text: The declining trend however continued into season eight, as total viewers numbers fell by 5–10% for early episodes compared to season seven, and by 9% for the finale. In season nine, Idol's six-year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken, when NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat Idol in the same time slot with 30.1 million viewers over Idol's 18.4 million. Nevertheless, American Idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched TV series for the sixth year running, breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by CBS' All in the Family and NBC's The Cosby Show.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: The

text: declining

text: trend

text: however

text: continued

text: into

text: season

text: eight

text: as

text: total

text: viewers

text: numbers

text: fell

text: by

text: for

text: early

text: episodes

text: compared

text: to

text: season

text: seven

text: and

text: by

text: for

text: the

text: finale

text: In

text: season

text: nine

text: Idol

text: 's

text: six

text: year

text: extended

text: streak

text: of

text: perfection

text: in

text: the

text: ratings

text: was

text: broken

text: when

text: NBC

text: 's

text: coverage

text: of

text: the

text: Winter

text: Olympics

text: on

text: February

text: beat

text: Idol

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: slot

text: with

text: million

text: viewers

text: over

text: Idol

text: 's

text: million

text: Nevertheless

text: American

text: Idol

text: overall

text: finished

text: its

text: ninth

text: season

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: watched

text: TV

text: series

text: for

text: the

text: sixth

text: year

text: running

text: breaking

text: the

text: previous

text: record

text: of

text: five

text: consecutive

text: seasons

text: achieved

text: by

text: CBS

text: All

text: in

text: the

text: Family

text: and

text: NBC

text: 's

text: The

text: Cosby

text: Show

question: Which television network aired the Winter Olympics in 2010?

answer: NBC

text: NBC

question: Which television network originally aired All in the Family?

answer: CBS

text: CBS

question: In what year did NBC beat American Idol in the ratings for the first time?

answer: 2010

question: What finally beat Idol in the ratings during season nine?

answer: 2010 Winter Olympics

text: 2010 Winter Olympics

question: How many people watched the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 as compared to the 18.4 million who tuned into Idol?

answer: 30.1 million

text: 30.1 million

question: At the end of season nine, American Idol remained on top as the most watched show for how many years in a row?

answer: six

text: six


text: Sapwood (or alburnum) is the younger, outermost wood; in the growing tree it is living wood, and its principal functions are to conduct water from the roots to the leaves and to store up and give back according to the season the reserves prepared in the leaves. However, by the time they become competent to conduct water, all xylem tracheids and vessels have lost their cytoplasm and the cells are therefore functionally dead. All wood in a tree is first formed as sapwood. The more leaves a tree bears and the more vigorous its growth, the larger the volume of sapwood required. Hence trees making rapid growth in the open have thicker sapwood for their size than trees of the same species growing in dense forests. Sometimes trees (of species that do form heartwood) grown in the open may become of considerable size, 30 cm or more in diameter, before any heartwood begins to form, for example, in second-growth hickory, or open-grown pines.

title: Wood

title: Wood

text: Sapwood

text: or

text: alburnum

text: is

text: the

text: younger

text: outermost

text: wood

text: in

text: the

text: growing

text: tree

text: it

text: is

text: living

text: wood

text: and

text: its

text: principal

text: functions

text: are

text: to

text: conduct

text: water

text: from

text: the

text: roots

text: to

text: the

text: leaves

text: and

text: to

text: store

text: up

text: and

text: give

text: back

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: season

text: the

text: reserves

text: prepared

text: in

text: the

text: leaves

text: However

text: by

text: the

text: time

text: they

text: become

text: competent

text: to

text: conduct

text: water

text: all

text: xylem

text: tracheids

text: and

text: vessels

text: have

text: lost

text: their

text: cytoplasm

text: and

text: the

text: cells

text: are

text: therefore

text: functionally

text: dead

text: All

text: wood

text: in

text: a

text: tree

text: is

text: first

text: formed

text: as

text: sapwood

text: The

text: more

text: leaves

text: a

text: tree

text: bears

text: and

text: the

text: more

text: vigorous

text: its

text: growth

text: the

text: larger

text: the

text: volume

text: of

text: sapwood

text: required

text: Hence

text: trees

text: making

text: rapid

text: growth

text: in

text: the

text: open

text: have

text: thicker

text: sapwood

text: for

text: their

text: size

text: than

text: trees

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: species

text: growing

text: in

text: dense

text: forests

text: Sometimes

text: trees

text: of

text: species

text: that

text: do

text: form

text: heartwood

text: grown

text: in

text: the

text: open

text: may

text: become

text: of

text: considerable

text: size

text: cm

text: or

text: more

text: in

text: diameter

text: before

text: any

text: heartwood

text: begins

text: to

text: form

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: second

text: growth

text: hickory

text: or

text: open

text: grown

text: pines

question: What term is interchangeable with "sapwood"?

answer: alburnum

text: alburnum

question: Is sapwood the younger or older wood in a tree?

answer: younger

text: younger

question: What essential liquid is the sapwood tasked with carrying around a tree?

answer: water

text: water

question: How much of the wood in a tree is sapwood at some point in its life?

answer: All

text: All

question: Does a tree growing quickly out in the open have thinner or thicker sapwood for its size than the same kind of tree in a dense forest?

answer: thicker

text: thicker


text: 114th Street marks the southern boundary of Columbia University’s Morningside Heights Campus and is the location of Butler Library, which is the University’s largest.

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: Street

text: marks

text: the

text: southern

text: boundary

text: of

text: Columbia

text: University

text: ’s

text: Morningside

text: Heights

text: Campus

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: location

text: of

text: Butler

text: Library

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: University

text: ’s

text: largest

question: Which library is Columbia University's largest?

answer: Butler Library

text: Butler Library

question: 114th Street marks the southern boundary of which university's Morningside Heights Campus?

answer: Columbia University

text: Columbia University

question: 114th Street runs along which boundary of Columbia University's Morningside Heights Campus?

answer: southern

text: southern


text: Shortly after the end of the war in May 1945, Germans who had fled in early 1945 tried to return to their homes in East Prussia. An estimated number of 800,000 Germans were living in East Prussia during the summer of 1945. Many more were prevented from returning,[citation needed] and the German population of East Prussia was almost completely expelled by the communist regimes. During the war and for some time thereafter 45 camps were established for about 200,000-250,000 forced labourers, the vast majority of whom were deported to the Soviet Union, including the Gulag camp system. The largest camp with about 48,000 inmates was established at Deutsch Eylau (Iława). Orphaned children who were left behind in the zone occupied by the Soviet Union were referred to as Wolf children.

title: East_Prussia

title: East_Prussia

text: Shortly

text: after

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: in

text: May

text: Germans

text: who

text: had

text: fled

text: in

text: early

text: tried

text: to

text: return

text: to

text: their

text: homes

text: in

text: East

text: Prussia

text: An

text: estimated

text: number

text: of

text: Germans

text: were

text: living

text: in

text: East

text: Prussia

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: of

text: Many

text: more

text: were

text: prevented

text: from

text: returning,[citation

text: needed

text: and

text: the

text: German

text: population

text: of

text: East

text: Prussia

text: was

text: almost

text: completely

text: expelled

text: by

text: the

text: communist

text: regimes

text: During

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: for

text: some

text: time

text: thereafter

text: camps

text: were

text: established

text: for

text: about

text: forced

text: labourers

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: whom

text: were

text: deported

text: to

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: including

text: the

text: Gulag

text: camp

text: system

text: The

text: largest

text: camp

text: with

text: about

text: inmates

text: was

text: established

text: at

text: Deutsch

text: Eylau

text: Iława

text: Orphaned

text: children

text: who

text: were

text: left

text: behind

text: in

text: the

text: zone

text: occupied

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: were

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Wolf

text: children

question: How many Germans were living in East Prussia in 1945?

answer: 800,000

question: Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way?

answer: 45 camps

text: 45 camps

question: How many forced labourers were in the largest camp?

answer: 48,000

question: What were the children that were left behind in East Prussia that was occupied by the Russians referred to as?

answer: Wolf children

text: Wolf children

question: How many Germans were prevented from returning to East Prussia?

question: How many Wolf children were there?

question: How many forced labourers were there in the smallest camp?

question: Where was the smallest camp established?

text: Deutsch Eylau

question: In what year was the first forced labour camp established?


text: 630 people lost their lives as a result of the air raids on Southampton and nearly 2,000 more were injured, not to mention the thousands of buildings damaged or destroyed.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: people

text: lost

text: their

text: lives

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: air

text: raids

text: on

text: Southampton

text: and

text: nearly

text: more

text: were

text: injured

text: not

text: to

text: mention

text: the

text: thousands

text: of

text: buildings

text: damaged

text: or

text: destroyed

question: How many people died because of the bombs dropped on Southampton?

answer: 630

question: In addition to casualties, about how many people were wounded by air raids on Southampton?

