text: Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the "Carolingian Renaissance". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria. Charlemagne's chancery—or writing office—made use of a new script today known as Carolingian minuscule,[M] allowing a common writing style that advanced communication across much of Europe. Charlemagne sponsored changes in church liturgy, imposing the Roman form of church service on his domains, as well as the Gregorian chant in liturgical music for the churches. An important activity for scholars during this period was the copying, correcting, and dissemination of basic works on religious and secular topics, with the aim of encouraging learning. New works on religious topics and schoolbooks were also produced. Grammarians of the period modified the Latin language, changing it from the Classical Latin of the Roman Empire into a more flexible form to fit the needs of the church and government. By the reign of Charlemagne, the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: Charlemagne

text: 's

text: court

text: in

text: Aachen

text: was

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: cultural

text: revival

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Carolingian

text: Renaissance

text: Literacy

text: increased

text: as

text: did

text: development

text: in

text: the

text: arts

text: architecture

text: and

text: jurisprudence

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: liturgical

text: and

text: scriptural

text: studies

text: The

text: English

text: monk

text: Alcuin

text: d.

text: was

text: invited

text: to

text: Aachen

text: and

text: brought

text: the

text: education

text: available

text: in

text: the

text: monasteries

text: of

text: Northumbria

text: Charlemagne

text: 's

text: chancery

text: or

text: writing

text: office

text: made

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: script

text: today

text: known

text: as

text: Carolingian

text: minuscule,[M

text: allowing

text: a

text: common

text: writing

text: style

text: that

text: advanced

text: communication

text: across

text: much

text: of

text: Europe

text: Charlemagne

text: sponsored

text: changes

text: in

text: church

text: liturgy

text: imposing

text: the

text: Roman

text: form

text: of

text: church

text: service

text: on

text: his

text: domains

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: chant

text: in

text: liturgical

text: music

text: for

text: the

text: churches

text: An

text: important

text: activity

text: for

text: scholars

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: was

text: the

text: copying

text: correcting

text: and

text: dissemination

text: of

text: basic

text: works

text: on

text: religious

text: and

text: secular

text: topics

text: with

text: the

text: aim

text: of

text: encouraging

text: learning

text: New

text: works

text: on

text: religious

text: topics

text: and

text: schoolbooks

text: were

text: also

text: produced

text: Grammarians

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: modified

text: the

text: Latin

text: language

text: changing

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: Classical

text: Latin

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: into

text: a

text: more

text: flexible

text: form

text: to

text: fit

text: the

text: needs

text: of

text: the

text: church

text: and

text: government

text: By

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Charlemagne

text: the

text: language

text: had

text: so

text: diverged

text: from

text: the

text: classical

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: later

text: called

text: Medieval

text: Latin

question: Where was Charlemagne's court based?

answer: Aachen

text: Aachen

question: What is the name of the cultural revival associated with Charlemagne?

answer: Carolingian Renaissance

text: Carolingian Renaissance

question: Of what ethnicity was Alcuin?

answer: English

text: English

question: In what year did Alcuin die?

answer: 804

question: What was the Latin of Charlemagne's era later known as?

answer: Medieval Latin

text: Medieval Latin


text: Hidalgo is hailed as the Father of the Nation even though it was Agustin de Iturbide and not Hidalgo who achieved Mexican Independence in 1821. Shortly after gaining independence, the day to celebrate it varied between September 16, the day of Hidalgo's Grito, and September 27, the day Iturbide rode into Mexico City to end the war. Later, political movements would favor the more liberal Hidalgo over the conservative Iturbide, so that eventually September 16, 1810 became the officially recognized day of Mexican independence. The reason for this is that Hidalgo is considered to be "precursor and creator of the rest of the heroes of the (Mexican War of) Independence." Hidalgo has become an icon for Mexicans who resist tyranny in the country. Diego Rivera painted Hidalgo's image in half a dozen murals. José Clemente Orozco depicted him with a flaming torch of liberty and considered the painting among his best work. David Alfaro Siqueiros was commissioned by San Nicolas University in Morelia to paint a mural for a celebration commemorating the 200th anniversary of Hidalgo's birth. The town of his parish was renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor and the state of Hidalgo was created in 1869. Every year on the night of 15–16 September, the president of Mexico re-enacts the Grito from the balcony of the National Palace. This scene is repeated by the heads of cities and towns all over Mexico. The remains of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla lie in the column of the Angel of Independence in Mexico City. Next to it is a lamp lit to represent the sacrifice of those who gave their lives for Mexican Independence.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: Hidalgo

text: is

text: hailed

text: as

text: the

text: Father

text: of

text: the

text: Nation

text: even

text: though

text: it

text: was

text: Agustin

text: de

text: Iturbide

text: and

text: not

text: Hidalgo

text: who

text: achieved

text: Mexican

text: Independence

text: in

text: Shortly

text: after

text: gaining

text: independence

text: the

text: day

text: to

text: celebrate

text: it

text: varied

text: between

text: September

text: the

text: day

text: of

text: Hidalgo

text: 's

text: Grito

text: and

text: September

text: the

text: day

text: Iturbide

text: rode

text: into

text: Mexico

text: City

text: to

text: end

text: the

text: war

text: Later

text: political

text: movements

text: would

text: favor

text: the

text: more

text: liberal

text: Hidalgo

text: over

text: the

text: conservative

text: Iturbide

text: so

text: that

text: eventually

text: September

text: became

text: the

text: officially

text: recognized

text: day

text: of

text: Mexican

text: independence

text: The

text: reason

text: for

text: this

text: is

text: that

text: Hidalgo

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: precursor

text: and

text: creator

text: of

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: heroes

text: of

text: the

text: Mexican

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: Hidalgo

text: has

text: become

text: an

text: icon

text: for

text: Mexicans

text: who

text: resist

text: tyranny

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Diego

text: Rivera

text: painted

text: Hidalgo

text: 's

text: image

text: in

text: half

text: a

text: dozen

text: murals

text: José

text: Clemente

text: Orozco

text: depicted

text: him

text: with

text: a

text: flaming

text: torch

text: of

text: liberty

text: and

text: considered

text: the

text: painting

text: among

text: his

text: best

text: work

text: David

text: Alfaro

text: Siqueiros

text: was

text: commissioned

text: by

text: San

text: Nicolas

text: University

text: in

text: Morelia

text: to

text: paint

text: a

text: mural

text: for

text: a

text: celebration

text: commemorating

text: the

text: anniversary

text: of

text: Hidalgo

text: 's

text: birth

text: The

text: town

text: of

text: his

text: parish

text: was

text: renamed

text: Dolores

text: Hidalgo

text: in

text: his

text: honor

text: and

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Hidalgo

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: Every

text: year

text: on

text: the

text: night

text: of

text: September

text: the

text: president

text: of

text: Mexico

text: re

text: enacts

text: the

text: Grito

text: from

text: the

text: balcony

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Palace

text: This

text: scene

text: is

text: repeated

text: by

text: the

text: heads

text: of

text: cities

text: and

text: towns

text: all

text: over

text: Mexico

text: The

text: remains

text: of

text: Miguel

text: Hidalgo

text: y

text: Costilla

text: lie

text: in

text: the

text: column

text: of

text: the

text: Angel

text: of

text: Independence

text: in

text: Mexico

text: City

text: Next

text: to

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: lamp

text: lit

text: to

text: represent

text: the

text: sacrifice

text: of

text: those

text: who

text: gave

text: their

text: lives

text: for

text: Mexican

text: Independence

question: Who was hailed as the Father of the Nation?

answer: Hidalgo

text: Hidalgo

question: Who actually achieved independence for the nation?

answer: Agustin de Iturbide

text: Agustin de Iturbide

question: Which day eventually became the official day of Mexican Independence?

answer: September 16, 1810

text: September 16, 1810

question: Who painted Hidalgo's image on half a dozen murals?

answer: Diego Rivera

text: Diego Rivera

question: In which city do Hidalgo's remains lie?

answer: Mexico City.

text: Mexico City.


text: During the 14th century in the northeastern part of the state nomad tribes by the name of Jornado hunted bison along the Rio Grande; they left numerous rock paintings throughout the northeastern part of the state. When the Spanish explorers reached this area they found their descendants, Suma and Manso tribes. In the southern part of the state, in a region known as Aridoamerica, Chichimeca people survived by hunting, gathering, and farming between AD 300 and 1300. The Chichimeca are the ancestors of the Tepehuan people.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: During

text: the

text: century

text: in

text: the

text: northeastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: nomad

text: tribes

text: by

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: Jornado

text: hunted

text: bison

text: along

text: the

text: Rio

text: Grande

text: they

text: left

text: numerous

text: rock

text: paintings

text: throughout

text: the

text: northeastern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: When

text: the

text: Spanish

text: explorers

text: reached

text: this

text: area

text: they

text: found

text: their

text: descendants

text: Suma

text: and

text: Manso

text: tribes

text: In

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: in

text: a

text: region

text: known

text: as

text: Aridoamerica

text: Chichimeca

text: people

text: survived

text: by

text: hunting

text: gathering

text: and

text: farming

text: between

text: AD

text: and

text: The

text: Chichimeca

text: are

text: the

text: ancestors

text: of

text: the

text: Tepehuan

text: people

question: What was the name of the nomad tribes that hunted bison?

answer: Jornado

text: Jornado

question: Along which river did they hunt bison?

