text: Many beers are sold in cans, though there is considerable variation in the proportion between different countries. In Sweden in 2001, 63.9% of beer was sold in cans. People either drink from the can or pour the beer into a glass. A technology developed by Crown Holdings for the 2010 FIFA World Cup is the 'full aperture' can, so named because the entire lid is removed during the opening process, turning the can into a drinking cup. Cans protect the beer from light (thereby preventing "skunked" beer) and have a seal less prone to leaking over time than bottles. Cans were initially viewed as a technological breakthrough for maintaining the quality of a beer, then became commonly associated with less expensive, mass-produced beers, even though the quality of storage in cans is much like bottles. Plastic (PET) bottles are used by some breweries.

title: Beer

title: Beer

text: Many

text: beers

text: are

text: sold

text: in

text: cans

text: though

text: there

text: is

text: considerable

text: variation

text: in

text: the

text: proportion

text: between

text: different

text: countries

text: In

text: Sweden

text: in

text: of

text: beer

text: was

text: sold

text: in

text: cans

text: People

text: either

text: drink

text: from

text: the

text: can

text: or

text: pour

text: the

text: beer

text: into

text: a

text: glass

text: A

text: technology

text: developed

text: by

text: Crown

text: Holdings

text: for

text: the

text: FIFA

text: World

text: Cup

text: is

text: the

text: full

text: aperture

text: can

text: so

text: named

text: because

text: the

text: entire

text: lid

text: is

text: removed

text: during

text: the

text: opening

text: process

text: turning

text: the

text: can

text: into

text: a

text: drinking

text: cup

text: Cans

text: protect

text: the

text: beer

text: from

text: light

text: thereby

text: preventing

text: skunked

text: beer

text: and

text: have

text: a

text: seal

text: less

text: prone

text: to

text: leaking

text: over

text: time

text: than

text: bottles

text: Cans

text: were

text: initially

text: viewed

text: as

text: a

text: technological

text: breakthrough

text: for

text: maintaining

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: a

text: beer

text: then

text: became

text: commonly

text: associated

text: with

text: less

text: expensive

text: mass

text: produced

text: beers

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: storage

text: in

text: cans

text: is

text: much

text: like

text: bottles

text: Plastic

text: PET

text: bottles

text: are

text: used

text: by

text: some

text: breweries

question: What percentage of beer was sold in cans in Sweden in 2001?

answer: 63.9%

question: What company first created the full aperture can for beer?

answer: Crown Holdings

text: Crown Holdings

question: In what year did Crown holdings create a can with a removable lid for beer?

answer: 2010

question: What is it called when light damages beer that is not in a can?

answer: "skunked" beer

text: "skunked" beer

question: What were cans originally believed to maintain in beer?

answer: quality

text: quality

question: How much beer was sold in cans in Sweden during the year 2010?

text: 63.9% of beer

question: What technology was developed by Crown Holdings in 2001?

text: 'full aperture' can

question: What does PET stand for?

text: Plastic

question: What major sporting event was held in 2001?

text: FIFA World Cup


text: The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones. Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs. However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain. The 2011 report of Pacific Climate Change Science Program of Australia concludes, in relation to Tuvalu, states the conclusions that over the course of the 21st century:

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: The

text: atolls

text: have

text: shown

text: resilience

text: to

text: gradual

text: sea

text: level

text: rise

text: with

text: atolls

text: and

text: reef

text: islands

text: being

text: able

text: to

text: grow

text: under

text: current

text: climate

text: conditions

text: by

text: generating

text: sufficient

text: sand

text: and

text: coral

text: debris

text: that

text: accumulates

text: and

text: gets

text: dumped

text: on

text: the

text: islands

text: during

text: cyclones

text: Gradual

text: sea

text: level

text: rise

text: also

text: allows

text: for

text: coral

text: polyp

text: activity

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: reefs

text: However

text: if

text: the

text: increase

text: in

text: sea

text: level

text: occurs

text: at

text: faster

text: rate

text: as

text: compared

text: to

text: coral

text: growth

text: or

text: if

text: polyp

text: activity

text: is

text: damaged

text: by

text: ocean

text: acidification

text: then

text: the

text: resilience

text: of

text: the

text: atolls

text: and

text: reef

text: islands

text: is

text: less

text: certain

text: The

text: report

text: of

text: Pacific

text: Climate

text: Change

text: Science

text: Program

text: of

text: Australia

text: concludes

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: Tuvalu

text: states

text: the

text: conclusions

text: that

text: over

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: century

question: What have the Tuvalu atolls displayed about sea level rise?

answer: resilience

text: resilience

question: What does gradual sea level rise allow for coral to increase?

answer: reefs

text: reefs

question: What sea level rise rate could cause more uncertainty to the welfare of coral reefs?

answer: faster rate

text: faster rate

question: What condition besides sea level rise can damage coral reefs?

answer: ocean acidification

text: ocean acidification

question: Where does sand and coral debris end up because of the action of cyclones?

answer: on the islands

text: on the islands


text: In January 2014, having met with Secretary of State, Archbishop Pietro Parolin, Kerry said "We touched on just about every major issue that we are both working on, that are issues of concern to all of us. First of all, we talked at great length about Syria, and I was particularly appreciative for the Archbishop’s raising this issue, and equally grateful for the Holy Father’s comments – the Pope's comments yesterday regarding his support for the Geneva II process. We welcome that support. It is very important to have broad support, and I know that the Pope is particularly concerned about the massive numbers of displaced human beings and the violence that has taken over 130,000 lives".

title: John_Kerry

title: John_Kerry

text: In

text: January

text: having

text: met

text: with

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: Archbishop

text: Pietro

text: Parolin

text: Kerry

text: said

text: We

text: touched

text: on

text: just

text: about

text: every

text: major

text: issue

text: that

text: we

text: are

text: both

text: working

text: on

text: that

text: are

text: issues

text: of

text: concern

text: to

text: all

text: of

text: us

text: First

text: of

text: all

text: we

text: talked

text: at

text: great

text: length

text: about

text: Syria

text: and

text: I

text: was

text: particularly

text: appreciative

text: for

text: the

text: Archbishop

text: ’s

text: raising

text: this

text: issue

text: and

text: equally

text: grateful

text: for

text: the

text: Holy

text: Father

text: ’s

text: comments

text: the

text: Pope

text: 's

text: comments

text: yesterday

text: regarding

text: his

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: Geneva

text: II

text: process

text: We

text: welcome

text: that

text: support

text: It

text: is

text: very

text: important

text: to

text: have

text: broad

text: support

text: and

text: I

text: know

text: that

text: the

text: Pope

text: is

text: particularly

text: concerned

text: about

text: the

text: massive

text: numbers

text: of

text: displaced

text: human

text: beings

text: and

text: the

text: violence

text: that

text: has

text: taken

text: over

text: lives

question: Who met Kerry in Jan 2014?

answer: Archbishop Pietro Parolin

text: Archbishop Pietro Parolin

question: What country did Kerry discuss with Parolin?

answer: Syria

text: Syria

question: What did the Pope express support for in Jan 2014?

answer: the Geneva II process

text: the Geneva II process

question: How many people did Kerry say had died in Syria as of Jan 2014?

answer: over 130,000

text: over 130,000


text: A fundamental part of Gaddafi's ideology was anti-Zionism. He believed that the state of Israel should not exist, and that any Arab compromise with the Israeli government was a betrayal of the Arab people. In large part due to their support of Israel, Gaddafi despised the United States, considering the country to be imperialist and lambasting it as "the embodiment of evil." Rallying against Jews in many of his speeches, his anti-Semitism has been described as "almost Hitlerian" by Blundy and Lycett. From the late 1990s onward, his view seemed to become more moderate. In 2007, he advocated the Isratin single-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, stating that "the [Israel-Palestine] solution is to establish a democratic state for the Jews and the Palestinians... This is the fundamental solution, or else the Jews will be annihilated in the future, because the Palestinians have [strategic] depth." Two years later he argued that a single-state solution would "move beyond old conflicts and look to a unified future based on shared culture and respect."

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: A

text: fundamental

text: part

text: of

text: Gaddafi

text: 's

text: ideology

text: was

text: anti

text: Zionism

text: He

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Israel

text: should

text: not

text: exist

text: and

text: that

text: any

text: Arab

text: compromise

text: with

text: the

text: Israeli

text: government

text: was

text: a

text: betrayal

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: people

text: In

text: large

text: part

text: due

text: to

text: their

text: support

text: of

text: Israel

text: Gaddafi

text: despised

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: considering

text: the

text: country

text: to

text: be

text: imperialist

text: and

text: lambasting

text: it

text: as

text: the

text: embodiment

text: of

text: evil

text: Rallying

text: against

text: Jews

text: in

text: many

text: of

text: his

text: speeches

text: his

text: anti

text: Semitism

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: almost

text: Hitlerian

text: by

text: Blundy

text: and

text: Lycett

text: From

text: the

text: late

text: onward

text: his

text: view

text: seemed

text: to

text: become

text: more

text: moderate

text: In

text: he

text: advocated

text: the

text: Isratin

text: single

text: state

text: solution

text: to

text: the

text: Israeli

text: Palestinian

text: conflict

text: stating

text: that

text: the

text: Israel

text: Palestine

text: solution

text: is

text: to

text: establish

text: a

text: democratic

text: state

text: for

text: the

text: Jews

text: and

text: the

text: Palestinians

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: fundamental

text: solution

text: or

text: else

text: the

text: Jews

text: will

text: be

text: annihilated

text: in

text: the

text: future

text: because

text: the

text: Palestinians

text: have

text: strategic

text: depth

text: Two

text: years

text: later

text: he

text: argued

text: that

text: a

text: single

text: state

text: solution

text: would

text: move

text: beyond

text: old

text: conflicts

text: and

text: look

text: to

text: a

text: unified

text: future

text: based

text: on

text: shared

text: culture

text: and

text: respect

question: What country did Gaddafi refer to as "the embodiment of evil"?

