text: On December 21, 1968, Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space on Apollo 8. They also became the first to leave low-Earth orbit and go to another celestial body, and entered lunar orbit on December 24. They made ten orbits in twenty hours, and transmitted one of the most watched TV broadcasts in history, with their Christmas Eve program from lunar orbit, that concluded with a reading from the biblical Book of Genesis. Two and a half hours after the broadcast, they fired their engine to perform the first trans-Earth injection to leave lunar orbit and return to the Earth. Apollo 8 safely landed in the Pacific ocean on December 27, in NASA's first dawn splashdown and recovery.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: On

text: December

text: Frank

text: Borman

text: James

text: Lovell

text: and

text: William

text: Anders

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: humans

text: to

text: ride

text: the

text: Saturn

text: V

text: rocket

text: into

text: space

text: on

text: Apollo

text: They

text: also

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: leave

text: low

text: Earth

text: orbit

text: and

text: go

text: to

text: another

text: celestial

text: body

text: and

text: entered

text: lunar

text: orbit

text: on

text: December

text: They

text: made

text: ten

text: orbits

text: in

text: twenty

text: hours

text: and

text: transmitted

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: watched

text: TV

text: broadcasts

text: in

text: history

text: with

text: their

text: Christmas

text: Eve

text: program

text: from

text: lunar

text: orbit

text: that

text: concluded

text: with

text: a

text: reading

text: from

text: the

text: biblical

text: Book

text: of

text: Genesis

text: Two

text: and

text: a

text: half

text: hours

text: after

text: the

text: broadcast

text: they

text: fired

text: their

text: engine

text: to

text: perform

text: the

text: first

text: trans

text: Earth

text: injection

text: to

text: leave

text: lunar

text: orbit

text: and

text: return

text: to

text: the

text: Earth

text: Apollo

text: safely

text: landed

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: ocean

text: on

text: December

text: in

text: NASA

text: 's

text: first

text: dawn

text: splashdown

text: and

text: recovery

question: Which three people were the first to ride the Saturn V rocket into space?

answer: Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders

text: Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders

question: What date did Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders leave Earth on the Apollo 8 mission?

answer: December 21, 1968

text: December 21, 1968

question: During what holiday, was the Apollo 8 mission broadcast from orbit?

answer: Christmas Eve

text: Christmas Eve

question: Which ocean did the Apolo 8 mission land in?

answer: Pacific

text: Pacific


text: In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991, Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky developed optimality theory—an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when the violation is necessary in order to obey a higher-ranked constraint. The approach was soon extended to morphology by John McCarthy and Alan Prince, and has become a dominant trend in phonology. The appeal to phonetic grounding of constraints and representational elements (e.g. features) in various approaches has been criticized by proponents of 'substance-free phonology', especially Mark Hale and Charles Reiss.

title: Phonology

title: Phonology

text: In

text: a

text: course

text: at

text: the

text: LSA

text: summer

text: institute

text: in

text: Alan

text: Prince

text: and

text: Paul

text: Smolensky

text: developed

text: optimality

text: theory

text: an

text: overall

text: architecture

text: for

text: phonology

text: according

text: to

text: which

text: languages

text: choose

text: a

text: pronunciation

text: of

text: a

text: word

text: that

text: best

text: satisfies

text: a

text: list

text: of

text: constraints

text: ordered

text: by

text: importance

text: a

text: lower

text: ranked

text: constraint

text: can

text: be

text: violated

text: when

text: the

text: violation

text: is

text: necessary

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: obey

text: a

text: higher

text: ranked

text: constraint

text: The

text: approach

text: was

text: soon

text: extended

text: to

text: morphology

text: by

text: John

text: McCarthy

text: and

text: Alan

text: Prince

text: and

text: has

text: become

text: a

text: dominant

text: trend

text: in

text: phonology

text: The

text: appeal

text: to

text: phonetic

text: grounding

text: of

text: constraints

text: and

text: representational

text: elements

text: e.g.

text: features

text: in

text: various

text: approaches

text: has

text: been

text: criticized

text: by

text: proponents

text: of

text: substance

text: free

text: phonology

text: especially

text: Mark

text: Hale

text: and

text: Charles

text: Reiss

question: When did Prince and Smolensky develop their theory?

answer: 1991

question: Where was optimality theory created?

answer: LSA summer institute

text: LSA summer institute

question: Aside from Alan Prince who brought optimality theory to morphology?

answer: John McCarthy

text: John McCarthy

question: Who were prominent critics of optimality theory?

answer: Mark Hale and Charles Reiss

text: Mark Hale and Charles Reiss

question: When did Prince and Smolensky develop pronunciation?

question: Where was dominant theory created?

text: LSA summer institute

question: Aside from Alan Prince who brought dominant theory to morphology?

text: John McCarthy

question: Who were prominent critics of dominant theory?

text: Mark Hale and Charles Reiss

question: Who are proponents of dominant phonology?

text: Mark Hale and Charles Reiss


text: Southeastern Pennsylvania was assigned the 215 area code in 1947 when the North American Numbering Plan of the "Bell System" went into effect. The geographic area covered by the code was split nearly in half in 1994 when area code 610 was created, with the city and its northern suburbs retaining 215. Overlay area code 267 was added to the 215 service area in 1997, and 484 was added to the 610 area in 1999. A plan in 2001 to introduce a third overlay code to both service areas (area code 445 to 215, area code 835 to 610) was delayed and later rescinded.

title: Philadelphia

title: Philadelphia

text: Southeastern

text: Pennsylvania

text: was

text: assigned

text: the

text: area

text: code

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: Numbering

text: Plan

text: of

text: the

text: Bell

text: System

text: went

text: into

text: effect

text: The

text: geographic

text: area

text: covered

text: by

text: the

text: code

text: was

text: split

text: nearly

text: in

text: half

text: in

text: when

text: area

text: code

text: was

text: created

text: with

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: its

text: northern

text: suburbs

text: retaining

text: Overlay

text: area

text: code

text: was

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: service

text: area

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: in

text: A

text: plan

text: in

text: to

text: introduce

text: a

text: third

text: overlay

text: code

text: to

text: both

text: service

text: areas

text: area

text: code

text: to

text: area

text: code

text: to

text: was

text: delayed

text: and

text: later

text: rescinded

question: What area code is used in Philadelphia in 1947?

answer: 215

question: When was the 610 area code added?

answer: 1994

question: When was the 267 added?

answer: 1997


text: The International Association for the Study of Pain advocates that the relief of pain should be recognized as a human right, that chronic pain should be considered a disease in its own right, and that pain medicine should have the full status of a specialty. It is a specialty only in China and Australia at this time. Elsewhere, pain medicine is a subspecialty under disciplines such as anesthesiology, physiatry, neurology, palliative medicine and psychiatry. In 2011, Human Rights Watch alerted that tens of millions of people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain.

title: Pain

title: Pain

text: The

text: International

text: Association

text: for

text: the

text: Study

text: of

text: Pain

text: advocates

text: that

text: the

text: relief

text: of

text: pain

text: should

text: be

text: recognized

text: as

text: a

text: human

text: right

text: that

text: chronic

text: pain

text: should

text: be

text: considered

text: a

text: disease

text: in

text: its

text: own

text: right

text: and

text: that

text: pain

text: medicine

text: should

text: have

text: the

text: full

text: status

text: of

text: a

text: specialty

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: specialty

text: only

text: in

text: China

text: and

text: Australia

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: Elsewhere

text: pain

text: medicine

text: is

text: a

text: subspecialty

text: under

text: disciplines

text: such

text: as

text: anesthesiology

text: physiatry

text: neurology

text: palliative

text: medicine

text: and

text: psychiatry

text: In

text: Human

text: Rights

text: Watch

text: alerted

text: that

text: tens

text: of

text: millions

text: of

text: people

text: worldwide

text: are

text: still

text: denied

text: access

text: to

text: inexpensive

text: medications

text: for

text: severe

text: pain

question: What does the IASP advocate that the relief of pain should be recognized as?

answer: a human right

text: a human right

question: What should chronic pain be considered in its own right?

answer: a disease

text: a disease

question: What two countries is treating pain a specialty in?

answer: China and Australia

text: China and Australia

question: What is pain medicine often under disciplines like physiatry, neurology, etc?

answer: subspecialty

text: subspecialty

question: As of 2011, how many people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain?

answer: tens of millions

text: tens of millions

question: What does the International Association for Pain Study advocate for?

question: What does the International Association for Pain Study believe about chronic pain?

question: What does the International Association for Pain Study believe about pain medicine?

question: What did Human Rights Watch do in 2101?


