text: Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, the Black Sea coast, Cappadocia in central Anatolia, Egypt, the Balkans, Cyprus, and Constantinople. Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization. The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.

title: Greeks

title: Greeks

text: Greek

text: colonies

text: and

text: communities

text: have

text: been

text: historically

text: established

text: on

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: and

text: Black

text: Sea

text: but

text: the

text: Greek

text: people

text: have

text: always

text: been

text: centered

text: around

text: the

text: Aegean

text: and

text: Ionian

text: seas

text: where

text: the

text: Greek

text: language

text: has

text: been

text: spoken

text: since

text: the

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: Until

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Greeks

text: were

text: distributed

text: between

text: the

text: Greek

text: peninsula

text: the

text: western

text: coast

text: of

text: Asia

text: Minor

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: coast

text: Cappadocia

text: in

text: central

text: Anatolia

text: Egypt

text: the

text: Balkans

text: Cyprus

text: and

text: Constantinople

text: Many

text: of

text: these

text: regions

text: coincided

text: to

text: a

text: large

text: extent

text: with

text: the

text: borders

text: of

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Mediterranean

text: areas

text: of

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: colonization

text: The

text: cultural

text: centers

text: of

text: the

text: Greeks

text: have

text: included

text: Athens

text: Thessalonica

text: Alexandria

text: Smyrna

text: and

text: Constantinople

text: at

text: various

text: periods

question: Where are Greek States believed to have been settled ?

answer: Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea

text: Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea

question: Which two bodies of water are believed to be central to the establishment of the Greek society ?

answer: Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas

text: Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas

question: When was the emergence of the Greek spoken dialect believed to have started ?

answer: the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.

text: the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.

question: Where have the centers of culture been located for the Grecian world historically ?

answer: The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.

text: The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.

question: What other culture did the Greek states share boarders with ?

answer: these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century

text: these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century

question: Where have Egyptian colonies been historically established?

question: What two seas have the Egyptian people always lived close to?

text: Aegean and Ionian

question: How long has the Egyptian language been spoken?

text: since the Bronze Age

question: In what century was the Egyptian empire prominent?

text: 11th century

question: What are two cities associated with the formation of Egyptian culture?

text: Athens, Thessalonica

question: Which two seas have been least central to Greek history?

text: Aegean and Ionian seas

question: During which prehistoric age was the Latin language invented?

text: Bronze

question: Which city in modern Turkey was once a minor center of Greek culture?

text: Constantinople

question: What tenth century empire had roughly the same extent as ancient Greece's?

text: Byzantine Empire

question: Which area of South Africa has hosted Greek communities in the past?

text: Egypt

question: Which two seas have been least central to Greek history?

text: Aegean and Ionian seas

question: During which prehistoric age was the Greek language rejected?

text: Bronze

question: Which city in modern Iran was once a major center of Greek culture?

text: Constantinople

question: Which area of North Africa has hosted Irish communities in the past?

text: Egypt

question: What twelfth century empire had roughly the same extent as ancient Greece's?

text: Byzantine Empire


text: Athanasius's episcopate began on 9 May 328 as the Alexandrian Council elected Athanasius to succeed the aged Alexander. That council also denounced various heresies and schisms, many of which continued to preoccupy his 45-year-long episcopate (c. 8 June 328 – 2 May 373). Patriarch Athanasius spent over 17 years in five exiles ordered by four different Roman Emperors, not counting approximately six more incidents in which Athanasius fled Alexandria to escape people seeking to take his life. This gave rise to the expression "Athanasius contra mundum" or "Athanasius against the world". However, during his first years as bishop, Athanasius visited the churches of his territory, which at that time included all of Egypt and Libya. He established contacts with the hermits and monks of the desert, including Pachomius, which proved very valuable to him over the years. Shortly thereafter, Athanasius became occupied with the theological disputes against Arians within the Byzantine Empire that would occupy much of his life.

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

text: Athanasius

text: 's

text: episcopate

text: began

text: on

text: May

text: as

text: the

text: Alexandrian

text: Council

text: elected

text: Athanasius

text: to

text: succeed

text: the

text: aged

text: Alexander

text: That

text: council

text: also

text: denounced

text: various

text: heresies

text: and

text: schisms

text: many

text: of

text: which

text: continued

text: to

text: preoccupy

text: his

text: long

text: episcopate

text: c.

text: June

text: May

text: Patriarch

text: Athanasius

text: spent

text: over

text: years

text: in

text: five

text: exiles

text: ordered

text: by

text: four

text: different

text: Roman

text: Emperors

text: not

text: counting

text: approximately

text: six

text: more

text: incidents

text: in

text: which

text: Athanasius

text: fled

text: Alexandria

text: to

text: escape

text: people

text: seeking

text: to

text: take

text: his

text: life

text: This

text: gave

text: rise

text: to

text: the

text: expression

text: Athanasius

text: contra

text: mundum

text: or

text: Athanasius

text: against

text: the

text: world

text: However

text: during

text: his

text: first

text: years

text: as

text: bishop

text: Athanasius

text: visited

text: the

text: churches

text: of

text: his

text: territory

text: which

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: included

text: all

text: of

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Libya

text: He

text: established

text: contacts

text: with

text: the

text: hermits

text: and

text: monks

text: of

text: the

text: desert

text: including

text: Pachomius

text: which

text: proved

text: very

text: valuable

text: to

text: him

text: over

text: the

text: years

text: Shortly

text: thereafter

text: Athanasius

text: became

text: occupied

text: with

text: the

text: theological

text: disputes

text: against

text: Arians

text: within

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: that

text: would

text: occupy

text: much

text: of

text: his

text: life

question: Who did Athanasius succeed?

answer: Alexander

text: Alexander

question: How many exiles did he endure?

answer: five exiles

text: five exiles

question: The churches of what countries were in his territory?

answer: Egypt and Libya

text: Egypt and Libya

question: Was he united with the Arians in his beliefs?

answer: disputes against Arians

text: disputes against Arians

question: Who did Athanasius proceed?

text: Alexander

question: How many exiles did he evade?

text: five

question: The churches of what countries were in not his territory?

text: Egypt and Libya

question: Who did he agree with in his beliefs?

text: Arians


text: The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants, 269,196 Roman Catholics, and 13,877 Jews. The Low Prussian dialect predominated in East Prussia, although High Prussian was spoken in Warmia. The numbers of Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians decreased over time due to the process of Germanization. The Polish-speaking population concentrated in the south of the province (Masuria and Warmia) and all German geographic atlases at the start of 20th century showed the southern part of East Prussia as Polish with the number of Poles estimated at the time to be 300,000. Kursenieki inhabited the areas around the Curonian lagoon, while Lithuanian-speaking Prussians concentrated in the northeast in (Lithuania Minor). The Old Prussian ethnic group became completely Germanized over time and the Old Prussian language died out in the 18th century.

title: East_Prussia

title: East_Prussia

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: in

text: was

text: people

text: with

text: a

text: religious

text: makeup

text: of

text: Protestants

text: Roman

text: Catholics

text: and

text: Jews

text: The

text: Low

text: Prussian

text: dialect

text: predominated

text: in

text: East

text: Prussia

text: although

text: High

text: Prussian

text: was

text: spoken

text: in

text: Warmia

text: The

text: numbers

text: of

text: Masurians

text: Kursenieki

text: and

text: Prussian

text: Lithuanians

text: decreased

text: over

text: time

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: Germanization

text: The

text: Polish

text: speaking

text: population

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: Masuria

text: and

text: Warmia

text: and

text: all

text: German

text: geographic

text: atlases

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: century

text: showed

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: East

text: Prussia

text: as

text: Polish

text: with

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: Poles

text: estimated

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: to

text: be

text: Kursenieki

text: inhabited

text: the

text: areas

text: around

text: the

text: Curonian

text: lagoon

text: while

text: Lithuanian

text: speaking

text: Prussians

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: northeast

text: in

text: Lithuania

text: Minor

text: The

text: Old

text: Prussian

text: ethnic

text: group

text: became

text: completely

text: Germanized

text: over

text: time

text: and

text: the

text: Old

text: Prussian

text: language

text: died

text: out

text: in

text: the

text: century

question: Was the population of the Prussian province in 1900?

answer: 1,996,626 people

text: 1,996,626 people

question: Which religious group made up the majority of the population in Prussia?

answer: Protestants

text: Protestants

question: Due to Germanization which three groups saw a decrease in Prussia?

answer: Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians

text: Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians

question: How many people spoke the Low Prussian dialect in East Prussia?

question: What religion were most Prussian Lithuanians?

text: Roman Catholics

question: How many Kursenieki were there in the areas around the Curonian lagoon?

question: What language did most of the Jews speak?

text: High Prussian

question: What religion were the Kursenieki?

text: Protestants


text: Education in Switzerland is very diverse because the constitution of Switzerland delegates the authority for the school system to the cantons. There are both public and private schools, including many private international schools. The minimum age for primary school is about six years in all cantons, but most cantons provide a free "children's school" starting at four or five years old. Primary school continues until grade four, five or six, depending on the school. Traditionally, the first foreign language in school was always one of the other national languages, although recently (2000) English was introduced first in a few cantons.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: Education