answer: United States

text: United States

question: How did Gaddafi believe the Israel-Palestine conflict should be resolved?

answer: Isratin single-state solution

text: Isratin single-state solution

question: Who compared Gaddafi to Hitler?

answer: Blundy and Lycett

text: Blundy and Lycett

question: What was a major factor in Gaddafi's hatred of the United States?

answer: support of Israel

text: support of Israel


text: Although chartered as a university, for many years Washington University functioned primarily as a night school located on 17th Street and Washington Avenue in the heart of downtown St. Louis. Owing to limited financial resources, Washington University initially used public buildings. Classes began on October 22, 1854, at the Benton School building. At first the university paid for the evening classes, but as their popularity grew, their funding was transferred to the St. Louis Public Schools. Eventually the board secured funds for the construction of Academic Hall and a half dozen other buildings. Later the university divided into three departments: the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute.

title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis

title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis

text: Although

text: chartered

text: as

text: a

text: university

text: for

text: many

text: years

text: Washington

text: University

text: functioned

text: primarily

text: as

text: a

text: night

text: school

text: located

text: on

text: Street

text: and

text: Washington

text: Avenue

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: downtown

text: St.

text: Louis

text: Owing

text: to

text: limited

text: financial

text: resources

text: Washington

text: University

text: initially

text: used

text: public

text: buildings

text: Classes

text: began

text: on

text: October

text: at

text: the

text: Benton

text: School

text: building

text: At

text: first

text: the

text: university

text: paid

text: for

text: the

text: evening

text: classes

text: but

text: as

text: their

text: popularity

text: grew

text: their

text: funding

text: was

text: transferred

text: to

text: the

text: St.

text: Louis

text: Public

text: Schools

text: Eventually

text: the

text: board

text: secured

text: funds

text: for

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: Academic

text: Hall

text: and

text: a

text: half

text: dozen

text: other

text: buildings

text: Later

text: the

text: university

text: divided

text: into

text: three

text: departments

text: the

text: Manual

text: Training

text: School

text: Smith

text: Academy

text: and

text: the

text: Mary

text: Institute

question: Where was Washington University located?

answer: 17th Street and Washington Avenue

text: 17th Street and Washington Avenue

question: When did classes first begin at Washington University?

answer: October 22, 1854

text: October 22, 1854

question: What building was first used for classes at Washington University?

answer: Benton School building.

text: Benton School building.

question: What three departments were Washington University divided?

answer: the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute

text: the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute

question: What type of school did Washington University first function?

answer: a night school

text: a night school

question: On what road was the Benton School building?

text: 17th Street

question: On what road was Academic Hall?

text: Washington Avenue

question: In what year did the university divide into three departments?

question: On what date did the first school year end?

text: October 22, 1854

question: In what year did Washington University become a day school?


text: Since the MAPS projects' completion, the downtown area has seen continued development. Several downtown buildings are undergoing renovation/restoration. Notable among these was the restoration of the Skirvin Hotel in 2007. The famed First National Center is being renovated.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: Since

text: the

text: MAPS

text: projects

text: completion

text: the

text: downtown

text: area

text: has

text: seen

text: continued

text: development

text: Several

text: downtown

text: buildings

text: are

text: undergoing

text: renovation

text: restoration

text: Notable

text: among

text: these

text: was

text: the

text: restoration

text: of

text: the

text: Skirvin

text: Hotel

text: in

text: The

text: famed

text: First

text: National

text: Center

text: is

text: being

text: renovated

question: When was the Skirvin Hotel Renovated?

answer: 2007


text: Most former British colonies and protectorates are among the 53 member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, a non-political, voluntary association of equal members, comprising a population of around 2.2 billion people. Sixteen Commonwealth realms voluntarily continue to share the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, as their head of state. These sixteen nations are distinct and equal legal entities – the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: Most

text: former

text: British

text: colonies

text: and

text: protectorates

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Nations

text: a

text: non

text: political

text: voluntary

text: association

text: of

text: equal

text: members

text: comprising

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: around

text: billion

text: people

text: Sixteen

text: Commonwealth

text: realms

text: voluntarily

text: continue

text: to

text: share

text: the

text: British

text: monarch

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: II

text: as

text: their

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: These

text: sixteen

text: nations

text: are

text: distinct

text: and

text: equal

text: legal

text: entities

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Australia

text: Canada

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Papua

text: New

text: Guinea

text: Antigua

text: and

text: Barbuda

text: The

text: Bahamas

text: Barbados

text: Belize

text: Grenada

text: Jamaica

text: Saint

text: Kitts

text: and

text: Nevis

text: Saint

text: Lucia

text: Saint

text: Vincent

text: and

text: the

text: Grenadines

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: and

text: Tuvalu

question: How many Commonwealth nations are there?

answer: 53

question: What is the population of the Commonwealth?

answer: 2.2 billion

text: 2.2 billion

question: How many Commonwealth nations still consider the British Queen their head of state?

answer: Sixteen

text: Sixteen

question: Who is the British Queen?

answer: Elizabeth II

text: Elizabeth II


text: Areas such as South Street and Old City have a vibrant night life. The Avenue of the Arts in Center City contains many restaurants and theaters, such as the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts, which is home to the Philadelphia Orchestra, generally considered one of the top five orchestras in the United States, and the Academy of Music, the nation's oldest continually operating opera house, home to the Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet. The Wilma Theatre and Philadelphia Theatre Company have new buildings constructed in the last decade on the avenue. They produce a variety of new works. Several blocks to the east are the Walnut Street Theatre, America's oldest theatre and the largest subscription theater in the world; as well as the Lantern Theatre at St. Stephens Church, one of a number of smaller venues.

title: Philadelphia

title: Philadelphia

text: Areas

text: such

text: as

text: South

text: Street

text: and

text: Old

text: City

text: have

text: a

text: vibrant

text: night

text: life

text: The

text: Avenue

text: of

text: the

text: Arts

text: in

text: Center

text: City

text: contains

text: many

text: restaurants

text: and

text: theaters

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Kimmel

text: Center

text: for

text: the

text: Performing

text: Arts

text: which

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Philadelphia

text: Orchestra

text: generally

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: top

text: five

text: orchestras

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: Academy

text: of

text: Music

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: oldest

text: continually

text: operating

text: opera

text: house

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Opera

text: Company

text: of

text: Philadelphia

text: and

text: the

text: Pennsylvania

text: Ballet

text: The

text: Wilma

text: Theatre

text: and

text: Philadelphia

text: Theatre

text: Company

text: have

text: new

text: buildings

text: constructed

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: decade

text: on

text: the

text: avenue

text: They

text: produce

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: new

text: works

text: Several

text: blocks

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: are

text: the

text: Walnut

text: Street

text: Theatre

text: America

text: 's

text: oldest

text: theatre

text: and

text: the

text: largest

text: subscription

text: theater

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Lantern

text: Theatre

text: at

text: St.

text: Stephens

text: Church

text: one

text: of

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: smaller

text: venues

question: Name two districts with good night life?

answer: South Street and Old City

text: South Street and Old City

question: What is the home of the orchestra?

answer: Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts

text: Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts

question: What is the countries oldest opera house?

answer: Academy of Music

text: Academy of Music

question: Who uses the opera house?

answer: Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet

text: Opera Company of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Ballet

question: What is the oldest theater in the U.S.?

answer: Walnut Street Theatre

text: Walnut Street Theatre


text: Additionally, Somalia has several private television networks, including Horn Cable Television and Universal TV. Two such TV stations re-broadcast Al-Jazeera and CNN. Eastern Television Network and SBC TV air from Bosaso, the commercial capital of Puntland. The Puntland and Somaliland regions also each have one government-run TV channel, Puntland TV and Radio and Somaliland National TV, respectively.

title: Communications_in_Somalia

title: Communications_in_Somalia

text: Additionally

text: Somalia

text: has

text: several

text: private

text: television

text: networks

text: including

text: Horn

text: Cable

text: Television

text: and

text: Universal

text: TV

text: Two

text: such

text: TV

text: stations

text: re

text: broadcast

text: Al

text: Jazeera

text: and

text: CNN

text: Eastern

text: Television

text: Network

text: and

text: SBC

text: TV

text: air

text: from

text: Bosaso

text: the

text: commercial

text: capital

text: of

text: Puntland

text: The

text: Puntland

text: and

text: Somaliland

text: regions

text: also

text: each

text: have

text: one

text: government

text: run

text: TV

text: channel

text: Puntland

text: TV

text: and

text: Radio

text: and

text: Somaliland

text: National

text: TV

text: respectively

question: Horn Cable Television and Universal TV are examples of what?

answer: private television networks

text: private television networks

question: What type of Tv startions replay AL=jazeera and CNN?

answer: private television networks

text: private television networks

question: Where does SBC TV broadcast from?

answer: Bosaso

text: Bosaso

question: What is the commercial capital of Puntland?

answer: Bosaso

text: Bosaso

question: Howmany governemnt run channels do Puntland and Somaliland regions have?

answer: one

text: one

question: How many private television networks does Somalia have?

