text: The use of the word "heresy" was given wide currency by Irenaeus in his 2nd century tract Contra Haereses (Against Heresies) to describe and discredit his opponents during the early centuries of the Christian community.[citation needed] He described the community's beliefs and doctrines as orthodox (from ὀρθός, orthos "straight" + δόξα, doxa "belief") and the Gnostics' teachings as heretical.[citation needed] He also pointed out the concept of apostolic succession to support his arguments.

title: Heresy

title: Heresy

text: The

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: heresy

text: was

text: given

text: wide

text: currency

text: by

text: Irenaeus

text: in

text: his

text: century

text: tract

text: Contra

text: Haereses

text: Against

text: Heresies

text: to

text: describe

text: and

text: discredit

text: his

text: opponents

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: centuries

text: of

text: the

text: Christian

text: community.[citation

text: needed

text: He

text: described

text: the

text: community

text: 's

text: beliefs

text: and

text: doctrines

text: as

text: orthodox

text: from

text: ὀρθός

text: orthos

text: straight

text: δόξα

text: doxa

text: belief

text: and

text: the

text: Gnostics

text: teachings

text: as

text: heretical.[citation

text: needed

text: He

text: also

text: pointed

text: out

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: apostolic

text: succession

text: to

text: support

text: his

text: arguments

question: Who gave more exposure to the term heresy when attempting to descredit opponents during the early centuries of Christianity?

answer: Irenaeus

text: Irenaeus

question: What term did Irenaeus use to describe the Christian community's ideologies?

answer: orthodox

text: orthodox

question: What concept did Irenaeus cite to help support his arguments?

answer: apostolic succession

text: apostolic succession

question: Who was the first person to use the word heresy?

text: Irenaeus

question: What did Irenaeus write in the 200's?

text: Contra Haereses

question: Who wrote about their opponents in the 200's

text: Irenaeus

question: Who used the word Orthodox to describe Gnostic teachings?

text: Irenaeus

question: What succession was first pointed out by Irenaeus?

text: apostolic


text: Cycling is popular in Tucson due to its flat terrain and dry climate. Tucson and Pima County maintain an extensive network of marked bike routes, signal crossings, on-street bike lanes, mountain-biking trails, and dedicated shared-use paths. The Loop is a network of seven linear parks comprising over 100 mi (160 km) of paved, vehicle-free trails that encircles the majority of the city with links to Marana and Oro Valley. The Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee (TPCBAC) serves in an advisory capacity to local governments on issues relating to bicycle recreation, transportation, and safety. Tucson was awarded a gold rating for bicycle-friendliness by the League of American Bicyclists in 2006.

title: Tucson,_Arizona

title: Tucson,_Arizona

text: Cycling

text: is

text: popular

text: in

text: Tucson

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: flat

text: terrain

text: and

text: dry

text: climate

text: Tucson

text: and

text: Pima

text: County

text: maintain

text: an

text: extensive

text: network

text: of

text: marked

text: bike

text: routes

text: signal

text: crossings

text: on

text: street

text: bike

text: lanes

text: mountain

text: biking

text: trails

text: and

text: dedicated

text: shared

text: use

text: paths

text: The

text: Loop

text: is

text: a

text: network

text: of

text: seven

text: linear

text: parks

text: comprising

text: over

text: mi

text: km

text: of

text: paved

text: vehicle

text: free

text: trails

text: that

text: encircles

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: with

text: links

text: to

text: Marana

text: and

text: Oro

text: Valley

text: The

text: Tucson

text: Pima

text: County

text: Bicycle

text: Advisory

text: Committee

text: TPCBAC

text: serves

text: in

text: an

text: advisory

text: capacity

text: to

text: local

text: governments

text: on

text: issues

text: relating

text: to

text: bicycle

text: recreation

text: transportation

text: and

text: safety

text: Tucson

text: was

text: awarded

text: a

text: gold

text: rating

text: for

text: bicycle

text: friendliness

text: by

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: American

text: Bicyclists

text: in

question: Why is cycling popular in Tucson?

answer: its flat terrain and dry climate

text: its flat terrain and dry climate

question: What is The Loop?

answer: a network of seven linear parks

text: a network of seven linear parks

question: How many miles of trails are in The Loop?

answer: over 100

text: over 100

question: What organization advises the Tucson government on bike concerns?

answer: Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee

text: Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee

question: What kind of places to ride bikes does Tucson have?

answer: marked bike routes, signal crossings, on-street bike lanes, mountain-biking trails, and dedicated shared-use paths

text: marked bike routes, signal crossings, on-street bike lanes, mountain-biking trails, and dedicated shared-use paths


text: In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. By contrast, the Jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. Their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School for that reason. Notre Dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce, Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. The university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: In

text: Father

text: James

text: Burns

text: became

text: president

text: of

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: and

text: in

text: three

text: years

text: he

text: produced

text: an

text: academic

text: revolution

text: that

text: brought

text: the

text: school

text: up

text: to

text: national

text: standards

text: by

text: adopting

text: the

text: elective

text: system

text: and

text: moving

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: university

text: 's

text: traditional

text: scholastic

text: and

text: classical

text: emphasis

text: By

text: contrast

text: the

text: Jesuit

text: colleges

text: bastions

text: of

text: academic

text: conservatism

text: were

text: reluctant

text: to

text: move

text: to

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: electives

text: Their

text: graduates

text: were

text: shut

text: out

text: of

text: Harvard

text: Law

text: School

text: for

text: that

text: reason

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: continued

text: to

text: grow

text: over

text: the

text: years

text: adding

text: more

text: colleges

text: programs

text: and

text: sports

text: teams

text: By

text: with

text: the

text: addition

text: of

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Commerce

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: had

text: grown

text: from

text: a

text: small

text: college

text: to

text: a

text: university

text: with

text: five

text: colleges

text: and

text: a

text: professional

text: law

text: school

text: The

text: university

text: continued

text: to

text: expand

text: and

text: add

text: new

text: residence

text: halls

text: and

text: buildings

text: with

text: each

text: subsequent

text: president

question: In 1919 a new president of Notre Dame was named, who was it?

answer: Father James Burns

text: Father James Burns

question: Over how many years did the change to national standards undertaken at Notre Dame in the early 20th century take place?

answer: three years

text: three years

question: What type of education was pushed at Notre Dame before its embracing of national standards?

answer: scholastic and classical

text: scholastic and classical

question: Those who attended a Jesuit college may have been forbidden from joining which Law School due to the curricula at the Jesuit institution?

answer: Harvard Law School

text: Harvard Law School

question: Which college did Notre Dame add in 1921?

answer: College of Commerce

text: College of Commerce


text: The legal status of Roman citizenship was limited and was a vital prerequisite to possessing many important legal rights such as the right to trial and appeal, to marry, to vote, to hold office, to enter binding contracts, and to special tax exemptions. An adult male citizen with the full complement of legal and political rights was called "optimo jure." The optimo jure elected their assemblies, whereupon the assemblies elected magistrates, enacted legislation, presided over trials in capital cases, declared war and peace, and forged or dissolved treaties. There were two types of legislative assemblies. The first was the comitia ("committees"), which were assemblies of all optimo jure. The second was the concilia ("councils"), which were assemblies of specific groups of optimo jure.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: The

text: legal

text: status

text: of

text: Roman

text: citizenship

text: was

text: limited

text: and

text: was

text: a

text: vital

text: prerequisite

text: to

text: possessing

text: many

text: important

text: legal

text: rights

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: trial

text: and

text: appeal

text: to

text: marry

text: to

text: vote

text: to

text: hold

text: office

text: to

text: enter

text: binding

text: contracts

text: and

text: to

text: special

text: tax

text: exemptions

text: An

text: adult

text: male

text: citizen

text: with

text: the

text: full

text: complement

text: of

text: legal

text: and

text: political

text: rights

text: was

text: called

text: optimo

text: jure

text: The

text: optimo

text: jure

text: elected

text: their

text: assemblies

text: whereupon

text: the

text: assemblies

text: elected

text: magistrates

text: enacted

text: legislation

text: presided

text: over

text: trials

text: in

text: capital

text: cases

text: declared

text: war

text: and

text: peace

text: and

text: forged

text: or

text: dissolved

text: treaties

text: There

text: were

text: two

text: types

text: of

text: legislative

text: assemblies

text: The

text: first

text: was

text: the

text: comitia

text: committees

text: which

text: were

text: assemblies

text: of

text: all

text: optimo

text: jure

text: The

text: second

text: was

text: the

text: concilia

text: councils

text: which

text: were

text: assemblies

text: of

text: specific

text: groups

text: of

text: optimo

text: jure

question: What was the main requirement of seeking a trial in the Roman courts?

answer: legal status of Roman citizenship

text: legal status of Roman citizenship

question: Who would be expected to oversee a capital case in the Roman courts?

answer: assemblies

text: assemblies

question: Which designation of people made up the entirety of the members of a comitia?

answer: optimo jure

text: optimo jure

question: Who did the assemblies elected by the optimo jure elect?

answer: magistrates

text: magistrates

question: What type of assembly could specific groupings of optimo jure be found in?