answer: 2,000

question: Was it hundreds or thousands of buildings in Southampton that sustained damage from air raids?

answer: thousands

text: thousands


text: While he searched for enlightenment, Gautama combined the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as "the immeasurables".[dubious – discuss] Gautama thus invented a new kind of human, one without egotism.[dubious – discuss] What Thich Nhat Hanh calls the "Four Immeasurable Minds" of love, compassion, joy, and equanimity[full citation needed] are also known as brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables.[web 5] Pema Chödrön calls them the "four limitless ones". Of the four, mettā or loving-kindness meditation is perhaps the best known.[web 5] The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates "wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings."[web 6][web 7]

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: While

text: he

text: searched

text: for

text: enlightenment

text: Gautama

text: combined

text: the

text: yoga

text: practice

text: of

text: his

text: teacher

text: Kalama

text: with

text: what

text: later

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: immeasurables".[dubious

text: discuss

text: Gautama

text: thus

text: invented

text: a

text: new

text: kind

text: of

text: human

text: one

text: without

text: egotism.[dubious

text: discuss

text: What

text: Thich

text: Nhat

text: Hanh

text: calls

text: the

text: Four

text: Immeasurable

text: Minds

text: of

text: love

text: compassion

text: joy

text: and

text: equanimity[full

text: citation

text: needed

text: are

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: brahmaviharas

text: divine

text: abodes

text: or

text: simply

text: as

text: four

text: immeasurables.[web

text: Pema

text: Chödrön

text: calls

text: them

text: the

text: four

text: limitless

text: ones

text: Of

text: the

text: four

text: mettā

text: or

text: loving

text: kindness

text: meditation

text: is

text: perhaps

text: the

text: best

text: known.[web

text: The

text: Four

text: Immeasurables

text: are

text: taught

text: as

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: meditation

text: that

text: cultivates

text: wholesome

text: attitudes

text: towards

text: all

text: sentient

text: beings."[web

question: During his search for enlightenment, Gautama combined what teachings?

answer: the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as "the immeasurables"

text: the yoga practice of his teacher Kalama with what later became known as "the immeasurables"

question: What was the new kind of human invented by Gautama?

answer: one without egotism

text: one without egotism

question: What are the Four Immeasurable Minds also known as?

answer: brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables

text: brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables

question: What is the best known of the four immeasurables?

answer: mettā or loving-kindness meditation

text: mettā or loving-kindness meditation

question: The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of meditation that cultivates what?

answer: wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings

text: wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings

question: Gautama combined the yoga practice of what teacher?

answer: Kalama

text: Kalama

question: Gautama invented a new kind of human without what?

answer: egotism

text: egotism

question: What are the "four Immeasurable minds"?

answer: love, compassion, joy, and equanimity

text: love, compassion, joy, and equanimity

question: Who calls the four immeasurable minds "four limitless ones"?

answer: Pema Chödrön

text: Pema Chödrön

question: The Four Immeasurables are taught as a form of what?

answer: meditation

text: meditation


text: On 11 July, Nasser replaced Amer with Mohamed Fawzi as general commander, over the protestations of Amer's loyalists in the military, 600 of whom marched on army headquarters and demanded Amer's reinstatement. After Nasser sacked thirty of the loyalists in response, Amer and his allies devised a plan to topple him on 27 August. Nasser was tipped off about their activities and, after several invitations, he convinced Amer to meet him at his home on 24 August. Nasser confronted Amer about the coup plot, which he denied before being arrested by Mohieddin. Amer committed suicide on 14 September. Despite his souring relationship with Amer, Nasser spoke of losing "the person closest to [him]". Thereafter, Nasser began a process of depoliticizing the armed forces, arresting dozens of leading military and intelligence figures loyal to Amer.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: On

text: July

text: Nasser

text: replaced

text: Amer

text: with

text: Mohamed

text: Fawzi

text: as

text: general

text: commander

text: over

text: the

text: protestations

text: of

text: Amer

text: 's

text: loyalists

text: in

text: the

text: military

text: of

text: whom

text: marched

text: on

text: army

text: headquarters

text: and

text: demanded

text: Amer

text: 's

text: reinstatement

text: After

text: Nasser

text: sacked

text: thirty

text: of

text: the

text: loyalists

text: in

text: response

text: Amer

text: and

text: his

text: allies

text: devised

text: a

text: plan

text: to

text: topple

text: him

text: on

text: August

text: Nasser

text: was

text: tipped

text: off

text: about

text: their

text: activities

text: and

text: after

text: several

text: invitations

text: he

text: convinced

text: Amer

text: to

text: meet

text: him

text: at

text: his

text: home

text: on

text: August

text: Nasser

text: confronted

text: Amer

text: about

text: the

text: coup

text: plot

text: which

text: he

text: denied

text: before

text: being

text: arrested

text: by

text: Mohieddin

text: Amer

text: committed

text: suicide

text: on

text: September

text: Despite

text: his

text: souring

text: relationship

text: with

text: Amer

text: Nasser

text: spoke

text: of

text: losing

text: the

text: person

text: closest

text: to

text: him

text: Thereafter

text: Nasser

text: began

text: a

text: process

text: of

text: depoliticizing

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: arresting

text: dozens

text: of

text: leading

text: military

text: and

text: intelligence

text: figures

text: loyal

text: to

text: Amer

question: Who did Nasser appoint as the new head of Egypt's armed forces?

answer: Mohamed Fawzi

text: Mohamed Fawzi

question: How did Amer react to being confronted about planning a coup?

answer: suicide

text: suicide

question: How did Nasser try to deal with the military following the coup attempt?

answer: depoliticizing the armed forces

text: depoliticizing the armed forces

question: What loyalists did Nasser target?

answer: figures loyal to Amer

text: figures loyal to Amer


text: The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as "members"; examples of such organizations are Fairvote and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making. Accordingly, many organizations, such as Wikimedia, have formed board-only structures. The National Association of Parliamentarians has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to market discipline for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse. A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements. A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned. Beware of board-only organizations- review the board members annual income before donating, such as the Clinton Foundation. Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation of an NPO, and this is why they attempt to avoid audits and use a double bottom line for taxing.

title: Nonprofit_organization

title: Nonprofit_organization

text: The

text: two

text: major

text: types

text: of

text: nonprofit

text: organization

text: are

text: membership

text: and

text: board

text: only

text: A

text: membership

text: organization

text: elects

text: the

text: board

text: and

text: has

text: regular

text: meetings

text: and

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: amend

text: the

text: bylaws

text: A

text: board

text: only

text: organization

text: typically

text: has

text: a

text: self

text: selected

text: board

text: and

text: a

text: membership

text: whose

text: powers

text: are

text: limited

text: to

text: those

text: delegated

text: to

text: it

text: by

text: the

text: board

text: A

text: board

text: only

text: organization

text: 's

text: bylaws

text: may

text: even

text: state

text: that

text: the

text: organization

text: does

text: not

text: have

text: any

text: membership

text: although

text: the

text: organization

text: 's

text: literature

text: may

text: refer

text: to

text: its

text: donors

text: or

text: service

text: recipients

text: as

text: members

text: examples

text: of

text: such

text: organizations

text: are

text: Fairvote

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Organization

text: for

text: the

text: Reform

text: of

text: Marijuana

text: Laws

text: The

text: Model

text: Nonprofit

text: Corporation

text: Act

text: imposes

text: many

text: complexities

text: and

text: requirements

text: on

text: membership

text: decision

text: making

text: Accordingly

text: many

text: organizations

text: such

text: as

text: Wikimedia

text: have

text: formed

text: board

text: only

text: structures

text: The

text: National

text: Association

text: of

text: Parliamentarians

text: has

text: generated

text: concerns

text: about

text: the

text: implications

text: of

text: this

text: trend

text: for

text: the

text: future

text: of

text: openness

text: accountability

text: and

text: understanding

text: of

text: public

text: concerns

text: in

text: nonprofit

text: organizations

text: Specifically

text: they

text: note

text: that

text: nonprofit

text: organizations

text: unlike

text: business

text: corporations

text: are

text: not

text: subject

text: to

text: market

text: discipline

text: for

text: products

text: and

text: shareholder

text: discipline

text: of

text: their

text: capital

text: therefore

text: without

text: membership

text: control

text: of

text: major

text: decisions

text: such

text: as

text: election

text: of

text: the

text: board

text: there

text: are

text: few

text: inherent

text: safeguards

text: against

text: abuse

text: A

text: rebuttal

text: to

text: this

text: might

text: be

text: that

text: as

text: nonprofit

text: organizations

text: grow

text: and

text: seek

text: larger

text: donations

text: the

text: degree

text: of

text: scrutiny

text: increases

text: including

text: expectations

text: of

text: audited

text: financial

text: statements

text: A

text: further

text: rebuttal

text: might

text: be

text: that

text: NPOs

text: are

text: constrained

text: by

text: their

text: choice

text: of

text: legal

text: structure

text: from

text: financial

text: benefit

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: distribution

text: of

text: profit

text: to

text: its

text: members

text: directors

text: is

text: concerned

text: Beware

text: of

text: board

text: only

text: organizations-

text: review

text: the

text: board

text: members

text: annual

text: income

text: before

text: donating

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Clinton

text: Foundation

text: Board

text: members

text: who

text: decide

text: what

text: percentage

text: of

text: your

text: donations

text: will

text: increase

text: their

text: personal

text: wealth

text: are

text: rampant

text: in

text: abusing

text: this

text: designation

text: of

text: an

text: NPO

text: and

text: this

text: is

text: why

text: they

text: attempt

text: to

text: avoid

text: audits

text: and

text: use

text: a

text: double

text: bottom

text: line

text: for

text: taxing

question: What are the two top types of NPOs?