text: Two

question: What are two public television networks?

text: Horn Cable Television and Universal TV

question: What is the commercial capital of Somalilnand?

text: Bosaso

question: How many government-run TV channels are there in Somalia?

text: one

question: What TV station broadcasts ABC?

text: private television networks


text: Adult contemporary R&B may be played on both soft AC stations and urban AC. It is a form of neo soul R&B that places emphasis on songcraft and sophistication. As the use of drum machines, synthesizers, and sequencers dominates R&B-rooted music, adult contemporary R&B tends to take most of its cues from the more refined strains of 1970s soul, such as smooth soul, Philly soul and quiet storm. Classic songwriting touches and organic-leaning instrumentation, often featuring string arrangements and horn charts, were constants.

title: Adult_contemporary_music

title: Adult_contemporary_music

text: Adult

text: contemporary

text: R&B

text: may

text: be

text: played

text: on

text: both

text: soft

text: AC

text: stations

text: and

text: urban

text: AC

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: neo

text: soul

text: R&B

text: that

text: places

text: emphasis

text: on

text: songcraft

text: and

text: sophistication

text: As

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: drum

text: machines

text: synthesizers

text: and

text: sequencers

text: dominates

text: R&B

text: rooted

text: music

text: adult

text: contemporary

text: R&B

text: tends

text: to

text: take

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: cues

text: from

text: the

text: more

text: refined

text: strains

text: of

text: soul

text: such

text: as

text: smooth

text: soul

text: Philly

text: soul

text: and

text: quiet

text: storm

text: Classic

text: songwriting

text: touches

text: and

text: organic

text: leaning

text: instrumentation

text: often

text: featuring

text: string

text: arrangements

text: and

text: horn

text: charts

text: were

text: constants

question: Along with soft AC, on what station format might adult contemporary R&B be featured?

answer: urban AC

text: urban AC

question: What features are emphasized in adult contemporary R&B music?

answer: songcraft and sophistication

text: songcraft and sophistication

question: Along with smooth soul and quiet storm, what genre influenced adult contemporary R&B?

answer: Philly soul

text: Philly soul

question: During what decade was smooth soul popular?

answer: 1970s

question: Along with drum machines and synthesizers, what electronic instruments are often found in modern R&B-based music?

answer: sequencers

text: sequencers


text: The England national football team represents England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man for football matches as part of FIFA-authorised events, and is controlled by The Football Association, the governing body for football in England. England are one of the two oldest national teams in football; alongside Scotland, whom they played in the world's first international football match in 1872. England's home ground is Wembley Stadium, London, and the current team manager is Roy Hodgson.

title: England_national_football_team

title: England_national_football_team

text: The

text: England

text: national

text: football

text: team

text: represents

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: Crown

text: Dependencies

text: of

text: Jersey

text: Guernsey

text: and

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: for

text: football

text: matches

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: FIFA

text: authorised

text: events

text: and

text: is

text: controlled

text: by

text: The

text: Football

text: Association

text: the

text: governing

text: body

text: for

text: football

text: in

text: England

text: England

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: oldest

text: national

text: teams

text: in

text: football

text: alongside

text: Scotland

text: whom

text: they

text: played

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: first

text: international

text: football

text: match

text: in

text: England

text: 's

text: home

text: ground

text: is

text: Wembley

text: Stadium

text: London

text: and

text: the

text: current

text: team

text: manager

text: is

text: Roy

text: Hodgson

question: Which governing body controls the England national football team?

answer: The Football Association

text: The Football Association

question: Which other team, besides England, is one of the  two oldest national teams in football?

answer: Scotland

text: Scotland

question: In what year did England and Scotland play the world's first international football match?

answer: 1872

question: What is the name of England's home field in London?

answer: Wembley Stadium

text: Wembley Stadium

question: Who is the current team manager of England's football team?

answer: Roy Hodgson

text: Roy Hodgson

question: When was FIFA founded?

question: Where does the Isle of Man football team play home games?

text: Wembley Stadium

question: Who is the Isle of Man football team manager?

text: Roy Hodgson

question: Where is Roy Hodgson from?

text: Jersey

question: In what year did Roy Hodgson become the team manager of England's football team?


text: Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: Mu'awiyah

text: introduced

text: postal

text: service

text: Abd

text: al

text: Malik

text: extended

text: it

text: throughout

text: his

text: empire

text: and

text: Walid

text: made

text: full

text: use

text: of

text: it

text: The

text: Umayyad

text: Caliph

text: Abd

text: al

text: Malik

text: developed

text: a

text: regular

text: postal

text: service

text: Umar

text: bin

text: Abdul

text: Aziz

text: developed

text: it

text: further

text: by

text: building

text: caravanserais

text: at

text: stages

text: along

text: the

text: Khurasan

text: highway

text: Relays

text: of

text: horses

text: were

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: conveyance

text: of

text: dispatches

text: between

text: the

text: caliph

text: and

text: his

text: agents

text: and

text: officials

text: posted

text: in

text: the

text: provinces

text: The

text: main

text: highways

text: were

text: divided

text: into

text: stages

text: of

text: miles

text: km

text: each

text: and

text: each

text: stage

text: had

text: horses

text: donkeys

text: or

text: camels

text: ready

text: to

text: carry

text: the

text: post

text: Primarily

text: the

text: service

text: met

text: the

text: needs

text: of

text: Government

text: officials

text: but

text: travellers

text: and

text: their

text: important

text: dispatches

text: were

text: also

text: benefitted

text: by

text: the

text: system

text: The

text: postal

text: carriages

text: were

text: also

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: swift

text: transport

text: of

text: troops

text: They

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: carry

text: fifty

text: to

text: a

text: hundred

text: men

text: at

text: a

text: time

text: Under

text: Governor

text: Yusuf

text: bin

text: Umar

text: the

text: postal

text: department

text: of

text: Iraq

text: cost

text: dirhams

text: a

text: year

question: Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands?

answer: Mu'awiyah

text: Mu'awiyah

question: Along what highway did Umar bin Abdul-Aziz build caravanserais?

answer: Khurasan

text: Khurasan

question: Along with horses and camels, what animals were used by the postal service?

answer: donkeys

text: donkeys

question: In dirhams, what was the yearly cost of the Iraqi postal service when Yusuf bin Umar was governor?

answer: 4,000,000

question: In kilometers, how far apart was each stage of the Umayyad highways?

answer: 19

question: Who ended the postal service?

text: Mu'awiyah

question: Who shrunk the reach of the postal service throughout his empire?

text: Abd al-Malik

question: Who stopped the use of horses in the postal service?

text: Umar bin Abdul-Aziz

question: What service primarily met the needs of private citizens?

text: postal service

question: What did the postal department of Iraq cost per year under Abd al-Malik?

text: 4,000,000 dirhams


text: The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC. As a strategic location in the Middle East, it was subsequently occupied by several major powers, including the empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians, from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great. Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt, the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire, Arab caliphates for a short period, the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians, was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 (de jure until 1914).

title: Cyprus

title: Cyprus

text: The

text: earliest

text: known

text: human

text: activity

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: dates

text: to

text: around

text: the

text: millennium

text: BC

text: Archaeological

text: remains

text: from

text: this

text: period

text: include

text: the

text: well

text: preserved

text: Neolithic

text: village

text: of

text: Khirokitia

text: and

text: Cyprus

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: water

text: wells

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Cyprus

text: was

text: settled

text: by

text: Mycenaean

text: Greeks

text: in

text: two

text: waves

text: in

text: the

text: millennium

text: BC

text: As

text: a

text: strategic

text: location

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: it

text: was

text: subsequently

text: occupied

text: by

text: several

text: major

text: powers

text: including

text: the

text: empires

text: of

text: the

text: Assyrians

text: Egyptians

text: and

text: Persians

text: from

text: whom

text: the

text: island

text: was

text: seized

text: in

text: BC

text: by

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: Subsequent

text: rule

text: by

text: Ptolemaic

text: Egypt

text: the

text: Classical

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Arab

text: caliphates

text: for

text: a

text: short

text: period

text: the

text: French

text: Lusignan

text: dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: Venetians

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: over

text: three

text: centuries

text: of

text: Ottoman

text: rule

text: between

text: and

text: de

text: jure

text: until

question: What is the date of the earliest known human activity on Cyprus?

answer: 10th millennium BC

text: 10th millennium BC

question: What is Cyprus home to of?

answer: the oldest water wells in the world

text: the oldest water wells in the world

question: Who was Cyprus settled by in 2nd millennium BC?

answer: Mycenaean Greeks

text: Mycenaean Greeks

question: What empires have occupied Cyprus?

answer: empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians

text: empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians

question: When did Ottoman rule occur in Cyprus?

answer: between 1571 and 1878

text: between 1571 and 1878


text: In 2003, the season expanded to 16 games. There were also several rule changes in this period. In 2005, players were no longer allowed to run out of bounds. The only way for a player to go out of bounds presently is if he is tackled into or deliberately contacts the side boards. This was also the first year the ArenaBowl was played at a neutral site. In 2007, free substitution was allowed, ending the "iron man" era of one-platoon football. And in 2008, the "jack" linebacker was allowed to go sideboard to sideboard without being penalized for "illegal defense".

