text: The release of a video-game Starpower: Beyoncé was cancelled after Beyoncé pulled out of a $100 million with GateFive who alleged the cancellation meant the sacking of 70 staff and millions of pounds lost in development. It was settled out of court by her lawyers in June 2013 who said that they had cancelled because GateFive had lost its financial backers. Beyoncé also has had deals with American Express, Nintendo DS and L'Oréal since the age of 18.

title: Beyoncé

title: Beyoncé

text: The

text: release

text: of

text: a

text: video

text: game

text: Starpower

text: Beyoncé

text: was

text: cancelled

text: after

text: Beyoncé

text: pulled

text: out

text: of

text: a

text: million

text: with

text: GateFive

text: who

text: alleged

text: the

text: cancellation

text: meant

text: the

text: sacking

text: of

text: staff

text: and

text: millions

text: of

text: pounds

text: lost

text: in

text: development

text: It

text: was

text: settled

text: out

text: of

text: court

text: by

text: her

text: lawyers

text: in

text: June

text: who

text: said

text: that

text: they

text: had

text: cancelled

text: because

text: GateFive

text: had

text: lost

text: its

text: financial

text: backers

text: Beyoncé

text: also

text: has

text: had

text: deals

text: with

text: American

text: Express

text: Nintendo

text: DS

text: and

text: L'Oréal

text: since

text: the

text: age

text: of

question: How young was Beyonce when she acquired deals from American Express and L'Oreal?

answer: 18

question: What was the name of the video game that was cancelled for Beyonce?

answer: Starpower: Beyoncé

text: Starpower: Beyoncé

question: When did Beyonce begin her deals with name brands?

answer: since the age of 18

text: since the age of 18

question: How many people lost jobs when Beyonce left the video game deal?

answer: 70 staff

text: 70 staff

question: How was the suit settled?

answer: out of court

text: out of court

question: What was the name of the video game?

answer: Starpower: Beyoncé

text: Starpower: Beyoncé

question: What video game did Beyoncé back out of?

answer: Starpower: Beyoncé

text: Starpower: Beyoncé

question: What company was producing the video game?

answer: GateFive

text: GateFive

question: How many people lost their jobs over Beyoncé backing out of the deal?

answer: 70

question: When was the disagreement settled out of court?

answer: June 2013

text: June 2013


text: Within the diasporan Armenian community, there is an unofficial classification of the different kinds of Armenians. For example, Armenians who originate from Iran are referred to as Parskahay (Պարսկահայ), while Armenians from Lebanon are usually referred to as Lipananahay (Լիբանանահայ). Armenians of the Diaspora are the primary speakers of the Western dialect of the Armenian language. This dialect has considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other. Eastern Armenian in the diaspora is primarily spoken in Iran and European countries such as Ukraine, Russia, and Georgia (where they form a majority in the Samtskhe-Javakheti province). In diverse communities (such as in Canada and the U.S.) where many different kinds of Armenians live together, there is a tendency for the different groups to cluster together.

title: Armenians

title: Armenians

text: Within

text: the

text: diasporan

text: Armenian

text: community

text: there

text: is

text: an

text: unofficial

text: classification

text: of

text: the

text: different

text: kinds

text: of

text: Armenians

text: For

text: example

text: Armenians

text: who

text: originate

text: from

text: Iran

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Parskahay

text: Պարսկահայ

text: while

text: Armenians

text: from

text: Lebanon

text: are

text: usually

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Lipananahay

text: Լիբանանահայ

text: Armenians

text: of

text: the

text: Diaspora

text: are

text: the

text: primary

text: speakers

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: dialect

text: of

text: the

text: Armenian

text: language

text: This

text: dialect

text: has

text: considerable

text: differences

text: with

text: Eastern

text: Armenian

text: but

text: speakers

text: of

text: either

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: variations

text: can

text: usually

text: understand

text: each

text: other

text: Eastern

text: Armenian

text: in

text: the

text: diaspora

text: is

text: primarily

text: spoken

text: in

text: Iran

text: and

text: European

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: Ukraine

text: Russia

text: and

text: Georgia

text: where

text: they

text: form

text: a

text: majority

text: in

text: the

text: Samtskhe

text: Javakheti

text: province

text: In

text: diverse

text: communities

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: U.S.

text: where

text: many

text: different

text: kinds

text: of

text: Armenians

text: live

text: together

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: tendency

text: for

text: the

text: different

text: groups

text: to

text: cluster

text: together

question: What are Parskahay?

answer: Armenians who originate from Iran

text: Armenians who originate from Iran

question: What are Lipananahay?

answer: Armenians from Lebanon

text: Armenians from Lebanon

question: What dialect do most Diaspora Armenians speak?

answer: Western

text: Western

question: How similar is Western Armenian to Eastern Armenian dialect?

answer: considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other

text: considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other

question: What type of Armenian is spoken by Armenians in Iran and Russia?

answer: Eastern

text: Eastern

question: What can speakers of the variations of Parskahay do?

text: usually understand each other

question: In what province do Canadians have a majority?

text: the Samtskhe-Javakheti province

question: What do groups of Russians do when they live in the US?

question: How are Russians from Iran classified?

text: Parskahay

question: How are Russians from Lebanon referred to?

text: Lipananahay


text: Twilight Princess was released to universal critical acclaim and commercial success. It received perfect scores from major publications such as 1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, and GameSpy. On the review aggregators GameRankings and Metacritic, Twilight Princess has average scores of 95% and 95 for the Wii version and scores of 95% and 96 for the GameCube version. GameTrailers in their review called it one of the greatest games ever created.

title: The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess

title: The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess

text: Twilight

text: Princess

text: was

text: released

text: to

text: universal

text: critical

text: acclaim

text: and

text: commercial

text: success

text: It

text: received

text: perfect

text: scores

text: from

text: major

text: publications

text: such

text: as

text: Computer

text: and

text: Video

text: Games

text: Electronic

text: Gaming

text: Monthly

text: Game

text: Informer

text: GamesRadar

text: and

text: GameSpy

text: On

text: the

text: review

text: aggregators

text: GameRankings

text: and

text: Metacritic

text: Twilight

text: Princess

text: has

text: average

text: scores

text: of

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: Wii

text: version

text: and

text: scores

text: of

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: GameCube

text: version

text: GameTrailers

text: in

text: their

text: review

text: called

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: games

text: ever

text: created

question: What kind of scores did Twilight Princess receive from many video game review sources?

answer: perfect

text: perfect

question: Which sites gave the Wii copy of Twilight Princess scores of 95% and 95?

answer: GameRankings and Metacritic

text: GameRankings and Metacritic

question: Who counted the game among the best ever made?

answer: GameTrailers

text: GameTrailers

question: What was the reception of Twilight Princess?

answer: universal critical acclaim

text: universal critical acclaim

question: What scores did it receive from major game publications?

answer: perfect

text: perfect

question: What is the average score of Twilight Princess on Metacritic?

answer: 95

question: What reviewer called Twilight Princess "One of the greatest games ever created"?

answer: GameTrailers

text: GameTrailers

question: What kind of scores did GameTrailers receive from many video game review sources?

text: perfect

question: Which sites gave the Wii copy of GameTrailers scores of 97% and 95?

text: GameRankings and Metacritic

question: Who counted Gamespy among the best ever made?

text: GameTrailers

question: What was the reception of GameTrailers?

text: universal critical acclaim

question: What scores did GameTrailers receive from major game publications?

text: perfect


text: Married women tend to sport headscarves referred to as shaash. They also often cover their upper body with a shawl, which is known as garbasaar. Unmarried or young women, however, do not always cover their heads. Traditional Arabian garb, such as the jilbab and abaya, is also commonly worn.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: Married

text: women

text: tend

text: to

text: sport

text: headscarves

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: shaash

text: They

text: also

text: often

text: cover

text: their

text: upper

text: body

text: with

text: a

text: shawl

text: which

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: garbasaar

text: Unmarried

text: or

text: young

text: women

text: however

text: do

text: not

text: always

text: cover

text: their

text: heads

text: Traditional

text: Arabian

text: garb

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: jilbab

text: and

text: abaya

text: is

text: also

text: commonly

text: worn

question: What is the name of the headscarf worn by married women?

answer: shaash

text: shaash

question: What is the name of the shawl that married women wear on their upper bodies?

answer: garbasaar

text: garbasaar

question: Along with abaya, what is a traditional Arab garment sometimes worn by Somali women?

answer: the jilbab

text: the jilbab


text: Music was a major part of everyday life.[citation needed] The word itself derives from Greek μουσική (mousike), "(art) of the Muses". Many private and public events were accompanied by music, ranging from nightly dining to military parades and manoeuvres. In a discussion of any ancient music, however, non-specialists and even many musicians have to be reminded that much of what makes our modern music familiar to us is the result of developments only within the last 1,000 years; thus, our ideas of melody, scales, harmony, and even the instruments we use may not have been familiar to Romans who made and listened to music many centuries earlier.[citation needed]

