text: Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in the election of the Pope has been considered important, they are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V, which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent where John Paul II has maintained this ratio.

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism

text: Cardinals

text: elevated

text: to

text: the

text: diaconal

text: order

text: are

text: mainly

text: officials

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Curia

text: holding

text: various

text: posts

text: in

text: the

text: church

text: administration

text: Their

text: number

text: and

text: influence

text: has

text: varied

text: through

text: the

text: years

text: While

text: historically

text: predominantly

text: Italian

text: the

text: group

text: has

text: become

text: much

text: more

text: internationally

text: diverse

text: in

text: later

text: years

text: While

text: in

text: about

text: half

text: were

text: Italian

text: by

text: the

text: number

text: was

text: reduced

text: to

text: one

text: third

text: Their

text: influence

text: in

text: the

text: election

text: of

text: the

text: Pope

text: has

text: been

text: considered

text: important

text: they

text: are

text: better

text: informed

text: and

text: connected

text: than

text: the

text: dislocated

text: cardinals

text: but

text: their

text: level

text: of

text: unity

text: has

text: been

text: varied

text: Under

text: the

text: decree

text: of

text: Pope

text: Sixtus

text: V

text: which

text: fixed

text: the

text: maximum

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Cardinals

text: there

text: were

text: cardinal

text: deacons

text: Later

text: the

text: number

text: increased

text: As

text: late

text: as

text: almost

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: cardinals

text: were

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: curia

text: Pius

text: XII

text: reduced

text: this

text: percentage

text: to

text: percent

text: John

text: XXIII

text: brought

text: it

text: back

text: up

text: to

text: percent

text: but

text: Paul

text: VI

text: brought

text: it

text: down

text: to

text: percent

text: where

text: John

text: Paul

text: II

text: has

text: maintained

text: this

text: ratio

question: In 1939, how many Cardinals were Italian?

answer: about half

text: about half

question: In 1994, how many Cardinals were Italian?

answer: third

text: third

question: Where are priests that are elevated to the diaconal order mainly officials of?

text: the Roman Curia

question: How many Cardinals were French in 1939?

text: about half

question: How many Cardinals were French in 1994?

text: one third

question: How many cardinals were members of the curia in 1929?

text: almost half

question: What year did Pope Sixtus I fix the maximum size of the College of Cardinals?


text: Such strategies, which minimize the maximum loss for each player, are called optimal. Von Neumann showed that their minimaxes are equal (in absolute value) and contrary (in sign). Von Neumann improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players, publishing this result in his 1944 Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (written with Oskar Morgenstern). Morgenstern wrote a paper on game theory and thought he would show it to von Neumann because of his interest in the subject. He read it and said to Morgenstern that he should put more in it. This was repeated a couple of times, and then von Neumann became a coauthor and the paper became 100 pages long. Then it became a book. The public interest in this work was such that The New York Times ran a front-page story. In this book, von Neumann declared that economic theory needed to use functional analytic methods, especially convex sets and topological fixed-point theorem, rather than the traditional differential calculus, because the maximum-operator did not preserve differentiable functions.

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: Such

text: strategies

text: which

text: minimize

text: the

text: maximum

text: loss

text: for

text: each

text: player

text: are

text: called

text: optimal

text: Von

text: Neumann

text: showed

text: that

text: their

text: minimaxes

text: are

text: equal

text: in

text: absolute

text: value

text: and

text: contrary

text: in

text: sign

text: Von

text: Neumann

text: improved

text: and

text: extended

text: the

text: minimax

text: theorem

text: to

text: include

text: games

text: involving

text: imperfect

text: information

text: and

text: games

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: players

text: publishing

text: this

text: result

text: in

text: his

text: Theory

text: of

text: Games

text: and

text: Economic

text: Behavior

text: written

text: with

text: Oskar

text: Morgenstern

text: Morgenstern

text: wrote

text: a

text: paper

text: on

text: game

text: theory

text: and

text: thought

text: he

text: would

text: show

text: it

text: to

text: von

text: Neumann

text: because

text: of

text: his

text: interest

text: in

text: the

text: subject

text: He

text: read

text: it

text: and

text: said

text: to

text: Morgenstern

text: that

text: he

text: should

text: put

text: more

text: in

text: it

text: This

text: was

text: repeated

text: a

text: couple

text: of

text: times

text: and

text: then

text: von

text: Neumann

text: became

text: a

text: coauthor

text: and

text: the

text: paper

text: became

text: pages

text: long

text: Then

text: it

text: became

text: a

text: book

text: The

text: public

text: interest

text: in

text: this

text: work

text: was

text: such

text: that

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: ran

text: a

text: front

text: page

text: story

text: In

text: this

text: book

text: von

text: Neumann

text: declared

text: that

text: economic

text: theory

text: needed

text: to

text: use

text: functional

text: analytic

text: methods

text: especially

text: convex

text: sets

text: and

text: topological

text: fixed

text: point

text: theorem

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: traditional

text: differential

text: calculus

text: because

text: the

text: maximum

text: operator

text: did

text: not

text: preserve

text: differentiable

text: functions

question: What is optimal strategy?

answer: minimize the maximum loss for each player

text: minimize the maximum loss for each player

question: What von Neumann work was published in 1944?

answer: Theory of Games and Economic Behavior

text: Theory of Games and Economic Behavior

question: Who was co-author with von Neman on the Theory of Games and Economic Behavior?

answer: Oskar Morgenstern

text: Oskar Morgenstern


text: Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias. The Daily Telegraph published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador to the United Kingdom, Fu Ying, who accused Western media of "demonising" China during their coverage of the torch relays. The Telegraph also asked its readers to send their views in response to the question "Is the West demonising China?" The BBC reported on a demonstration in Sydney by Chinese Australians "voicing support for Beijing amid controversy over Tibet" and protesting against what they saw as Western media bias. The report showed demonstrators carrying signs which read "Shame on some Western media", "BBC CNN lies too" and "Stop media distortion!". One demonstrator interviewed by the BBC stated: "I saw some news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying." Libération also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media.

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: Some

text: Western

text: media

text: have

text: reported

text: on

text: Chinese

text: accusations

text: of

text: Western

text: media

text: bias

text: The

text: Daily

text: Telegraph

text: published

text: an

text: opinion

text: piece

text: by

text: the

text: Chinese

text: ambassador

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Fu

text: Ying

text: who

text: accused

text: Western

text: media

text: of

text: demonising

text: China

text: during

text: their

text: coverage

text: of

text: the

text: torch

text: relays

text: The

text: Telegraph

text: also

text: asked

text: its

text: readers

text: to

text: send

text: their

text: views

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: question

text: Is

text: the

text: West

text: demonising

text: China

text: The

text: BBC

text: reported

text: on

text: a

text: demonstration

text: in

text: Sydney

text: by

text: Chinese

text: Australians

text: voicing

text: support

text: for

text: Beijing

text: amid

text: controversy

text: over

text: Tibet

text: and

text: protesting

text: against

text: what

text: they

text: saw

text: as

text: Western

text: media

text: bias

text: The

text: report

text: showed

text: demonstrators

text: carrying

text: signs

text: which

text: read

text: Shame

text: on

text: some

text: Western

text: media

text: BBC

text: CNN

text: lies

text: too

text: and

text: Stop

text: media

text: distortion

text: One

text: demonstrator

text: interviewed

text: by

text: the

text: BBC

text: stated

text: I

text: saw

text: some

text: news

text: from

text: CNN

text: from

text: the

text: BBC

text: some

text: media

text: inaudible

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: just

text: lying

text: Libération

text: also

text: reported

text: that

text: it

text: had

text: been

text: accused

text: of

text: bias

text: by

text: the

text: Chinese

text: media

question: Which United Kingdom newspaper published a Chinese ambassador's opinion that Western media had demonized China with torch coverage?

answer: The Daily Telegraph

text: The Daily Telegraph

question: What French newspaper did the Chinese media accuse of bias?

answer: Libération

text: Libération

question: Some Chinese have accused Western media of what in their reportings?

answer: Western media bias.

text: Western media bias.

question: Who was the Chinese ambassador to the U.K.?

answer: Fu Ying

text: Fu Ying

question: Which newspaper published these accusations?

answer: The Daily Telegraph

text: The Daily Telegraph

question: What other newspaper was accused of bias?

answer: Libération

text: Libération


text: During April 2009, U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair Janet Yellen discussed these paradoxes: "Once this massive credit crunch hit, it didn’t take long before we were in a recession. The recession, in turn, deepened the credit crunch as demand and employment fell, and credit losses of financial institutions surged. Indeed, we have been in the grips of precisely this adverse feedback loop for more than a year. A process of balance sheet deleveraging has spread to nearly every corner of the economy. Consumers are pulling back on purchases, especially on durable goods, to build their savings. Businesses are cancelling planned investments and laying off workers to preserve cash. And, financial institutions are shrinking assets to bolster capital and improve their chances of weathering the current storm. Once again, Minsky understood this dynamic. He spoke of the paradox of deleveraging, in which precautions that may be smart for individuals and firms—and indeed essential to return the economy to a normal state—nevertheless magnify the distress of the economy as a whole."