answer: concilia

text: concilia


text: Details of the overall United States intelligence budget are classified. Under the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend "un-vouchered" government money. The government has disclosed a total figure for all non-military intelligence spending since 2007; the fiscal 2013 figure is $52.6 billion. According to the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures, the CIA's fiscal 2013 budget is $14.7 billion, 28% of the total and almost 50% more than the budget of the National Security Agency. CIA's HUMINT budget is $2.3 billion, the SIGINT budget is $1.7 billion, and spending for security and logistics of CIA missions is $2.5 billion. "Covert action programs", including a variety of activities such as the CIA's drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities, accounts for $2.6 billion.

title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

title: Central_Intelligence_Agency

text: Details

text: of

text: the

text: overall

text: United

text: States

text: intelligence

text: budget

text: are

text: classified

text: Under

text: the

text: Central

text: Intelligence

text: Agency

text: Act

text: of

text: the

text: Director

text: of

text: Central

text: Intelligence

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: federal

text: government

text: employee

text: who

text: can

text: spend

text: un

text: vouchered

text: government

text: money

text: The

text: government

text: has

text: disclosed

text: a

text: total

text: figure

text: for

text: all

text: non

text: military

text: intelligence

text: spending

text: since

text: the

text: fiscal

text: figure

text: is

text: billion

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: mass

text: surveillance

text: disclosures

text: the

text: CIA

text: 's

text: fiscal

text: budget

text: is

text: billion

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: and

text: almost

text: more

text: than

text: the

text: budget

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Security

text: Agency

text: CIA

text: 's

text: HUMINT

text: budget

text: is

text: billion

text: the

text: SIGINT

text: budget

text: is

text: billion

text: and

text: spending

text: for

text: security

text: and

text: logistics

text: of

text: CIA

text: missions

text: is

text: billion

text: Covert

text: action

text: programs

text: including

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: activities

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: CIA

text: 's

text: drone

text: fleet

text: and

text: anti

text: Iranian

text: nuclear

text: program

text: activities

text: accounts

text: for

text: billion

question: What year was the Central Intelligence Agency Act created?

answer: 1949

question: Who is the only federal employee that can spend un-vouched for money?

answer: the Director of Central Intelligence

text: the Director of Central Intelligence

question: How much money was spent on non-military intelligence in 2013?

answer: $52.6 billion

text: $52.6 billion

question: What was the 2013 annual budget for the CIA's HUMINT?

answer: $2.3 billion

text: $2.3 billion

question: What two major things does the CIA's "Covert action programs" include?

answer: drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities

text: drone fleet and anti-Iranian nuclear program activities


text: The Great Plains lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. A large portion of the country's agricultural products are grown in the Great Plains. Before their general conversion to farmland, the Great Plains were noted for their extensive grasslands, from tallgrass prairie in the eastern plains to shortgrass steppe in the western High Plains. Elevation rises gradually from less than a few hundred feet near the Mississippi River to more than a mile high in the High Plains. The generally low relief of the plains is broken in several places, most notably in the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains, which form the U.S. Interior Highlands, the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains.

title: Geography_of_the_United_States

title: Geography_of_the_United_States

text: The

text: Great

text: Plains

text: lie

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: and

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: A

text: large

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: agricultural

text: products

text: are

text: grown

text: in

text: the

text: Great

text: Plains

text: Before

text: their

text: general

text: conversion

text: to

text: farmland

text: the

text: Great

text: Plains

text: were

text: noted

text: for

text: their

text: extensive

text: grasslands

text: from

text: tallgrass

text: prairie

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: plains

text: to

text: shortgrass

text: steppe

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: High

text: Plains

text: Elevation

text: rises

text: gradually

text: from

text: less

text: than

text: a

text: few

text: hundred

text: feet

text: near

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: River

text: to

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: mile

text: high

text: in

text: the

text: High

text: Plains

text: The

text: generally

text: low

text: relief

text: of

text: the

text: plains

text: is

text: broken

text: in

text: several

text: places

text: most

text: notably

text: in

text: the

text: Ozark

text: and

text: Ouachita

text: Mountains

text: which

text: form

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Interior

text: Highlands

text: the

text: only

text: major

text: mountainous

text: region

text: between

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: and

text: the

text: Appalachian

text: Mountains

question: What area is located in between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains?

answer: The Great Plains

text: The Great Plains

question: In which area are a large number of the country's agricultural products grown?

answer: the Great Plains

text: the Great Plains

question: How high does elevation rise in the Great Plains?

answer: a mile high

text: a mile high

question: What is the only major mountain ranged located between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains?

answer: Interior Highlands

text: Interior Highlands

question: What area is located between the Mississippi River and the appellation Mountains?

text: The Great Plains

question: A small portion of the countries what is grown in the Great Plains?

text: agricultural products

question: The elevation of what is more than a mile high near the Mississippi River?

text: the Great Plains

question: What are the only mountains between the Rocky Mountains and Appellation Mountains?

text: Ozark and Ouachita Mountains

question: Before being converted to grassland the Great Plains were known for what?

text: farmland


text: One of the earliest sexual orientation classification schemes was proposed in the 1860s by Karl Heinrich Ulrichs in a series of pamphlets he published privately. The classification scheme, which was meant only to describe males, separated them into three basic categories: dionings, urnings and uranodionings. An urning can be further categorized by degree of effeminacy. These categories directly correspond with the categories of sexual orientation used today: heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual. In the series of pamphlets, Ulrichs outlined a set of questions to determine if a man was an urning. The definitions of each category of Ulrichs' classification scheme are as follows:

title: Sexual_orientation

title: Sexual_orientation

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: classification

text: schemes

text: was

text: proposed

text: in

text: the

text: by

text: Karl

text: Heinrich

text: Ulrichs

text: in

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: pamphlets

text: he

text: published

text: privately

text: The

text: classification

text: scheme

text: which

text: was

text: meant

text: only

text: to

text: describe

text: males

text: separated

text: them

text: into

text: three

text: basic

text: categories

text: dionings

text: urnings

text: and

text: uranodionings

text: An

text: urning

text: can

text: be

text: further

text: categorized

text: by

text: degree

text: of

text: effeminacy

text: These

text: categories

text: directly

text: correspond

text: with

text: the

text: categories

text: of

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: used

text: today

text: heterosexual

text: homosexual

text: and

text: bisexual

text: In

text: the

text: series

text: of

text: pamphlets

text: Ulrichs

text: outlined

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: questions

text: to

text: determine

text: if

text: a

text: man

text: was

text: an

text: urning

text: The

text: definitions

text: of

text: each

text: category

text: of

text: Ulrichs

text: classification

text: scheme

text: are

text: as

text: follows

question: Who created on of the earliest sexual classification schemes?

answer: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs

text: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs

question: When did Karl Heinrich Ulrichs develop this classification scheme?

answer: in the 1860s

text: in the 1860s

question: Was his classification scheme meant for males or females?

answer: meant only to describe males

text: meant only to describe males

question: What three categories are used in Ulrichs scheme?

answer: dionings, urnings and uranodionings

text: dionings, urnings and uranodionings

question: What did these three categories correspond with?

answer: the categories of sexual orientation used today:

text: the categories of sexual orientation used today:


text: The population of Paris in its administrative city limits was 2,241,346 in January 2014. This makes Paris the fifth largest municipality in the European Union, following London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome. Eurostat, the statistical agency of the EU, places Paris (6.5 million people) second behind London (8 million) and ahead of Berlin (3.5 million), based on the 2012 populations of what Eurostat calls "urban audit core cities". The Paris Urban Area, or "unité urbaine", is a statistical area created by the French statistical agency INSEE to measure the population of built-up areas around the city. It is slightly smaller than the Paris Region. According to INSEE, the Paris Urban Area had a population of 10,550,350 at the January 2012 census, the most populous in the European Union, and third most populous in Europe, behind Istanbul and Moscow. The Paris Metropolitan Area is the second most populous in the European Union after London with a population of 12,341,418 at the Jan. 2012 census.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: Paris

text: in

text: its

text: administrative

text: city

text: limits

text: was

text: in

text: January

text: This

text: makes

text: Paris

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: municipality

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: following

text: London

text: Berlin

text: Madrid

text: and

text: Rome

text: Eurostat

text: the

text: statistical

text: agency

text: of

text: the

text: EU

text: places

text: Paris

text: million

text: people

text: second

text: behind

text: London

text: million

text: and

text: ahead

text: of

text: Berlin

text: million

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: populations

text: of

text: what

text: Eurostat

text: calls

text: urban

text: audit

text: core

text: cities

text: The

text: Paris

text: Urban

text: Area

text: or

text: unité

text: urbaine

text: is

text: a

text: statistical

text: area

text: created

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: statistical

text: agency

text: INSEE

text: to

text: measure

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: built

text: up

text: areas

text: around

text: the

text: city

text: It

text: is

text: slightly

text: smaller

text: than

text: the

text: Paris

text: Region

text: According

text: to

text: INSEE

text: the

text: Paris

text: Urban

text: Area

text: had

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: at

text: the

text: January

text: census

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: Europe

text: behind

text: Istanbul

text: and

text: Moscow

text: The

text: Paris

text: Metropolitan

text: Area

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: after

text: London

text: with

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: at

text: the

text: Jan.

