

text: Tank

text: battalions

text: deployed

text: to

text: Korea

text: directly

text: from

text: the

text: U.S.

text: mainland

text: from

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: San

text: Francisco

text: to

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: Pusan

text: the

text: largest

text: Korean

text: port

text: By

text: late

text: August

text: the

text: Pusan

text: Perimeter

text: had

text: some

text: medium

text: tanks

text: battle

text: ready

text: In

text: early

text: September

text: ROK

text: Army

text: and

text: UN

text: Command

text: forces

text: outnumbered

text: the

text: KPA

text: to

text: soldiers

text: The

text: UN

text: forces

text: once

text: prepared

text: counterattacked

text: and

text: broke

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: Pusan

text: Perimeter

question: Where in the United States was the tank battalion located?

answer: San Francisco

text: San Francisco

question: What is Korea's largest port?

answer: the port of Pusan

text: the port of Pusan

question: Besides the United States, what other country sent military personnel to Korea?

answer: Japan

text: Japan

question: Who had the fewest number of troops in Korea?

answer: KPA

text: KPA

question: Who was able to counterattack and move the KPA away from the Pusan Perimeter?

answer: UN forces

text: UN forces


text: The climate of Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution. The flora of the continent largely consists of bryophytes. There are about 100 species of mosses and 25 species of liverworts, but only three species of flowering plants, all of which are found in the Antarctic Peninsula: Deschampsia antarctica (Antarctic hair grass), Colobanthus quitensis (Antarctic pearlwort) and the non-native Poa annua (annual bluegrass). Growth is restricted to a few weeks in the summer.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: The

text: climate

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: does

text: not

text: allow

text: extensive

text: vegetation

text: to

text: form

text: A

text: combination

text: of

text: freezing

text: temperatures

text: poor

text: soil

text: quality

text: lack

text: of

text: moisture

text: and

text: lack

text: of

text: sunlight

text: inhibit

text: plant

text: growth

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: the

text: diversity

text: of

text: plant

text: life

text: is

text: very

text: low

text: and

text: limited

text: in

text: distribution

text: The

text: flora

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: largely

text: consists

text: of

text: bryophytes

text: There

text: are

text: about

text: species

text: of

text: mosses

text: and

text: species

text: of

text: liverworts

text: but

text: only

text: three

text: species

text: of

text: flowering

text: plants

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Peninsula

text: Deschampsia

text: antarctica

text: Antarctic

text: hair

text: grass

text: Colobanthus

text: quitensis

text: Antarctic

text: pearlwort

text: and

text: the

text: non

text: native

text: Poa

text: annua

text: annual

text: bluegrass

text: Growth

text: is

text: restricted

text: to

text: a

text: few

text: weeks

text: in

text: the

text: summer

question: What can not grow extensively in Antarctica?

answer: vegetation

text: vegetation

question: What does the climate of Antarctica inhibit?

answer: plant growth

text: plant growth

question: hat is low and limited in Antarctica?

answer: diversity of plant life

text: diversity of plant life

question: How many species of Mosses are there in Antarctica?

answer: 100

question: What allows extensive vegitation to occur?

text: The climate of Antarctica

question: What promotes plant growth?

question: What is diverse and widely distributed?

text: plant life

question: Where are there 25 species of mosses?

text: Antarctica

question: What climate allows extensive vegetation to form?

text: climate of Antarctica

question: What are there 105 species of?

text: mosses

question: What are there 20 species of?

text: liverworts

question: How many species of plants are there?

text: three

question: Where are all of the plants found?

text: Antarctic Peninsula


text: By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded 1,360 GW, up 8%. Renewables producing electricity accounted for almost half of the 208 GW of capacity added globally during 2011. Wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) accounted for almost 40% and 30% . Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass), 3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind, solar, geothermal, and biomass.

