text: Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, written in the early 14th century, merged a medieval world view with classical ideals. Another promoter of the Italian language was Boccaccio with his Decameron. The application of the vernacular did not entail a rejection of Latin, and both Dante and Boccaccio wrote prolifically in Latin as well as Italian, as would Petrarch later (whose Canzoniere also promoted the vernacular and whose contents are considered the first modern lyric poems). Together the three poets established the Tuscan dialect as the norm for the modern Italian language.

title: Late_Middle_Ages

title: Late_Middle_Ages

text: Dante

text: Alighieri

text: 's

text: Divine

text: Comedy

text: written

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: merged

text: a

text: medieval

text: world

text: view

text: with

text: classical

text: ideals

text: Another

text: promoter

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: language

text: was

text: Boccaccio

text: with

text: his

text: Decameron

text: The

text: application

text: of

text: the

text: vernacular

text: did

text: not

text: entail

text: a

text: rejection

text: of

text: Latin

text: and

text: both

text: Dante

text: and

text: Boccaccio

text: wrote

text: prolifically

text: in

text: Latin

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Italian

text: as

text: would

text: Petrarch

text: later

text: whose

text: Canzoniere

text: also

text: promoted

text: the

text: vernacular

text: and

text: whose

text: contents

text: are

text: considered

text: the

text: first

text: modern

text: lyric

text: poems

text: Together

text: the

text: three

text: poets

text: established

text: the

text: Tuscan

text: dialect

text: as

text: the

text: norm

text: for

text: the

text: modern

text: Italian

text: language

question: Who wrote the Divine Comedy?

answer: Dante Alighieri

text: Dante Alighieri

question: In what languages did Dante and Boccaccio create their works?

answer: Latin as well as Italian

text: Latin as well as Italian

question: Which dialect became the norm for the modern Italian language?

answer: Tuscan

text: Tuscan

question: What is one of Boccaccio's works that helped promote the Italian language?

answer: Decameron

text: Decameron

question: Whose work, Canzoniere, is considered to be the first example of modern lyric poetry?

answer: Petrarch

text: Petrarch

question: Who didn't wrote the Divine Comedy?

text: Dante Alighieri

question: In what languages didn't Dante and Boccaccio create their works?

text: Latin as well as Italian

question: Which dialect became the norm for the ancient Italian language?

text: Tuscan

question: What is one of Boccaccio's works that helped demote the Italian language?

text: Decameron

question: Whose work, Canzoniere, is considered to be the last example of modern lyric poetry?

text: Petrarch


text: In the Middle Ages, Virgil's reputation was such that it inspired legends associating him with magic and prophecy. From at least the 3rd century, Christian thinkers interpreted Eclogues 4, which describes the birth of a boy ushering in a golden age, as a prediction of Jesus' birth. As such, Virgil came to be seen on a similar level as the Hebrew prophets of the Bible as one who had heralded Christianity.

title: Virgil

title: Virgil

text: In

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Virgil

text: 's

text: reputation

text: was

text: such

text: that

text: it

text: inspired

text: legends

text: associating

text: him

text: with

text: magic

text: and

text: prophecy

text: From

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: century

text: Christian

text: thinkers

text: interpreted

text: Eclogues

text: which

text: describes

text: the

text: birth

text: of

text: a

text: boy

text: ushering

text: in

text: a

text: golden

text: age

text: as

text: a

text: prediction

text: of

text: Jesus

text: birth

text: As

text: such

text: Virgil

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: seen

text: on

text: a

text: similar

text: level

text: as

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: prophets

text: of

text: the

text: Bible

text: as

text: one

text: who

text: had

text: heralded

text: Christianity

question: Which of Virgil's works was said by some to have predicted Jesus' birth?

answer: Eclogues 4

text: Eclogues 4

question: Which religion did some consider Virgil to have heralded in?

answer: Christianity

text: Christianity

question: During which time period did Virgil's reputation inspire legends associating him with magic and prophecy?

answer: Middle Ages

text: Middle Ages

question: What did Virgil write about the most?

text: magic

question: Who was the first to predict Jesus's birth?

text: the Hebrew prophets

question: What religion did Virgil follow?

text: Christianity

question: When did Virgil predict Jesus would be born?

text: the 3rd century


text: Clinton returned in 1780 with 14,000 soldiers. American General Benjamin Lincoln was trapped and surrendered his entire 5,400-man force after a long fight, and the Siege of Charles Towne was the greatest American defeat of the war. Several Americans who escaped the carnage joined other militias, including those of Francis Marion, the "Swamp Fox"; and Andrew Pickens. The British retained control of the city until December 1782. After the British left, the city's name was officially changed to Charleston in 1783.

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

text: Clinton

text: returned

text: in

text: with

text: soldiers

text: American

text: General

text: Benjamin

text: Lincoln

text: was

text: trapped

text: and

text: surrendered

text: his

text: entire

text: force

text: after

text: a

text: long

text: fight

text: and

text: the

text: Siege

text: of

text: Charles

text: Towne

text: was

text: the

text: greatest

text: American

text: defeat

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: Several

text: Americans

text: who

text: escaped

text: the

text: carnage

text: joined

text: other

text: militias

text: including

text: those

text: of

text: Francis

text: Marion

text: the

text: Swamp

text: Fox

text: and

text: Andrew

text: Pickens

text: The

text: British

text: retained

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: until

text: December

text: After

text: the

text: British

text: left

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: name

text: was

text: officially

text: changed

text: to

text: Charleston

text: in

question: What was the greatest American defeat of the American Revolution?

answer: Siege of Charles Towne

text: Siege of Charles Towne

question: How many soldiers did General Clinton return with?

answer: 14,000

question: In what year did General Clinton return to Charles Towne?

answer: 1780

question: Who was the leader of the American forces defending Charles Towne?

answer: General Benjamin Lincoln

text: General Benjamin Lincoln

question: How many soldiers did General Lincoln lead?

answer: 5,400

question: What was the worst American defeat of the American Revolution?

text: Siege of Charles Towne

question: How many soldiers didb't General Clinton return with?

question: In what year didn't General Clinton return to Charles Towne?

question: Who was the leader of the American forces attacking Charles Towne?

text: General Benjamin Lincoln

question: How many soldiers didn't General Lincoln lead?


text: The first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses were not well suited for anti-aircraft use. The fuse length was determined by time of flight, but the burning rate of the gunpowder was affected by altitude. The British pom-poms had only contact-fused ammunition. Zeppelins, being hydrogen filled balloons, were targets for incendiary shells and the British introduced these with airburst fuses, both shrapnel type-forward projection of incendiary 'pot' and base ejection of an incendiary stream. The British also fitted tracers to their shells for use at night. Smoke shells were also available for some AA guns, these bursts were used as targets during training.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: The

text: first

text: issue

text: was

text: ammunition

text: Before

text: the

text: war

text: it

text: was

text: recognised

text: that

text: ammunition

text: needed

text: to

text: explode

text: in

text: the

text: air

text: Both

text: high

text: explosive

text: HE

text: and

text: shrapnel

text: were

text: used

text: mostly

text: the

text: former

text: Airburst

text: fuses

text: were

text: either

text: igniferious

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: burning

text: fuse

text: or

text: mechanical

text: clockwork

text: Igniferious

text: fuses

text: were

text: not

text: well

text: suited

text: for

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: use

text: The

text: fuse

text: length

text: was

text: determined

text: by

text: time

text: of

text: flight

text: but

text: the

text: burning

text: rate

text: of

text: the

text: gunpowder

text: was

text: affected

text: by

text: altitude

text: The

text: British

text: pom

text: poms

text: had

text: only

text: contact

text: fused

text: ammunition

text: Zeppelins

text: being

text: hydrogen

text: filled

text: balloons

text: were

text: targets

text: for

text: incendiary

text: shells

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: introduced

text: these

text: with

text: airburst

text: fuses

text: both

text: shrapnel

text: type

text: forward

text: projection

text: of

text: incendiary

text: pot

text: and

text: base

text: ejection

text: of

text: an

text: incendiary

text: stream

text: The

text: British

text: also

text: fitted

text: tracers

text: to

text: their

text: shells

text: for

text: use

text: at

text: night

text: Smoke

text: shells

text: were

text: also

text: available

text: for

text: some

text: AA

text: guns

text: these

text: bursts

text: were

text: used

text: as

text: targets

text: during

text: training

question: It was understood that ammunition needed to explode where?

answer: in the air

text: in the air

question: In addition to high explosive, what else was used?

answer: shrapnel

text: shrapnel

question: Airburst fuses could be which two things?

answer: igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork)

text: igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork)

question: What were hydrogen filled balloons called?

answer: Zeppelins

text: Zeppelins

question: What was used as targets in training practices?

answer: Smoke shells

text: Smoke shells


text: The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492.