text: census

question: In Janurary of 2014, what was the population of Paris' city limits?

answer: 2,241,346

question: Where is Paris ranked in the EU by largest municipality?

answer: fifth

text: fifth

question: What 4 cities are larger than Paris in the EU?

answer: London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome

text: London, Berlin, Madrid and Rome

question: Who created The Paris Urban Area?

answer: INSEE

text: INSEE

question: According to the INSEE what is Paris Urban Area population?

answer: 10,550,350


text: In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further developed vacuum pump technology. Thereafter, research into the partial vacuum lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump and Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855, achieving a partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, which renewed interest in further research.

title: Vacuum

title: Vacuum

text: In

text: Otto

text: von

text: Guericke

text: invented

text: the

text: first

text: vacuum

text: pump

text: and

text: conducted

text: his

text: famous

text: Magdeburg

text: hemispheres

text: experiment

text: showing

text: that

text: teams

text: of

text: horses

text: could

text: not

text: separate

text: two

text: hemispheres

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: air

text: had

text: been

text: partially

text: evacuated

text: Robert

text: Boyle

text: improved

text: Guericke

text: 's

text: design

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: Robert

text: Hooke

text: further

text: developed

text: vacuum

text: pump

text: technology

text: Thereafter

text: research

text: into

text: the

text: partial

text: vacuum

text: lapsed

text: until

text: when

text: August

text: Toepler

text: invented

text: the

text: Toepler

text: Pump

text: and

text: Heinrich

text: Geissler

text: invented

text: the

text: mercury

text: displacement

text: pump

text: in

text: achieving

text: a

text: partial

text: vacuum

text: of

text: about

text: Pa

text: Torr

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: electrical

text: properties

text: become

text: observable

text: at

text: this

text: vacuum

text: level

text: which

text: renewed

text: interest

text: in

text: further

text: research

question: What was the vacuum created by the mercury displacement pump?

answer: partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr).

text: partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr).

question: What year was the Toepler Pump invented?

answer: 1850

question: What was first invented by Otto von Guericke ?

answer: vacuum pump

text: vacuum pump

question: Who conducted the Magdeburg experiment?

answer: Otto von Guericke

text: Otto von Guericke

question: What was made visible at a partial vacuum of 10 Pa?

answer: A number of electrical properties

text: A number of electrical properties

question: What was invented by Robert Boyle in 1654?

text: the first vacuum pump

question: What was the famous experiment called that Robert Boyle conducted?

text: Magdeburg hemispheres experiment

question: What type of vacuum did Robert Boyle achieve in 1855?

question: What did Heinrich Geissler help Otto von Guericke further develop?

text: vacuum pump technology

question: In what year did Otto von Guericke invent the mercury displacement pump?


text: The playing time of a phonograph record depended on the turntable speed and the groove spacing. At the beginning of the 20th century, the early discs played for two minutes, the same as early cylinder records. The 12-inch disc, introduced by Victor in 1903, increased the playing time to three and a half minutes. Because a 10-inch 78 rpm record could hold about three minutes of sound per side and the 10-inch size was the standard size for popular music, almost all popular recordings were limited to around three minutes in length. For example, when King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, including Louis Armstrong on his first recordings, recorded 13 sides at Gennett Records in Richmond, Indiana, in 1923, one side was 2:09 and four sides were 2:52–2:59.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: The

text: playing

text: time

text: of

text: a

text: phonograph

text: record

text: depended

text: on

text: the

text: turntable

text: speed

text: and

text: the

text: groove

text: spacing

text: At

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: early

text: discs

text: played

text: for

text: two

text: minutes

text: the

text: same

text: as

text: early

text: cylinder

text: records

text: The

text: disc

text: introduced

text: by

text: Victor

text: in

text: increased

text: the

text: playing

text: time

text: to

text: three

text: and

text: a

text: half

text: minutes

text: Because

text: a

text: rpm

text: record

text: could

text: hold

text: about

text: three

text: minutes

text: of

text: sound

text: per

text: side

text: and

text: the

text: size

text: was

text: the

text: standard

text: size

text: for

text: popular

text: music

text: almost

text: all

text: popular

text: recordings

text: were

text: limited

text: to

text: around

text: three

text: minutes

text: in

text: length

text: For

text: example

text: when

text: King

text: Oliver

text: 's

text: Creole

text: Jazz

text: Band

text: including

text: Louis

text: Armstrong

text: on

text: his

text: first

text: recordings

text: recorded

text: sides

text: at

text: Gennett

text: Records

text: in

text: Richmond

text: Indiana

text: in

text: one

text: side

text: was

text: and

text: four

text: sides

text: were

question: What factors would effect playing time of a phonograph?

answer: turntable speed and the groove spacing

text: turntable speed and the groove spacing

question: What was the playing time common in the early 20th century?

answer: two minutes

text: two minutes

question: How many recordings did Kind Oliver's Creole Jazz band require?

answer: 13

question: What was the normal size disc for popular music?

answer: 10-inch

question: What was the recording time available on a 12 inch disc?

answer: three and a half minutes

text: three and a half minutes


text: Several explanations have been offered for Yale’s representation in national elections since the end of the Vietnam War. Various sources note the spirit of campus activism that has existed at Yale since the 1960s, and the intellectual influence of Reverend William Sloane Coffin on many of the future candidates. Yale President Richard Levin attributes the run to Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders," an institutional priority that began during the tenure of Yale Presidents Alfred Whitney Griswold and Kingman Brewster. Richard H. Brodhead, former dean of Yale College and now president of Duke University, stated: "We do give very significant attention to orientation to the community in our admissions, and there is a very strong tradition of volunteerism at Yale." Yale historian Gaddis Smith notes "an ethos of organized activity" at Yale during the 20th century that led John Kerry to lead the Yale Political Union's Liberal Party, George Pataki the Conservative Party, and Joseph Lieberman to manage the Yale Daily News. Camille Paglia points to a history of networking and elitism: "It has to do with a web of friendships and affiliations built up in school." CNN suggests that George W. Bush benefited from preferential admissions policies for the "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family." New York Times correspondent Elisabeth Bumiller and The Atlantic Monthly correspondent James Fallows credit the culture of community and cooperation that exists between students, faculty, and administration, which downplays self-interest and reinforces commitment to others.

title: Yale_University

title: Yale_University

text: Several

text: explanations

text: have

text: been

text: offered

text: for

text: Yale

text: ’s

text: representation

text: in

text: national

text: elections

text: since

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Vietnam

text: War

text: Various

text: sources

text: note

text: the

text: spirit

text: of

text: campus

text: activism

text: that

text: has

text: existed

text: at

text: Yale

text: since

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: intellectual

text: influence

text: of

text: Reverend

text: William

text: Sloane

text: Coffin

text: on

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: future

text: candidates

text: Yale

text: President

text: Richard

text: Levin

text: attributes

text: the

text: run

text: to

text: Yale

text: ’s

text: focus

text: on

text: creating

text: a

text: laboratory

text: for

text: future

text: leaders

text: an

text: institutional

text: priority

text: that

text: began

text: during

text: the

text: tenure

text: of

text: Yale

text: Presidents

text: Alfred

text: Whitney

text: Griswold

text: and

text: Kingman

text: Brewster

text: Richard

text: H.

text: Brodhead

text: former

text: dean

text: of

text: Yale

text: College

text: and

text: now

text: president

text: of

text: Duke

text: University

text: stated

text: We

text: do

text: give

text: very

text: significant

text: attention

text: to

text: orientation

text: to

text: the

text: community

text: in

text: our

text: admissions

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: very

text: strong

text: tradition

text: of

text: volunteerism

text: at

text: Yale

text: Yale

text: historian

text: Gaddis

text: Smith

text: notes

text: an

text: ethos

text: of

text: organized

text: activity

text: at

text: Yale

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: that

text: led

text: John

text: Kerry

text: to

text: lead

text: the

text: Yale

text: Political

text: Union

text: 's

text: Liberal

text: Party

text: George

text: Pataki

text: the

text: Conservative

text: Party

text: and

text: Joseph

text: Lieberman

text: to

text: manage

text: the

text: Yale

text: Daily

text: News

text: Camille

text: Paglia

text: points

text: to

text: a

text: history

text: of

text: networking

text: and

text: elitism

text: It

text: has

text: to

text: do

text: with

text: a

text: web

text: of

text: friendships

text: and

text: affiliations

text: built

text: up

text: in

text: school

text: CNN

text: suggests

text: that

text: George

text: W.

text: Bush

text: benefited

text: from

text: preferential

text: admissions

text: policies

text: for

text: the

text: son

text: and

text: grandson

text: of

text: alumni

text: and

text: for

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: a

text: politically

text: influential

text: family

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: correspondent

text: Elisabeth

text: Bumiller

text: and

text: The

text: Atlantic

text: Monthly

text: correspondent

text: James

text: Fallows

text: credit

text: the

text: culture

text: of

text: community

text: and

text: cooperation

text: that

text: exists

text: between

text: students

text: faculty

text: and

text: administration

text: which

text: downplays

text: self

text: interest

text: and

text: reinforces

text: commitment

text: to

text: others

question: Why did President Levin believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?