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: total

text: renewable

text: power

text: capacity

text: worldwide

text: exceeded

text: GW

text: up

text: Renewables

text: producing

text: electricity

text: accounted

text: for

text: almost

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: GW

text: of

text: capacity

text: added

text: globally

text: during

text: Wind

text: and

text: solar

text: photovoltaics

text: PV

text: accounted

text: for

text: almost

text: and

text: Based

text: on

text: 's

text: report

text: renewables

text: contributed

text: percent

text: to

text: our

text: energy

text: consumption

text: and

text: percent

text: to

text: our

text: electricity

text: generation

text: in

text: and

text: respectively

text: This

text: energy

text: consumption

text: is

text: divided

text: as

text: coming

text: from

text: traditional

text: biomass

text: as

text: heat

text: energy

text: non

text: biomass

text: hydro

text: electricity

text: and

text: electricity

text: from

text: wind

text: solar

text: geothermal

text: and

text: biomass

question: By the end of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded what number?

answer: 1,360 GW

text: 1,360 GW

question: Renewables contributed what percentage to our energy consumption?

answer: 19 percent

text: 19 percent

question: Renewables contributed what percentage to our electricity generation?

answer: 22 percent

text: 22 percent

question: By the end of 2012, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded what number?

text: 1,360 GW

question: Renewables did not contribute what percentage to our energy consumption?

text: 19 percent

question: Renewables cdid not ontributed what percentage to our electricity generation?

text: 22 percent

question: By the beginning of 2011, total renewable power capacity worldwide exceeded what number?

text: 1,360 GW


text: USB mice and keyboards can usually be used with older computers that have PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter. For mice and keyboards with dual-protocol support, an adaptor that contains no logic circuitry may be used: the hardware in the USB keyboard or mouse is designed to detect whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port, and communicate using the appropriate protocol. Converters also exist that connect PS/2 keyboards and mice (usually one of each) to a USB port. These devices present two HID endpoints to the system and use a microcontroller to perform bidirectional data translation between the two standards.

title: USB

title: USB

text: USB

text: mice

text: and

text: keyboards

text: can

text: usually

text: be

text: used

text: with

text: older

text: computers

text: that

text: have

text: connectors

text: with

text: the

text: aid

text: of

text: a

text: small

text: USB

text: to

text: adapter

text: For

text: mice

text: and

text: keyboards

text: with

text: dual

text: protocol

text: support

text: an

text: adaptor

text: that

text: contains

text: no

text: logic

text: circuitry

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: the

text: hardware

text: in

text: the

text: USB

text: keyboard

text: or

text: mouse

text: is

text: designed

text: to

text: detect

text: whether

text: it

text: is

text: connected

text: to

text: a

text: USB

text: or

text: port

text: and

text: communicate

text: using

text: the

text: appropriate

text: protocol

text: Converters

text: also

text: exist

text: that

text: connect

text: keyboards

text: and

text: mice

text: usually

text: one

text: of

text: each

text: to

text: a

text: USB

text: port

text: These

text: devices

text: present

text: two

text: HID

text: endpoints

text: to

text: the

text: system

text: and

text: use

text: a

text: microcontroller

text: to

text: perform

text: bidirectional

text: data

text: translation

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: standards

question: What do older computers have to have in order for USB mice and keyboards to be used?

answer: PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter

text: PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter

question: What is the hardware designed to detect in USB mice and keyboards?

answer: whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port

text: whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port

question: USB keyboards and mice may communicate using what?

answer: appropriate protocol

text: appropriate protocol

question: What connects PS/2 keyboards and mice to a USB port?

answer: Converters

text: Converters

question: What performs bidirectional data translation between two standards?

answer: a microcontroller

text: a microcontroller


text: Hard rock entered the 1990s as one of the dominant forms of commercial music. The multi-platinum releases of AC/DC's The Razors Edge (1990), Guns N' Roses' Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II (both in 1991), Ozzy Osbourne's No More Tears (1991), and Van Halen's For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge (1991) showcased this popularity. Additionally, The Black Crowes released their debut album, Shake Your Money Maker (1990), which contained a bluesy classic rock sound and sold five million copies. In 1992, Def Leppard followed up 1987's Hysteria with Adrenalize, which went multi-platinum, spawned four Top 40 singles and held the number one spot on the US album chart for five weeks.