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: is

text: very

text: diverse

text: because

text: the

text: constitution

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: delegates

text: the

text: authority

text: for

text: the

text: school

text: system

text: to

text: the

text: cantons

text: There

text: are

text: both

text: public

text: and

text: private

text: schools

text: including

text: many

text: private

text: international

text: schools

text: The

text: minimum

text: age

text: for

text: primary

text: school

text: is

text: about

text: six

text: years

text: in

text: all

text: cantons

text: but

text: most

text: cantons

text: provide

text: a

text: free

text: children

text: 's

text: school

text: starting

text: at

text: four

text: or

text: five

text: years

text: old

text: Primary

text: school

text: continues

text: until

text: grade

text: four

text: five

text: or

text: six

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: school

text: Traditionally

text: the

text: first

text: foreign

text: language

text: in

text: school

text: was

text: always

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: national

text: languages

text: although

text: recently

text: English

text: was

text: introduced

text: first

text: in

text: a

text: few

text: cantons

question: Who has authority of school systems in Switzerland?

answer: the cantons

text: the cantons

question: What is the minimum age for primary school in all cantons?

answer: six

text: six

question: What do most cantons provide for free when children are 4 or 5 years old?

answer: children's school

text: children's school

question: When was English introduced as a first foreign language in many cantons?

answer: 2000

question: How long does primary school continue?

answer: until grade four, five or six

text: until grade four, five or six


text: Although England's first away kits were blue, England's traditional away colours are red shirts, white shorts and red socks. In 1996, England's away kit was changed to grey shirts, shorts and socks. This kit was only worn three times, including against Germany in the semi-final of Euro 96 but the deviation from the traditional red was unpopular with supporters and the England away kit remained red until 2011, when a navy blue away kit was introduced. The away kit is also sometimes worn during home matches, when a new edition has been released to promote it.

title: England_national_football_team

title: England_national_football_team

text: Although

text: England

text: 's

text: first

text: away

text: kits

text: were

text: blue

text: England

text: 's

text: traditional

text: away

text: colours

text: are

text: red

text: shirts

text: white

text: shorts

text: and

text: red

text: socks

text: In

text: England

text: 's

text: away

text: kit

text: was

text: changed

text: to

text: grey

text: shirts

text: shorts

text: and

text: socks

text: This

text: kit

text: was

text: only

text: worn

text: three

text: times

text: including

text: against

text: Germany

text: in

text: the

text: semi

text: final

text: of

text: Euro

text: but

text: the

text: deviation

text: from

text: the

text: traditional

text: red

text: was

text: unpopular

text: with

text: supporters

text: and

text: the

text: England

text: away

text: kit

text: remained

text: red

text: until

text: when

text: a

text: navy

text: blue

text: away

text: kit

text: was

text: introduced

text: The

text: away

text: kit

text: is

text: also

text: sometimes

text: worn

text: during

text: home

text: matches

text: when

text: a

text: new

text: edition

text: has

text: been

text: released

text: to

text: promote

text: it

question: What color were England's first away kits?

answer: blue

text: blue

question: What color are the socks traditionally worn in England's away kits?

answer: red

text: red

question: Three times in 1996, England wore what color socks in their away kits instead of the traditional red socks?

answer: grey

text: grey

question: In 2011, England introduced a new away kit in what color?

answer: navy blue

text: navy blue

question: When a new edition of England's away kit has been introduced, the kit is sometimes worn during what type of matches?

answer: home matches

text: home matches

question: In what year did England stop using blue away kits?

question: What did Germany's supporters think of their kits during the Euro 96 matches?

text: unpopular

question: What shade of blue was used in England's first away kits?

text: navy

question: What color kits was Germany wearing during the Euro 96?

text: red shirts, white shorts and red socks

question: What shade of red is England's traditional away colour shirts?

text: navy


text: Hegel certainly intends to preserve what he takes to be true of German idealism, in particular Kant's insistence that ethical reason can and does go beyond finite inclinations. For Hegel there must be some identity of thought and being for the "subject" (any human observer)) to be able to know any observed "object" (any external entity, possibly even another human) at all. Under Hegel's concept of "subject-object identity," subject and object both have Spirit (Hegel's ersatz, redefined, nonsupernatural "God") as their conceptual (not metaphysical) inner reality—and in that sense are identical. But until Spirit's "self-realization" occurs and Spirit graduates from Spirit to Absolute Spirit status, subject (a human mind) mistakenly thinks every "object" it observes is something "alien," meaning something separate or apart from "subject." In Hegel's words, "The object is revealed to it [to "subject"] by [as] something alien, and it does not recognize itself." Self-realization occurs when Hegel (part of Spirit's nonsupernatural Mind, which is the collective mind of all humans) arrives on the scene and realizes that every "object" is himself, because both subject and object are essentially Spirit. When self-realization occurs and Spirit becomes Absolute Spirit, the "finite" (man, human) becomes the "infinite" ("God," divine), replacing the imaginary or "picture-thinking" supernatural God of theism: man becomes God. Tucker puts it this way: "Hegelianism . . . is a religion of self-worship whose fundamental theme is given in Hegel's image of the man who aspires to be God himself, who demands 'something more, namely infinity.'" The picture Hegel presents is "a picture of a self-glorifying humanity striving compulsively, and at the end successfully, to rise to divinity."

title: Idealism

title: Idealism

text: Hegel

text: certainly

text: intends

text: to

text: preserve

text: what

text: he

text: takes

text: to

text: be

text: true

text: of

text: German

text: idealism

text: in

text: particular

text: Kant

text: 's

text: insistence

text: that

text: ethical

text: reason

text: can

text: and

text: does

text: go

text: beyond

text: finite

text: inclinations

text: For

text: Hegel

text: there

text: must

text: be

text: some

text: identity

text: of

text: thought

text: and

text: being

text: for

text: the

text: subject

text: any

text: human

text: observer

text: to

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: know

text: any

text: observed

text: object

text: any

text: external

text: entity

text: possibly

text: even

text: another

text: human

text: at

text: all

text: Under

text: Hegel

text: 's

text: concept

text: of

text: subject

text: object

text: identity

text: subject

text: and

text: object

text: both

text: have

text: Spirit

text: Hegel

text: 's

text: ersatz

text: redefined

text: nonsupernatural

text: God

text: as

text: their

text: conceptual

text: not

text: metaphysical

text: inner

text: reality

text: and

text: in

text: that

text: sense

text: are

text: identical

text: But

text: until

text: Spirit

text: 's

text: self

text: realization

text: occurs

text: and

text: Spirit

text: graduates

text: from

text: Spirit

text: to

text: Absolute

text: Spirit

text: status

text: subject

text: a

text: human

text: mind

text: mistakenly

text: thinks

text: every

text: object

text: it

text: observes

text: is

text: something

text: alien

text: meaning

text: something

text: separate

text: or

text: apart

text: from

text: subject

text: In

text: Hegel

text: 's

text: words

text: The

text: object

text: is

text: revealed

text: to

text: it

text: to

text: subject

text: by

text: as

text: something

text: alien

text: and

text: it

text: does

text: not

text: recognize

text: itself

text: Self

text: realization

text: occurs

text: when

text: Hegel

text: part

text: of

text: Spirit

text: 's

text: nonsupernatural

text: Mind

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: collective

text: mind

text: of

text: all

text: humans

text: arrives

text: on

text: the

text: scene

text: and

text: realizes

text: that

text: every

text: object

text: is

text: himself

text: because

text: both

text: subject

text: and

text: object

text: are

text: essentially

text: Spirit

text: When

text: self

text: realization

text: occurs

text: and

text: Spirit

text: becomes

text: Absolute

text: Spirit

text: the

text: finite

text: man

text: human

text: becomes

text: the

text: infinite

text: God

text: divine

text: replacing

text: the

text: imaginary

text: or

text: picture

text: thinking

text: supernatural

text: God

text: of

text: theism

text: man

text: becomes

text: God

text: Tucker

text: puts

text: it

text: this

text: way

text: Hegelianism

text: is

text: a

text: religion

text: of

text: self

text: worship

text: whose

text: fundamental

text: theme

text: is

text: given

text: in

text: Hegel

text: 's

text: image

text: of

text: the

text: man

text: who

text: aspires

text: to

text: be

text: God

text: himself

text: who

text: demands

text: something

text: more

text: namely

text: infinity

text: The

text: picture

text: Hegel

text: presents

text: is

text: a

text: picture

text: of

text: a

text: self

text: glorifying

text: humanity

text: striving

text: compulsively

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: successfully

text: to

text: rise

text: to

text: divinity

question: In Hegel's thought, what inner reality is possessed by both subject and object?

answer: Spirit

text: Spirit

question: What is another term for Hegel's "subject"?

answer: any human observer

text: any human observer

question: What does Hegel mean by "object"?

answer: any external entity

text: any external entity

question: What does Spirit turn into when a person arrives at self-realization?

answer: Absolute Spirit

text: Absolute Spirit

question: Who did Tucker argue that Hegel's philosophy involved the worship of?

answer: self

text: self

question: Which of Kant's ideas did Hegel reject?

question: What did Kant believe was necessary to know an object?

text: some identity of thought and being

question: Who believed a metaphysical inner reality was necessary?

text: Hegel

question: An Absolute Spirit graduates to what status?

text: Spirit

question: What did Tucker try to preserve?

text: German idealism


text: International tribunals and arbiters are often called upon to resolve substantial disputes over treaty interpretations. To establish the meaning in context, these judicial bodies may review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty as well as the final, signed treaty itself.