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: During

text: April

text: U.S.

text: Federal

text: Reserve

text: vice

text: chair

text: Janet

text: Yellen

text: discussed

text: these

text: paradoxes

text: Once

text: this

text: massive

text: credit

text: crunch

text: hit

text: it

text: did

text: n’t

text: take

text: long

text: before

text: we

text: were

text: in

text: a

text: recession

text: The

text: recession

text: in

text: turn

text: deepened

text: the

text: credit

text: crunch

text: as

text: demand

text: and

text: employment

text: fell

text: and

text: credit

text: losses

text: of

text: financial

text: institutions

text: surged

text: Indeed

text: we

text: have

text: been

text: in

text: the

text: grips

text: of

text: precisely

text: this

text: adverse

text: feedback

text: loop

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: year

text: A

text: process

text: of

text: balance

text: sheet

text: deleveraging

text: has

text: spread

text: to

text: nearly

text: every

text: corner

text: of

text: the

text: economy

text: Consumers

text: are

text: pulling

text: back

text: on

text: purchases

text: especially

text: on

text: durable

text: goods

text: to

text: build

text: their

text: savings

text: Businesses

text: are

text: cancelling

text: planned

text: investments

text: and

text: laying

text: off

text: workers

text: to

text: preserve

text: cash

text: And

text: financial

text: institutions

text: are

text: shrinking

text: assets

text: to

text: bolster

text: capital

text: and

text: improve

text: their

text: chances

text: of

text: weathering

text: the

text: current

text: storm

text: Once

text: again

text: Minsky

text: understood

text: this

text: dynamic

text: He

text: spoke

text: of

text: the

text: paradox

text: of

text: deleveraging

text: in

text: which

text: precautions

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: smart

text: for

text: individuals

text: and

text: firms

text: and

text: indeed

text: essential

text: to

text: return

text: the

text: economy

text: to

text: a

text: normal

text: state

text: nevertheless

text: magnify

text: the

text: distress

text: of

text: the

text: economy

text: as

text: a

text: whole

question: Who was the U.S. Federal Reserve vice-chair in April 2009?

answer: Janet Yellen

text: Janet Yellen

question: What happened soon after the massive credit crunch hit?

answer: we were in a recession

text: we were in a recession

question: What deepened the credit crunch when demand and employment fell?

answer: recession

text: recession

question: What was one of the actions businesses took to preserve cash?

answer: cancelling planned investments

text: cancelling planned investments

question: What occurred in nearly every corner of the economy after the financial crisis of 2007?

answer: balance sheet deleveraging

text: balance sheet deleveraging


text: The first written account of a game played was on October 15, 1862, on the Montreal Cricket Grounds. It was between the First Battalion Grenadier Guards and the Second Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards resulting in a win by the Grenadier Guards 3 goals, 2 rouges to nothing.[citation needed] In 1864, at Trinity College, Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, Frederick A. Bethune, and Christopher Gwynn, one of the founders of Milton, Massachusetts, devised rules based on rugby football. The game gradually gained a following, with the Hamilton Football Club formed on November 3, 1869, (the oldest football club in Canada). Montreal formed a team April 8, 1872, Toronto was formed on October 4, 1873, and the Ottawa FBC on September 20, 1876.

title: Canadian_football

title: Canadian_football

text: The

text: first

text: written

text: account

text: of

text: a

text: game

text: played

text: was

text: on

text: October

text: on

text: the

text: Montreal

text: Cricket

text: Grounds

text: It

text: was

text: between

text: the

text: First

text: Battalion

text: Grenadier

text: Guards

text: and

text: the

text: Second

text: Battalion

text: Scots

text: Fusilier

text: Guards

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: win

text: by

text: the

text: Grenadier

text: Guards

text: goals

text: rouges

text: to

text: nothing.[citation

text: needed

text: In

text: at

text: Trinity

text: College

text: Toronto

text: F.

text: Barlow

text: Cumberland

text: Frederick

text: A.

text: Bethune

text: and

text: Christopher

text: Gwynn

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: founders

text: of

text: Milton

text: Massachusetts

text: devised

text: rules

text: based

text: on

text: rugby

text: football

text: The

text: game

text: gradually

text: gained

text: a

text: following

text: with

text: the

text: Hamilton

text: Football

text: Club

text: formed

text: on

text: November

text: the

text: oldest

text: football

text: club

text: in

text: Canada

text: Montreal

text: formed

text: a

text: team

text: April

text: Toronto

text: was

text: formed

text: on

text: October

text: and

text: the

text: Ottawa

text: FBC

text: on

text: September

question: On which date was the first Canadian football game for which a written record has survived?

answer: October 15, 1862

text: October 15, 1862

question: Which team won the first recorded Canadian football game?

answer: First Battalion Grenadier Guards

text: First Battalion Grenadier Guards

question: What was the first final score recorded of a Canadian football game?

answer: 3 goals, 2 rouges to nothing

text: 3 goals, 2 rouges to nothing

question: What is the oldest football club in Canada?

answer: Hamilton Football Club

text: Hamilton Football Club

question: Which founder of Milton, MA also helped develop the rules of Canadian football?

answer: Christopher Gwynn

text: Christopher Gwynn

question: The first written account of American football game was on what date?

text: October 15, 1862

question: The second Battalion Scots won the first ever what?

text: game played was on October 15, 1862,

question: Who devise rules based on American football?

question: What team was formed on April 8, 1827?

text: Montreal

question: What game was instantly popular in Canada?

text: Football

question: When was the First Battalion Grenadier Guards formed?

text: November 3, 1869

question: What is the oldest group with devised rules in Canada?

text: Hamilton Football Club

question: Who won the first game with a following in Canada?

text: First Battalion Grenadier Guards

question: What was the first recorded set of devised rules of a Canadian football game?

text: 3 goals, 2 rouges to nothing

question: Where were the rules based on the Hamilton Football Club created?

text: at Trinity College, Toronto


text: The wildcard round returned in season eight, wherein there were three groups of twelve, with three contestants moving forward – the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer - for each night, and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13. Starting season ten, the girls and boys perform on separate nights. In seasons ten and eleven, five of each gender were chosen, and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13. In season twelve, the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups, with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10. In season thirteen, there were thirty semifinalists, but only twenty semifinalists (ten for each gender) were chosen by the judges to perform on the live shows, with five in each gender and three wildcards chosen by the judges composing the final 13.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: The

text: wildcard

text: round

text: returned

text: in

text: season

text: eight

text: wherein

text: there

text: were

text: three

text: groups

text: of

text: twelve

text: with

text: three

text: contestants

text: moving

text: forward

text: the

text: highest

text: male

text: the

text: highest

text: female

text: and

text: the

text: next

text: highest

text: placed

text: singer

text: for

text: each

text: night

text: and

text: four

text: wildcards

text: were

text: chosen

text: by

text: the

text: judges

text: to

text: produce

text: a

text: final

text: Starting

text: season

text: ten

text: the

text: girls

text: and

text: boys

text: perform

text: on

text: separate

text: nights

text: In

text: seasons

text: ten

text: and

text: eleven

text: five

text: of

text: each

text: gender

text: were

text: chosen

text: and

text: three

text: wildcards

text: were

text: chosen

text: by

text: the

text: judges

text: to

text: form

text: a

text: final

text: In

text: season

text: twelve

text: the

text: top

text: twenty

text: semifinalists

text: were

text: split

text: into

text: gender

text: groups

text: with

text: five

text: of

text: each

text: gender

text: advancing

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: final

text: In

text: season

text: thirteen

text: there

text: were

text: thirty

text: semifinalists

text: but

text: only

text: twenty

text: semifinalists

text: ten

text: for

text: each

text: gender

text: were

text: chosen

text: by

text: the

text: judges

text: to

text: perform

text: on

text: the

text: live

text: shows

text: with

text: five

text: in

text: each

text: gender

text: and

text: three

text: wildcards

text: chosen

text: by

text: the

text: judges

text: composing

text: the

text: final

question: How many wildcards were chosen by the judges in season eight?

answer: four

text: four

question: How many wildcard contestants were advanced in the competition in season ten?

answer: three

text: three

question: How many women were in the top ten in season twelve?

answer: five

text: five

question: How many finalists were there in season eight?

answer: thirteen

text: thirteen

question: What season saw the return of the Wild Card round?

answer: season eight

text: season eight

question: How many contestants moved forward from each round?

answer: three

text: three

question: How many wildcard contestants were chosen?

answer: four

text: four

question: How many contestants were finalists for season 12?

answer: 10


text: The value of the Bell patent was acknowledged throughout the world, and patent applications were made in most major countries, but when Bell had delayed the German patent application, the electrical firm of Siemens & Halske (S&H) managed to set up a rival manufacturer of Bell telephones under their own patent. The Siemens company produced near-identical copies of the Bell telephone without having to pay royalties. The establishment of the International Bell Telephone Company in Brussels, Belgium in 1880, as well as a series of agreements in other countries eventually consolidated a global telephone operation. The strain put on Bell by his constant appearances in court, necessitated by the legal battles, eventually resulted in his resignation from the company.[N 19]