title: Late_Middle_Ages

title: Late_Middle_Ages

text: The

text: marriage

text: of

text: Isabella

text: I

text: of

text: Castile

text: and

text: Ferdinand

text: II

text: of

text: Aragon

text: and

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: John

text: II

text: of

text: Aragon

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: modern

text: day

text: Spain

text: In

text: Granada

text: was

text: captured

text: from

text: the

text: Moors

text: thereby

text: completing

text: the

text: Reconquista

text: Portugal

text: had

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: particularly

text: under

text: Henry

text: the

text: Navigator

text: gradually

text: explored

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: in

text: Vasco

text: da

text: Gama

text: found

text: the

text: sea

text: route

text: to

text: India

text: The

text: Spanish

text: monarchs

text: met

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: challenge

text: by

text: financing

text: the

text: expedition

text: of

text: Christopher

text: Columbus

text: to

text: find

text: a

text: western

text: sea

text: route

text: to

text: India

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: in

question: In what year were Isabel I and Ferdinand II married?

answer: 1469

question: When was modern-day Spain created?

answer: 1492

question: The capture of which city finalized the Reconquista?

answer: Granada

text: Granada

question: Which explorer discovered a sea-route to India?

answer: Vasco da Gama

text: Vasco da Gama

question: In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas?

answer: 1492

question: In what year were Isabel II and Ferdinand II married?

question: When was ancient-day Spain created?

question: The release of which city finalized the Reconquista?

text: Granada

question: Which explorer ignored a sea-route to India?

text: Vasco da Gama

question: In what year did Christopher Columbus miss the Americas?


text: Between 1815 and 1914, a period referred to as Britain's "imperial century" by some historians, around 10,000,000 square miles (26,000,000 km2) of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire. Victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival, other than Russia in central Asia. Unchallenged at sea, Britain adopted the role of global policeman, a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica, and a foreign policy of "splendid isolation". Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam, which has been characterised by some historians as "Informal Empire".

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: Between

text: and

text: a

text: period

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Britain

text: 's

text: imperial

text: century

text: by

text: some

text: historians

text: around

text: square

text: miles

text: of

text: territory

text: and

text: roughly

text: million

text: people

text: were

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: Victory

text: over

text: Napoleon

text: left

text: Britain

text: without

text: any

text: serious

text: international

text: rival

text: other

text: than

text: Russia

text: in

text: central

text: Asia

text: Unchallenged

text: at

text: sea

text: Britain

text: adopted

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: global

text: policeman

text: a

text: state

text: of

text: affairs

text: later

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Pax

text: Britannica

text: and

text: a

text: foreign

text: policy

text: of

text: splendid

text: isolation

text: Alongside

text: the

text: formal

text: control

text: it

text: exerted

text: over

text: its

text: own

text: colonies

text: Britain

text: 's

text: dominant

text: position

text: in

text: world

text: trade

text: meant

text: that

text: it

text: effectively

text: controlled

text: the

text: economies

text: of

text: many

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: China

text: Argentina

text: and

text: Siam

text: which

text: has

text: been

text: characterised

text: by

text: some

text: historians

text: as

text: Informal

text: Empire

question: How many square miles of territory were added to the British Empire between 1815 and 1914?

answer: 10,000,000

question: How many people were added to the British Empire between 1815 and 1914?

answer: 400 million

text: 400 million

question: Who was Britain's last serious rival after Napoleon?

answer: Russia

text: Russia

question: What was the period of Britain acting as the world's police called?

answer: Britain's dominant position in world trade

text: Britain's dominant position in world trade

question: Britain's dominant position in world trade over some countries' economies has been called what?

answer: Informal Empire

text: Informal Empire


text: Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry for historical reasons: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or African American, even if they have significant European American or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "hypodescent" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as Melungeons, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.

title: Multiracial_American

title: Multiracial_American

text: Americans

text: with

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: African

text: ancestry

text: for

text: historical

text: reasons

text: slavery

text: partus

text: sequitur

text: ventrem

text: one

text: eighth

text: law

text: the

text: one

text: drop

text: rule

text: of

text: century

text: legislation

text: have

text: frequently

text: been

text: classified

text: as

text: black

text: historically

text: or

text: African

text: American

text: even

text: if

text: they

text: have

text: significant

text: European

text: American

text: or

text: Native

text: American

text: ancestry

text: As

text: slavery

text: became

text: a

text: racial

text: caste

text: those

text: who

text: were

text: enslaved

text: and

text: others

text: of

text: any

text: African

text: ancestry

text: were

text: classified

text: by

text: what

text: is

text: termed

text: hypodescent

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: lower

text: status

text: ethnic

text: group

text: Many

text: of

text: majority

text: European

text: ancestry

text: and

text: appearance

text: married

text: white

text: and

text: assimilated

text: into

text: white

text: society

text: for

text: its

text: social

text: and

text: economic

text: advantages

text: such

text: as

text: generations

text: of

text: families

text: identified

text: as

text: Melungeons

text: now

text: generally

text: classified

text: as

text: white

text: but

text: demonstrated

text: genetically

text: to

text: be

text: of

text: European

text: and

text: sub

text: Saharan

text: African

text: ancestry

question: Americans with African ancestry have always been classified as what race?

answer: black (historically) or African American

text: black (historically) or African American

question: What were slaves and others of African ancestry classified by what term?

answer: hypodescent

text: hypodescent

question: Melungeons are generally classified as white but what are they genetically what other races?

answer: European and sub-Saharan African ancestry

text: European and sub-Saharan African ancestry

question: What did many with European ancetry "marry white" and want to be part of the white society?

answer: for its social and economic advantages

text: for its social and economic advantages

question: Which Americans have been historically classified as African American or black?

answer: Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry

text: Americans with Sub-Saharan African ancestry

question: What caused lower classification status for African Americans?

answer: slavery became a racial caste

text: slavery became a racial caste

question: How did many multiracial Americans attain social and economic advantages?

answer: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society

text: Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society

question: What is the group called who are genetically sub Saharan and European but are classified as white?

answer: Melungeons,

text: Melungeons,

question: What are some historical reasons multiracial Americans have been classified as black?

answer: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation

text: slavery, partus sequitur ventrem, one-eighth law, the one-drop rule of 20th-century legislation

question: What is Melungeon?

answer: genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.

text: genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry.

question: What does it mean to have "marred white"?

answer: assimilated into white society

text: assimilated into white society

question: What were slaves and Africans classified by?

answer: hypodescent

text: hypodescent

question: What were those with Sub-Saharan African ancestory classified as?

answer: black (historically) or African American

text: black (historically) or African American

question: Who has frequently been classified as Hispanic?

question: What were people of European ancestry classified by?

text: hypodescent

question: What kind of people assimilated into black society?

text: majority European ancestry

question: Why did people choose not to assimilate into white society?

text: social and economic advantages

question: What families have been demonstrated genetically to be of Asian and African ancestry?

text: Melungeons


text: In an effort to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, on 13 April 1941, the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Axis power Japan. While Stalin had little faith in Japan's commitment to neutrality, he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism, to reinforce a public affection for Germany. Stalin felt that there was a growing split in German circles about whether Germany should initiate a war with the Soviet Union. Stalin did not know that Hitler had been secretly discussing an invasion of the Soviet Union since summer 1940, and that Hitler had ordered his military in late 1940 to prepare for war in the east regardless of the parties' talks of a potential Soviet entry as a fourth Axis Power.

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

text: In

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: demonstrate

text: peaceful

text: intentions

text: toward

text: Germany

text: on

text: April

text: the

text: Soviets

text: signed

text: a

text: neutrality

text: pact

text: with

text: Axis

text: power

text: Japan

text: While

text: Stalin

text: had

text: little

text: faith

text: in

text: Japan

text: 's

text: commitment

text: to

text: neutrality

text: he

text: felt

text: that

text: the

text: pact

text: was

text: important

text: for

text: its

text: political

text: symbolism

text: to

text: reinforce

text: a

text: public

text: affection

text: for

text: Germany

text: Stalin

text: felt

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: growing

text: split

text: in

text: German

text: circles

text: about

text: whether

text: Germany

text: should

text: initiate

text: a

text: war

text: with

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: Stalin

text: did

text: not

text: know

text: that

text: Hitler

text: had

text: been

text: secretly

text: discussing

text: an

text: invasion

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: since

text: summer

text: and

text: that

text: Hitler

text: had

text: ordered

text: his

text: military

text: in

text: late

text: to

text: prepare

text: for

text: war

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: regardless

text: of

text: the

text: parties

text: talks

text: of

text: a

text: potential

text: Soviet

text: entry

text: as

text: a

text: fourth

text: Axis

text: Power

question: Who was planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?

answer: Hitler

text: Hitler

question: Who did the Soviet Union agree to remain neutral with when they signed a treaty on the 13th of April?

answer: Japan

text: Japan

question: Why did Stalin sign the pact?

answer: reinforce a public affection for Germany

text: reinforce a public affection for Germany

question: Who wasn't planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?

text: Hitler

question: Who was openly planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?

text: Hitler

question: Who did the Soviet Union disagree to remain neutral with when they signed a treaty on the 13th of April?

text: Japan

question: Who did the Soviet Union agree to remain neutral with when they rejected a treaty on the 13th of April?

text: Japan

question: Why didn't Stalin sign the pact?


text: When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is attached across a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the other plate. If a battery has been attached to a capacitor for a sufficient amount of time, no current can flow through the capacitor. However, if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, a displacement current can flow.

title: Capacitor

title: Capacitor

text: When

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: potential

text: difference

text: across

text: the

text: conductors

text: e.g.