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Music

text: was

text: a

text: major

text: part

text: of

text: everyday

text: life.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: word

text: itself

text: derives

text: from

text: Greek

text: μουσική

text: mousike

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: Muses

text: Many

text: private

text: and

text: public

text: events

text: were

text: accompanied

text: by

text: music

text: ranging

text: from

text: nightly

text: dining

text: to

text: military

text: parades

text: and

text: manoeuvres

text: In

text: a

text: discussion

text: of

text: any

text: ancient

text: music

text: however

text: non

text: specialists

text: and

text: even

text: many

text: musicians

text: have

text: to

text: be

text: reminded

text: that

text: much

text: of

text: what

text: makes

text: our

text: modern

text: music

text: familiar

text: to

text: us

text: is

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: developments

text: only

text: within

text: the

text: last

text: years

text: thus

text: our

text: ideas

text: of

text: melody

text: scales

text: harmony

text: and

text: even

text: the

text: instruments

text: we

text: use

text: may

text: not

text: have

text: been

text: familiar

text: to

text: Romans

text: who

text: made

text: and

text: listened

text: to

text: music

text: many

text: centuries

text: earlier.[citation

text: needed

question: What was considered to be dominant part of normal life?

answer: Music

text: Music

question: What language does the word Music see it's origins in?

answer: Greek

text: Greek

question: Could events in the Roman Republic often include music?

answer: Many private and public events were accompanied by music

text: Many private and public events were accompanied by music

question: What do many people consider to be the source of our modern musics familiarity with us?

answer: developments only within the last 1,000 years

text: developments only within the last 1,000 years


text: State schools in Somerset are provided by three local education authorities: Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, and the larger Somerset County Council. All state schools are comprehensive. In some areas primary, infant and junior schools cater for ages four to eleven, after which the pupils move on to secondary schools. There is a three-tier system of first, middle and upper schools in the Cheddar Valley, and in West Somerset, while most other schools in the county use the two-tier system. Somerset has 30 state and 17 independent secondary schools; Bath and North East Somerset has 13 state and 5 independent secondary schools; and North Somerset has 10 state and 2 independent secondary schools, excluding sixth form colleges.

title: Somerset

title: Somerset

text: State

text: schools

text: in

text: Somerset

text: are

text: provided

text: by

text: three

text: local

text: education

text: authorities

text: Bath

text: and

text: North

text: East

text: Somerset

text: North

text: Somerset

text: and

text: the

text: larger

text: Somerset

text: County

text: Council

text: All

text: state

text: schools

text: are

text: comprehensive

text: In

text: some

text: areas

text: primary

text: infant

text: and

text: junior

text: schools

text: cater

text: for

text: ages

text: four

text: to

text: eleven

text: after

text: which

text: the

text: pupils

text: move

text: on

text: to

text: secondary

text: schools

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: three

text: tier

text: system

text: of

text: first

text: middle

text: and

text: upper

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: Cheddar

text: Valley

text: and

text: in

text: West

text: Somerset

text: while

text: most

text: other

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: county

text: use

text: the

text: two

text: tier

text: system

text: Somerset

text: has

text: state

text: and

text: independent

text: secondary

text: schools

text: Bath

text: and

text: North

text: East

text: Somerset

text: has

text: state

text: and

text: independent

text: secondary

text: schools

text: and

text: North

text: Somerset

text: has

text: state

text: and

text: independent

text: secondary

text: schools

text: excluding

text: sixth

text: form

text: colleges

question: What are the  state schools in somerset

answer: Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, and the larger Somerset County Council

text: Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, and the larger Somerset County Council

question: What are the 3 tiers of school

answer: a three-tier system of first, middle and upper schools in the Cheddar Valley, and in West Somerset

text: a three-tier system of first, middle and upper schools in the Cheddar Valley, and in West Somerset

question: How many state and independent secondary  schools in Somerset

answer: Somerset has 30 state and 17 independent secondary schools

text: Somerset has 30 state and 17 independent secondary schools

question: What is the average class size in Somerset independent secondary schools?

question: What is the average class size in Somerset state secondary schools?

question: How many schools are in Cheddar Valley?

question: How many state secondary schools are there in Bath?

question: How many private secondary schools are there in North Somerset?


text: In buildings made of other materials, wood will still be found as a supporting material, especially in roof construction, in interior doors and their frames, and as exterior cladding.

title: Wood

title: Wood

text: In

text: buildings

text: made

text: of

text: other

text: materials

text: wood

text: will

text: still

text: be

text: found

text: as

text: a

text: supporting

text: material

text: especially

text: in

text: roof

text: construction

text: in

text: interior

text: doors

text: and

text: their

text: frames

text: and

text: as

text: exterior

text: cladding

question: What might wood be used for in a building made from brick or other materials?

answer: supporting material

text: supporting material

question: What crucial part of a house is often constructed from wood?

answer: roof

text: roof

question: Wood might be used to construct what exterior component of a building?

answer: cladding

text: cladding

question: Inside a building, what wooden things might you open to enter or leave rooms?

answer: doors

text: doors


text: The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology rests on an understanding of the properties of these two biological entities and the cellular response to both.

title: Immunology

title: Immunology

text: The

text: humoral

text: antibody

text: response

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: interaction

text: between

text: antibodies

text: and

text: antigens

text: Antibodies

text: are

text: specific

text: proteins

text: released

text: from

text: a

text: certain

text: class

text: of

text: immune

text: cells

text: known

text: as

text: B

text: lymphocytes

text: while

text: antigens

text: are

text: defined

text: as

text: anything

text: that

text: elicits

text: the

text: generation

text: of

text: antibodies

text: anti"body

text: gen"erators

text: Immunology

text: rests

text: on

text: an

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: properties

text: of

text: these

text: two

text: biological

text: entities

text: and

text: the

text: cellular

text: response

text: to

text: both

question: Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements?

answer: antibodies and antigens

text: antibodies and antigens

question: What are antibodies comprised of?

answer: specific proteins

text: specific proteins

question: What cells produce antibodies?

answer: B lymphocytes

text: B lymphocytes

question: The term "antigen" is rooted in what two words?

answer: "anti"body "gen"erators

text: "anti"body "gen"erators

question: Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens?

answer: cellular response

text: cellular response


text: As with bacterial classification, identification of bacteria is increasingly using molecular methods. Diagnostics using DNA-based tools, such as polymerase chain reaction, are increasingly popular due to their specificity and speed, compared to culture-based methods. These methods also allow the detection and identification of "viable but nonculturable" cells that are metabolically active but non-dividing. However, even using these improved methods, the total number of bacterial species is not known and cannot even be estimated with any certainty. Following present classification, there are a little less than 9,300 known species of prokaryotes, which includes bacteria and archaea; but attempts to estimate the true number of bacterial diversity have ranged from 107 to 109 total species – and even these diverse estimates may be off by many orders of magnitude.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: As

text: with

text: bacterial

text: classification

text: identification

text: of

text: bacteria

text: is

text: increasingly

text: using

text: molecular

text: methods

text: Diagnostics

text: using

text: DNA

text: based

text: tools

text: such

text: as

text: polymerase

text: chain

text: reaction

text: are

text: increasingly

text: popular

text: due

text: to

text: their

text: specificity

text: and

text: speed

text: compared

text: to

text: culture

text: based

text: methods

text: These

text: methods

text: also

text: allow

text: the

text: detection

text: and

text: identification

text: of

text: viable

text: but

text: nonculturable

text: cells

text: that

text: are

text: metabolically

text: active

text: but

text: non

text: dividing

text: However

text: even

text: using

text: these

text: improved

text: methods

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: bacterial

text: species

text: is

text: not

text: known

text: and

text: can

text: not

text: even

text: be

text: estimated

text: with

text: any

text: certainty

text: Following

text: present

text: classification

text: there

text: are

text: a

text: little

text: less

text: than

text: known

text: species

text: of

text: prokaryotes

text: which

text: includes

text: bacteria

text: and

text: archaea

text: but

text: attempts

text: to

text: estimate

text: the

text: true

text: number

text: of

text: bacterial

text: diversity

text: have

text: ranged

text: from

text: to

text: total

text: species

text: and

text: even

text: these

text: diverse

text: estimates

text: may

text: be

text: off

text: by

text: many

text: orders

text: of

text: magnitude

question: What technique has becoming more popular in classification of bacteria?

answer: molecular methods

text: molecular methods

question: What tool does DNA based diagnostics use?

answer: polymerase chain reaction

text: polymerase chain reaction

question: What else can molecular methods of classification reveal?

answer: identification of "viable but nonculturable" cells

text: identification of "viable but nonculturable" cells

question: Can new methods determine a total number of bacteria species?

answer: cannot even be estimated with any certainty

text: cannot even be estimated with any certainty


text: Updated Motorola CPUs made a faster machine possible, and in 1987 Apple took advantage of the new Motorola technology and introduced the Macintosh II at $5500, powered by a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor. The primary improvement in the Macintosh II was Color QuickDraw in ROM, a color version of the graphics language which was the heart of the machine. Among the many innovations in Color QuickDraw were the ability to handle any display size, any color depth, and multiple monitors. The Macintosh II marked the start of a new direction for the Macintosh, as now for the first time it had an open architecture with several NuBus expansion slots, support for color graphics and external monitors, and a modular design similar to that of the IBM PC. It had an internal hard drive and a power supply with a fan, which was initially fairly loud. One third-party developer sold a device to regulate fan speed based on a heat sensor, but it voided the warranty. Later Macintosh computers had quieter power supplies and hard drives.