text: It was decided to focus on bombing Britain's industrial cities in daylight to begin with. The main focus of the bombing operations was against the city of London. The first major raid in this regard took place on 7 September. On 15 September, on a date known as the Battle of Britain Day, a large-scale raid was launched in daylight, but suffered significant loss for no lasting gain. Although there were a few large air battles fought in daylight later in the month and into October, the Luftwaffe switched its main effort to night attacks in order to reduce losses. This became official policy on 7 October. The air campaign soon got underway against London and other British cities. However, the Luftwaffe faced limitations. Its aircraft—Dornier Do 17, Junkers Ju 88, and Heinkel He 111s—were capable of carrying out strategic missions, but were incapable of doing greater damage because of bomb-load limitations. The Luftwaffe's decision in the interwar period to concentrate on medium bombers can be attributed to several reasons: Hitler did not intend or foresee a war with Britain in 1939; the OKL believed a medium bomber could carry out strategic missions just as well as a heavy bomber force; and Germany did not possess the resources or technical ability to produce four-engined bombers before the war.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: It

text: was

text: decided

text: to

text: focus

text: on

text: bombing

text: Britain

text: 's

text: industrial

text: cities

text: in

text: daylight

text: to

text: begin

text: with

text: The

text: main

text: focus

text: of

text: the

text: bombing

text: operations

text: was

text: against

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: London

text: The

text: first

text: major

text: raid

text: in

text: this

text: regard

text: took

text: place

text: on

text: September

text: On

text: September

text: on

text: a

text: date

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Britain

text: Day

text: a

text: large

text: scale

text: raid

text: was

text: launched

text: in

text: daylight

text: but

text: suffered

text: significant

text: loss

text: for

text: no

text: lasting

text: gain

text: Although

text: there

text: were

text: a

text: few

text: large

text: air

text: battles

text: fought

text: in

text: daylight

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: month

text: and

text: into

text: October

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: switched

text: its

text: main

text: effort

text: to

text: night

text: attacks

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: reduce

text: losses

text: This

text: became

text: official

text: policy

text: on

text: October

text: The

text: air

text: campaign

text: soon

text: got

text: underway

text: against

text: London

text: and

text: other

text: British

text: cities

text: However

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: faced

text: limitations

text: Its

text: aircraft

text: Dornier

text: Do

text: Junkers

text: Ju

text: and

text: Heinkel

text: He

text: were

text: capable

text: of

text: carrying

text: out

text: strategic

text: missions

text: but

text: were

text: incapable

text: of

text: doing

text: greater

text: damage

text: because

text: of

text: bomb

text: load

text: limitations

text: The

text: Luftwaffe

text: 's

text: decision

text: in

text: the

text: interwar

text: period

text: to

text: concentrate

text: on

text: medium

text: bombers

text: can

text: be

text: attributed

text: to

text: several

text: reasons

text: Hitler

text: did

text: not

text: intend

text: or

text: foresee

text: a

text: war

text: with

text: Britain

text: in

text: the

text: OKL

text: believed

text: a

text: medium

text: bomber

text: could

text: carry

text: out

text: strategic

text: missions

text: just

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: heavy

text: bomber

text: force

text: and

text: Germany

text: did

text: not

text: possess

text: the

text: resources

text: or

text: technical

text: ability

text: to

text: produce

text: four

text: engined

text: bombers

text: before

text: the

text: war

question: Which British city did the Luftwaffe focus its bombing on?

answer: London

text: London

question: What was the name of the large air raid that took place in daylight hours in Britain?

answer: Battle of Britain Day

text: Battle of Britain Day

question: What was the main reason the Luftwaffe was not able to cause extensive damage with their missions?

answer: bomb-load limitations

text: bomb-load limitations

question: What kind of bombers was Germany not able to build?

answer: four-engined bombers

text: four-engined bombers


text: A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

text: A

text: second

text: problem

text: with

text: materialism

text: is

text: that

text: it

text: obscures

text: the

text: importance

text: of

text: relations

text: It

text: sees

text: every

text: object

text: as

text: distinct

text: and

text: discrete

text: from

text: all

text: other

text: objects

text: Each

text: object

text: is

text: simply

text: an

text: inert

text: clump

text: of

text: matter

text: that

text: is

text: only

text: externally

text: related

text: to

text: other

text: things

text: The

text: idea

text: of

text: matter

text: as

text: primary

text: makes

text: people

text: think

text: of

text: objects

text: as

text: being

text: fundamentally

text: separate

text: in

text: time

text: and

text: space

text: and

text: not

text: necessarily

text: related

text: to

text: anything

text: But

text: in

text: Whitehead

text: 's

text: view

text: relations

text: take

text: a

text: primary

text: role

text: perhaps

text: even

text: more

text: important

text: than

text: the

text: relata

text: themselves

text: A

text: student

text: taking

text: notes

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: Whitehead

text: 's

text: fall

text: classes

text: wrote

text: that

question: What obscures the importance of relations according to Whitehead?

answer: materialism

text: materialism

question: What does Materialism see each object as?

answer: distinct and discrete

text: distinct and discrete

question: How is each object related to other things?

answer: externally

text: externally

question: What is another issue that Whitehead had with materialism?

answer: it obscures the importance of relations

text: it obscures the importance of relations

question: What is the general materialistic view of an object?

answer: Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things

text: Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things

question: How the fundamental concept of matter influence people to view objects?

answer: The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything

text: The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything

question: What is Whitehead's belief regarding the importance of relations?

answer: in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves

text: in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves

question: What is the materialistic view of matter in relation to other objects?

answer: It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects.

text: It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects.

question: How the fundamental concept of matter influence people to not view objects?

question: What is another issue that Whitehead had without materialism?

text: obscures the importance of relations

question: What is the general non-materialistic view of an object?

question: What is Whitehead's non-belief regarding the importance of relations?

question: What is the materialistic view of matter in relation to no ohter objects?

text: materialism


text: Paris in its early history had only the Seine and Bièvre rivers for water. From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. From 1857, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand, under Napoleon III, oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation. From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water-supply network. Today Paris has more than 2,400 km (1,491 mi) of underground passageways dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: Paris

text: in

text: its

text: early

text: history

text: had

text: only

text: the

text: Seine

text: and

text: Bièvre

text: rivers

text: for

text: water

text: From

text: the

text: Canal

text: de

text: l'Ourcq

text: provided

text: Paris

text: with

text: water

text: from

text: less

text: polluted

text: rivers

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: capital

text: From

text: the

text: civil

text: engineer

text: Eugène

text: Belgrand

text: under

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: oversaw

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: new

text: aqueducts

text: that

text: brought

text: water

text: from

text: locations

text: all

text: around

text: the

text: city

text: to

text: several

text: reservoirs

text: built

text: atop

text: the

text: Capital

text: 's

text: highest

text: points

text: of

text: elevation

text: From

text: then

text: on

text: the

text: new

text: reservoir

text: system

text: became

text: Paris

text: principal

text: source

text: of

text: drinking

text: water

text: and

text: the

text: remains

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: system

text: pumped

text: into

text: lower

text: levels

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: reservoirs

text: were

text: from

text: then

text: on

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: cleaning

text: of

text: Paris

text: streets

text: This

text: system

text: is

text: still

text: a

text: major

text: part

text: of

text: Paris

text: modern

text: water

text: supply

text: network

text: Today

text: Paris

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: km

text: mi

text: of

text: underground

text: passageways

text: dedicated

text: to

text: the

text: evacuation

text: of

text: Paris

text: liquid

text: wastes

question: WHen did the Canal de l'Ourcq start providing Paris with water?

answer: 1809

question: Who was Eugene Belgrand under?

answer: Napoleon III

text: Napoleon III

question: How many km of underground passageways are dedicated to teh evacuationof Paris' waste liquids?

answer: 2,400

question: Who created Paris' reservoir system?

answer: Eugène Belgrand

text: Eugène Belgrand


text: The Appalachians are also home to two species of fir, the boreal balsam fir (Abies balsamea), and the southern high elevation endemic, Fraser fir (Abies fraseri). Fraser fir is confined to the highest parts of the southern Appalachian Mountains, where along with red spruce it forms a fragile ecosystem known as the Southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest. Fraser fir rarely occurs below 5,500 ft (1,700 m), and becomes the dominant tree type at 6,200 ft (1,900 m). By contrast, balsam fir is found from near sea level to the tree line in the northern Appalachians, but ranges only as far south as Virginia and West Virginia in the central Appalachians, where it is usually confined above 3,900 ft (1,200 m) asl, except in cold valleys. Curiously, it is associated with oaks in Virginia. The balsam fir of Virginia and West Virginia is thought by some to be a natural hybrid between the more northern variety and Fraser fir. While red spruce is common in both upland and bog habitats, balsam fir, as well as black spruce and tamarack, are more characteristic of the latter. However balsam fir also does well in soils with a pH as high as 6.