text: when

text: a

text: capacitor

text: is

text: attached

text: across

text: a

text: battery

text: an

text: electric

text: field

text: develops

text: across

text: the

text: dielectric

text: causing

text: positive

text: charge

text: Q

text: to

text: collect

text: on

text: one

text: plate

text: and

text: negative

text: charge

text: −Q

text: to

text: collect

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: plate

text: If

text: a

text: battery

text: has

text: been

text: attached

text: to

text: a

text: capacitor

text: for

text: a

text: sufficient

text: amount

text: of

text: time

text: no

text: current

text: can

text: flow

text: through

text: the

text: capacitor

text: However

text: if

text: a

text: time

text: varying

text: voltage

text: is

text: applied

text: across

text: the

text: leads

text: of

text: the

text: capacitor

text: a

text: displacement

text: current

text: can

text: flow

question: When does an electric field develop across the dielectric?

answer: When there is a potential difference across the conductors

text: When there is a potential difference across the conductors

question: Under what condition can a displacement current flow in a capacitor?

answer: if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads

text: if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads

question: What is an example of when there exists a potential difference across the conductors?

answer: when a capacitor is attached across a battery

text: when a capacitor is attached across a battery

question: What happens to the current when a battery has been attached to a capacitor for an adequate amount of time?

answer: no current can flow through the capacitor

text: no current can flow through the capacitor

question: How do charges accumulate on each plate of a capacitor after an electric field has developed across the dielectric?

answer: positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the other

text: positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the other

question: When does an electric field not develop across the dielectric?

question: Under what condition does a displacement current never flow in a capacitor?

question: What is an example of when there exists a similarity across the conductors?

question: How do charges stop accumulating on each plate of a capacitor after an electric field has developed across the dielectric?

question: hat happens to the current when a battery has been attached to a capacitor for an inadequate amount of time?


text: Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Here the term "races" is used as an alternative for "varieties" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races—the first use in the book refers to "the several races, for instance, of the cabbage" and proceeds to a discussion of "the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants".

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: Darwin

text: had

text: initially

text: decided

text: to

text: call

text: his

text: book

text: An

text: abstract

text: of

text: an

text: Essay

text: on

text: the

text: Origin

text: of

text: Species

text: and

text: Varieties

text: Through

text: natural

text: selection

text: but

text: with

text: Murray

text: 's

text: persuasion

text: it

text: was

text: eventually

text: changed

text: to

text: the

text: snappier

text: title

text: On

text: the

text: Origin

text: of

text: Species

text: with

text: the

text: title

text: page

text: adding

text: by

text: Means

text: of

text: Natural

text: Selection

text: or

text: the

text: Preservation

text: of

text: Favoured

text: Races

text: in

text: the

text: Struggle

text: for

text: Life

text: Here

text: the

text: term

text: races

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: an

text: alternative

text: for

text: varieties

text: and

text: does

text: not

text: carry

text: the

text: modern

text: connotation

text: of

text: human

text: races

text: the

text: first

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: book

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: several

text: races

text: for

text: instance

text: of

text: the

text: cabbage

text: and

text: proceeds

text: to

text: a

text: discussion

text: of

text: the

text: hereditary

text: varieties

text: or

text: races

text: of

text: our

text: domestic

text: animals

text: and

text: plants

question: What title did Darwin's book ultimately have?

answer: On the Origin of Species

text: On the Origin of Species

question: What had Darwin wanted to name his book?

answer: An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection

text: An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection

question: Who convinced Darwin that his book needed a shorter, more compelling title?

answer: Murray

text: Murray

question: What does the word "races" mean as referenced in Darwin's book?

answer: an alternative for "varieties" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races

text: an alternative for "varieties" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races

question: What is the extended name of The Origin of Species that is written on the title page?

answer: by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

text: by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life


text:
The attainment of high efficiency in blue LEDs was quickly followed by the development of the first white LED. In this device a Y
3Al
5O
12:Ce (known as "YAG") phosphor coating on the emitter absorbs some of the blue emission and produces yellow light through fluorescence. The combination of that yellow with remaining blue light appears white to the eye. However using different phosphors (fluorescent materials) it also became possible to instead produce green and red light through fluorescence. The resulting mixture of red, green and blue is not only perceived by humans as white light but is superior for illumination in terms of color rendering, whereas one cannot appreciate the color of red or green objects illuminated only by the yellow (and remaining blue) wavelengths from the YAG phosphor.

title: Light-emitting_diode

title: Light

title: emitting_diode

text: The

text: attainment

text: of

text: high

text: efficiency

text: in

text: blue

text: LEDs

text: was

text: quickly

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: white

text: LED

text: In

text: this

text: device

text: a

text: Y

text: known

text: as

text: YAG

text: phosphor

text: coating

text: on

text: the

text: emitter

text: absorbs

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: blue

text: emission

text: and

text: produces

text: yellow

text: light

text: through

text: fluorescence

text: The

text: combination

text: of

text: that

text: yellow

text: with

text: remaining

text: blue

text: light

text: appears

text: white

text: to

text: the

text: eye

text: However

text: using

text: different

text: phosphors

text: fluorescent

text: materials

text: it

text: also

text: became

text: possible

text: to

text: instead

text: produce

text: green

text: and

text: red

text: light

text: through

text: fluorescence

text: The

text: resulting

text: mixture

text: of

text: red

text: green

text: and

text: blue

text: is

text: not

text: only

text: perceived

text: by

text: humans

text: as

text: white

text: light

text: but

text: is

text: superior

text: for

text: illumination

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: color

text: rendering

text: whereas

text: one

text: can

text: not

text: appreciate

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: red

text: or

text: green

text: objects

text: illuminated

text: only

text: by

text: the

text: yellow

text: and

text: remaining

text: blue

text: wavelengths

text: from

text: the

text: YAG

text: phosphor

question: What LED quickly followed the blue LEDs?

answer: white

text: white

question: What does the YAG phosphor coating produce?

answer: yellow light

text: yellow light

question: What LED quickly followed the red LEDs?

text: white

question: What does the YAG phosphor coating not produce?

text: yellow light


text: The motor centers of reptiles react to sensory cues of vision, sound, touch, chemical, gravity, and motion with pre-set body movements and programmed postures. With the arrival of night-active mammals, smell replaced vision as the dominant sense, and a different way of responding arose from the olfactory sense, which is proposed to have developed into mammalian emotion and emotional memory. The mammalian brain invested heavily in olfaction to succeed at night as reptiles slept—one explanation for why olfactory lobes in mammalian brains are proportionally larger than in the reptiles. These odor pathways gradually formed the neural blueprint for what was later to become our limbic brain.

title: Emotion

title: Emotion

text: The

text: motor

text: centers

text: of

text: reptiles

text: react

text: to

text: sensory

text: cues

text: of

text: vision

text: sound

text: touch

text: chemical

text: gravity

text: and

text: motion

text: with

text: pre

text: set

text: body

text: movements

text: and

text: programmed

text: postures

text: With

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: night

text: active

text: mammals

text: smell

text: replaced

text: vision

text: as

text: the

text: dominant

text: sense

text: and

text: a

text: different

text: way

text: of

text: responding

text: arose

text: from

text: the

text: olfactory

text: sense

text: which

text: is

text: proposed

text: to

text: have

text: developed

text: into

text: mammalian

text: emotion

text: and

text: emotional

text: memory

text: The

text: mammalian

text: brain

text: invested

text: heavily

text: in

text: olfaction

text: to

text: succeed

text: at

text: night

text: as

text: reptiles

text: slept

text: one

text: explanation

text: for

text: why

text: olfactory

text: lobes

text: in

text: mammalian

text: brains

text: are

text: proportionally

text: larger

text: than

text: in

text: the

text: reptiles

text: These

text: odor

text: pathways

text: gradually

text: formed

text: the

text: neural

text: blueprint

text: for

text: what

text: was

text: later

text: to

text: become

text: our

text: limbic

text: brain

question: What parts of reptiles respond to sensory cues?

answer: motor centers

text: motor centers

question: What is the principal sense of night-active mammals?

answer: smell

text: smell

question: Why were early mammals active at night?

answer: reptiles slept

text: reptiles slept

question: What developed from the mammalian odor pathways?

answer: limbic brain

text: limbic brain

question: How do the olfactory lobes of mammals compare in size to those of reptiles?

answer: larger

text: larger

question: What parts of reptiles don't respond to sensory cues?

text: motor centers

question: What is the principal sense of morning-active mammals?

text: smell

question: Why were early mammals active in the morning?

text: reptiles slept

question: What developed from the mammalian sonic pathways?

text: limbic brain

question: How do the olfactory lobes of mammals not compare in size to those of reptiles?

text: larger


text: Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their "save" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home. Sanchez later made the final two, the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Jessica

text: Sanchez

text: received

text: the

text: fewest

text: number

text: of

text: votes

text: during

text: the

text: Top

text: week

text: and

text: the

text: judges

text: decided

text: to

text: use

text: their

text: save

text: option

text: on

text: her

text: making

text: her

text: the

text: first

text: female

text: recipient

text: of

text: the

text: save

text: The

text: following

text: week

text: unlike

text: previous

text: seasons

text: Colton

text: Dixon

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: contestant

text: sent

text: home

text: Sanchez

text: later

text: made

text: the

text: final

text: two

text: the

text: first

text: season

text: where

text: a

text: recipient

text: of

text: the

text: save

text: reached

text: the

text: finale

question: Which contestant was saved by the judges on season 11 of American Idol?