title: Macintosh

title: Macintosh

text: Updated

text: Motorola

text: CPUs

text: made

text: a

text: faster

text: machine

text: possible

text: and

text: in

text: Apple

text: took

text: advantage

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: Motorola

text: technology

text: and

text: introduced

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: II

text: at

text: powered

text: by

text: a

text: MHz

text: Motorola

text: processor

text: The

text: primary

text: improvement

text: in

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: II

text: was

text: Color

text: QuickDraw

text: in

text: ROM

text: a

text: color

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: graphics

text: language

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: machine

text: Among

text: the

text: many

text: innovations

text: in

text: Color

text: QuickDraw

text: were

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: handle

text: any

text: display

text: size

text: any

text: color

text: depth

text: and

text: multiple

text: monitors

text: The

text: Macintosh

text: II

text: marked

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: direction

text: for

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: as

text: now

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: it

text: had

text: an

text: open

text: architecture

text: with

text: several

text: NuBus

text: expansion

text: slots

text: support

text: for

text: color

text: graphics

text: and

text: external

text: monitors

text: and

text: a

text: modular

text: design

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: IBM

text: PC

text: It

text: had

text: an

text: internal

text: hard

text: drive

text: and

text: a

text: power

text: supply

text: with

text: a

text: fan

text: which

text: was

text: initially

text: fairly

text: loud

text: One

text: third

text: party

text: developer

text: sold

text: a

text: device

text: to

text: regulate

text: fan

text: speed

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: heat

text: sensor

text: but

text: it

text: voided

text: the

text: warranty

text: Later

text: Macintosh

text: computers

text: had

text: quieter

text: power

text: supplies

text: and

text: hard

text: drives

question: Whose technology did Apple take advantage of when introducing the Macintosh II?

answer: Motorola

text: Motorola

question: What powered the Macintosh II?

answer: a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor

text: a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor

question: How much did the Macintosh II sell for?

answer: $5500

question: What marked the start of a new direction for Macintosh?

answer: The Macintosh II

text: The Macintosh II

question: What was the Macintosh II's new modular design similar to?

answer: the IBM PC

text: the IBM PC

question: Whose technology did Apple take advantage of when introducing the Macintosh I?

text: Motorola

question: What powered the Macintosh I?

text: a 16 MHz Motorola 68020 processor

question: How much did the Macintosh I sell for?

question: What marked the end of a new direction for Macintosh

text: Macintosh II

question: What was the Macintosh I's new modular design similar to?

text: IBM PC


text: The mandolin's popularity in the United States was spurred by the success of a group of touring young European musicians known as the Estudiantina Figaro, or in the United States, simply the "Spanish Students." The group landed in the U.S. on January 2, 1880 in New York City, and played in Boston and New York to wildly enthusiastic crowds. Ironically, this ensemble did not play mandolins but rather bandurrias, which are also small, double-strung instruments that resemble the mandolin. The success of the Figaro Spanish Students spawned other groups who imitated their musical style and costumes. An Italian musician, Carlo Curti, hastily started a musical ensemble after seeing the Figaro Spanish Students perform; his group of Italian born Americans called themselves the "Original Spanish Students," counting on the American public to not know the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins. The imitators' use of mandolins helped to generate enormous public interest in an instrument previously relatively unknown in the United States.

title: Mandolin

title: Mandolin

text: The

text: mandolin

text: 's

text: popularity

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: was

text: spurred

text: by

text: the

text: success

text: of

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: touring

text: young

text: European

text: musicians

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Estudiantina

text: Figaro

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: simply

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Students

text: The

text: group

text: landed

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: on

text: January

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: and

text: played

text: in

text: Boston

text: and

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: wildly

text: enthusiastic

text: crowds

text: Ironically

text: this

text: ensemble

text: did

text: not

text: play

text: mandolins

text: but

text: rather

text: bandurrias

text: which

text: are

text: also

text: small

text: double

text: strung

text: instruments

text: that

text: resemble

text: the

text: mandolin

text: The

text: success

text: of

text: the

text: Figaro

text: Spanish

text: Students

text: spawned

text: other

text: groups

text: who

text: imitated

text: their

text: musical

text: style

text: and

text: costumes

text: An

text: Italian

text: musician

text: Carlo

text: Curti

text: hastily

text: started

text: a

text: musical

text: ensemble

text: after

text: seeing

text: the

text: Figaro

text: Spanish

text: Students

text: perform

text: his

text: group

text: of

text: Italian

text: born

text: Americans

text: called

text: themselves

text: the

text: Original

text: Spanish

text: Students

text: counting

text: on

text: the

text: American

text: public

text: to

text: not

text: know

text: the

text: difference

text: between

text: the

text: Spanish

text: bandurrias

text: and

text: Italian

text: mandolins

text: The

text: imitators

text: use

text: of

text: mandolins

text: helped

text: to

text: generate

text: enormous

text: public

text: interest

text: in

text: an

text: instrument

text: previously

text: relatively

text: unknown

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: What group in the US was popular?

answer: Estudiantina Figaro

text: Estudiantina Figaro

question: When did the Estudiantina Figaro come to the US?

answer: January 2, 1880

text: January 2, 1880

question: Where did the Estudiantina Figaro play?

answer: Boston and New York

text: Boston and New York

question: What group was inspired by the Estudiantina Figaro?

answer: Original Spanish Students

text: Original Spanish Students

question: What did the Origianl Spanish Students expect the American  public not to know?

answer: the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins

text: the difference between the Spanish bandurrias and Italian mandolins

question: What group in the UK was popular?

text: Estudiantina Figaro

question: When did the Estudiantina Figaro leave the US?

text: January 2, 1880

question: Where did the Estudiantina Figaro refuse to play?

text: Boston and New York

question: What group wasn't inspired by the Estudiantina Figaro?

text: Original Spanish Students

question: What did the Origianl Spanish Students expect the African public not to know?


text: A major international priority for Tuvalu in the UN, at the 2002 Earth Summit in Johannesburg, South Africa and in other international fora, is promoting concern about global warming and the possible sea level rising. Tuvalu advocates ratification and implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. In December 2009 the islands stalled talks on climate change at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, fearing some other developing countries were not committing fully to binding deals on a reduction in carbon emissions. Their chief negotiator stated, "Tuvalu is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change and our future rests on the outcome of this meeting."

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: A

text: major

text: international

text: priority

text: for

text: Tuvalu

text: in

text: the

text: UN

text: at

text: the

text: Earth

text: Summit

text: in

text: Johannesburg

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: in

text: other

text: international

text: fora

text: is

text: promoting

text: concern

text: about

text: global

text: warming

text: and

text: the

text: possible

text: sea

text: level

text: rising

text: Tuvalu

text: advocates

text: ratification

text: and

text: implementation

text: of

text: the

text: Kyoto

text: Protocol

text: In

text: December

text: the

text: islands

text: stalled

text: talks

text: on

text: climate

text: change

text: at

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Climate

text: Change

text: Conference

text: in

text: Copenhagen

text: fearing

text: some

text: other

text: developing

text: countries

text: were

text: not

text: committing

text: fully

text: to

text: binding

text: deals

text: on

text: a

text: reduction

text: in

text: carbon

text: emissions

text: Their

text: chief

text: negotiator

text: stated

text: Tuvalu

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: vulnerable

text: countries

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: to

text: climate

text: change

text: and

text: our

text: future

text: rests

text: on

text: the

text: outcome

text: of

text: this

text: meeting

question: What crisis is a major concern for Tuvalu at the UN?

answer: global warming

text: global warming

question: In concert with global warming, what is Tuvalu's other envirnmental priority?

answer: sea level rising

text: sea level rising

question: What agreement does Tuvalu advocate ratification?

answer: Kyoto Protocol

text: Kyoto Protocol

question: What did Tuvalu call for from other nations concerning reduction of carbon emissions?

answer: binding deals

text: binding deals

question: What does Tuvalu feel its position to be in climate change?

answer: vulnerable

text: vulnerable


text: There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. There are approximately 5×1030 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants and animals. Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many of the stages in nutrient cycles dependent on these organisms, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere and putrefaction. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. On 17 March 2013, researchers reported data that suggested bacterial life forms thrive in the Mariana Trench, which with a depth of up to 11 kilometres is the deepest part of the Earth's oceans. Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 580 metres below the sea floor under 2.6 kilometres of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States. According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are."