answer: Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders,"

text: Yale’s focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders,"

question: Why did Richard Brodhead believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?

answer: very strong tradition of volunteerism

text: very strong tradition of volunteerism

question: Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry led Yale's Political Union Liberal Party?

answer: an ethos of organized activity

text: an ethos of organized activity

question: Why does CNN believe George W. Bush was accepted into Yale?

answer: "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family."

text: "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family."

question: What does Elisabeth Bumiller believe the reasoning behind the amount of political Yale alumni is?

answer: the culture of community and cooperation

text: the culture of community and cooperation

question: Why did President Levin believe there were so few Yale alumni presidential candidates?

question: Why did Richard Brodhead believe there were so few Yale alumni presidential candidates?

text: very strong tradition of volunteerism

question: Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry never led Yale's Political Union Liberal Party?

text: an ethos of organized activity"

question: Why does CNN believe George W. Bush was rejected from Yale?

question: What does Elisabeth Bumiller believe the reasoning behind the lack of political Yale alumni is?


text: Dannatt criticised a remnant "Cold War mentality", with military expenditures based on retaining a capability against a direct conventional strategic threat; He said currently only 10% of the MoD's equipment programme budget between 2003 and 2018 was to be invested in the "land environment"—at a time when Britain was engaged in land-based wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom

text: Dannatt

text: criticised

text: a

text: remnant

text: Cold

text: War

text: mentality

text: with

text: military

text: expenditures

text: based

text: on

text: retaining

text: a

text: capability

text: against

text: a

text: direct

text: conventional

text: strategic

text: threat

text: He

text: said

text: currently

text: only

text: of

text: the

text: MoD

text: 's

text: equipment

text: programme

text: budget

text: between

text: and

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: invested

text: in

text: the

text: land

text: environment

text: at

text: a

text: time

text: when

text: Britain

text: was

text: engaged

text: in

text: land

text: based

text: wars

text: in

text: Afghanistan

text: and

text: Iraq

question: Military spending that is based on conventional threats has been dismissed as what?

answer: Cold War mentality

text: Cold War mentality

question: How much of the MoD's equipment budget is invested in the "land environment"?

answer: 10%

question: Where was Britain involved in a land war when some thought that land wars were basically a thing of the past?

answer: Afghanistan and Iraq

text: Afghanistan and Iraq

question: Which years make up the time span mentioned for the military budget numbers?

answer: 2003 and 2018

text: 2003 and 2018

question: What percentage of Iraq's budget was invested to help fight a direct threat in 2003?

question: What two countries were also involved in the Cold War?

text: Afghanistan and Iraq

question: What is it called when Iraq was criticized for their military budget to stop a threat?

text: "Cold War mentality"

question: What time period was Britain involved in the Cold War?

text: between 2003 and 2018

question: What was 10% of Iraq's military budget to be invested in?

text: the "land environment"


text: On June 17, 2015, 21-year-old Dylann Roof entered the historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church during a Bible study and killed nine people. Senior pastor Clementa Pinckney, who also served as a state senator, was among those killed during the attack. The deceased also included congregation members Susie Jackson, 87; Rev. Daniel Simmons Sr., 74; Ethel Lance, 70; Myra Thompson, 59; Cynthia Hurd, 54; Rev. Depayne Middleton-Doctor, 49; Rev. Sharonda Coleman-Singleton, 45; and Tywanza Sanders, 26. The attack garnered national attention, and sparked a debate on historical racism, Confederate symbolism in Southern states, and gun violence. On July 10, 2015, the Confederate battle flag was removed from the South Carolina State House. A memorial service on the campus of the College of Charleston was attended by President Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, Jill Biden, and Speaker of the House John Boehner.

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

text: On

text: June

text: old

text: Dylann

text: Roof

text: entered

text: the

text: historic

text: Emanuel

text: African

text: Methodist

text: Episcopal

text: Church

text: during

text: a

text: Bible

text: study

text: and

text: killed

text: nine

text: people

text: Senior

text: pastor

text: Clementa

text: Pinckney

text: who

text: also

text: served

text: as

text: a

text: state

text: senator

text: was

text: among

text: those

text: killed

text: during

text: the

text: attack

text: The

text: deceased

text: also

text: included

text: congregation

text: members

text: Susie

text: Jackson

text: Rev.

text: Daniel

text: Simmons

text: Sr

text: Ethel

text: Lance

text: Myra

text: Thompson

text: Cynthia

text: Hurd

text: Rev.

text: Depayne

text: Middleton

text: Doctor

text: Rev.

text: Sharonda

text: Coleman

text: Singleton

text: and

text: Tywanza

text: Sanders

text: The

text: attack

text: garnered

text: national

text: attention

text: and

text: sparked

text: a

text: debate

text: on

text: historical

text: racism

text: Confederate

text: symbolism

text: in

text: Southern

text: states

text: and

text: gun

text: violence

text: On

text: July

text: the

text: Confederate

text: battle

text: flag

text: was

text: removed

text: from

text: the

text: South

text: Carolina

text: State

text: House

text: A

text: memorial

text: service

text: on

text: the

text: campus

text: of

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Charleston

text: was

text: attended

text: by

text: President

text: Barack

text: Obama

text: Michelle

text: Obama

text: Vice

text: President

text: Joe

text: Biden

text: Jill

text: Biden

text: and

text: Speaker

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: John

text: Boehner

question: On what day were nine people killed in the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church?

answer: June 17, 2015

text: June 17, 2015

question: What was the name of 21 year old that killed nine church members in Charleston, South Carolina?

answer: Dylann Roof

text: Dylann Roof

question: Clementa Pinckney served what public office for the state of South Carolina?

answer: state senator

text: state senator

question: On what day was the Confederate flag removed from South Carolina State House?

answer: July 10, 2015

text: July 10, 2015

question: A memorial service for the nine victims was held on which college's campus?

answer: College of Charleston

text: College of Charleston

question: On what day were six people killed in the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church?

text: June 17, 2015

question: What was the name of 22 year old that killed nine church members in Charleston, South Carolina?

text: Dylann Roof

question: Clementa Pinckney served what public office for the state of North Carolina?

text: state senator

question: On what day was the Confederate flag added from South Carolina State House?

text: July 10, 2015

question: A memorial service for the six victims was held on which college's campus?

text: College of Charleston


text: Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it. In this view, God is not anthropomorphic, and neither answers prayers nor produces miracles. Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity. Pandeism and Panendeism, respectively, combine Deism with the Pantheistic or Panentheistic beliefs. Pandeism is proposed to explain as to Deism why God would create a universe and then abandon it, and as to Pantheism, the origin and purpose of the universe.

title: God

title: God

text: Deism

text: holds

text: that

text: God

text: is

text: wholly

text: transcendent

text: God

text: exists

text: but

text: does

text: not

text: intervene

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: beyond

text: what

text: was

text: necessary

text: to

text: create

text: it

text: In

text: this

text: view

text: God

text: is

text: not

text: anthropomorphic

text: and

text: neither

text: answers

text: prayers

text: nor

text: produces

text: miracles

text: Common

text: in

text: Deism

text: is

text: a

text: belief

text: that

text: God

text: has

text: no

text: interest

text: in

text: humanity

text: and

text: may

text: not

text: even

text: be

text: aware

text: of

text: humanity

text: Pandeism

text: and

text: Panendeism

text: respectively

text: combine

text: Deism

text: with

text: the

text: Pantheistic

text: or

text: Panentheistic

text: beliefs

text: Pandeism

text: is

text: proposed

text: to

text: explain

text: as

text: to

text: Deism

text: why

text: God

text: would

text: create

text: a

text: universe

text: and

text: then

text: abandon

text: it

text: and

text: as

text: to

text: Pantheism

text: the

text: origin

text: and

text: purpose

text: of

text: the

text: universe

question: What is a deistic view of God?

answer: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it

text: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it

question: How does a deistic God feel about us?

answer: no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity

text: no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity

question: What is Pandeism?

answer: why God would create a universe and then abandon it

text: why God would create a universe and then abandon it

question: What does a deistic God not do?

answer: neither answers prayers nor produces miracles

text: neither answers prayers nor produces miracles

question: What type of religion believes that God is transcendent?

answer: Deism

text: Deism

question: What is deism?

answer: God has no interest in humanity

text: God has no interest in humanity

question: In deism is God represented in human form?

answer: God is not anthropomorphic

text: God is not anthropomorphic

question: In deism, does God answer prayers?

answer: neither answers prayers

text: neither answers prayers

question: What does Deism usually combine?

question: What is the view of Pantheism about God abandoning His creation?

question: What does a pandeistic god not do?

question: What belief is common about deism in Pandeism?

question: Does the universe answer prayers in Pantheism?