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: The

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: Bell

text: patent

text: was

text: acknowledged

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: patent

text: applications

text: were

text: made

text: in

text: most

text: major

text: countries

text: but

text: when

text: Bell

text: had

text: delayed

text: the

text: German

text: patent

text: application

text: the

text: electrical

text: firm

text: of

text: Siemens

text: Halske

text: S&H

text: managed

text: to

text: set

text: up

text: a

text: rival

text: manufacturer

text: of

text: Bell

text: telephones

text: under

text: their

text: own

text: patent

text: The

text: Siemens

text: company

text: produced

text: near

text: identical

text: copies

text: of

text: the

text: Bell

text: telephone

text: without

text: having

text: to

text: pay

text: royalties

text: The

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: International

text: Bell

text: Telephone

text: Company

text: in

text: Brussels

text: Belgium

text: in

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: agreements

text: in

text: other

text: countries

text: eventually

text: consolidated

text: a

text: global

text: telephone

text: operation

text: The

text: strain

text: put

text: on

text: Bell

text: by

text: his

text: constant

text: appearances

text: in

text: court

text: necessitated

text: by

text: the

text: legal

text: battles

text: eventually

text: resulted

text: in

text: his

text: resignation

text: from

text: the

text: company.[N

question: Because of their patent, what didn't Siemens & Halske have to give Bell?

answer: royalties

text: royalties

question: What was the home city for the International Bell Telephone Company?

answer: Brussels

text: Brussels

question: In what year was the International Bell Telephone Company founded?

answer: 1880


text: It is still possible for two sounds of indefinite pitch to clearly be higher or lower than one another. For instance, a snare drum sounds higher pitched than a bass drum though both have indefinite pitch, because its sound contains higher frequencies. In other words, it is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of indefinite pitch, but sounds of indefinite pitch do not neatly correspond to any specific pitch. A special type of pitch often occurs in free nature when sound reaches the ear of an observer directly from the source, and also after reflecting off a sound-reflecting surface. This phenomenon is called repetition pitch, because the addition of a true repetition of the original sound to itself is the basic prerequisite.

title: Pitch_(music)

title: Pitch_(music

text: It

text: is

text: still

text: possible

text: for

text: two

text: sounds

text: of

text: indefinite

text: pitch

text: to

text: clearly

text: be

text: higher

text: or

text: lower

text: than

text: one

text: another

text: For

text: instance

text: a

text: snare

text: drum

text: sounds

text: higher

text: pitched

text: than

text: a

text: bass

text: drum

text: though

text: both

text: have

text: indefinite

text: pitch

text: because

text: its

text: sound

text: contains

text: higher

text: frequencies

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: it

text: is

text: possible

text: and

text: often

text: easy

text: to

text: roughly

text: discern

text: the

text: relative

text: pitches

text: of

text: two

text: sounds

text: of

text: indefinite

text: pitch

text: but

text: sounds

text: of

text: indefinite

text: pitch

text: do

text: not

text: neatly

text: correspond

text: to

text: any

text: specific

text: pitch

text: A

text: special

text: type

text: of

text: pitch

text: often

text: occurs

text: in

text: free

text: nature

text: when

text: sound

text: reaches

text: the

text: ear

text: of

text: an

text: observer

text: directly

text: from

text: the

text: source

text: and

text: also

text: after

text: reflecting

text: off

text: a

text: sound

text: reflecting

text: surface

text: This

text: phenomenon

text: is

text: called

text: repetition

text: pitch

text: because

text: the

text: addition

text: of

text: a

text: true

text: repetition

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: sound

text: to

text: itself

text: is

text: the

text: basic

text: prerequisite

question: Which drum has a higher perceived pitch even though they both have indefinite pitch?

answer: snare drum

text: snare drum

question: Repetition pitch is caused by what phenomenon?

answer: the addition of a true repetition of the original sound

text: the addition of a true repetition of the original sound

question: It is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of what?

answer: indefinite pitch

text: indefinite pitch


text: Season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40-second video audition via Myspace. Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Season

text: ten

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: include

text: online

text: auditions

text: where

text: contestants

text: could

text: submit

text: a

text: video

text: audition

text: via

text: Myspace

text: Karen

text: Rodriguez

text: was

text: one

text: such

text: auditioner

text: and

text: reached

text: the

text: final

text: rounds

question: What was the first season of American Idol to feature online auditions?

answer: Season ten

text: Season ten

question: What website hosted auditions for American Idols tenth season?

answer: Myspace

text: Myspace

question: How did Karen Rodriguez audition for American Idol season ten?

answer: Myspace

text: Myspace

question: This is the first season to have what kind of auditions?

answer: online

text: online

question: Where could contestants submit a video audition?

answer: Myspace

text: Myspace


text: For girls, early maturation can sometimes lead to increased self-consciousness, though a typical aspect in maturing females. Because of their bodies' developing in advance, pubescent girls can become more insecure and dependent. Consequently, girls that reach sexual maturation early are more likely than their peers to develop eating disorders (such as anorexia nervosa). Nearly half of all American high school girls' diets are to lose weight. In addition, girls may have to deal with sexual advances from older boys before they are emotionally and mentally mature. In addition to having earlier sexual experiences and more unwanted pregnancies than late maturing girls, early maturing girls are more exposed to alcohol and drug abuse. Those who have had such experiences tend to perform not as well in school as their "inexperienced" peers.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: For

text: girls

text: early

text: maturation

text: can

text: sometimes

text: lead

text: to

text: increased

text: self

text: consciousness

text: though

text: a

text: typical

text: aspect

text: in

text: maturing

text: females

text: Because

text: of

text: their

text: bodies

text: developing

text: in

text: advance

text: pubescent

text: girls

text: can

text: become

text: more

text: insecure

text: and

text: dependent

text: Consequently

text: girls

text: that

text: reach

text: sexual

text: maturation

text: early

text: are

text: more

text: likely

text: than

text: their

text: peers

text: to

text: develop

text: eating

text: disorders

text: such

text: as

text: anorexia

text: nervosa

text: Nearly

text: half

text: of

text: all

text: American

text: high

text: school

text: girls

text: diets

text: are

text: to

text: lose

text: weight

text: In

text: addition

text: girls

text: may

text: have

text: to

text: deal

text: with

text: sexual

text: advances

text: from

text: older

text: boys

text: before

text: they

text: are

text: emotionally

text: and

text: mentally

text: mature

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: having

text: earlier

text: sexual

text: experiences

text: and

text: more

text: unwanted

text: pregnancies

text: than

text: late

text: maturing

text: girls

text: early

text: maturing

text: girls

text: are

text: more

text: exposed

text: to

text: alcohol

text: and

text: drug

text: abuse

text: Those

text: who

text: have

text: had

text: such

text: experiences

text: tend

text: to

text: perform

text: not

text: as

text: well

text: in

text: school

text: as

text: their

text: inexperienced

text: peers

question: Are girls reaching sexual maturation early more or less likely to develop eating disorers?

answer: more likely

text: more likely

question: Nearly half of Americam high school girls hope to achieve what goal with their diet?

answer: lose weight

text: lose weight

question: Are early or late maturing girls more exposed to alcohol and drug abuse?

answer: early maturing

text: early maturing

question: Do early or late maturing girls have more unwanted pregnancies?

answer: early maturing

text: early maturing

question: Who performs better in school: sexually experienced or inexperienced teen females?

answer: inexperienced

text: inexperienced


text: In the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier. It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones. The electromagnetic field obeys laws of motion similarly to a mass on a spring, and can come to thermal equilibrium with hot atoms. The hot object in equilibrium with light absorbs just as much light as it emits. If the object is black, meaning it absorbs all the light that hits it, then its thermal light emission is maximized.

title: Planck_constant

title: Planck_constant

text: In

text: the

text: last

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: Planck

text: was

text: investigating

text: the

text: problem

text: of

text: black

text: body

text: radiation

text: first

text: posed

text: by

text: Kirchhoff

text: some

text: forty

text: years

text: earlier

text: It

text: is

text: well

text: known

text: that

text: hot

text: objects

text: glow

text: and

text: that

text: hotter

text: objects

text: glow

text: brighter

text: than

text: cooler

text: ones

text: The

text: electromagnetic

text: field

text: obeys

text: laws

text: of

text: motion

text: similarly

text: to

text: a

text: mass

text: on

text: a

text: spring

text: and

text: can

text: come

text: to

text: thermal

text: equilibrium

text: with

text: hot

text: atoms

text: The

text: hot

text: object

text: in

text: equilibrium

text: with

text: light

text: absorbs

text: just

text: as

text: much

text: light

text: as

text: it

text: emits

text: If

text: the

text: object

text: is

text: black

text: meaning

text: it

text: absorbs

text: all

text: the

text: light

text: that

text: hits

text: it

text: then

text: its

text: thermal

text: light

text: emission

text: is

text: maximized

question: What was Planck studying in the last part of the nineteenth century?

answer: the problem of black-body radiation

text: the problem of black-body radiation

question: Who posed the problem of black-body radiation?

answer: Kirchhoff

text: Kirchhoff

question: Cooler objects glow less than objects that are what?

answer: hotter

text: hotter

question: What does a black object do to any of the light that hits it?

answer: it absorbs all the light

text: it absorbs all the light

question: What is maximized as a result of a black object absorbing all the light that hits it?

answer: thermal light emission

text: thermal light emission

question: Planck studied what problem posed originally by Kirchhoff?

answer: black-body radiation

text: black-body radiation

question: If an object is black, what is known about its thermal light emission?

answer: its thermal light emission is maximized.

text: its thermal light emission is maximized.

question: What is known about the light absorption of a hot object in equilibrium with light?