title: Arena_Football_League

title: Arena_Football_League

text: In

text: the

text: season

text: expanded

text: to

text: games

text: There

text: were

text: also

text: several

text: rule

text: changes

text: in

text: this

text: period

text: In

text: players

text: were

text: no

text: longer

text: allowed

text: to

text: run

text: out

text: of

text: bounds

text: The

text: only

text: way

text: for

text: a

text: player

text: to

text: go

text: out

text: of

text: bounds

text: presently

text: is

text: if

text: he

text: is

text: tackled

text: into

text: or

text: deliberately

text: contacts

text: the

text: side

text: boards

text: This

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: first

text: year

text: the

text: ArenaBowl

text: was

text: played

text: at

text: a

text: neutral

text: site

text: In

text: free

text: substitution

text: was

text: allowed

text: ending

text: the

text: iron

text: man

text: era

text: of

text: one

text: platoon

text: football

text: And

text: in

text: the

text: jack

text: linebacker

text: was

text: allowed

text: to

text: go

text: sideboard

text: to

text: sideboard

text: without

text: being

text: penalized

text: for

text: illegal

text: defense

question: How many games made up the AFL season in 2003?

answer: 16

question: In what year did the rules first forbid players running out of bounds?

answer: 2005

question: In what year was the ArenaBowl first played at a neutral location?

answer: 2005

question: What year introduced the free substitution rule?

answer: 2007

question: What year saw a rules change that had an impact on the role of the "jack" linebacker?

answer: 2008


text: The term "matter" is used throughout physics in a bewildering variety of contexts: for example, one refers to "condensed matter physics", "elementary matter", "partonic" matter, "dark" matter, "anti"-matter, "strange" matter, and "nuclear" matter. In discussions of matter and antimatter, normal matter has been referred to by Alfvén as koinomatter (Gk. common matter). It is fair to say that in physics, there is no broad consensus as to a general definition of matter, and the term "matter" usually is used in conjunction with a specifying modifier.

title: Matter

title: Matter

text: The

text: term

text: matter

text: is

text: used

text: throughout

text: physics

text: in

text: a

text: bewildering

text: variety

text: of

text: contexts

text: for

text: example

text: one

text: refers

text: to

text: condensed

text: matter

text: physics

text: elementary

text: matter

text: partonic

text: matter

text: dark

text: matter

text: anti

text: matter

text: strange

text: matter

text: and

text: nuclear

text: matter

text: In

text: discussions

text: of

text: matter

text: and

text: antimatter

text: normal

text: matter

text: has

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: Alfvén

text: as

text: koinomatter

text: Gk

text: common

text: matter

text: It

text: is

text: fair

text: to

text: say

text: that

text: in

text: physics

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: broad

text: consensus

text: as

text: to

text: a

text: general

text: definition

text: of

text: matter

text: and

text: the

text: term

text: matter

text: usually

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: a

text: specifying

text: modifier

question: Physics has broadly agreed on the definition of what?

text: matter

question: Who coined the term partonic matter?

text: Alfvén

question: What is another name for anti-matter?

text: Gk. common matter

question: Matter usually does not need to be used in conjunction with what?

text: a specifying modifier

question: What field of study has a variety of unusual contexts?

text: physics


text: A sociological comparative study by the Pew Research Center found that Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in statistics for getting no further than high school graduation, belief in God, importance of religion in one's life, frequency of religious attendance, frequency of prayers, frequency of Bible reading outside of religious services, belief their prayers are answered, belief that their religion can only be interpreted one way, belief that theirs is the only one true faith leading to eternal life, opposition to abortion, and opposition to homosexuality. In the study, Jehovah's Witnesses ranked lowest in statistics for having earned a graduate degree and interest in politics.

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

text: A

text: sociological

text: comparative

text: study

text: by

text: the

text: Pew

text: Research

text: Center

text: found

text: that

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: ranked

text: highest

text: in

text: statistics

text: for

text: getting

text: no

text: further

text: than

text: high

text: school

text: graduation

text: belief

text: in

text: God

text: importance

text: of

text: religion

text: in

text: one

text: 's

text: life

text: frequency

text: of

text: religious

text: attendance

text: frequency

text: of

text: prayers

text: frequency

text: of

text: Bible

text: reading

text: outside

text: of

text: religious

text: services

text: belief

text: their

text: prayers

text: are

text: answered

text: belief

text: that

text: their

text: religion

text: can

text: only

text: be

text: interpreted

text: one

text: way

text: belief

text: that

text: theirs

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: true

text: faith

text: leading

text: to

text: eternal

text: life

text: opposition

text: to

text: abortion

text: and

text: opposition

text: to

text: homosexuality

text: In

text: the

text: study

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

text: ranked

text: lowest

text: in

text: statistics

text: for

text: having

text: earned

text: a

text: graduate

text: degree

text: and

text: interest

text: in

text: politics

question: Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in people whose education extended no further than what?

answer: high school graduation

text: high school graduation

question: Compared to other religions, Jehovah's Witnesses have the highest frequency of doing what with the Bible outside of religious services?

answer: reading

text: reading

question: What religion ranks highest in frequency of religious attendance?

answer: Jehovah's Witnesses

text: Jehovah's Witnesses

question: Statistically, what is a Jehovah's Witnesses likely not to care about at all?

answer: politics

text: politics

question: What do few Jehovah's Witnesses earn?

answer: a graduate degree

text: a graduate degree

question: The members of what religion have a lot of university degrees?

text: Jehovah's Witnesses

question: Educational aspiration is a hallmark of what Protestant religion?

text: Jehovah's Witnesses

question: What is one of the Protestant religions that encourages people to be engaged in politics?

text: Jehovah's Witnesses

question: What is one of the Protestant religions that is realistic about the time commitment of their members to their religion?

text: Jehovah's Witnesses

question: What is one of the Protestant religions open to the ideas of other people?

text: Jehovah's Witnesses


text: A local industry manufacturing fibre from New Zealand flax was successfully reestablished in 1907 and generated considerable income during the First World War. Ascension Island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922, and Tristan da Cunha followed in 1938. During the Second World War, the United States built Wideawake airport on Ascension in 1942, but no military use was made of Saint Helena.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: A

text: local

text: industry

text: manufacturing

text: fibre

text: from

text: New

text: Zealand

text: flax

text: was

text: successfully

text: reestablished

text: in

text: and

text: generated

text: considerable

text: income

text: during

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: Ascension

text: Island

text: was

text: made

text: a

text: dependency

text: of

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: in

text: and

text: Tristan

text: da

text: Cunha

text: followed

text: in

text: During

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: built

text: Wideawake

text: airport

text: on

text: Ascension

text: in

text: but

text: no

text: military

text: use

text: was

text: made

text: of

text: Saint

text: Helena

question: What country does the local industry that manufactures fibre get their flax from?

answer: New Zealand

text: New Zealand

question: What island was made a dependency of Saint Helena in 1922?

answer: Ascension Island

text: Ascension Island

question: What was the name of the airport the United States built on Ascension Island?

answer: Wideawake airport

text: Wideawake airport

question: What year was Wideawake Airport built?

answer: 1942


text: Furthermore, in the case of far-right, far-left and regionalism parties in the national parliaments of much of the European Union, mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties" present in the legislature which are viewed as 'anti-system' or otherwise unacceptable for government. Cordon Sanitarian, however, have been increasingly abandoned over the past two decades in multi-party democracies as the pressure to construct broad coalitions in order to win elections – along with the increased willingness of outsider parties themselves to participate in government – has led to many such parties entering electoral and government coalitions.

title: Political_party

title: Political_party

text: Furthermore

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: far

text: right

text: far

text: left

text: and

text: regionalism

text: parties

text: in

text: the

text: national

text: parliaments

text: of

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: mainstream

text: political

text: parties

text: may

text: form

text: an

text: informal

text: cordon

text: sanitarian

text: which

text: applies

text: a

text: policy

text: of

text: non

text: cooperation

text: towards

text: those

text: Outsider

text: Parties

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: legislature

text: which

text: are

text: viewed

text: as

text: anti

text: system

text: or

text: otherwise

text: unacceptable

text: for

text: government

text: Cordon

text: Sanitarian

text: however

text: have

text: been

text: increasingly

text: abandoned

text: over

text: the

text: past

text: two

text: decades

text: in

text: multi

text: party

text: democracies

text: as

text: the

text: pressure

text: to

text: construct

text: broad

text: coalitions

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: win

text: elections

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: increased

text: willingness

text: of

text: outsider

text: parties

text: themselves

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: government

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: many

text: such

text: parties

text: entering

text: electoral

text: and

text: government

text: coalitions

question: Will mainstream political parties not cooperate towards outsider parties if they are too extream?

answer: mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties"

text: mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties"

question: which  outsider parties considered unacceptable to work with?

answer: far-right, far-left and regionalism

text: far-right, far-left and regionalism

question: What has been increasingly abandoned in the past two decades?

answer: Cordon Sanitarian

text: Cordon Sanitarian

question: What has caused far-right parties to be abandoned over the past two decades?

question: What kind of democracies were created after the formation of the EU?

text: multi-party

question: What groups have Outsider Parties not wanted to cooperate with recently?

question: What did Outsider Parties form because they didn't want to cooperate with government?

text: cordon sanitarian

question: What kind of policy do Outsider Parties usually have towards the government?