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: There

text: are

text: typically

text: million

text: bacterial

text: cells

text: in

text: a

text: gram

text: of

text: soil

text: and

text: a

text: million

text: bacterial

text: cells

text: in

text: a

text: millilitre

text: of

text: fresh

text: water

text: There

text: are

text: approximately

text: bacteria

text: on

text: Earth

text: forming

text: a

text: biomass

text: which

text: exceeds

text: that

text: of

text: all

text: plants

text: and

text: animals

text: Bacteria

text: are

text: vital

text: in

text: recycling

text: nutrients

text: with

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: stages

text: in

text: nutrient

text: cycles

text: dependent

text: on

text: these

text: organisms

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: fixation

text: of

text: nitrogen

text: from

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: putrefaction

text: In

text: the

text: biological

text: communities

text: surrounding

text: hydrothermal

text: vents

text: and

text: cold

text: seeps

text: bacteria

text: provide

text: the

text: nutrients

text: needed

text: to

text: sustain

text: life

text: by

text: converting

text: dissolved

text: compounds

text: such

text: as

text: hydrogen

text: sulphide

text: and

text: methane

text: to

text: energy

text: On

text: March

text: researchers

text: reported

text: data

text: that

text: suggested

text: bacterial

text: life

text: forms

text: thrive

text: in

text: the

text: Mariana

text: Trench

text: which

text: with

text: a

text: depth

text: of

text: up

text: to

text: kilometres

text: is

text: the

text: deepest

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: 's

text: oceans

text: Other

text: researchers

text: reported

text: related

text: studies

text: that

text: microbes

text: thrive

text: inside

text: rocks

text: up

text: to

text: metres

text: below

text: the

text: sea

text: floor

text: under

text: kilometres

text: of

text: ocean

text: off

text: the

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: northwestern

text: United

text: States

text: According

text: to

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: researchers

text: You

text: can

text: find

text: microbes

text: everywhere

text: they

text: 're

text: extremely

text: adaptable

text: to

text: conditions

text: and

text: survive

text: wherever

text: they

text: are

question: What amount of bacteria can be found in a gram of soil?

answer: 40 million bacterial cells

text: 40 million bacterial cells

question: How many bacteria cells can be in a milliltre of fresh water?

answer: million bacterial cells

text: million bacterial cells

question: How does bacteria help to sustain life in hydrothermal vents and cold seeps?

answer: by converting dissolved compounds

text: by converting dissolved compounds

question: What deepest part of the ocean was bacteria found?

answer: Mariana Trench

text: Mariana Trench

question: Can bacteria survive inside rocks under the sea level?

answer: thrive inside rocks

text: thrive inside rocks


text: Internet Explorer 10 is included as both a desktop program and a touch-optimized app, and includes increased support for HTML5, CSS3, and hardware acceleration. The Internet Explorer app does not support plugins or ActiveX components, but includes a version of Adobe Flash Player that is optimized for touch and low power usage. Initially, Adobe Flash would only work on sites included on a "Compatibility View" whitelist; however, after feedback from users and additional compatibility tests, an update in March 2013 changed this behavior to use a smaller blacklist of sites with known compatibility issues instead, allowing Flash to be used on most sites by default. The desktop version does not contain these limitations.

title: Windows_8

title: Windows_8

text: Internet

text: Explorer

text: is

text: included

text: as

text: both

text: a

text: desktop

text: program

text: and

text: a

text: touch

text: optimized

text: app

text: and

text: includes

text: increased

text: support

text: for

text: and

text: hardware

text: acceleration

text: The

text: Internet

text: Explorer

text: app

text: does

text: not

text: support

text: plugins

text: or

text: ActiveX

text: components

text: but

text: includes

text: a

text: version

text: of

text: Adobe

text: Flash

text: Player

text: that

text: is

text: optimized

text: for

text: touch

text: and

text: low

text: power

text: usage

text: Initially

text: Adobe

text: Flash

text: would

text: only

text: work

text: on

text: sites

text: included

text: on

text: a

text: Compatibility

text: View

text: whitelist

text: however

text: after

text: feedback

text: from

text: users

text: and

text: additional

text: compatibility

text: tests

text: an

text: update

text: in

text: March

text: changed

text: this

text: behavior

text: to

text: use

text: a

text: smaller

text: blacklist

text: of

text: sites

text: with

text: known

text: compatibility

text: issues

text: instead

text: allowing

text: Flash

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: on

text: most

text: sites

text: by

text: default

text: The

text: desktop

text: version

text: does

text: not

text: contain

text: these

text: limitations

question: What forms is Internet Exploer 10 available as?

answer: a desktop program and a touch-optimized app

text: a desktop program and a touch-optimized app

question: What limitations were put on Adobe flash to begin with?

answer: a "Compatibility View" whitelist

text: a "Compatibility View" whitelist

question: What improvements were made to Internet Explorer?

answer: increased support for HTML5, CSS3, and hardware acceleration

text: increased support for HTML5, CSS3, and hardware acceleration

question: Where can Adobe Flash now be used?

answer: most sites by default

text: most sites by default

question: What forms is Internet Explorer 11 available as?

question: What forms is Internet Explorer 10 unavailable as?

question: What limitations weren't put on Adobe flash to begin with?

text: a "Compatibility View" whitelist

question: What improvements weren't made to Internet Explorer?

question: Where can Adobe Flash not be used?

text: most sites by default


text: As reflected in the 2010 United States Census, Alaska has a total of 355 incorporated cities and census-designated places (CDPs). The tally of cities includes four unified municipalities, essentially the equivalent of a consolidated city–county. The majority of these communities are located in the rural expanse of Alaska known as "The Bush" and are unconnected to the contiguous North American road network. The table at the bottom of this section lists the 100 largest cities and census-designated places in Alaska, in population order.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: As

text: reflected

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: Alaska

text: has

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: incorporated

text: cities

text: and

text: census

text: designated

text: places

text: CDPs

text: The

text: tally

text: of

text: cities

text: includes

text: four

text: unified

text: municipalities

text: essentially

text: the

text: equivalent

text: of

text: a

text: consolidated

text: city

text: county

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: these

text: communities

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: rural

text: expanse

text: of

text: Alaska

text: known

text: as

text: The

text: Bush

text: and

text: are

text: unconnected

text: to

text: the

text: contiguous

text: North

text: American

text: road

text: network

text: The

text: table

text: at

text: the

text: bottom

text: of

text: this

text: section

text: lists

text: the

text: largest

text: cities

text: and

text: census

text: designated

text: places

text: in

text: Alaska

text: in

text: population

text: order

question: What are CDPs?

answer: census-designated places

text: census-designated places

question: How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2010 Census?

answer: 355

question: Are the majority of CDPs connected or disconnected from the North American road network?

answer: unconnected

text: unconnected

question: In what area are the majority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska?

answer: "The Bush"

text: "The Bush"

question: What aren't CDPs?

text: census-designated places

question: How many corporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2010 Census?

question: How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2012 Census?

question: Are the minority of CDPs connected or disconnected from the North American road network?

text: unconnected

question: In what area are the minority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska?

text: "The Bush"


text: Datta (2005) shows that, following the collapse of militaristic Boulangism in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture. Concentrating on two plays and two novels from the period—Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-Gêne (1893), Maurice Barrès's Les Déracinés (1897), Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon (1900), and André de Lorde and Gyp's Napoléonette (1913) Datta examines how writers and critics of the Belle Époque exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Datta

text: shows

text: that

text: following

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: militaristic

text: Boulangism

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: legend

text: was

text: divorced

text: from

text: party

text: politics

text: and

text: revived

text: in

text: popular

text: culture

text: Concentrating

text: on

text: two

text: plays

text: and

text: two

text: novels

text: from

text: the

text: period

text: Victorien

text: Sardou

text: 's

text: Madame

text: Sans

text: Gêne

text: Maurice

text: Barrès

text: 's

text: Les

text: Déracinés

text: Edmond

text: Rostand

text: 's

text: L'Aiglon

text: and

text: André

text: de

text: Lorde

text: and

text: Gyp

text: 's

text: Napoléonette

text: Datta

text: examines

text: how

text: writers

text: and

text: critics

text: of

text: the

text: Belle

text: Époque

text: exploited

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: legend

text: for

text: diverse

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: ends

question: When did militaristic Boulangism collapse?

answer: the late 1880s

text: the late 1880s

question: What year was Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-Gêne written?

answer: 1893

question: What year was Maurice Barrès's Les Déracinés written?

answer: 1897

question: In what year was Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon written?

answer: 1900

question: In what year was André de Lorde and Gyp's Napoléonette written?

answer: 1913


text: The term alloy is used to describe a mixture of atoms in which the primary constituent is a metal. The primary metal is called the base, the matrix, or the solvent. The secondary constituents are often called solutes. If there is a mixture of only two types of atoms, not counting impurities, such as a copper-nickel alloy, then it is called a binary alloy. If there are three types of atoms forming the mixture, such as iron, nickel and chromium, then it is called a ternary alloy. An alloy with four constituents is a quaternary alloy, while a five-part alloy is termed a quinary alloy. Because the percentage of each constituent can be varied, with any mixture the entire range of possible variations is called a system. In this respect, all of the various forms of an alloy containing only two constituents, like iron and carbon, is called a binary system, while all of the alloy combinations possible with a ternary alloy, such as alloys of iron, carbon and chromium, is called a ternary system.

title: Alloy

title: Alloy

text: The

text: term

text: alloy

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: describe

text: a

text: mixture

text: of

text: atoms

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: primary

text: constituent

text: is

text: a

text: metal

text: The

text: primary

text: metal

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: base

text: the

text: matrix

text: or

text: the

text: solvent

text: The

text: secondary

text: constituents

text: are

text: often

text: called

text: solutes

text: If

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: mixture

text: of

text: only

text: two

text: types

text: of

text: atoms

text: not

text: counting

text: impurities

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: copper

text: nickel

text: alloy

text: then

text: it

text: is

text: called

text: a

text: binary

text: alloy

text: If

text: there

text: are

text: three

text: types

text: of

text: atoms

text: forming

text: the

text: mixture

text: such

text: as

text: iron

text: nickel

text: and

text: chromium

text: then

text: it

text: is

text: called

text: a

text: ternary

text: alloy

text: An

text: alloy

text: with

text: four

text: constituents

text: is

text: a

text: quaternary

text: alloy

text: while

text: a

text: five

text: part

text: alloy

text: is

text: termed

text: a

text: quinary

text: alloy

text: Because

text: the

text: percentage

text: of

text: each

text: constituent

text: can

text: be

text: varied

text: with

text: any

text: mixture

text: the

text: entire

text: range

text: of

text: possible

text: variations

text: is

text: called

text: a

text: system

text: In

text: this

text: respect

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: forms

text: of

text: an

text: alloy

text: containing

text: only

text: two

text: constituents

text: like

text: iron

text: and

text: carbon

text: is

text: called

text: a

text: binary

text: system

text: while

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: alloy

text: combinations

text: possible

text: with

text: a

text: ternary

text: alloy

text: such

text: as

text: alloys

text: of

text: iron

text: carbon

text: and

text: chromium

text: is

text: called

text: a

text: ternary

text: system

question: The matrix and the solvent are other names for what?