title: Treaty

title: Treaty

text: International

text: tribunals

text: and

text: arbiters

text: are

text: often

text: called

text: upon

text: to

text: resolve

text: substantial

text: disputes

text: over

text: treaty

text: interpretations

text: To

text: establish

text: the

text: meaning

text: in

text: context

text: these

text: judicial

text: bodies

text: may

text: review

text: the

text: preparatory

text: work

text: from

text: the

text: negotiation

text: and

text: drafting

text: of

text: the

text: treaty

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: final

text: signed

text: treaty

text: itself

question: What are international tribunals and arbiters often called upon to resolve in regards to treaties?

answer: substantial disputes over treaty interpretations

text: substantial disputes over treaty interpretations

question: What judicial bodies might be called upon to resolve disputes pertaining to the interpretation of treaties?

answer: International tribunals and arbiters

text: International tribunals and arbiters

question: In addition to the final, signed treaty what else might arbiters review to establish the meaning of a treaty in context?

answer: the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty

text: the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty

question: For what purpose might an international tribunal review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of a treaty?

answer: To establish the meaning in context

text: To establish the meaning in context

question: In addition to the preparatory work from the drafting and negotiation of a treaty, what might arbiters review when resolving a dispute over the interpretation of a treaty?

answer: the final, signed treaty itself

text: the final, signed treaty itself


text: Tiberius Gracchus was elected tribune in 133 BC. He attempted to enact a law which would have limited the amount of land that any individual could own. The aristocrats, who stood to lose an enormous amount of money, were bitterly opposed to this proposal. Tiberius submitted this law to the Plebeian Council, but the law was vetoed by a tribune named Marcus Octavius. Tiberius then used the Plebeian Council to impeach Octavius. The theory, that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people, was counter to Roman constitutional theory. If carried to its logical end, this theory would remove all constitutional restraints on the popular will, and put the state under the absolute control of a temporary popular majority. His law was enacted, but Tiberius was murdered with 300 of his associates when he stood for reelection to the tribunate.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Tiberius

text: Gracchus

text: was

text: elected

text: tribune

text: in

text: BC

text: He

text: attempted

text: to

text: enact

text: a

text: law

text: which

text: would

text: have

text: limited

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: land

text: that

text: any

text: individual

text: could

text: own

text: The

text: aristocrats

text: who

text: stood

text: to

text: lose

text: an

text: enormous

text: amount

text: of

text: money

text: were

text: bitterly

text: opposed

text: to

text: this

text: proposal

text: Tiberius

text: submitted

text: this

text: law

text: to

text: the

text: Plebeian

text: Council

text: but

text: the

text: law

text: was

text: vetoed

text: by

text: a

text: tribune

text: named

text: Marcus

text: Octavius

text: Tiberius

text: then

text: used

text: the

text: Plebeian

text: Council

text: to

text: impeach

text: Octavius

text: The

text: theory

text: that

text: a

text: representative

text: of

text: the

text: people

text: ceases

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: when

text: he

text: acts

text: against

text: the

text: wishes

text: of

text: the

text: people

text: was

text: counter

text: to

text: Roman

text: constitutional

text: theory

text: If

text: carried

text: to

text: its

text: logical

text: end

text: this

text: theory

text: would

text: remove

text: all

text: constitutional

text: restraints

text: on

text: the

text: popular

text: will

text: and

text: put

text: the

text: state

text: under

text: the

text: absolute

text: control

text: of

text: a

text: temporary

text: popular

text: majority

text: His

text: law

text: was

text: enacted

text: but

text: Tiberius

text: was

text: murdered

text: with

text: of

text: his

text: associates

text: when

text: he

text: stood

text: for

text: reelection

text: to

text: the

text: tribunate

question: To what position was Tiberius Gracchus elected?

answer: tribune

text: tribune

question: Who had tried to enact a law that places a limit on the amount of property any single individual could possess?

answer: Tiberius Gracchus

text: Tiberius Gracchus

question: When was Tiberius Gracchus murdered?

answer: when he stood for reelection to the tribunate

text: when he stood for reelection to the tribunate

question: Which tribune was impeached by the Plebeian Council?

answer: Marcus Octavius

text: Marcus Octavius

question: What was considered to be the opposite of Roman constitutional theory?

answer: that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people

text: that a representative of the people ceases to be one when he acts against the wishes of the people


text: Miami's main four sports teams are the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League, the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association, the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball, and the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League. As well as having all four major professional teams, Miami is also home to the Major League Soccer expansion team led by David Beckham, Sony Ericsson Open for professional tennis, numerous greyhound racing tracks, marinas, jai alai venues, and golf courses. The city streets has hosted professional auto races, the Miami Indy Challenge and later the Grand Prix Americas. The Homestead-Miami Speedway oval hosts NASCAR national races.

title: Miami

title: Miami

text: Miami

text: 's

text: main

text: four

text: sports

text: teams

text: are

text: the

text: Miami

text: Dolphins

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Football

text: League

text: the

text: Miami

text: Heat

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: the

text: Miami

text: Marlins

text: of

text: Major

text: League

text: Baseball

text: and

text: the

text: Florida

text: Panthers

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Hockey

text: League

text: As

text: well

text: as

text: having

text: all

text: four

text: major

text: professional

text: teams

text: Miami

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Major

text: League

text: Soccer

text: expansion

text: team

text: led

text: by

text: David

text: Beckham

text: Sony

text: Ericsson

text: Open

text: for

text: professional

text: tennis

text: numerous

text: greyhound

text: racing

text: tracks

text: marinas

text: jai

text: alai

text: venues

text: and

text: golf

text: courses

text: The

text: city

text: streets

text: has

text: hosted

text: professional

text: auto

text: races

text: the

text: Miami

text: Indy

text: Challenge

text: and

text: later

text: the

text: Grand

text: Prix

text: Americas

text: The

text: Homestead

text: Miami

text: Speedway

text: oval

text: hosts

text: NASCAR

text: national

text: races

question: What sport do the Miami Heat play?

answer: Basketball

text: Basketball

question: What is the nickname of Miami's NFL team?

answer: Dolphins

text: Dolphins

question: What professional hockey team is based in Miami?

answer: Florida Panthers

text: Florida Panthers

question: At what tournament in Miami is professional tennis played?

answer: Sony Ericsson

text: Sony Ericsson

question: Where do NASCAR races in Miami take place?

answer: Homestead-Miami Speedway

text: Homestead-Miami Speedway

question: What sport don't the Miami Heat play?

text: Basketball

question: What isn't the nickname of Miami's NFL team?

text: Dolphins

question: What professional hockey team is based outside of Miami?

text: Florida Panthers

question: At what tournament in Miami is amateur tennis played?

text: Sony Ericsson Open

question: Where don't NASCAR races in Miami take place?

text: Homestead-Miami Speedway


text: The province's name derives from the Zhe River (浙江, Zhè Jiāng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually glossed as meaning "Crooked" or "Bent River", from the meaning of Chinese 折, but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding 氵 (the "water" radical used for river names) to phonetic 折 (pinyin zhé but reconstructed Old Chinese *tet), preserving a proto-Wu name of the local Yue, similar to Yuhang, Kuaiji, and Jiang.

title: Zhejiang

title: Zhejiang

text: The

text: province

text: 's

text: name

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: Zhe

text: River

text: 浙江

text: Zhè

text: Jiāng

text: the

text: former

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: Qiantang

text: River

text: which

text: flows

text: past

text: Hangzhou

text: and

text: whose

text: mouth

text: forms

text: Hangzhou

text: Bay

text: It

text: is

text: usually

text: glossed

text: as

text: meaning

text: Crooked

text: or

text: Bent

text: River

text: from

text: the

text: meaning

text: of

text: Chinese

text: 折

text: but

text: is

text: more

text: likely

text: a

text: phono

text: semantic

text: compound

text: formed

text: from

text: adding

text: 氵

text: the

text: water

text: radical

text: used

text: for

text: river

text: names

text: to

text: phonetic

text: 折

text: pinyin

text: zhé

text: but

text: reconstructed

text: Old

text: Chinese

text: tet

text: preserving

text: a

text: proto

text: Wu

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: Yue

text: similar

text: to

text: Yuhang

text: Kuaiji

text: and

text: Jiang

question: What is the former name of the Qiantang River?

answer: Zhe River

text: Zhe River

question: What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form?

answer: Hangzhou Bay

text: Hangzhou Bay

question: What does Zhe mean in Chinese?

answer: Crooked

text: Crooked

question: Which river does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?

answer: Zhe River

text: Zhe River

question: What does the Qiantang River flow past?

answer: Hangzhou

text: Hangzhou

question: What is the current name of the Qiantang River?

text: Zhe River

question: What is the former name of the Zhe River?

text: Qiantang River

question: What does Zhe mean in Japanese?

text: Crooked

question: Which lake does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?

text: Zhe River

question: What does the Qiantang Ocean flow past?

text: Hangzhou


text: Roughly 70% of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains, with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east. The area is rich in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore.

title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

text: Roughly

text: of

text: the

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: RSFSR

text: consisted

text: of

text: broad

text: plains

text: with

text: mountainous

text: tundra

text: regions

text: mainly

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: The

text: area

text: is

text: rich

text: in

text: mineral

text: resources

text: including

text: petroleum

text: natural

text: gas

text: and

text: iron

text: ore

question: What percentage of the RSFSR was made up of plains?

answer: 70%

question: In what part of the RSFSR did tundra mainly exist?