text: a policy of non-cooperation


text: One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the "Four Horsemen". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division I/FBS football history. Rockne's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme. The last game Rockne coached was on December 14, 1930 when he led a group of Notre Dame all-stars against the New York Giants in New York City.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: driving

text: forces

text: in

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: was

text: its

text: football

text: team

text: the

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: Fighting

text: Irish

text: Knute

text: Rockne

text: became

text: head

text: coach

text: in

text: Under

text: Rockne

text: the

text: Irish

text: would

text: post

text: a

text: record

text: of

text: wins

text: losses

text: and

text: five

text: ties

text: During

text: his

text: years

text: the

text: Irish

text: won

text: three

text: national

text: championships

text: had

text: five

text: undefeated

text: seasons

text: won

text: the

text: Rose

text: Bowl

text: in

text: and

text: produced

text: players

text: such

text: as

text: George

text: Gipp

text: and

text: the

text: Four

text: Horsemen

text: Knute

text: Rockne

text: has

text: the

text: highest

text: winning

text: percentage

text: in

text: NCAA

text: Division

text: I

text: FBS

text: football

text: history

text: Rockne

text: 's

text: offenses

text: employed

text: the

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: Box

text: and

text: his

text: defenses

text: ran

text: a

text: scheme

text: The

text: last

text: game

text: Rockne

text: coached

text: was

text: on

text: December

text: when

text: he

text: led

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: all

text: stars

text: against

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Giants

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

question: The Notre Dame football team got a new head coach in 1918, who was it?

answer: Knute Rockne

text: Knute Rockne

question: What was the amount of wins Knute Rockne attained at Notre Dame while head coach?

answer: 105

question: How many years was Knute Rockne head coach at Notre Dame?

answer: 13

question: How many national titles were won when Knute Rockne coached at Notre Dame?

answer: three

text: three

question: In what year did the team lead by Knute Rockne win the Rose Bowl?

answer: 1925


text: The word "insect" comes from the Latin word insectum, meaning "with a notched or divided body", or literally "cut into", from the neuter singular perfect passive participle of insectare, "to cut into, to cut up", from in- "into" and secare "to cut"; because insects appear "cut into" three sections. Pliny the Elder introduced the Latin designation as a loan-translation of the Greek word ἔντομος (éntomos) or "insect" (as in entomology), which was Aristotle's term for this class of life, also in reference to their "notched" bodies. "Insect" first appears documented in English in 1601 in Holland's translation of Pliny. Translations of Aristotle's term also form the usual word for "insect" in Welsh (trychfil, from trychu "to cut" and mil, "animal"), Serbo-Croatian (zareznik, from rezati, "to cut"), Russian (насекомое nasekomoje, from seč'/-sekat', "to cut"), etc.

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: The

text: word

text: insect

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: word

text: insectum

text: meaning

text: with

text: a

text: notched

text: or

text: divided

text: body

text: or

text: literally

text: cut

text: into

text: from

text: the

text: neuter

text: singular

text: perfect

text: passive

text: participle

text: of

text: insectare

text: to

text: cut

text: into

text: to

text: cut

text: up

text: from

text: in-

text: into

text: and

text: secare

text: to

text: cut

text: because

text: insects

text: appear

text: cut

text: into

text: three

text: sections

text: Pliny

text: the

text: Elder

text: introduced

text: the

text: Latin

text: designation

text: as

text: a

text: loan

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: word

text: ἔντομος

text: éntomos

text: or

text: insect

text: as

text: in

text: entomology

text: which

text: was

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: term

text: for

text: this

text: class

text: of

text: life

text: also

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: their

text: notched

text: bodies

text: Insect

text: first

text: appears

text: documented

text: in

text: English

text: in

text: in

text: Holland

text: 's

text: translation

text: of

text: Pliny

text: Translations

text: of

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: term

text: also

text: form

text: the

text: usual

text: word

text: for

text: insect

text: in

text: Welsh

text: trychfil

text: from

text: trychu

text: to

text: cut

text: and

text: mil

text: animal

text: Serbo

text: Croatian

text: zareznik

text: from

text: rezati

text: to

text: cut

text: Russian

text: насекомое

text: nasekomoje

text: from

text: seč'/-sekat

text: to

text: cut

text: etc

question: What is the Latin term for insect?

answer: insectum

text: insectum

question: Who introduced the Latin term for insect, borrowing from the Greek vernacular?

answer: Pliny the Elder

text: Pliny the Elder

question: How many sections does an insect's body appear to be divided?

answer: three

text: three

question: Which Greek philosopher used the term entomos to describe insects, making reference to their notched bodies?

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

question: In what year is it typically reported that the word insect was first documented in English?

answer: 1601

question: Insect means to have a notched or divided what?

answer: body

text: body

question: Insects are cut into how many sections?

answer: three sections

text: three sections

question: Who gave this class of life the name "insect"?

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

question: In what year did the word "insect" appear in a document?

answer: 1601

question: Who introduced the Latin version of the word "insect"?

answer: Pliny the Elder

text: Pliny the Elder


text: Patricia Ebrey writes that Tibet, like Joseon Korea and other neighboring states to the Ming, settled for its tributary status while there were no troops or governors of Ming China stationed in its territory. Laird writes that "after the Mongol troops left Tibet, no Ming troops replaced them." Wang and Nyima state that, despite the fact that the Ming refrained from sending troops to subdue Tibet and refrained from garrisoning Ming troops there, these measures were unnecessary so long as the Ming court upheld close ties with Tibetan vassals and their forces. However, there were instances in the 14th century when the Hongwu Emperor did use military force to quell unrest in Tibet. John D. Langlois writes that there was unrest in Tibet and western Sichuan, which the Marquis Mu Ying (沐英) was commissioned to quell in November 1378 after he established a Taozhou garrison in Gansu. Langlois notes that by October 1379, Mu Ying had allegedly captured 30,000 Tibetan prisoners and 200,000 domesticated animals. Yet invasion went both ways; the Ming general Qu Neng, under the command of Lan Yu, was ordered to repel a Tibetan assault into Sichuan in 1390.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Patricia

text: Ebrey

text: writes

text: that

text: Tibet

text: like

text: Joseon

text: Korea

text: and

text: other

text: neighboring

text: states

text: to

text: the

text: Ming

text: settled

text: for

text: its

text: tributary

text: status

text: while

text: there

text: were

text: no

text: troops

text: or

text: governors

text: of

text: Ming

text: China

text: stationed

text: in

text: its

text: territory

text: Laird

text: writes

text: that

text: after

text: the

text: Mongol

text: troops

text: left

text: Tibet

text: no

text: Ming

text: troops

text: replaced

text: them

text: Wang

text: and

text: Nyima

text: state

text: that

text: despite

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: the

text: Ming

text: refrained

text: from

text: sending

text: troops

text: to

text: subdue

text: Tibet

text: and

text: refrained

text: from

text: garrisoning

text: Ming

text: troops

text: there

text: these

text: measures

text: were

text: unnecessary

text: so

text: long

text: as

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: upheld

text: close

text: ties

text: with

text: Tibetan

text: vassals

text: and

text: their

text: forces

text: However

text: there

text: were

text: instances

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: when

text: the

text: Hongwu

text: Emperor

text: did

text: use

text: military

text: force

text: to

text: quell

text: unrest

text: in

text: Tibet

text: John

text: D.

text: Langlois

text: writes

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: unrest

text: in

text: Tibet

text: and

text: western

text: Sichuan

text: which

text: the

text: Marquis

text: Mu

text: Ying

text: 沐英

text: was

text: commissioned

text: to

text: quell

text: in

text: November

text: after

text: he

text: established

text: a

text: Taozhou

text: garrison

text: in

text: Gansu

text: Langlois

text: notes

text: that

text: by

text: October

text: Mu

text: Ying

text: had

text: allegedly

text: captured

text: Tibetan

text: prisoners

text: and

text: domesticated

text: animals

text: Yet

text: invasion

text: went

text: both

text: ways

text: the

text: Ming

text: general

text: Qu

text: Neng

text: under

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: Lan

text: Yu

text: was

text: ordered

text: to

text: repel

text: a

text: Tibetan

text: assault

text: into

text: Sichuan

text: in

question: When did the Hongwu Emperor use military force in Tibet?

answer: the 14th century

text: the 14th century

question: When was the Marquis Mu Ying commissioned to quell?

answer: November 1378

text: November 1378

question: How many Tibetan prisoners did Mu Ying capture?

answer: 30,000

question: How many animals did Mu Ying capture?

answer: 200,000

question: Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan?

answer: Ming general Qu Neng

text: Ming general Qu Neng


text: At the foundation of the Order, the "Medal of the Order of the British Empire" was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the "British Empire Medal". It stopped being awarded by the United Kingdom as part of the 1993 reforms to the honours system, but was again awarded beginning in 2012, starting with 293 BEMs awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. In addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. In 2004, a report entitled "A Matter of Honour: Reforming Our Honours System" by a Commons committee recommended to phase out the Order of the British Empire, as its title was "now considered to be unacceptable, being thought to embody values that are no longer shared by many of the country’s population".

title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

text: At

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: the

text: Order

text: the

text: Medal

text: of

text: the

text: Order

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: was

text: instituted

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: a

text: lower

text: award

text: granting

text: recipients

text: affiliation

text: but

text: not

text: membership

text: In

text: this

text: was

text: renamed

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: Medal

text: It

text: stopped

text: being

text: awarded

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: reforms

text: to

text: the

text: honours

text: system

text: but

text: was

text: again

text: awarded

text: beginning

text: in

text: starting

text: with

text: BEMs

text: awarded

text: for

text: the

text: Queen

text: 's

text: Diamond

text: Jubilee

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: BEM

text: is

text: awarded

text: by

text: the

text: Cook

text: Islands

text: and

text: by

text: some

text: other

text: Commonwealth

text: nations

text: In

text: a

text: report

text: entitled

text: A

text: Matter

text: of

text: Honour

text: Reforming

text: Our

text: Honours

text: System

text: by

text: a

text: Commons

text: committee

text: recommended

text: to

text: phase

text: out

text: the

text: Order

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: as

text: its

text: title

text: was

text: now

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: unacceptable

text: being

text: thought

text: to

text: embody

text: values

text: that

text: are

text: no

text: longer

text: shared

text: by

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: ’s

text: population

question: What was instituted to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation?