answer: Jessica Sanchez

text: Jessica Sanchez

question: Who was the first female to be saved by the judges on American Idol?

answer: Jessica Sanchez

text: Jessica Sanchez

question: Who was eliminated the week after judges saved Jessica Sanchez on American Idol?

answer: Colton Dixon

text: Colton Dixon

question: How far did Jessica Sanchez make it on American Idol?

answer: final two

text: final two

question: When did the judges use their save this season?

answer: Top 7

text: Top 7

question: Who was the recipient of the Judges' Save?

answer: Jessica Sanchez

text: Jessica Sanchez

question: Which contestant was sent home the following week?

answer: Colton Dixon

text: Colton Dixon


text: Intel had tried unsuccessfully to push Apple to migrate the Macintosh platform to Intel chips. Apple concluded that Intel's CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) architecture ultimately would not be able to compete against RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processors. While the Motorola 68040 offered the same features as the Intel 80486 and could on a clock-for-clock basis significantly outperform the Intel chip, the 486 had the ability to be clocked significantly faster without suffering from overheating problems, especially the clock-doubled i486DX2 which ran the CPU logic at twice the external bus speed, giving such equipped IBM compatible systems a significant performance lead over their Macintosh equivalents. Apple's product design and engineering didn't help matters as they restricted the use of the '040 to their expensive Quadras for a time while the 486 was readily available to OEMs as well as enthusiasts who put together their own machines. In late 1991, as the higher-end Macintosh desktop lineup transitioned to the '040, Apple was unable to offer the '040 in their top-of-the-line PowerBooks until early 1994 with the PowerBook 500 series, several years after the first 486-powered IBM compatible laptops hit the market which cost Apple considerable sales. In 1993 Intel rolled out the Pentium processors as the successor to the 486, while the Motorola 68050 was never released, leaving the Macintosh platform a generation behind IBM compatibles in the latest CPU technology. In 1994, Apple abandoned Motorola CPUs for the RISC PowerPC architecture developed by the AIM alliance of Apple Computer, IBM, and Motorola. The Power Macintosh line, the first to use the new chips, proved to be highly successful, with over a million PowerPC units sold in nine months. However, in the long run, spurning Intel for the PowerPC was a mistake as the commoditization of Intel-architecture chips meant Apple couldn't compete on price against "the Dells of the world".

title: Macintosh

title: Macintosh

text: Intel

text: had

text: tried

text: unsuccessfully

text: to

text: push

text: Apple

text: to

text: migrate

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: platform

text: to

text: Intel

text: chips

text: Apple

text: concluded

text: that

text: Intel

text: 's

text: CISC

text: Complex

text: Instruction

text: Set

text: Computer

text: architecture

text: ultimately

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: compete

text: against

text: RISC

text: Reduced

text: Instruction

text: Set

text: Computer

text: processors

text: While

text: the

text: Motorola

text: offered

text: the

text: same

text: features

text: as

text: the

text: Intel

text: and

text: could

text: on

text: a

text: clock

text: for

text: clock

text: basis

text: significantly

text: outperform

text: the

text: Intel

text: chip

text: the

text: had

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: be

text: clocked

text: significantly

text: faster

text: without

text: suffering

text: from

text: overheating

text: problems

text: especially

text: the

text: clock

text: doubled

text: which

text: ran

text: the

text: CPU

text: logic

text: at

text: twice

text: the

text: external

text: bus

text: speed

text: giving

text: such

text: equipped

text: IBM

text: compatible

text: systems

text: a

text: significant

text: performance

text: lead

text: over

text: their

text: Macintosh

text: equivalents

text: Apple

text: 's

text: product

text: design

text: and

text: engineering

text: did

text: n't

text: help

text: matters

text: as

text: they

text: restricted

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: to

text: their

text: expensive

text: Quadras

text: for

text: a

text: time

text: while

text: the

text: was

text: readily

text: available

text: to

text: OEMs

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: enthusiasts

text: who

text: put

text: together

text: their

text: own

text: machines

text: In

text: late

text: as

text: the

text: higher

text: end

text: Macintosh

text: desktop

text: lineup

text: transitioned

text: to

text: the

text: Apple

text: was

text: unable

text: to

text: offer

text: the

text: in

text: their

text: top

text: of

text: the

text: line

text: PowerBooks

text: until

text: early

text: with

text: the

text: PowerBook

text: series

text: several

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: first

text: IBM

text: compatible

text: laptops

text: hit

text: the

text: market

text: which

text: cost

text: Apple

text: considerable

text: sales

text: In

text: Intel

text: rolled

text: out

text: the

text: Pentium

text: processors

text: as

text: the

text: successor

text: to

text: the

text: while

text: the

text: Motorola

text: was

text: never

text: released

text: leaving

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: platform

text: a

text: generation

text: behind

text: IBM

text: compatibles

text: in

text: the

text: latest

text: CPU

text: technology

text: In

text: Apple

text: abandoned

text: Motorola

text: CPUs

text: for

text: the

text: RISC

text: PowerPC

text: architecture

text: developed

text: by

text: the

text: AIM

text: alliance

text: of

text: Apple

text: Computer

text: IBM

text: and

text: Motorola

text: The

text: Power

text: Macintosh

text: line

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: new

text: chips

text: proved

text: to

text: be

text: highly

text: successful

text: with

text: over

text: a

text: million

text: PowerPC

text: units

text: sold

text: in

text: nine

text: months

text: However

text: in

text: the

text: long

text: run

text: spurning

text: Intel

text: for

text: the

text: PowerPC

text: was

text: a

text: mistake

text: as

text: the

text: commoditization

text: of

text: Intel

text: architecture

text: chips

text: meant

text: Apple

text: could

text: n't

text: compete

text: on

text: price

text: against

text: the

text: Dells

text: of

text: the

text: world

question: What did Intel unsuccessfully try to push Apple to migrate to?

answer: Intel chips

text: Intel chips

question: Which platform did Apple choose to use?

answer: Motorola 68040

text: Motorola 68040

question: Who first rolled out Pentium processors in 1993?

answer: Intel

text: Intel

question: How far behind was Macintosh set back compared to the new IBM compatibles?

answer: a generation

text: a generation

question: When did Apple abandon Motorola CPU's?

answer: 1994

question: What did Intel successfully try to push Apple to migrate to?

text: Intel chips

question: Which platform did Apple choose not to use?

text: Motorola 68040

question: Who first rolled out Pentium processors in 1992?

text: Intel

question: How far behind was Microsoft set back compared to the new IBM compatibles?

text: a generation behind

question: When did Apple abandon AMD CPU's?


text: The Tristan Song Project was a collaboration between St Mary's School and amateur composers in England, led by music teacher Tony Triggs. It began in 2010 and involved St Mary's pupils writing poems and Tony Triggs providing musical settings by himself and his pupils. A desktop publication entitled Rockhopper Penguins and Other Songs (2010) embraced most of the songs completed that year and funded a consignment of guitars to the School. In February 2013 the Tristan Post Office issued a set of four Song Project stamps featuring island musical instruments and lyrics from Song Project songs about Tristan's volcano and wildlife. In 2014 the Project broadened its scope and continues as the International Song Project.

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

text: The

text: Tristan

text: Song

text: Project

text: was

text: a

text: collaboration

text: between

text: St

text: Mary

text: 's

text: School

text: and

text: amateur

text: composers

text: in

text: England

text: led

text: by

text: music

text: teacher

text: Tony

text: Triggs

text: It

text: began

text: in

text: and

text: involved

text: St

text: Mary

text: 's

text: pupils

text: writing

text: poems

text: and

text: Tony

text: Triggs

text: providing

text: musical

text: settings

text: by

text: himself

text: and

text: his

text: pupils

text: A

text: desktop

text: publication

text: entitled

text: Rockhopper

text: Penguins

text: and

text: Other

text: Songs

text: embraced

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: songs

text: completed

text: that

text: year

text: and

text: funded

text: a

text: consignment

text: of

text: guitars

text: to

text: the

text: School

text: In

text: February

text: the

text: Tristan

text: Post

text: Office

text: issued

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: four

text: Song

text: Project

text: stamps

text: featuring

text: island

text: musical

text: instruments

text: and

text: lyrics

text: from

text: Song

text: Project

text: songs

text: about

text: Tristan

text: 's

text: volcano

text: and

text: wildlife

text: In

text: the

text: Project

text: broadened

text: its

text: scope

text: and

text: continues

text: as

text: the

text: International

text: Song

text: Project

question: Who collaborated with St. Mary's School to create the amateur composers Project?

text: Tristan Song

question: Who collaborated with amateur composers to create the St. Mary's School Project?

text: Tristan Song

question: Who collaborated with Tristan Song to create the Amateur Composers Project?

text: St Mary's School

question: Which project was led by Rockhopper Penguins?

text: The Tristan Song Project

question: When did the Tristan Song Project narrow its scope?