answer: Rio Grande

text: Rio Grande

question: How did the Chichimeca survive?

answer: hunting, gathering, and farming

text: hunting, gathering, and farming

question: The Chichimeca are the ancestors of what people?

answer: Tepehuan

text: Tepehuan

question: The Jornado painted onto what surface?

answer: rock

text: rock


text: Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlorofluorocarbons, absorb this infrared, and re-radiate it in all directions including back to Earth. Thus, the greenhouse effect keeps the atmosphere and surface much warmer than if the infrared absorbers were absent from the atmosphere.

title: Infrared

title: Infrared

text: Earth

text: 's

text: surface

text: and

text: the

text: clouds

text: absorb

text: visible

text: and

text: invisible

text: radiation

text: from

text: the

text: sun

text: and

text: re

text: emit

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: energy

text: as

text: infrared

text: back

text: to

text: atmosphere

text: Certain

text: substances

text: in

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: chiefly

text: cloud

text: droplets

text: and

text: water

text: vapor

text: but

text: also

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: methane

text: nitrous

text: oxide

text: sulfur

text: hexafluoride

text: and

text: chlorofluorocarbons

text: absorb

text: this

text: infrared

text: and

text: re

text: radiate

text: it

text: in

text: all

text: directions

text: including

text: back

text: to

text: Earth

text: Thus

text: the

text: greenhouse

text: effect

text: keeps

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: and

text: surface

text: much

text: warmer

text: than

text: if

text: the

text: infrared

text: absorbers

text: were

text: absent

text: from

text: the

text: atmosphere

question: Along with the surface of the Earth, what objects absorb radiation from the sun?

answer: clouds

text: clouds

question: After Earth surface's absorbs radiation, in what spectrum is much of it re-emitted?

answer: infrared

text: infrared

question: Along with water vapor, what atmospheric substance primarily absorbs the infrared emitted by the Earth?

answer: cloud droplets

text: cloud droplets

question: What notable warming effect does the presence of infrared absorbers contribute to?

answer: greenhouse

text: greenhouse

question: What does the greenhouse effect absorb from the sun?

text: visible and invisible radiation

question: After Earth absorbs methane, in what spectrum is it re-emitted?

text: infrared

question: What substances absorb the sulfur hexafluoride emitted by the Earth?

text: cloud droplets and water vapor

question: What keeps the atmosphere and surface re-radiated?

text: greenhouse effect

question: What substances emit water vapor back to the atmosphere?

text: infrared absorbers


text: Guinea-Bissau's GDP per capita is one of the lowest in the world, and its Human Development Index is one of the lowest on earth. More than two-thirds of the population lives below the poverty line. The economy depends mainly on agriculture; fish, cashew nuts and ground nuts are its major exports.

title: Guinea-Bissau

title: Guinea

title: Bissau

text: Guinea

text: Bissau

text: 's

text: GDP

text: per

text: capita

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: lowest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: its

text: Human

text: Development

text: Index

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: lowest

text: on

text: earth

text: More

text: than

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: lives

text: below

text: the

text: poverty

text: line

text: The

text: economy

text: depends

text: mainly

text: on

text: agriculture

text: fish

text: cashew

text: nuts

text: and

text: ground

text: nuts

text: are

text: its

text: major

text: exports

question: How much of the population lives below the poverty line?

answer: More than two-thirds

text: More than two-thirds

question: What are Guinea-Bissau's major exports?

answer: fish, cashew nuts and ground nuts

text: fish, cashew nuts and ground nuts

question: What per capita index does Guinea-Bissau rank as one of the lowest in the world?

answer: GDP

text: GDP

question: For what index does Guinea-Bissau rank as one of the lowest on earth?

answer: Human Development Index

text: Human Development Index

question: What area depends on agriculture in Guinea-Bissau?

answer: The economy

text: The economy


text: Institute of technology (also: university of technology, polytechnic university, technikon, and technical college) is a designation employed for a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system. It may be an institution of higher education and advanced engineering and scientific research or professional vocational education, specializing in science, engineering, and technology or different sorts of technical subjects. It may also refer to a secondary education school focused in vocational training.[citation needed] The term institute of technology is often abbreviated IT and is not to be confused with information technology.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: Institute

text: of

text: technology

text: also

text: university

text: of

text: technology

text: polytechnic

text: university

text: technikon

text: and

text: technical

text: college

text: is

text: a

text: designation

text: employed

text: for

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: learning

text: institutions

text: awarding

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: degrees

text: and

text: operating

text: often

text: at

text: variable

text: levels

text: of

text: the

text: educational

text: system

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: an

text: institution

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: and

text: advanced

text: engineering

text: and

text: scientific

text: research

text: or

text: professional

text: vocational

text: education

text: specializing

text: in

text: science

text: engineering

text: and

text: technology

text: or

text: different

text: sorts

text: of

text: technical

text: subjects

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: refer

text: to

text: a

text: secondary

text: education

text: school

text: focused

text: in

text: vocational

text: training.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: term

text: institute

text: of

text: technology

text: is

text: often

text: abbreviated

text: IT

text: and

text: is

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: information

text: technology

question: What's a common abbreviation for the term institute of technology?

answer: IT

text: IT


text: Imported Chinese labourers arrived in 1810, reaching a peak of 618 in 1818, after which numbers were reduced. Only a few older men remained after the British Crown took over the government of the island from the East India Company in 1834. The majority were sent back to China, although records in the Cape suggest that they never got any farther than Cape Town. There were also a very few Indian lascars who worked under the harbour master.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: Imported

text: Chinese

text: labourers

text: arrived

text: in

text: reaching

text: a

text: peak

text: of

text: in

text: after

text: which

text: numbers

text: were

text: reduced

text: Only

text: a

text: few

text: older

text: men

text: remained

text: after

text: the

text: British

text: Crown

text: took

text: over

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: from

text: the

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: in

text: The

text: majority

text: were

text: sent

text: back

text: to

text: China

text: although

text: records

text: in

text: the

text: Cape

text: suggest

text: that

text: they

text: never

text: got

text: any

text: farther

text: than

text: Cape

text: Town

text: There

text: were

text: also

text: a

text: very

text: few

text: Indian

text: lascars

text: who

text: worked

text: under

text: the

text: harbour

text: master

question: When did Imported Chinese labor arrive?

answer: 1810

question: How many imported Chinese laborers were there at the peak of importation?

answer: 618

question: What year did importation of Chinese Laborers peak?

answer: 1818


text: National park and nature reserve is the area selected by governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation. National parks are usually owned and managed by national or state governments. A limit is placed on the number of visitors permitted to enter certain fragile areas. Designated trails or roads are created. The visitors are allowed to enter only for study, cultural and recreation purposes. Forestry operations, grazing of animals and hunting of animals are prohibited. Exploitation of habitat or wildlife is banned.

title: Biodiversity

title: Biodiversity

text: National

text: park

text: and

text: nature

text: reserve

text: is

text: the

text: area

text: selected

text: by

text: governments

text: or

text: private

text: organizations

text: for

text: special

text: protection

text: against

text: damage

text: or

text: degradation

text: with

text: the

text: objective

text: of

text: biodiversity

text: and

text: landscape

text: conservation

text: National

text: parks

text: are

text: usually

text: owned

text: and

text: managed

text: by

text: national

text: or

text: state

text: governments

text: A

text: limit

text: is

text: placed

text: on

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: visitors

text: permitted

text: to

text: enter

text: certain

text: fragile

text: areas

text: Designated

text: trails

text: or

text: roads

text: are

text: created

text: The

text: visitors

text: are

text: allowed

text: to

text: enter

text: only

text: for

text: study

text: cultural

text: and

text: recreation

text: purposes

text: Forestry

text: operations

text: grazing

text: of

text: animals

text: and

text: hunting

text: of

text: animals

text: are

text: prohibited

text: Exploitation

text: of

text: habitat

text: or

text: wildlife

text: is

text: banned

question: What types of parks receive special protection against damage or degradation?

answer: National park and nature reserve

text: National park and nature reserve

question: Who selects National parks?

answer: governments or private organizations

text: governments or private organizations

question: What is the goal of protecting National Parks from damage?

answer: with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation

text: with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation

question: Who usually owns and manages National parks?

answer: national or state governments

text: national or state governments

question: What activities are prohibited in national parks?

answer: Forestry operations, grazing of animals and hunting of animals

text: Forestry operations, grazing of animals and hunting of animals

question: What types of parks receive special protection against conservation?

text: National park and nature reserve

question: Who selects designated trails?

text: governments or private organizations

question: What is the goal of protecting National Parks from roads?

question: Who usually owns and manages roads?

text: national or state governments

question: What activities are prohibited on roads?