answer: Medal of the Order of the British Empire

text: Medal of the Order of the British Empire

question: In what year was the Medal of the Order of the British Empire established?

answer: 1922

question: What was the medal renamed as?

answer: British Empire Medal

text: British Empire Medal

question: When was it stopped being rewarded?

answer: 1993

question: How many BEM's were awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee?

answer: 293


text: Science came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and thought. Scientific progress during the Enlightenment included the discovery of carbon dioxide (fixed air) by the chemist Joseph Black, the argument for deep time by the geologist James Hutton, and the invention of the steam engine by James Watt. The experiments of Lavoisier were used to create the first modern chemical plants in Paris, and the experiments of the Montgolfier Brothers enabled them to launch the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon on 21 November 1783, from the Château de la Muette, near the Bois de Boulogne.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: Science

text: came

text: to

text: play

text: a

text: leading

text: role

text: in

text: Enlightenment

text: discourse

text: and

text: thought

text: Many

text: Enlightenment

text: writers

text: and

text: thinkers

text: had

text: backgrounds

text: in

text: the

text: sciences

text: and

text: associated

text: scientific

text: advancement

text: with

text: the

text: overthrow

text: of

text: religion

text: and

text: traditional

text: authority

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: free

text: speech

text: and

text: thought

text: Scientific

text: progress

text: during

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: included

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: fixed

text: air

text: by

text: the

text: chemist

text: Joseph

text: Black

text: the

text: argument

text: for

text: deep

text: time

text: by

text: the

text: geologist

text: James

text: Hutton

text: and

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: steam

text: engine

text: by

text: James

text: Watt

text: The

text: experiments

text: of

text: Lavoisier

text: were

text: used

text: to

text: create

text: the

text: first

text: modern

text: chemical

text: plants

text: in

text: Paris

text: and

text: the

text: experiments

text: of

text: the

text: Montgolfier

text: Brothers

text: enabled

text: them

text: to

text: launch

text: the

text: first

text: manned

text: flight

text: in

text: a

text: hot

text: air

text: balloon

text: on

text: November

text: from

text: the

text: Château

text: de

text: la

text: Muette

text: near

text: the

text: Bois

text: de

text: Boulogne

question: Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favor of what?

answer: the development of free speech and thought

text: the development of free speech and thought

question: Who discovered carbon dioxide or fixed air?

answer: chemist Joseph Black

text: chemist Joseph Black

question: Who created the argument for deep time?

answer: geologist James Hutton

text: geologist James Hutton

question: Who invented the steam engine?

answer: James Watt

text: James Watt

question: Who launched the first manned flight in a hot-air balloon in November 1783?

answer: the Montgolfier Brothers

text: the Montgolfier Brothers


text: Canada has the world's largest deposit of natural bitumen in the Athabasca oil sands and Canadian First Nations along the Athabasca River had long used it to waterproof their canoes. In 1719, a Cree Indian named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey of the Hudson’s Bay Company, who was the first recorded European to see it. However, it wasn't until 1787 that fur trader and explorer Alexander MacKenzie saw the Athabasca oil sands and said, "At about 24 miles from the fork (of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers) are some bituminous fountains into which a pole of 20 feet long may be inserted without the least resistance."

title: Asphalt

title: Asphalt

text: Canada

text: has

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: deposit

text: of

text: natural

text: bitumen

text: in

text: the

text: Athabasca

text: oil

text: sands

text: and

text: Canadian

text: First

text: Nations

text: along

text: the

text: Athabasca

text: River

text: had

text: long

text: used

text: it

text: to

text: waterproof

text: their

text: canoes

text: In

text: a

text: Cree

text: Indian

text: named

text: Wa

text: Pa

text: Su

text: brought

text: a

text: sample

text: for

text: trade

text: to

text: Henry

text: Kelsey

text: of

text: the

text: Hudson

text: ’s

text: Bay

text: Company

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: recorded

text: European

text: to

text: see

text: it

text: However

text: it

text: was

text: n't

text: until

text: that

text: fur

text: trader

text: and

text: explorer

text: Alexander

text: MacKenzie

text: saw

text: the

text: Athabasca

text: oil

text: sands

text: and

text: said

text: At

text: about

text: miles

text: from

text: the

text: fork

text: of

text: the

text: Athabasca

text: and

text: Clearwater

text: Rivers

text: are

text: some

text: bituminous

text: fountains

text: into

text: which

text: a

text: pole

text: of

text: feet

text: long

text: may

text: be

text: inserted

text: without

text: the

text: least

text: resistance

question: What country has the largest deposits of bitumen?

answer: Canada

text: Canada

question: For what  did Canadian natives use asphalt as a waterproofing material?

answer: canoes

text: canoes

question: Who was the first European trader to see asphalt?

answer: Henry Kelsey

text: Henry Kelsey

question: For what trading company did Kelsey work?

answer: Hudson’s Bay Company

text: Hudson’s Bay Company

question: Who was the first European to see the Athabascan oil sands?

answer: Alexander MacKenzie

text: Alexander MacKenzie

question: Which country has North America's largest deposit of naturally occurring bitumen?

text: Canada

question: Canada is home to the world's smallest deposit of what?

text: natural bitumen

question: Where is the world's smallest natural bitumen deposit located?

text: Canada

question: In what year did Athabasca see the oil sands?

question: Alexander MacKenzie was a oil trader and saw the oil sands in what year?


text: Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced Ming influence and contact with Tibet. After Altan Khan made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he invited the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso (1543–1588)—to meet him in Amdo (modern Qinghai) in 1578, where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of Dalai Lama—"Ocean Teacher". The full title was "Dalai Lama Vajradhara", "Vajradhara" meaning "Holder of the Thunderbolt" in Sanskrit. Victoria Huckenpahler notes that Vajradhara is considered by Buddhists to be the primordial Buddha of limitless and all-pervasive beneficial qualities, a being that "represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment." Goldstein writes that Sönam Gyatso also enhanced Altan Khan's standing by granting him the title "king of religion, majestic purity". Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama officially recognized Altan Khan as the "Protector of the Faith".

title: Sino

title: Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

text: Meanwhile

text: the

text: Tumed

text: Mongols

text: began

text: moving

text: into

text: the

text: Kokonor

text: region

text: modern

text: Qinghai

text: raiding

text: the

text: Ming

text: Chinese

text: frontier

text: and

text: even

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: the

text: suburbs

text: of

text: Beijing

text: under

text: Altan

text: Khan

text: Klieger

text: writes

text: that

text: Altan

text: Khan

text: 's

text: presence

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: effectively

text: reduced

text: Ming

text: influence

text: and

text: contact

text: with

text: Tibet

text: After

text: Altan

text: Khan

text: made

text: peace

text: with

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: in

text: he

text: invited

text: the

text: third

text: hierarch

text: of

text: the

text: Gelug

text: Sönam

text: Gyatso

text: meet

text: him

text: in

text: Amdo

text: modern

text: Qinghai

text: in

text: where

text: he

text: accidentally

text: bestowed

text: him

text: and

text: his

text: two

text: predecessors

text: with

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: Dalai

text: Lama—"Ocean

text: Teacher

text: The

text: full

text: title

text: was

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: Vajradhara

text: Vajradhara

text: meaning

text: Holder

text: of

text: the

text: Thunderbolt

text: in

text: Sanskrit

text: Victoria

text: Huckenpahler

text: notes

text: that

text: Vajradhara

text: is

text: considered

text: by

text: Buddhists

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: primordial

text: Buddha

text: of

text: limitless

text: and

text: all

text: pervasive

text: beneficial

text: qualities

text: a

text: being

text: that

text: represents

text: the

text: ultimate

text: aspect

text: of

text: enlightenment

text: Goldstein

text: writes

text: that

text: Sönam

text: Gyatso

text: also

text: enhanced

text: Altan

text: Khan

text: 's

text: standing

text: by

text: granting

text: him

text: the

text: title

text: king

text: of

text: religion

text: majestic

text: purity

text: Rawski

text: writes

text: that

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: officially

text: recognized

text: Altan

text: Khan

text: as

text: the

text: Protector

text: of

text: the

text: Faith

question: What region did the Tumed Mongols move into?

answer: the Kokonor region

text: the Kokonor region

question: Which frontier did the Tumed Mongols raid?

answer: the Ming Chinese frontier

text: the Ming Chinese frontier

question: The presence of the Altan Khan in the west reduced whos influence?

answer: the Ming

text: the Ming

question: When did Altan Khan make peace with the Ming dynasty?

answer: 1571

question: Who did Altan Khan invite to meet him in Amdo?

answer: the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso

text: the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso


text: In 1909–10, football faced a crisis resulting from the failure of the previous reforms of 1905–06 to solve the problem of serious injuries. There was a mood of alarm and mistrust, and, while the crisis was developing, the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton developed a project to reform the sport and forestall possible radical changes forced by government upon the sport. President Arthur Hadley of Yale, A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, and Woodrow Wilson of Princeton worked to develop moderate changes to reduce injuries. Their attempts, however, were reduced by rebellion against the rules committee and formation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association. The big three had tried to operate independently of the majority, but changes did reduce injuries.