answer: membership and board-only

text: membership and board-only

question: How is a membership organization run?

answer: elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws

text: elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws

question: How is a board only organization run?

answer: self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board

text: self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board

question: What is a further constraint of an NPO, depending on their legal structure?

answer: financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned

text: financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned

question: What should one be aware of when dealing with a board run NPO?

answer: Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation

text: Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation

question: What are two examples of a membership organization?

question: What does the organization's literature impose on membership decision making?

text: many complexities and requirements

question: What kind of structures have The National Association of Parliamentarians formed?

text: board-only

question: What concerns do The National Association of Parliamentarians have about self-selected boards?

question: What do they note that an organizations bylaws are not subject to?


text: The son of Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453. Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority. Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire, the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule. Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: The

text: son

text: of

text: Murad

text: II

text: Mehmed

text: the

text: Conqueror

text: reorganized

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: the

text: military

text: and

text: conquered

text: Constantinople

text: on

text: May

text: Mehmed

text: allowed

text: the

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: to

text: maintain

text: its

text: autonomy

text: and

text: land

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: accepting

text: Ottoman

text: authority

text: Because

text: of

text: bad

text: relations

text: between

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: western

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: later

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: Orthodox

text: population

text: accepted

text: Ottoman

text: rule

text: as

text: preferable

text: to

text: Venetian

text: rule

text: Albanian

text: resistance

text: was

text: a

text: major

text: obstacle

text: to

text: Ottoman

text: expansion

text: on

text: the

text: Italian

text: peninsula

question: Who was the son of Murad II?

answer: Mehmed the Conqueror

text: Mehmed the Conqueror

question: What city was conquered on 29 May 1453?

answer: Constantinople

text: Constantinople

question: What did the Orthodox Church get to keep in exchange for accepting the authority of the Ottoman empire?

answer: its autonomy and land

text: its autonomy and land

question: The Orthodox population of Constantinople preferred Ottoman rule instead of what?

answer: Venetian rule

text: Venetian rule

question: What was the main obstacle to the expansion of the Ottoman empire into the peninsula of Italy??

answer: Albanian resistance

text: Albanian resistance


text: When the Central Junta fell to the French, numerous new Juntas appeared all across the Americas, eventually resulting in a chain of newly independent countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in the south, to Mexico in the north. After the death of the king Ferdinand VII, in 1833, only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule, until the Spanish–American War in 1898. Unlike the Spanish, the Portuguese did not divide their colonial territory in America. The captaincies they created were subdued to a centralized administration in Salvador (later relocated to Rio de Janeiro) which reported directly to the Portuguese Crown until its independence in 1822, becoming the Empire of Brazil.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: When

text: the

text: Central

text: Junta

text: fell

text: to

text: the

text: French

text: numerous

text: new

text: Juntas

text: appeared

text: all

text: across

text: the

text: Americas

text: eventually

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: chain

text: of

text: newly

text: independent

text: countries

text: stretching

text: from

text: Argentina

text: and

text: Chile

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: to

text: Mexico

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: After

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: king

text: Ferdinand

text: VII

text: in

text: only

text: Cuba

text: and

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: remained

text: under

text: Spanish

text: rule

text: until

text: the

text: Spanish

text: American

text: War

text: in

text: Unlike

text: the

text: Spanish

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: did

text: not

text: divide

text: their

text: colonial

text: territory

text: in

text: America

text: The

text: captaincies

text: they

text: created

text: were

text: subdued

text: to

text: a

text: centralized

text: administration

text: in

text: Salvador

text: later

text: relocated

text: to

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: which

text: reported

text: directly

text: to

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: Crown

text: until

text: its

text: independence

text: in

text: becoming

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Brazil

question: Who did the central Junta fall to?

answer: the French

text: the French

question: What king died in 1833?

answer: king Ferdinand VII

text: king Ferdinand VII

question: After King Ferdinand died, who remained under Spanish rule?

answer: Cuba and Puerto Rico

text: Cuba and Puerto Rico

question: When did the Spanish-American war occur?

answer: in 1898

text: in 1898

question: Where were the Portuguese capacities centralized?

answer: Salvador

text: Salvador


text: As of the early 21st century, Christianity has approximately 2.4 billion adherents. The faith represents about a third of the world's population and is the largest religion in the world. Christians have composed about 33 percent of the world's population for around 100 years. The largest Christian denomination is the Roman Catholic Church, with 1.17 billion adherents, representing half of all Christians.

title: Christian

title: Christian

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Christianity

text: has

text: approximately

text: billion

text: adherents

text: The

text: faith

text: represents

text: about

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: religion

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Christians

text: have

text: composed

text: about

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: for

text: around

text: years

text: The

text: largest

text: Christian

text: denomination

text: is

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: with

text: billion

text: adherents

text: representing

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: Christians

question: How long have Christians made up nearly 1/3rd of the population?

answer: 100 years

text: 100 years

question: Which Christian denomination has the most members?

answer: Roman Catholic Church

text: Roman Catholic Church

question: How many people today are Roman Catholics?

answer: 1.17 billion

text: 1.17 billion

question: As of when did Christianity have about 2.4 million adherents?

text: early 21st century

question: Which religion is the smallest in the world?

text: Christianity

question: For how long have Christians made up about 50% of the world's population?

text: around 100 years

question: Which is the smallest Christian denomination?

text: Roman Catholic Church

question: Which denomination of Christianity has 1.17 million followers?

text: Roman Catholic Church


text: Recent studies, as by the APG, show that the monocots form a monophyletic group (clade) but that the dicots do not (they are paraphyletic). Nevertheless, the majority of dicot species do form a monophyletic group, called the eudicots or tricolpates. Of the remaining dicot species, most belong to a third major clade known as the magnoliids, containing about 9,000 species. The rest include a paraphyletic grouping of primitive species known collectively as the basal angiosperms, plus the families Ceratophyllaceae and Chloranthaceae.

title: Flowering_plant

title: Flowering_plant

text: Recent

text: studies

text: as

text: by

text: the

text: APG

text: show

text: that

text: the

text: monocots

text: form

text: a

text: monophyletic

text: group

text: clade

text: but

text: that

text: the

text: dicots

text: do

text: not

text: they

text: are

text: paraphyletic

text: Nevertheless

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: dicot

text: species

text: do

text: form

text: a

text: monophyletic

text: group

text: called

text: the

text: eudicots

text: or

text: tricolpates

text: Of

text: the

text: remaining

text: dicot

text: species

text: most

text: belong

text: to

text: a

text: third

text: major

text: clade

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: magnoliids

text: containing

text: about

text: species

text: The

text: rest

text: include

text: a

text: paraphyletic

text: grouping

text: of

text: primitive

text: species

text: known

text: collectively

text: as

text: the

text: basal

text: angiosperms

text: plus

text: the

text: families

text: Ceratophyllaceae

text: and

text: Chloranthaceae

question: What type of groups do monocots form, based on a recent APG studies?

answer: monophyletic

text: monophyletic

question: Eudicots or tricolpates are part of a monophyletic group formed by what species?

answer: dicot

text: dicot

question: What third major clade can many dicot species be found in?

answer: magnoliids

text: magnoliids

question: How many species dicot species are magnoliids?

answer: about 9,000

text: about 9,000

question: Basal angiosperms are what type of grouping of primitive species?

answer: paraphyletic

text: paraphyletic

question: How many species of Chloranthaceae are eudicots?

text: about 9,000

question: What do studies by the monophyletic group show?

question: What do a majority of monocot Ceratophyllaceae species form?

question: What do the remaining monocot species belong to?

text: a third major clade

question: What is the group known as that remainig monocot species belong to?

text: the magnoliids


text: North Carolina State University is located in southwest Raleigh where the Wolfpack competes nationally in 24 intercollegiate varsity sports as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The university's football team plays in Carter-Finley Stadium, the third largest football stadium in North Carolina, while the men's basketball team shares the PNC Arena with the Carolina Hurricanes hockey club. The Wolfpack women's basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics as well as men's wrestling events are held on campus at Reynolds Coliseum. The men's baseball team plays at Doak Field.