text: Behavior that may be optimal for an individual (e.g., saving more during adverse economic conditions) can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior, as ultimately one person's consumption is another person's income. Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously is called the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession. Economist Hyman Minsky also described a "paradox of deleveraging" as financial institutions that have too much leverage (debt relative to equity) cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without significant declines in the value of their assets.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: Behavior

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: optimal

text: for

text: an

text: individual

text: e.g.

text: saving

text: more

text: during

text: adverse

text: economic

text: conditions

text: can

text: be

text: detrimental

text: if

text: too

text: many

text: individuals

text: pursue

text: the

text: same

text: behavior

text: as

text: ultimately

text: one

text: person

text: 's

text: consumption

text: is

text: another

text: person

text: 's

text: income

text: Too

text: many

text: consumers

text: attempting

text: to

text: save

text: or

text: pay

text: down

text: debt

text: simultaneously

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: paradox

text: of

text: thrift

text: and

text: can

text: cause

text: or

text: deepen

text: a

text: recession

text: Economist

text: Hyman

text: Minsky

text: also

text: described

text: a

text: paradox

text: of

text: deleveraging

text: as

text: financial

text: institutions

text: that

text: have

text: too

text: much

text: leverage

text: debt

text: relative

text: to

text: equity

text: can

text: not

text: all

text: de

text: leverage

text: simultaneously

text: without

text: significant

text: declines

text: in

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: their

text: assets

question: What is an example of something that can be detrimental if too many individuals pursue the same behavior?

answer: saving more during adverse economic conditions

text: saving more during adverse economic conditions

question: What is it called when too many consumers attempt to save or pay down debt at the same time?

answer: paradox of thrift

text: paradox of thrift

question: What will happen if too many consumers save or pay down debt simultaneously?

answer: can cause or deepen a recession

text: can cause or deepen a recession

question: Who is the economist who described a "paradox of deleveraging"?

answer: Hyman Minsky

text: Hyman Minsky

question: Financial institutions cannot all de-leverage simultaneously without a decline in the value of this?

answer: their assets

text: their assets


text: LEDs have also been used as a medium-quality voltage reference in electronic circuits. The forward voltage drop (e.g. about 1.7 V for a normal red LED) can be used instead of a Zener diode in low-voltage regulators. Red LEDs have the flattest I/V curve above the knee. Nitride-based LEDs have a fairly steep I/V curve and are useless for this purpose. Although LED forward voltage is far more current-dependent than a Zener diode, Zener diodes with breakdown voltages below 3 V are not widely available.

title: Light-emitting_diode

title: Light

title: emitting_diode

text: LEDs

text: have

text: also

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: medium

text: quality

text: voltage

text: reference

text: in

text: electronic

text: circuits

text: The

text: forward

text: voltage

text: drop

text: e.g.

text: about

text: V

text: for

text: a

text: normal

text: red

text: LED

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: instead

text: of

text: a

text: Zener

text: diode

text: in

text: low

text: voltage

text: regulators

text: Red

text: LEDs

text: have

text: the

text: flattest

text: I

text: V

text: curve

text: above

text: the

text: knee

text: Nitride

text: based

text: LEDs

text: have

text: a

text: fairly

text: steep

text: I

text: V

text: curve

text: and

text: are

text: useless

text: for

text: this

text: purpose

text: Although

text: LED

text: forward

text: voltage

text: is

text: far

text: more

text: current

text: dependent

text: than

text: a

text: Zener

text: diode

text: Zener

text: diodes

text: with

text: breakdown

text: voltages

text: below

text: V

text: are

text: not

text: widely

text: available

question: What quality has LEDs been used as?

answer: medium-quality

text: medium-quality

question: What LED has the flattest I/V curve above the knee?

answer: Red

text: Red

question: What LEDs have a very steep I/V curve?

answer: Nitride-based LEDs

text: Nitride-based LEDs

question: LED forward voltage is more current-dependent than what diode?

answer: Zener

text: Zener

question: Zener diodes below what voltage are not widely available?

answer: 3 V

text: 3 V

question: What quality hasn't LEDs been used as?

text: medium-quality

question: What LED has the least flattest I/V curve above the knee?

text: Red LEDs have the flattest I/V curve

question: What LEDs have a not very steep I/V curve?

text: Zener

question: What LEDs don't have a very steep I/V curve?

text: 3 V


text: Disqualification (sometimes abbreviated as "DQ") occurs when a wrestler violates the match's rules, thus losing automatically. Although a countout can technically be considered a disqualification (as it is, for all intents and purposes, an automatic loss suffered as a result of violating a match rule), the two concepts are often distinct in wrestling. A no disqualification match can still end by countout (although this is rare); typically, a match must be declared a "no holds barred" match, a "street fight" or some other term, in order for both disqualifications and countouts to be waived.[citation needed]

title: Professional_wrestling

title: Professional_wrestling

text: Disqualification

text: sometimes

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: DQ

text: occurs

text: when

text: a

text: wrestler

text: violates

text: the

text: match

text: 's

text: rules

text: thus

text: losing

text: automatically

text: Although

text: a

text: countout

text: can

text: technically

text: be

text: considered

text: a

text: disqualification

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: for

text: all

text: intents

text: and

text: purposes

text: an

text: automatic

text: loss

text: suffered

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: violating

text: a

text: match

text: rule

text: the

text: two

text: concepts

text: are

text: often

text: distinct

text: in

text: wrestling

text: A

text: no

text: disqualification

text: match

text: can

text: still

text: end

text: by

text: countout

text: although

text: this

text: is

text: rare

text: typically

text: a

text: match

text: must

text: be

text: declared

text: a

text: no

text: holds

text: barred

text: match

text: a

text: street

text: fight

text: or

text: some

text: other

text: term

text: in

text: order

text: for

text: both

text: disqualifications

text: and

text: countouts

text: to

text: be

text: waived.[citation

text: needed

question: What else is disqualification called?

answer: DQ

text: DQ

question: How can a wrestler be disqualified?

answer: wrestler violates the match's rules, thus losing automatically

text: wrestler violates the match's rules, thus losing automatically

question: In what case can a countout and disqualification be done away with entirely?

answer: must be declared a "no holds barred" match, a "street fight" or some other term

text: must be declared a "no holds barred" match, a "street fight" or some other term


text: The Red Rose of Lancaster is the county flower found on the county's heraldic badge and flag. The rose was a symbol of the House of Lancaster, immortalised in the verse "In the battle for England's head/York was white, Lancaster red" (referring to the 15th-century Wars of the Roses). The traditional Lancashire flag, a red rose on a white field, was not officially registered. When an attempt was made to register it with the Flag Institute it was found that it was officially registered by Montrose in Scotland, several hundred years earlier with the Lyon Office. Lancashire's official flag is registered as a red rose on a gold field.

title: Lancashire

title: Lancashire

text: The

text: Red

text: Rose

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: is

text: the

text: county

text: flower

text: found

text: on

text: the

text: county

text: 's

text: heraldic

text: badge

text: and

text: flag

text: The

text: rose

text: was

text: a

text: symbol

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: immortalised

text: in

text: the

text: verse

text: In

text: the

text: battle

text: for

text: England

text: 's

text: head

text: York

text: was

text: white

text: Lancaster

text: red

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: Wars

text: of

text: the

text: Roses

text: The

text: traditional

text: Lancashire

text: flag

text: a

text: red

text: rose

text: on

text: a

text: white

text: field

text: was

text: not

text: officially

text: registered

text: When

text: an

text: attempt

text: was

text: made

text: to

text: register

text: it

text: with

text: the

text: Flag

text: Institute

text: it

text: was

text: found

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: officially

text: registered

text: by

text: Montrose

text: in

text: Scotland

text: several

text: hundred

text: years

text: earlier

text: with

text: the

text: Lyon

text: Office

text: Lancashire

text: 's

text: official

text: flag

text: is

text: registered

text: as

text: a

text: red

text: rose

text: on

text: a

text: gold

text: field

question: What is the county flower of Lancaster?

answer: The Red Rose of Lancaster

text: The Red Rose of Lancaster

question: Where can the red rose of lancaster be found?

answer: on the county's heraldic badge and flag

text: on the county's heraldic badge and flag

question: What is on the traditional Lancashire flag?

answer: a red rose on a white field

text: a red rose on a white field

question: What is on the official Lancashire flag?

answer: red rose on a gold field

text: red rose on a gold field

question: Whos flag officially is a red rose on a white field?

answer: Montrose in Scotland

text: Montrose in Scotland

question: In what century was the traditional Lancashire Flag established?

question: In what century was the Flag Institute founded?

question: In what century did Montrose register the Lancaster Flag?

question: What was Montrose's heraldic flag?