title: Yale_University

title: Yale_University

text: In

text: football

text: faced

text: a

text: crisis

text: resulting

text: from

text: the

text: failure

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: reforms

text: of

text: to

text: solve

text: the

text: problem

text: of

text: serious

text: injuries

text: There

text: was

text: a

text: mood

text: of

text: alarm

text: and

text: mistrust

text: and

text: while

text: the

text: crisis

text: was

text: developing

text: the

text: presidents

text: of

text: Harvard

text: Yale

text: and

text: Princeton

text: developed

text: a

text: project

text: to

text: reform

text: the

text: sport

text: and

text: forestall

text: possible

text: radical

text: changes

text: forced

text: by

text: government

text: upon

text: the

text: sport

text: President

text: Arthur

text: Hadley

text: of

text: Yale

text: A.

text: Lawrence

text: Lowell

text: of

text: Harvard

text: and

text: Woodrow

text: Wilson

text: of

text: Princeton

text: worked

text: to

text: develop

text: moderate

text: changes

text: to

text: reduce

text: injuries

text: Their

text: attempts

text: however

text: were

text: reduced

text: by

text: rebellion

text: against

text: the

text: rules

text: committee

text: and

text: formation

text: of

text: the

text: Intercollegiate

text: Athletic

text: Association

text: The

text: big

text: three

text: had

text: tried

text: to

text: operate

text: independently

text: of

text: the

text: majority

text: but

text: changes

text: did

text: reduce

text: injuries

question: Who attempted to enact measures of football reform?

answer: the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton

text: the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton

question: What did the rebellion to the new football measures start?

answer: Intercollegiate Athletic Association

text: Intercollegiate Athletic Association

question: Who was president of Yale during the rebellion?

answer: Arthur Hadley

text: Arthur Hadley

question: Who represented Harvard during the rule changing debates?

answer: A. Lawrence Lowell

text: A. Lawrence Lowell

question: Who represented Princeton during the rule changing discussions?

answer: Woodrow Wilson

text: Woodrow Wilson

question: Who attempted to enact measures of soccer reform?

question: What did the rebellion to the old football measures start?

text: Intercollegiate Athletic Association

question: Who was vice president of Yale during the rebellion?

text: Arthur Hadley

question: Who represented Harvard after the rule changing debates?

text: A. Lawrence Lowell

question: Who represented Princeton before the rule changing discussions?

text: Woodrow Wilson


text: That same year, the comedy Junior was released, the last of Schwarzenegger's three collaborations with Ivan Reitman and again co-starring Danny DeVito. This film brought him his second Golden Globe nomination, this time for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy. It was followed by the action thriller Eraser (1996), the Christmas comedy Jingle All The Way (1996), and the comic book-based Batman & Robin (1997), in which he played the villain Mr. Freeze. This was his final film before taking time to recuperate from a back injury. Following the critical failure of Batman & Robin, his film career and box office prominence went into decline. He returned with the supernatural thriller End of Days (1999), later followed by the action films The 6th Day (2000) and Collateral Damage (2002), both of which failed to do well at the box office. In 2003, he made his third appearance as the title character in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, which went on to earn over $150 million domestically.

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

text: That

text: same

text: year

text: the

text: comedy

text: Junior

text: was

text: released

text: the

text: last

text: of

text: Schwarzenegger

text: 's

text: three

text: collaborations

text: with

text: Ivan

text: Reitman

text: and

text: again

text: co

text: starring

text: Danny

text: DeVito

text: This

text: film

text: brought

text: him

text: his

text: second

text: Golden

text: Globe

text: nomination

text: this

text: time

text: for

text: Best

text: Actor

text: Musical

text: or

text: Comedy

text: It

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: action

text: thriller

text: Eraser

text: the

text: Christmas

text: comedy

text: Jingle

text: All

text: The

text: Way

text: and

text: the

text: comic

text: book

text: based

text: Batman

text: Robin

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: played

text: the

text: villain

text: Mr.

text: Freeze

text: This

text: was

text: his

text: final

text: film

text: before

text: taking

text: time

text: to

text: recuperate

text: from

text: a

text: back

text: injury

text: Following

text: the

text: critical

text: failure

text: of

text: Batman

text: Robin

text: his

text: film

text: career

text: and

text: box

text: office

text: prominence

text: went

text: into

text: decline

text: He

text: returned

text: with

text: the

text: supernatural

text: thriller

text: End

text: of

text: Days

text: later

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: action

text: films

text: The

text: Day

text: and

text: Collateral

text: Damage

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: failed

text: to

text: do

text: well

text: at

text: the

text: box

text: office

text: In

text: he

text: made

text: his

text: third

text: appearance

text: as

text: the

text: title

text: character

text: in

text: Terminator

text: Rise

text: of

text: the

text: Machines

text: which

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: earn

text: over

text: million

text: domestically

question: What was Schwarzenegger's second film with co-star Danny DeVito?

answer: Junior

text: Junior

question: How much did the third Terminator movie make domestically alone?

answer: $150 million

text: $150 million


text: Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for linguistic analysis, or reflects an actual process in the way the human brain processes a language.

title: Phonology

title: Phonology

text: Different

text: linguists

text: therefore

text: take

text: different

text: approaches

text: to

text: the

text: problem

text: of

text: assigning

text: sounds

text: to

text: phonemes

text: For

text: example

text: they

text: differ

text: in

text: the

text: extent

text: to

text: which

text: they

text: require

text: allophones

text: to

text: be

text: phonetically

text: similar

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: differing

text: ideas

text: as

text: to

text: whether

text: this

text: grouping

text: of

text: sounds

text: is

text: purely

text: a

text: tool

text: for

text: linguistic

text: analysis

text: or

text: reflects

text: an

text: actual

text: process

text: in

text: the

text: way

text: the

text: human

text: brain

text: processes

text: a

text: language

question: What are assigned to phonemes by different linguists?

answer: sounds

text: sounds

question: What part of a human does language processing?

answer: brain

text: brain

question: The phonetical similarity of what thing causes disagreements between linguists?

answer: allophones

text: allophones

question: What are assigned to phonemes by different languages?

text: sounds

question: What part of a human does allophone processing?

text: brain

question: The phonetical similarity of what thing causes disagreements between phenomes?

text: allophones

question: Who takes different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to allophones?

text: linguists

question: Who differs in the extent to which they requires phonemes to be phonetically similar?

text: linguists


text: Materialism typically contrasts with dualism, phenomenalism, idealism, vitalism, and dual-aspect monism. Its materiality can, in some ways, be linked to the concept of Determinism, as espoused by Enlightenment thinkers.

title: Materialism

title: Materialism

text: Materialism

text: typically

text: contrasts

text: with

text: dualism

text: phenomenalism

text: idealism

text: vitalism

text: and

text: dual

text: aspect

text: monism

text: Its

text: materiality

text: can

text: in

text: some

text: ways

text: be

text: linked

text: to

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: Determinism

text: as

text: espoused

text: by

text: Enlightenment

text: thinkers

question: Why does materialism agree with dualism?

question: Why does materialism agree with phenomenalism?

question: Who doesn't link materialism with determinism?

text: Enlightenment thinkers

question: What contrasts with multi-aspect monism?

text: Materialism

question: What contrasts with non-dualism?

text: Materialism


text: The population grew rapidly, from 800,000 in 1814 to 914,000 in 1830 and 1,067,000 in 1846. The combination of economic and demographic factors led to hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people. Thus, it is not surprising that people left Alsace, not only for Paris – where the Alsatian community grew in numbers, with famous members such as Baron Haussmann – but also for more distant places like Russia and the Austrian Empire, to take advantage of the new opportunities offered there: Austria had conquered lands in Eastern Europe from the Ottoman Empire and offered generous terms to colonists as a way of consolidating its hold on the new territories. Many Alsatians also began to sail to the United States, settling in many areas from 1820 to 1850. In 1843 and 1844, sailing ships bringing immigrant families from Alsace arrived at the port of New York. Some settled in Illinois, many to farm or to seek success in commercial ventures: for example, the sailing ships Sully (in May 1843) and Iowa (in June 1844) brought families who set up homes in northern Illinois and northern Indiana. Some Alsatian immigrants were noted for their roles in 19th-century American economic development. Others ventured to Canada to settle in southwestern Ontario, notably Waterloo County.

title: Alsace

title: Alsace

text: The

text: population

text: grew

text: rapidly

text: from

text: in

text: to

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: The

text: combination

text: of

text: economic

text: and

text: demographic

text: factors

text: led

text: to

text: hunger

text: housing

text: shortages

text: and

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: work

text: for

text: young

text: people

text: Thus

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: surprising

text: that

text: people

text: left

text: Alsace

text: not

text: only

text: for

text: Paris

text: where

text: the

text: Alsatian

text: community

text: grew

text: in

text: numbers

text: with

text: famous

text: members

text: such

text: as

text: Baron

text: Haussmann

text: but

text: also

text: for

text: more

text: distant

text: places

text: like

text: Russia

text: and

text: the

text: Austrian

text: Empire

text: to

text: take

text: advantage

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: opportunities

text: offered

text: there

text: Austria

text: had

text: conquered

text: lands

text: in

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: from

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: and

text: offered

text: generous

text: terms

text: to

text: colonists

text: as

text: a

text: way

text: of

text: consolidating

text: its

text: hold

text: on

text: the

text: new

text: territories

text: Many

text: Alsatians

text: also

text: began

text: to

text: sail

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: settling

text: in

text: many

text: areas

text: from

text: to

text: In

text: and

text: sailing

text: ships

text: bringing

text: immigrant

text: families

text: from

text: Alsace

text: arrived

text: at

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: Some

text: settled

text: in

text: Illinois

text: many

text: to

text: farm

text: or

text: to

text: seek

text: success

text: in

text: commercial

text: ventures

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: sailing

text: ships

text: Sully

text: in

text: May

text: and

text: Iowa

text: in

text: June

text: brought

text: families

text: who

text: set

text: up

text: homes

text: in

text: northern

text: Illinois

text: and

text: northern

text: Indiana

text: Some

text: Alsatian

text: immigrants

text: were

text: noted

text: for

text: their

text: roles

text: in

text: century

text: American

text: economic

text: development

text: Others

text: ventured

text: to

text: Canada

text: to

text: settle

text: in

text: southwestern

text: Ontario

text: notably

text: Waterloo

text: County

question: What was the population of Alsace in 1846?