answer: the east

text: the east

question: Along with petroleum and iron ore, what resource was abundant in the RSFSR?

answer: natural gas

text: natural gas

question: What percentage of the RSFSR wasn't made up of plains?

question: In what part of the RSFSR did tundra mainly not exist?

text: the east

question: Along with petroleum and iron ore, what resource was depleted in the RSFSR?

text: natural gas

question: What scarce resources are there?

question: Where are the desert regions mainly concentrated?

text: the east


text: In diffuse-porous woods the pores are evenly sized so that the water conducting capability is scattered throughout the growth ring instead of being collected in a band or row. Examples of this kind of wood are alder, basswood,[citation needed] birch, buckeye, maple, willow,and the Populus species such as aspen, cottonwood and poplar. Some species, such as walnut and cherry, are on the border between the two classes, forming an intermediate group.[citation needed]

title: Wood

title: Wood

text: In

text: diffuse

text: porous

text: woods

text: the

text: pores

text: are

text: evenly

text: sized

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: water

text: conducting

text: capability

text: is

text: scattered

text: throughout

text: the

text: growth

text: ring

text: instead

text: of

text: being

text: collected

text: in

text: a

text: band

text: or

text: row

text: Examples

text: of

text: this

text: kind

text: of

text: wood

text: are

text: alder

text: basswood,[citation

text: needed

text: birch

text: buckeye

text: maple

text: willow

text: and

text: the

text: Populus

text: species

text: such

text: as

text: aspen

text: cottonwood

text: and

text: poplar

text: Some

text: species

text: such

text: as

text: walnut

text: and

text: cherry

text: are

text: on

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: classes

text: forming

text: an

text: intermediate

text: group.[citation

text: needed

question: What kind of woods have pores that are uniformly sized?

answer: diffuse-porous

text: diffuse-porous

question: What species do aspen, cottonwood, and poplar trees belong to?

answer: Populus

text: Populus

question: With walnut, what's another tree in the intermediate group?

answer: cherry

text: cherry

question: What capability is spread through the growth ring in ring-porous species?

answer: water conducting

text: water conducting

question: Is maple wood diffuse-porous or ring-porous?

answer: diffuse-porous

text: diffuse-porous


text: By the time Oklahoma was admitted to the Union in 1907, Oklahoma City had surpassed Guthrie, the territorial capital, as the population center and commercial hub of the new state. Soon after, the capital was moved from Guthrie to Oklahoma City. Oklahoma City was a major stop on Route 66 during the early part of the 20th century; it was prominently mentioned in Bobby Troup's 1946 jazz classic, "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66", later made famous by artist Nat King Cole.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: By

text: the

text: time

text: Oklahoma

text: was

text: admitted

text: to

text: the

text: Union

text: in

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: had

text: surpassed

text: Guthrie

text: the

text: territorial

text: capital

text: as

text: the

text: population

text: center

text: and

text: commercial

text: hub

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: state

text: Soon

text: after

text: the

text: capital

text: was

text: moved

text: from

text: Guthrie

text: to

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: was

text: a

text: major

text: stop

text: on

text: Route

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: it

text: was

text: prominently

text: mentioned

text: in

text: Bobby

text: Troup

text: 's

text: jazz

text: classic

text: Get

text: Your

text: Kicks

text: on

text: Route

text: later

text: made

text: famous

text: by

text: artist

text: Nat

text: King

text: Cole

question: What year was Oklahoma city entered into the Union?

answer: 1907

question: What was the capital of Oklahoma before Oklahoma city?

answer: Guthrie

text: Guthrie

question: What route made Oklahoma city a major stop?

answer: Route 66

text: Route 66

question: Who wrote the Jazz oldie "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66"?

answer: Bobby Troup

text: Bobby Troup

question: Which artist made Bobby Troup's song famous?

answer: Nat King Cole

text: Nat King Cole


text: The independence of the ECB is instrumental in maintaining price stability. Not only must the bank not seek influence, but EU institutions and national governments are bound by the treaties to respect the ECB's independence. To offer some accountability, the ECB is bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament, the European Commission, the Council of the European Union and the European Council. The European Parliament also gets to question and then issue its opinion on candidates to the executive board.

title: European_Central_Bank

title: European_Central_Bank

text: The

text: independence

text: of

text: the

text: ECB

text: is

text: instrumental

text: in

text: maintaining

text: price

text: stability

text: Not

text: only

text: must

text: the

text: bank

text: not

text: seek

text: influence

text: but

text: EU

text: institutions

text: and

text: national

text: governments

text: are

text: bound

text: by

text: the

text: treaties

text: to

text: respect

text: the

text: ECB

text: 's

text: independence

text: To

text: offer

text: some

text: accountability

text: the

text: ECB

text: is

text: bound

text: to

text: publish

text: reports

text: on

text: its

text: activities

text: and

text: has

text: to

text: address

text: its

text: annual

text: report

text: to

text: the

text: European

text: Parliament

text: the

text: European

text: Commission

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: and

text: the

text: European

text: Council

text: The

text: European

text: Parliament

text: also

text: gets

text: to

text: question

text: and

text: then

text: issue

text: its

text: opinion

text: on

text: candidates

text: to

text: the

text: executive

text: board

question: WHat is the biggest factor in the ECB maintaining price stability?

answer: independence

text: independence

question: Who gets to interview and question prospective board members?

answer: The European Parliament

text: The European Parliament

question: Why do EU institutions and national governments have to respect the independence of the ECB?

answer: bound by the treaties

text: bound by the treaties

question: How is the ECB held accountable for it's actions?

answer: bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament

text: bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament

question: Who never gets to interview and question prospective board members?

text: The European Parliament

question: Why do EU institutions and national governments never respect the dependence of the ECB?

text: bound by the treaties

question: How is the ECB not held accountable for it's actions?


text: One of the most important developments that the Enlightenment era brought to the discipline of science was its popularization. An increasingly literate population seeking knowledge and education in both the arts and the sciences drove the expansion of print culture and the dissemination of scientific learning. The new literate population was due to a high rise in the availability of food. This enabled many people to rise out of poverty, and instead of paying more for food, they had money for education. Popularization was generally part of an overarching Enlightenment ideal that endeavoured "to make information available to the greatest number of people." As public interest in natural philosophy grew during the 18th century, public lecture courses and the publication of popular texts opened up new roads to money and fame for amateurs and scientists who remained on the periphery of universities and academies. More formal works included explanations of scientific theories for individuals lacking the educational background to comprehend the original scientific text. Sir Isaac Newton's celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published in Latin and remained inaccessible to readers without education in the classics until Enlightenment writers began to translate and analyze the text in the vernacular.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: developments

text: that

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: era

text: brought

text: to

text: the

text: discipline

text: of

text: science

text: was

text: its

text: popularization

text: An

text: increasingly

text: literate

text: population

text: seeking

text: knowledge

text: and

text: education

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: arts

text: and

text: the

text: sciences

text: drove

text: the

text: expansion

text: of

text: print

text: culture

text: and

text: the

text: dissemination

text: of

text: scientific

text: learning

text: The

text: new

text: literate

text: population

text: was

text: due

text: to

text: a

text: high

text: rise

text: in

text: the

text: availability

text: of

text: food

text: This

text: enabled

text: many

text: people

text: to

text: rise

text: out

text: of

text: poverty

text: and

text: instead

text: of

text: paying

text: more

text: for

text: food

text: they

text: had

text: money

text: for

text: education

text: Popularization

text: was

text: generally

text: part

text: of

text: an

text: overarching

text: Enlightenment

text: ideal

text: that

text: endeavoured

text: to

text: make

text: information

text: available

text: to

text: the

text: greatest

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: As

text: public

text: interest

text: in

text: natural

text: philosophy

text: grew

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: public

text: lecture

text: courses

text: and

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: popular

text: texts

text: opened

text: up

text: new

text: roads

text: to

text: money

text: and

text: fame

text: for

text: amateurs

text: and

text: scientists

text: who

text: remained

text: on

text: the

text: periphery

text: of

text: universities

text: and

text: academies

text: More

text: formal

text: works

text: included

text: explanations

text: of

text: scientific

text: theories

text: for

text: individuals

text: lacking

text: the

text: educational

text: background

text: to

text: comprehend

text: the

text: original

text: scientific

text: text

text: Sir

text: Isaac

text: Newton

text: 's

text: celebrated

text: Philosophiae

text: Naturalis

text: Principia

text: Mathematica

text: was

text: published

text: in

text: Latin

text: and

text: remained

text: inaccessible

text: to

text: readers

text: without

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: classics

text: until

text: Enlightenment

text: writers

text: began

text: to

text: translate

text: and

text: analyze

text: the

text: text

text: in

text: the

text: vernacular

question: What caused an increasingly literate population to develop in the Enlightenment era?

answer: a high rise in the availability of food

text: a high rise in the availability of food

question: Instead of paying more for food, on what did people spend their money?

answer: education

text: education

question: Which ideal endeavoured to make information available to the greatest number of people?

answer: Popularization

text: Popularization

question: Who wrote the celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica?

answer: Sir Isaac Newton

text: Sir Isaac Newton

question: Which work of Isaac Newton was published in Latin and remained inaccessible to readers without education until Enlightenment writers began to translate and analyze it in the vernacular?

answer: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica

text: Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica


text: Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other). All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared early in the Cambrian period, 485-540 million years ago, and it has been hypothesized that this common ancestor had the shape of a simple tubeworm with a segmented body. At a schematic level, that basic worm-shape continues to be reflected in the body and nervous system architecture of all modern bilaterians, including vertebrates. The fundamental bilateral body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus, and a nerve cord with an enlargement (a ganglion) for each body segment, with an especially large ganglion at the front, called the brain. The brain is small and simple in some species, such as nematode worms; in other species, including vertebrates, it is the most complex organ in the body. Some types of worms, such as leeches, also have an enlarged ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord, known as a "tail brain".