text: red rose on a gold field


text: The most extreme forms of Cubism were not those practiced by Picasso and Braque, who resisted total abstraction. Other Cubists, by contrast, especially František Kupka, and those considered Orphists by Apollinaire (Delaunay, Léger, Picabia and Duchamp), accepted abstraction by removing visible subject matter entirely. Kupka’s two entries at the 1912 Salon d'Automne, Amorpha-Fugue à deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude, were highly abstract (or nonrepresentational) and metaphysical in orientation. Both Duchamp in 1912 and Picabia from 1912 to 1914 developed an expressive and allusive abstraction dedicated to complex emotional and sexual themes. Beginning in 1912 Delaunay painted a series of paintings entitled Simultaneous Windows, followed by a series entitled Formes Circulaires, in which he combined planar structures with bright prismatic hues; based on the optical characteristics of juxtaposed colors his departure from reality in the depiction of imagery was quasi-complete. In 1913–14 Léger produced a series entitled Contrasts of Forms, giving a similar stress to color, line and form. His Cubism, despite its abstract qualities, was associated with themes of mechanization and modern life. Apollinaire supported these early developments of abstract Cubism in Les Peintres cubistes (1913), writing of a new "pure" painting in which the subject was vacated. But in spite of his use of the term Orphism these works were so different that they defy attempts to place them in a single category.

title: Cubism

title: Cubism

text: The

text: most

text: extreme

text: forms

text: of

text: Cubism

text: were

text: not

text: those

text: practiced

text: by

text: Picasso

text: and

text: Braque

text: who

text: resisted

text: total

text: abstraction

text: Other

text: Cubists

text: by

text: contrast

text: especially

text: František

text: Kupka

text: and

text: those

text: considered

text: Orphists

text: by

text: Apollinaire

text: Delaunay

text: Léger

text: Picabia

text: and

text: Duchamp

text: accepted

text: abstraction

text: by

text: removing

text: visible

text: subject

text: matter

text: entirely

text: Kupka

text: ’s

text: two

text: entries

text: at

text: the

text: Salon

text: d'Automne

text: Amorpha

text: Fugue

text: à

text: deux

text: couleurs

text: and

text: Amorpha

text: chromatique

text: chaude

text: were

text: highly

text: abstract

text: or

text: nonrepresentational

text: and

text: metaphysical

text: in

text: orientation

text: Both

text: Duchamp

text: in

text: and

text: Picabia

text: from

text: to

text: developed

text: an

text: expressive

text: and

text: allusive

text: abstraction

text: dedicated

text: to

text: complex

text: emotional

text: and

text: sexual

text: themes

text: Beginning

text: in

text: Delaunay

text: painted

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: paintings

text: entitled

text: Simultaneous

text: Windows

text: followed

text: by

text: a

text: series

text: entitled

text: Formes

text: Circulaires

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: combined

text: planar

text: structures

text: with

text: bright

text: prismatic

text: hues

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: optical

text: characteristics

text: of

text: juxtaposed

text: colors

text: his

text: departure

text: from

text: reality

text: in

text: the

text: depiction

text: of

text: imagery

text: was

text: quasi

text: complete

text: In

text: Léger

text: produced

text: a

text: series

text: entitled

text: Contrasts

text: of

text: Forms

text: giving

text: a

text: similar

text: stress

text: to

text: color

text: line

text: and

text: form

text: His

text: Cubism

text: despite

text: its

text: abstract

text: qualities

text: was

text: associated

text: with

text: themes

text: of

text: mechanization

text: and

text: modern

text: life

text: Apollinaire

text: supported

text: these

text: early

text: developments

text: of

text: abstract

text: Cubism

text: in

text: Les

text: Peintres

text: cubistes

text: writing

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: pure

text: painting

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: subject

text: was

text: vacated

text: But

text: in

text: spite

text: of

text: his

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: Orphism

text: these

text: works

text: were

text: so

text: different

text: that

text: they

text: defy

text: attempts

text: to

text: place

text: them

text: in

text: a

text: single

text: category

question: What were Kupka's two entries at the Salon d'Automne?

answer: Amorpha-Fugue à deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude

text: Amorpha-Fugue à deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude

question: What were the titles of Delaunay's paintings in 1912?

answer: Simultaneous Windows,

text: Simultaneous Windows,

question: During what years did  Leger produce Contrasts of Forms?

answer: 1913–14

question: What were Kupka's three entries at the Salon d'Automne?

question: What were the titles of Delaunay's paintings in 1914?

text: Simultaneous Windows

question: During what years did Leger not produce Contrasts of Forms?

question: Who produced the series called Non-contrast of Forms?

text: Léger


text: Gaddafi was notably confrontational in his approach to foreign powers, and generally shunned western ambassadors and diplomats, believing them to be spies. He once said that HIV was "a peaceful virus, not an aggressive virus" and assured attendees at the African Union that "if you are straight you have nothing to fear from AIDS". He also said that the H1N1 influenza virus was a biological weapon manufactured by a foreign military, and he assured Africans that the tsetse fly and mosquito were "God's armies which will protect us against colonialists". Should these 'enemies' come to Africa, "they will get malaria and sleeping sickness".

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: Gaddafi

text: was

text: notably

text: confrontational

text: in

text: his

text: approach

text: to

text: foreign

text: powers

text: and

text: generally

text: shunned

text: western

text: ambassadors

text: and

text: diplomats

text: believing

text: them

text: to

text: be

text: spies

text: He

text: once

text: said

text: that

text: HIV

text: was

text: a

text: peaceful

text: virus

text: not

text: an

text: aggressive

text: virus

text: and

text: assured

text: attendees

text: at

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: that

text: if

text: you

text: are

text: straight

text: you

text: have

text: nothing

text: to

text: fear

text: from

text: AIDS

text: He

text: also

text: said

text: that

text: the

text: influenza

text: virus

text: was

text: a

text: biological

text: weapon

text: manufactured

text: by

text: a

text: foreign

text: military

text: and

text: he

text: assured

text: Africans

text: that

text: the

text: tsetse

text: fly

text: and

text: mosquito

text: were

text: God

text: 's

text: armies

text: which

text: will

text: protect

text: us

text: against

text: colonialists

text: Should

text: these

text: enemies

text: come

text: to

text: Africa

text: they

text: will

text: get

text: malaria

text: and

text: sleeping

text: sickness

question: What sort of virus did Gaddafi describe HIV as?

answer: peaceful

text: peaceful

question: Who did Gaddafi claim created H1N1?

answer: a foreign military

text: a foreign military

question: According to Gaddafi, what insects made up God's armies?

answer: tsetse fly and mosquito

text: tsetse fly and mosquito

question: What illnesses did Gaddafi claim would afflict invading colonialists?

answer: malaria and sleeping sickness

text: malaria and sleeping sickness


text: A solar balloon is a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air. As sunlight shines on the balloon, the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially heated hot air balloon. Some solar balloons are large enough for human flight, but usage is generally limited to the toy market as the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: A

text: solar

text: balloon

text: is

text: a

text: black

text: balloon

text: that

text: is

text: filled

text: with

text: ordinary

text: air

text: As

text: sunlight

text: shines

text: on

text: the

text: balloon

text: the

text: air

text: inside

text: is

text: heated

text: and

text: expands

text: causing

text: an

text: upward

text: buoyancy

text: force

text: much

text: like

text: an

text: artificially

text: heated

text: hot

text: air

text: balloon

text: Some

text: solar

text: balloons

text: are

text: large

text: enough

text: for

text: human

text: flight

text: but

text: usage

text: is

text: generally

text: limited

text: to

text: the

text: toy

text: market

text: as

text: the

text: surface

text: area

text: to

text: payload

text: weight

text: ratio

text: is

text: relatively

text: high

question: What is a solar balloon?

answer: a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air

text: a black balloon that is filled with ordinary air

question: What happens when sunlight shines on a solar balloon?

answer: the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force

text: the air inside is heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force

question: What is the use of solar balloons typically limited to?

answer: the toy market

text: the toy market

question: Why is the use of solar balloons typically limited to the toy market?

answer: the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high

text: the surface-area to payload-weight ratio is relatively high


text: Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years.

title: Canon_law

title: Canon_law

text: Roman

text: canon

text: law

text: had

text: been

text: criticized

text: by

text: the

text: Presbyterians

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: Admonition

text: to

text: Parliament

text: The

text: protest

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: standard

text: defense

text: that

text: canon

text: law

text: could

text: be

text: retained

text: so

text: long

text: as

text: it

text: did

text: not

text: contradict

text: the

text: civil

text: law

text: According

text: to

text: Polly

text: Ha

text: the

text: Reformed

text: Church

text: Government

text: refuted

text: this

text: claiming

text: that

text: the

text: bishops

text: had

text: been

text: enforcing

text: canon

text: law

text: for

text: years

question: What group took issue with the Roman canons?

answer: the Presbyterians

text: the Presbyterians

question: In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians?

answer: 1572

question: To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572?

answer: Parliament

text: Parliament

question: For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?

answer: 1500 years

text: 1500 years

question: Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law?

answer: bishops

text: bishops

question: What group supported roaming cannons?

text: Presbyterians

question: What did the Presbyterians criticize in the fifteenth century?

text: Roman canon law

question: Who claimed the bishops have been enforcing canon law for 2000 years?

text: Reformed Church Government


text: The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320 million years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time. Plato, in the Timaeus, identified time with the period of motion of the heavenly bodies. Aristotle, in Book IV of his Physica defined time as 'number of movement in respect of the before and after'.