answer: 1,067,000

question: What were the reasons for people to begin leaving Alsace?

answer: hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people

text: hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people

question: Between what years did Alatians begin to sail towards the United States?

answer: 1820 to 1850

text: 1820 to 1850

question: What was the population of Paris in 1846?

question: When did Baron Haussmann move to Paris?

question: What famous Alsatian member lived in Russia?

text: Baron Haussmann

question: What was the name of the ship that brought Alsatians to the US in 1820?

text: Sully

question: What were the settlers in Canada known for?

text: economic development


text: Due to reciprocity (discussed above) the gain of an antenna used for transmitting must be proportional to its effective area when used for receiving. Consider an antenna with no loss, that is, one whose electrical efficiency is 100%. It can be shown that its effective area averaged over all directions must be equal to λ2/4π, the wavelength squared divided by 4π. Gain is defined such that the average gain over all directions for an antenna with 100% electrical efficiency is equal to 1. Therefore, the effective area Aeff in terms of the gain G in a given direction is given by:

title: Antenna_(radio)

title: Antenna_(radio

text: Due

text: to

text: reciprocity

text: discussed

text: above

text: the

text: gain

text: of

text: an

text: antenna

text: used

text: for

text: transmitting

text: must

text: be

text: proportional

text: to

text: its

text: effective

text: area

text: when

text: used

text: for

text: receiving

text: Consider

text: an

text: antenna

text: with

text: no

text: loss

text: that

text: is

text: one

text: whose

text: electrical

text: efficiency

text: is

text: It

text: can

text: be

text: shown

text: that

text: its

text: effective

text: area

text: averaged

text: over

text: all

text: directions

text: must

text: be

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: wavelength

text: squared

text: divided

text: by

text: Gain

text: is

text: defined

text: such

text: that

text: the

text: average

text: gain

text: over

text: all

text: directions

text: for

text: an

text: antenna

text: with

text: electrical

text: efficiency

text: is

text: equal

text: to

text: Therefore

text: the

text: effective

text: area

text: Aeff

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: gain

text: G

text: in

text: a

text: given

text: direction

text: is

text: given

text: by

question: What must the relationship of an antenna and the receiving area be due to reciprocity?

answer: proportional

text: proportional

question: what could an antenna with complete electrical efficiency be said to have?

answer: no loss

text: no loss

question: hat could an antenna with complete electrical efficiency be said to have?

answer: 1

question: Another term for the effective area is?

answer: Aeff

text: Aeff


text: In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility were protected from judicial abuses. The Nieszawa Statutes also curbed the power of the magnates, as the Sejm (national parliament) received the right to elect many officials, including judges, voivods and castellans. These privileges were demanded by the szlachta as a compensation for their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: In

text: King

text: Casimir

text: IV

text: granted

text: the

text: Nieszawa

text: Statutes

text: Polish

text: statuty

text: cerkwicko

text: nieszawskie

text: clarifying

text: the

text: legal

text: basis

text: of

text: voivodship

text: sejmiks

text: local

text: parliaments

text: The

text: king

text: could

text: promulgate

text: new

text: laws

text: raise

text: taxes

text: or

text: call

text: for

text: a

text: levée

text: en

text: masse

text: pospolite

text: ruszenie

text: only

text: with

text: the

text: consent

text: of

text: the

text: sejmiks

text: and

text: the

text: nobility

text: were

text: protected

text: from

text: judicial

text: abuses

text: The

text: Nieszawa

text: Statutes

text: also

text: curbed

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: magnates

text: as

text: the

text: Sejm

text: national

text: parliament

text: received

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: elect

text: many

text: officials

text: including

text: judges

text: voivods

text: and

text: castellans

text: These

text: privileges

text: were

text: demanded

text: by

text: the

text: szlachta

text: as

text: a

text: compensation

text: for

text: their

text: participation

text: in

text: the

text: Thirteen

text: Years

text: War

question: When were the Nieszawa statutes granted?

answer: 1454

question: What did the Nieszawa statues clarify?

answer: the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks

text: the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks

question: THe nobility was protected from what?

answer: judicial abuses

text: judicial abuses

question: Whos power was curbed?

answer: magnates

text: magnates

question: Why did the szlachta demand privileges?

answer: their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.

text: their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.


text: In 2006, Dell acknowledged that it had problems with customer service. Issues included call transfers of more than 45% of calls and long wait times. Dell's blog detailed the response: "We're spending more than a $100 million — and a lot of blood, sweat and tears of talented people — to fix this." Later in the year, the company increased its spending on customer service to $150 million. Despite significant investment in this space, Dell continues to face public scrutiny with even the company's own website littered with complaints regarding the issue escalation process.[original research?]

title: Dell

title: Dell

text: In

text: Dell

text: acknowledged

text: that

text: it

text: had

text: problems

text: with

text: customer

text: service

text: Issues

text: included

text: call

text: transfers

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: calls

text: and

text: long

text: wait

text: times

text: Dell

text: 's

text: blog

text: detailed

text: the

text: response

text: We

text: 're

text: spending

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: million

text: and

text: a

text: lot

text: of

text: blood

text: sweat

text: and

text: tears

text: of

text: talented

text: people

text: to

text: fix

text: this

text: Later

text: in

text: the

text: year

text: the

text: company

text: increased

text: its

text: spending

text: on

text: customer

text: service

text: to

text: million

text: Despite

text: significant

text: investment

text: in

text: this

text: space

text: Dell

text: continues

text: to

text: face

text: public

text: scrutiny

text: with

text: even

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: own

text: website

text: littered

text: with

text: complaints

text: regarding

text: the

text: issue

text: escalation

text: process.[original

text: research

question: What percentage of Dell support calls were transferred?

answer: 45%

question: How much did Dell originally spend to fix their customer service?

answer: $100 million

text: $100 million

question: What amount did Dell increase its customer service budget to?

answer: $150 million

text: $150 million

question: What percentage of Dell support calls weren't transferred?

question: What percentage of IBM support calls were transferred?

question: How much did Dell originally spend to end their customer service?

text: $100 million

question: How much did IBM originally spend to fix their customer service?

text: $100 million

question: What amount did Dell decrease its customer service budget to?

text: $150 million


text: In 1928, Nasser went to Alexandria to live with his maternal grandfather and attend the city's Attarin elementary school. He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan, and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father, who was working for the city's postal service. It was in Alexandria that Nasser became involved in political activism. After witnessing clashes between protesters and police in Manshia Square, he joined the demonstration without being aware of its purpose. The protest, organized by the ultranationalist Young Egypt Society, called for the end of colonialism in Egypt in the wake of the 1923 Egyptian constitution's annulment by Prime Minister Isma'il Sidqi. Nasser was arrested and detained for a night before his father bailed him out.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: In

text: Nasser

text: went

text: to

text: Alexandria

text: to

text: live

text: with

text: his

text: maternal

text: grandfather

text: and

text: attend

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: Attarin

text: elementary

text: school

text: He

text: left

text: in

text: for

text: a

text: private

text: boarding

text: school

text: in

text: Helwan

text: and

text: later

text: returned

text: to

text: Alexandria

text: to

text: enter

text: the

text: Ras

text: el

text: Tin

text: secondary

text: school

text: and

text: to

text: join

text: his

text: father

text: who

text: was

text: working

text: for

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: postal

text: service

text: It

text: was

text: in

text: Alexandria

text: that

text: Nasser

text: became

text: involved

text: in

text: political

text: activism

text: After

text: witnessing

text: clashes

text: between

text: protesters

text: and

text: police

text: in

text: Manshia

text: Square

text: he

text: joined

text: the

text: demonstration

text: without

text: being

text: aware

text: of

text: its

text: purpose

text: The

text: protest

text: organized

text: by

text: the

text: ultranationalist

text: Young

text: Egypt

text: Society

text: called

text: for

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: colonialism

text: in

text: Egypt

text: in

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: constitution

text: 's

text: annulment

text: by

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Isma'il

text: Sidqi

text: Nasser

text: was

text: arrested

text: and

text: detained

text: for

text: a

text: night

text: before

text: his

text: father

text: bailed

text: him

text: out

question: What elementary school did Nasser attend?

answer: Attarin

text: Attarin

question: Where did Nasser go to boarding school?

answer: Helwan

text: Helwan

question: What secondary school did Nasser attend?

answer: Ras el-Tin

text: Ras el-Tin

question: Where did young Nasser witness demonstrations?

answer: Manshia Square

text: Manshia Square

question: What organization organized the protests Nasser witnessed?

answer: Young Egypt Society

text: Young Egypt Society