title: Hard_rock

title: Hard_rock

text: Hard

text: rock

text: entered

text: the

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: dominant

text: forms

text: of

text: commercial

text: music

text: The

text: multi

text: platinum

text: releases

text: of

text: AC

text: DC

text: 's

text: The

text: Razors

text: Edge

text: Guns

text: N

text: Roses

text: Use

text: Your

text: Illusion

text: I

text: and

text: Use

text: Your

text: Illusion

text: II

text: both

text: in

text: Ozzy

text: Osbourne

text: 's

text: No

text: More

text: Tears

text: and

text: Van

text: Halen

text: 's

text: For

text: Unlawful

text: Carnal

text: Knowledge

text: showcased

text: this

text: popularity

text: Additionally

text: The

text: Black

text: Crowes

text: released

text: their

text: debut

text: album

text: Shake

text: Your

text: Money

text: Maker

text: which

text: contained

text: a

text: bluesy

text: classic

text: rock

text: sound

text: and

text: sold

text: five

text: million

text: copies

text: In

text: Def

text: Leppard

text: followed

text: up

text: 's

text: Hysteria

text: with

text: Adrenalize

text: which

text: went

text: multi

text: platinum

text: spawned

text: four

text: Top

text: singles

text: and

text: held

text: the

text: number

text: one

text: spot

text: on

text: the

text: US

text: album

text: chart

text: for

text: five

text: weeks

question: Guns N Roses released both Use Your Illusion albums in what year?

answer: 1991

question: What band's debut was titled Shake Your Money Maker?

answer: The Black Crowes

text: The Black Crowes

question: What was the title of Def Leppard's 1992 album?

answer: Adrenalize

text: Adrenalize

question: Adrenalize followed what 1987 Def Leppard record?

answer: Hysteria

text: Hysteria

question: Adrenalize topped US album charts for how long?

answer: five weeks

text: five weeks

question: In which decade did hard rock see a decline of dominance in commercial music?

question: What year did Ozzy Osbourne release Unlawful Carnal Knowledge?

question: What was The Black Crowes second album?

text: Shake Your Money Maker

question: Which Def Leppard 1987 album held the number one spot in the British charts for five weeks?

text: Adrenalize

question: Which 1990 Def Leppard album sold five million copies in 1990?

text: Shake Your Money Maker


text: Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest mineable amounts are found in Australia, Asia, and the United States. Zinc production includes froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity (electrowinning).

title: Zinc

title: Zinc

text: Zinc

text: is

text: a

text: chemical

text: element

text: with

text: symbol

text: Zn

text: and

text: atomic

text: number

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: element

text: of

text: group

text: of

text: the

text: periodic

text: table

text: In

text: some

text: respects

text: zinc

text: is

text: chemically

text: similar

text: to

text: magnesium

text: its

text: ion

text: is

text: of

text: similar

text: size

text: and

text: its

text: only

text: common

text: oxidation

text: state

text: is

text: Zinc

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: abundant

text: element

text: in

text: Earth

text: 's

text: crust

text: and

text: has

text: five

text: stable

text: isotopes

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: zinc

text: ore

text: is

text: sphalerite

text: zinc

text: blende

text: a

text: zinc

text: sulfide

text: mineral

text: The

text: largest

text: mineable

text: amounts

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: Australia

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Zinc

text: production

text: includes

text: froth

text: flotation

text: of

text: the

text: ore

text: roasting

text: and

text: final

text: extraction

text: using

text: electricity

text: electrowinning

question: What is the symbol for Zinc?

answer: Zn

text: Zn

question: What is the atomic number for Zinc?

answer: 30

question: What is zinc chemically close to?

answer: magnesium

text: magnesium

question: What is the oxidation state for zinc?

answer: +2

question: How many stable isotopes does zinc have?

answer: five

text: five

question: What is the symbol for zinc?

answer: Zn

text: Zn

question: What is zinc's atomic number?

answer: 30

question: What other element on the periodic table is zinc similar to?

answer: magnesium

text: magnesium

question: What is the most common zinc ore?

answer: sphalerite

text: sphalerite

question: What is used to extract zinc during the production process?

answer: electricity

text: electricity

question: What is no longer the symbol for Zinc?

text: Zn

question: What is the automatic number for Zinc?

question: What is zinc chemically identical to?

text: magnesium

question: What is the only zinc ore?

text: sphalerite

question: What is used to explode zinc during the production process?

text: electricity


text: On December 25, 1991, the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation. On December 26, 1991, the USSR was self-dissolved by the Soviet of Nationalities, which by that time was the only functioning house of the Supreme Soviet (the other house, Soviet of the Union, had already lost the quorum after recall of its members by the union republics). After dissolution of the USSR, Russia declared that it assumed the rights and obligations of the dissolved central Soviet government, including UN membership.