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

text: North

text: Carolina

text: State

text: University

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: southwest

text: Raleigh

text: where

text: the

text: Wolfpack

text: competes

text: nationally

text: in

text: intercollegiate

text: varsity

text: sports

text: as

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Coast

text: Conference

text: The

text: university

text: 's

text: football

text: team

text: plays

text: in

text: Carter

text: Finley

text: Stadium

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: football

text: stadium

text: in

text: North

text: Carolina

text: while

text: the

text: men

text: 's

text: basketball

text: team

text: shares

text: the

text: PNC

text: Arena

text: with

text: the

text: Carolina

text: Hurricanes

text: hockey

text: club

text: The

text: Wolfpack

text: women

text: 's

text: basketball

text: volleyball

text: and

text: gymnastics

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: men

text: 's

text: wrestling

text: events

text: are

text: held

text: on

text: campus

text: at

text: Reynolds

text: Coliseum

text: The

text: men

text: 's

text: baseball

text: team

text: plays

text: at

text: Doak

text: Field

question: Where is North Carolina State University?

answer: southwest Raleigh

text: southwest Raleigh

question: What is the mascot for North Carolina State University?

answer: Wolfpack

text: Wolfpack

question: Where does the football team for North Carolina State University play?

answer: Carter-Finley Stadium

text: Carter-Finley Stadium

question: How big is Carter Finley Stadium?

answer: third largest football stadium in North Carolina

text: third largest football stadium in North Carolina

question: Where does North Carolina State University men's wrestling compete?

answer: Reynolds Coliseum

text: Reynolds Coliseum

question: What college is in Northwest Raleigh?

text: North Carolina State University

question: What is the fourth largest football stadium in North Carolina?

text: Carter-Finley Stadium

question: What is the largest stadium in North Carolina?

text: Carter-Finley Stadium

question: What is the smallest stadium in North Carolina?

text: Carter-Finley Stadium

question: Where does women's wrestling compete?

text: Reynolds Coliseum


text: The Times occasionally makes endorsements for foreign elections. In November 2012, it endorsed a second term for Barack Obama although it also expressed reservations about his foreign policy.

title: The_Times

title: The_Times

text: The

text: Times

text: occasionally

text: makes

text: endorsements

text: for

text: foreign

text: elections

text: In

text: November

text: it

text: endorsed

text: a

text: second

text: term

text: for

text: Barack

text: Obama

text: although

text: it

text: also

text: expressed

text: reservations

text: about

text: his

text: foreign

text: policy

question: In what year did The Times make an endorsement for Barack Obama?

answer: 2012

question: Who did The Times support in 2012 for the election of the U.S. president?

answer: Barack Obama

text: Barack Obama

question: What kind of policy did The Times express reservation for when concerning the political stances of Barack Obama?

answer: foreign policy

text: foreign policy


text: The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.

title: Dutch_Republic

title: Dutch_Republic

text: The

text: framers

text: of

text: the

text: US

text: Constitution

text: were

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Provinces

text: as

text: Federalist

text: No

text: by

text: James

text: Madison

text: shows

text: Such

text: influence

text: appears

text: however

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: of

text: a

text: negative

text: nature

text: as

text: Madison

text: describes

text: the

text: Dutch

text: confederacy

text: as

text: exhibiting

text: Imbecility

text: in

text: the

text: government

text: discord

text: among

text: the

text: provinces

text: foreign

text: influence

text: and

text: indignities

text: a

text: precarious

text: existence

text: in

text: peace

text: and

text: peculiar

text: calamities

text: from

text: war

text: Apart

text: from

text: this

text: the

text: American

text: Declaration

text: of

text: Independence

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: Act

text: of

text: Abjuration

text: essentially

text: the

text: declaration

text: of

text: independence

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Provinces

text: but

text: concrete

text: evidence

text: that

text: the

text: former

text: directly

text: influenced

text: the

text: latter

text: is

text: absent

question: Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?

answer: The framers of the US Constitution

text: The framers of the US Constitution

question: Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war."

answer: James Madison

text: James Madison

question: The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?

answer: the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces

text: the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces

question: Who was influenced by the Act of Abjuration?

text: The framers of the US Constitution

question: What shows the framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Dutch confederacy?

text: Federalist No. 20

question: What is one trait James Madison mentions the United Provinces show?

text: discord among the provinces

question: What is similar to the Federalist No. 20?

question: What type of influence did peculiar calamities of war have on the framers of the US constitution?

text: negative


text: In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the University of the Balearic Islands's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing cantam as much as cantem ('we sing') but the University says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be "cantam" in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative: jo compr ('I buy'), jo tem ('I fear'), jo dorm ('I sleep').

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: In

text: the

text: Balearic

text: Islands

text: IEC

text: 's

text: standard

text: is

text: used

text: but

text: adapted

text: for

text: the

text: Balearic

text: dialect

text: by

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: the

text: Balearic

text: Islands

text: 's

text: philological

text: section

text: In

text: this

text: way

text: for

text: instance

text: IEC

text: says

text: it

text: is

text: correct

text: writing

text: cantam

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: cantem

text: we

text: sing

text: but

text: the

text: University

text: says

text: that

text: the

text: priority

text: form

text: in

text: the

text: Balearic

text: Islands

text: must

text: be

text: cantam

text: in

text: all

text: fields

text: Another

text: feature

text: of

text: the

text: Balearic

text: standard

text: is

text: the

text: non

text: ending

text: in

text: the

text: person

text: singular

text: present

text: indicative

text: jo

text: compr

text: I

text: buy

text: jo

text: tem

text: I

text: fear

text: jo

text: dorm

text: I

text: sleep

question: Where is IEC's standard used?

answer: the Balearic Islands

text: the Balearic Islands

question: How is the standard used there?

answer: adapted for the Balearic dialect

text: adapted for the Balearic dialect

question: What is a first person singular  feature of the Balearic standard?

answer: non-ending

text: non-ending


text: Quite a few words from the variety of Old Chinese spoken in the state of Wu (where the ancestral language of Min and Wu dialect families originated and which was likely influenced by the Chinese spoken in the state of Chu which itself was not founded by Chinese speakers),[citation needed] and later words from Middle Chinese as well, have retained the original meanings in Hokkien, while many of their counterparts in Mandarin Chinese have either fallen out of daily use, have been substituted with other words (some of which are borrowed from other languages while others are new developments), or have developed newer meanings. The same may be said of Hokkien as well, since some lexical meaning evolved in step with Mandarin while others are wholly innovative developments.

title: Hokkien

title: Hokkien

text: Quite

text: a

text: few

text: words

text: from

text: the

text: variety

text: of

text: Old

text: Chinese

text: spoken

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Wu

text: where

text: the

text: ancestral

text: language

text: of

text: Min

text: and

text: Wu

text: dialect

text: families

text: originated

text: and

text: which

text: was

text: likely

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: Chinese

text: spoken

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Chu

text: which

text: itself

text: was

text: not

text: founded

text: by

text: Chinese

text: speakers),[citation

text: needed

text: and

text: later

text: words

text: from

text: Middle

text: Chinese

text: as

text: well

text: have

text: retained

text: the

text: original

text: meanings

text: in

text: Hokkien

text: while

text: many

text: of

text: their

text: counterparts

text: in

text: Mandarin

text: Chinese

text: have

text: either

text: fallen

text: out

text: of

text: daily

text: use

text: have

text: been

text: substituted

text: with

text: other

text: words

text: some

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: borrowed

text: from

text: other

text: languages

text: while

text: others

text: are

text: new

text: developments

text: or

text: have

text: developed

text: newer

text: meanings

text: The

text: same

text: may

text: be

text: said

text: of

text: Hokkien

text: as

text: well

text: since

text: some

text: lexical

text: meaning

text: evolved

text: in

text: step

text: with

text: Mandarin

text: while

text: others

text: are

text: wholly

text: innovative

text: developments

question: Where did the language of Min and Wu dialects originate?

answer: in the state of Wu

text: in the state of Wu

question: Chinese spoken in Wu was influenced by Chinese spoken where?

answer: the state of Chu

text: the state of Chu

question: Many middle chinese words have retained their meanings in Hokkein but not in what?

answer: Mandarin Chinese

text: Mandarin Chinese

question: What location did the language of Mandarin Chinese originate?

text: the state of Wu

question: What state was not founded by Hokkien?

text: the state of Chu

question: What is one thing that has happened to the Old Chinese counterparts?

text: have been substituted with other words

question: What changes have happened to Wu compared to Mandarin?

question: Many lexical meaning words have stayed the same in Hokkien but not in what language?