text: In England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental philosophy around Europe, and acted as a clearinghouse for intellectual correspondence and exchange. Boyle was "a founder of the experimental world in which scientists now live and operate," and his method based knowledge on experimentation, which had to be witnessed to provide proper empirical legitimacy. This is where the Royal Society came into play: witnessing had to be a "collective act", and the Royal Society's assembly rooms were ideal locations for relatively public demonstrations. However, not just any witness was considered to be credible; "Oxford professors were accounted more reliable witnesses than Oxfordshire peasants." Two factors were taken into account: a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's "moral constitution". In other words, only civil society were considered for Boyle's public.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: In

text: England

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: of

text: London

text: also

text: played

text: a

text: significant

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: sphere

text: and

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: Enlightenment

text: ideas

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: by

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: independent

text: scientists

text: and

text: given

text: a

text: royal

text: charter

text: in

text: The

text: Society

text: played

text: a

text: large

text: role

text: in

text: spreading

text: Robert

text: Boyle

text: 's

text: experimental

text: philosophy

text: around

text: Europe

text: and

text: acted

text: as

text: a

text: clearinghouse

text: for

text: intellectual

text: correspondence

text: and

text: exchange

text: Boyle

text: was

text: a

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: experimental

text: world

text: in

text: which

text: scientists

text: now

text: live

text: and

text: operate

text: and

text: his

text: method

text: based

text: knowledge

text: on

text: experimentation

text: which

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: witnessed

text: to

text: provide

text: proper

text: empirical

text: legitimacy

text: This

text: is

text: where

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: came

text: into

text: play

text: witnessing

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: collective

text: act

text: and

text: the

text: Royal

text: Society

text: 's

text: assembly

text: rooms

text: were

text: ideal

text: locations

text: for

text: relatively

text: public

text: demonstrations

text: However

text: not

text: just

text: any

text: witness

text: was

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: credible

text: Oxford

text: professors

text: were

text: accounted

text: more

text: reliable

text: witnesses

text: than

text: Oxfordshire

text: peasants

text: Two

text: factors

text: were

text: taken

text: into

text: account

text: a

text: witness

text: 's

text: knowledge

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: and

text: a

text: witness

text: 's

text: moral

text: constitution

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: only

text: civil

text: society

text: were

text: considered

text: for

text: Boyle

text: 's

text: public

question: Which society in England also played a significant role in the public sphere and spread of Enlightenment ideas?

answer: Royal Society of London

text: Royal Society of London

question: In what year was the Royal Society of London given a royal charter?

answer: 1662

question: Whose method based knowledge on experiementation, which had to be witnessed?

answer: Robert Boyle

text: Robert Boyle

question: Who were considered more reliable witnesses than the Oxfordshire peasants?

answer: Oxford professors

text: Oxford professors

question: What two factors were taken into account in credibility in the Royal Society?

answer: a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's "moral constitution"

text: a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's "moral constitution"


text: The old oracles in Delphi seem to be connected with a local tradition of the priesthood, and there is not clear evidence that a kind of inspiration-prophecy existed in the temple. This led some scholars to the conclusion that Pythia carried on the rituals in a consistent procedure through many centuries, according to the local tradition. In that regard, the mythical seeress Sibyl of Anatolian origin, with her ecstatic art, looks unrelated to the oracle itself. However, the Greek tradition is referring to the existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves, which seem to be confirmed by recent studies.

title: Apollo

title: Apollo

text: The

text: old

text: oracles

text: in

text: Delphi

text: seem

text: to

text: be

text: connected

text: with

text: a

text: local

text: tradition

text: of

text: the

text: priesthood

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: not

text: clear

text: evidence

text: that

text: a

text: kind

text: of

text: inspiration

text: prophecy

text: existed

text: in

text: the

text: temple

text: This

text: led

text: some

text: scholars

text: to

text: the

text: conclusion

text: that

text: Pythia

text: carried

text: on

text: the

text: rituals

text: in

text: a

text: consistent

text: procedure

text: through

text: many

text: centuries

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: local

text: tradition

text: In

text: that

text: regard

text: the

text: mythical

text: seeress

text: Sibyl

text: of

text: Anatolian

text: origin

text: with

text: her

text: ecstatic

text: art

text: looks

text: unrelated

text: to

text: the

text: oracle

text: itself

text: However

text: the

text: Greek

text: tradition

text: is

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: vapours

text: and

text: chewing

text: of

text: laurel

text: leaves

text: which

text: seem

text: to

text: be

text: confirmed

text: by

text: recent

text: studies

question: Who did scholars beieve carried on the rituals in a consistent procedure?

answer: Pythia

text: Pythia

question: Who is a mythical seeress of Anatoian origin?

answer: Sibyl

text: Sibyl

question: What Greek tradition seems to be confirmed by recent studies?

answer: existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves

text: existence of vapours and chewing of laurel-leaves


text: and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as "thing-in-itself" (Immanuel Kant), "things-as-interacted-by-us" (Arthur Fine), "table-of-commonsense" and "table-of-physics" (Sir Arthur Eddington) which are "warning signs" for conceptual idealism according to Musgrave because they allegedly do not exist but only highlight the numerous ways in which people come to know the world. This argument does not take into account the issues pertaining to hermeneutics, especially at the backdrop of analytic philosophy. Musgrave criticized Richard Rorty and Postmodernist philosophy in general for confusion of use and mention.

title: Idealism

title: Idealism

text: and

text: proliferation

text: of

text: hyphenated

text: entities

text: such

text: as

text: thing

text: in

text: itself

text: Immanuel

text: Kant

text: things

text: as

text: interacted

text: by

text: us

text: Arthur

text: Fine

text: table

text: of

text: commonsense

text: and

text: table

text: of

text: physics

text: Sir

text: Arthur

text: Eddington

text: which

text: are

text: warning

text: signs

text: for

text: conceptual

text: idealism

text: according

text: to

text: Musgrave

text: because

text: they

text: allegedly

text: do

text: not

text: exist

text: but

text: only

text: highlight

text: the

text: numerous

text: ways

text: in

text: which

text: people

text: come

text: to

text: know

text: the

text: world

text: This

text: argument

text: does

text: not

text: take

text: into

text: account

text: the

text: issues

text: pertaining

text: to

text: hermeneutics

text: especially

text: at

text: the

text: backdrop

text: of

text: analytic

text: philosophy

text: Musgrave

text: criticized

text: Richard

text: Rorty

text: and

text: Postmodernist

text: philosophy

text: in

text: general

text: for

text: confusion

text: of

text: use

text: and

text: mention

question: Who coined the term "thing-in-itself"?

answer: Immanuel Kant

text: Immanuel Kant

question: Who invented the idea of a "table-of-commonsense"?

answer: Sir Arthur Eddington

text: Sir Arthur Eddington

question: Who came up with the idea of "things-as-interacted-by-us"?

answer: Arthur Fine

text: Arthur Fine

question: Who spoke of the "warning signs" of idealism?

answer: Musgrave

text: Musgrave

question: What sort of philosopher was Richard Rorty?

answer: Postmodernist

text: Postmodernist

question: Who did Richard Rorty criticize?

text: Musgrave

question: What hyphenated term did Musgrave coin?

text: thing-in-itself

question: What did Immanuel Kant call warning signs?

text: hyphenated entities

question: Who argued against issues of hermeneutics?

text: Richard Rorty

question: What kind of philosopher was Musgrave?

text: Postmodernist


text: At E3 2007, Sony was able to show a number of their upcoming video games for PlayStation 3, including Heavenly Sword, Lair, Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction, Warhawk and Uncharted: Drake's Fortune; all of which were released in the third and fourth quarters of 2007. They also showed off a number of titles that were set for release in 2008 and 2009; most notably Killzone 2, Infamous, Gran Turismo 5 Prologue, LittleBigPlanet and SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs Confrontation. A number of third-party exclusives were also shown, including the highly anticipated Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots, alongside other high-profile third-party titles such as Grand Theft Auto IV, Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, Assassin's Creed, Devil May Cry 4 and Resident Evil 5. Two other important titles for PlayStation 3, Final Fantasy XIII and Final Fantasy Versus XIII, were shown at TGS 2007 in order to appease the Japanese market.

title: PlayStation_3

title: PlayStation_3

text: At

text: Sony

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: show

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: their

text: upcoming

text: video

text: games

text: for

text: PlayStation

text: including

text: Heavenly

text: Sword

text: Lair

text: Ratchet

text: Clank

text: Future

text: Tools

text: of

text: Destruction

text: Warhawk

text: and

text: Uncharted

text: Drake

text: 's

text: Fortune

text: all

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: released

text: in

text: the

text: third

text: and

text: fourth

text: quarters

text: of

text: They

text: also

text: showed

text: off

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: titles

text: that

text: were

text: set

text: for

text: release

text: in

text: and

text: most

text: notably

text: Killzone

text: Infamous

text: Gran

text: Turismo

text: Prologue

text: LittleBigPlanet

text: and

text: SOCOM

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: SEALs

text: Confrontation

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: third

text: party

text: exclusives

text: were

text: also

text: shown

text: including

text: the

text: highly

text: anticipated

text: Metal

text: Gear

text: Solid

text: Guns

text: of

text: the

text: Patriots

text: alongside

text: other

text: high

text: profile

text: third

text: party

text: titles

text: such

text: as

text: Grand

text: Theft

text: Auto

text: IV

text: Call

text: of

text: Duty

text: Modern

text: Warfare

text: Assassin

text: 's

text: Creed

text: Devil

text: May

text: Cry

text: and

text: Resident

text: Evil

text: Two

text: other

text: important

text: titles

text: for

text: PlayStation

text: Final

text: Fantasy

text: XIII

text: and

text: Final

text: Fantasy

text: Versus

text: XIII

text: were

text: shown

text: at

text: TGS

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: appease

text: the

text: Japanese

text: market

question: Which Ratchet & Clank title debuted at E3 2007?

answer: Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction

text: Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction

question: What year was Warhawk released for the PlayStation 3?