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: Except

text: for

text: a

text: few

text: primitive

text: organisms

text: such

text: as

text: sponges

text: which

text: have

text: no

text: nervous

text: system

text: and

text: cnidarians

text: which

text: have

text: a

text: nervous

text: system

text: consisting

text: of

text: a

text: diffuse

text: nerve

text: net

text: all

text: living

text: multicellular

text: animals

text: are

text: bilaterians

text: meaning

text: animals

text: with

text: a

text: bilaterally

text: symmetric

text: body

text: shape

text: that

text: is

text: left

text: and

text: right

text: sides

text: that

text: are

text: approximate

text: mirror

text: images

text: of

text: each

text: other

text: All

text: bilaterians

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: descended

text: from

text: a

text: common

text: ancestor

text: that

text: appeared

text: early

text: in

text: the

text: Cambrian

text: period

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: and

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: hypothesized

text: that

text: this

text: common

text: ancestor

text: had

text: the

text: shape

text: of

text: a

text: simple

text: tubeworm

text: with

text: a

text: segmented

text: body

text: At

text: a

text: schematic

text: level

text: that

text: basic

text: worm

text: shape

text: continues

text: to

text: be

text: reflected

text: in

text: the

text: body

text: and

text: nervous

text: system

text: architecture

text: of

text: all

text: modern

text: bilaterians

text: including

text: vertebrates

text: The

text: fundamental

text: bilateral

text: body

text: form

text: is

text: a

text: tube

text: with

text: a

text: hollow

text: gut

text: cavity

text: running

text: from

text: the

text: mouth

text: to

text: the

text: anus

text: and

text: a

text: nerve

text: cord

text: with

text: an

text: enlargement

text: a

text: ganglion

text: for

text: each

text: body

text: segment

text: with

text: an

text: especially

text: large

text: ganglion

text: at

text: the

text: front

text: called

text: the

text: brain

text: The

text: brain

text: is

text: small

text: and

text: simple

text: in

text: some

text: species

text: such

text: as

text: nematode

text: worms

text: in

text: other

text: species

text: including

text: vertebrates

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: complex

text: organ

text: in

text: the

text: body

text: Some

text: types

text: of

text: worms

text: such

text: as

text: leeches

text: also

text: have

text: an

text: enlarged

text: ganglion

text: at

text: the

text: back

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: nerve

text: cord

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: tail

text: brain

question: Creatures that have a diffuse nerve net are called what?

answer: cnidarians

text: cnidarians

question: Bilaterians are animals that have what?

answer: symmetric body shape

text: symmetric body shape

question: The Cambrian period was how long ago?

answer: 485-540 million years ago

text: 485-540 million years ago

question: A nerve cord with an enlargement is called what?

answer: a ganglion

text: a ganglion

question: What type of creature has a ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord as well?

answer: leeches

text: leeches


text: In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, who supported the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, which, however, most probably did not outlive its founder and ruler. This provided the foundation for subsequent Slavic states to arise on the former territory of this realm with Carantania being the oldest of them. Very old also are the Principality of Nitra and the Moravian principality (see under Great Moravia). In this period, there existed central Slavic groups and states such as the Balaton Principality, but the subsequent expansion of the Magyars, as well as the Germanisation of Austria, separated the northern and southern Slavs. The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681, the Slavic language Old Bulgarian became the main and official of the empire in 864. Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world.

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: Frankish

text: merchant

text: Samo

text: who

text: supported

text: the

text: Slavs

text: fighting

text: their

text: Avar

text: rulers

text: became

text: the

text: ruler

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: known

text: Slav

text: state

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: which

text: however

text: most

text: probably

text: did

text: not

text: outlive

text: its

text: founder

text: and

text: ruler

text: This

text: provided

text: the

text: foundation

text: for

text: subsequent

text: Slavic

text: states

text: to

text: arise

text: on

text: the

text: former

text: territory

text: of

text: this

text: realm

text: with

text: Carantania

text: being

text: the

text: oldest

text: of

text: them

text: Very

text: old

text: also

text: are

text: the

text: Principality

text: of

text: Nitra

text: and

text: the

text: Moravian

text: principality

text: see

text: under

text: Great

text: Moravia

text: In

text: this

text: period

text: there

text: existed

text: central

text: Slavic

text: groups

text: and

text: states

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Balaton

text: Principality

text: but

text: the

text: subsequent

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: Magyars

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Germanisation

text: of

text: Austria

text: separated

text: the

text: northern

text: and

text: southern

text: Slavs

text: The

text: First

text: Bulgarian

text: Empire

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: the

text: Slavic

text: language

text: Old

text: Bulgarian

text: became

text: the

text: main

text: and

text: official

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: in

text: Bulgaria

text: was

text: instrumental

text: in

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: Slavic

text: literacy

text: and

text: Christianity

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: Slavic

text: world

question: When did Samo become the ruler of the first known Slav state?

answer: the 7th century

text: the 7th century

question: What Frankish merchant was the ruler of the first Slav state in Central Europe?

answer: Samo

text: Samo

question: What is the oldest Slav state in Central Europe?

answer: Carantania

text: Carantania

question: When was the first Bulgarian Empire founded?

answer: 681

question: Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of what to the rest of the Slavic world?

answer: Slavic literacy and Christianity

text: Slavic literacy and Christianity

question: Who supported the Avar rulers?

text: Samo

question: What outlived the first Slav ruler?

text: the first known Slav state

question: Where was the first known Avar state?

text: Central Europe

question: What became the official language of an empire in 681?

text: Old Bulgarian

question: When was Carantania founded?


text: Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion. In Newton's system, the frame of reference exists independently of the objects contained within it. These objects can be described as moving in relation to space itself. For many centuries, the evidence of a concave water surface held authority.

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

text: Leibniz

text: describes

text: a

text: space

text: that

text: exists

text: only

text: as

text: a

text: relation

text: between

text: objects

text: and

text: which

text: has

text: no

text: existence

text: apart

text: from

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: those

text: objects

text: Motion

text: exists

text: only

text: as

text: a

text: relation

text: between

text: those

text: objects

text: Newtonian

text: space

text: provided

text: the

text: absolute

text: frame

text: of

text: reference

text: within

text: which

text: objects

text: can

text: have

text: motion

text: In

text: Newton

text: 's

text: system

text: the

text: frame

text: of

text: reference

text: exists

text: independently

text: of

text: the

text: objects

text: contained

text: within

text: it

text: These

text: objects

text: can

text: be

text: described

text: as

text: moving

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: space

text: itself

text: For

text: many

text: centuries

text: the

text: evidence

text: of

text: a

text: concave

text: water

text: surface

text: held

text: authority

question: Leibniz describes space as existing only as a relation between what?

answer: objects

text: objects

question: According to Leibniz, what has no existence apart from the existence of objections?

answer: space

text: space

question: What provides the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion?

answer: Newtonian space

text: Newtonian space

question: In Newton's system, how does the frame of reference exist between objects within it?

answer: independently

text: independently

question: For how long did the evidence of a concave water surface hold authority in reference to space?

answer: many centuries

text: many centuries

question: What does space exist independently from?

text: objects

question: What exists as a relationship between space and objects?

text: Motion

question: What provides the absolute frame of refrence for space?

text: Newtonian space

question: What is dependent on the frame of refrence in Newtonian space?

text: objects contained within it

question: What evidence still holds authority?

text: evidence of a concave water surface


text: Chinese political philosophy dates back to the Spring and Autumn Period, specifically with Confucius in the 6th century BC. Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to the social and political breakdown of the country characteristic of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period. The major philosophies during the period, Confucianism, Legalism, Mohism, Agrarianism and Taoism, each had a political aspect to their philosophical schools. Philosophers such as Confucius, Mencius, and Mozi, focused on political unity and political stability as the basis of their political philosophies. Confucianism advocated a hierarchical, meritocratic government based on empathy, loyalty, and interpersonal relationships. Legalism advocated a highly authoritarian government based on draconian punishments and laws. Mohism advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism. The Agrarians advocated a peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism. Taoism advocated a proto-anarchism. Legalism was the dominant political philosophy of the Qin Dynasty, but was replaced by State Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. Prior to China's adoption of communism, State Confucianism remained the dominant political philosophy of China up to the 20th century.