text: Mandarin Chinese


text: There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level. In 1773, Isaac Backus, a prominent Baptist minister in New England, wrote against a state sanctioned religion, saying: "Now who can hear Christ declare, that his kingdom is, not of this world, and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him?" He also observed that when "church and state are separate, the effects are happy, and they do not at all interfere with each other: but where they have been confounded together, no tongue nor pen can fully describe the mischiefs that have ensued." Thomas Jefferson's influential Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was enacted in 1786, five years before the Bill of Rights.

title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

text: There

text: were

text: also

text: opponents

text: to

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: any

text: established

text: church

text: even

text: at

text: the

text: state

text: level

text: In

text: Isaac

text: Backus

text: a

text: prominent

text: Baptist

text: minister

text: in

text: New

text: England

text: wrote

text: against

text: a

text: state

text: sanctioned

text: religion

text: saying

text: Now

text: who

text: can

text: hear

text: Christ

text: declare

text: that

text: his

text: kingdom

text: is

text: not

text: of

text: this

text: world

text: and

text: yet

text: believe

text: that

text: this

text: blending

text: of

text: church

text: and

text: state

text: together

text: can

text: be

text: pleasing

text: to

text: him

text: He

text: also

text: observed

text: that

text: when

text: church

text: and

text: state

text: are

text: separate

text: the

text: effects

text: are

text: happy

text: and

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: at

text: all

text: interfere

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: but

text: where

text: they

text: have

text: been

text: confounded

text: together

text: no

text: tongue

text: nor

text: pen

text: can

text: fully

text: describe

text: the

text: mischiefs

text: that

text: have

text: ensued

text: Thomas

text: Jefferson

text: 's

text: influential

text: Virginia

text: Statute

text: for

text: Religious

text: Freedom

text: was

text: enacted

text: in

text: five

text: years

text: before

text: the

text: Bill

text: of

text: Rights

question: What did an established church, even at the state level, have?

answer: opponents

text: opponents

question: What was Issac Backus' profession?

answer: Baptist minister

text: Baptist minister

question: What region did Isaac Backus come from?

answer: New England

text: New England

question: When did Isaac Backus write against a state sanctioned religion?

answer: 1773

question: When was Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom enacted?

answer: 1786

question: What didn't an established church, even at the state level, have?

text: opponents

question: When was Issac Backus' born?

question: What city did Isaac Backus come from?

text: New England

question: When did Isaac Backus write supporting a state sanctioned religion?

question: When was Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom rejected?


text: This situation prevailed until 1639, when most of Alsace was conquered by France so as to keep it out of the hands of the Spanish Habsburgs, who wanted a clear road to their valuable and rebellious possessions in the Spanish Netherlands. Beset by enemies and seeking to gain a free hand in Hungary, the Habsburgs sold their Sundgau territory (mostly in Upper Alsace) to France in 1646, which had occupied it, for the sum of 1.2 million Thalers. When hostilities were concluded in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia, most of Alsace was recognized as part of France, although some towns remained independent. The treaty stipulations regarding Alsace were complex; although the French king gained sovereignty, existing rights and customs of the inhabitants were largely preserved. France continued to maintain its customs border along the Vosges mountains where it had been, leaving Alsace more economically oriented to neighbouring German-speaking lands. The German language remained in use in local administration, in schools, and at the (Lutheran) University of Strasbourg, which continued to draw students from other German-speaking lands. The 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau, by which the French king ordered the suppression of French Protestantism, was not applied in Alsace. France did endeavour to promote Catholicism; Strasbourg Cathedral, for example, which had been Lutheran from 1524 to 1681, was returned to the Catholic Church. However, compared to the rest of France, Alsace enjoyed a climate of religious tolerance.

title: Alsace

title: Alsace

text: This

text: situation

text: prevailed

text: until

text: when

text: most

text: of

text: Alsace

text: was

text: conquered

text: by

text: France

text: so

text: as

text: to

text: keep

text: it

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: hands

text: of

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Habsburgs

text: who

text: wanted

text: a

text: clear

text: road

text: to

text: their

text: valuable

text: and

text: rebellious

text: possessions

text: in

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Netherlands

text: Beset

text: by

text: enemies

text: and

text: seeking

text: to

text: gain

text: a

text: free

text: hand

text: in

text: Hungary

text: the

text: Habsburgs

text: sold

text: their

text: Sundgau

text: territory

text: mostly

text: in

text: Upper

text: Alsace

text: to

text: France

text: in

text: which

text: had

text: occupied

text: it

text: for

text: the

text: sum

text: of

text: million

text: Thalers

text: When

text: hostilities

text: were

text: concluded

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Westphalia

text: most

text: of

text: Alsace

text: was

text: recognized

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: France

text: although

text: some

text: towns

text: remained

text: independent

text: The

text: treaty

text: stipulations

text: regarding

text: Alsace

text: were

text: complex

text: although

text: the

text: French

text: king

text: gained

text: sovereignty

text: existing

text: rights

text: and

text: customs

text: of

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: were

text: largely

text: preserved

text: France

text: continued

text: to

text: maintain

text: its

text: customs

text: border

text: along

text: the

text: Vosges

text: mountains

text: where

text: it

text: had

text: been

text: leaving

text: Alsace

text: more

text: economically

text: oriented

text: to

text: neighbouring

text: German

text: speaking

text: lands

text: The

text: German

text: language

text: remained

text: in

text: use

text: in

text: local

text: administration

text: in

text: schools

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: Lutheran

text: University

text: of

text: Strasbourg

text: which

text: continued

text: to

text: draw

text: students

text: from

text: other

text: German

text: speaking

text: lands

text: The

text: Edict

text: of

text: Fontainebleau

text: by

text: which

text: the

text: French

text: king

text: ordered

text: the

text: suppression

text: of

text: French

text: Protestantism

text: was

text: not

text: applied

text: in

text: Alsace

text: France

text: did

text: endeavour

text: to

text: promote

text: Catholicism

text: Strasbourg

text: Cathedral

text: for

text: example

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: Lutheran

text: from

text: to

text: was

text: returned

text: to

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: However

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: France

text: Alsace

text: enjoyed

text: a

text: climate

text: of

text: religious

text: tolerance

question: When did the Habsburgs  sell the Sundgau territory to France?

answer: 1646

question: How much did France pay for Sundgau?

answer: 1.2 million Thalers

text: 1.2 million Thalers

question: In 1685 Edict Fontainebleau by way of the French King ordered what to be done?

answer: the suppression of French Protestantism

text: the suppression of French Protestantism

question: When did the Spanish conquer Alsace?

question: How much did the Habsburgs buy Sundgau for?

text: 1.2 million Thalers

question: When was the University of Strasbourg founded?

question: What was the name of the treaty between the French and the Germans?

text: the Treaty of Westphalia

question: When was Strasbourg Cathedral built?


text: Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis (Greek: Περσίς), meaning "land of the Persians." As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, the term persisted, even long after the Persian rule in Greece. However, Persis (Old Persian: Pārśa; Modern Persian: Pārse) was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the southern end of the Zagros Mountains, and is today defined as Fars Province.

title: Iran

title: Iran

text: Historically

text: Iran

text: has

text: been

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Persia

text: by

text: the

text: West

text: due

text: mainly

text: to

text: the

text: writings

text: of

text: Greek

text: historians

text: who

text: called

text: Iran

text: Persis

text: Greek

text: Περσίς

text: meaning

text: land

text: of

text: the

text: Persians

text: As

text: the

text: most

text: extensive

text: interactions

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Greeks

text: had

text: with

text: any

text: outsider

text: was

text: with

text: the

text: Persians

text: the

text: term

text: persisted

text: even

text: long

text: after

text: the

text: Persian

text: rule

text: in

text: Greece

text: However

text: Persis

text: Old

text: Persian

text: Pārśa

text: Modern

text: Persian

text: Pārse

text: was

text: originally

text: referred

text: to

text: a

text: region

text: settled

text: by

text: Persians

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: shore

text: of

text: Lake

text: Urmia

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: The

text: settlement

text: was

text: then

text: shifted

text: to

text: the

text: southern

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Zagros

text: Mountains

text: and

text: is

text: today

text: defined

text: as

text: Fars

text: Province

question: Which historians referred to Iran as Persis?

answer: Greek historians

text: Greek historians

question: What has the West historically referred Iran as?

answer: Persia

text: Persia

question: When did Persians settle on the west shore of Lake Urmia?

answer: the 9th century BC

text: the 9th century BC

question: After Lake Urmia, Persis then shifted over to what region?

answer: the southern end of the Zagros Mountains,

text: the southern end of the Zagros Mountains,

question: What is Persis known as today?