answer: 2007

question: At what event were two new Final Fantasy games for PS3 first shown to the Japanese market?

answer: TGS 2007

text: TGS 2007

question: What Gran Turismo game was shown in 2007 but not released until after 2007?

answer: Gran Turismo 5 Prologue

text: Gran Turismo 5 Prologue

question: Which much anticipated third-party game with the name of a month of the year in it did Sony show at E3 2007?

answer: Devil May Cry 4

text: Devil May Cry 4

question: Which Uncharted title debuted at E3 2008?

text: Uncharted: Drake's Fortune

question: What year was Uncharted:Tools of Destruction released for PS3?

question: What titles were shown at the TAS 2007?

question: What was shown at TGS 2007 to appease the French market?

question: Which Ratchet & Clank title debuted at E2 2007?

question: What year was Jayhawk released for the PlayStation 3?

question: At what event were two new Final Fantasy games for PS3 last shown to the Japanese market?

text: TGS 2007

question: What Gran Turismo game was shown in 2007 but not released until after 2008?

text: Gran Turismo 5 Prologue

question: Which much anticipated third-party game with the name of a month of the year in it did Sony show at E4 2007?

text: Devil May Cry 4


text: The German Empire conquered Ukraine during World War I and was planning on either annexing it or installing a puppet king, but was defeated by the Entente, with major involvement by the Ukrainian Bolsheviks. After conquering the rest of Ukraine from the Whites, Ukraine joined the USSR and was enlarged (gaining Crimea and then Eastern Galicia), whence a process of Ukrainization was begun, with encouragement from Moscow.

title: Dialect

title: Dialect

text: The

text: German

text: Empire

text: conquered

text: Ukraine

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: and

text: was

text: planning

text: on

text: either

text: annexing

text: it

text: or

text: installing

text: a

text: puppet

text: king

text: but

text: was

text: defeated

text: by

text: the

text: Entente

text: with

text: major

text: involvement

text: by

text: the

text: Ukrainian

text: Bolsheviks

text: After

text: conquering

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Ukraine

text: from

text: the

text: Whites

text: Ukraine

text: joined

text: the

text: USSR

text: and

text: was

text: enlarged

text: gaining

text: Crimea

text: and

text: then

text: Eastern

text: Galicia

text: whence

text: a

text: process

text: of

text: Ukrainization

text: was

text: begun

text: with

text: encouragement

text: from

text: Moscow

question: What nation conquered Ukraine during the First World War?

answer: The German Empire

text: The German Empire

question: What alliance defeated the German Empire in World War I?

answer: the Entente

text: the Entente

question: What Ukrainian political group was involved in the defeat of the German Empire?

answer: Bolsheviks

text: Bolsheviks

question: Who did the Ukrainian Bolsheviks conquer the Ukraine from?

answer: Whites

text: Whites

question: During which war did the Ukraine conquer the German Empire?

text: World War I

question: When was the Ukraine planning on installing a puppet king?

text: during World War I

question: Who defeated the Entente during World War I?

text: The German Empire

question: By who was the Entente conquered during World War I?

text: The German Empire

question: Who conquered the Ukraine during World War II?

text: The German Empire


text: Equivalently, the smallness of the Planck constant reflects the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles. For example, green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres (the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive) has a frequency of 7014540000000000000♠540 THz (7014540000000000000♠540×1012 Hz). Each photon has an energy E = hf = 6981358000000000000♠3.58×10−19 J. That is a very small amount of energy in terms of everyday experience, but everyday experience is not concerned with individual photons any more than with individual atoms or molecules. An amount of light compatible with everyday experience is the energy of one mole of photons; its energy can be computed by multiplying the photon energy by the Avogadro constant, NA ≈ 7023602200000000000♠6.022×1023 mol−1. The result is that green light of wavelength 555 nm has an energy of 7005216000000000000♠216 kJ/mol, a typical energy of everyday life.

title: Planck_constant

title: Planck_constant

text: Equivalently

text: the

text: smallness

text: of

text: the

text: Planck

text: constant

text: reflects

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: everyday

text: objects

text: and

text: systems

text: are

text: made

text: of

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: particles

text: For

text: example

text: green

text: light

text: with

text: a

text: wavelength

text: of

text: nanometres

text: the

text: approximate

text: wavelength

text: to

text: which

text: human

text: eyes

text: are

text: most

text: sensitive

text: has

text: a

text: frequency

text: of

text: THz

text: Hz

text: Each

text: photon

text: has

text: an

text: energy

text: E

text: hf

text: J.

text: That

text: is

text: a

text: very

text: small

text: amount

text: of

text: energy

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: everyday

text: experience

text: but

text: everyday

text: experience

text: is

text: not

text: concerned

text: with

text: individual

text: photons

text: any

text: more

text: than

text: with

text: individual

text: atoms

text: or

text: molecules

text: An

text: amount

text: of

text: light

text: compatible

text: with

text: everyday

text: experience

text: is

text: the

text: energy

text: of

text: one

text: mole

text: of

text: photons

text: its

text: energy

text: can

text: be

text: computed

text: by

text: multiplying

text: the

text: photon

text: energy

text: by

text: the

text: Avogadro

text: constant

text: The

text: result

text: is

text: that

text: green

text: light

text: of

text: wavelength

text: nm

text: has

text: an

text: energy

text: of

text: kJ

text: mol

text: a

text: typical

text: energy

text: of

text: everyday

text: life

question: What does the smallness of the Planck constant show?

answer: the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles

text: the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles

question: At about what wavelength of light are human eyes most sensitive?

answer: 555 nanometres

text: 555 nanometres

question: What frequency does green light with a wavelength of 555 nanmetres have?

answer: 7014540000000000000♠540 THz

text: 7014540000000000000♠540 THz

question: How is the energy from one mole of photos computed?

answer: by multiplying the photon energy by the Avogadro constant

text: by multiplying the photon energy by the Avogadro constant

question: How much energy does a green light of wavelength 555 nm contain?

answer: 7005216000000000000♠216 kJ/mol

text: 7005216000000000000♠216 kJ/mol

question: What is the wavelength of light to which human eyes are most sensitive?

answer: 555 nanometres

text: 555 nanometres

question: What is the frequency of the light to which the human eye is most sensitive?

answer: 7014540000000000000♠540 THz

text: 7014540000000000000♠540 THz

question: What is the energy of a photon?

answer: 6981358000000000000♠3.58×10−19 J

text: 6981358000000000000♠3.58×10−19 J

question: How much energy is contained in the light to which human eyes are most sensitive?

answer: 7005216000000000000♠216 kJ/mol

text: 7005216000000000000♠216 kJ/mol

question: What are common things like furniture and stationary objects never made of?

text: particles

question: Which light wavelength is the human eye no longer able to see?

text: 555 nanometres

question: What color of light is the human eye blind to?

text: green

question: What does the smallness of the Planck constant ignore?


text: Annelids with blood vessels use metanephridia to remove soluble waste products, while those without use protonephridia. Both of these systems use a two-stage filtration process, in which fluid and waste products are first extracted and these are filtered again to re-absorb any re-usable materials while dumping toxic and spent materials as urine. The difference is that protonephridia combine both filtration stages in the same organ, while metanephridia perform only the second filtration and rely on other mechanisms for the first – in annelids special filter cells in the walls of the blood vessels let fluids and other small molecules pass into the coelomic fluid, where it circulates to the metanephridia. In annelids the points at which fluid enters the protonephridia or metanephridia are on the forward side of a septum while the second-stage filter and the nephridiopore (exit opening in the body wall) are in the following segment. As a result, the hindmost segment (before the growth zone and pygidium) has no structure that extracts its wastes, as there is no following segment to filter and discharge them, while the first segment contains an extraction structure that passes wastes to the second, but does not contain the structures that re-filter and discharge urine.

title: Annelid

title: Annelid

text: Annelids

text: with

text: blood

text: vessels

text: use

text: metanephridia

text: to

text: remove

text: soluble

text: waste

text: products

text: while

text: those

text: without

text: use

text: protonephridia

text: Both

text: of

text: these

text: systems

text: use

text: a

text: two

text: stage

text: filtration

text: process

text: in

text: which

text: fluid

text: and

text: waste

text: products

text: are

text: first

text: extracted

text: and

text: these

text: are

text: filtered

text: again

text: to

text: re

text: absorb

text: any

text: re

text: usable

text: materials

text: while

text: dumping

text: toxic

text: and

text: spent

text: materials

text: as

text: urine

text: The

text: difference

text: is

text: that

text: protonephridia

text: combine

text: both

text: filtration

text: stages

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: organ

text: while

text: metanephridia

text: perform

text: only

text: the

text: second

text: filtration

text: and

text: rely

text: on

text: other

text: mechanisms

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: in

text: annelids

text: special

text: filter

text: cells

text: in

text: the

text: walls

text: of

text: the

text: blood

text: vessels

text: let

text: fluids

text: and

text: other

text: small

text: molecules

text: pass

text: into

text: the

text: coelomic

text: fluid

text: where

text: it

text: circulates

text: to

text: the

text: metanephridia

text: In

text: annelids

text: the

text: points

text: at

text: which

text: fluid

text: enters

text: the

text: protonephridia

text: or

text: metanephridia

text: are

text: on

text: the

text: forward

text: side

text: of

text: a

text: septum

text: while

text: the

text: second

text: stage

text: filter

text: and

text: the

text: nephridiopore

text: exit

text: opening

text: in

text: the

text: body

text: wall

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: segment

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: the

text: hindmost

text: segment

text: before

text: the

text: growth

text: zone

text: and

text: pygidium

text: has

text: no

text: structure

text: that

text: extracts

text: its

text: wastes

text: as

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: following

text: segment

text: to

text: filter

text: and

text: discharge

text: them

text: while

text: the

text: first

text: segment

text: contains

text: an

text: extraction

text: structure

text: that

text: passes

text: wastes

text: to

text: the

text: second

text: but

text: does

text: not

text: contain

text: the

text: structures

text: that

text: re

text: filter

text: and

text: discharge

text: urine

question: What do metanephridia remove?