title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

text: On

text: December

text: the

text: Russian

text: SFSR

text: was

text: renamed

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: On

text: December

text: the

text: USSR

text: was

text: self

text: dissolved

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: of

text: Nationalities

text: which

text: by

text: that

text: time

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: functioning

text: house

text: of

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Soviet

text: the

text: other

text: house

text: Soviet

text: of

text: the

text: Union

text: had

text: already

text: lost

text: the

text: quorum

text: after

text: recall

text: of

text: its

text: members

text: by

text: the

text: union

text: republics

text: After

text: dissolution

text: of

text: the

text: USSR

text: Russia

text: declared

text: that

text: it

text: assumed

text: the

text: rights

text: and

text: obligations

text: of

text: the

text: dissolved

text: central

text: Soviet

text: government

text: including

text: UN

text: membership

question: What was the new name given to the RSFSR on December 25, 1991?

answer: Russian Federation

text: Russian Federation

question: On what date was the USSR dissolved?

answer: December 26, 1991

text: December 26, 1991

question: What body was responsible for the dissolution of the USSR?

answer: Soviet of Nationalities

text: Soviet of Nationalities

question: What house of the Supreme Soviet was not functioning as of December 26, 1991?

answer: Soviet of the Union

text: Soviet of the Union

question: What was one right of the Soviet government that the government of Russia assumed?

answer: UN membership

text: UN membership

question: What was the new name given to the RSFSR on November 25, 1991

text: Russian Federation

question: On what date was the USSR resolved?

text: December 26, 1991

question: What body was responsible for the solution of the USSR?

text: Soviet of Nationalities

question: What house of the Supreme Soviet was functioning as of December 26, 1991?

text: Soviet of the Union

question: What was one right of the Soviet government that the citizens of Russia assumed?

text: UN membership


text: Santa Monica has a bike action plan and recently launched a Bicycle sharing system in November 2015. The city is traversed by the Marvin Braude Bike Trail. Santa Monica has received the Bicycle Friendly Community Award (Bronze in 2009, Silver in 2013) by the League of American Bicyclists. Local bicycle advocacy organizations include Santa Monica Spoke, a local chapter of the Los Angeles County Bicycle Coalition. Santa Monica is thought to be one of the leaders for bicycle infrastructure and programming in Los Angeles County.[citation needed]

title: Santa_Monica,_California

title: Santa_Monica,_California

text: Santa

text: Monica

text: has

text: a

text: bike

text: action

text: plan

text: and

text: recently

text: launched

text: a

text: Bicycle

text: sharing

text: system

text: in

text: November

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: traversed

text: by

text: the

text: Marvin

text: Braude

text: Bike

text: Trail

text: Santa

text: Monica

text: has

text: received

text: the

text: Bicycle

text: Friendly

text: Community

text: Award

text: Bronze

text: in

text: Silver

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: American

text: Bicyclists

text: Local

text: bicycle

text: advocacy

text: organizations

text: include

text: Santa

text: Monica

text: Spoke

text: a

text: local

text: chapter

text: of

text: the

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: County

text: Bicycle

text: Coalition

text: Santa

text: Monica

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leaders

text: for

text: bicycle

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: programming

text: in

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: County.[citation

text: needed

question: What plan launched a Bicycle sharing system?

answer: bike action

text: bike action

question: When was Santa Monica's Bicycle sharing system launched?

answer: November 2015

text: November 2015

question: What is the name of the bike trail that goes through Santa Monica?

answer: Marvin Braude

text: Marvin Braude

question: When was the most recent Bicycle Friendly Community Award given to Santa Monica?

answer: 2013

question: What other year did Santa Monica receive the Bicycle Friendly Community award?

answer: 2009

question: When was the Marvin Braude Bike Trail built?

question: In what month in 2009 did Santa Monica receive the Bronze Bicycle Friendly Community Award?

text: November

question: In what year was the League of American Bicyclists founded?

question: Where is the headquarters for the League of American Bicyclists?

text: Los Angeles

question: Who was the founder of the League of American Bicyclists?