text: neither answers prayers


text: During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed, from which originated Jainism and Buddhism. In the same period the first Upanishads were written. After 500 BCE, the so-called "Second urbanization" started, with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain, especially the Central Ganges plain. The Central Ganges Plain, where Magadha gained prominence, forming the base of the Mauryan Empire, was a distinct cultural area, with new states arising after 500 BC[web 1] during the so-called "Second urbanization".[note 3] It was influenced by the Vedic culture, but differed markedly from the Kuru-Panchala region. It "was the area of the earliest known cultivation of rice in South Asia and by 1800 BC was the location of an advanced neolithic population associated with the sites of Chirand and Chechar". In this region the Shramanic movements flourished, and Jainism and Buddhism originated.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: During

text: the

text: time

text: between

text: and

text: BCE

text: the

text: Shramana

text: movement

text: formed

text: from

text: which

text: originated

text: Jainism

text: and

text: Buddhism

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: period

text: the

text: first

text: Upanishads

text: were

text: written

text: After

text: BCE

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: Second

text: urbanization

text: started

text: with

text: new

text: urban

text: settlements

text: arising

text: at

text: the

text: Ganges

text: plain

text: especially

text: the

text: Central

text: Ganges

text: plain

text: The

text: Central

text: Ganges

text: Plain

text: where

text: Magadha

text: gained

text: prominence

text: forming

text: the

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: Mauryan

text: Empire

text: was

text: a

text: distinct

text: cultural

text: area

text: with

text: new

text: states

text: arising

text: after

text: BC[web

text: during

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: Second

text: urbanization".[note

text: It

text: was

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: Vedic

text: culture

text: but

text: differed

text: markedly

text: from

text: the

text: Kuru

text: Panchala

text: region

text: It

text: was

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: known

text: cultivation

text: of

text: rice

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: and

text: by

text: BC

text: was

text: the

text: location

text: of

text: an

text: advanced

text: neolithic

text: population

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: sites

text: of

text: Chirand

text: and

text: Chechar

text: In

text: this

text: region

text: the

text: Shramanic

text: movements

text: flourished

text: and

text: Jainism

text: and

text: Buddhism

text: originated

question: What philosophical movement appeared during 800-200 BCE?

answer: Shramana-movement

text: Shramana-movement

question: What was the origins of the Shramana movement?

answer: Jainism and Buddhism

text: Jainism and Buddhism

question: During what time were the first Upanishads written?

answer: between 800 and 200 BCE

text: between 800 and 200 BCE

question: What period started after 500 BCE?

answer: Second urbanization

text: Second urbanization

question: Where was the central location of the Muayan Empire?

answer: Central Ganges Plain

text: Central Ganges Plain


text: In other cases, such as New Zealand and Canada, treaties allowed native peoples to maintain a minimum amount of autonomy. In the case of indigenous Australians, unlike with the Māori of New Zealand, no treaty was ever entered into with the indigenous peoples entitling the Europeans to land ownership, under the doctrine of terra nullius (later overturned by Mabo v Queensland, establishing the concept of native title well after colonization was already a fait accompli). Such treaties between colonizers and indigenous peoples are an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century, the treaties being discussed have international standing as has been stated in a treaty study by the UN.

title: Treaty

title: Treaty

text: In

text: other

text: cases

text: such

text: as

text: New

text: Zealand

text: and

text: Canada

text: treaties

text: allowed

text: native

text: peoples

text: to

text: maintain

text: a

text: minimum

text: amount

text: of

text: autonomy

text: In

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: indigenous

text: Australians

text: unlike

text: with

text: the

text: Māori

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: no

text: treaty

text: was

text: ever

text: entered

text: into

text: with

text: the

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: entitling

text: the

text: Europeans

text: to

text: land

text: ownership

text: under

text: the

text: doctrine

text: of

text: terra

text: nullius

text: later

text: overturned

text: by

text: Mabo

text: v

text: Queensland

text: establishing

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: native

text: title

text: well

text: after

text: colonization

text: was

text: already

text: a

text: fait

text: accompli

text: Such

text: treaties

text: between

text: colonizers

text: and

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: are

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: political

text: discourse

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: century

text: the

text: treaties

text: being

text: discussed

text: have

text: international

text: standing

text: as

text: has

text: been

text: stated

text: in

text: a

text: treaty

text: study

text: by

text: the

text: UN

question: What were native peoples able to maintain a minimum amount of through treaties?

answer: autonomy

text: autonomy

question: What indigenous people of New Zealand entered into a treaty entitling Europeans to land ownership?

answer: Māori

text: Māori

question: What doctrine was overturned by Mabo v Queensland establishing the concept of native title?

answer: terra nullius

text: terra nullius

question: The concept of native title was established by what court case?

answer: Mabo v Queensland

text: Mabo v Queensland

question: Treaties between indigenous peoples and what other groups formed an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century?

answer: colonizers

text: colonizers


text: Following capture and occupation by the United States during World War II, the Marshall Islands, along with several other island groups located in Micronesia, passed formally to the United States under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands established pursuant to Security Council Resolution 21.

title: Marshall_Islands

title: Marshall_Islands

text: Following

text: capture

text: and

text: occupation

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: Marshall

text: Islands

text: along

text: with

text: several

text: other

text: island

text: groups

text: located

text: in

text: Micronesia

text: passed

text: formally

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: under

text: United

text: Nations

text: auspices

text: in

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Trust

text: Territory

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Islands

text: established

text: pursuant

text: to

text: Security

text: Council

text: Resolution

question: During what conflict did the US occupy the Marshalls?

answer: World War II

text: World War II

question: What resolution of the UN Security Council gave the United States control over the Marshalls?

answer: Security Council Resolution 21

text: Security Council Resolution 21

question: In what year was the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands created?

answer: 1947

question: What is the name of the broader region that the Marshall Islands are a part of?

answer: Micronesia

text: Micronesia


text: Within a species not all populations may be migratory; this is known as "partial migration". Partial migration is very common in the southern continents; in Australia, 44% of non-passerine birds and 32% of passerine species are partially migratory. In some species, the population at higher latitudes tends to be migratory and will often winter at lower latitude. The migrating birds bypass the latitudes where other populations may be sedentary, where suitable wintering habitats may already be occupied. This is an example of leap-frog migration. Many fully migratory species show leap-frog migration (birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes), and many show the alternative, chain migration, where populations 'slide' more evenly north and south without reversing order.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Within

text: a

text: species

text: not

text: all

text: populations

text: may

text: be

text: migratory

text: this

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: partial

text: migration

text: Partial

text: migration

text: is

text: very

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: continents

text: in

text: Australia

text: of

text: non

text: passerine

text: birds

text: and

text: of

text: passerine

text: species

text: are

text: partially

text: migratory

text: In

text: some

text: species

text: the

text: population

text: at

text: higher

text: latitudes

text: tends

text: to

text: be

text: migratory

text: and

text: will

text: often

text: winter

text: at

text: lower

text: latitude

text: The

text: migrating

text: birds

text: bypass

text: the

text: latitudes

text: where

text: other

text: populations

text: may

text: be

text: sedentary

text: where

text: suitable

text: wintering

text: habitats

text: may

text: already

text: be

text: occupied

text: This

text: is

text: an

text: example

text: of

text: leap

text: frog

text: migration

text: Many

text: fully

text: migratory

text: species

text: show

text: leap

text: frog

text: migration

text: birds

text: that

text: nest

text: at

text: higher

text: latitudes

text: spend

text: the

text: winter

text: at

text: lower

text: latitudes

text: and

text: many

text: show

text: the

text: alternative

text: chain

text: migration

text: where

text: populations

text: slide

text: more

text: evenly

text: north

text: and

text: south

text: without

text: reversing

text: order

question: What is partial migration?

answer: not all populations may be migratory

text: not all populations may be migratory

question: Where is partial migration most common?

answer: the southern continents

text: the southern continents

question: In Australia, what percent of non-passerine birds are partially migratory?

answer: 44%

question: In Australia, what percent of passerine species are partially migratory?

answer: 32%

question: What is leap frog migration?

answer: birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes

text: birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes


text: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conducts "bilateral relationships" with the countries of the "Mediterranean – Middle East Region" but has formulated no Near East Region. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey also does not use the term Near East. Its regions include the Middle East, the Balkans and others.