answer: The primary metal

text: The primary metal

question: What is another name for solutes?

answer: The secondary constituents

text: The secondary constituents

question: What is the name of an alloy that has  four constituents?

answer: quaternary alloy

text: quaternary alloy

question: A five-part alloy is known as?

answer: ternary alloy

text: ternary alloy

question: What term describes a mixture of atoms that include at least some metal?

text: alloy

question: What is another name for the primary metal or solute in an alloy?

text: the base,

question: An alloy with five what is called a quaternary alloy?

text: constituents

question: What type of alloy contains ten constituents?

text: ternary


text: The University of the Republic is the country's largest and most important university, with a student body of 81,774, according to the census of 2007. It was founded on 18 July 1849 in Montevideo, where most of its buildings and facilities are still located. Its current Rector is Dr. Rodrigo Arocena. The university houses 14 faculties (departments) and various institutes and schools. Many eminent Uruguayans have graduated from this university, including Carlos Vaz Ferreira, José Luis Massera, Gabriel Paternain, Mario Wschebor, Roman Fresnedo Siri, Carlos Ott and Eladio Dieste

title: Montevideo

title: Montevideo

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: important

text: university

text: with

text: a

text: student

text: body

text: of

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: of

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: on

text: July

text: in

text: Montevideo

text: where

text: most

text: of

text: its

text: buildings

text: and

text: facilities

text: are

text: still

text: located

text: Its

text: current

text: Rector

text: is

text: Dr.

text: Rodrigo

text: Arocena

text: The

text: university

text: houses

text: faculties

text: departments

text: and

text: various

text: institutes

text: and

text: schools

text: Many

text: eminent

text: Uruguayans

text: have

text: graduated

text: from

text: this

text: university

text: including

text: Carlos

text: Vaz

text: Ferreira

text: José

text: Luis

text: Massera

text: Gabriel

text: Paternain

text: Mario

text: Wschebor

text: Roman

text: Fresnedo

text: Siri

text: Carlos

text: Ott

text: and

text: Eladio

text: Dieste

question: What is the country's largest university?

answer: The University of the Republic

text: The University of the Republic

question: In 2007 the University of the Republic had a student body of how many people?

answer: 81,774

question: When was the University of the Republic founded?

answer: 18 July 1849

text: 18 July 1849

question: Who is the current rector of The University of the Republic?

answer: Dr. Rodrigo Arocena

text: Dr. Rodrigo Arocena


text: On March 4, 1989, the Memorial Society, committed to honoring the victims of Stalinism and cleansing society of Soviet practices, was founded in Kiev. A public rally was held the next day. On March 12, A pre-election meeting organized in Lviv by the Ukrainian Helsinki Union and the Marian Society Myloserdia (Compassion) was violently dispersed, and nearly 300 people were detained. On March 26, elections were held to the union Congress of People's Deputies; by-elections were held on April 9, May 14, and May 21. Among the 225 Ukrainian deputies, most were conservatives, though a handful of progressives made the cut.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: On

text: March

text: the

text: Memorial

text: Society

text: committed

text: to

text: honoring

text: the

text: victims

text: of

text: Stalinism

text: and

text: cleansing

text: society

text: of

text: Soviet

text: practices

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: Kiev

text: A

text: public

text: rally

text: was

text: held

text: the

text: next

text: day

text: On

text: March

text: A

text: pre

text: election

text: meeting

text: organized

text: in

text: Lviv

text: by

text: the

text: Ukrainian

text: Helsinki

text: Union

text: and

text: the

text: Marian

text: Society

text: Myloserdia

text: Compassion

text: was

text: violently

text: dispersed

text: and

text: nearly

text: people

text: were

text: detained

text: On

text: March

text: elections

text: were

text: held

text: to

text: the

text: union

text: Congress

text: of

text: People

text: 's

text: Deputies

text: by

text: elections

text: were

text: held

text: on

text: April

text: May

text: and

text: May

text: Among

text: the

text: Ukrainian

text: deputies

text: most

text: were

text: conservatives

text: though

text: a

text: handful

text: of

text: progressives

text: made

text: the

text: cut

question: What ideology's victims were being honored by the Memorial Society?

answer: Stalinism

text: Stalinism

question: How many people from the pre-election meeting in Lviv were detained?

answer: nearly 300

text: nearly 300

question: Members of what ideology were more heavily elected to the union Congress of People's Deputies?

answer: conservatives

text: conservatives

question: How many deputies were elected?

answer: 225


text: With the rapid growth of industrial workers in the auto factories, labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor and the United Auto Workers fought to organize workers to gain them better working conditions and wages. They initiated strikes and other tactics in support of improvements such as the 8-hour day/40-hour work week, increased wages, greater benefits and improved working conditions. The labor activism during those years increased influence of union leaders in the city such as Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters and Walter Reuther of the Autoworkers.

title: Detroit

title: Detroit

text: With

text: the

text: rapid

text: growth

text: of

text: industrial

text: workers

text: in

text: the

text: auto

text: factories

text: labor

text: unions

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: American

text: Federation

text: of

text: Labor

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Auto

text: Workers

text: fought

text: to

text: organize

text: workers

text: to

text: gain

text: them

text: better

text: working

text: conditions

text: and

text: wages

text: They

text: initiated

text: strikes

text: and

text: other

text: tactics

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: improvements

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: work

text: week

text: increased

text: wages

text: greater

text: benefits

text: and

text: improved

text: working

text: conditions

text: The

text: labor

text: activism

text: during

text: those

text: years

text: increased

text: influence

text: of

text: union

text: leaders

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: such

text: as

text: Jimmy

text: Hoffa

text: of

text: the

text: Teamsters

text: and

text: Walter

text: Reuther

text: of

text: the

text: Autoworkers

question: Who was the labor leader of the Teamsters?

answer: Jimmy Hoffa

text: Jimmy Hoffa

question: Who was the labor leader of the Autoworkers?

answer: Walter Reuther

text: Walter Reuther

question: How many hours did the unions push for as a maximum for a work day?

answer: 8

question: How many hours did the Unions want the work week to be limited to?

answer: 40


text: The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.

title: Southern_Europe

title: Southern_Europe

text: The

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: represented

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: upheaval

text: in

text: Europe

text: The

text: epidemic

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: and

text: an

text: associated

text: famine

text: caused

text: demographic

text: catastrophe

text: in

text: Europe

text: as

text: the

text: population

text: plummeted

text: Dynastic

text: struggles

text: and

text: wars

text: of

text: conquest

text: kept

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Europe

text: at

text: war

text: for

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: In

text: the

text: Balkans

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: a

text: Turkish

text: state

text: originating

text: in

text: Anatolia

text: encroached

text: steadily

text: on

text: former

text: Byzantine

text: lands

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: Fall

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: in

question: What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe?

answer: The Late Middle Ages

text: The Late Middle Ages

question: What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages?

answer: the Black Death

text: the Black Death

question: Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages?

answer: the Ottoman Empire

text: the Ottoman Empire

question: When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople?

answer: 1453

question: What era was characterized by the Ottoman Empire?

text: The Late Middle Ages

question: What disease plagued former Byzatine lands in the Late Middle Ages?

text: the Black Death

question: Which new regime appeared in the Constantinople region during the Late Middle Ages?

text: the Ottoman Empire

question: When did the Ottoman Empire liberate Constantinople from the Balkans?

question: What kept states of Europe in a famine?

text: Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest


text: Geologically, Plymouth has a mixture of limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian limestone. Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs is a Site of Special Scientific Interest, because of its geology. The bulk of the city is built upon Upper Devonian slates and shales and the headlands at the entrance to Plymouth Sound are formed of Lower Devonian slates, which can withstand the power of the sea.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Geologically

text: Plymouth

text: has

text: a

text: mixture

text: of

text: limestone

text: Devonian

text: slate

text: granite

text: and

text: Middle

text: Devonian

text: limestone

text: Plymouth

text: Sound

text: Shores

text: and

text: Cliffs

text: is

text: a

text: Site

text: of

text: Special

text: Scientific

text: Interest

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: geology

text: The

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: built

text: upon

text: Upper

text: Devonian

text: slates

text: and

text: shales

text: and

text: the

text: headlands

text: at

text: the

text: entrance

text: to

text: Plymouth

text: Sound

text: are

text: formed

text: of

text: Lower

text: Devonian

text: slates

text: which

text: can

text: withstand

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: sea

question: What special designation does Plymouth Sound, Shores and Cliffs possess?

answer: Site of Special Scientific Interest

text: Site of Special Scientific Interest

question: What stones form the headlands near Plymouth Sound?