text: Marvin Braude


text: On 1 August, the British fleet under Horatio Nelson captured or destroyed all but two French vessels in the Battle of the Nile, defeating Bonaparte's goal to strengthen the French position in the Mediterranean. His army had succeeded in a temporary increase of French power in Egypt, though it faced repeated uprisings. In early 1799, he moved an army into the Ottoman province of Damascus (Syria and Galilee). Bonaparte led these 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of Arish, Gaza, Jaffa, and Haifa. The attack on Jaffa was particularly brutal. Bonaparte discovered that many of the defenders were former prisoners of war, ostensibly on parole, so he ordered the garrison and 1,400 prisoners to be executed by bayonet or drowning to save bullets. Men, women, and children were robbed and murdered for three days.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: On

text: August

text: the

text: British

text: fleet

text: under

text: Horatio

text: Nelson

text: captured

text: or

text: destroyed

text: all

text: but

text: two

text: French

text: vessels

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Nile

text: defeating

text: Bonaparte

text: 's

text: goal

text: to

text: strengthen

text: the

text: French

text: position

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: His

text: army

text: had

text: succeeded

text: in

text: a

text: temporary

text: increase

text: of

text: French

text: power

text: in

text: Egypt

text: though

text: it

text: faced

text: repeated

text: uprisings

text: In

text: early

text: he

text: moved

text: an

text: army

text: into

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: province

text: of

text: Damascus

text: Syria

text: and

text: Galilee

text: Bonaparte

text: led

text: these

text: French

text: soldiers

text: in

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: coastal

text: towns

text: of

text: Arish

text: Gaza

text: Jaffa

text: and

text: Haifa

text: The

text: attack

text: on

text: Jaffa

text: was

text: particularly

text: brutal

text: Bonaparte

text: discovered

text: that

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: defenders

text: were

text: former

text: prisoners

text: of

text: war

text: ostensibly

text: on

text: parole

text: so

text: he

text: ordered

text: the

text: garrison

text: and

text: prisoners

text: to

text: be

text: executed

text: by

text: bayonet

text: or

text: drowning

text: to

text: save

text: bullets

text: Men

text: women

text: and

text: children

text: were

text: robbed

text: and

text: murdered

text: for

text: three

text: days

question: In what battle did the British fleet seize or destroy most of the French vessels in Egypt?

answer: the Battle of the Nile

text: the Battle of the Nile

question: Who led the British during the Battle of the Nile?

answer: Horatio Nelson

text: Horatio Nelson

question: In what year did Napoleon lead his army into Damascus?

answer: 1799

question: Approximately how many troops were in the army Napoleon led into Damascus?

answer: 13,000

question: During the battles in Damascus, the attack on which city was know for its brutality?

answer: Jaffa

text: Jaffa


text: South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean. Africa's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. Sea level changes exposed the land-bridge between Alaska and Asia. Near the end of the Pliocene, about 2.58 million years ago (the start of the Quaternary Period), the current ice age began. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40,000–100,000 years.

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

text: South

text: America

text: became

text: linked

text: to

text: North

text: America

text: through

text: the

text: Isthmus

text: of

text: Panama

text: during

text: the

text: Pliocene

text: bringing

text: a

text: nearly

text: complete

text: end

text: to

text: South

text: America

text: 's

text: distinctive

text: marsupial

text: faunas

text: The

text: formation

text: of

text: the

text: Isthmus

text: had

text: major

text: consequences

text: on

text: global

text: temperatures

text: since

text: warm

text: equatorial

text: ocean

text: currents

text: were

text: cut

text: off

text: and

text: an

text: Atlantic

text: cooling

text: cycle

text: began

text: with

text: cold

text: Arctic

text: and

text: Antarctic

text: waters

text: dropping

text: temperatures

text: in

text: the

text: now

text: isolated

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: Africa

text: 's

text: collision

text: with

text: Europe

text: formed

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: cutting

text: off

text: the

text: remnants

text: of

text: the

text: Tethys

text: Ocean

text: Sea

text: level

text: changes

text: exposed

text: the

text: land

text: bridge

text: between

text: Alaska

text: and

text: Asia

text: Near

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Pliocene

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Quaternary

text: Period

text: the

text: current

text: ice

text: age

text: began

text: The

text: polar

text: regions

text: have

text: since

text: undergone

text: repeated

text: cycles

text: of

text: glaciation

text: and

text: thaw

text: repeating

text: every

text: years

question: What is the link between North and South America called?

answer: the Isthmus of Panama

text: the Isthmus of Panama

question: In which period did North and South America become linked?