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: The

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Foreign

text: Affairs

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Greece

text: conducts

text: bilateral

text: relationships

text: with

text: the

text: countries

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Middle

text: East

text: Region

text: but

text: has

text: formulated

text: no

text: Near

text: East

text: Region

text: The

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Foreign

text: Affairs

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Turkey

text: also

text: does

text: not

text: use

text: the

text: term

text: Near

text: East

text: Its

text: regions

text: include

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: the

text: Balkans

text: and

text: others

question: What does the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Greece conduct?

answer: "bilateral relationships"

text: "bilateral relationships"

question: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey does not use what term?

answer: Near East

text: Near East

question: The Middle East, the Balkans and others are included in what republic?

answer: Republic of Turkey

text: Republic of Turkey


text: Along with professional services, media companies are concentrated in London and the media distribution industry is London's second most competitive sector. The BBC is a significant employer, while other broadcasters also have headquarters around the City. Many national newspapers are edited in London. London is a major retail centre and in 2010 had the highest non-food retail sales of any city in the world, with a total spend of around £64.2 billion. The Port of London is the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year.

title: London

title: London

text: Along

text: with

text: professional

text: services

text: media

text: companies

text: are

text: concentrated

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: the

text: media

text: distribution

text: industry

text: is

text: London

text: 's

text: second

text: most

text: competitive

text: sector

text: The

text: BBC

text: is

text: a

text: significant

text: employer

text: while

text: other

text: broadcasters

text: also

text: have

text: headquarters

text: around

text: the

text: City

text: Many

text: national

text: newspapers

text: are

text: edited

text: in

text: London

text: London

text: is

text: a

text: major

text: retail

text: centre

text: and

text: in

text: had

text: the

text: highest

text: non

text: food

text: retail

text: sales

text: of

text: any

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: a

text: total

text: spend

text: of

text: around

text: billion

text: The

text: Port

text: of

text: London

text: is

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: handling

text: million

text: tonnes

text: of

text: cargo

text: each

text: year

question: What is the second largest port in the UK?

answer: The Port of London

text: The Port of London

question: Approximately how much was spent on non-food retail sales in London in 2010?

answer: £64.2 billion

text: £64.2 billion

question: How much cargo does the Port of London handle annually?

answer: 45 million tonnes

text: 45 million tonnes

question: What is London's second most competitive industry?

answer: media distribution

text: media distribution

question: What corporation is the major player in London's media distribution industry?

answer: The BBC

text: The BBC


text: Miami is home to one of the largest ports in the United States, the PortMiami. It is the largest cruise ship port in the world. The port is often called the "Cruise Capital of the World" and the "Cargo Gateway of the Americas". It has retained its status as the number one cruise/passenger port in the world for well over a decade accommodating the largest cruise ships and the major cruise lines. In 2007, the port served 3,787,410 passengers. Additionally, the port is one of the nation's busiest cargo ports, importing 7.8 million tons of cargo in 2007. Among North American ports, it ranks second only to the Port of South Louisiana in New Orleans in terms of cargo tonnage imported/exported from Latin America. The port is on 518 acres (2 km2) and has 7 passenger terminals. China is the port's number one import country, and Honduras is the number one export country. Miami has the world's largest amount of cruise line headquarters, home to: Carnival Cruise Lines, Celebrity Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Line, Oceania Cruises, and Royal Caribbean International. In 2014, the Port of Miami Tunnel was completed and will serve the PortMiami.

title: Miami

title: Miami

text: Miami

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: ports

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: PortMiami

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: cruise

text: ship

text: port

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: port

text: is

text: often

text: called

text: the

text: Cruise

text: Capital

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: and

text: the

text: Cargo

text: Gateway

text: of

text: the

text: Americas

text: It

text: has

text: retained

text: its

text: status

text: as

text: the

text: number

text: one

text: cruise

text: passenger

text: port

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: for

text: well

text: over

text: a

text: decade

text: accommodating

text: the

text: largest

text: cruise

text: ships

text: and

text: the

text: major

text: cruise

text: lines

text: In

text: the

text: port

text: served

text: passengers

text: Additionally

text: the

text: port

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: busiest

text: cargo

text: ports

text: importing

text: million

text: tons

text: of

text: cargo

text: in

text: Among

text: North

text: American

text: ports

text: it

text: ranks

text: second

text: only

text: to

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: South

text: Louisiana

text: in

text: New

text: Orleans

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: cargo

text: tonnage

text: imported

text: exported

text: from

text: Latin

text: America

text: The

text: port

text: is

text: on

text: acres

text: and

text: has

text: passenger

text: terminals

text: China

text: is

text: the

text: port

text: 's

text: number

text: one

text: import

text: country

text: and

text: Honduras

text: is

text: the

text: number

text: one

text: export

text: country

text: Miami

text: has

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: amount

text: of

text: cruise

text: line

text: headquarters

text: home

text: to

text: Carnival

text: Cruise

text: Lines

text: Celebrity

text: Cruises

text: Norwegian

text: Cruise

text: Line

text: Oceania

text: Cruises

text: and

text: Royal

text: Caribbean

text: International

text: In

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: Miami

text: Tunnel

text: was

text: completed

text: and

text: will

text: serve

text: the

text: PortMiami

question: Along with "Cargo Gateway of the Americas," what is another nickname for PortMiami?

answer: "Cruise Capital of the World"

text: "Cruise Capital of the World"

question: How many passengers used PortMiami in 2007?

answer: 3,787,410

question: How many tons of cargo arrived in PortMiami in 2007?

answer: 7.8 million

text: 7.8 million

question: What North American port sees the largest amount of imported and exported cargo?

answer: Port of South Louisiana

text: Port of South Louisiana

question: How many square kilometers is PortMiami?

answer: 2

question: Along with "Cargo Gateway of the Americas," what isn't another nickname for PortMiami?

text: Cruise Capital of the World

question: How many passengers used PortMiami in 2017?

question: How many tons of cargo arrived in PortMiami in 2017?

text: 7.8 million

question: What South American port sees the largest amount of imported and exported cargo?

text: Port of South Louisiana

question: How many square meters is PortMiami?


text: According to the Hebrew Bible narrative, Jewish ancestry is traced back to the Biblical patriarchs such as Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, and the Biblical matriarchs Sarah, Rebecca, Leah, and Rachel, who lived in Canaan around the 18th century BCE. Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacob's son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs' descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, after which the Israelites conquered Canaan.[citation needed]

title: Jews

title: Jews

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: narrative

text: Jewish

text: ancestry

text: is

text: traced

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: Biblical

text: patriarchs

text: such

text: as

text: Abraham

text: Isaac

text: and

text: Jacob

text: and

text: the

text: Biblical

text: matriarchs

text: Sarah

text: Rebecca

text: Leah

text: and

text: Rachel

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: Canaan

text: around

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: Jacob

text: and

text: his

text: family

text: migrated

text: to

text: Ancient

text: Egypt

text: after

text: being

text: invited

text: to

text: live

text: with

text: Jacob

text: 's

text: son

text: Joseph

text: by

text: the

text: Pharaoh

text: himself

text: The

text: patriarchs

text: descendants

text: were

text: later

text: enslaved

text: until

text: the

text: Exodus

text: led

text: by

text: Moses

text: traditionally

text: dated

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: after

text: which

text: the

text: Israelites

text: conquered

text: Canaan.[citation

text: needed

question: Name one person that Jewish ancestry traced back to?

answer: Abraham

text: Abraham

question: Where did Jacob and his family migrate to?

answer: Ancient Egypt

text: Ancient Egypt

question: Who led the Exodus?

answer: Moses

text: Moses

question: Who was Jacob's son?

answer: Joseph

text: Joseph

question: Who was Joseph's father?

answer: Jacob

text: Jacob

question: Who lived in Canaan before the 18th century BCE?

text: Biblical patriarchs

question: Who invited the Pharaoh to live in Egypt?

text: Joseph

question: When did Canaan conquer the Israelites?

text: 13th century BCE

question: Who invited Joseph to live in Egypt?

text: the Pharaoh

question: How long were the Egyptians enslaved?

text: until the Exodus


text: That year, Queen began The Works Tour, the first tour to feature keyboardist Spike Edney as an extra live musician. The tour featured nine sold-out dates in October in Bophuthatswana, South Africa, at the arena in Sun City. Upon returning to England, they were the subject of outrage, having played in South Africa during the height of apartheid and in violation of worldwide divestment efforts and a United Nations cultural boycott. The band responded to the critics by stating that they were playing music for fans in South Africa, and they also stressed that the concerts were played before integrated audiences. Queen donated to a school for the deaf and blind as a philanthropic gesture but were fined by the British Musicians' Union and placed on the United Nations' blacklisted artists.

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: That

text: year

text: Queen

text: began

text: The

text: Works

text: Tour

text: the

text: first

text: tour

text: to

text: feature

text: keyboardist

text: Spike

text: Edney

text: as

text: an

text: extra

text: live

text: musician

text: The

text: tour

text: featured

text: nine

text: sold

text: out

text: dates

text: in

text: October

text: in

text: Bophuthatswana

text: South

text: Africa

text: at

text: the

text: arena

text: in

text: Sun

text: City

text: Upon

text: returning

text: to

text: England

text: they

text: were

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: outrage

text: having

text: played

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: during

text: the

text: height

text: of

text: apartheid

text: and

text: in

text: violation

text: of

text: worldwide

text: divestment

text: efforts

text: and

text: a

text: United

text: Nations

text: cultural

text: boycott

text: The

text: band

text: responded

text: to

text: the

text: critics

text: by

text: stating

text: that

text: they

text: were

text: playing

text: music

text: for

text: fans

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: they

text: also

text: stressed

text: that

text: the

text: concerts

text: were

text: played

text: before

text: integrated

text: audiences

text: Queen

text: donated

text: to

text: a

text: school

text: for

text: the

text: deaf

text: and

text: blind

text: as

text: a

text: philanthropic

text: gesture

text: but

text: were

text: fined

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: Musicians

text: Union

text: and

text: placed

text: on

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: blacklisted

text: artists

question: Which Queen tour was the first to feature Spike Edney?

answer: Spike Edney

text: Spike Edney

question: Queen's Spike Edney plays what instrument?