title: Time

title: Time

text: The

text: Vedas

text: the

text: earliest

text: texts

text: on

text: Indian

text: philosophy

text: and

text: Hindu

text: philosophy

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: late

text: millennium

text: BC

text: describe

text: ancient

text: Hindu

text: cosmology

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: universe

text: goes

text: through

text: repeated

text: cycles

text: of

text: creation

text: destruction

text: and

text: rebirth

text: with

text: each

text: cycle

text: lasting

text: million

text: years

text: Ancient

text: Greek

text: philosophers

text: including

text: Parmenides

text: and

text: Heraclitus

text: wrote

text: essays

text: on

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: time

text: Plato

text: in

text: the

text: Timaeus

text: identified

text: time

text: with

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: motion

text: of

text: the

text: heavenly

text: bodies

text: Aristotle

text: in

text: Book

text: IV

text: of

text: his

text: Physica

text: defined

text: time

text: as

text: number

text: of

text: movement

text: in

text: respect

text: of

text: the

text: before

text: and

text: after

question: What are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy?

answer: The Vedas

text: The Vedas

question: How long ago are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy dated?

answer: back to the late 2nd millennium BC

text: back to the late 2nd millennium BC

question: How long does each cycle of birth and destruction of the universe last according to Ancient Hindu texts?

answer: 4,320 million years

text: 4,320 million years

question: Which ancient Greek philosophers wrote essays on the concept of time?

answer: Parmenides and Heraclitus

text: Parmenides and Heraclitus

question: Aristotle defined time as "number of movement in respect of the before and after" in which book?

answer: Book IV of his Physica

text: Book IV of his Physica

question: For how long has the Timaeus existed?

text: 4,320 million years

question: In what year did Plato write Book IV of his Physica?

text: 2nd millennium BC

question: What cycles did Aristotle write about in the Timaeus?

question: What Greek philosophers wrote the Vedas?

text: Parmenides and Heraclitus

question: What did Hundu cosmology identify time with?

question: What are the earliest texts of Heraclitus philosophy?

text: The Vedas

question: How long ago are the earliest texts of Heraclitus philosophy dated?

text: back to the late 2nd millennium BC

question: How long does each cycle of birth and destruction of the universe last according to Ancient Indian texts?

text: 4,320 million years

question: Which ancient Indian philosophers wrote essays on the concept of time?

text: Parmenides and Heraclitus

question: In which book did Paramenides define time as "number of movement in respect of the before and after?"

text: Book IV of his Physica


text: Apple announced a battery replacement program on November 14, 2003, a week before a high publicity stunt and website by the Neistat Brothers. The initial cost was US$99, and it was lowered to US$59 in 2005. One week later, Apple offered an extended iPod warranty for US$59. For the iPod Nano, soldering tools are needed because the battery is soldered onto the main board. Fifth generation iPods have their battery attached to the backplate with adhesive.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: Apple

text: announced

text: a

text: battery

text: replacement

text: program

text: on

text: November

text: a

text: week

text: before

text: a

text: high

text: publicity

text: stunt

text: and

text: website

text: by

text: the

text: Neistat

text: Brothers

text: The

text: initial

text: cost

text: was

text: US$

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: lowered

text: to

text: US$

text: in

text: One

text: week

text: later

text: Apple

text: offered

text: an

text: extended

text: iPod

text: warranty

text: for

text: US$

text: For

text: the

text: iPod

text: Nano

text: soldering

text: tools

text: are

text: needed

text: because

text: the

text: battery

text: is

text: soldered

text: onto

text: the

text: main

text: board

text: Fifth

text: generation

text: iPods

text: have

text: their

text: battery

text: attached

text: to

text: the

text: backplate

text: with

text: adhesive

question: What did Apple launch on November 14, 2003?

answer: battery replacement program

text: battery replacement program

question: How much did iPod owners originally have to pay for replacement batteries?

answer: $99

question: What was needed to replace an iPod Nano battery?

answer: soldering tools

text: soldering tools

question: What generation saw iPod batterys being affixed with glue?

answer: Fifth generation

text: Fifth generation

question: In what year did Apple begin a formal battery replacement program?

answer: 2003

question: What was the original price for a replacement battery from Apple?

answer: $99

question: Which iPod model has its battery soldered into the unit?

answer: Nano

text: Nano


text: Some scientific materialists have been criticized, for example by Noam Chomsky, for failing to provide clear definitions for what constitutes matter, leaving the term "materialism" without any definite meaning. Chomsky also states that since the concept of matter may be affected by new scientific discoveries, as has happened in the past, scientific materialists are being dogmatic in assuming the opposite.

title: Materialism

title: Materialism

text: Some

text: scientific

text: materialists

text: have

text: been

text: criticized

text: for

text: example

text: by

text: Noam

text: Chomsky

text: for

text: failing

text: to

text: provide

text: clear

text: definitions

text: for

text: what

text: constitutes

text: matter

text: leaving

text: the

text: term

text: materialism

text: without

text: any

text: definite

text: meaning

text: Chomsky

text: also

text: states

text: that

text: since

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: matter

text: may

text: be

text: affected

text: by

text: new

text: scientific

text: discoveries

text: as

text: has

text: happened

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: scientific

text: materialists

text: are

text: being

text: dogmatic

text: in

text: assuming

text: the

text: opposite

question: Who is praised for providing a clear definition of materalism?

text: Noam Chomsky

question: Noam Chomsky disagrees with what concept?

question: Chomsky stated that matter is not affected by what?

text: new scientific discoveries

question: How does Chomsky define materialism?

question: According to Chomsky, who are dogmatic for agreeing with him?

text: scientific materialists


text: Two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area. In 1999, the remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the foreshore north of Vauxhall Bridge. This bridge either crossed the Thames, or went to a now lost island in the river. Dendrology dated the timbers to 1500 BC. In 2010 the foundations of a large timber structure, dated to 4500 BC, were found on the Thames foreshore, south of Vauxhall Bridge. The function of the mesolithic structure is not known. Both structures are on South Bank, at a natural crossing point where the River Effra flows into the River Thames.

title: London

title: London

text: Two

text: recent

text: discoveries

text: indicate

text: probable

text: very

text: early

text: settlements

text: near

text: the

text: Thames

text: in

text: the

text: London

text: area

text: In

text: the

text: remains

text: of

text: a

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: bridge

text: were

text: found

text: on

text: the

text: foreshore

text: north

text: of

text: Vauxhall

text: Bridge

text: This

text: bridge

text: either

text: crossed

text: the

text: Thames

text: or

text: went

text: to

text: a

text: now

text: lost

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: river

text: Dendrology

text: dated

text: the

text: timbers

text: to

text: BC

text: In

text: the

text: foundations

text: of

text: a

text: large

text: timber

text: structure

text: dated

text: to

text: BC

text: were

text: found

text: on

text: the

text: Thames

text: foreshore

text: south

text: of

text: Vauxhall

text: Bridge

text: The

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: mesolithic

text: structure

text: is

text: not

text: known

text: Both

text: structures

text: are

text: on

text: South

text: Bank

text: at

text: a

text: natural

text: crossing

text: point

text: where

text: the

text: River

text: Effra

text: flows

text: into

text: the

text: River

text: Thames

question: What river flows into the River Thames?

answer: the River Effra

text: the River Effra

question: The remains of an ancient bridge found on the shore of the River Thames was dated back to what archaeological period?

answer: Bronze Age

text: Bronze Age

question: The remains of what type of structure from the mesolithic period was found on the River Thames's foreshore?

answer: not known

text: not known

question: How many ancient structures' ruins have been found near the River Thames in recent history?

answer: Two

text: Two

question: The remains of an unknown ancient structure found on the River Thames foreshore dated back to approximately what year?

answer: 4500 BC

text: 4500 BC


text: This changed with the recent sovereign-debt crisis. The ECB always could, and through the late summer of 2011 did, purchase bonds issued by the weaker states even though it assumes, in doing so, the risk of a deteriorating balance sheet. ECB buying focused primarily on Spanish and Italian debt. Certain techniques can minimise the impact. Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank, for example, were intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank.

title: European_Central_Bank

title: European_Central_Bank

text: This

text: changed

text: with

text: the

text: recent

text: sovereign

text: debt

text: crisis

text: The

text: ECB

text: always

text: could

text: and

text: through

text: the

text: late

text: summer

text: of

text: did

text: purchase

text: bonds

text: issued

text: by

text: the

text: weaker

text: states

text: even

text: though

text: it

text: assumes

text: in

text: doing

text: so

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: a

text: deteriorating

text: balance

text: sheet

text: ECB

text: buying

text: focused

text: primarily

text: on

text: Spanish

text: and

text: Italian

text: debt

text: Certain

text: techniques

text: can

text: minimise

text: the

text: impact

text: Purchases

text: of

text: Italian

text: bonds

text: by

text: the

text: central

text: bank

text: for

text: example

text: were

text: intended

text: to

text: dampen

text: international

text: speculation

text: and

text: strengthen

text: portfolios

text: in

text: the

text: private

text: sector

text: and

text: also

text: the

text: central

text: bank

question: What debt did the ECB focus on abtaining?

answer: Spanish and Italian

text: Spanish and Italian

question: What risk is assumed when the ECB purchases bonds from weaker states?

answer: a deteriorating balance sheet

text: a deteriorating balance sheet

question: Why were italian bonds purchased by the ECB?

answer: intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank

text: intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank

question: What was something used to minimize the impact of the soverign-debt crisis?