title: Appalachian_Mountains

title: Appalachian_Mountains

text: The

text: Appalachians

text: are

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: two

text: species

text: of

text: fir

text: the

text: boreal

text: balsam

text: fir

text: Abies

text: balsamea

text: and

text: the

text: southern

text: high

text: elevation

text: endemic

text: Fraser

text: fir

text: Abies

text: fraseri

text: Fraser

text: fir

text: is

text: confined

text: to

text: the

text: highest

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: Appalachian

text: Mountains

text: where

text: along

text: with

text: red

text: spruce

text: it

text: forms

text: a

text: fragile

text: ecosystem

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Southern

text: Appalachian

text: spruce

text: fir

text: forest

text: Fraser

text: fir

text: rarely

text: occurs

text: below

text: ft

text: m

text: and

text: becomes

text: the

text: dominant

text: tree

text: type

text: at

text: ft

text: m

text: By

text: contrast

text: balsam

text: fir

text: is

text: found

text: from

text: near

text: sea

text: level

text: to

text: the

text: tree

text: line

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: Appalachians

text: but

text: ranges

text: only

text: as

text: far

text: south

text: as

text: Virginia

text: and

text: West

text: Virginia

text: in

text: the

text: central

text: Appalachians

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: usually

text: confined

text: above

text: ft

text: m

text: asl

text: except

text: in

text: cold

text: valleys

text: Curiously

text: it

text: is

text: associated

text: with

text: oaks

text: in

text: Virginia

text: The

text: balsam

text: fir

text: of

text: Virginia

text: and

text: West

text: Virginia

text: is

text: thought

text: by

text: some

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: natural

text: hybrid

text: between

text: the

text: more

text: northern

text: variety

text: and

text: Fraser

text: fir

text: While

text: red

text: spruce

text: is

text: common

text: in

text: both

text: upland

text: and

text: bog

text: habitats

text: balsam

text: fir

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: black

text: spruce

text: and

text: tamarack

text: are

text: more

text: characteristic

text: of

text: the

text: latter

text: However

text: balsam

text: fir

text: also

text: does

text: well

text: in

text: soils

text: with

text: a

text: pH

text: as

text: high

text: as

question: How many species of oaks are found in the Appalachians?

text: two

question: What type of tree is found most often below 5,500 ft?

text: Fraser fir

question: What is the scientific name of the oak tree?

text: Abies fraseri

question: What is the lowest asl oaks are usually found at?

text: 3,900 ft (1,200 m)

question: In what state are Fraser firs associated with oaks?

text: Virginia


text: Hellenistic military equipment was generally characterized by an increase in size. Hellenistic-era warships grew from the trireme to include more banks of oars and larger numbers of rowers and soldiers as in the Quadrireme and Quinquereme. The Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity. New siege engines were developed during this period. An unknown engineer developed the torsion-spring catapult (ca. 360) and Dionysios of Alexandria designed a repeating ballista, the Polybolos. Preserved examples of ball projectiles range from 4.4 kg to 78 kg (or over 170 lbs). Demetrius Poliorcetes was notorious for the large siege engines employed in his campaigns, especially during the 12-month siege of Rhodes when he had Epimachos of Athens build a massive 160 ton siege tower named Helepolis, filled with artillery.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: Hellenistic

text: military

text: equipment

text: was

text: generally

text: characterized

text: by

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: size

text: Hellenistic

text: era

text: warships

text: grew

text: from

text: the

text: trireme

text: to

text: include

text: more

text: banks

text: of

text: oars

text: and

text: larger

text: numbers

text: of

text: rowers

text: and

text: soldiers

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: Quadrireme

text: and

text: Quinquereme

text: The

text: Ptolemaic

text: Tessarakonteres

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: ship

text: constructed

text: in

text: Antiquity

text: New

text: siege

text: engines

text: were

text: developed

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: An

text: unknown

text: engineer

text: developed

text: the

text: torsion

text: spring

text: catapult

text: ca

text: and

text: Dionysios

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: designed

text: a

text: repeating

text: ballista

text: the

text: Polybolos

text: Preserved

text: examples

text: of

text: ball

text: projectiles

text: range

text: from

text: kg

text: to

text: kg

text: or

text: over

text: lbs

text: Demetrius

text: Poliorcetes

text: was

text: notorious

text: for

text: the

text: large

text: siege

text: engines

text: employed

text: in

text: his

text: campaigns

text: especially

text: during

text: the

text: siege

text: of

text: Rhodes

text: when

text: he

text: had

text: Epimachos

text: of

text: Athens

text: build

text: a

text: massive

text: ton

text: siege

text: tower

text: named

text: Helepolis

text: filled

text: with

text: artillery

question: What was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity?

answer: Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres

text: Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres

question: Who invented the Polybolos?

answer: Dionysios of Alexandria

text: Dionysios of Alexandria

question: What type of weapon is the Polybolos?

answer: ballista

text: ballista

question: Who heavy was the Helepolis siege tower?

answer: 160 ton

text: 160 ton

question: How long was Demetrius Poliorcetes siege of Rhodes?

answer: 12-month


text: Menzies came to power the year the Communist Party of Australia had led a coal strike to improve pit miners' working conditions. That same year Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb, and Mao Zedong led the Communist Party of China to power in China; a year later came the invasion of South Korea by Communist North Korea. Anti-communism was a key political issue of the 1950s and 1960s. Menzies was firmly anti-Communist; he committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war. The Labor Party split over concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement, leading to the foundation of the breakaway Democratic Labor Party whose preferences supported the Liberal and Country parties.

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

text: Menzies

text: came

text: to

text: power

text: the

text: year

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: Australia

text: had

text: led

text: a

text: coal

text: strike

text: to

text: improve

text: pit

text: miners

text: working

text: conditions

text: That

text: same

text: year

text: Joseph

text: Stalin

text: 's

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: exploded

text: its

text: first

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: and

text: Mao

text: Zedong

text: led

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: China

text: to

text: power

text: in

text: China

text: a

text: year

text: later

text: came

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: South

text: Korea

text: by

text: Communist

text: North

text: Korea

text: Anti

text: communism

text: was

text: a

text: key

text: political

text: issue

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: Menzies

text: was

text: firmly

text: anti

text: Communist

text: he

text: committed

text: troops

text: to

text: the

text: Korean

text: War

text: and

text: attempted

text: to

text: ban

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: of

text: Australia

text: in

text: an

text: unsuccessful

text: referendum

text: during

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: that

text: war

text: The

text: Labor

text: Party

text: split

text: over

text: concerns

text: about

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: Party

text: over

text: the

text: Trade

text: Union

text: movement

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: the

text: breakaway

text: Democratic

text: Labor

text: Party

text: whose

text: preferences

text: supported

text: the

text: Liberal

text: and

text: Country

text: parties

question: What was a key political topic in the 1950s and 1960s?

answer: Anti-communism

text: Anti-communism

question: What actions showed Menzies' anti-Communist beliefs?

answer: committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war

text: committed troops to the Korean War and attempted to ban the Communist Party of Australia in an unsuccessful referendum during the course of that war

question: Over what did the Labor party divide?

answer: concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement,

text: concerns about the influence of the Communist Party over the Trade Union movement,

question: What was a key political topic of the Democratic Labor Party?

text: Anti-communism

question: What actions showed Stalin anti-Communist beliefs?

question: Over what did the Soviet Union divide?

question: Who committed troops to the Communist War?

text: Menzies

question: Why did the Soviet Union lead a coal strike?


text: In May 2005, the first high definition video conferencing systems, produced by LifeSize Communications, were displayed at the Interop trade show in Las Vegas, Nevada, able to provide video at 30 frames per second with a 1280 by 720 display resolution. Polycom introduced its first high definition video conferencing system to the market in 2006. As of the 2010s, high definition resolution for videoconferencing became a popular feature, with most major suppliers in the videoconferencing market offering it.

title: Videoconferencing

title: Videoconferencing

text: In

text: May

text: the

text: first

text: high

text: definition

text: video

text: conferencing

text: systems

text: produced

text: by

text: LifeSize

text: Communications

text: were

text: displayed

text: at

text: the

text: Interop

text: trade

text: show

text: in

text: Las

text: Vegas

text: Nevada

text: able

text: to

text: provide

text: video

text: at

text: frames

text: per

text: second

text: with

text: a

text: by

text: display

text: resolution

text: Polycom

text: introduced

text: its

text: first

text: high

text: definition

text: video

text: conferencing

text: system

text: to

text: the

text: market

text: in

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: high

text: definition

text: resolution

text: for

text: videoconferencing

text: became

text: a

text: popular

text: feature

text: with

text: most

text: major

text: suppliers

text: in

text: the

text: videoconferencing

text: market

text: offering

text: it

question: What year was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?

answer: 2005

question: Who produced the first high definition video conferencing system?

answer: LifeSize Communications

text: LifeSize Communications

question: Where was the first HD video conferencing system displayed?

answer: Las Vegas, Nevada

text: Las Vegas, Nevada

question: What company introduced the first HD video conferencing system to the general market?

answer: Polycom

text: Polycom

question: What was the resolution of the first HD video conferencing system?

answer: 1280 by 720

text: 1280 by 720

question: In 2006, what was produced by Lifesize Comunications?

question: Where was Polycom displayed in May 2005?

question: What did LifeSize Communications introduce in 2006?

question: When did Interlop become a popular feature?

text: As of the 2010s

question: What did most suppliers in the display resolution market offer in the 2010's?


text: Non-commercial radio stations include NPR affiliates KUOW-FM 94.9 and KPLU-FM 88.5 (Tacoma), as well as classical music station KING-FM 98.1. Other stations include KEXP-FM 90.3 (affiliated with the UW), community radio KBCS-FM 91.3 (affiliated with Bellevue College), and high school radio KNHC-FM 89.5, which broadcasts an electronic dance music radio format and is owned by the public school system and operated by students of Nathan Hale High School. Many Seattle radio stations are also available through Internet radio, with KEXP in particular being a pioneer of Internet radio. Seattle also has numerous commercial radio stations. In a March 2012 report by the consumer research firm Arbitron, the top FM stations were KRWM (adult contemporary format), KIRO-FM (news/talk), and KISW (active rock) while the top AM stations were KOMO (AM) (all news), KJR (AM) (all sports), KIRO (AM) (all sports).