answer: absorbs just as much light as it emits

text: absorbs just as much light as it emits

question: Electromagnetic fields obey what laws?

answer: laws of motion

text: laws of motion

question: What type of radiation was Planck studying in the late 18th century?

text: black-body

question: How many years prior to Planck's study had the scientific community first avoided black body radiation?

text: forty

question: What scientist never studied black body radiation?

text: Kirchhoff

question: What is required for the electromagnetic field to come to thermal differences?

text: hot atoms

question: What does a hot object in equilibrium reflect as much as it emits?

text: light


text: In India the majority of these schools follow the Hanafi school of thought. The religious establishment forms part of the mainly two large divisions within the country, namely the Deobandis, who dominate in numbers (of whom the Darul Uloom Deoband constitutes one of the biggest madaris) and the Barelvis, who also make up a sizeable portion (Sufi-oriented). Some notable establishments include: Al Jamiatul Ashrafia, Mubarakpur, Manzar Islam Bareilly, Jamia Nizamdina New Delhi, Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad which is one of the largest learning centres for the Barelvis. The HR[clarification needed] ministry of the government of India has recently[when?] declared that a Central Madrasa Board would be set up. This will enhance the education system of madaris in India. Though the madaris impart Quranic education mainly, efforts are on to include Mathematics, Computers and science in the curriculum. In July 2015, the state government of Maharashtra created a stir de-recognised madrasa education, receiving critisicm from several political parties with the NCP accusing the ruling BJP of creating Hindu-Muslim friction in the state, and Kamal Farooqui of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board saying it was "ill-designed"

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: In

text: India

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: these

text: schools

text: follow

text: the

text: Hanafi

text: school

text: of

text: thought

text: The

text: religious

text: establishment

text: forms

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: mainly

text: two

text: large

text: divisions

text: within

text: the

text: country

text: namely

text: the

text: Deobandis

text: who

text: dominate

text: in

text: numbers

text: of

text: whom

text: the

text: Darul

text: Uloom

text: Deoband

text: constitutes

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: biggest

text: madaris

text: and

text: the

text: Barelvis

text: who

text: also

text: make

text: up

text: a

text: sizeable

text: portion

text: Sufi

text: oriented

text: Some

text: notable

text: establishments

text: include

text: Al

text: Jamiatul

text: Ashrafia

text: Mubarakpur

text: Manzar

text: Islam

text: Bareilly

text: Jamia

text: Nizamdina

text: New

text: Delhi

text: Jamia

text: Nayeemia

text: Muradabad

text: which

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: learning

text: centres

text: for

text: the

text: Barelvis

text: The

text: HR[clarification

text: needed

text: ministry

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: India

text: has

text: recently[when

text: declared

text: that

text: a

text: Central

text: Madrasa

text: Board

text: would

text: be

text: set

text: up

text: This

text: will

text: enhance

text: the

text: education

text: system

text: of

text: madaris

text: in

text: India

text: Though

text: the

text: madaris

text: impart

text: Quranic

text: education

text: mainly

text: efforts

text: are

text: on

text: to

text: include

text: Mathematics

text: Computers

text: and

text: science

text: in

text: the

text: curriculum

text: In

text: July

text: the

text: state

text: government

text: of

text: Maharashtra

text: created

text: a

text: stir

text: de

text: recognised

text: madrasa

text: education

text: receiving

text: critisicm

text: from

text: several

text: political

text: parties

text: with

text: the

text: NCP

text: accusing

text: the

text: ruling

text: BJP

text: of

text: creating

text: Hindu

text: Muslim

text: friction

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: and

text: Kamal

text: Farooqui

text: of

text: the

text: All

text: India

text: Muslim

text: Personal

text: Law

text: Board

text: saying

text: it

text: was

text: ill

text: designed

question: What group makes up a larger percentage of people in India?

answer: Deobandis

text: Deobandis

question: What is the largest school for Barelvis people in India?

answer: Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad

text: Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad

question: What disciplines does India want to introduce to madaris?

answer: Mathematics, Computers and science

text: Mathematics, Computers and science

question: In what year did the Indian government begin to stop recognizing madaris as schools?

answer: 2015

question: What problems are arising due to the political conflicts over schools?

answer: Hindu-Muslim friction

text: Hindu-Muslim friction

question: What group makes up a smaller percentage of people in India?

text: Deobandis

question: What is the smallest school for Barelvis people outside of India?

text: Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad

question: What disciplines does India want to keep away from madaris?

text: Mathematics, Computers and science

question: In what year did the Indian government begin recognize madaris as schools?

question: What problems are not arising due to the social conflicts over schools?

text: Hindu-Muslim friction


text: Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog. The engineer Tommy Flowers, working at the Post Office Research Station in London in the 1930s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange. Experimental equipment that he built in 1934 went into operation 5 years later, converting a portion of the telephone exchange network into an electronic data processing system, using thousands of vacuum tubes. In the US, John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry of Iowa State University developed and tested the Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) in 1942, the first "automatic electronic digital computer". This design was also all-electronic and used about 300 vacuum tubes, with capacitors fixed in a mechanically rotating drum for memory.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: Purely

text: electronic

text: circuit

text: elements

text: soon

text: replaced

text: their

text: mechanical

text: and

text: electromechanical

text: equivalents

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: that

text: digital

text: calculation

text: replaced

text: analog

text: The

text: engineer

text: Tommy

text: Flowers

text: working

text: at

text: the

text: Post

text: Office

text: Research

text: Station

text: in

text: London

text: in

text: the

text: began

text: to

text: explore

text: the

text: possible

text: use

text: of

text: electronics

text: for

text: the

text: telephone

text: exchange

text: Experimental

text: equipment

text: that

text: he

text: built

text: in

text: went

text: into

text: operation

text: years

text: later

text: converting

text: a

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: telephone

text: exchange

text: network

text: into

text: an

text: electronic

text: data

text: processing

text: system

text: using

text: thousands

text: of

text: vacuum

text: tubes

text: In

text: the

text: US

text: John

text: Vincent

text: Atanasoff

text: and

text: Clifford

text: E.

text: Berry

text: of

text: Iowa

text: State

text: University

text: developed

text: and

text: tested

text: the

text: Atanasoff

text: Berry

text: Computer

text: ABC

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: automatic

text: electronic

text: digital

text: computer

text: This

text: design

text: was

text: also

text: all

text: electronic

text: and

text: used

text: about

text: vacuum

text: tubes

text: with

text: capacitors

text: fixed

text: in

text: a

text: mechanically

text: rotating

text: drum

text: for

text: memory

question: Where did the engineer Tommy Flowers work at during the 1930s?

answer: Post Office Research Station

text: Post Office Research Station

question: In what city did Tommy Flowers work in the 1930s?

answer: London

text: London

question: The Atanasoff-Berry computer was invented in what year?

answer: 1942

question: How many vacuum tubes did the Atanasoff-Berry computer use?

answer: about 300

text: about 300

question: At what school did John Vincent Atansoff and Clifford E. Berry work?

answer: Iowa State University

text: Iowa State University


text: The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the Commodore 64 for consumers, as well as the IBM Personal Computer and its accompanying clone market for businesses. Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade. In the 1990s, improvements in the rival Wintel platform, notably with the introduction of Windows 3.0, then Windows 95, gradually took market share from the more expensive Macintosh systems. The performance advantage of 68000-based Macintosh systems was eroded by Intel's Pentium, and in 1994 Apple was relegated to third place as Compaq became the top PC manufacturer. Even after a transition to the superior PowerPC-based Power Macintosh (later renamed the PowerMac, in line with the PowerBook series) line in 1994, the falling prices of commodity PC components and the release of Windows 95 saw the Macintosh user base decline.

title: Macintosh

title: Macintosh

text: The

text: Macintosh

text: however

text: was

text: expensive

text: which

text: hindered

text: its

text: ability

text: to

text: be

text: competitive

text: in

text: a

text: market

text: already

text: dominated

text: by

text: the

text: Commodore

text: for

text: consumers

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: IBM

text: Personal

text: Computer

text: and

text: its

text: accompanying

text: clone

text: market

text: for

text: businesses

text: Macintosh

text: systems

text: still

text: found

text: success

text: in

text: education

text: and

text: desktop

text: publishing

text: and

text: kept

text: Apple

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: PC

text: manufacturer

text: for

text: the

text: next

text: decade

text: In

text: the

text: improvements

text: in

text: the

text: rival

text: Wintel

text: platform

text: notably

text: with

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: Windows

text: then

text: Windows

text: gradually

text: took

text: market

text: share

text: from

text: the

text: more

text: expensive

text: Macintosh

text: systems

text: The

text: performance

text: advantage

text: of

text: Macintosh

text: systems

text: was

text: eroded

text: by

text: Intel

text: 's

text: Pentium

text: and

text: in

text: Apple

text: was

text: relegated

text: to

text: third

text: place

text: as

text: Compaq

text: became

text: the

text: top

text: PC

text: manufacturer

text: Even

text: after

text: a

text: transition

text: to

text: the

text: superior

text: PowerPC

text: based

text: Power

text: Macintosh

text: later

text: renamed

text: the

text: PowerMac

text: in

text: line

text: with

text: the

text: PowerBook

text: series

text: line

text: in

text: the

text: falling

text: prices

text: of

text: commodity

text: PC

text: components

text: and

text: the

text: release

text: of

text: Windows

text: saw

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: user

text: base

text: decline

question: What hindered the competetive ability of Apple when it was introduced?