title: Political_philosophy

title: Political_philosophy

text: Chinese

text: political

text: philosophy

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: Period

text: specifically

text: with

text: Confucius

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: Chinese

text: political

text: philosophy

text: was

text: developed

text: as

text: a

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: breakdown

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: characteristic

text: of

text: the

text: Spring

text: and

text: Autumn

text: Period

text: and

text: the

text: Warring

text: States

text: period

text: The

text: major

text: philosophies

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: Confucianism

text: Legalism

text: Mohism

text: Agrarianism

text: and

text: Taoism

text: each

text: had

text: a

text: political

text: aspect

text: to

text: their

text: philosophical

text: schools

text: Philosophers

text: such

text: as

text: Confucius

text: Mencius

text: and

text: Mozi

text: focused

text: on

text: political

text: unity

text: and

text: political

text: stability

text: as

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: their

text: political

text: philosophies

text: Confucianism

text: advocated

text: a

text: hierarchical

text: meritocratic

text: government

text: based

text: on

text: empathy

text: loyalty

text: and

text: interpersonal

text: relationships

text: Legalism

text: advocated

text: a

text: highly

text: authoritarian

text: government

text: based

text: on

text: draconian

text: punishments

text: and

text: laws

text: Mohism

text: advocated

text: a

text: communal

text: decentralized

text: government

text: centered

text: on

text: frugality

text: and

text: ascetism

text: The

text: Agrarians

text: advocated

text: a

text: peasant

text: utopian

text: communalism

text: and

text: egalitarianism

text: Taoism

text: advocated

text: a

text: proto

text: anarchism

text: Legalism

text: was

text: the

text: dominant

text: political

text: philosophy

text: of

text: the

text: Qin

text: Dynasty

text: but

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: State

text: Confucianism

text: in

text: the

text: Han

text: Dynasty

text: Prior

text: to

text: China

text: 's

text: adoption

text: of

text: communism

text: State

text: Confucianism

text: remained

text: the

text: dominant

text: political

text: philosophy

text: of

text: China

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: century

question: What specifically dates back with Confucius in the 6th century BC?

answer: Chinese political philosophy

text: Chinese political philosophy

question: Chinese political philosophy dates back to what century?

answer: 6th century BC

text: 6th century BC

question: Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to what?

answer: the social and political breakdown of the country

text: the social and political breakdown of the country

question: What advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism?

answer: Mohism

text: Mohism

question: What dates back to the 6th century AD?

text: Chinese political philosophy

question: What was a response to increased social and political awareness in China?

text: Chinese political philosophy

question: What advocated a communal, centralized government centered on frugality and accetism?

text: Mohism

question: Who advocated a government based on empathy, loyalty and personal relationships?

text: Confucius

question: Who advocated a peasant uprising and egalitarianism?

text: Agrarians

question: When did Agrarianism begin?

text: the Spring and Autumn Period

question: What is attributed to Mencius in the 6th Century BC?

text: Chinese political philosophy

question: What attribute did all of the philosophies share?

text: a political aspect

question: In what Spring and Autumn period was Legalism dominant?

text: Qin Dynasty

question: In the Qin Dynasty, what replaced Legalism?

text: State Confucianism


text: The chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England.[citation needed] The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame designed by Scott. The Chapter house was originally used in the 13th century by Benedictine monks for daily meetings. It later became a meeting place of the King's Great Council and the Commons, predecessors of Parliament.

title: Westminster_Abbey

title: Westminster_Abbey

text: The

text: chapter

text: house

text: has

text: an

text: original

text: century

text: tiled

text: pavement

text: A

text: door

text: within

text: the

text: vestibule

text: dates

text: from

text: around

text: and

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: oldest

text: in

text: England.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: exterior

text: includes

text: flying

text: buttresses

text: added

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: a

text: leaded

text: tent

text: lantern

text: roof

text: on

text: an

text: iron

text: frame

text: designed

text: by

text: Scott

text: The

text: Chapter

text: house

text: was

text: originally

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: by

text: Benedictine

text: monks

text: for

text: daily

text: meetings

text: It

text: later

text: became

text: a

text: meeting

text: place

text: of

text: the

text: King

text: 's

text: Great

text: Council

text: and

text: the

text: Commons

text: predecessors

text: of

text: Parliament

question: What kind of tiled pavement is in the chapter house?

answer: mid-13th-century

question: A door in the vestible dates back to when?

answer: 1050

question: When were the exterior flying buttresses added?

answer: the 14th century

text: the 14th century

question: Who else met in the chapter house?

answer: King's Great Council and the Commons

text: King's Great Council and the Commons

question: What kind of tiled pavement is in the chapel house?

question: A window in the vestible dates back to when?

question: When were the interior flying buttresses added?

text: the 14th century

question: Who else never met in the chapter house?

text: King's Great Council and the Commons

question: When were the exterior flying buttresses subtracted?

text: the 14th century


text: The rebels made the first move in the war, seizing the strategic Rochester Castle, owned by Langton but left almost unguarded by the archbishop. John was well prepared for a conflict. He had stockpiled money to pay for mercenaries and ensured the support of the powerful marcher lords with their own feudal forces, such as William Marshal and Ranulf of Chester. The rebels lacked the engineering expertise or heavy equipment necessary to assault the network of royal castles that cut off the northern rebel barons from those in the south. John's strategy was to isolate the rebel barons in London, protect his own supply lines to his key source of mercenaries in Flanders, prevent the French from landing in the south-east, and then win the war through slow attrition. John put off dealing with the badly deteriorating situation in North Wales, where Llywelyn the Great was leading a rebellion against the 1211 settlement.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: The

text: rebels

text: made

text: the

text: first

text: move

text: in

text: the

text: war

text: seizing

text: the

text: strategic

text: Rochester

text: Castle

text: owned

text: by

text: Langton

text: but

text: left

text: almost

text: unguarded

text: by

text: the

text: archbishop

text: John

text: was

text: well

text: prepared

text: for

text: a

text: conflict

text: He

text: had

text: stockpiled

text: money

text: to

text: pay

text: for

text: mercenaries

text: and

text: ensured

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: powerful

text: marcher

text: lords

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: feudal

text: forces

text: such

text: as

text: William

text: Marshal

text: and

text: Ranulf

text: of

text: Chester

text: The

text: rebels

text: lacked

text: the

text: engineering

text: expertise

text: or

text: heavy

text: equipment

text: necessary

text: to

text: assault

text: the

text: network

text: of

text: royal

text: castles

text: that

text: cut

text: off

text: the

text: northern

text: rebel

text: barons

text: from

text: those

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: John

text: 's

text: strategy

text: was

text: to

text: isolate

text: the

text: rebel

text: barons

text: in

text: London

text: protect

text: his

text: own

text: supply

text: lines

text: to

text: his

text: key

text: source

text: of

text: mercenaries

text: in

text: Flanders

text: prevent

text: the

text: French

text: from

text: landing

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: east

text: and

text: then

text: win

text: the

text: war

text: through

text: slow

text: attrition

text: John

text: put

text: off

text: dealing

text: with

text: the

text: badly

text: deteriorating

text: situation

text: in

text: North

text: Wales

text: where

text: Llywelyn

text: the

text: Great

text: was

text: leading

text: a

text: rebellion

text: against

text: the

text: settlement

question: Who made the first move in the war?

answer: rebels

text: rebels

question: What did the rebels seize?

answer: Rochester Castle

text: Rochester Castle

question: Who lead the rebellion against the 1211 settlement?

answer: Llywelyn the Great

text: Llywelyn the Great

question: What was John's strategy?

answer: isolate the rebel barons in London

text: isolate the rebel barons in London


text: Genetic studies on Jews show that most Jews worldwide bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the Middle East, and that they bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of the Fertile Crescent. The genetic composition of different Jewish groups shows that Jews share a common genetic pool dating back 4,000 years, as a marker of their common ancestral origin. Despite their long-term separation and beside their shared genetic origin, Jews also maintained a common culture, tradition, and language.

title: Jews

title: Jews

text: Genetic

text: studies

text: on

text: Jews

text: show

text: that

text: most

text: Jews

text: worldwide

text: bear

text: a

text: common

text: genetic

text: heritage

text: which

text: originates

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: that

text: they

text: bear

text: their

text: strongest

text: resemblance

text: to

text: the

text: peoples

text: of

text: the

text: Fertile

text: Crescent

text: The

text: genetic

text: composition

text: of

text: different

text: Jewish

text: groups

text: shows

text: that

text: Jews

text: share

text: a

text: common

text: genetic

text: pool

text: dating

text: back

text: years

text: as

text: a

text: marker

text: of

text: their

text: common

text: ancestral

text: origin

text: Despite

text: their

text: long

text: term

text: separation

text: and

text: beside

text: their

text: shared

text: genetic

text: origin

text: Jews

text: also

text: maintained

text: a

text: common

text: culture

text: tradition

text: and

text: language

question: Genetic studies show that Jews bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of where?

answer: Fertile Crescent

text: Fertile Crescent

question: How far back does the Jews' shared common genetic pool date?

answer: 4,000 years

text: 4,000 years

question: Most Jews share a common genetic heritage that originates from what place?

answer: Middle East

text: Middle East

question: What people do Jews show the least genetic resemblance to?

text: Fertile Crescent

question: How far back does the people of the Fertile Crescent's shared genetic pool date?

text: 4,000 years

question: Most people of the Fertile Crescent share a common heritage that originates from where?

text: the Middle East

question: What do people of the Fertile Crescent share besides genetics?

text: culture

question: What is one thing that Jews were not able to maintain?