answer: Fars Province

text: Fars Province


text: Preceding the reform law, in August 1952, communist-led riots broke out at textile factories in Kafr el-Dawwar, leading to a clash with the army that left nine people dead. While most of the RCC insisted on executing the riot's two ringleaders, Nasser opposed this. Nonetheless, the sentences were carried out. The Muslim Brotherhood supported the RCC, and after Naguib's assumption of power, demanded four ministerial portfolios in the new cabinet. Nasser turned down their demands and instead hoped to co-opt the Brotherhood by giving two of its members, who were willing to serve officially as independents, minor ministerial posts.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Preceding

text: the

text: reform

text: law

text: in

text: August

text: communist

text: led

text: riots

text: broke

text: out

text: at

text: textile

text: factories

text: in

text: Kafr

text: el

text: Dawwar

text: leading

text: to

text: a

text: clash

text: with

text: the

text: army

text: that

text: left

text: nine

text: people

text: dead

text: While

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: RCC

text: insisted

text: on

text: executing

text: the

text: riot

text: 's

text: two

text: ringleaders

text: Nasser

text: opposed

text: this

text: Nonetheless

text: the

text: sentences

text: were

text: carried

text: out

text: The

text: Muslim

text: Brotherhood

text: supported

text: the

text: RCC

text: and

text: after

text: Naguib

text: 's

text: assumption

text: of

text: power

text: demanded

text: four

text: ministerial

text: portfolios

text: in

text: the

text: new

text: cabinet

text: Nasser

text: turned

text: down

text: their

text: demands

text: and

text: instead

text: hoped

text: to

text: co

text: opt

text: the

text: Brotherhood

text: by

text: giving

text: two

text: of

text: its

text: members

text: who

text: were

text: willing

text: to

text: serve

text: officially

text: as

text: independents

text: minor

text: ministerial

text: posts

question: What group rioted at the textile factories?

answer: communist

text: communist

question: How many people died in the textile factory riots?

answer: nine

text: nine

question: What group supported the RCC?

answer: Muslim Brotherhood

text: Muslim Brotherhood

question: How many posts did the Muslim Brotherhood get in Naguib's cabinet?

answer: two

text: two

question: What was Nasser's position on executing the rioter's leaders?

answer: opposed

text: opposed


text: Akbar's son, Jahangir more or less followed father's policy. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600. The reign of Shah Jahan was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Shivaji. Historian Sir. J.N. Sarkar wrote, "All seemed to have been gained by Aurangzeb now, but in reality all was lost." The same was echoed by Vincent Smith: "The Deccan proved to be the graveyard not only of Aurangzeb's body but also of his empire".

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: Akbar

text: 's

text: son

text: Jahangir

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: followed

text: father

text: 's

text: policy

text: The

text: Mughal

text: dynasty

text: ruled

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: by

text: The

text: reign

text: of

text: Shah

text: Jahan

text: was

text: the

text: golden

text: age

text: of

text: Mughal

text: architecture

text: He

text: erected

text: several

text: large

text: monuments

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: Taj

text: Mahal

text: at

text: Agra

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Moti

text: Masjid

text: Agra

text: the

text: Red

text: Fort

text: the

text: Jama

text: Masjid

text: Delhi

text: and

text: the

text: Lahore

text: Fort

text: The

text: Mughal

text: Empire

text: reached

text: the

text: zenith

text: of

text: its

text: territorial

text: expanse

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Aurangzeb

text: and

text: also

text: started

text: its

text: terminal

text: decline

text: in

text: his

text: reign

text: due

text: to

text: Maratha

text: military

text: resurgence

text: under

text: Shivaji

text: Historian

text: Sir

text: J.N.

text: Sarkar

text: wrote

text: All

text: seemed

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: gained

text: by

text: Aurangzeb

text: now

text: but

text: in

text: reality

text: all

text: was

text: lost

text: The

text: same

text: was

text: echoed

text: by

text: Vincent

text: Smith

text: The

text: Deccan

text: proved

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: graveyard

text: not

text: only

text: of

text: Aurangzeb

text: 's

text: body

text: but

text: also

text: of

text: his

text: empire

question: By what date did the Mughal dynasty rule most of India?

answer: 1600

question: What famous monument did Shah Jahan build at Agra?

answer: Taj Mahal

text: Taj Mahal

question: During whose reign did the Mughal Empire reach its greatest expanse?

answer: Aurangzeb

text: Aurangzeb

question: What actions caused the decline of the Mughal Empire?

answer: Maratha military resurgence

text: Maratha military resurgence

question: What reached it height during the reign of Shah Jehan?

answer: Mughal architecture

text: Mughal architecture


text: Despite plans of expanding into other global regions and product segments, Dell was heavily dependent on U.S. corporate PC market, as desktop PCs sold to both commercial and corporate customers accounted for 32 percent of its revenue, 85 percent of its revenue comes from businesses, and Sixty-four percent of its revenue comes from North and South America, according to its 2006 third-quarter results. U.S. shipments of desktop PCs were shrinking, and the corporate PC market which purchases PCs in upgrade cycles had largely decided to take a break from buying new systems. The last cycle started around 2002, three or so years after companies started buying PCs ahead of the perceived Y2K problems, and corporate clients were not expected to upgrade again until extensive testing of Microsoft's Windows Vista (expected in early 2007), putting the next upgrade cycle around 2008. Heavily depending on PCs, Dell had to slash prices to boost sales volumes, while demanding deep cuts from suppliers.

title: Dell

title: Dell

text: Despite

text: plans

text: of

text: expanding

text: into

text: other

text: global

text: regions

text: and

text: product

text: segments

text: Dell

text: was

text: heavily

text: dependent

text: on

text: U.S.

text: corporate

text: PC

text: market

text: as

text: desktop

text: PCs

text: sold

text: to

text: both

text: commercial

text: and

text: corporate

text: customers

text: accounted

text: for

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: revenue

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: revenue

text: comes

text: from

text: businesses

text: and

text: Sixty

text: four

text: percent

text: of

text: its

text: revenue

text: comes

text: from

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: according

text: to

text: its

text: third

text: quarter

text: results

text: U.S.

text: shipments

text: of

text: desktop

text: PCs

text: were

text: shrinking

text: and

text: the

text: corporate

text: PC

text: market

text: which

text: purchases

text: PCs

text: in

text: upgrade

text: cycles

text: had

text: largely

text: decided

text: to

text: take

text: a

text: break

text: from

text: buying

text: new

text: systems

text: The

text: last

text: cycle

text: started

text: around

text: three

text: or

text: so

text: years

text: after

text: companies

text: started

text: buying

text: PCs

text: ahead

text: of

text: the

text: perceived

text: K

text: problems

text: and

text: corporate

text: clients

text: were

text: not

text: expected

text: to

text: upgrade

text: again

text: until

text: extensive

text: testing

text: of

text: Microsoft

text: 's

text: Windows

text: Vista

text: expected

text: in

text: early

text: putting

text: the

text: next

text: upgrade

text: cycle

text: around

text: Heavily

text: depending

text: on

text: PCs

text: Dell

text: had

text: to

text: slash

text: prices

text: to

text: boost

text: sales

text: volumes

text: while

text: demanding

text: deep

text: cuts

text: from

text: suppliers

question: What country's PC market was Dell reliant on?

answer: U.S

text: U.S

question: What percentage of Dell's profits were desktop PCs being sold to commercial and corporate buyers?

answer: 32 percent

text: 32 percent

question: What year were Dell's PC profits shrinking?

answer: 2006

question: What operating system was slated to be the next system upgrade for corporate clients?

answer: Microsoft's Windows Vista

text: Microsoft's Windows Vista

question: What country's PC market was Dell unreliant on?

text: U.S.

question: What year were Dell's PC profits growing?

question: What percentage of Dell's profits were laptop PCs being sold to commercial and corporate buyers?

text: 32 percent

question: What percentage of Dell's profits were desktop PCs being sold to commercial and home buyers?

text: 32 percent

question: What operating system was slated to be the next system upgrade for home clients?

text: Microsoft's Windows Vista


text: In 1978, the band released Jazz, which reached number two in the UK and number six on the Billboard 200 in the US. The album included the hit singles "Fat Bottomed Girls" and "Bicycle Race" on a double-sided record. Queen rented Wimbledon Stadium for a day to shoot the video, with 65 naked female models hired to stage a nude bicycle race. Reviews of the album in recent years have been more favourable. Another notable track from Jazz, "Don't Stop Me Now", provides another example of the band's exuberant vocal harmonies.