answer: soluble waste products

text: soluble waste products

question: What do annelids without blood vessels do to remove waste?

answer: protonephridia

text: protonephridia

question: How many stages are there in annelids' waste filtration?

answer: two

text: two

question: What annelid system combines both filtration states in one organ?

answer: protonephridia

text: protonephridia

question: What do metanephridia produce?

text: soluble waste products

question: What do annelids without blood vessels do to increase waste?

text: protonephridia

question: How many stages are there in annelids' water filtration?

text: two

question: What annelid system combines both filtration states in eight organs?

text: protonephridia


text: The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained that the sources – a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) estimate, a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) press release and a Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association estimate – "cannot be substantiated or traced back to an underlying data source or methodology."

title: Copyright_infringement

title: Copyright_infringement

text: The

text: U.S.

text: GAO

text: 's

text: findings

text: regarding

text: the

text: great

text: difficulty

text: of

text: accurately

text: gauging

text: the

text: economic

text: impact

text: of

text: copyright

text: infringement

text: was

text: reinforced

text: within

text: the

text: same

text: report

text: by

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: research

text: into

text: three

text: commonly

text: cited

text: estimates

text: that

text: had

text: previously

text: been

text: provided

text: to

text: U.S.

text: agencies

text: The

text: GAO

text: report

text: explained

text: that

text: the

text: sources

text: a

text: Federal

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Investigation

text: FBI

text: estimate

text: a

text: Customs

text: and

text: Border

text: Protection

text: CBP

text: press

text: release

text: and

text: a

text: Motor

text: and

text: Equipment

text: Manufacturers

text: Association

text: estimate

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: substantiated

text: or

text: traced

text: back

text: to

text: an

text: underlying

text: data

text: source

text: or

text: methodology

question: What 2010 body found how difficult it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?

answer: U.S. GAO

text: U.S. GAO

question: How many commanly cited estimates did the body report on?

answer: three

text: three

question: What did the FBI use as a source?

answer: estimate

text: estimate

question: What report said the data could not be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?

answer: GAO report

text: GAO report

question: What 2010 body found how easy it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?

text: U.S. GAO

question: What 2010 body found how difficult it is to inaccurately report the financial impact of infringement?

text: U.S. GAO

question: How many uncommonly cited estimates did the body report on?

text: three

question: What didn't the FBI use as a source?

text: estimate

question: What report said the data could be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?

text: GAO report


text: Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Białystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemyśl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939–40, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine.

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

text: Of

text: the

text: territories

text: of

text: Poland

text: annexed

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: between

text: and

text: the

text: region

text: around

text: Białystok

text: and

text: a

text: minor

text: part

text: of

text: Galicia

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: San

text: river

text: around

text: Przemyśl

text: were

text: returned

text: to

text: the

text: Polish

text: state

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Of

text: all

text: other

text: territories

text: annexed

text: by

text: the

text: USSR

text: in

text: the

text: ones

text: detached

text: from

text: Finland

text: Karelia

text: Petsamo

text: Estonia

text: Ingrian

text: area

text: and

text: Petseri

text: County

text: and

text: Latvia

text: Abrene

text: remained

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: the

text: successor

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: after

text: Northern

text: Bukovina

text: Southern

text: Bessarabia

text: and

text: Hertza

text: remain

text: part

text: of

text: Ukraine

question: The regions of Białystok, Galicia and Przemyśl were returned to what country after world war II?

answer: Polish state

text: Polish state

question: What regions remained part of the Soviet Union?

answer: (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation

text: (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation

question: After World War II, what regions remain part of Ukraine?

answer: Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza

text: Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza

question: The regions of Białystok, Galicia and Przemyśl were kept from what country after world war II?

text: Polish state

question: The regions of Białystok, Galicia and Przemyśl were returned to what country before world war II?

text: Polish state

question: What regions never remained part of the Soviet Union?

question: Before World War II, what regions remain part of Ukraine?

question: After World War I, what regions remain part of Ukraine?


text: On March 5, 2005, CBC Television launched a high definition simulcast of its Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal (CBMT-DT) stations. Since that time, the network has also launched HD simulcasts in Vancouver (CBUT-DT), Ottawa (CBOT-DT), Edmonton (CBXT-DT), Calgary (CBRT-DT), Halifax (CBHT-DT), Windsor, (CBET-DT), Winnipeg (CBWT-DT) and St. John's (CBNT-DT). CBC HD is available nationally via satellite and on digital cable as well as for free over-the-air using a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner (included in most new television sets) on the following channels:

title: CBC_Television

title: CBC_Television

text: On

text: March

text: CBC

text: Television

text: launched

text: a

text: high

text: definition

text: simulcast

text: of

text: its

text: Toronto

text: CBLT

text: DT

text: and

text: Montreal

text: CBMT

text: DT

text: stations

text: Since

text: that

text: time

text: the

text: network

text: has

text: also

text: launched

text: HD

text: simulcasts

text: in

text: Vancouver

text: CBUT

text: DT

text: Ottawa

text: CBOT

text: DT

text: Edmonton

text: CBXT

text: DT

text: Calgary

text: CBRT

text: DT

text: Halifax

text: CBHT

text: DT

text: Windsor

text: CBET

text: DT

text: Winnipeg

text: CBWT

text: DT

text: and

text: St.

text: John

text: 's

text: CBNT

text: DT

text: CBC

text: HD

text: is

text: available

text: nationally

text: via

text: satellite

text: and

text: on

text: digital

text: cable

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: for

text: free

text: over

text: the

text: air

text: using

text: a

text: regular

text: TV

text: antenna

text: and

text: a

text: digital

text: tuner

text: included

text: in

text: most

text: new

text: television

text: sets

text: on

text: the

text: following

text: channels

question: What stations did CBC broadcast in HD in 2005?

answer: Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal (CBMT-DT)

text: Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal (CBMT-DT)

question: Where is CBC available for free?

answer: over-the-air

text: over-the-air

question: What is required to view over-the-air broadcasts?

answer: a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner

text: a regular TV antenna and a digital tuner

question: CBC television had to fight the CCA to launch it's station in what 2 cities in 2005?

text: Toronto (CBLT-DT) and Montreal

question: One of the advantages the CBC has over competitors is the ability to broadcast in this British Columbia city?

text: Vancouver

question: The CCA would not allow the CBC to broadcast unless they allowed this type of viewing?

question: What has helped to make the CBC Canada's most popular station?

text: available nationally


text: There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council followed suit. In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide." Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide."

title: Genocide

title: Genocide

text: There

text: has

text: been

text: much

text: debate

text: over

text: categorizing

text: the

text: situation

text: in

text: Darfur

text: as

text: genocide

text: The

text: ongoing

text: conflict

text: in

text: Darfur

text: Sudan

text: which

text: started

text: in

text: was

text: declared

text: a

text: genocide

text: by

text: United

text: States

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: Colin

text: Powell

text: on

text: September

text: in

text: testimony

text: before

text: the

text: Senate

text: Foreign

text: Relations

text: Committee

text: Since

text: that

text: time

text: however

text: no

text: other

text: permanent

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: UN

text: Security

text: Council

text: followed

text: suit

text: In

text: fact

text: in

text: January

text: an

text: International

text: Commission

text: of

text: Inquiry

text: on

text: Darfur

text: authorized

text: by

text: UN

text: Security

text: Council

text: Resolution

text: of

text: issued

text: a

text: report

text: to

text: the

text: Secretary

text: General

text: stating

text: that

text: the

text: Government

text: of

text: the

text: Sudan

text: has

text: not

text: pursued

text: a

text: policy

text: of

text: genocide

text: Nevertheless

text: the

text: Commission

text: cautioned

text: that

text: The

text: conclusion

text: that

text: no

text: genocidal

text: policy

text: has

text: been

text: pursued

text: and

text: implemented

text: in

text: Darfur

text: by

text: the

text: Government

text: authorities

text: directly

text: or

text: through

text: the

text: militias

text: under

text: their

text: control

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: taken

text: in

text: any

text: way

text: as

text: detracting

text: from

text: the

text: gravity

text: of

text: the

text: crimes

text: perpetrated

text: in

text: that

text: region

text: International

text: offences

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: crimes

text: against

text: humanity

text: and

text: war

text: crimes

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: committed

text: in

text: Darfur

text: may

text: be

text: no

text: less

text: serious

text: and

text: heinous

text: than

text: genocide

question: What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan?

answer: situation in Darfur

text: situation in Darfur

question: In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide?

answer: Colin Powell

text: Colin Powell

question: In front of which committee did Powell testify?