text: language


text: In the 1930s, the experimental station W3XE, owned by Philco, became the first television station in Philadelphia; it became NBC's first affiliate in 1939, and later became KYW-TV (CBS). WCAU-TV, WPVI-TV, WHYY-TV, WPHL-TV, and WTXF-TV had all been founded by the 1970s. In 1952, WFIL (now WPVI) premiered the television show Bandstand, which later became the nationally broadcast American Bandstand hosted by Dick Clark. Today, as in many large metropolitan areas, each of the commercial networks has an affiliate, and call letters have been replaced by corporate IDs: CBS3, 6ABC, NBC10, Fox29, Telefutura28, Telemundo62, Univision65, plus My PHL 17 and CW Philly 57. The region is served also by public broadcasting stations WYBE-TV (Philadelphia), WHYY-TV (Wilmington, Delaware and Philadelphia), WLVT-TV (Lehigh Valley), and NJTV (New Jersey). In September 2007, Philadelphia approved a Public-access television cable TV channel.

title: Philadelphia

title: Philadelphia

text: In

text: the

text: the

text: experimental

text: station

text: owned

text: by

text: Philco

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: television

text: station

text: in

text: Philadelphia

text: it

text: became

text: NBC

text: 's

text: first

text: affiliate

text: in

text: and

text: later

text: became

text: KYW

text: TV

text: CBS

text: WCAU

text: TV

text: WPVI

text: TV

text: WHYY

text: TV

text: WPHL

text: TV

text: and

text: WTXF

text: TV

text: had

text: all

text: been

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: In

text: WFIL

text: now

text: WPVI

text: premiered

text: the

text: television

text: show

text: Bandstand

text: which

text: later

text: became

text: the

text: nationally

text: broadcast

text: American

text: Bandstand

text: hosted

text: by

text: Dick

text: Clark

text: Today

text: as

text: in

text: many

text: large

text: metropolitan

text: areas

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: commercial

text: networks

text: has

text: an

text: affiliate

text: and

text: call

text: letters

text: have

text: been

text: replaced

text: by

text: corporate

text: IDs

text: plus

text: My

text: PHL

text: and

text: CW

text: Philly

text: The

text: region

text: is

text: served

text: also

text: by

text: public

text: broadcasting

text: stations

text: WYBE

text: TV

text: Philadelphia

text: WHYY

text: TV

text: Wilmington

text: Delaware

text: and

text: Philadelphia

text: WLVT

text: TV

text: Lehigh

text: Valley

text: and

text: NJTV

text: New

text: Jersey

text: In

text: September

text: Philadelphia

text: approved

text: a

text: Public

text: access

text: television

text: cable

text: TV

text: channel

question: Who owned W3XE?

answer: Philco

text: Philco

question: When did it become NBC's first affiliate?

answer: 1939

question: What show started out in the city?

answer: Bandstand

text: Bandstand


text: Gag and editorial cartoons usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoons first began to proliferate in broadsheets published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term "cartoon"[h] was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine Punch.

title: Comics

title: Comics

text: Gag

text: and

text: editorial

text: cartoons

text: usually

text: consist

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: panel

text: often

text: incorporating

text: a

text: caption

text: or

text: speech

text: balloon

text: Definitions

text: of

text: comics

text: which

text: emphasize

text: sequence

text: usually

text: exclude

text: gag

text: editorial

text: and

text: other

text: single

text: panel

text: cartoons

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: included

text: in

text: definitions

text: that

text: emphasize

text: the

text: combination

text: of

text: word

text: and

text: image

text: Gag

text: cartoons

text: first

text: began

text: to

text: proliferate

text: in

text: broadsheets

text: published

text: in

text: Europe

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: and

text: the

text: term

text: cartoon"[h

text: was

text: first

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: them

text: in

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: humour

text: magazine

text: Punch

question: Where did gag cartoons first make an appearance?

answer: Europe

text: Europe

question: When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons?

answer: 1843

question: In which publication was cartoon first used to describe gag single-panel illustrations?

answer: Punch

text: Punch

question: Where did gag cartoons last make an appearance?

text: Europe

question: Where did serious cartoons first make an appearance?

text: Europe

question: When did serious single-panel illustrations become known as cartoons?

question: When did gag single-panel illustrations become known as comics?

question: In which publication was cartoon last used to describe gag single-panel illustrations?

text: Punch


text: In towns even most better-off people lived in terraced houses, which typically opened straight onto the street, often with a few steps up to the door. There was often an open space, protected by iron railings, dropping down to the basement level, with a discreet entrance down steps off the street for servants and deliveries; this is known as the "area". This meant that the ground floor front was now removed and protected from the street and encouraged the main reception rooms to move there from the floor above. Where, as often, a new street or set of streets was developed, the road and pavements were raised up, and the gardens or yards behind the houses at a lower level, usually representing the original one.

title: Georgian_architecture

title: Georgian_architecture

text: In

text: towns

text: even

text: most

text: better

text: off

text: people

text: lived

text: in

text: terraced

text: houses

text: which

text: typically

text: opened

text: straight

text: onto

text: the

text: street

text: often

text: with

text: a

text: few

text: steps

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: door

text: There

text: was

text: often

text: an

text: open

text: space

text: protected

text: by

text: iron

text: railings

text: dropping

text: down

text: to

text: the

text: basement

text: level

text: with

text: a

text: discreet

text: entrance

text: down

text: steps

text: off

text: the

text: street

text: for

text: servants

text: and

text: deliveries

text: this

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: area

text: This

text: meant

text: that

text: the

text: ground

text: floor

text: front

text: was

text: now

text: removed

text: and

text: protected

text: from

text: the

text: street

text: and

text: encouraged

text: the

text: main

text: reception

text: rooms

text: to

text: move

text: there

text: from

text: the

text: floor

text: above

text: Where

text: as

text: often

text: a

text: new

text: street

text: or

text: set

text: of

text: streets

text: was

text: developed

text: the

text: road

text: and

text: pavements

text: were

text: raised

text: up

text: and

text: the

text: gardens

text: or

text: yards

text: behind

text: the

text: houses

text: at

text: a

text: lower

text: level

text: usually

text: representing

text: the

text: original

text: one

question: Most town people lived in what type of houses?

answer: terraced houses

text: terraced houses

question: What was used to protect the "area"?

answer: iron railings

text: iron railings

question: Due to new entry styles what rooms were often moved down a floor?

answer: main reception rooms

text: main reception rooms

question: What did most wealthy townspeople live in?

text: terraced houses

question: Due to the new entry style what rooms were moved up one floor?

text: the main reception rooms

question: What people were not allowed to use the discrete entrance to the area?

text: servants and deliveries

question: What were put behind the house on the same level?

text: gardens or yards


text: The Allies had had time to consider the problem. The French being brought around to agree that the key to the defence was the Malakoff.:441 Emphasis of the siege at Sevastopol shifted to the British left, against the fortifications on Malakoff hill.:339 In March, there was fighting by the French over a new fort being built by the Russians at Mamelon, located on a hill in front of the Malakoff. Several weeks of fighting saw little change in the front line, and the Mamelon remained in Russian hands.

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: The

text: Allies

text: had

text: had

text: time

text: to

text: consider

text: the

text: problem

text: The

text: French

text: being

text: brought

text: around

text: to

text: agree

text: that

text: the

text: key

text: to

text: the

text: defence

text: was

text: the

text: Emphasis

text: of

text: the

text: siege

text: at

text: Sevastopol

text: shifted

text: to

text: the

text: British

text: left

text: against

text: the

text: fortifications

text: on

text: Malakoff

text: In

text: March

text: there

text: was

text: fighting

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: over

text: a

text: new

text: fort

text: being

text: built

text: by

text: the

text: Russians

text: at

text: Mamelon

text: located

text: on

text: a

text: hill

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: Malakoff

text: Several

text: weeks

text: of

text: fighting

text: saw

text: little

text: change

text: in

text: the

text: front

text: line

text: and

text: the

text: Mamelon

text: remained

text: in

text: Russian

text: hands

question: What did the French believe was instrumental in their defense?

answer: the Malakoff

text: the Malakoff

question: Where was the Russians building a new fort?

answer: Mamelon

text: Mamelon

question: Mamelon is found on a hill in front of what suburban commune?

answer: Malakoff

text: Malakoff

question: After fighting for weeks, what did the Russians continue to have control over?

answer: the Mamelon

text: the Mamelon


text: Spring 1989 saw the people of the Soviet Union exercising a democratic choice, albeit limited, for the first time since 1917, when they elected the new Congress of People's Deputies. Just as important was the uncensored live TV coverage of the legislature's deliberations, where people witnessed the previously feared Communist leadership being questioned and held accountable. This example fueled a limited experiment with democracy in Poland, which quickly led to the toppling of the Communist government in Warsaw that summer – which in turn sparked uprisings that overthrew communism in the other five Warsaw Pact countries before the end of 1989, the year the Berlin Wall fell. These events showed that the people of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union did not support Gorbachev's drive to modernize Communism; rather, they preferred to abandon it altogether.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: Spring

text: saw

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: exercising

text: a

text: democratic

text: choice

text: albeit

text: limited

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: since

text: when

text: they

text: elected

text: the

text: new

text: Congress

text: of

text: People

text: 's

text: Deputies

text: Just

text: as

text: important

text: was

text: the

text: uncensored

text: live

text: TV

text: coverage

text: of

text: the

text: legislature

text: 's

text: deliberations

text: where

text: people

text: witnessed

text: the

text: previously

text: feared

text: Communist

text: leadership

text: being

text: questioned

text: and

text: held

text: accountable

text: This

text: example

text: fueled

text: a

text: limited

text: experiment

text: with

text: democracy

text: in

text: Poland

text: which

text: quickly

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: toppling

text: of

text: the

text: Communist

text: government

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: that

text: summer

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: sparked

text: uprisings

text: that

text: overthrew

text: communism

text: in

text: the

text: other

text: five

text: Warsaw

text: Pact

text: countries

text: before

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: the

text: Berlin

text: Wall

text: fell

text: These

text: events

text: showed

text: that

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: did

text: not

text: support

text: Gorbachev

text: 's

text: drive

text: to

text: modernize

text: Communism

text: rather

text: they

text: preferred

text: to

text: abandon

text: it

text: altogether

question: What was elected in 1989?