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: In

text: the

text: band

text: released

text: Jazz

text: which

text: reached

text: number

text: two

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: number

text: six

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: The

text: album

text: included

text: the

text: hit

text: singles

text: Fat

text: Bottomed

text: Girls

text: and

text: Bicycle

text: Race

text: on

text: a

text: double

text: sided

text: record

text: Queen

text: rented

text: Wimbledon

text: Stadium

text: for

text: a

text: day

text: to

text: shoot

text: the

text: video

text: with

text: naked

text: female

text: models

text: hired

text: to

text: stage

text: a

text: nude

text: bicycle

text: race

text: Reviews

text: of

text: the

text: album

text: in

text: recent

text: years

text: have

text: been

text: more

text: favourable

text: Another

text: notable

text: track

text: from

text: Jazz

text: Do

text: n't

text: Stop

text: Me

text: Now

text: provides

text: another

text: example

text: of

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: exuberant

text: vocal

text: harmonies

question: In what year did Queen release the album Jazz?

answer: 1978

question: What number did Queen's Jazz reach on UK charts?

answer: two

text: two

question: What number did Queen's Jazz reach on the Billboard 200?

answer: six

text: six

question: What were the two hit singles off of Queen's album Jazz?

answer: "Fat Bottomed Girls" and "Bicycle Race"

text: "Fat Bottomed Girls" and "Bicycle Race"

question: Queen rented what venue for a music video in 1978?

answer: Wimbledon Stadium

text: Wimbledon Stadium


text: Guam's climate is characterized as tropical marine moderated by seasonal northeast trade winds. The weather is generally very warm and humid with little seasonal temperature variation. The mean high temperature is 86 °F (30 °C) and mean low is 76 °F (24 °C) with an average annual rainfall of 96 inches (2,180 mm). The dry season runs from December to June. The remaining months (July to November) constitute the rainy season. The months of January and February are considered the coolest months of the year with overnight low temperatures of 70–75 °F (21–24 °C) and low humidity levels. The highest temperature ever recorded in Guam was 96 °F (36 °C) on April 18, 1971 and April 1, 1990, and the lowest temperature ever recorded was 65 °F (18 °C) on February 8, 1973.

title: Guam

title: Guam

text: Guam

text: 's

text: climate

text: is

text: characterized

text: as

text: tropical

text: marine

text: moderated

text: by

text: seasonal

text: northeast

text: trade

text: winds

text: The

text: weather

text: is

text: generally

text: very

text: warm

text: and

text: humid

text: with

text: little

text: seasonal

text: temperature

text: variation

text: The

text: mean

text: high

text: temperature

text: is

text: F

text: C

text: and

text: mean

text: low

text: is

text: F

text: C

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: annual

text: rainfall

text: of

text: inches

text: mm

text: The

text: dry

text: season

text: runs

text: from

text: December

text: to

text: June

text: The

text: remaining

text: months

text: July

text: to

text: November

text: constitute

text: the

text: rainy

text: season

text: The

text: months

text: of

text: January

text: and

text: February

text: are

text: considered

text: the

text: coolest

text: months

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: with

text: overnight

text: low

text: temperatures

text: of

text: F

text: C

text: and

text: low

text: humidity

text: levels

text: The

text: highest

text: temperature

text: ever

text: recorded

text: in

text: Guam

text: was

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: April

text: and

text: April

text: and

text: the

text: lowest

text: temperature

text: ever

text: recorded

text: was

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: February

question: What is Guam's climate characterized as?

answer: tropical marine

text: tropical marine

question: What is the mean high temperature in Guam?

answer: 86 °F (30 °C)

text: 86 °F (30 °C)

question: What is the average annual rainfall of Guam?

answer: 96 inches (2,180 mm)

text: 96 inches (2,180 mm)

question: When does the dry season in Guam typical run?

answer: December to June

text: December to June

question: Which months are considered the coldest in Guam?

answer: January and February

text: January and February

question: What is the usual overnight low temperature in March?

text: 76 °F

question: What is the mean high temperature in Guam in November?

text: 86 °F

question: What is the mean annual rainfall in Guam?

text: 96 inches

question: What is usually the hottest month in Guam?

text: December

question: What is usually the coldest month in Guam?

text: June


text: The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late 19th century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and coloured in 1959.

title: Westminster_Abbey

title: Westminster_Abbey

text: The

text: organ

text: was

text: built

text: by

text: Harrison

text: Harrison

text: in

text: then

text: with

text: four

text: manuals

text: and

text: speaking

text: stops

text: and

text: was

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: at

text: the

text: coronation

text: of

text: King

text: George

text: VI

text: Some

text: pipework

text: from

text: the

text: previous

text: Hill

text: organ

text: of

text: was

text: revoiced

text: and

text: incorporated

text: in

text: the

text: new

text: scheme

text: The

text: two

text: organ

text: cases

text: designed

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: by

text: John

text: Loughborough

text: Pearson

text: were

text: re

text: instated

text: and

text: coloured

text: in

question: Who built the organ?

answer: Harrison & Harrison

text: Harrison & Harrison

question: When was the organ built?

answer: 1937

question: When was the organ first used?

answer: the coronation of King George VI

text: the coronation of King George VI

question: What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1848?

answer: pipework

text: pipework

question: Who designed the two organ cases?

answer: John Loughborough Pearson

text: John Loughborough Pearson

question: Who destroyed the organ?

text: Harrison & Harrison

question: When was the organ destroyed?

question: When was the organ last used?

text: King George VI

question: What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1948?

text: pipework

question: Who designed the three organ cases?

text: John Loughborough Pearson


text: Lack of political unity within Greece resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states. The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), won by Sparta and marking the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece. Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon, with the latter uniting the Greek world in the League of Corinth (also known as the Hellenic League or Greek League) under the guidance of Phillip II, who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in history.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: Lack

text: of

text: political

text: unity

text: within

text: Greece

text: resulted

text: in

text: frequent

text: conflict

text: between

text: Greek

text: states

text: The

text: most

text: devastating

text: intra

text: Greek

text: war

text: was

text: the

text: Peloponnesian

text: War

text: BC

text: won

text: by

text: Sparta

text: and

text: marking

text: the

text: demise

text: of

text: the

text: Athenian

text: Empire

text: as

text: the

text: leading

text: power

text: in

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: Both

text: Athens

text: and

text: Sparta

text: were

text: later

text: overshadowed

text: by

text: Thebes

text: and

text: eventually

text: Macedon

text: with

text: the

text: latter

text: uniting

text: the

text: Greek

text: world

text: in

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Corinth

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Hellenic

text: League

text: or

text: Greek

text: League

text: under

text: the

text: guidance

text: of

text: Phillip

text: II

text: who

text: was

text: elected

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: unified

text: Greek

text: state

text: in

text: history

question: The war from 431-404 BC is known as what?

answer: Peloponnesian War

text: Peloponnesian War

question: What often caused strife between Greek states?

answer: Lack of political unity

text: Lack of political unity

question: Who won the Peloponnesian war?

answer: Sparta

text: Sparta

question: Who eventually brought the Greeks together?

answer: Macedon

text: Macedon

question: Who was the first leader of a unified Greece?

answer: Phillip II

text: Phillip II


text: A new approach to avoiding overhead wires is taken by the "second generation" tram/streetcar system in Bordeaux, France (entry into service of the first line in December 2003; original system discontinued in 1958) with its APS (alimentation par sol – ground current feed). This involves a third rail which is flush with the surface like the tops of the running rails. The circuit is divided into segments with each segment energized in turn by sensors from the car as it passes over it, the remainder of the third rail remaining "dead". Since each energized segment is completely covered by the lengthy articulated cars, and goes dead before being "uncovered" by the passage of the vehicle, there is no danger to pedestrians. This system has also been adopted in some sections of the new tram systems in Reims, France (opened 2011) and Angers, France (also opened 2011). Proposals are in place for a number of other new services including Dubai, UAE; Barcelona, Spain; Florence, Italy; Marseille, France; Gold Coast, Australia; Washington, D.C., U.S.A.; Brasília, Brazil and Tours, France.

title: Railway_electrification_system

title: Railway_electrification_system

text: A

text: new

text: approach

text: to

text: avoiding

text: overhead

text: wires

text: is

text: taken

text: by

text: the

text: second

text: generation

text: tram

text: streetcar

text: system

text: in

text: Bordeaux

text: France

text: entry

text: into

text: service

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: line

text: in

text: December

text: original

text: system

text: discontinued

text: in

text: with

text: its

text: APS

text: alimentation

text: par

text: sol

text: ground

text: current

text: feed

text: This

text: involves

text: a

text: third

text: rail

text: which

text: is

text: flush

text: with

text: the

text: surface

text: like

text: the

text: tops

text: of

text: the

text: running

text: rails

text: The

text: circuit

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: segments

text: with

text: each

text: segment

text: energized

text: in

text: turn

text: by

text: sensors

text: from

text: the

text: car

text: as

text: it

text: passes

text: over

text: it

text: the

text: remainder

text: of

text: the

text: third

text: rail

text: remaining

text: dead

text: Since

text: each

text: energized

text: segment

text: is

text: completely

text: covered

text: by

text: the

text: lengthy

text: articulated

text: cars

text: and

text: goes

text: dead

text: before

text: being

text: uncovered

text: by

text: the

text: passage

text: of

text: the

text: vehicle

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: danger

text: to

text: pedestrians

text: This

text: system

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: adopted

text: in

text: some

text: sections

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: tram

text: systems

text: in

text: Reims

text: France

text: opened

text: and

text: Angers

text: France

text: also

text: opened

text: Proposals

text: are

text: in

text: place

text: for

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: new

text: services

text: including

text: Dubai

text: UAE

text: Barcelona

text: Spain

text: Florence

text: Italy

text: Marseille

text: France

text: Gold

text: Coast

text: Australia

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: U.S.A.