answer: the Senate Foreign Relations Committee

text: the Senate Foreign Relations Committee

question: What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004?

answer: an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur

text: an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur

question: Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that Sudan had not pursued?

answer: genocidal policy

text: genocidal policy

question: What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in the UN?

text: situation in Darfur

question: In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in the UN as an act of genocide?

text: Colin Powell

question: In front of which committee did Darfur testify?

text: Senate Foreign Relations Committee

question: What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2005?

question: Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that the UN had not pursued?

text: genocidal policy


text: There are many approaches available in software testing. Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections are referred to as static testing, whereas actually executing programmed code with a given set of test cases is referred to as dynamic testing. Static testing is often implicit, as proofreading, plus when programming tools/text editors check source code structure or compilers (pre-compilers) check syntax and data flow as static program analysis. Dynamic testing takes place when the program itself is run. Dynamic testing may begin before the program is 100% complete in order to test particular sections of code and are applied to discrete functions or modules. Typical techniques for this are either using stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment.

title: Software_testing

title: Software_testing

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: approaches

text: available

text: in

text: software

text: testing

text: Reviews

text: walkthroughs

text: or

text: inspections

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: static

text: testing

text: whereas

text: actually

text: executing

text: programmed

text: code

text: with

text: a

text: given

text: set

text: of

text: test

text: cases

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: dynamic

text: testing

text: Static

text: testing

text: is

text: often

text: implicit

text: as

text: proofreading

text: plus

text: when

text: programming

text: tools

text: text

text: editors

text: check

text: source

text: code

text: structure

text: or

text: compilers

text: pre

text: compilers

text: check

text: syntax

text: and

text: data

text: flow

text: as

text: static

text: program

text: analysis

text: Dynamic

text: testing

text: takes

text: place

text: when

text: the

text: program

text: itself

text: is

text: run

text: Dynamic

text: testing

text: may

text: begin

text: before

text: the

text: program

text: is

text: complete

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: test

text: particular

text: sections

text: of

text: code

text: and

text: are

text: applied

text: to

text: discrete

text: functions

text: or

text: modules

text: Typical

text: techniques

text: for

text: this

text: are

text: either

text: using

text: stubs

text: drivers

text: or

text: execution

text: from

text: a

text: debugger

text: environment

question: Name three approaches software testers take when testing their software?

answer: Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections

text: Reviews, walkthroughs, or inspections

question: What is the term that is used to described executing programmed code with a given set of test?

answer: dynamic testing

text: dynamic testing

question: When can dynamic testing occur?

answer: before the program is 100% complete

text: before the program is 100% complete

question: What are commonly used techniques during dynamic testing?

answer: stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment

text: stubs/drivers or execution from a debugger environment

question: There are few approached in what type of testing?

text: software

question: Examples of static testing include previews, walkthroughs, and what other item?

text: inspections

question: Dynamic testing refers to executing predetermined code with what?

text: a given set of test cases

question: When does dynamic testing not take place?

text: when the program itself is run

question: Static testing is always what?

text: implicit


text: The front page caused outrage in Liverpool, where the paper lost more than three-quarters of its estimated 55,000 daily sales and still sells poorly in the city more than 25 years later (around 12,000). It is unavailable in many parts of the city, as many newsagents refuse to stock it. It was revealed in a documentary called Alexei Sayle's Liverpool, aired in September 2008, that many Liverpudlians will not even take the newspaper for free, and those who do may simply burn or tear it up. Liverpudlians refer to the paper as 'The Scum' with campaigners believing it handicapped their fight for justice.

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom

text: The

text: front

text: page

text: caused

text: outrage

text: in

text: Liverpool

text: where

text: the

text: paper

text: lost

text: more

text: than

text: three

text: quarters

text: of

text: its

text: estimated

text: daily

text: sales

text: and

text: still

text: sells

text: poorly

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: more

text: than

text: years

text: later

text: around

text: It

text: is

text: unavailable

text: in

text: many

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: as

text: many

text: newsagents

text: refuse

text: to

text: stock

text: it

text: It

text: was

text: revealed

text: in

text: a

text: documentary

text: called

text: Alexei

text: Sayle

text: 's

text: Liverpool

text: aired

text: in

text: September

text: that

text: many

text: Liverpudlians

text: will

text: not

text: even

text: take

text: the

text: newspaper

text: for

text: free

text: and

text: those

text: who

text: do

text: may

text: simply

text: burn

text: or

text: tear

text: it

text: up

text: Liverpudlians

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: paper

text: as

text: The

text: Scum

text: with

text: campaigners

text: believing

text: it

text: handicapped

text: their

text: fight

text: for

text: justice

question: Where did The sun lose a large portion of its daily sales as a result of the front page?

answer: Liverpool

text: Liverpool

question: What were the estimated daily sales in Liverpool 25 years later?

answer: around 12,000

text: around 12,000

question: What documentary aired in 2008?

answer: Alexei Sayle's Liverpool

text: Alexei Sayle's Liverpool

question: What do many Liverpool residents do with the paper even if given to them free?

answer: simply burn or tear it up

text: simply burn or tear it up

question: What name have Liverpool residents given to The Sun?

answer: The Scum'

text: The Scum'


text: One means by which this is done is with a special signal called an interrupt, which can periodically cause the computer to stop executing instructions where it was and do something else instead. By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt, the computer can return to that task later. If several programs are running "at the same time". then the interrupt generator might be causing several hundred interrupts per second, causing a program switch each time. Since modern computers typically execute instructions several orders of magnitude faster than human perception, it may appear that many programs are running at the same time even though only one is ever executing in any given instant. This method of multitasking is sometimes termed "time-sharing" since each program is allocated a "slice" of time in turn.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: One

text: means

text: by

text: which

text: this

text: is

text: done

text: is

text: with

text: a

text: special

text: signal

text: called

text: an

text: interrupt

text: which

text: can

text: periodically

text: cause

text: the

text: computer

text: to

text: stop

text: executing

text: instructions

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: and

text: do

text: something

text: else

text: instead

text: By

text: remembering

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: executing

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: interrupt

text: the

text: computer

text: can

text: return

text: to

text: that

text: task

text: later

text: If

text: several

text: programs

text: are

text: running

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: then

text: the

text: interrupt

text: generator

text: might

text: be

text: causing

text: several

text: hundred

text: interrupts

text: per

text: second

text: causing

text: a

text: program

text: switch

text: each

text: time

text: Since

text: modern

text: computers

text: typically

text: execute

text: instructions

text: several

text: orders

text: of

text: magnitude

text: faster

text: than

text: human

text: perception

text: it

text: may

text: appear

text: that

text: many

text: programs

text: are

text: running

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: even

text: though

text: only

text: one

text: is

text: ever

text: executing

text: in

text: any

text: given

text: instant

text: This

text: method

text: of

text: multitasking

text: is

text: sometimes

text: termed

text: time

text: sharing

text: since

text: each

text: program

text: is

text: allocated

text: a

text: slice

text: of

text: time

text: in

text: turn

question: A method of multitasking that takes a "slice" of time in turn is called what?

answer: "time-sharing"

text: "time-sharing"

question: A signal that stops a compute executing instructions is called what?

answer: an interrupt,

text: an interrupt,


text: A particular criticism of the Buddha was Vedic animal sacrifice.[web 18] He also mocked the Vedic "hymn of the cosmic man". However, the Buddha was not anti-Vedic, and declared that the Veda in its true form was declared by "Kashyapa" to certain rishis, who by severe penances had acquired the power to see by divine eyes. He names the Vedic rishis, and declared that the original Veda of the rishis[note 25] was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced animal sacrifices. The Buddha says that it was on this alteration of the true Veda that he refused to pay respect to the Vedas of his time. However, he did not denounce the union with Brahman,[note 26] or the idea of the self uniting with the Self. At the same time, the traditional Hindu itself gradually underwent profound changes, transforming it into what is recognized as early Hinduism.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: A

text: particular

text: criticism

text: of

text: the

text: Buddha

text: was

text: Vedic

text: animal

text: sacrifice.[web

text: He

text: also

text: mocked

text: the

text: Vedic

text: hymn

text: of

text: the

text: cosmic

text: man

text: However

text: the

text: Buddha

text: was

text: not

text: anti

text: Vedic

text: and

text: declared

text: that

text: the

text: Veda

text: in

text: its

text: true

text: form

text: was

text: declared

text: by

text: Kashyapa

text: to

text: certain

text: rishis

text: who

text: by

text: severe

text: penances

text: had

text: acquired

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: see

text: by

text: divine

text: eyes

text: He

text: names

text: the

text: Vedic

text: rishis

text: and

text: declared

text: that

text: the

text: original

text: Veda

text: of

text: the

text: rishis[note

text: was

text: altered

text: by

text: a

text: few

text: Brahmins

text: who

text: introduced

text: animal

text: sacrifices

text: The

text: Buddha

text: says

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: on

text: this

text: alteration

text: of

text: the

text: true

text: Veda

text: that

text: he

text: refused

text: to

text: pay

text: respect

text: to

text: the

text: Vedas

text: of

text: his

text: time

text: However

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: denounce

text: the

text: union

text: with

text: Brahman,[note

text: or

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: the

text: self

text: uniting

text: with

text: the

text: Self

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: traditional

text: Hindu

text: itself

text: gradually

text: underwent

text: profound

text: changes

text: transforming

text: it

text: into

text: what

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: early

text: Hinduism

question: A criticism the Buddha gave dealing with animals was?