answer: Lower Devonian slates

text: Lower Devonian slates

question: Along with Devonian slate, Middle Devonian limestone and limestone, what stone provides the geologic base of Plymouth?

answer: granite

text: granite

question: Along with shales, what is most of the city built on?

answer: Upper Devonian slates

text: Upper Devonian slates

question: For what reason is Plymouth Sound a Site of Special Scientific Interest?

answer: its geology

text: its geology


text: Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism.

title: Materialism

title: Materialism

text: Materialism

text: belongs

text: to

text: the

text: class

text: of

text: monist

text: ontology

text: As

text: such

text: it

text: is

text: different

text: from

text: ontological

text: theories

text: based

text: on

text: dualism

text: or

text: pluralism

text: For

text: singular

text: explanations

text: of

text: the

text: phenomenal

text: reality

text: materialism

text: would

text: be

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: idealism

text: neutral

text: monism

text: and

text: spiritualism

question: What class does materialism belong to?

answer: monist ontology

text: monist ontology

question: Why does materialism belong in monist ontology?

question: Monist ontology is the same as dualism and what else?

text: pluralism

question: Materialism is the same as idealism, neutral monism, and what else?

text: spiritualism

question: What is the definition of neutral monism?

question: What is synonymous with dualism?

text: pluralism


text: In only his third career start, Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against Houston on May 6, 1998. This is the franchise record and tied for the Major League record for the most strikeouts in one game by one pitcher (the only other pitcher to strike out 20 batters in a nine-inning game was Roger Clemens, who achieved it twice). The game is often considered the most dominant pitching performance of all time. Interestingly, Wood's first pitch struck home plate umpire Jerry Meals in the facemask. Wood then struck out the first five batters he faced. Wood hit one batter, Craig Biggio, and allowed one hit, a scratch single by Ricky Gutiérrez off third baseman Kevin Orie's glove. The play was nearly scored an error, which would have given Wood a no-hitter.

title: Chicago_Cubs

title: Chicago_Cubs

text: In

text: only

text: his

text: third

text: career

text: start

text: Kerry

text: Wood

text: struck

text: out

text: batters

text: against

text: Houston

text: on

text: May

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: franchise

text: record

text: and

text: tied

text: for

text: the

text: Major

text: League

text: record

text: for

text: the

text: most

text: strikeouts

text: in

text: one

text: game

text: by

text: one

text: pitcher

text: the

text: only

text: other

text: pitcher

text: to

text: strike

text: out

text: batters

text: in

text: a

text: nine

text: inning

text: game

text: was

text: Roger

text: Clemens

text: who

text: achieved

text: it

text: twice

text: The

text: game

text: is

text: often

text: considered

text: the

text: most

text: dominant

text: pitching

text: performance

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: Interestingly

text: Wood

text: 's

text: first

text: pitch

text: struck

text: home

text: plate

text: umpire

text: Jerry

text: Meals

text: in

text: the

text: facemask

text: Wood

text: then

text: struck

text: out

text: the

text: first

text: five

text: batters

text: he

text: faced

text: Wood

text: hit

text: one

text: batter

text: Craig

text: Biggio

text: and

text: allowed

text: one

text: hit

text: a

text: scratch

text: single

text: by

text: Ricky

text: Gutiérrez

text: off

text: third

text: baseman

text: Kevin

text: Orie

text: 's

text: glove

text: The

text: play

text: was

text: nearly

text: scored

text: an

text: error

text: which

text: would

text: have

text: given

text: Wood

text: a

text: no

text: hitter

question: How many batters did Kerry Wood strike out against Houston?

answer: 20

question: When did Kerry Wood strike out 20 batters against Houston?

answer: May 6, 1998

text: May 6, 1998

question: Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against what team?

answer: Houston

text: Houston


text: There are more than 100 freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western portion of country, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss, pollution and drought. Up-welling along the west coast of Portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse species of marine fish; the Portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in the world. Marine fish species are more common, and include thousands of species, such as the sardine (Sardina pilchardus), tuna and Atlantic mackerel. Bioluminescent species are also well represented (including species in different colour spectrum and forms), like the glowing plankton that are possible to observe in some beaches.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: There

text: are

text: more

text: than

text: freshwater

text: fish

text: species

text: varying

text: from

text: the

text: giant

text: European

text: catfish

text: in

text: the

text: Tagus

text: International

text: Natural

text: Park

text: to

text: some

text: small

text: and

text: endemic

text: species

text: that

text: live

text: only

text: in

text: small

text: lakes

text: along

text: the

text: western

text: portion

text: of

text: country

text: for

text: example

text: Some

text: of

text: these

text: rare

text: and

text: specific

text: species

text: are

text: highly

text: endangered

text: because

text: of

text: habitat

text: loss

text: pollution

text: and

text: drought

text: Up

text: welling

text: along

text: the

text: west

text: coast

text: of

text: Portugal

text: makes

text: the

text: sea

text: extremely

text: rich

text: in

text: nutrients

text: and

text: diverse

text: species

text: of

text: marine

text: fish

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: marine

text: waters

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: richest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Marine

text: fish

text: species

text: are

text: more

text: common

text: and

text: include

text: thousands

text: of

text: species

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: sardine

text: Sardina

text: pilchardus

text: tuna

text: and

text: Atlantic

text: mackerel

text: Bioluminescent

text: species

text: are

text: also

text: well

text: represented

text: including

text: species

text: in

text: different

text: colour

text: spectrum

text: and

text: forms

text: like

text: the

text: glowing

text: plankton

text: that

text: are

text: possible

text: to

text: observe

text: in

text: some

text: beaches

question: How many freshwater fish species can be found in Portugal?

answer: more than 100

text: more than 100

question: In Portugal, where can you find the giant European catfish?

answer: in the Tagus International Natural Park

text: in the Tagus International Natural Park

question: Why are some species becoming endangered in Portugal?

answer: because of habitat loss, pollution and drought

text: because of habitat loss, pollution and drought

question: What type of glowing species can be found on some beaches in Portugal?

answer: plankton

text: plankton


text: Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: Conventionally

text: a

text: computer

text: consists

text: of

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: processing

text: element

text: typically

text: a

text: central

text: processing

text: unit

text: CPU

text: and

text: some

text: form

text: of

text: memory

text: The

text: processing

text: element

text: carries

text: out

text: arithmetic

text: and

text: logic

text: operations

text: and

text: a

text: sequencing

text: and

text: control

text: unit

text: can

text: change

text: the

text: order

text: of

text: operations

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: stored

text: information

text: Peripheral

text: devices

text: allow

text: information

text: to

text: be

text: retrieved

text: from

text: an

text: external

text: source

text: and

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: operations

text: saved

text: and

text: retrieved

question: In computer terms, what does CPU stand for?

answer: central processing unit

text: central processing unit

question: What are the devices called that are from an external source?

answer: Peripheral devices

text: Peripheral devices

question: What are two things that a computer always has?

answer: (CPU), and some form of memory

text: (CPU), and some form of memory


text: FETs are divided into two families: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET). The IGFET is more commonly known as a metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET), reflecting its original construction from layers of metal (the gate), oxide (the insulation), and semiconductor. Unlike IGFETs, the JFET gate forms a p–n diode with the channel which lies between the source and drain. Functionally, this makes the n-channel JFET the solid-state equivalent of the vacuum tube triode which, similarly, forms a diode between its grid and cathode. Also, both devices operate in the depletion mode, they both have a high input impedance, and they both conduct current under the control of an input voltage.

title: Transistor

title: Transistor

text: FETs

text: are

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: families

text: junction

text: FET

text: JFET

text: and

text: insulated

text: gate

text: FET

text: IGFET

text: The

text: IGFET

text: is

text: more

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: metal

text: oxide

text: semiconductor

text: FET

text: MOSFET

text: reflecting

text: its

text: original

text: construction

text: from

text: layers

text: of

text: metal

text: the

text: gate

text: oxide

text: the

text: insulation

text: and

text: semiconductor

text: Unlike

text: IGFETs

text: the

text: JFET

text: gate

text: forms

text: a

text: p

text: n

text: diode

text: with

text: the

text: channel

text: which

text: lies

text: between

text: the

text: source

text: and

text: drain

text: Functionally

text: this

text: makes

text: the

text: n

text: channel

text: JFET

text: the

text: solid

text: state

text: equivalent

text: of

text: the

text: vacuum

text: tube

text: triode

text: which

text: similarly

text: forms

text: a

text: diode

text: between

text: its

text: grid

text: and

text: cathode

text: Also

text: both

text: devices

text: operate

text: in

text: the

text: depletion

text: mode

text: they

text: both

text: have

text: a

text: high

text: input

text: impedance

text: and

text: they

text: both

text: conduct

text: current

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: an

text: input

text: voltage

question: How many groups are FETs split into?

answer: two

text: two

question: What are the names of the groups of FETs

answer: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET)

text: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET)

question: What is the common term for an IFGET?

answer: a metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET)

text: a metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET)

question: How is a JFET different from an IGFET?

answer: the JFET gate forms a p–n diode with the channel

text: the JFET gate forms a p–n diode with the channel

question: What mode do both JFET and IGFET operate in?

answer: depletion mode

text: depletion mode

question: What is a vacuum tube triode made from?

text: semiconductor

question: What controls the amount of input voltage?

text: the gate

question: How many layers of metal are in the gate of an IGFET?