title: Seattle

title: Seattle

text: Non

text: commercial

text: radio

text: stations

text: include

text: NPR

text: affiliates

text: KUOW

text: FM

text: and

text: KPLU

text: FM

text: Tacoma

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: classical

text: music

text: station

text: KING

text: FM

text: Other

text: stations

text: include

text: KEXP

text: FM

text: affiliated

text: with

text: the

text: UW

text: community

text: radio

text: KBCS

text: FM

text: affiliated

text: with

text: Bellevue

text: College

text: and

text: high

text: school

text: radio

text: KNHC

text: FM

text: which

text: broadcasts

text: an

text: electronic

text: dance

text: music

text: radio

text: format

text: and

text: is

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: public

text: school

text: system

text: and

text: operated

text: by

text: students

text: of

text: Nathan

text: Hale

text: High

text: School

text: Many

text: Seattle

text: radio

text: stations

text: are

text: also

text: available

text: through

text: Internet

text: radio

text: with

text: KEXP

text: in

text: particular

text: being

text: a

text: pioneer

text: of

text: Internet

text: radio

text: Seattle

text: also

text: has

text: numerous

text: commercial

text: radio

text: stations

text: In

text: a

text: March

text: report

text: by

text: the

text: consumer

text: research

text: firm

text: Arbitron

text: the

text: top

text: FM

text: stations

text: were

text: KRWM

text: adult

text: contemporary

text: format

text: KIRO

text: FM

text: news

text: talk

text: and

text: KISW

text: active

text: rock

text: while

text: the

text: top

text: AM

text: stations

text: were

text: KOMO

text: AM

text: all

text: news

text: KJR

text: AM

text: all

text: sports

text: KIRO

text: AM

text: all

text: sports

question: What type of radio stations abound in Seattle?

answer: Non-commercial

text: Non-commercial

question: What are KUOW and KPLU radio stations?

answer: NPR affiliates

text: NPR affiliates

question: With what educational facility is KEXP-FM aligned?

answer: UW

text: UW

question: What radio station is operated by the public school system?

answer: KNHC-FM 89.5

text: KNHC-FM 89.5

question: Where has KEXP pioneered in Radio?

answer: Internet radio

text: Internet radio


text: Popper contrasts his views with the notion of the "hopeful monster" that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the "hopeful behavioural monster". After behaviour has changed radically, small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals. This way it looks as if the phenotype were changing guided by some invisible hand, while it is merely natural selection working in combination with the new behaviour. For example, according to this hypothesis, the eating habits of the giraffe must have changed before its elongated neck evolved. Popper contrasted this view as "evolution from within" or "active Darwinism" (the organism actively trying to discover new ways of life and being on a quest for conquering new ecological niches), with the naturalistic "evolution from without" (which has the picture of a hostile environment only trying to kill the mostly passive organism, or perhaps segregate some of its groups).

title: Karl_Popper

title: Karl_Popper

text: Popper

text: contrasts

text: his

text: views

text: with

text: the

text: notion

text: of

text: the

text: hopeful

text: monster

text: that

text: has

text: large

text: phenotype

text: mutations

text: and

text: calls

text: it

text: the

text: hopeful

text: behavioural

text: monster

text: After

text: behaviour

text: has

text: changed

text: radically

text: small

text: but

text: quick

text: changes

text: of

text: the

text: phenotype

text: follow

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: organism

text: fitter

text: to

text: its

text: changed

text: goals

text: This

text: way

text: it

text: looks

text: as

text: if

text: the

text: phenotype

text: were

text: changing

text: guided

text: by

text: some

text: invisible

text: hand

text: while

text: it

text: is

text: merely

text: natural

text: selection

text: working

text: in

text: combination

text: with

text: the

text: new

text: behaviour

text: For

text: example

text: according

text: to

text: this

text: hypothesis

text: the

text: eating

text: habits

text: of

text: the

text: giraffe

text: must

text: have

text: changed

text: before

text: its

text: elongated

text: neck

text: evolved

text: Popper

text: contrasted

text: this

text: view

text: as

text: evolution

text: from

text: within

text: or

text: active

text: Darwinism

text: the

text: organism

text: actively

text: trying

text: to

text: discover

text: new

text: ways

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: being

text: on

text: a

text: quest

text: for

text: conquering

text: new

text: ecological

text: niches

text: with

text: the

text: naturalistic

text: evolution

text: from

text: without

text: which

text: has

text: the

text: picture

text: of

text: a

text: hostile

text: environment

text: only

text: trying

text: to

text: kill

text: the

text: mostly

text: passive

text: organism

text: or

text: perhaps

text: segregate

text: some

text: of

text: its

text: groups

question: Which view of evolution emphasizing large changes in organisms' phenotypes does Popper oppose to his own?

answer: hopeful monster

text: hopeful monster

question: Which aspect of organisms changes most radically in the process of evolution Popper envisions?

answer: behaviour

text: behaviour

question: How does Popper describe the "monsters" that evolve in his view of evolutionary processes?

answer: hopeful behavioural monster

text: hopeful behavioural monster

question: What kind of Darwinism does Popper subscribe to in contrast to the naturalistic kind?

answer: active

text: active

question: What happens after behavior changes only a little?

question: What do large and slow changes to the phenotype do?

question: What changed after the giraffe evolved a long neck?

text: the eating habits of the giraffe

question: What did Darwin contrast "active Darwinism" with?

text: evolution from without


text: Li Zicheng then led a coalition of rebel forces numbering 200,000[a] to confront Wu Sangui, the general commanding the Ming garrison at Shanhai Pass. Shanhai Pass is a pivotal pass of the Great Wall, located fifty miles northeast of Beijing, and for years its defenses kept the Manchus from directly raiding the Ming capital. Wu Sangui, caught between a rebel army twice his size and a foreign enemy he had fought for years, decided to cast his lot with the Manchus, with whom he was familiar. Wu Sangui may have been influenced by Li Zicheng's mistreatment of his family and other wealthy and cultured officials; it was said that Li also took Wu's concubine Chen Yuanyuan for himself. Wu and Dorgon allied in the name of avenging the death of the Chongzhen Emperor. Together, the two former enemies met and defeated Li Zicheng's rebel forces in battle on May 27, 1644.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: Li

text: Zicheng

text: then

text: led

text: a

text: coalition

text: of

text: rebel

text: forces

text: numbering

text: to

text: confront

text: Wu

text: Sangui

text: the

text: general

text: commanding

text: the

text: Ming

text: garrison

text: at

text: Shanhai

text: Pass

text: Shanhai

text: Pass

text: is

text: a

text: pivotal

text: pass

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Wall

text: located

text: fifty

text: miles

text: northeast

text: of

text: Beijing

text: and

text: for

text: years

text: its

text: defenses

text: kept

text: the

text: Manchus

text: from

text: directly

text: raiding

text: the

text: Ming

text: capital

text: Wu

text: Sangui

text: caught

text: between

text: a

text: rebel

text: army

text: twice

text: his

text: size

text: and

text: a

text: foreign

text: enemy

text: he

text: had

text: fought

text: for

text: years

text: decided

text: to

text: cast

text: his

text: lot

text: with

text: the

text: Manchus

text: with

text: whom

text: he

text: was

text: familiar

text: Wu

text: Sangui

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: influenced

text: by

text: Li

text: Zicheng

text: 's

text: mistreatment

text: of

text: his

text: family

text: and

text: other

text: wealthy

text: and

text: cultured

text: officials

text: it

text: was

text: said

text: that

text: Li

text: also

text: took

text: Wu

text: 's

text: concubine

text: Chen

text: Yuanyuan

text: for

text: himself

text: Wu

text: and

text: Dorgon

text: allied

text: in

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: avenging

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: Chongzhen

text: Emperor

text: Together

text: the

text: two

text: former

text: enemies

text: met

text: and

text: defeated

text: Li

text: Zicheng

text: 's

text: rebel

text: forces

text: in

text: battle

text: on

text: May

question: How big was Li Zicheng's army?

answer: 200,000

question: Who did Li Zicheng's army fight?

answer: Wu Sangui

text: Wu Sangui

question: What was the name of the general at the Ming fort?

answer: Wu Sangui

text: Wu Sangui

question: Who beat Li Zicheng's army?

answer: Wu and Dorgon

text: Wu and Dorgon

question: When did the battle take place?

answer: May 27, 1644

text: May 27, 1644


text: Of the new eastern religions introduced into the Greek world, the most successful was Christianity. From the early centuries of the Common Era, the Greeks identified as Romaioi ("Romans"), by that time the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans. While ethnic distinctions still existed in the Roman Empire, they became secondary to religious considerations and the renewed empire used Christianity as a tool to support its cohesion and promoted a robust Roman national identity. Concurrently the secular, urban civilization of late antiquity survived in the Eastern Mediterranean along with Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn.