answer: Vedic animal sacrifice

text: Vedic animal sacrifice

question: The Buddha mocked what hymn of the Vedic?

answer: hymn of the cosmic man

text: hymn of the cosmic man

question: The original Veda of the rishis was altered by a few Brahmins who introduced what?

answer: animal sacrifices

text: animal sacrifices

question: The Buddha refused to pay respect to who, during their time of animal sacrifice?

answer: Vedas

text: Vedas


text: Forest gardening was also being used as a food production system in various parts of the world over this period. Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions.[citation needed] In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment, useful tree and vine species were identified, protected and improved, whilst undesirable species were eliminated. Eventually superior foreign species were selected and incorporated into the gardens.

title: Hunter-gatherer

title: Hunter

title: gatherer

text: Forest

text: gardening

text: was

text: also

text: being

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: food

text: production

text: system

text: in

text: various

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: over

text: this

text: period

text: Forest

text: gardens

text: originated

text: in

text: prehistoric

text: times

text: along

text: jungle

text: clad

text: river

text: banks

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: wet

text: foothills

text: of

text: monsoon

text: regions.[citation

text: needed

text: In

text: the

text: gradual

text: process

text: of

text: families

text: improving

text: their

text: immediate

text: environment

text: useful

text: tree

text: and

text: vine

text: species

text: were

text: identified

text: protected

text: and

text: improved

text: whilst

text: undesirable

text: species

text: were

text: eliminated

text: Eventually

text: superior

text: foreign

text: species

text: were

text: selected

text: and

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: gardens

question: In what kind of area did forest gardening start?

answer: jungle-clad river banks

text: jungle-clad river banks

question: In what other types of areas did forest gardening show up?

answer: foothills of monsoon regions

text: foothills of monsoon regions

question: What kind of plant did these early gardeners seek out?

answer: tree and vine species

text: tree and vine species

question: What use did forest gardeners put to tree and vines to?

answer: identified, protected and improved

text: identified, protected and improved

question: What did these gardeners do about unwanted species?

answer: eliminated

text: eliminated

question: What type of gardens originated in modern times?

text: Forest gardens

question: What type of gardens were located in the dry foothills of monsoon regions?

text: Forest gardens

question: Inferior foreign species were selected and incorporated where?

text: into the gardens

question: What was being used as a food production system in all parts of the world?

text: Forest gardening

question: When families were trying to ruin their immediate environment, undesirable species were what?

text: eliminated


text: Following the defeat of Japan in the Second World War, anti-Japanese resistance movements in Malaya turned their attention towards the British, who had moved to quickly retake control of the colony, valuing it as a source of rubber and tin. The fact that the guerrillas were primarily Malayan-Chinese Communists meant that the British attempt to quell the uprising was supported by the Muslim Malay majority, on the understanding that once the insurgency had been quelled, independence would be granted. The Malayan Emergency, as it was called, began in 1948 and lasted until 1960, but by 1957, Britain felt confident enough to grant independence to the Federation of Malaya within the Commonwealth. In 1963, the 11 states of the federation together with Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo joined to form Malaysia, but in 1965 Chinese-majority Singapore was expelled from the union following tensions between the Malay and Chinese populations. Brunei, which had been a British protectorate since 1888, declined to join the union and maintained its status until independence in 1984.

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: Following

text: the

text: defeat

text: of

text: Japan

text: in

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: anti

text: Japanese

text: resistance

text: movements

text: in

text: Malaya

text: turned

text: their

text: attention

text: towards

text: the

text: British

text: who

text: had

text: moved

text: to

text: quickly

text: retake

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: colony

text: valuing

text: it

text: as

text: a

text: source

text: of

text: rubber

text: and

text: tin

text: The

text: fact

text: that

text: the

text: guerrillas

text: were

text: primarily

text: Malayan

text: Chinese

text: Communists

text: meant

text: that

text: the

text: British

text: attempt

text: to

text: quell

text: the

text: uprising

text: was

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: Muslim

text: Malay

text: majority

text: on

text: the

text: understanding

text: that

text: once

text: the

text: insurgency

text: had

text: been

text: quelled

text: independence

text: would

text: be

text: granted

text: The

text: Malayan

text: Emergency

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: called

text: began

text: in

text: and

text: lasted

text: until

text: but

text: by

text: Britain

text: felt

text: confident

text: enough

text: to

text: grant

text: independence

text: to

text: the

text: Federation

text: of

text: Malaya

text: within

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: In

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: the

text: federation

text: together

text: with

text: Singapore

text: Sarawak

text: and

text: North

text: Borneo

text: joined

text: to

text: form

text: Malaysia

text: but

text: in

text: Chinese

text: majority

text: Singapore

text: was

text: expelled

text: from

text: the

text: union

text: following

text: tensions

text: between

text: the

text: Malay

text: and

text: Chinese

text: populations

text: Brunei

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: a

text: British

text: protectorate

text: since

text: declined

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: union

text: and

text: maintained

text: its

text: status

text: until

text: independence

text: in

question: When did the Malayan Emergency begin?

answer: 1948

question: When did Britain give the Federation of Malaya its independence?

answer: 1957

question: When did Singapore leave the Federation of Malaya?

answer: 1965

question: What race was the majority of Singapore's population?

answer: Chinese

text: Chinese

question: When did Brunei get its independence?

answer: 1984


text: The gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Delhi at current prices for the year 2011-12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13 lakh crore, which is an increase of 18.7 per cent over the previous fiscal.

title: New_Delhi

title: New_Delhi

text: The

text: gross

text: state

text: domestic

text: product

text: GSDP

text: of

text: Delhi

text: at

text: current

text: prices

text: for

text: the

text: year

text: has

text: been

text: estimated

text: at

text: Rs

text: lakh

text: crore

text: which

text: is

text: an

text: increase

text: of

text: per

text: cent

text: over

text: the

text: previous

text: fiscal

question: What was the gross state domestic product of Delhi for 2011-12?

answer: Rs 3.13 lakh crore

text: Rs 3.13 lakh crore

question: The GSDP of Delhi increased by what percentage over the previous year in 2011-12?

answer: 18.7

question: In which fiscal year was the GSDP of Delhi estimated at Rs 3.13 lakh crore?

answer: 2011-12

question: Did the GSDP of Delhi in 2011-12 increase or decrease from the previous fiscal year?

answer: increase

text: increase


text: Diane McWhorter, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign, asserts that To Kill a Mockingbird condemns racism instead of racists, and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality. This feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised, which for many children is what the novel does. McWhorter writes of Lee, "for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual—by its very existence an act of protest."[note 4] Author James McBride calls Lee brilliant but stops short of calling her brave: "I think by calling Harper Lee brave you kind of absolve yourself of your own racism ... She certainly set the standards in terms of how these issues need to be discussed, but in many ways I feel ... the moral bar's been lowered. And that's really distressing. We need a thousand Atticus Finches." McBride, however, defends the book's sentimentality, and the way Lee approaches the story with "honesty and integrity".

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

text: Diane

text: McWhorter

text: Pulitzer

text: Prize

text: winning

text: historian

text: of

text: the

text: Birmingham

text: civil

text: rights

text: campaign

text: asserts

text: that

text: To

text: Kill

text: a

text: Mockingbird

text: condemns

text: racism

text: instead

text: of

text: racists

text: and

text: states

text: that

text: every

text: child

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: has

text: moments

text: of

text: racial

text: cognitive

text: dissonance

text: when

text: they

text: are

text: faced

text: with

text: the

text: harsh

text: reality

text: of

text: inequality

text: This

text: feeling

text: causes

text: them

text: to

text: question

text: the

text: beliefs

text: with

text: which

text: they

text: have

text: been

text: raised

text: which

text: for

text: many

text: children

text: is

text: what

text: the

text: novel

text: does

text: McWhorter

text: writes

text: of

text: Lee

text: for

text: a

text: white

text: person

text: from

text: the

text: South

text: to

text: write

text: a

text: book

text: like

text: this

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: is

text: really

text: unusual

text: by

text: its

text: very

text: existence

text: an

text: act

text: of

text: protest."[note

text: Author

text: James

text: McBride

text: calls

text: Lee

text: brilliant

text: but

text: stops

text: short

text: of

text: calling

text: her

text: brave

text: I

text: think

text: by

text: calling

text: Harper

text: Lee

text: brave

text: you

text: kind

text: of

text: absolve

text: yourself

text: of

text: your

text: own

text: racism

text: She

text: certainly

text: set

text: the

text: standards

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: how

text: these

text: issues

text: need

text: to

text: be

text: discussed

text: but

text: in

text: many

text: ways

text: I

text: feel

text: the

text: moral

text: bar

text: 's

text: been

text: lowered

text: And

text: that

text: 's

text: really

text: distressing

text: We

text: need

text: a

text: thousand

text: Atticus

text: Finches

text: McBride

text: however

text: defends

text: the

text: book

text: 's

text: sentimentality

text: and

text: the

text: way

text: Lee

text: approaches

text: the

text: story

text: with

text: honesty

text: and

text: integrity

question: According to Diane McWhorter, every child in the South had to face what?

answer: the harsh reality of inequality

text: the harsh reality of inequality

question: McWhorter wrote that the existance of the book was what?