text: Brasília

text: Brazil

text: and

text: Tours

text: France

question: What year the "second generation" of tram system began to operate in France?

answer: 2003

question: When was the original system discontinued?

answer: 1958

question: How is the circuit of the third rail divided?

answer: energized segment

text: energized segment

question: Does energized segment of third rail pose the threat to pedestrians if uncovered?

answer: no danger

text: no danger

question: An old approach to avoiding overhead wires is taken by what system?

question: What system has been adopted in all sections of the new tram systems in Reims, France?

question: When did the new tram system in Paris, France open?

question: When did the new trans system in Achnor, France open?

question: The circuit is left undivided in what system?


text: Though Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage of the population, few blacks have been elected as politicians. The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% people of color, but voters have not elected a mayor of color. Journalists like to say that US cities with black majorities, such as Detroit and New Orleans, have not elected white mayors since after the civil rights movement, when the Voting Rights Act of 1965 protected the franchise for minorities, and blacks in the South regained the power to vote for the first time since the turn of the 20th century. New Orleans elected its first black mayor in the 1970s. New Orleans elected a white mayor after the widescale disruption and damage of Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: Though

text: Brazilians

text: of

text: at

text: least

text: partial

text: African

text: heritage

text: make

text: up

text: a

text: large

text: percentage

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: few

text: blacks

text: have

text: been

text: elected

text: as

text: politicians

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Salvador

text: Bahia

text: for

text: instance

text: is

text: people

text: of

text: color

text: but

text: voters

text: have

text: not

text: elected

text: a

text: mayor

text: of

text: color

text: Journalists

text: like

text: to

text: say

text: that

text: US

text: cities

text: with

text: black

text: majorities

text: such

text: as

text: Detroit

text: and

text: New

text: Orleans

text: have

text: not

text: elected

text: white

text: mayors

text: since

text: after

text: the

text: civil

text: rights

text: movement

text: when

text: the

text: Voting

text: Rights

text: Act

text: of

text: protected

text: the

text: franchise

text: for

text: minorities

text: and

text: blacks

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: regained

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: vote

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: since

text: the

text: turn

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: New

text: Orleans

text: elected

text: its

text: first

text: black

text: mayor

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: Orleans

text: elected

text: a

text: white

text: mayor

text: after

text: the

text: widescale

text: disruption

text: and

text: damage

text: of

text: Hurricane

text: Katrina

text: in

question: What race has a very low rate of holding public office in Brazil?

answer: blacks

text: blacks

question: How much of the population of Salvador, Bahia is black or mixed race?

answer: 80%

question: When did the US institute the Voting Rights Act?

answer: 1965

question: When did New Orleans elect it's first black Mayor?

answer: 1970s

question: What large hurricane hit New Orleans?

answer: Hurricane Katrina

text: Hurricane Katrina


text: In his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party comrades from prison. The riot had, in fact, been part of a plan by which leaders of the Communist party with connections to Béla Kun tried to take power by a coup; Popper did not know about this at that time. However, he knew that the riot instigators were swayed by the Marxist doctrine that class struggle would produce vastly more dead men than the inevitable revolution brought about as quickly as possible, and so had no scruples to put the life of the rioters at risk to achieve their selfish goal of becoming the future leaders of the working class. This was the start of his later criticism of historicism. Popper began to reject Marxist historicism, which he associated with questionable means, and later socialism, which he associated with placing equality before freedom (to the possible disadvantage of equality).

title: Karl_Popper

title: Karl_Popper

text: In

text: his

text: early

text: years

text: Popper

text: was

text: impressed

text: by

text: Marxism

text: whether

text: of

text: Communists

text: or

text: socialists

text: An

text: event

text: that

text: happened

text: in

text: had

text: a

text: profound

text: effect

text: on

text: him

text: During

text: a

text: riot

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: Communists

text: the

text: police

text: shot

text: several

text: unarmed

text: people

text: including

text: some

text: of

text: Popper

text: 's

text: friends

text: when

text: they

text: tried

text: to

text: free

text: party

text: comrades

text: from

text: prison

text: The

text: riot

text: had

text: in

text: fact

text: been

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: plan

text: by

text: which

text: leaders

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: party

text: with

text: connections

text: to

text: Béla

text: Kun

text: tried

text: to

text: take

text: power

text: by

text: a

text: coup

text: Popper

text: did

text: not

text: know

text: about

text: this

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: However

text: he

text: knew

text: that

text: the

text: riot

text: instigators

text: were

text: swayed

text: by

text: the

text: Marxist

text: doctrine

text: that

text: class

text: struggle

text: would

text: produce

text: vastly

text: more

text: dead

text: men

text: than

text: the

text: inevitable

text: revolution

text: brought

text: about

text: as

text: quickly

text: as

text: possible

text: and

text: so

text: had

text: no

text: scruples

text: to

text: put

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: the

text: rioters

text: at

text: risk

text: to

text: achieve

text: their

text: selfish

text: goal

text: of

text: becoming

text: the

text: future

text: leaders

text: of

text: the

text: working

text: class

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: his

text: later

text: criticism

text: of

text: historicism

text: Popper

text: began

text: to

text: reject

text: Marxist

text: historicism

text: which

text: he

text: associated

text: with

text: questionable

text: means

text: and

text: later

text: socialism

text: which

text: he

text: associated

text: with

text: placing

text: equality

text: before

text: freedom

text: to

text: the

text: possible

text: disadvantage

text: of

text: equality

question: Who instigated the 1919 riot that reshaped Popper's political views?

answer: Communists

text: Communists

question: The 1919 riot involving Popper's comrades was part of what larger political move?

answer: a coup

text: a coup

question: Popper's critique of which doctrine has its origins in first-hand observation of communist agitation?

answer: historicism

text: historicism

question: Which historically significant communist activist was associated with the 1919 riots in which some of Popper's friends were killed?

answer: Béla Kun

text: Béla Kun

question: What did the Marxist rioters believe would cause more death and suffering than their own agitation?

answer: class struggle

text: class struggle

question: What year did the Communists stop a riot from occurring?

question: What was Popper impressed by in his later years?

text: Marxism

question: How many armed people did the police shoot?

text: several

question: What did Popper associate with noble means?

text: Marxist historicism

question: What did Popper think placed freedom before equality?

text: socialism


text: Southampton is also served by the rail network, which is used both by freight services to and from the docks and passenger services as part of the national rail system. The main station in the city is Southampton Central. Rail routes run east towards Portsmouth, north to Winchester, the Midlands and London, and westwards to Bournemouth, Poole, Dorchester, Weymouth, Salisbury, Bristol and Cardiff. The route to London was opened in 1840 by what was to become the London and South Western Railway Company. Both this and its successor the Southern Railway (UK) played a significant role in the creation of the modern port following their purchase and development of the town's docks.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: Southampton

text: is

text: also

text: served

text: by

text: the

text: rail

text: network

text: which

text: is

text: used

text: both

text: by

text: freight

text: services

text: to

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: docks

text: and

text: passenger

text: services

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: national

text: rail

text: system

text: The

text: main

text: station

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: Southampton

text: Central

text: Rail

text: routes

text: run

text: east

text: towards

text: Portsmouth

text: north

text: to

text: Winchester

text: the

text: Midlands

text: and

text: London

text: and

text: westwards

text: to

text: Bournemouth

text: Poole

text: Dorchester

text: Weymouth

text: Salisbury

text: Bristol

text: and

text: Cardiff

text: The

text: route

text: to

text: London

text: was

text: opened

text: in

text: by

text: what

text: was

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: London

text: and

text: South

text: Western

text: Railway

text: Company

text: Both

text: this

text: and

text: its

text: successor

text: the

text: Southern

text: Railway

text: UK

text: played

text: a

text: significant

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: port

text: following

text: their

text: purchase

text: and

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: town

text: 's

text: docks

question: Southampton's railways provide freight services and what other important services?

answer: passenger services

text: passenger services

question: What's the name of the main train station in Southampton?

answer: Southampton Central

text: Southampton Central

question: Heading east from Southampton, what city is connected by rail?

answer: Portsmouth

text: Portsmouth

question: In which direction do trains run from Southampton to Winchester?

answer: north

text: north

question: In what year did the rail route from Southampton to London open?

answer: 1840