title: Greeks

title: Greeks

text: Of

text: the

text: new

text: eastern

text: religions

text: introduced

text: into

text: the

text: Greek

text: world

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: was

text: Christianity

text: From

text: the

text: early

text: centuries

text: of

text: the

text: Common

text: Era

text: the

text: Greeks

text: identified

text: as

text: Romaioi

text: Romans

text: by

text: that

text: time

text: the

text: name

text: Hellenes’

text: denoted

text: pagans

text: While

text: ethnic

text: distinctions

text: still

text: existed

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: they

text: became

text: secondary

text: to

text: religious

text: considerations

text: and

text: the

text: renewed

text: empire

text: used

text: Christianity

text: as

text: a

text: tool

text: to

text: support

text: its

text: cohesion

text: and

text: promoted

text: a

text: robust

text: Roman

text: national

text: identity

text: Concurrently

text: the

text: secular

text: urban

text: civilization

text: of

text: late

text: antiquity

text: survived

text: in

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Mediterranean

text: along

text: with

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: educational

text: system

text: although

text: it

text: was

text: from

text: Christianity

text: that

text: the

text: culture

text: 's

text: essential

text: values

text: were

text: drawn

question: What alternative name were the Greeks known by ?

answer: the Greeks identified as Romaioi ("Romans")

text: the Greeks identified as Romaioi ("Romans")

question: What did the label of  Hellenes come to stand for during the Common Era of Greece ?

answer: the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans

text: the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans

question: Did the Roman world consider one ethnocentric lineage to be a great concern ?

answer: secondary to religious considerations

text: secondary to religious considerations

question: What imperative value was extolled from the Christian community to the Roman world ?

answer: Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn.

text: Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn.

question: What alternative name weren't the Greeks known by?

text: Romaioi

question: What did the label of Hellenes come to not stand for during the Common Era of Greece?

text: denoted pagans

question: id the Roman world consider two ethnocentric lineage to be a great concern?

text: secondary to religious considerations

question: What imperative value was extolled from the Christian community from the Roman world?


text: The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years.

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: The

text: breed

text: with

text: the

text: shortest

text: lifespan

text: among

text: breeds

text: for

text: which

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: questionnaire

text: survey

text: with

text: a

text: reasonable

text: sample

text: size

text: is

text: the

text: Dogue

text: de

text: Bordeaux

text: with

text: a

text: median

text: longevity

text: of

text: about

text: years

text: but

text: several

text: breeds

text: including

text: Miniature

text: Bull

text: Terriers

text: Bloodhounds

text: and

text: Irish

text: Wolfhounds

text: are

text: nearly

text: as

text: short

text: lived

text: with

text: median

text: longevities

text: of

text: to

text: years

question: What is the canine breed with shortest median lifespan?

answer: Dogue de Bordeaux

text: Dogue de Bordeaux

question: What is the median length of life for the canine breed that lives the least amount of years?

answer: 5.2 years

text: 5.2 years

question: What is the average lifespan of an Irish Wolfhound?

answer: 6 to 7 years.

text: 6 to 7 years.

question: Which dog has the shortest lifespan?

answer: Dogue de Bordeaux

text: Dogue de Bordeaux

question: What is the average lifespan for a Dogue de Borddeaux?

answer: 5.2 years

text: 5.2 years


text: Later the emphasis was on classical studies, dominated by Latin and Ancient History, and, for boys with sufficient ability, Classical Greek. From the latter part of the 19th century this curriculum has changed and broadened: for example, there are now more than 100 students of Chinese, which is a non-curriculum course. In the 1970s, there was just one school computer, in a small room attached to the science buildings. It used paper tape to store programs. Today, all boys must have laptop computers, and the school fibre-optic network connects all classrooms and all boys' bedrooms to the internet.

title: Eton_College

title: Eton_College

text: Later

text: the

text: emphasis

text: was

text: on

text: classical

text: studies

text: dominated

text: by

text: Latin

text: and

text: Ancient

text: History

text: and

text: for

text: boys

text: with

text: sufficient

text: ability

text: Classical

text: Greek

text: From

text: the

text: latter

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: this

text: curriculum

text: has

text: changed

text: and

text: broadened

text: for

text: example

text: there

text: are

text: now

text: more

text: than

text: students

text: of

text: Chinese

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: non

text: curriculum

text: course

text: In

text: the

text: there

text: was

text: just

text: one

text: school

text: computer

text: in

text: a

text: small

text: room

text: attached

text: to

text: the

text: science

text: buildings

text: It

text: used

text: paper

text: tape

text: to

text: store

text: programs

text: Today

text: all

text: boys

text: must

text: have

text: laptop

text: computers

text: and

text: the

text: school

text: fibre

text: optic

text: network

text: connects

text: all

text: classrooms

text: and

text: all

text: boys

text: bedrooms

text: to

text: the

text: internet

question: How many current students take Chinese courses at Eaton?

answer: more than 100

text: more than 100

question: Is Chinese a required or non-curriculum course?

answer: non-curriculum

text: non-curriculum

question: How many computers were at Eaton in the 1970s?

answer: just one

text: just one

question: Which subject was only studied by boys with sufficient ability?

answer: Classical Greek

text: Classical Greek

question: Was was the emphasis early on?

text: classical studies

question: In what decade was learning Chinese introduced to Eton?

question: How many students at Eton now learn Latin each year?

text: than 100

question: In the past how many students each year learned Classical Greek?

text: more than 100


text: The Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn cháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters". It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: the Western Han or Former Han (206 BC – 9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Later Han (25–220 AD).

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: The

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: Chinese

text: 漢朝

text: pinyin

text: Hàn

text: cháo

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: imperial

text: dynasty

text: of

text: China

text: preceded

text: by

text: the

text: Qin

text: dynasty

text: BC

text: and

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: Three

text: Kingdoms

text: period

text: AD

text: Spanning

text: over

text: four

text: centuries

text: the

text: Han

text: period

text: is

text: considered

text: a

text: golden

text: age

text: in

text: Chinese

text: history

text: To

text: this

text: day

text: China

text: 's

text: majority

text: ethnic

text: group

text: refers

text: to

text: itself

text: as

text: the

text: Han

text: people

text: and

text: the

text: Chinese

text: script

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Han

text: characters

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: rebel

text: leader

text: Liu

text: Bang

text: known

text: posthumously

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Gaozu

text: of

text: Han

text: and

text: briefly

text: interrupted

text: by

text: the

text: Xin

text: dynasty

text: AD

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: regent

text: Wang

text: Mang

text: This

text: interregnum

text: separates

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: into

text: two

text: periods

text: the

text: Western

text: Han

text: or

text: Former

text: Han

text: BC

text: AD

text: and

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: or

text: Later

text: Han

text: AD

question: What period followed the Han dynasty?

answer: Three Kingdoms

text: Three Kingdoms

question: What dynasty came before the Han dynasty?

answer: Qin

text: Qin

question: Who founded the Han dynasty?

answer: Liu Bang

text: Liu Bang

question: When did the Former Han period begin?

answer: 206 BC

text: 206 BC

question: When did the Later Han period end?

answer: 220 AD

text: 220 AD


text: Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states. Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms tthat encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries.

title: Federalism

title: Federalism

text: Federalism

text: and

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: territorially

text: autonomy

text: is

text: generally

text: seen

text: as

text: a

text: useful

text: way

text: to

text: structure

text: political

text: systems

text: in

text: order

text: prevent

text: violence

text: among

text: different

text: groups

text: with

text: countries

text: because

text: it

text: allows

text: certain

text: groups

text: to

text: legislate

text: at

text: the

text: subnational

text: level

text: Some

text: scholars

text: have

text: suggested

text: however

text: that

text: federalism

text: can

text: divide

text: countries

text: and

text: result

text: in

text: state

text: collapse

text: because

text: it

text: creates

text: proto

text: states

text: Still

text: others

text: have

text: shown

text: that

text: federalism

text: is

text: only

text: divisive

text: when

text: it

text: lacks

text: mechanisms

text: tthat

text: encourage

text: political

text: parties

text: to

text: compete

text: across

text: regional

text: boundaries

question: What is federalism seen as?

answer: a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries

text: a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries

question: What does federalism allow?

answer: it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level

text: it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level

question: What do scholars think of federalism?

answer: Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries

text: Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries

question: What isn't federalism seen as?

question: What is communism seen as?

question: What doesn't federalism allow?

question: What does federalism not allow?

question: What don't scholars think of federalism?