text: two

question: What kind of FET is mass produced?

text: both devices


text: Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River, 44 miles (71 km) west of Williamsburg, 66 miles (106 km) east of Charlottesville, and 98 miles (158 km) south of Washington, D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288. Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast.

title: Richmond,_Virginia

title: Richmond,_Virginia

text: Richmond

text: is

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: fall

text: line

text: of

text: the

text: James

text: River

text: miles

text: km

text: west

text: of

text: Williamsburg

text: miles

text: km

text: east

text: of

text: Charlottesville

text: and

text: miles

text: km

text: south

text: of

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: Surrounded

text: by

text: Henrico

text: and

text: Chesterfield

text: counties

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: intersections

text: of

text: Interstate

text: and

text: Interstate

text: and

text: encircled

text: by

text: Interstate

text: and

text: Virginia

text: State

text: Route

text: Major

text: suburbs

text: include

text: Midlothian

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: Glen

text: Allen

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: west

text: Short

text: Pump

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Mechanicsville

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

question: How many miles east of Richmond is Williamsburg?

answer: 44

question: How many kilometers west of Charlottesville is Richmond?

answer: 106

question: Leaving Washington DC, what cardinal direction would one travel to reach Richmond?

answer: south

text: south

question: What is Richmond's southwestern suburb?

answer: Midlothian

text: Midlothian

question: Where is Short Pump located in relation to Richmond?

answer: west

text: west


text: There is a theory that vinyl records can audibly represent higher frequencies than compact discs. According to Red Book specifications, the compact disc has a frequency response of 20 Hz up to 22,050 Hz, and most CD players measure flat within a fraction of a decibel from at least 20 Hz to 20 kHz at full output. Turntable rumble obscures the low-end limit of vinyl but the upper end can be, with some cartridges, reasonably flat within a few decibels to 30 kHz, with gentle roll-off. Carrier signals of Quad LPs popular in the 1970s were at 30 kHz to be out of the range of human hearing. The average human auditory system is sensitive to frequencies from 20 Hz to a maximum of around 20,000 Hz. The upper and lower frequency limits of human hearing vary per person.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: theory

text: that

text: vinyl

text: records

text: can

text: audibly

text: represent

text: higher

text: frequencies

text: than

text: compact

text: discs

text: According

text: to

text: Red

text: Book

text: specifications

text: the

text: compact

text: disc

text: has

text: a

text: frequency

text: response

text: of

text: Hz

text: up

text: to

text: Hz

text: and

text: most

text: CD

text: players

text: measure

text: flat

text: within

text: a

text: fraction

text: of

text: a

text: decibel

text: from

text: at

text: least

text: Hz

text: to

text: kHz

text: at

text: full

text: output

text: Turntable

text: rumble

text: obscures

text: the

text: low

text: end

text: limit

text: of

text: vinyl

text: but

text: the

text: upper

text: end

text: can

text: be

text: with

text: some

text: cartridges

text: reasonably

text: flat

text: within

text: a

text: few

text: decibels

text: to

text: kHz

text: with

text: gentle

text: roll

text: off

text: Carrier

text: signals

text: of

text: Quad

text: LPs

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: were

text: at

text: kHz

text: to

text: be

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: range

text: of

text: human

text: hearing

text: The

text: average

text: human

text: auditory

text: system

text: is

text: sensitive

text: to

text: frequencies

text: from

text: Hz

text: to

text: a

text: maximum

text: of

text: around

text: Hz

text: The

text: upper

text: and

text: lower

text: frequency

text: limits

text: of

text: human

text: hearing

text: vary

text: per

text: person

question: What is generally the lowest sound a human can hear?

answer: 20 Hz

text: 20 Hz

question: What is believed to better offer sounds of higher frequencies, compact discs or records?

answer: vinyl records

text: vinyl records

question: What is the higher end of typical human hearing?

answer: 20,000 Hz

text: 20,000 Hz

question: Does the hearing range of the human vary?

answer: The upper and lower frequency limits of human hearing vary per person

text: The upper and lower frequency limits of human hearing vary per person


text: In the 1890s, the recording formats of the earliest (toy) discs were mainly 12.5 cm (nominally five inches) in diameter; by the mid-1890s, the discs were usually 7 in (nominally 17.5 cm) in diameter. By 1910 the 10-inch (25.4 cm) record was by far the most popular standard, holding about three minutes of music or other entertainment on a side. From 1903 onwards, 12-inch records (30.5 cm) were also sold commercially, mostly of classical music or operatic selections, with four to five minutes of music per side. Victor, Brunswick and Columbia also issued 12-inch popular medleys, usually spotlighting a Broadway show score. However, other sizes did appear. Eight-inch discs with a 2-inch-diameter (51 mm) label became popular for about a decade in Britain, but they cannot be played in full on most modern record players because the tone arm cannot play far enough in toward the center without modification of the equipment.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: In

text: the

text: the

text: recording

text: formats

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: toy

text: discs

text: were

text: mainly

text: cm

text: nominally

text: five

text: inches

text: in

text: diameter

text: by

text: the

text: the

text: discs

text: were

text: usually

text: in

text: nominally

text: cm

text: in

text: diameter

text: By

text: the

text: cm

text: record

text: was

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: standard

text: holding

text: about

text: three

text: minutes

text: of

text: music

text: or

text: other

text: entertainment

text: on

text: a

text: side

text: From

text: onwards

text: records

text: cm

text: were

text: also

text: sold

text: commercially

text: mostly

text: of

text: classical

text: music

text: or

text: operatic

text: selections

text: with

text: four

text: to

text: five

text: minutes

text: of

text: music

text: per

text: side

text: Victor

text: Brunswick

text: and

text: Columbia

text: also

text: issued

text: popular

text: medleys

text: usually

text: spotlighting

text: a

text: Broadway

text: show

text: score

text: However

text: other

text: sizes

text: did

text: appear

text: Eight

text: inch

text: discs

text: with

text: a

text: diameter

text: mm

text: label

text: became

text: popular

text: for

text: about

text: a

text: decade

text: in

text: Britain

text: but

text: they

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: played

text: in

text: full

text: on

text: most

text: modern

text: record

text: players

text: because

text: the

text: tone

text: arm

text: can

text: not

text: play

text: far

text: enough

text: in

text: toward

text: the

text: center

text: without

text: modification

text: of

text: the

text: equipment

question: What was the most popular sized disc by 1910?

answer: 10-inch

question: How long could a recording be on a 10 inch disc in the 1903?

answer: four to five minutes of music per side

text: four to five minutes of music per side

question: How small were the earliest discs released?

answer: 12.5 cm

text: 12.5 cm

question: What was one requirement issue with discs popular in Britain?

answer: modification of the equipment

text: modification of the equipment

question: Which disc could hold about three minutes of recording on either side?

answer: 10-inch


text: The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39, but overall the capital is ranked at 37, above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg. New Delhi with Beijing shares the top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia-Pacific markets.

title: New_Delhi

title: New_Delhi

text: The

text: World

text: Wealth

text: Report

text: ranks

text: economic

text: activity

text: in

text: New

text: Delhi

text: at

text: but

text: overall

text: the

text: capital

text: is

text: ranked

text: at

text: above

text: cities

text: like

text: Jakarta

text: and

text: Johannesburg

text: New

text: Delhi

text: with

text: Beijing

text: shares

text: the

text: top

text: position

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: targeted

text: emerging

text: markets

text: retail

text: destination

text: among

text: Asia

text: Pacific

text: markets

question: According to the 2011 World Health Report, where does New Delhi rank in terms of economic activity?

answer: 39

question: New Delhi shares the position as the most targeted retail destination in Asia-Pacific markets with what other city?

answer: Beijing

text: Beijing

question: What organization ranked New Delhi 39th in economic activity in 2011?

answer: World Wealth Report

text: World Wealth Report

question: Major cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg rank below New Delhi in what key statistic?

answer: economic activity

text: economic activity

question: In which year was New Delhi ranked 39th in economic activity by the World Wealth Report?

answer: 2011


text: Switzerland was the last Western republic to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level it was achieved in 1971 and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde) in 1990. After obtaining suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political significance, with the first woman on the seven member Federal Council executive being Elisabeth Kopp, who served from 1984–1989, and the first female president being Ruth Dreifuss in 1999.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: Western

text: republic

text: to

text: grant

text: women

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: vote

text: Some

text: Swiss

text: cantons

text: approved

text: this

text: in

text: while

text: at

text: the

text: federal

text: level

text: it

text: was

text: achieved

text: in

text: and

text: after

text: resistance

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: canton

text: Appenzell

text: Innerrhoden

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: two

text: remaining

text: Landsgemeinde

text: in

text: After

text: obtaining

text: suffrage

text: at

text: the

text: federal

text: level

text: women

text: quickly

text: rose

text: in

text: political

text: significance

text: with

text: the

text: first

text: woman

text: on

text: the

text: seven

text: member

text: Federal

text: Council

text: executive

text: being

text: Elisabeth

text: Kopp

text: who

text: served

text: from

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: female

text: president

text: being

text: Ruth

text: Dreifuss

text: in

question: Who did Switzerland finally grant the right to vote to following the rest of the Western republic?

answer: women

text: women

question: When were Switzerland women granted the right to vote on a federal level?

answer: 1971

question: Who was the first woman to serve on the Federal Council?

answer: Elisabeth Kopp

text: Elisabeth Kopp

question: Who was Switzerland's first female president?