answer: Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank

text: Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank

question: What debt did the ECB forgive?

text: Spanish and Italian

question: What risk is mitigated when the ECB purchases bonds from weaker states?

text: a deteriorating balance sheet

question: Why were italian bonds lost by the ECB?

question: What was something used to maximize the impact of the soverign-debt crisis?


text: The law of criminal procedure in the United States consists of a massive overlay of federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes that actually provide the foundation for the creation and operation of law enforcement agencies and prison systems as well as the proceedings in criminal trials. Due to the perennial inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights of criminal suspects and convicts, the federal judiciary gradually developed the exclusionary rule as a method to enforce such rights. In turn, the exclusionary rule spawned a family of judge-made remedies for the abuse of law enforcement powers, of which the most famous is the Miranda warning. The writ of habeas corpus is often used by suspects and convicts to challenge their detention, while the Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions are used by suspects to recover tort damages for police brutality.

title: Law_of_the_United_States

title: Law_of_the_United_States

text: The

text: law

text: of

text: criminal

text: procedure

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: consists

text: of

text: a

text: massive

text: overlay

text: of

text: federal

text: constitutional

text: case

text: law

text: interwoven

text: with

text: the

text: federal

text: and

text: state

text: statutes

text: that

text: actually

text: provide

text: the

text: foundation

text: for

text: the

text: creation

text: and

text: operation

text: of

text: law

text: enforcement

text: agencies

text: and

text: prison

text: systems

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: proceedings

text: in

text: criminal

text: trials

text: Due

text: to

text: the

text: perennial

text: inability

text: of

text: legislatures

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: to

text: enact

text: statutes

text: that

text: would

text: actually

text: force

text: law

text: enforcement

text: officers

text: to

text: respect

text: the

text: constitutional

text: rights

text: of

text: criminal

text: suspects

text: and

text: convicts

text: the

text: federal

text: judiciary

text: gradually

text: developed

text: the

text: exclusionary

text: rule

text: as

text: a

text: method

text: to

text: enforce

text: such

text: rights

text: In

text: turn

text: the

text: exclusionary

text: rule

text: spawned

text: a

text: family

text: of

text: judge

text: made

text: remedies

text: for

text: the

text: abuse

text: of

text: law

text: enforcement

text: powers

text: of

text: which

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: is

text: the

text: Miranda

text: warning

text: The

text: writ

text: of

text: habeas

text: corpus

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: by

text: suspects

text: and

text: convicts

text: to

text: challenge

text: their

text: detention

text: while

text: the

text: Civil

text: Rights

text: Act

text: of

text: and

text: Bivens

text: actions

text: are

text: used

text: by

text: suspects

text: to

text: recover

text: tort

text: damages

text: for

text: police

text: brutality

question: What makes up the law of criminal procedure?

answer: federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes

text: federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes

question: What did the exclusionary rule provide for?

answer: inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights

text: inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights

question: What might a suspect use to challenge their detention?

answer: writ of habeas corpus

text: writ of habeas corpus

question: What must a police officer recite to a suspect upon arrest/

answer: Miranda warning

text: Miranda warning

question: What acts cover tort damages from police brutality cases?

answer: Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions

text: Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions

question: What have US legislatures been able to enact successfully?

question: What rule did the federal judiciary overturn?

text: the exclusionary rule

question: When was the Miranda warning penned?

question: What do convicts use the Miranda warning for?

text: to challenge their detention

question: What was rescinded in 1871?

text: the Civil Rights Act


text: Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/;  audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: Muammar

text: Muhammad

text: Abu

text: Minyar

text: al

text: Gaddafi

text: Arabic

text: معمر

text: محمد

text: أبو

text: منيار

text: القذافي

text: Arabic

text: pronunciation

text: muʕamar

text: al.qaðaːfiː

text: /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr

text: ɡəˈdɑːfi/

text: audio

text: help·info

text: c.

text: October

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Colonel

text: Gaddafi,[b

text: was

text: a

text: Libyan

text: revolutionary

text: politician

text: and

text: political

text: theorist

text: He

text: governed

text: Libya

text: as

text: Revolutionary

text: Chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Libyan

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: then

text: as

text: the

text: Brotherly

text: Leader

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Socialist

text: People

text: 's

text: Libyan

text: Arab

text: Jamahiriya

text: from

text: to

text: Initially

text: ideologically

text: committed

text: to

text: Arab

text: nationalism

text: and

text: Arab

text: socialism

text: he

text: came

text: to

text: rule

text: according

text: to

text: his

text: own

text: Third

text: International

text: Theory

text: before

text: embracing

text: Pan

text: Africanism

text: and

text: serving

text: as

text: Chairperson

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: from

text: to

question: When was Gaddafi born, and when did he die?

answer: 1942 – 20 October 2011

text: 1942 – 20 October 2011

question: What was Gaddifi's original political viewpoint?

answer: Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism

text: Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism

question: What political philosophy did Gaddifi create?

answer: his own Third International Theory

text: his own Third International Theory

question: What political philosophy did  Gaddafi adhere to when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?

answer: Pan-Africanism

text: Pan-Africanism

question: What was Gaddafi's position when he was considered the "Brotherly Leader"?

answer: the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011

text: the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011

question: When did Gaddafi rule as the "Brotherly Leader"?

answer: from 1977 to 2011

text: from 1977 to 2011

question: What ideology did Gaddafi adopt when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?

answer: Pan-Africanism

text: Pan-Africanism

question: List Gaddafi's lifespan.

answer: 1942 – 20 October 2011

text: 1942 – 20 October 2011

question: When did he first gain power in Libya?

answer: 1969

question: What political ideology did Gaddafi create?

answer: Third International Theory

text: Third International Theory

question: By what name was Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi typically known?

answer: Colonel Gaddafi

text: Colonel Gaddafi

question: What was Gaddafi's nationality?

answer: Libyan

text: Libyan

question: What was the official name of Libya between 1969 and 1977?

answer: Libyan Arab Republic

text: Libyan Arab Republic

question: From 1977 to 2011, what was Gaddafi's title?

answer: Brotherly Leader

text: Brotherly Leader

question: What was Colonel Gaddafi's date of death?

answer: 20 October 2011

text: 20 October 2011


text: Royal assent is not sufficient to give legal effect to an Act of Tynwald. By ancient custom, an act did not come into force until it had been promulgated at an open-air sitting of Tynwald, usually held on Tynwald Hill at St John's on St John's Day (24 June), but, since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1753, on 5 July (or on the following Monday if 5 July is a Saturday or Sunday). Promulgation originally consisted of the reading of the Act in English and Manx; but, after 1865 the reading of the title of the act and a summary of each section were sufficient. This was reduced in 1895 to the titles and a memorandum of the object and purport of the act, and, since 1988, only the short title and a summary of the long title have been read.

title: Royal_assent

title: Royal_assent

text: Royal

text: assent

text: is

text: not

text: sufficient

text: to

text: give

text: legal

text: effect

text: to

text: an

text: Act

text: of

text: Tynwald

text: By

text: ancient

text: custom

text: an

text: act

text: did

text: not

text: come

text: into

text: force

text: until

text: it

text: had

text: been

text: promulgated

text: at

text: an

text: open

text: air

text: sitting

text: of

text: Tynwald

text: usually

text: held

text: on

text: Tynwald

text: Hill

text: at

text: St

text: John

text: 's

text: on

text: St

text: John

text: 's

text: Day

text: June

text: but

text: since

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: calendar

text: in

text: on

text: July

text: or

text: on

text: the

text: following

text: Monday

text: if

text: July

text: is

text: a

text: Saturday

text: or

text: Sunday

text: Promulgation

text: originally

text: consisted

text: of

text: the

text: reading

text: of

text: the

text: Act

text: in

text: English

text: and

text: Manx

text: but

text: after

text: the

text: reading

text: of

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: the

text: act

text: and

text: a

text: summary

text: of

text: each

text: section

text: were

text: sufficient

text: This

text: was

text: reduced

text: in

text: to

text: the

text: titles

text: and

text: a

text: memorandum

text: of

text: the

text: object

text: and

text: purport

text: of

text: the

text: act

text: and

text: since

text: only

text: the

text: short

text: title

text: and

text: a

text: summary

text: of

text: the

text: long

text: title

text: have

text: been

text: read

question: Under ancient custom, an Act of Tynwald didn't go into effect until decreed at which location?

answer: Tynwald Hill at St John's

text: Tynwald Hill at St John's

question: Promulgation of an Act of Tynwald originally consisted of reading it in English and which other language?

answer: Manx

text: Manx

question: Nowadays, only the short title and what else are read?

answer: summary of the long title

text: summary of the long title

question: How much of the proposed act must be currently read aloud on St John's Day?

answer: only the short title and a summary of the long title

text: only the short title and a summary of the long title

question: On what day does St John's Day occur?

answer: (24 June)

text: (24 June)

question: Where is the open-air sitting of Tynwald usually held?

answer: Tynwald Hill at St John's

text: Tynwald Hill at St John's

question: Royal assent gives legal effect to an Act of what?

text: Tynwald

question: What was reduced in 1995?

text: the reading of the Act

question: Since what year has only the short title been read?

question: The adoption of the Greek calendar was made in what year?