answer: keyboardist

text: keyboardist

question: Who fined Queen for donating to a school for the deaf and blind?

answer: British Musicians' Union

text: British Musicians' Union

question: Where did Queen play during the height of Apartheid?

answer: South Africa

text: South Africa


text: Labour went on to win the 1950 general election, but with a much reduced majority of five seats. Soon afterwards, defence became a divisive issue within the party, especially defence spending (which reached a peak of 14% of GDP in 1951 during the Korean War), straining public finances and forcing savings elsewhere. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Hugh Gaitskell, introduced charges for NHS dentures and spectacles, causing Bevan, along with Harold Wilson (then President of the Board of Trade), to resign over the dilution of the principle of free treatment on which the NHS had been established.

title: Labour_Party_(UK)

title: Labour_Party_(UK

text: Labour

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: win

text: the

text: general

text: election

text: but

text: with

text: a

text: much

text: reduced

text: majority

text: of

text: five

text: seats

text: Soon

text: afterwards

text: defence

text: became

text: a

text: divisive

text: issue

text: within

text: the

text: party

text: especially

text: defence

text: spending

text: which

text: reached

text: a

text: peak

text: of

text: of

text: GDP

text: in

text: during

text: the

text: Korean

text: War

text: straining

text: public

text: finances

text: and

text: forcing

text: savings

text: elsewhere

text: The

text: Chancellor

text: of

text: the

text: Exchequer

text: Hugh

text: Gaitskell

text: introduced

text: charges

text: for

text: NHS

text: dentures

text: and

text: spectacles

text: causing

text: Bevan

text: along

text: with

text: Harold

text: Wilson

text: then

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Board

text: of

text: Trade

text: to

text: resign

text: over

text: the

text: dilution

text: of

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: free

text: treatment

text: on

text: which

text: the

text: NHS

text: had

text: been

text: established

question: In what year did Labour lose the general election?

question: What was a uniting issue in the party?

text: defence

question: When did defense spending reach its lowest point in Britain?

question: Who made dentures and spectacles free of charge?

text: Hugh Gaitskell

question: What was not a principle the NHS was based on?

text: free treatment


text: In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a politically and socially fractured Empire and its multitude of cults; no ancestral gods were specified by name. The fulfillment of sacrificial obligation by loyal subjects would define them and their gods as Roman. Roman oaths of loyalty were traditionally collective; the Decian oath has been interpreted as a design to root out individual subversives and suppress their cults, but apostasy was sought, rather than capital punishment. A year after its due deadline, the edict expired.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: In

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: religious

text: riots

text: in

text: Egypt

text: the

text: emperor

text: Decius

text: decreed

text: that

text: all

text: subjects

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: must

text: actively

text: seek

text: to

text: benefit

text: the

text: state

text: through

text: witnessed

text: and

text: certified

text: sacrifice

text: to

text: ancestral

text: gods

text: or

text: suffer

text: a

text: penalty

text: only

text: Jews

text: were

text: exempt

text: Decius

text: edict

text: appealed

text: to

text: whatever

text: common

text: mos

text: maiores

text: might

text: reunite

text: a

text: politically

text: and

text: socially

text: fractured

text: Empire

text: and

text: its

text: multitude

text: of

text: cults

text: no

text: ancestral

text: gods

text: were

text: specified

text: by

text: name

text: The

text: fulfillment

text: of

text: sacrificial

text: obligation

text: by

text: loyal

text: subjects

text: would

text: define

text: them

text: and

text: their

text: gods

text: as

text: Roman

text: Roman

text: oaths

text: of

text: loyalty

text: were

text: traditionally

text: collective

text: the

text: Decian

text: oath

text: has

text: been

text: interpreted

text: as

text: a

text: design

text: to

text: root

text: out

text: individual

text: subversives

text: and

text: suppress

text: their

text: cults

text: but

text: apostasy

text: was

text: sought

text: rather

text: than

text: capital

text: punishment

text: A

text: year

text: after

text: its

text: due

text: deadline

text: the

text: edict

text: expired

question: Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods?

answer: Decius

text: Decius

question: What religious group was exempt from sacrifices?

answer: Jews

text: Jews

question: What oath was a requirement of the emperor's decree?

answer: Decian oath

text: Decian oath

question: What was the Decian decree meant to root out?

answer: subversives

text: subversives

question: What happened to the decree after a year?

answer: edict expired.

text: edict expired.


text: At least a few insects have nociceptors, cells that detect and transmit sensations of pain. This was discovered in 2003 by studying the variation in reactions of larvae of the common fruitfly Drosophila to the touch of a heated probe and an unheated one. The larvae reacted to the touch of the heated probe with a stereotypical rolling behavior that was not exhibited when the larvae were touched by the unheated probe. Although nociception has been demonstrated in insects, there is no consensus that insects feel pain consciously

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: At

text: least

text: a

text: few

text: insects

text: have

text: nociceptors

text: cells

text: that

text: detect

text: and

text: transmit

text: sensations

text: of

text: pain

text: This

text: was

text: discovered

text: in

text: by

text: studying

text: the

text: variation

text: in

text: reactions

text: of

text: larvae

text: of

text: the

text: common

text: fruitfly

text: Drosophila

text: to

text: the

text: touch

text: of

text: a

text: heated

text: probe

text: and

text: an

text: unheated

text: one

text: The

text: larvae

text: reacted

text: to

text: the

text: touch

text: of

text: the

text: heated

text: probe

text: with

text: a

text: stereotypical

text: rolling

text: behavior

text: that

text: was

text: not

text: exhibited

text: when

text: the

text: larvae

text: were

text: touched

text: by

text: the

text: unheated

text: probe

text: Although

text: nociception

text: has

text: been

text: demonstrated

text: in

text: insects

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: consensus

text: that

text: insects

text: feel

text: pain

text: consciously

question: How many insects have nociceptors?

answer: a few

text: a few

question: Cells that detect and transmit pain are called what?

answer: nociceptors

text: nociceptors

question: When were nociceptors discovered?

answer: 2003

question: Nociceptors were discovered by studying the common what?

answer: fruitfly Drosophila

text: fruitfly Drosophila

question: Which probe did the larvae react to?

answer: the heated probe

text: the heated probe


text: In the same judgement the ECHR reviewed the judgements of several international and municipal courts judgements. It noted that International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Court of Justice had agreed with the narrow interpretation, that biological-physical destruction was necessary for an act to qualify as genocide. The ECHR also noted that at the time of its judgement, apart from courts in Germany which had taken a broad view, that there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws and that "There are no reported cases in which the courts of these States have defined the type of group destruction the perpetrator must have intended in order to be found guilty of genocide".

title: Genocide

title: Genocide

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: judgement

text: the

text: ECHR

text: reviewed

text: the

text: judgements

text: of

text: several

text: international

text: and

text: municipal

text: courts

text: judgements

text: It

text: noted

text: that

text: International

text: Criminal

text: Tribunal

text: for

text: the

text: Former

text: Yugoslavia

text: and

text: the

text: International

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: had

text: agreed

text: with

text: the

text: narrow

text: interpretation

text: that

text: biological

text: physical

text: destruction

text: was

text: necessary

text: for

text: an

text: act

text: to

text: qualify

text: as

text: genocide

text: The

text: ECHR

text: also

text: noted

text: that

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: its

text: judgement

text: apart

text: from

text: courts

text: in

text: Germany

text: which

text: had

text: taken

text: a

text: broad

text: view

text: that

text: there

text: had

text: been

text: few

text: cases

text: of

text: genocide

text: under

text: other

text: Convention

text: States

text: municipal

text: laws

text: and

text: that

text: There

text: are

text: no

text: reported

text: cases

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: courts

text: of

text: these

text: States

text: have

text: defined

text: the

text: type

text: of

text: group

text: destruction

text: the

text: perpetrator

text: must

text: have

text: intended

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: be

text: found

text: guilty

text: of

text: genocide

question: In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the ECHR?

answer: the judgements of several international and municipal courts

text: the judgements of several international and municipal courts

question: Two bodies of the United Nations agreed with what restricted provision in defining genocide?

answer: that biological-physical destruction was necessary

text: that biological-physical destruction was necessary

question: Which country's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of genocide laws?

answer: Germany

text: Germany

question: The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of group destruction, despite what factor?

answer: Convention States municipal laws

text: Convention States municipal laws

question: A definition of what, by the States, was necessary to preserve and expand genocidal law?

answer: the type of group destruction

text: the type of group destruction

question: In its preparations, what was the source of other considerations by the International Court of Justice?

question: On what restricted provision in defining municipal laws did two bodies of the United Nations agree?

question: Which country's courts were noted by the ECHR for taking a wider stance on provisions of municipal laws?

text: Germany

question: The ECHR found most states to have largely undefined definitions of courts, despite what factor?

text: Convention States municipal laws

question: A definition of what, by the States, was necessary to preserve and expand municipal law?