answer: new Congress of People's Deputies

text: new Congress of People's Deputies

question: Who was questioned on live TV?

answer: Communist leadership

text: Communist leadership

question: Where was the Communist government overthrown first?

answer: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

question: When did the Berlin Wall get torn down?

answer: 1989

question: What did Eastern European people want to do with communism?

answer: abandon it

text: abandon it


text: During the administration of U.S. President Martin Van Buren, nearly 17,000 Cherokees—along with approximately 2,000 black slaves owned by Cherokees—were uprooted from their homes between 1838 and 1839 and were forced by the U.S. military to march from "emigration depots" in Eastern Tennessee (such as Fort Cass) toward the more distant Indian Territory west of Arkansas. During this relocation an estimated 4,000 Cherokees died along the way west. In the Cherokee language, the event is called Nunna daul Isunyi—"the Trail Where We Cried." The Cherokees were not the only American Indians forced to emigrate as a result of the Indian removal efforts of the United States, and so the phrase "Trail of Tears" is sometimes used to refer to similar events endured by other American Indian peoples, especially among the "Five Civilized Tribes". The phrase originated as a description of the earlier emigration of the Choctaw nation.

title: Tennessee

title: Tennessee

text: During

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: U.S.

text: President

text: Martin

text: Van

text: Buren

text: nearly

text: Cherokees

text: along

text: with

text: approximately

text: black

text: slaves

text: owned

text: by

text: Cherokees

text: were

text: uprooted

text: from

text: their

text: homes

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: were

text: forced

text: by

text: the

text: U.S.

text: military

text: to

text: march

text: from

text: emigration

text: depots

text: in

text: Eastern

text: Tennessee

text: such

text: as

text: Fort

text: Cass

text: toward

text: the

text: more

text: distant

text: Indian

text: Territory

text: west

text: of

text: Arkansas

text: During

text: this

text: relocation

text: an

text: estimated

text: Cherokees

text: died

text: along

text: the

text: way

text: west

text: In

text: the

text: Cherokee

text: language

text: the

text: event

text: is

text: called

text: Nunna

text: daul

text: Isunyi—"the

text: Trail

text: Where

text: We

text: Cried

text: The

text: Cherokees

text: were

text: not

text: the

text: only

text: American

text: Indians

text: forced

text: to

text: emigrate

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: removal

text: efforts

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: so

text: the

text: phrase

text: Trail

text: of

text: Tears

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: similar

text: events

text: endured

text: by

text: other

text: American

text: Indian

text: peoples

text: especially

text: among

text: the

text: Five

text: Civilized

text: Tribes

text: The

text: phrase

text: originated

text: as

text: a

text: description

text: of

text: the

text: earlier

text: emigration

text: of

text: the

text: Choctaw

text: nation

question: Which US President oversaw the forced westward relocation of Cherokees beginning in 1838?

answer: Martin Van Buren

text: Martin Van Buren

question: How many Cherokee-owned black slaves were also relocated between 1838 and 1839?

answer: 2,000

question: What Cherokee phrase means "the trail where we cried?"

answer: Nunna daul Isunyi

text: Nunna daul Isunyi

question: Which Native American nation's emigration was first associated with the term "Trail of Tears?"

answer: Choctaw

text: Choctaw

question: Approximately how many Cherokees died along their "Trail of Tears?"

answer: 4,000


text: Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or fermented and made into wine, brandy, or vinegar. Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol. In the wine industry, grape juice that contains 7–23% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as "must". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from Concord grapes, while white grape juice is commonly made from Niagara grapes, both of which are varieties of native American grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice.

title: Grape

title: Grape

text: Grape

text: juice

text: is

text: obtained

text: from

text: crushing

text: and

text: blending

text: grapes

text: into

text: a

text: liquid

text: The

text: juice

text: is

text: often

text: sold

text: in

text: stores

text: or

text: fermented

text: and

text: made

text: into

text: wine

text: brandy

text: or

text: vinegar

text: Grape

text: juice

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: pasteurized

text: removing

text: any

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: yeast

text: will

text: not

text: ferment

text: if

text: kept

text: sterile

text: and

text: thus

text: contains

text: no

text: alcohol

text: In

text: the

text: wine

text: industry

text: grape

text: juice

text: that

text: contains

text: of

text: pulp

text: skins

text: stems

text: and

text: seeds

text: is

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: must

text: In

text: North

text: America

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: grape

text: juice

text: is

text: purple

text: and

text: made

text: from

text: Concord

text: grapes

text: while

text: white

text: grape

text: juice

text: is

text: commonly

text: made

text: from

text: Niagara

text: grapes

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: varieties

text: of

text: native

text: American

text: grapes

text: a

text: different

text: species

text: from

text: European

text: wine

text: grapes

text: In

text: California

text: Sultana

text: known

text: there

text: as

text: Thompson

text: Seedless

text: grapes

text: are

text: sometimes

text: diverted

text: from

text: the

text: raisin

text: or

text: table

text: market

text: to

text: produce

text: white

text: juice

question: What juice is made when grapes are crushed and blended?

answer: Grape juice

text: Grape juice

question: What kind of grapes are made into vinegar?

answer: fermented

text: fermented

question: What is the most common grape used to make juice in North America?

answer: Concord grapes

text: Concord grapes

question: What are Sultana grapes known as in California?

answer: Thompson Seedless

text: Thompson Seedless

question: What types of grapes are commonly used to make white grape juice?

answer: Niagara grapes

text: Niagara grapes


text: Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century. In the mid-19th century the now defunct theory of geosynclines was used to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains but by the mid-20th century the theory of plate tectonics became widely accepted.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: Important

text: geological

text: concepts

text: were

text: established

text: as

text: naturalists

text: began

text: studying

text: the

text: rock

text: formations

text: of

text: the

text: Alps

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: now

text: defunct

text: theory

text: of

text: geosynclines

text: was

text: used

text: to

text: explain

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: folded

text: mountain

text: chains

text: but

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: plate

text: tectonics

text: became

text: widely

text: accepted

question: Who began studying the rock formations of the Alps

answer: naturalists

text: naturalists

question: When did the studying of rock formations begin in the Alps?

answer: the 18th century

text: the 18th century

question: What was used in the mid-19th century to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains?

answer: theory of geosynclines

text: theory of geosynclines

question: What theory was more widely accepted by the mid-20th century?

answer: the theory of plate tectonics

text: the theory of plate tectonics


text: On 16 April 1973, Gaddafi proclaimed the start of a "Popular Revolution" in a Zuwarah speech. He initiated this with a 5-point plan, the first point of which dissolved all existing laws, to be replaced by revolutionary enactments. The second point proclaimed that all opponents of the revolution had to be removed, while the third initiated an administrative revolution that Gaddafi proclaimed would remove all traces of bureaucracy and the bourgeoisie. The fourth point announced that the population must form People's Committees and be armed to defend the revolution, while the fifth proclaimed the beginning of a cultural revolution to expunge Libya of "poisonous" foreign influences. He began to lecture on this new phase of the revolution in Libya, Egypt, and France.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: On

text: April

text: Gaddafi

text: proclaimed

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: a

text: Popular

text: Revolution

text: in

text: a

text: Zuwarah

text: speech

text: He

text: initiated

text: this

text: with

text: a

text: plan

text: the

text: first

text: point

text: of

text: which

text: dissolved

text: all

text: existing

text: laws

text: to

text: be

text: replaced

text: by

text: revolutionary

text: enactments

text: The

text: second

text: point

text: proclaimed

text: that

text: all

text: opponents

text: of

text: the

text: revolution

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: removed

text: while

text: the

text: third

text: initiated

text: an

text: administrative

text: revolution

text: that

text: Gaddafi

text: proclaimed

text: would

text: remove

text: all

text: traces

text: of

text: bureaucracy

text: and

text: the

text: bourgeoisie

text: The

text: fourth

text: point

text: announced

text: that

text: the

text: population

text: must

text: form

text: People

text: 's

text: Committees

text: and

text: be

text: armed

text: to

text: defend

text: the

text: revolution

text: while

text: the

text: fifth

text: proclaimed

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: a

text: cultural

text: revolution

text: to

text: expunge

text: Libya

text: of

text: poisonous

text: foreign

text: influences

text: He

text: began

text: to

text: lecture

text: on

text: this

text: new

text: phase

text: of

text: the

text: revolution

text: in

text: Libya

text: Egypt

text: and

text: France

question: On what date did Gaddafi declare the beginning of a "Popular Revolution"?

answer: 16 April 1973

text: 16 April 1973

question: What happened to Libya's laws as a result of the first point of Gaddafi's speech?

answer: dissolved

text: dissolved

question: How many points did the Popular Revolution plan have?

answer: 5

question: What type of revolution began as a result of the third point?

answer: administrative

text: administrative

question: Along with Libya and France, where did Gaddafi speak on the Popular Revolution?

answer: Egypt

text: Egypt