text: The hole walls for boards with two or more layers can be made conductive and then electroplated with copper to form plated-through holes.  These holes electrically connect the conducting layers of the PCB. For multi-layer boards, those with three layers or more, drilling typically produces a smear of the high temperature decomposition products of bonding agent in the laminate system. Before the holes can be plated through, this smear must be removed by a chemical de-smear process, or by plasma-etch. The de-smear process ensures that a good connection is made to the copper layers when the hole is plated through. On high reliability boards a process called etch-back is performed chemically with a potassium permanganate based etchant or plasma. The etch-back removes resin and the glass fibers so that the copper layers extend into the hole and as the hole is plated become integral with the deposited copper.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: The

text: hole

text: walls

text: for

text: boards

text: with

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: layers

text: can

text: be

text: made

text: conductive

text: and

text: then

text: electroplated

text: with

text: copper

text: to

text: form

text: plated

text: through

text: holes

text: These

text: holes

text: electrically

text: connect

text: the

text: conducting

text: layers

text: of

text: the

text: PCB

text: For

text: multi

text: layer

text: boards

text: those

text: with

text: three

text: layers

text: or

text: more

text: drilling

text: typically

text: produces

text: a

text: smear

text: of

text: the

text: high

text: temperature

text: decomposition

text: products

text: of

text: bonding

text: agent

text: in

text: the

text: laminate

text: system

text: Before

text: the

text: holes

text: can

text: be

text: plated

text: through

text: this

text: smear

text: must

text: be

text: removed

text: by

text: a

text: chemical

text: de

text: smear

text: process

text: or

text: by

text: plasma

text: etch

text: The

text: de

text: smear

text: process

text: ensures

text: that

text: a

text: good

text: connection

text: is

text: made

text: to

text: the

text: copper

text: layers

text: when

text: the

text: hole

text: is

text: plated

text: through

text: On

text: high

text: reliability

text: boards

text: a

text: process

text: called

text: etch

text: back

text: is

text: performed

text: chemically

text: with

text: a

text: potassium

text: permanganate

text: based

text: etchant

text: or

text: plasma

text: The

text: etch

text: back

text: removes

text: resin

text: and

text: the

text: glass

text: fibers

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: copper

text: layers

text: extend

text: into

text: the

text: hole

text: and

text: as

text: the

text: hole

text: is

text: plated

text: become

text: integral

text: with

text: the

text: deposited

text: copper

question: What do the hole walls in two-layer PCBs have to be before they can be electroplated?

answer: conductive

text: conductive

question: What's the minimum number of layers a PCB can have to be considered "multi-layer"?

answer: three

text: three

question: What process does a multi-layer PCB usually undergo before plating to make sure the layers have good connectivity with each other?

answer: de-smear

text: de-smear

question: What type of boards undergo the etch-back process?

answer: high reliability

text: high reliability

question: Etch-back removes glass fibers and what other material?

answer: resin

text: resin

question: What connects the conducting layers of the PAB?

text: holes

question: Smears are removed with a chemical smear what?

text: process

question: The process used on low-reliability boards is called what?

text: etch-back

question: The back-etch removes what?

text: resin and the glass fibers

question: What becomes integral with the deposited silver?

text: the hole


text: The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)."

title: Human_Development_Index

title: Human_Development_Index

text: The

text: Human

text: Development

text: Report

text: introduced

text: an

text: Inequality

text: adjusted

text: Human

text: Development

text: Index

text: IHDI

text: While

text: the

text: simple

text: HDI

text: remains

text: useful

text: it

text: stated

text: that

text: the

text: IHDI

text: is

text: the

text: actual

text: level

text: of

text: human

text: development

text: accounting

text: for

text: inequality

text: and

text: the

text: HDI

text: can

text: be

text: viewed

text: as

text: an

text: index

text: of

text: potential

text: human

text: development

text: or

text: the

text: maximum

text: IHDI

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: achieved

text: if

text: there

text: were

text: no

text: inequality

question: In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI?

answer: 2010

question: What does IHDI stand for?

answer: Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index

text: Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index

question: Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?

answer: the HDI

text: the HDI

question: What happened in 2001?

question: What does IHDI2 stand for?

question: Which measures the potential underdevelopment, the HDI or the IHDI?

text: HDI


text: The critic Joseph Bédier (1864–1938) launched a particularly withering attack on stemmatics in 1928. He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method, and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches. He concluded that this outcome was unlikely to have occurred by chance, and that therefore, the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses. He suspected that editors tended to favor trees with two branches, as this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment (as there would be no third branch to "break the tie" whenever the witnesses disagreed). He also noted that, for many works, more than one reasonable stemma could be postulated, suggesting that the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed.

title: Textual_criticism

title: Textual_criticism

text: The

text: critic

text: Joseph

text: Bédier

text: launched

text: a

text: particularly

text: withering

text: attack

text: on

text: stemmatics

text: in

text: He

text: surveyed

text: editions

text: of

text: medieval

text: French

text: texts

text: that

text: were

text: produced

text: with

text: the

text: stemmatic

text: method

text: and

text: found

text: that

text: textual

text: critics

text: tended

text: overwhelmingly

text: to

text: produce

text: trees

text: divided

text: into

text: just

text: two

text: branches

text: He

text: concluded

text: that

text: this

text: outcome

text: was

text: unlikely

text: to

text: have

text: occurred

text: by

text: chance

text: and

text: that

text: therefore

text: the

text: method

text: was

text: tending

text: to

text: produce

text: bipartite

text: stemmas

text: regardless

text: of

text: the

text: actual

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: witnesses

text: He

text: suspected

text: that

text: editors

text: tended

text: to

text: favor

text: trees

text: with

text: two

text: branches

text: as

text: this

text: would

text: maximize

text: the

text: opportunities

text: for

text: editorial

text: judgment

text: as

text: there

text: would

text: be

text: no

text: third

text: branch

text: to

text: break

text: the

text: tie

text: whenever

text: the

text: witnesses

text: disagreed

text: He

text: also

text: noted

text: that

text: for

text: many

text: works

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: reasonable

text: stemma

text: could

text: be

text: postulated

text: suggesting

text: that

text: the

text: method

text: was

text: not

text: as

text: rigorous

text: or

text: as

text: scientific

text: as

text: its

text: proponents

text: had

text: claimed

question: What was Joseph Bédier's main criticism of the stemmatic method?

answer: critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches.

text: critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches.

question: Why is a methos that only produces two branches seen as inferior?

answer: the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses.

text: the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses.

question: To what did Joseph Bédier attribute the prevalence of the stemmatic method?

answer: editors tended to favor trees with two branches

text: editors tended to favor trees with two branches

question: Why would editors only want two alternative branches when analyzing a text?

answer: this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment

text: this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment

question: What was the final implication of Joseph Bédier's analysis of the stemmatic method?

answer: the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed.

text: the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed.

question: Why did Joseph Bédier prefer stemmatics?

question: Why is a method that only produces two branches seen as the best?

text: to produce bipartite stemmas

question: Trees with two branches minimized opportunities for that?

text: editorial judgment

question: When witnesses agree, what did the third branch do?

text: break the tie

question: Which method was more rigorous than originally claimed?

text: stemma


text: The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that "Siddi" derives from a word meaning "black", the term is actually derived from "Sayyid", the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area. In the Makran strip of the Sindh and Balochistan provinces in southwestern Pakistan, these Bantu descendants are known as the Makrani. There was a brief "Black Power" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry.

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: The

text: Siddi

text: are

text: an

text: ethnic

text: group

text: inhabiting

text: India

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: whose

text: members

text: are

text: descended

text: from

text: Bantu

text: peoples

text: from

text: Southeast

text: Africa

text: that

text: were

text: brought

text: to

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: as

text: slaves

text: by

text: Arab

text: and

text: Portuguese

text: merchants

text: Although

text: it

text: is

text: commonly

text: believed

text: locally

text: that

text: Siddi

text: derives

text: from

text: a

text: word

text: meaning

text: black

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: actually

text: derived

text: from

text: Sayyid

text: the

text: title

text: borne

text: by

text: the

text: captains

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: vessels

text: that

text: first

text: brought

text: Siddi

text: settlers

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: In

text: the

text: Makran

text: strip

text: of

text: the

text: Sindh

text: and

text: Balochistan

text: provinces

text: in

text: southwestern

text: Pakistan

text: these

text: Bantu

text: descendants

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Makrani

text: There

text: was

text: a

text: brief

text: Black

text: Power

text: movement

text: in

text: Sindh

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: many

text: Siddi

text: are

text: proud

text: of

text: and

text: celebrate

text: their

text: African

text: ancestry

question: Who are the Siddi?

answer: an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan

text: an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan

question: Who did the Siddi descend from?

answer: Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa

text: Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa

question: What does the word "Siddi" derive from?

answer: "Sayyid"

text: "Sayyid"

question: Where does the term Sayyid come from?

answer: the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area

text: the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area

question: When was the "black power" movement in Sindh?

answer: 1960s


text: Confederates held East Tennessee despite the strength of Unionist sentiment there, with the exception of extremely pro-Confederate Sullivan County. The Confederates, led by General James Longstreet, did attack General Burnside's Fort Sanders at Knoxville and lost. It was a big blow to East Tennessee Confederate momentum, but Longstreet won the Battle of Bean's Station a few weeks later. The Confederates besieged Chattanooga during the Chattanooga Campaign in early fall 1863, but were driven off by Grant in November. Many of the Confederate defeats can be attributed to the poor strategic vision of General Braxton Bragg, who led the Army of Tennessee from Perryville, Kentucky to another Confederate defeat at Chattanooga.