text: the type of group destruction


text: Ming government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official, who established a short-lived Shun dynasty. The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell, marking the official end of the dynasty.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: Ming

text: government

text: officials

text: fought

text: against

text: each

text: other

text: against

text: fiscal

text: collapse

text: and

text: against

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: peasant

text: rebellions

text: They

text: were

text: unable

text: to

text: capitalise

text: on

text: the

text: Manchu

text: succession

text: dispute

text: and

text: installation

text: of

text: a

text: minor

text: as

text: emperor

text: In

text: April

text: the

text: capital

text: at

text: Beijing

text: was

text: sacked

text: by

text: a

text: coalition

text: of

text: rebel

text: forces

text: led

text: by

text: Li

text: Zicheng

text: a

text: former

text: minor

text: Ming

text: official

text: who

text: established

text: a

text: short

text: lived

text: Shun

text: dynasty

text: The

text: last

text: Ming

text: ruler

text: the

text: Chongzhen

text: Emperor

text: committed

text: suicide

text: when

text: the

text: city

text: fell

text: marking

text: the

text: official

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: dynasty

question: Who raided Beijing in 1644?

answer: Li Zicheng

text: Li Zicheng

question: Who was Li Zicheng?

answer: former minor Ming official

text: former minor Ming official

question: What dynasty did Zicheng form?

answer: Shun

text: Shun

question: Who was the last Ming leader?

answer: Chongzhen Emperor

text: Chongzhen Emperor

question: How did the Chongzhen Emporer die?

answer: suicide

text: suicide


text: The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females. During their peak height velocity (the time of most rapid growth), adolescents grow at a growth rate nearly identical to that of a toddler—about 4 inches (10.3 cm) a year for males and 3.5 inches (9 cm) for females. In addition to changes in height, adolescents also experience a significant increase in weight (Marshall, 1978). The weight gained during adolescence constitutes nearly half of one's adult body weight. Teenage and early adult males may continue to gain natural muscle growth even after puberty.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: The

text: adolescent

text: growth

text: spurt

text: is

text: a

text: rapid

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: individual

text: 's

text: height

text: and

text: weight

text: during

text: puberty

text: resulting

text: from

text: the

text: simultaneous

text: release

text: of

text: growth

text: hormones

text: thyroid

text: hormones

text: and

text: androgens

text: Males

text: experience

text: their

text: growth

text: spurt

text: about

text: two

text: years

text: later

text: on

text: average

text: than

text: females

text: During

text: their

text: peak

text: height

text: velocity

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: most

text: rapid

text: growth

text: adolescents

text: grow

text: at

text: a

text: growth

text: rate

text: nearly

text: identical

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: a

text: toddler

text: about

text: inches

text: cm

text: a

text: year

text: for

text: males

text: and

text: inches

text: cm

text: for

text: females

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: changes

text: in

text: height

text: adolescents

text: also

text: experience

text: a

text: significant

text: increase

text: in

text: weight

text: Marshall

text: The

text: weight

text: gained

text: during

text: adolescence

text: constitutes

text: nearly

text: half

text: of

text: one

text: 's

text: adult

text: body

text: weight

text: Teenage

text: and

text: early

text: adult

text: males

text: may

text: continue

text: to

text: gain

text: natural

text: muscle

text: growth

text: even

text: after

text: puberty

question: Do males or females experience growth spurts first?

answer: females

text: females

question: How much later on average do males experience their growth spurt?

answer: two years later

text: two years later

question: What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a male adolescent?

answer: 4 inches (10.3 cm) a year

text: 4 inches (10.3 cm) a year

question: What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a female adolescent?

answer: 3.5 inches (9 cm)

text: 3.5 inches (9 cm)

question: Growth rates during adolescent are comparible to those of what other life stage?

answer: toddler

text: toddler


text: Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous. The AAA's current 'Statement of Professional Responsibility' clearly states that "in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given."

title: Anthropology

title: Anthropology

text: Professional

text: anthropological

text: bodies

text: often

text: object

text: to

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: anthropology

text: for

text: the

text: benefit

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: Their

text: codes

text: of

text: ethics

text: or

text: statements

text: may

text: proscribe

text: anthropologists

text: from

text: giving

text: secret

text: briefings

text: The

text: Association

text: of

text: Social

text: Anthropologists

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: Commonwealth

text: ASA

text: has

text: called

text: certain

text: scholarship

text: ethically

text: dangerous

text: The

text: AAA

text: 's

text: current

text: Statement

text: of

text: Professional

text: Responsibility

text: clearly

text: states

text: that

text: in

text: relation

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: government

text: and

text: with

text: host

text: governments

text: no

text: secret

text: research

text: no

text: secret

text: reports

text: or

text: debriefings

text: of

text: any

text: kind

text: should

text: be

text: agreed

text: to

text: or

text: given

question: What do groups of anthropologists object to the use of anthropology for benefit of?

answer: the state

text: the state

question: What type of briefings are forbidden for members of certain anthropologist bodies to give?

answer: secret

text: secret

question: What has the ASA identified as being ethically dangerous?

answer: certain scholarship

text: certain scholarship

question: Who penned a "Statement of Professional Responsibility"?

answer: The AAA

text: The AAA

question: Secret research and reports are things which should never be what?

answer: given

text: given

question: Who often emphasises the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state?

text: Professional anthropological bodies

question: What permits antropologists to give secret briefings?

text: Their codes of ethics or statements

question: What does the AAA's current Statment of Professional Responsibility no longer say?

question: What has the ASA identified as being ethical?

text: certain scholarship


text: The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells. Glial cells (also known as glia or neuroglia) come in several types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabolic support, insulation, and guidance of development. Neurons, however, are usually considered the most important cells in the brain. The property that makes neurons unique is their ability to send signals to specific target cells over long distances. They send these signals by means of an axon, which is a thin protoplasmic fiber that extends from the cell body and projects, usually with numerous branches, to other areas, sometimes nearby, sometimes in distant parts of the brain or body. The length of an axon can be extraordinary: for example, if a pyramidal cell, (an excitatory neuron) of the cerebral cortex were magnified so that its cell body became the size of a human body, its axon, equally magnified, would become a cable a few centimeters in diameter, extending more than a kilometer. These axons transmit signals in the form of electrochemical pulses called action potentials, which last less than a thousandth of a second and travel along the axon at speeds of 1–100 meters per second. Some neurons emit action potentials constantly, at rates of 10–100 per second, usually in irregular patterns; other neurons are quiet most of the time, but occasionally emit a burst of action potentials.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: The

text: brains

text: of

text: all

text: species

text: are

text: composed

text: primarily

text: of

text: two

text: broad

text: classes

text: of

text: cells

text: neurons

text: and

text: glial

text: cells

text: Glial

text: cells

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: glia

text: or

text: neuroglia

text: come

text: in

text: several

text: types

text: and

text: perform

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: critical

text: functions

text: including

text: structural

text: support

text: metabolic

text: support

text: insulation

text: and

text: guidance

text: of

text: development

text: Neurons

text: however

text: are

text: usually

text: considered

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: cells

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: The

text: property

text: that

text: makes

text: neurons

text: unique

text: is

text: their

text: ability

text: to

text: send

text: signals

text: to

text: specific

text: target

text: cells

text: over

text: long

text: distances

text: They

text: send

text: these

text: signals

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: an

text: axon

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: thin

text: protoplasmic

text: fiber

text: that

text: extends

text: from

text: the

text: cell

text: body

text: and

text: projects

text: usually

text: with

text: numerous

text: branches

text: to

text: other

text: areas

text: sometimes

text: nearby

text: sometimes

text: in

text: distant

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: or

text: body

text: The

text: length

text: of

text: an

text: axon

text: can

text: be

text: extraordinary

text: for

text: example

text: if

text: a

text: pyramidal

text: cell

text: an

text: excitatory

text: neuron

text: of

text: the

text: cerebral

text: cortex

text: were

text: magnified

text: so

text: that

text: its

text: cell

text: body

text: became

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: a

text: human

text: body

text: its

text: axon

text: equally

text: magnified

text: would

text: become

text: a

text: cable

text: a

text: few

text: centimeters

text: in

text: diameter

text: extending

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: kilometer

text: These

text: axons

text: transmit

text: signals

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: electrochemical

text: pulses

text: called

text: action

text: potentials

text: which

text: last

text: less

text: than

text: a

text: thousandth

text: of

text: a

text: second

text: and

text: travel

text: along

text: the

text: axon

text: at

text: speeds

text: of

text: meters

text: per

text: second

text: Some

text: neurons

text: emit

text: action

text: potentials

text: constantly

text: at

text: rates

text: of

text: per

text: second

text: usually

text: in

text: irregular

text: patterns

text: other

text: neurons

text: are

text: quiet

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: but

text: occasionally

text: emit

text: a

text: burst

text: of

text: action

text: potentials

question: Brains of organisms are made up mostly of what two classes of cells?

answer: neurons and glial cells

text: neurons and glial cells

question: Glial cells are also referred to as what?

answer: glia or neuroglia

text: glia or neuroglia

question: Which of the two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells send signals to other cells?

answer: neurons

text: neurons

question: Axons send signals that are named what?

answer: action potentials

text: action potentials

question: What is the typical speed that axons send their electrical signals?

answer: 1–100 meters per second

text: 1–100 meters per second