answer: expensive

text: expensive

question: Where did Macintosh initially find success in the market?

answer: education and desktop publishing

text: education and desktop publishing

question: Which platform, when improved in the 1990's, took market share from Macintosh?

answer: Wintel

text: Wintel

question: What type of advantage did Intel's Pentium over Macintosh systems in the 1990's?

answer: performance

text: performance

question: Who became the top PC manufacturer in 1994, leaving Apple in 3rd place?

answer: Compaq

text: Compaq

question: What hindered the competetive ability of Microsoft when it was introduced?

text: expensive

question: Where did Macintosh initially fail in the market?

text: education and desktop publishing

question: Which platform, when improved in the 1980's, took market share from Macintosh?

text: Wintel

question: What type of advantage did Intel's Pentium over Macintosh systems in the 1980's?

text: performance

question: Who became the top PC manufacturer in 1984, leaving Apple in 3rd place?

text: Compaq


text: Although the elements usually must be soluble in the liquid state, they may not always be soluble in the solid state. If the metals remain soluble when solid, the alloy forms a solid solution, becoming a homogeneous structure consisting of identical crystals, called a phase. If the mixture cools and the constituents become insoluble, they may separate to form two or more different types of crystals, creating a heterogeneous microstructure of different phases. However, in other alloys, the insoluble elements may not separate until after crystallization occurs. These alloys are called intermetallic alloys because, if cooled very quickly, they first crystallize as a homogeneous phase, but they are supersaturated with the secondary constituents. As time passes, the atoms of these supersaturated alloys separate within the crystals, forming intermetallic phases that serve to reinforce the crystals internally.

title: Alloy

title: Alloy

text: Although

text: the

text: elements

text: usually

text: must

text: be

text: soluble

text: in

text: the

text: liquid

text: state

text: they

text: may

text: not

text: always

text: be

text: soluble

text: in

text: the

text: solid

text: state

text: If

text: the

text: metals

text: remain

text: soluble

text: when

text: solid

text: the

text: alloy

text: forms

text: a

text: solid

text: solution

text: becoming

text: a

text: homogeneous

text: structure

text: consisting

text: of

text: identical

text: crystals

text: called

text: a

text: phase

text: If

text: the

text: mixture

text: cools

text: and

text: the

text: constituents

text: become

text: insoluble

text: they

text: may

text: separate

text: to

text: form

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: crystals

text: creating

text: a

text: heterogeneous

text: microstructure

text: of

text: different

text: phases

text: However

text: in

text: other

text: alloys

text: the

text: insoluble

text: elements

text: may

text: not

text: separate

text: until

text: after

text: crystallization

text: occurs

text: These

text: alloys

text: are

text: called

text: intermetallic

text: alloys

text: because

text: if

text: cooled

text: very

text: quickly

text: they

text: first

text: crystallize

text: as

text: a

text: homogeneous

text: phase

text: but

text: they

text: are

text: supersaturated

text: with

text: the

text: secondary

text: constituents

text: As

text: time

text: passes

text: the

text: atoms

text: of

text: these

text: supersaturated

text: alloys

text: separate

text: within

text: the

text: crystals

text: forming

text: intermetallic

text: phases

text: that

text: serve

text: to

text: reinforce

text: the

text: crystals

text: internally

question: What causes an alloy to form a solid solution?

answer: If the metals remain soluble when solid

text: If the metals remain soluble when solid

question: What is the purpose of intermetallic phases?

answer: to reinforce the crystals internally

text: to reinforce the crystals internally

question: What are alloys called when the insoluble elements don't separate until after crystallization occurs?

answer: intermetallic alloys

text: intermetallic alloys

question: What is always soluble as a solid and illiquid?

text: elements

question: What are not soluble when solid?

text: alloy

question: What happens to an alloy if the medical support insoluble when solid?

text: forms a solid solution

question: What are alloys called when the soluble elements separate after crystallization occurs?

text: intermetallic alloys

question: What do the crystals intermetallic alloys support?

text: intermetallic phases


text: Southern Italy (Magna Graecia) and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century. In 4th century Sicily the leading Greek city and hegemon was Syracuse. During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse (361 – 289 BCE) who seized the city with an army of mercenaries in 317 BCE. Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily, fought a long war with the Carthaginians, at one point invading Tunisia in 310 and defeating a Carthaginian army there. This was the first time a European force had invaded the region. After this war he controlled most of south-east Sicily and had himself proclaimed king, in imitation of the Hellenistic monarchs of the east. Agathocles then invaded Italy (c. 300 BCE) in defense of Tarentum against the Bruttians and Romans, but was unsuccessful.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: Southern

text: Italy

text: Magna

text: Graecia

text: and

text: south

text: eastern

text: Sicily

text: had

text: been

text: colonized

text: by

text: the

text: Greeks

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: In

text: century

text: Sicily

text: the

text: leading

text: Greek

text: city

text: and

text: hegemon

text: was

text: Syracuse

text: During

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: period

text: the

text: leading

text: figure

text: in

text: Sicily

text: was

text: Agathocles

text: of

text: Syracuse

text: BCE

text: who

text: seized

text: the

text: city

text: with

text: an

text: army

text: of

text: mercenaries

text: in

text: BCE

text: Agathocles

text: extended

text: his

text: power

text: throughout

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: cities

text: in

text: Sicily

text: fought

text: a

text: long

text: war

text: with

text: the

text: Carthaginians

text: at

text: one

text: point

text: invading

text: Tunisia

text: in

text: and

text: defeating

text: a

text: Carthaginian

text: army

text: there

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: a

text: European

text: force

text: had

text: invaded

text: the

text: region

text: After

text: this

text: war

text: he

text: controlled

text: most

text: of

text: south

text: east

text: Sicily

text: and

text: had

text: himself

text: proclaimed

text: king

text: in

text: imitation

text: of

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: monarchs

text: of

text: the

text: east

text: Agathocles

text: then

text: invaded

text: Italy

text: c.

text: BCE

text: in

text: defense

text: of

text: Tarentum

text: against

text: the

text: Bruttians

text: and

text: Romans

text: but

text: was

text: unsuccessful

question: What was Southern Italy refered to as?

answer: Magna Graecia

text: Magna Graecia

question: Southern Italy and south-eastern Sicily were colonized by the Greeks in what century?

answer: 8th

question: Who was the leading figure in Sicily during the Hellenistic period?

answer: Agathocles of Syracuse

text: Agathocles of Syracuse

question: In 310 Agathocles invaded Tunisia and defeated what army?

answer: Carthaginian

text: Carthaginian

question: In defense of Tarentum, when did Agathocles attack Italy?

answer: 300 BCE

text: 300 BCE


text: Avicenna was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. His aim was to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic. Avicenna's views on Islamic theology (and philosophy) were enormously influential, forming part of the core of the curriculum at Islamic religious schools until the 19th century. Avicenna wrote a number of short treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These included treatises on the prophets (whom he viewed as "inspired philosophers"), and also on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system. In general these treatises linked his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, the body's afterlife.

title: Avicenna

title: Avicenna

text: Avicenna

text: was

text: a

text: devout

text: Muslim

text: and

text: sought

text: to

text: reconcile

text: rational

text: philosophy

text: with

text: Islamic

text: theology

text: His

text: aim

text: was

text: to

text: prove

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: God

text: and

text: His

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: scientifically

text: and

text: through

text: reason

text: and

text: logic

text: Avicenna

text: 's

text: views

text: on

text: Islamic

text: theology

text: and

text: philosophy

text: were

text: enormously

text: influential

text: forming

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: core

text: of

text: the

text: curriculum

text: at

text: Islamic

text: religious

text: schools

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: Avicenna

text: wrote

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: short

text: treatises

text: dealing

text: with

text: Islamic

text: theology

text: These

text: included

text: treatises

text: on

text: the

text: prophets

text: whom

text: he

text: viewed

text: as

text: inspired

text: philosophers

text: and

text: also

text: on

text: various

text: scientific

text: and

text: philosophical

text: interpretations

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: such

text: as

text: how

text: Quranic

text: cosmology

text: corresponds

text: to

text: his

text: own

text: philosophical

text: system

text: In

text: general

text: these

text: treatises

text: linked

text: his

text: philosophical

text: writings

text: to

text: Islamic

text: religious

text: ideas

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: body

text: 's

text: afterlife

question: What religion was Avicenna?

answer: Muslim

text: Muslim

question: What did Avicenna want to reconcile with Islamic theology?

answer: rational philosophy

text: rational philosophy

question: What did Avicenna hope to do through his work?

answer: prove the existence of God

text: prove the existence of God

question: Up until what century was Avicenna's work highly influential?

answer: 19th century

text: 19th century

question: Who did Avicenna view as inspired philosophers?

answer: the prophets

text: the prophets

question: Who used philosophy to challange Islamic theology?

text: Avicenna

question: Who's existance was Avicenna trying to disprove?

text: God

question: Who wrote the curriculum at Islamic religious schools?

text: Avicenna

question: What was highly influental up until the 1900's?

question: Who was inspired by Avicenna's work?

text: the prophets

question: What region was Avicenna?

text: Muslim

question: What did Avicenna not want to reconcile with Islamic theology?