answer: Ruth Dreifuss

text: Ruth Dreifuss

question: In what year did Ruth Dreifuss become president?

answer: 1999


text: When a tree is very young it is covered with limbs almost, if not entirely, to the ground, but as it grows older some or all of them will eventually die and are either broken off or fall off. Subsequent growth of wood may completely conceal the stubs which will however remain as knots. No matter how smooth and clear a log is on the outside, it is more or less knotty near the middle. Consequently, the sapwood of an old tree, and particularly of a forest-grown tree, will be freer from knots than the inner heartwood. Since in most uses of wood, knots are defects that weaken the timber and interfere with its ease of working and other properties, it follows that a given piece of sapwood, because of its position in the tree, may well be stronger than a piece of heartwood from the same tree.

title: Wood

title: Wood

text: When

text: a

text: tree

text: is

text: very

text: young

text: it

text: is

text: covered

text: with

text: limbs

text: almost

text: if

text: not

text: entirely

text: to

text: the

text: ground

text: but

text: as

text: it

text: grows

text: older

text: some

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: them

text: will

text: eventually

text: die

text: and

text: are

text: either

text: broken

text: off

text: or

text: fall

text: off

text: Subsequent

text: growth

text: of

text: wood

text: may

text: completely

text: conceal

text: the

text: stubs

text: which

text: will

text: however

text: remain

text: as

text: knots

text: No

text: matter

text: how

text: smooth

text: and

text: clear

text: a

text: log

text: is

text: on

text: the

text: outside

text: it

text: is

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: knotty

text: near

text: the

text: middle

text: Consequently

text: the

text: sapwood

text: of

text: an

text: old

text: tree

text: and

text: particularly

text: of

text: a

text: forest

text: grown

text: tree

text: will

text: be

text: freer

text: from

text: knots

text: than

text: the

text: inner

text: heartwood

text: Since

text: in

text: most

text: uses

text: of

text: wood

text: knots

text: are

text: defects

text: that

text: weaken

text: the

text: timber

text: and

text: interfere

text: with

text: its

text: ease

text: of

text: working

text: and

text: other

text: properties

text: it

text: follows

text: that

text: a

text: given

text: piece

text: of

text: sapwood

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: position

text: in

text: the

text: tree

text: may

text: well

text: be

text: stronger

text: than

text: a

text: piece

text: of

text: heartwood

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: tree

question: What usually covers the whole trunk of a very young tree?

answer: limbs

text: limbs

question: What evidence of the stubs of the limbs a tree loses can always be seen in the wood?

answer: knots

text: knots

question: In a very old tree, are you more likely to find a lot of knots in the heartwood or the sapwood?

answer: heartwood

text: heartwood

question: What hides the stubs of a tree's lost limbs from being visible later in its life?

answer: Subsequent growth

text: Subsequent growth

question: Since knots are defects that weaken lumber, would the heartwood or the sapwood from the same tree be stronger?

answer: sapwood

text: sapwood


text: The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory), the tetracyclines (discovered at Lederle Laboratories, now a part of Pfizer), erythromycin (discovered at Eli Lilly and Co.) and their extension to an increasingly wide range of bacterial pathogens. Streptomycin, discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory at Rutgers in 1943, became the first effective treatment for tuberculosis. At the time of its discovery, sanitoriums for the isolation of tuberculosis-infected people were an ubiquitous feature of cities in developed countries, with 50% dying within 5 years of admission.

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: The

text: aftermath

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: saw

text: an

text: explosion

text: in

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: new

text: classes

text: of

text: antibacterial

text: drugs

text: including

text: the

text: cephalosporins

text: developed

text: by

text: Eli

text: Lilly

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: seminal

text: work

text: of

text: Giuseppe

text: Brotzu

text: and

text: Edward

text: Abraham

text: streptomycin

text: discovered

text: during

text: a

text: Merck

text: funded

text: research

text: program

text: in

text: Selman

text: Waksman

text: 's

text: laboratory

text: the

text: tetracyclines

text: discovered

text: at

text: Lederle

text: Laboratories

text: now

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: Pfizer

text: erythromycin

text: discovered

text: at

text: Eli

text: Lilly

text: and

text: Co.

text: and

text: their

text: extension

text: to

text: an

text: increasingly

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: bacterial

text: pathogens

text: Streptomycin

text: discovered

text: during

text: a

text: Merck

text: funded

text: research

text: program

text: in

text: Selman

text: Waksman

text: 's

text: laboratory

text: at

text: Rutgers

text: in

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: effective

text: treatment

text: for

text: tuberculosis

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: its

text: discovery

text: sanitoriums

text: for

text: the

text: isolation

text: of

text: tuberculosis

text: infected

text: people

text: were

text: an

text: ubiquitous

text: feature

text: of

text: cities

text: in

text: developed

text: countries

text: with

text: dying

text: within

text: years

text: of

text: admission

question: When was the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis discovered?

answer: 1943

question: What drug effectively treated Tuberculosis?

answer: Streptomycin

text: Streptomycin

question: Who was Eli Lilly's work based off of?

answer: Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham

text: Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham

question: Where was Tetracyclines discovered?

answer: Lederle Laboratories

text: Lederle Laboratories

question: 50% of tuberculosis-infected people died within 5 years where?

answer: cities in developed countries

text: cities in developed countries

question: What was the first treatment for tuberculosis?

answer: Streptomycin

text: Streptomycin

question: What percentage of patients infected with tuberculosis died within 5 years?

answer: 50%

question: In what year was streptomycin discovered?

answer: 1943

question: Many more antibiotics were made following the end of what war?

answer: World War II

text: World War II

question: What company funded the research that led to the discovery of streptomycin?

answer: Merck

text: Merck

question: When was the first effective treatment for Streptomycin discovered?

question: What drug effectively treated drugs?

text: Streptomycin

question: Who was Eli Smith's work based off of?

text: Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham

question: 50% of tuberculosis-infected people died within 3 years where?

text: cities in developed countries

question: What was the first treatment of drugs?

text: Streptomycin


text: On June 12, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR, which was the beginning of the "War of Laws", pitting the Soviet Union against the Russian Federation and other constituent republics.

title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

text: On

text: June

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: People

text: 's

text: Deputies

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: adopted

text: the

text: Declaration

text: of

text: State

text: Sovereignty

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: SFSR

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: Laws

text: pitting

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: against

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: and

text: other

text: constituent

text: republics

question: On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR adopted?

answer: June 12, 1990

text: June 12, 1990

question: What body passed the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?

answer: the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic

text: the Congress of People's Deputies of the Republic

question: What was the name of the period inaugurated by the passage of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?

answer: the "War of Laws"

text: the "War of Laws"

question: What government was the Russian Federation fighting against during this period?

answer: the Soviet Union

text: the Soviet Union

question: On what date was the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR rejected?

text: June 12, 1990

question: What body rejected the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?

question: What was the name of the period ended by the passage of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian SFSR?

text: War of Laws

question: What government was the Russian Federation fighting alongside during this period?

text: the Soviet Union

question: What government was the Russian Federation not fighting against during this period?

text: the Soviet Union


text: Patronage refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may be legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy. It can be seen as corruption if this means that incompetent persons, as a payment for supporting the regime, are selected before more able ones. In nondemocracies many government officials are often selected for loyalty rather than ability. They may be almost exclusively selected from a particular group (for example, Sunni Arabs in Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the nomenklatura in the Soviet Union, or the Junkers in Imperial Germany) that support the regime in return for such favors. A similar problem can also be seen in Eastern Europe, for example in Romania, where the government is often accused of patronage (when a new government comes to power it rapidly changes most of the officials in the public sector).

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: Patronage

text: refers

text: to

text: favoring

text: supporters

text: for

text: example

text: with

text: government

text: employment

text: This

text: may

text: be

text: legitimate

text: as

text: when

text: a

text: newly

text: elected

text: government

text: changes

text: the

text: top

text: officials

text: in

text: the

text: administration

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: effectively

text: implement

text: its

text: policy

text: It

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: corruption

text: if

text: this

text: means

text: that

text: incompetent

text: persons

text: as

text: a

text: payment

text: for

text: supporting

text: the

text: regime

text: are

text: selected

text: before

text: more

text: able

text: ones

text: In

text: nondemocracies

text: many

text: government

text: officials

text: are

text: often

text: selected

text: for

text: loyalty

text: rather

text: than

text: ability

text: They

text: may

text: be

text: almost

text: exclusively

text: selected

text: from

text: a

text: particular

text: group

text: for

text: example

text: Sunni

text: Arabs

text: in

text: Saddam

text: Hussein

text: 's

text: Iraq

text: the

text: nomenklatura

text: in

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: or

text: the

text: Junkers

text: in

text: Imperial

text: Germany

text: that

text: support

text: the

text: regime

text: in

text: return

text: for

text: such

text: favors

text: A

text: similar

text: problem

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: seen

text: in

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: Romania

text: where

text: the

text: government

text: is

text: often

text: accused

text: of

text: patronage

text: when

text: a

text: new

text: government

text: comes

text: to

text: power

text: it

text: rapidly

text: changes

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: officials

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: sector

question: Giving government jobs to supporters is called what?

answer: Patronage

text: Patronage

question: What country quickly changes most people working in government position when a new government comes into power?

answer: Romania

text: Romania