title: Tennessee

title: Tennessee

text: Confederates

text: held

text: East

text: Tennessee

text: despite

text: the

text: strength

text: of

text: Unionist

text: sentiment

text: there

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: extremely

text: pro

text: Confederate

text: Sullivan

text: County

text: The

text: Confederates

text: led

text: by

text: General

text: James

text: Longstreet

text: did

text: attack

text: General

text: Burnside

text: 's

text: Fort

text: Sanders

text: at

text: Knoxville

text: and

text: lost

text: It

text: was

text: a

text: big

text: blow

text: to

text: East

text: Tennessee

text: Confederate

text: momentum

text: but

text: Longstreet

text: won

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Bean

text: 's

text: Station

text: a

text: few

text: weeks

text: later

text: The

text: Confederates

text: besieged

text: Chattanooga

text: during

text: the

text: Chattanooga

text: Campaign

text: in

text: early

text: fall

text: but

text: were

text: driven

text: off

text: by

text: Grant

text: in

text: November

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: Confederate

text: defeats

text: can

text: be

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: poor

text: strategic

text: vision

text: of

text: General

text: Braxton

text: Bragg

text: who

text: led

text: the

text: Army

text: of

text: Tennessee

text: from

text: Perryville

text: Kentucky

text: to

text: another

text: Confederate

text: defeat

text: at

text: Chattanooga

question: Which county in East Tennessee was more supportive of the Confederacy than its neighbors?

answer: Sullivan County

text: Sullivan County

question: Which Confederate general failed to capture the Union fort at Knoxville?

answer: James Longstreet

text: James Longstreet

question: Which Union general broke the Confederate siege of Chattanooga in November 1863?

answer: Grant

text: Grant

question: Which Confederate general launched an attack on Chattanooga from Perryville, KY?

answer: Braxton Bragg

text: Braxton Bragg

question: Which battle did Confederate General Longstreet win in East Tennessee?

answer: Battle of Bean's Station

text: Battle of Bean's Station


text: The Columbia Encyclopedia distinguishes between the Yuan dynasty and the other Mongol Empire khanates of Ilkhanate, Chagatai Khanate and the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as "A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kublai Khan, who adopted the Chinese dynastic name of Yüan in 1271." The Encyclopedia Americana describes the Yuan dynasty as "the line of Mongol rulers in China" and adds that the Mongols "proclaimed a Chinese-style Yüan dynasty at Khanbaliq (Beijing)." The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes that the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty "adopted Chinese political and cultural models; ruling from their capitals in Dadu, they assumed the role of Chinese emperors," although Tibetologist Thomas Laird dismissed the Yuan dynasty as a non-Chinese polity and plays down its Chinese characteristics. The Metropolitan Museum of Art also noted that in spite of the gradual assimilation of Yuan monarchs, the Mongol rulers largely ignored the literati and imposed harsh policies discriminating against southern Chinese. In his Kublai Khan: His Life and Times, Rossabi explains that Kublai "created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional Chinese ones", and he "wished to signal to the Chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style of a Chinese ruler".

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: The

text: Columbia

text: Encyclopedia

text: distinguishes

text: between

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: Mongol

text: Empire

text: khanates

text: of

text: Ilkhanate

text: Chagatai

text: Khanate

text: and

text: the

text: Golden

text: Horde

text: It

text: describes

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: as

text: A

text: Mongol

text: dynasty

text: of

text: China

text: that

text: ruled

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: a

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: empire

text: conquered

text: by

text: the

text: Mongols

text: Founded

text: by

text: Kublai

text: Khan

text: who

text: adopted

text: the

text: Chinese

text: dynastic

text: name

text: of

text: Yüan

text: in

text: The

text: Encyclopedia

text: Americana

text: describes

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: as

text: the

text: line

text: of

text: Mongol

text: rulers

text: in

text: China

text: and

text: adds

text: that

text: the

text: Mongols

text: proclaimed

text: a

text: Chinese

text: style

text: Yüan

text: dynasty

text: at

text: Khanbaliq

text: Beijing

text: The

text: Metropolitan

text: Museum

text: of

text: Art

text: writes

text: that

text: the

text: Mongol

text: rulers

text: of

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: adopted

text: Chinese

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: models

text: ruling

text: from

text: their

text: capitals

text: in

text: Dadu

text: they

text: assumed

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: Chinese

text: emperors

text: although

text: Tibetologist

text: Thomas

text: Laird

text: dismissed

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: as

text: a

text: non

text: Chinese

text: polity

text: and

text: plays

text: down

text: its

text: Chinese

text: characteristics

text: The

text: Metropolitan

text: Museum

text: of

text: Art

text: also

text: noted

text: that

text: in

text: spite

text: of

text: the

text: gradual

text: assimilation

text: of

text: Yuan

text: monarchs

text: the

text: Mongol

text: rulers

text: largely

text: ignored

text: the

text: literati

text: and

text: imposed

text: harsh

text: policies

text: discriminating

text: against

text: southern

text: Chinese

text: In

text: his

text: Kublai

text: Khan

text: His

text: Life

text: and

text: Times

text: Rossabi

text: explains

text: that

text: Kublai

text: created

text: government

text: institutions

text: that

text: either

text: resembled

text: or

text: were

text: the

text: same

text: as

text: the

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: ones

text: and

text: he

text: wished

text: to

text: signal

text: to

text: the

text: Chinese

text: that

text: he

text: intended

text: to

text: adopt

text: the

text: trappings

text: and

text: style

text: of

text: a

text: Chinese

text: ruler

question: How did the The Columbia Encyclopedia describe the Yuan dynasty?

answer: A Mongol dynasty of China

text: A Mongol dynasty of China

question: How did the Encyclopedia Americana describe the Yuan Dynasty?

answer: the line of Mongol rulers in China

text: the line of Mongol rulers in China

question: What did Thomas Laird dismiss the Yuan dynasty as?

answer: a non-Chinese polity

text: a non-Chinese polity

question: Who wrote the book Khubilai Khan?

answer: Rossabi

text: Rossabi

question: When did the yuan dynasty start and end?

answer: 1271 to 1368

text: 1271 to 1368


text: The "snug", sometimes called the smoke room, was typically a small, very private room with access to the bar that had a frosted glass external window, set above head height. A higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: The

text: snug

text: sometimes

text: called

text: the

text: smoke

text: room

text: was

text: typically

text: a

text: small

text: very

text: private

text: room

text: with

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: bar

text: that

text: had

text: a

text: frosted

text: glass

text: external

text: window

text: set

text: above

text: head

text: height

text: A

text: higher

text: price

text: was

text: paid

text: for

text: beer

text: in

text: the

text: snug

text: and

text: nobody

text: could

text: look

text: in

text: and

text: see

text: the

text: drinkers

text: It

text: was

text: not

text: only

text: the

text: wealthy

text: visitors

text: who

text: would

text: use

text: these

text: rooms

text: The

text: snug

text: was

text: for

text: patrons

text: who

text: preferred

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: bar

text: Ladies

text: would

text: often

text: enjoy

text: a

text: private

text: drink

text: in

text: the

text: snug

text: in

text: a

text: time

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: frowned

text: upon

text: for

text: women

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: a

text: pub

text: The

text: local

text: police

text: officer

text: might

text: nip

text: in

text: for

text: a

text: quiet

text: pint

text: the

text: parish

text: priest

text: for

text: his

text: evening

text: whisky

text: or

text: lovers

text: for

text: a

text: rendezvous

question: What is another name for the smoke room?

answer: snug

text: snug

question: What was the relationship between the price of beer in the smoke room versus the rest of the bar?

answer: higher

text: higher

question: Along with the local police, what profession is given as an example of someone who might use the snug?

answer: the parish priest

text: the parish priest

question: What were the windows in the snug made out of?

answer: frosted glass

text: frosted glass


text: Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Wolverine, Thor, Hulk, Ant-Man, such teams as the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, the Fantastic Four, the Inhumans and the X-Men, and antagonists such as Doctor Doom, The Enchantress, Green Goblin, Ultron, Doctor Octopus, Thanos, Magneto and Loki. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities. Characters such as Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, the Avengers, Daredevil and Doctor Strange are based in New York City, whereas the X-Men have historically been based in Salem Center, New York and Hulk's stories often have been set in the American Southwest.

title: Marvel_Comics

title: Marvel_Comics

text: Marvel

text: counts

text: among

text: its

text: characters

text: such

text: well

text: known

text: superheroes

text: as

text: Spider

text: Man

text: Iron

text: Man

text: Captain

text: America

text: Wolverine

text: Thor

text: Hulk

text: Ant

text: Man

text: such

text: teams

text: as

text: the

text: Avengers

text: the

text: Guardians

text: of

text: the

text: Galaxy

text: the

text: Fantastic

text: Four

text: the

text: Inhumans

text: and

text: the

text: X

text: Men

text: and

text: antagonists

text: such

text: as

text: Doctor

text: Doom

text: The

text: Enchantress

text: Green

text: Goblin

text: Ultron

text: Doctor

text: Octopus

text: Thanos

text: Magneto

text: and

text: Loki

text: Most

text: of

text: Marvel

text: 's

text: fictional

text: characters

text: operate

text: in

text: a

text: single

text: reality

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Marvel

text: Universe

text: with

text: locations

text: that

text: mirror

text: real

text: life

text: cities

text: Characters

text: such

text: as

text: Spider

text: Man

text: the

text: Fantastic

text: Four

text: the

text: Avengers

text: Daredevil

text: and

text: Doctor

text: Strange

text: are

text: based

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: whereas

text: the

text: X

text: Men

text: have

text: historically

text: been

text: based

text: in

text: Salem

text: Center

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: Hulk

text: 's

text: stories

text: often

text: have

text: been

text: set

text: in

text: the

text: American

text: Southwest

question: Captain America, Thor and Ultron all inhabit what fictional milieu?