text: rational philosophy

question: What did Avicenna hope not to do through his work?

text: prove the existence of God

question: Up until what century was Avicenna's work slightly influential?

text: 19th century

question: Who did Avicenna view as uninspired philosophers?

text: the prophets


text: At the beginning of the 13th century, there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural philosophy contained in these texts began to be extended by notable scholastics such as Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus and Duns Scotus. Precursors of the modern scientific method, influenced by earlier contributions of the Islamic world, can be seen already in Grosseteste's emphasis on mathematics as a way to understand nature, and in the empirical approach admired by Bacon, particularly in his Opus Majus. Pierre Duhem's provocative thesis of the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277 led to the study of medieval science as a serious discipline, "but no one in the field any longer endorses his view that modern science started in 1277". However, many scholars agree with Duhem's view that the Middle Ages were a period of important scientific developments.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: At

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: there

text: were

text: reasonably

text: accurate

text: Latin

text: translations

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: works

text: of

text: almost

text: all

text: the

text: intellectually

text: crucial

text: ancient

text: authors

text: allowing

text: a

text: sound

text: transfer

text: of

text: scientific

text: ideas

text: via

text: both

text: the

text: universities

text: and

text: the

text: monasteries

text: By

text: then

text: the

text: natural

text: philosophy

text: contained

text: in

text: these

text: texts

text: began

text: to

text: be

text: extended

text: by

text: notable

text: scholastics

text: such

text: as

text: Robert

text: Grosseteste

text: Roger

text: Bacon

text: Albertus

text: Magnus

text: and

text: Duns

text: Scotus

text: Precursors

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: scientific

text: method

text: influenced

text: by

text: earlier

text: contributions

text: of

text: the

text: Islamic

text: world

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: already

text: in

text: Grosseteste

text: 's

text: emphasis

text: on

text: mathematics

text: as

text: a

text: way

text: to

text: understand

text: nature

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: empirical

text: approach

text: admired

text: by

text: Bacon

text: particularly

text: in

text: his

text: Opus

text: Majus

text: Pierre

text: Duhem

text: 's

text: provocative

text: thesis

text: of

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: 's

text: Condemnation

text: of

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: medieval

text: science

text: as

text: a

text: serious

text: discipline

text: but

text: no

text: one

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: any

text: longer

text: endorses

text: his

text: view

text: that

text: modern

text: science

text: started

text: in

text: However

text: many

text: scholars

text: agree

text: with

text: Duhem

text: 's

text: view

text: that

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: were

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: important

text: scientific

text: developments

question: What language did the important scientific works get translated into for universities and monasteries?

answer: Latin

text: Latin

question: Who favored empirical methods?

answer: Bacon

text: Bacon

question: Who favored mathematics?

answer: Grosseteste

text: Grosseteste

question: Who wrote the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277?

answer: Pierre Duhem

text: Pierre Duhem

question: What era was important for scientific advancements?

answer: the Middle Ages

text: the Middle Ages


text: Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, depending on depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier. In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone. A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate. A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface, and is able to slide at this contact. This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below. Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal.

title: Glacier

title: Glacier

text: Thermally

text: a

text: temperate

text: glacier

text: is

text: at

text: melting

text: point

text: throughout

text: the

text: year

text: from

text: its

text: surface

text: to

text: its

text: base

text: The

text: ice

text: of

text: a

text: polar

text: glacier

text: is

text: always

text: below

text: freezing

text: point

text: from

text: the

text: surface

text: to

text: its

text: base

text: although

text: the

text: surface

text: snowpack

text: may

text: experience

text: seasonal

text: melting

text: A

text: sub

text: polar

text: glacier

text: includes

text: both

text: temperate

text: and

text: polar

text: ice

text: depending

text: on

text: depth

text: beneath

text: the

text: surface

text: and

text: position

text: along

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: glacier

text: In

text: a

text: similar

text: way

text: the

text: thermal

text: regime

text: of

text: a

text: glacier

text: is

text: often

text: described

text: by

text: the

text: temperature

text: at

text: its

text: base

text: alone

text: A

text: cold

text: based

text: glacier

text: is

text: below

text: freezing

text: at

text: the

text: ice

text: ground

text: interface

text: and

text: is

text: thus

text: frozen

text: to

text: the

text: underlying

text: substrate

text: A

text: warm

text: based

text: glacier

text: is

text: above

text: or

text: at

text: freezing

text: at

text: the

text: interface

text: and

text: is

text: able

text: to

text: slide

text: at

text: this

text: contact

text: This

text: contrast

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: a

text: large

text: extent

text: to

text: govern

text: the

text: ability

text: of

text: a

text: glacier

text: to

text: effectively

text: erode

text: its

text: bed

text: as

text: sliding

text: ice

text: promotes

text: plucking

text: at

text: rock

text: from

text: the

text: surface

text: below

text: Glaciers

text: which

text: are

text: partly

text: cold

text: based

text: and

text: partly

text: warm

text: based

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: polythermal

question: From where is the temperature of a glacier measured?

answer: base alone

text: base alone

question: Which type of glacier is above or at freezing at it's interface and is able to slide?

answer: warm-based glacier

text: warm-based glacier

question: What temperature makes a glacier polythermal?

answer: partly cold-based and partly warm-based

text: partly cold-based and partly warm-based

question: What temperature determines a polar glacier?

answer: always below freezing point from the surface to its base

text: always below freezing point from the surface to its base

question: What temperature characteristic determines a temperate glacier?

answer: melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base

text: melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base

question: What temperature is a polar glacier always above?

text: freezing point

question: What temperature is a temperate glacier always above?

text: melting point

question: What two types of ice are contained in a polar glacier?

text: temperate and polar ice

question: Why are warm based glaciers not able to slide?

text: above or at freezing at the interface

question: Why is it cold basically sure able to slide?

text: frozen to the underlying substrate


text: A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam, who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam repertory available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the rococo and baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams.

title: Neoclassical_architecture

title: Neoclassical_architecture

text: A

text: new

text: phase

text: in

text: neoclassical

text: design

text: was

text: inaugurated

text: by

text: Robert

text: and

text: James

text: Adam

text: who

text: travelled

text: in

text: Italy

text: and

text: Dalmatia

text: in

text: the

text: observing

text: the

text: ruins

text: of

text: the

text: classical

text: world

text: On

text: their

text: return

text: to

text: Britain

text: they

text: published

text: a

text: book

text: entitled

text: The

text: Works

text: in

text: Architecture

text: in

text: installments

text: between

text: and

text: This

text: book

text: of

text: engraved

text: designs

text: made

text: the

text: Adam

text: repertory

text: available

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: The

text: Adam

text: brothers

text: aimed

text: to

text: simplify

text: the

text: rococo

text: and

text: baroque

text: styles

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: fashionable

text: in

text: the

text: preceding

text: decades

text: to

text: bring

text: what

text: they

text: felt

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: lighter

text: and

text: more

text: elegant

text: feel

text: to

text: Georgian

text: houses

text: The

text: Works

text: in

text: Architecture

text: illustrated

text: the

text: main

text: buildings

text: the

text: Adam

text: brothers

text: had

text: worked

text: on

text: and

text: crucially

text: documented

text: the

text: interiors

text: furniture

text: and

text: fittings

text: designed

text: by

text: the

text: Adams

question: Who began the new phase of neoclassical design?

answer: Robert and James Adam

text: Robert and James Adam

question: Where were the inspirations for the new phase of neoclassicism centered?

answer: Italy and Dalmatia

text: Italy and Dalmatia

question: What book outlines the new trends of neoclassicism in this phase?

answer: The Works in Architecture

text: The Works in Architecture

question: During the later 18th century the trend of neoclassic design attempted to simplify what styles?

answer: rococo and baroque styles

text: rococo and baroque styles

question: This new style was an attempt to give what different feel to design?

answer: lighter and more elegant feel

text: lighter and more elegant feel

question: What architects traveled Italy and Dalmatia in the mid-seventeenth century?

text: Robert and James Adam

question: What did Robert and James Adam start in the seventeenth century?

text: A new phase in neoclassical design

question: Who was trying to simplify the neoclassical design?

text: The Adam brothers

question: What book outlines the trends of the baroque style?

text: The Works in Architecture

question: How did the old-style feel compared to the new style?

text: lighter and more elegant feel


text: Schwarzenegger's private jet made an emergency landing at Van Nuys Airport on June 19, 2009, after the pilot reported smoke coming from the cockpit, according to a statement released by the governor's press secretary. No one was harmed in the incident.

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger

text: Schwarzenegger

text: 's

text: private

text: jet

text: made

text: an

text: emergency

text: landing

text: at

text: Van

text: Nuys

text: Airport

text: on

text: June

text: after

text: the

text: pilot

text: reported

text: smoke

text: coming

text: from

text: the

text: cockpit

text: according

text: to

text: a

text: statement

text: released

text: by

text: the

text: governor

text: 's

text: press

text: secretary

text: No

text: one

text: was

text: harmed

text: in

text: the

text: incident

question: At what airport was Schwarzenegger's jet forced to make an emergency landing in 2009?

answer: Van Nuys Airport

text: Van Nuys Airport


text: The city provides sewage disposal and water supply services, with water coming from the Huron River and groundwater sources. There are two water-treatment plants, one main and three outlying reservoirs, four pump stations, and two water towers. These facilities serve the city, which is divided into five water districts. The city's water department also operates four dams along the Huron River, two of which provide hydroelectric power. The city also offers waste management services, with Recycle Ann Arbor handling recycling service. Other utilities are provided by private entities. Electrical power and gas are provided by DTE Energy. AT&T Inc. is the primary wired telephone service provider for the area. Cable TV service is primarily provided by Comcast.