answer: an act of protest

text: an act of protest


text: Richmond emerged a decade after the smoldering rubble of the Civil War to resume its position as an economic powerhouse, with iron front buildings and massive brick factories. Canal traffic peaked in the 1860s and slowly gave way to railroads, allowing Richmond to become a major railroad crossroads, eventually including the site of the world's first triple railroad crossing. Tobacco warehousing and processing continued to play a role, boosted by the world's first cigarette-rolling machine, invented by James Albert Bonsack of Roanoke in 1880/81. Contributing to Richmond's resurgence was the first successful electrically powered trolley system in the United States, the Richmond Union Passenger Railway. Designed by electric power pioneer Frank J. Sprague, the trolley system opened its first line in 1888, and electric streetcar lines rapidly spread to other cities across the country. Sprague's system used an overhead wire and trolley pole to collect current, with electric motors on the car's trucks. In Richmond, the transition from streetcars to buses began in May 1947 and was completed on November 25, 1949.

title: Richmond,_Virginia

title: Richmond,_Virginia

text: Richmond

text: emerged

text: a

text: decade

text: after

text: the

text: smoldering

text: rubble

text: of

text: the

text: Civil

text: War

text: to

text: resume

text: its

text: position

text: as

text: an

text: economic

text: powerhouse

text: with

text: iron

text: front

text: buildings

text: and

text: massive

text: brick

text: factories

text: Canal

text: traffic

text: peaked

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: slowly

text: gave

text: way

text: to

text: railroads

text: allowing

text: Richmond

text: to

text: become

text: a

text: major

text: railroad

text: crossroads

text: eventually

text: including

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: first

text: triple

text: railroad

text: crossing

text: Tobacco

text: warehousing

text: and

text: processing

text: continued

text: to

text: play

text: a

text: role

text: boosted

text: by

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: first

text: cigarette

text: rolling

text: machine

text: invented

text: by

text: James

text: Albert

text: Bonsack

text: of

text: Roanoke

text: in

text: Contributing

text: to

text: Richmond

text: 's

text: resurgence

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: successful

text: electrically

text: powered

text: trolley

text: system

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: Richmond

text: Union

text: Passenger

text: Railway

text: Designed

text: by

text: electric

text: power

text: pioneer

text: Frank

text: J.

text: Sprague

text: the

text: trolley

text: system

text: opened

text: its

text: first

text: line

text: in

text: and

text: electric

text: streetcar

text: lines

text: rapidly

text: spread

text: to

text: other

text: cities

text: across

text: the

text: country

text: Sprague

text: 's

text: system

text: used

text: an

text: overhead

text: wire

text: and

text: trolley

text: pole

text: to

text: collect

text: current

text: with

text: electric

text: motors

text: on

text: the

text: car

text: 's

text: trucks

text: In

text: Richmond

text: the

text: transition

text: from

text: streetcars

text: to

text: buses

text: began

text: in

text: May

text: and

text: was

text: completed

text: on

text: November

question: What mode of transportation took over from the canals?

answer: railroads

text: railroads

question: What sort of railroad crossing was first built at Richmond?

answer: triple

text: triple

question: Who was the inventor of the cigarette-rolling machine?

answer: James Albert Bonsack

text: James Albert Bonsack

question: From what city did James Bonsack originate?

answer: Roanoke

text: Roanoke

question: What was the name of the first American trolley system powered by electricity?

answer: Richmond Union Passenger Railway

text: Richmond Union Passenger Railway


text: Its mission is to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: Its

text: mission

text: is

text: to

text: provide

text: high

text: quality

text: education

text: training

text: and

text: research

text: in

text: the

text: areas

text: of

text: science

text: and

text: technology

text: to

text: produce

text: qualified

text: professionals

text: that

text: can

text: apply

text: their

text: knowledge

text: and

text: skills

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: development

question: If the mission is achieved, professionals will apply what they've learned to what goal?

answer: the country's development

text: the country's development


text: Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954–55, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an "expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Nasser

text: made

text: secret

text: contacts

text: with

text: Israel

text: in

text: but

text: determined

text: that

text: peace

text: with

text: Israel

text: would

text: be

text: impossible

text: considering

text: it

text: an

text: expansionist

text: state

text: that

text: viewed

text: the

text: Arabs

text: with

text: disdain

text: On

text: February

text: Israeli

text: troops

text: attacked

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: held

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: with

text: the

text: stated

text: aim

text: of

text: suppressing

text: Palestinian

text: fedayeen

text: raids

text: Nasser

text: did

text: not

text: feel

text: that

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: Army

text: was

text: ready

text: for

text: a

text: confrontation

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: retaliate

text: militarily

text: His

text: failure

text: to

text: respond

text: to

text: Israeli

text: military

text: action

text: demonstrated

text: the

text: ineffectiveness

text: of

text: his

text: armed

text: forces

text: and

text: constituted

text: a

text: blow

text: to

text: his

text: growing

text: popularity

text: Nasser

text: subsequently

text: ordered

text: the

text: tightening

text: of

text: the

text: blockade

text: on

text: Israeli

text: shipping

text: through

text: the

text: Straits

text: of

text: Tiran

text: and

text: restricted

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: airspace

text: over

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: by

text: Israeli

text: aircraft

text: in

text: early

text: September

text: The

text: Israelis

text: re

text: militarized

text: the

text: al

text: Auja

text: Demilitarized

text: Zone

text: on

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: border

text: on

text: September

question: What country did Nasser make secret agreements with?

answer: Israel

text: Israel

question: What territory did Israel attack in 1955?

answer: Gaza Strip

text: Gaza Strip

question: What was Nasser's reaction to the attack?

answer: did not retaliate militarily

text: did not retaliate militarily

question: How did the Egyptian people feel about Nasser's response to the attack?

answer: a blow to his growing popularity

text: a blow to his growing popularity

question: What did Nasser eventually do in the Straights of Titan?

answer: blockade on Israeli shipping

text: blockade on Israeli shipping


text: The early 1990s additionally saw the rise in mainstream US popularity for house music. Pop recording artist Madonna's 1990 single "Vogue" became an international hit single and topped the US charts. The single is credited as helping to bring house music to the US mainstream.

title: House_music

title: House_music

text: The

text: early

text: additionally

text: saw

text: the

text: rise

text: in

text: mainstream

text: US

text: popularity

text: for

text: house

text: music

text: Pop

text: recording

text: artist

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: single

text: Vogue

text: became

text: an

text: international

text: hit

text: single

text: and

text: topped

text: the

text: US

text: charts

text: The

text: single

text: is

text: credited

text: as

text: helping

text: to

text: bring

text: house

text: music

text: to

text: the

text: US

text: mainstream

question: what madonna single is credited as helping bring house music to the mainstream?

answer: Vogue

text: Vogue

question: when was madonna's hit single "vogue" released?

answer: 1990

question: what decade did house music hit the mainstream in the us?

answer: 1990s

question: who sang the hit single "vogue"?

answer: Madonna

text: Madonna

question: how well did madonna's single "vogue" do in the us?

answer: topped the US charts

text: topped the US charts

question: What Madonna single is credited as helping bring US music to the mainstream?

text: Vogue

question: When was Madonna's hit single "House" released?

question: What decade did Madonna's music hit the mainstream in the US?

question: Who sang the hit single "Pop"?

text: Madonna

question: How well did Madonna's single "Pop" do in the US?

text: topped the US charts


text: On 10 October, hostilities began between German and French republican forces near Orléans. At first, the Germans were victorious but the French drew reinforcements and defeated the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers on 9 November. After the surrender of Metz, more than 100,000 well-trained and experienced German troops joined the German 'Southern Army'. The French were forced to abandon Orléans on 4 December, and were finally defeated at the Battle of Le Mans (10–12 January). A second French army which operated north of Paris was turned back at the Battle of Amiens (27 November), the Battle of Bapaume (3 January 1871) and the Battle of St. Quentin (13 January).

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: On

text: October

text: hostilities

text: began

text: between

text: German

text: and

text: French

text: republican

text: forces

text: near

text: Orléans

text: At

text: first

text: the

text: Germans

text: were

text: victorious

text: but

text: the

text: French

text: drew

text: reinforcements

text: and

text: defeated

text: the

text: Germans

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Coulmiers

text: on

text: November

text: After

text: the

text: surrender

text: of

text: Metz

text: more

text: than

text: well

text: trained

text: and

text: experienced

text: German

text: troops

text: joined

text: the

text: German

text: Southern

text: Army

text: The

text: French

text: were

text: forced

text: to

text: abandon

text: Orléans

text: on

text: December

text: and

text: were

text: finally

text: defeated

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Le

text: Mans

text: January

text: A

text: second

text: French

text: army

text: which

text: operated

text: north

text: of

text: Paris

text: was

text: turned

text: back

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Amiens

text: November

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Bapaume

text: January

text: and

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: St.

text: Quentin

text: January

question: On which date did hostilities between the German and French troops begin near Orleans?

answer: 10 October

text: 10 October

question: Which side was initially successful at the Battle of Coulmiers?

answer: the Germans

text: the Germans

question: On which date did the French triump over the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers?

answer: 9 November

text: 9 November

question: On which date were the French forced to abandon Orleans?

answer: 4 December

text: 4 December

question: Of the three battles that occured north of Paris, which was the first that forced the French army to retreat?

answer: Battle of Amiens

text: Battle of Amiens