answer: Marvel Universe

text: Marvel Universe

question: Fictional placements within this setting are modeled off what?

answer: real-life cities

text: real-life cities

question: Spiderman's fictional city is based off what real American location?

answer: New York

text: New York

question: What Marvel character's stories are set in an area resembling the American Southwest?

answer: Hulk

text: Hulk

question: Which two groups of Marvel crimefighters are based in a fictional version of New York City?

answer: the Fantastic Four, the Avengers

text: the Fantastic Four, the Avengers

question: Where is the character of Ant-Man based?

text: New York City

question: Where is Marvel located?

text: Salem Center, New York

question: Which super villain lives in the American southwest?

text: Hulk's

question: What were many real-life locations based off of?

text: the Marvel Universe

question: Which group fought the Fantastic Four in New York City?

text: the Avengers


text: Despite reports of arms entering the country prior to the election and some "disturbances during campaigning," including attacks on government offices by unidentified gunmen, foreign election monitors described the 2005 election overall as "calm and organized".

title: Guinea-Bissau

title: Guinea

title: Bissau

text: Despite

text: reports

text: of

text: arms

text: entering

text: the

text: country

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: election

text: and

text: some

text: disturbances

text: during

text: campaigning

text: including

text: attacks

text: on

text: government

text: offices

text: by

text: unidentified

text: gunmen

text: foreign

text: election

text: monitors

text: described

text: the

text: election

text: overall

text: as

text: calm

text: and

text: organized

question: What was reported to be entering the country prior to the election?

answer: arms

text: arms

question: What type of "disturbances" were reported during the campaign?

answer: attacks on government offices

text: attacks on government offices

question: How did foreign election monitors describe the election?

answer: "calm and organized"

text: "calm and organized"

question: What year was the election held?

answer: 2005

question: Where the election monitors local, or foreign?

answer: foreign

text: foreign


text: The Philippines has had small grassroots movements for U.S. statehood. Originally part of the platform of the Progressive Party, then known as the Federalista Party, the party dropped it in 1907, which coincided with the name change. As recently as 2004, the concept of the Philippines becoming a U.S. state has been part of a political platform in the Philippines. Supporters of this movement include Filipinos who believe that the quality of life in the Philippines would be higher and that there would be less poverty there if the Philippines were an American state or territory. Supporters also include Filipinos that had fought as members of the United States Armed Forces in various wars during the Commonwealth period.

title: 51st_state

title: 51st_state

text: The

text: Philippines

text: has

text: had

text: small

text: grassroots

text: movements

text: for

text: U.S.

text: statehood

text: Originally

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: platform

text: of

text: the

text: Progressive

text: Party

text: then

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Federalista

text: Party

text: the

text: party

text: dropped

text: it

text: in

text: which

text: coincided

text: with

text: the

text: name

text: change

text: As

text: recently

text: as

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: the

text: Philippines

text: becoming

text: a

text: U.S.

text: state

text: has

text: been

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: political

text: platform

text: in

text: the

text: Philippines

text: Supporters

text: of

text: this

text: movement

text: include

text: Filipinos

text: who

text: believe

text: that

text: the

text: quality

text: of

text: life

text: in

text: the

text: Philippines

text: would

text: be

text: higher

text: and

text: that

text: there

text: would

text: be

text: less

text: poverty

text: there

text: if

text: the

text: Philippines

text: were

text: an

text: American

text: state

text: or

text: territory

text: Supporters

text: also

text: include

text: Filipinos

text: that

text: had

text: fought

text: as

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: in

text: various

text: wars

text: during

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: period

question: What country had small grassroots movement for US Statehood?

answer: The Philippines

text: The Philippines

question: What party used to be known as the Federalista Party?

answer: Federalista Party

text: Federalista Party

question: What was the most recent year of the Phillipines pushing for statehood?

answer: 2004

question: What country had small grassroots movement for Commonwealth statehoods

text: The Philippines

question: What party used to be known  as the Armed Forces Party?

text: Federalista Party

question: What was the most recent year of the Commonwealth pushing for statehood?

question: What has been part of a political platform in the Fillipinos Party?

question: What does supporters of the movement to make the Commonwealth a state include?


text: In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science, which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that."

title: Richard_Feynman

title: Richard_Feynman

text: In

text: Feynman

text: delivered

text: the

text: Caltech

text: commencement

text: address

text: on

text: the

text: topic

text: of

text: cargo

text: cult

text: science

text: which

text: has

text: the

text: semblance

text: of

text: science

text: but

text: is

text: only

text: pseudoscience

text: due

text: to

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: a

text: kind

text: of

text: scientific

text: integrity

text: a

text: principle

text: of

text: scientific

text: thought

text: that

text: corresponds

text: to

text: a

text: kind

text: of

text: utter

text: honesty

text: on

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: scientist

text: He

text: instructed

text: the

text: graduating

text: class

text: that

text: The

text: first

text: principle

text: is

text: that

text: you

text: must

text: not

text: fool

text: yourself

text: and

text: you

text: are

text: the

text: easiest

text: person

text: to

text: fool

text: So

text: you

text: have

text: to

text: be

text: very

text: careful

text: about

text: that

text: After

text: you

text: 've

text: not

text: fooled

text: yourself

text: it

text: 's

text: easy

text: not

text: to

text: fool

text: other

text: scientists

text: You

text: just

text: have

text: to

text: be

text: honest

text: in

text: a

text: conventional

text: way

text: after

text: that

question: In which year did Feynman orate the Caltech commencement speech?

answer: 1974

question: Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech center around?

answer: cargo cult science

text: cargo cult science

question: What is cargo cult science?

answer: pseudoscience

text: pseudoscience

question: What did Feyman tell the class that they must not do to themselves?

answer: fool yourself

text: fool yourself

question: Which year did Feynman miss the Caltech commencement speech?

question: Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech avoid?

text: cargo cult science

question: What is the science Feynman understood best considered?

text: pseudoscience

question: What did Feynman tell the class that they must do to themselves?

text: fool yourself


text: The initial prototype shown in May 2005 featured two HDMI ports, three Ethernet ports and six USB ports; however, when the system was shown again a year later at E3 2006, these were reduced to one HDMI port, one Ethernet port and four USB ports, presumably to cut costs. Two hardware configurations were also announced for the console: a 20 GB model and a 60 GB model, priced at US$499 (€499) and US$599 (€599), respectively. The 60 GB model was to be the only configuration to feature an HDMI port, Wi-Fi internet, flash card readers and a chrome trim with the logo in silver. Both models were announced for a simultaneous worldwide release: November 11, 2006, for Japan and November 17, 2006, for North America and Europe.

title: PlayStation_3

title: PlayStation_3

text: The

text: initial

text: prototype

text: shown

text: in

text: May

text: featured

text: two

text: HDMI

text: ports

text: three

text: Ethernet

text: ports

text: and

text: six

text: USB

text: ports

text: however

text: when

text: the

text: system

text: was

text: shown

text: again

text: a

text: year

text: later

text: at

text: these

text: were

text: reduced

text: to

text: one

text: HDMI

text: port

text: one

text: Ethernet

text: port

text: and

text: four

text: USB

text: ports

text: presumably

text: to

text: cut

text: costs

text: Two

text: hardware

text: configurations

text: were

text: also

text: announced

text: for

text: the

text: console

text: a

text: GB

text: model

text: and

text: a

text: GB

text: model

text: priced

text: at

text: US$

text: and

text: US$

text: respectively

text: The

text: GB

text: model

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: only

text: configuration

text: to

text: feature

text: an

text: HDMI

text: port

text: Wi

text: Fi

text: internet

text: flash

text: card

text: readers

text: and

text: a

text: chrome

text: trim

text: with

text: the

text: logo

text: in

text: silver

text: Both

text: models

text: were

text: announced

text: for

text: a

text: simultaneous

text: worldwide

text: release

text: November

text: for

text: Japan

text: and

text: November

text: for

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: Europe

question: How many USB ports did the original PS3 prototype have?

answer: six

text: six

question: By the time the system appeared at E3 2006, how many Ethernet ports was it down to?

answer: one

text: one

question: Why might Sony have reduced the number of ports on the PlayStation 3 before production?

answer: to cut costs

text: to cut costs

question: In addition to the 20 GB model, what larger model did Sony offer?

answer: 60 GB

text: 60 GB

question: What color is the logo on the 60 GB PS3?

answer: silver

text: silver

question: The initial prototype shown in March 2005 had how many HDMI ports?

text: two

question: Sony increased the number of HDMI ports to presumably cut what?

text: costs

question: The initial prototype shown in March 2005 had how many Ethernet ports?

text: three

question: The initial prototype shown in March 2005 had how many USB ports?

text: USB

question: How many USB ports did the original PS2 prototype have?

text: six

question: By the time the system appeared at E3 2005, how many Ethernet ports was it down to?

text: one

question: Why might Sony have reduced the number of ports on the PlayStation 3 after production?

text: to cut costs

question: In addition to the 2 GB model, what larger model did Sony offer?

text: 60 GB

question: What color is the logo on the 6 GB PS3?

text: silver