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

text: The

text: city

text: provides

text: sewage

text: disposal

text: and

text: water

text: supply

text: services

text: with

text: water

text: coming

text: from

text: the

text: Huron

text: River

text: and

text: groundwater

text: sources

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: water

text: treatment

text: plants

text: one

text: main

text: and

text: three

text: outlying

text: reservoirs

text: four

text: pump

text: stations

text: and

text: two

text: water

text: towers

text: These

text: facilities

text: serve

text: the

text: city

text: which

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: five

text: water

text: districts

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: water

text: department

text: also

text: operates

text: four

text: dams

text: along

text: the

text: Huron

text: River

text: two

text: of

text: which

text: provide

text: hydroelectric

text: power

text: The

text: city

text: also

text: offers

text: waste

text: management

text: services

text: with

text: Recycle

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: handling

text: recycling

text: service

text: Other

text: utilities

text: are

text: provided

text: by

text: private

text: entities

text: Electrical

text: power

text: and

text: gas

text: are

text: provided

text: by

text: DTE

text: Energy

text: AT&T

text: Inc.

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: wired

text: telephone

text: service

text: provider

text: for

text: the

text: area

text: Cable

text: TV

text: service

text: is

text: primarily

text: provided

text: by

text: Comcast

question: What is the name of the city owned cable company?

text: Comcast

question: What is the river that private entities use for water supply services?

text: Huron River

question: How many pump stations do private entities have?

text: four

question: Who is the private entity that handles recycling for the city?

text: Recycle Ann Arbor

question: What is the name of the city owned telephone provider?

text: AT&T Inc.


text: The College of Arts and Letters was established as the university's first college in 1842 with the first degrees given in 1849. The university's first academic curriculum was modeled after the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum from Saint Louis University. Today the college, housed in O'Shaughnessy Hall, includes 20 departments in the areas of fine arts, humanities, and social sciences, and awards Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degrees in 33 majors, making it the largest of the university's colleges. There are around 2,500 undergraduates and 750 graduates enrolled in the college.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: The

text: College

text: of

text: Arts

text: and

text: Letters

text: was

text: established

text: as

text: the

text: university

text: 's

text: first

text: college

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: first

text: degrees

text: given

text: in

text: The

text: university

text: 's

text: first

text: academic

text: curriculum

text: was

text: modeled

text: after

text: the

text: Jesuit

text: Ratio

text: Studiorum

text: from

text: Saint

text: Louis

text: University

text: Today

text: the

text: college

text: housed

text: in

text: O'Shaughnessy

text: Hall

text: includes

text: departments

text: in

text: the

text: areas

text: of

text: fine

text: arts

text: humanities

text: and

text: social

text: sciences

text: and

text: awards

text: Bachelor

text: of

text: Arts

text: B.A.

text: degrees

text: in

text: majors

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: university

text: 's

text: colleges

text: There

text: are

text: around

text: undergraduates

text: and

text: graduates

text: enrolled

text: in

text: the

text: college

question: What was Notre Dame's first college?

answer: The College of Arts and Letters

text: The College of Arts and Letters

question: In what year was the The College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame created?

answer: 1842

question: In what year did the College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame grant its first degree?

answer: 1849

question: On which university did Notre Dame base its curriculum on?

answer: Saint Louis University

text: Saint Louis University

question: How many BA majors does the College of Arts and Letters at Notre Dame offer?

answer: 33


text: At the glass transition temperature the resin in the composite softens and significantly increases thermal expansion; exceeding Tg then exerts mechanical overload on the board components - e.g. the joints and the vias. Below Tg the thermal expansion of the resin roughly matches copper and glass, above it gets significantly higher. As the reinforcement and copper confine the board along the plane, virtually all volume expansion projects to the thickness and stresses the plated-through holes. Repeated soldering or other exposition to higher temperatures can cause failure of the plating, especially with thicker boards; thick boards therefore require high Tg matrix.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: At

text: the

text: glass

text: transition

text: temperature

text: the

text: resin

text: in

text: the

text: composite

text: softens

text: and

text: significantly

text: increases

text: thermal

text: expansion

text: exceeding

text: Tg

text: then

text: exerts

text: mechanical

text: overload

text: on

text: the

text: board

text: components

text: e.g.

text: the

text: joints

text: and

text: the

text: vias

text: Below

text: Tg

text: the

text: thermal

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: resin

text: roughly

text: matches

text: copper

text: and

text: glass

text: above

text: it

text: gets

text: significantly

text: higher

text: As

text: the

text: reinforcement

text: and

text: copper

text: confine

text: the

text: board

text: along

text: the

text: plane

text: virtually

text: all

text: volume

text: expansion

text: projects

text: to

text: the

text: thickness

text: and

text: stresses

text: the

text: plated

text: through

text: holes

text: Repeated

text: soldering

text: or

text: other

text: exposition

text: to

text: higher

text: temperatures

text: can

text: cause

text: failure

text: of

text: the

text: plating

text: especially

text: with

text: thicker

text: boards

text: thick

text: boards

text: therefore

text: require

text: high

text: Tg

text: matrix

question: What's the temperature at which resin softens and expands called?

answer: glass transition temperature

text: glass transition temperature

question: Along with vias, what makes up the components of a board?

answer: joints

text: joints

question: What will happen to the components when the temperature of resin goes above that of glass transition?

answer: mechanical overload

text: mechanical overload

question: When resin stays below Tg, its thermal expansion is similar to that of copper and what other material?

answer: glass

text: glass

question: What do thick boards require to resist plating failure?

answer: high Tg matrix

text: high Tg matrix

question: The resin in the composite hardens when?

text: At the glass transition temperature

question: Virtually no volume expansion projects to where?

question: Thin boards require high what?

text: Tg matrix

question: Exposition to lower temperatures can cause failure of what?

text: the plating


text: In many countries, national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards. The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal, as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry. Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying, meat-type, and purely ornamental birds, aiming for uniformity. Sometimes, poultry shows are part of general livestock shows, and sometimes they are separate events such as the annual "National Championship Show" in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain.

title: Poultry

title: Poultry

text: In

text: many

text: countries

text: national

text: and

text: regional

text: poultry

text: shows

text: are

text: held

text: where

text: enthusiasts

text: exhibit

text: their

text: birds

text: which

text: are

text: judged

text: on

text: certain

text: phenotypical

text: breed

text: traits

text: as

text: specified

text: by

text: their

text: respective

text: breed

text: standards

text: The

text: idea

text: of

text: poultry

text: exhibition

text: may

text: have

text: originated

text: after

text: cockfighting

text: was

text: made

text: illegal

text: as

text: a

text: way

text: of

text: maintaining

text: a

text: competitive

text: element

text: in

text: poultry

text: husbandry

text: Breed

text: standards

text: were

text: drawn

text: up

text: for

text: egg

text: laying

text: meat

text: type

text: and

text: purely

text: ornamental

text: birds

text: aiming

text: for

text: uniformity

text: Sometimes

text: poultry

text: shows

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: general

text: livestock

text: shows

text: and

text: sometimes

text: they

text: are

text: separate

text: events

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: annual

text: National

text: Championship

text: Show

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: organised

text: by

text: the

text: Poultry

text: Club

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

question: Is there a pplace where lovers of the chicken are able to see some of its best attributes ?

answer: In many countries, national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds

text: In many countries, national and regional poultry shows are held where enthusiasts exhibit their birds

question: In such competitions what are the chickens juged on? What attibutes are considered viable?

answer: birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards

text: birds which are judged on certain phenotypical breed traits as specified by their respective breed standards

question: Are there breed standards used for the competitions?

answer: Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying, meat-type, and purely ornamental birds, aiming for uniformity

text: Breed standards were drawn up for egg-laying, meat-type, and purely ornamental birds, aiming for uniformity

question: What are some of the most widely known poultry tournaments?

answer: the annual "National Championship Show" in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain.

text: the annual "National Championship Show" in the United Kingdom organised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain.

question: From where does the idea of a poultry tournament orginate?

answer: The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal, as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry

text: The idea of poultry exhibition may have originated after cockfighting was made illegal, as a way of maintaining a competitive element in poultry husbandry

question: Where are national and regional poultry shows banned?

text: In many countries

question: What was never made illegal that involves birds fighting?

text: cockfighting

question: What are never part of general livestock shows?

text: poultry shows

question: What are the unknown poultry tournaments?

question: Why are poultry shows not allowed in most countries?

text: enthusiasts exhibit their birds


text: Strasbourg's status as a free city was revoked by the French Revolution. Enragés, most notoriously Eulogius Schneider, ruled the city with an increasingly iron hand. During this time, many churches and monasteries were either destroyed or severely damaged. The cathedral lost hundreds of its statues (later replaced by copies in the 19th century) and in April 1794, there was talk of tearing its spire down, on the grounds that it was against the principle of equality. The tower was saved, however, when in May of the same year citizens of Strasbourg crowned it with a giant tin Phrygian cap. This artifact was later kept in the historical collections of the city until it was destroyed by the Germans in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war.