answer: Pliocene

text: Pliocene

question: The Pliocene saw the end of what fauna in South America?

answer: marsupial faunas

text: marsupial faunas

question: The Mediterranean was created by the collision of Europe and what?

answer: Africa

text: Africa

question: What period came after the Pliocene?

answer: the Quaternary Period

text: the Quaternary Period

question: What completely ended South America's marsupial faunas?

text: . The formation of the Isthmus

question: What formed to linked North and South America in the Quaternary Period?

text: Isthmus of Panama

question: What began at the with the Pilocene?

text: the current ice age began.

question: How often does the cycle of rising sea levels repeat?

text: every 40,000–100,000 years.


text: Testimony given to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission by Richard M. Bowen III on events during his tenure as the Business Chief Underwriter for Correspondent Lending in the Consumer Lending Group for Citigroup (where he was responsible for over 220 professional underwriters) suggests that by the final years of the U.S. housing bubble (2006–2007), the collapse of mortgage underwriting standards was endemic. His testimony stated that by 2006, 60% of mortgages purchased by Citi from some 1,600 mortgage companies were "defective" (were not underwritten to policy, or did not contain all policy-required documents) – this, despite the fact that each of these 1,600 originators was contractually responsible (certified via representations and warrantees) that its mortgage originations met Citi's standards. Moreover, during 2007, "defective mortgages (from mortgage originators contractually bound to perform underwriting to Citi's standards) increased... to over 80% of production".

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: Testimony

text: given

text: to

text: the

text: Financial

text: Crisis

text: Inquiry

text: Commission

text: by

text: Richard

text: M.

text: Bowen

text: III

text: on

text: events

text: during

text: his

text: tenure

text: as

text: the

text: Business

text: Chief

text: Underwriter

text: for

text: Correspondent

text: Lending

text: in

text: the

text: Consumer

text: Lending

text: Group

text: for

text: Citigroup

text: where

text: he

text: was

text: responsible

text: for

text: over

text: professional

text: underwriters

text: suggests

text: that

text: by

text: the

text: final

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: housing

text: bubble

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: mortgage

text: underwriting

text: standards

text: was

text: endemic

text: His

text: testimony

text: stated

text: that

text: by

text: of

text: mortgages

text: purchased

text: by

text: Citi

text: from

text: some

text: mortgage

text: companies

text: were

text: defective

text: were

text: not

text: underwritten

text: to

text: policy

text: or

text: did

text: not

text: contain

text: all

text: policy

text: required

text: documents

text: this

text: despite

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: each

text: of

text: these

text: originators

text: was

text: contractually

text: responsible

text: certified

text: via

text: representations

text: and

text: warrantees

text: that

text: its

text: mortgage

text: originations

text: met

text: Citi

text: 's

text: standards

text: Moreover

text: during

text: defective

text: mortgages

text: from

text: mortgage

text: originators

text: contractually

text: bound

text: to

text: perform

text: underwriting

text: to

text: Citi

text: 's

text: standards

text: increased

text: to

text: over

text: of

text: production

question: Richard M. Bowen III testified to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission regarding his tenure at which financial institution?

answer: Citigroup

text: Citigroup

question: How many underwriters was Richard M. Bowen III responsible for at Citigroup?

answer: 220

question: What percent of mortgages purchased by Citigroup in 2006 were defective?

answer: 60%

question: In 2006, how many mortgage companies were contractually responsible to meet Citi's standards?

answer: 1,600

question: During 2007, what was the percent of defective mortgages not underwritten to Citi's standards?

answer: over 80%

text: over 80%


text: Galicia is quite mountainous, a fact which has contributed to isolate the rural areas, hampering communications, most notably in the inland. The main mountain range is the Macizo Galaico (Serra do Eixe, Serra da Lastra, Serra do Courel), also known as Macizo Galaico-Leonés, located in the eastern parts, bordering with Castile and León. Noteworthy mountain ranges are O Xistral (northern Lugo), the Serra dos Ancares (on the border with León and Asturias), O Courel (on the border with León), O Eixe (the border between Ourense and Zamora), Serra de Queixa (in the center of Ourense province), O Faro (the border between Lugo and Pontevedra), Cova da Serpe (border of Lugo and A Coruña), Montemaior (A Coruña), Montes do Testeiro, Serra do Suído, and Faro de Avión (between Pontevedra and Ourense); and, to the south, A Peneda, O Xurés and O Larouco, all on the border of Ourense and Portugal.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: Galicia