title: Strasbourg

title: Strasbourg

text: Strasbourg

text: 's

text: status

text: as

text: a

text: free

text: city

text: was

text: revoked

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: Enragés

text: most

text: notoriously

text: Eulogius

text: Schneider

text: ruled

text: the

text: city

text: with

text: an

text: increasingly

text: iron

text: hand

text: During

text: this

text: time

text: many

text: churches

text: and

text: monasteries

text: were

text: either

text: destroyed

text: or

text: severely

text: damaged

text: The

text: cathedral

text: lost

text: hundreds

text: of

text: its

text: statues

text: later

text: replaced

text: by

text: copies

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: in

text: April

text: there

text: was

text: talk

text: of

text: tearing

text: its

text: spire

text: down

text: on

text: the

text: grounds

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: against

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: equality

text: The

text: tower

text: was

text: saved

text: however

text: when

text: in

text: May

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: citizens

text: of

text: Strasbourg

text: crowned

text: it

text: with

text: a

text: giant

text: tin

text: Phrygian

text: cap

text: This

text: artifact

text: was

text: later

text: kept

text: in

text: the

text: historical

text: collections

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: destroyed

text: by

text: the

text: Germans

text: in

text: during

text: the

text: Franco

text: Prussian

text: war

question: What revoked Strasbourg's status as a free city?

answer: French Revolution

text: French Revolution

question: Who ruled the city with an iron hand?

answer: Eulogius Schneider

text: Eulogius Schneider

question: What did the cathedrals lose in April 1794?

answer: statues

text: statues

question: What was the giant Phrygian cap made out of?

answer: tin

text: tin

question: Who destroyed the Phrygian cap in 1870?

answer: Germans

text: Germans

question: In what year did the French Revolution end?

question: Who started the French Revolution?

text: Eulogius Schneider

question: In what year did the Franco-Prussian war start?

question: In what year did Eulogius Schneider take over rule of Strasbourg?


text: Bermuda is an offshore financial centre, which results from its minimal standards of business regulation/laws and direct taxation on personal or corporate income. It has one of the highest consumption taxes in the world and taxes all imports in lieu of an income tax system. Bermudas's consumption tax is equivalent to local income tax to local residents and funds government and infrastructure expenditures. The local tax system depends upon import duties, payroll taxes and consumption taxes. The legal system is derived from that of the United Kingdom, with recourse to English courts of final appeal. Foreign private individuals cannot easily open bank accounts or subscribe to mobile phone or internet services.

title: Bermuda

title: Bermuda

text: Bermuda

text: is

text: an

text: offshore

text: financial

text: centre

text: which

text: results

text: from

text: its

text: minimal

text: standards

text: of

text: business

text: regulation

text: laws

text: and

text: direct

text: taxation

text: on

text: personal

text: or

text: corporate

text: income

text: It

text: has

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: consumption

text: taxes

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: taxes

text: all

text: imports

text: in

text: lieu

text: of

text: an

text: income

text: tax

text: system

text: Bermudas

text: 's

text: consumption

text: tax

text: is

text: equivalent

text: to

text: local

text: income

text: tax

text: to

text: local

text: residents

text: and

text: funds

text: government

text: and

text: infrastructure

text: expenditures

text: The

text: local

text: tax

text: system

text: depends

text: upon

text: import

text: duties

text: payroll

text: taxes

text: and

text: consumption

text: taxes

text: The

text: legal

text: system

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: with

text: recourse

text: to

text: English

text: courts

text: of

text: final

text: appeal

text: Foreign

text: private

text: individuals

text: can

text: not

text: easily

text: open

text: bank

text: accounts

text: or

text: subscribe

text: to

text: mobile

text: phone

text: or

text: internet

text: services

question: Why is Bermuda considered an offshore financial center?

answer: minimal standards of business regulation/laws and direct taxation on personal or corporate income

text: minimal standards of business regulation/laws and direct taxation on personal or corporate income

question: What does it do in place of an income tax system?

answer: taxes all imports

text: taxes all imports

question: What does Bermuda use the consumption tax for?

answer: funds government and infrastructure expenditures

text: funds government and infrastructure expenditures

question: What three things does the tax system depend on?

answer: import duties, payroll taxes and consumption taxes

text: import duties, payroll taxes and consumption taxes

question: What is Bermuda's legal system derived from?

answer: United Kingdom, with recourse to English courts of final appeal

text: United Kingdom, with recourse to English courts of final appeal

question: What country uses an income tax in lieu of an import tax?

text: Bermuda

question: What is Bermuda's income tax used to fund?

question: What is derived from the English courts?

text: The legal system

question: What can foreign private individuals easily do?


text: The Soviets kept the details and true appearance of the Vostok capsule secret until the April 1965 Moscow Economic Exhibition, where it was first displayed without its aerodynamic nose cone concealing the spherical capsule. The "Vostok spaceship" had been first displayed at the July 1961 Tushino air show, mounted on its launch vehicle's third stage, with the nose cone in place. A tail section with eight fins was also added, in an apparent attempt to confuse western observers. This spurious tail section also appeared on official commemorative stamps and a documentary.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: The

text: Soviets

text: kept

text: the

text: details

text: and

text: true

text: appearance

text: of

text: the

text: Vostok

text: capsule

text: secret

text: until

text: the

text: April

text: Moscow

text: Economic

text: Exhibition

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: first

text: displayed

text: without

text: its

text: aerodynamic

text: nose

text: cone

text: concealing

text: the

text: spherical

text: capsule

text: The

text: Vostok

text: spaceship

text: had

text: been

text: first

text: displayed

text: at

text: the

text: July

text: Tushino

text: air

text: show

text: mounted

text: on

text: its

text: launch

text: vehicle

text: 's

text: third

text: stage

text: with

text: the

text: nose

text: cone

text: in

text: place

text: A

text: tail

text: section

text: with

text: eight

text: fins

text: was

text: also

text: added

text: in

text: an

text: apparent

text: attempt

text: to

text: confuse

text: western

text: observers

text: This

text: spurious

text: tail

text: section

text: also

text: appeared

text: on

text: official

text: commemorative

text: stamps

text: and

text: a

text: documentary

question: At what event was the Vostok spaceship first displayed to the public ?

answer: July 1961 Tushino air show

text: July 1961 Tushino air show


text: The county was subject to significant boundary reform in 1974 that removed Liverpool and Manchester and most of their surrounding conurbations to form the metropolitan counties of Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The detached northern part of Lancashire in the Lake District, including the Furness Peninsula and Cartmel, was merged with Cumberland and Westmorland to form Cumbria. Lancashire lost 709 square miles of land to other counties, about two fifths of its original area, although it did gain some land from the West Riding of Yorkshire. Today the county borders Cumbria to the north, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south and North and West Yorkshire to the east; with a coastline on the Irish Sea to the west. The county palatine boundaries remain the same[clarification needed] with the Duke of Lancaster exercising sovereignty rights, including the appointment of lords lieutenant in Greater Manchester and Merseyside.

title: Lancashire

title: Lancashire

text: The

text: county

text: was

text: subject

text: to

text: significant

text: boundary

text: reform

text: in

text: that

text: removed

text: Liverpool

text: and

text: Manchester

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: their

text: surrounding

text: conurbations

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: counties

text: of

text: Merseyside

text: and

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: The

text: detached

text: northern

text: part

text: of

text: Lancashire

text: in

text: the

text: Lake

text: District

text: including

text: the

text: Furness

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: Cartmel

text: was

text: merged

text: with

text: Cumberland

text: and

text: Westmorland

text: to

text: form

text: Cumbria

text: Lancashire

text: lost

text: square

text: miles

text: of

text: land

text: to

text: other

text: counties

text: about

text: two

text: fifths

text: of

text: its

text: original

text: area

text: although

text: it

text: did

text: gain

text: some

text: land

text: from

text: the

text: West

text: Riding

text: of

text: Yorkshire

text: Today

text: the

text: county

text: borders

text: Cumbria

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: and

text: Merseyside

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: North

text: and

text: West

text: Yorkshire

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: with

text: a

text: coastline

text: on

text: the

text: Irish

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: county

text: palatine

text: boundaries

text: remain

text: the

text: same[clarification

text: needed

text: with

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Lancaster

text: exercising

text: sovereignty

text: rights

text: including

text: the

text: appointment

text: of

text: lords

text: lieutenant

text: in

text: Greater

text: Manchester

text: and

text: Merseyside

question: When was Liverpool and Manchester removed from Lancashire boundaries?

answer: 1974

question: How many miles of land did Lancashire lose to other countries?

answer: 709

question: What is to the north of Lancashire today?

answer: Cumbria

text: Cumbria

question: What is to the east of Lancashire today?

answer: West Yorkshire

text: West Yorkshire

question: Who exercises sovereignty rights for Lancashire?

answer: Duke of Lancaster

text: Duke of Lancaster

question: How much land did Lancashire gain from West Riding of Yorkshire?

text: 709 square miles

question: How large is the metropolitan county of Merseyside?

text: 709 square miles

question: What county borders Cumbria to the east?

text: Merseyside

question: When did the current Duke of Lancaster start his reign?

question: How big was the West Riding of Yorkshire prior to 1974?

text: 709 square miles