text: is

text: quite

text: mountainous

text: a

text: fact

text: which

text: has

text: contributed

text: to

text: isolate

text: the

text: rural

text: areas

text: hampering

text: communications

text: most

text: notably

text: in

text: the

text: inland

text: The

text: main

text: mountain

text: range

text: is

text: the

text: Macizo

text: Galaico

text: Serra

text: do

text: Eixe

text: Serra

text: da

text: Lastra

text: Serra

text: do

text: Courel

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Macizo

text: Galaico

text: Leonés

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: parts

text: bordering

text: with

text: Castile

text: and

text: León

text: Noteworthy

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: are

text: O

text: Xistral

text: northern

text: Lugo

text: the

text: Serra

text: dos

text: Ancares

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: with

text: León

text: and

text: Asturias

text: O

text: Courel

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: with

text: León

text: O

text: Eixe

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: Ourense

text: and

text: Zamora

text: Serra

text: de

text: Queixa

text: in

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: Ourense

text: province

text: O

text: Faro

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: Lugo

text: and

text: Pontevedra

text: Cova

text: da

text: Serpe

text: border

text: of

text: Lugo

text: and

text: A

text: Coruña

text: Montemaior

text: A

text: Coruña

text: Montes

text: do

text: Testeiro

text: Serra

text: do

text: Suído

text: and

text: Faro

text: de

text: Avión

text: between

text: Pontevedra

text: and

text: Ourense

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: A

text: Peneda

text: O

text: Xurés

text: and

text: O

text: Larouco

text: all

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: of

text: Ourense

text: and

text: Portugal

question: What is Galicia's main mountain range?

answer: Macizo Galaico

text: Macizo Galaico

question: Its southern mountain ranges are on the border with which country?

answer: Portugal

text: Portugal


text: A very small amount of water vapor inside a light bulb can significantly affect lamp darkening. Water vapor dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen at the hot filament. The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp. Hydrogen from water vapor reduces the oxide, reforming water vapor and continuing this water cycle. The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps will significantly increase darkening. Small amounts of substances such as zirconium are placed within the lamp as a getter to react with any oxygen that may bake out of the lamp components during operation.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: A

text: very

text: small

text: amount

text: of

text: water

text: vapor

text: inside

text: a

text: light

text: bulb

text: can

text: significantly

text: affect

text: lamp

text: darkening

text: Water

text: vapor

text: dissociates

text: into

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: at

text: the

text: hot

text: filament

text: The

text: oxygen

text: attacks

text: the

text: tungsten

text: metal

text: and

text: the

text: resulting

text: tungsten

text: oxide

text: particles

text: travel

text: to

text: cooler

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: lamp

text: Hydrogen

text: from

text: water

text: vapor

text: reduces

text: the

text: oxide

text: reforming

text: water

text: vapor

text: and

text: continuing

text: this

text: water

text: cycle

text: The

text: equivalent

text: of

text: a

text: drop

text: of

text: water

text: distributed

text: over

text: lamps

text: will

text: significantly

text: increase

text: darkening

text: Small

text: amounts

text: of

text: substances

text: such

text: as

text: zirconium

text: are

text: placed

text: within

text: the

text: lamp

text: as

text: a

text: getter

text: to

text: react

text: with

text: any

text: oxygen

text: that

text: may

text: bake

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: lamp

text: components

text: during

text: operation

question: How does water vapor inside a light bulb affect lamp darkening?

answer: significantly increase darkening

text: significantly increase darkening

question: Why does water increase lamp darkening?

answer: The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp.

text: The oxygen attacks the tungsten metal, and the resulting tungsten oxide particles travel to cooler parts of the lamp.

question: What is an example of a substance that is added to light bulbs to reduce this effect?

answer: zirconium

text: zirconium

question: How much water is necessary to result in this darkening affect?

answer: The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps

text: The equivalent of a drop of water distributed over 500,000 lamps

question: What can insignificantly affect lamp darkening?

question: What is broken into hydrogen and oxygen at the cool filament?

text: Water vapor

question: Why does water decrease lamp darkening?

question: What is added to light bulbs to increase darkening?

text: zirconium

question: How much water will significantly decrease darkening?