text: The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital of the wider Punjab region. Other important cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Multan, Sialkot, Bahawalpur, Gujrat, Sheikhupura, Jhelum and Sahiwal. Undivided Punjab is home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistani Punjab. From west to east, these are: the Indus, Jhelum, Beas, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Nearly 60% of Pakistan's population lives in the Punjab. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad. In the acronym P-A-K-I-S-T-A-N, the P is for Punjab.

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

text: The

text: capital

text: and

text: largest

text: city

text: is

text: Lahore

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: historical

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: wider

text: Punjab

text: region

text: Other

text: important

text: cities

text: include

text: Faisalabad

text: Rawalpindi

text: Gujranwala

text: Sargodha

text: Multan

text: Sialkot

text: Bahawalpur

text: Gujrat

text: Sheikhupura

text: Jhelum

text: and

text: Sahiwal

text: Undivided

text: Punjab

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: six

text: rivers

text: of

text: which

text: five

text: flow

text: through

text: Pakistani

text: Punjab

text: From

text: west

text: to

text: east

text: these

text: are

text: the

text: Indus

text: Jhelum

text: Beas

text: Chenab

text: Ravi

text: and

text: Sutlej

text: Nearly

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: 's

text: population

text: lives

text: in

text: the

text: Punjab

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: only

text: province

text: that

text: touches

text: every

text: other

text: province

text: it

text: also

text: surrounds

text: the

text: federal

text: enclave

text: of

text: the

text: national

text: capital

text: city

text: at

text: Islamabad

text: In

text: the

text: acronym

text: P

text: A

text: K

text: I

text: S

text: T

text: A

text: N

text: the

text: P

text: is

text: for

text: Punjab

question: Which province in Pakistan borders the other 3 provinces?

answer: Punjab

text: Punjab

question: What is Pakistan's capital?

answer: Islamabad

text: Islamabad

question: How many rivers are in Punjab, Pakistan?

answer: five

text: five

question: What is the easternmost river in Punjab?

answer: Sutlej

text: Sutlej

question: How much of Pakistan's population lives in Punjab?

answer: Nearly 60%

text: Nearly 60%

question: What is Faisalabad the capital of?

text: the wider Punjab region

question: How many rivers are in Multan?

text: six

question: What percentage of the Pakistan population resides in Sargodha?

text: Nearly 60%

question: What does the P in the acronym Punjab represent?

text: Pakistan

question: What does the S in Pakistan stand for?

text: Sahiwal


text: The scholarly term for research concerning Somalis and Greater Somalia is known as Somali Studies. It consists of several disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology. The field draws from old Somali chronicles, records and oral literature, in addition to written accounts and traditions about Somalis from explorers and geographers in the Horn of Africa and the Middle East. Since 1980, prominent Somalist scholars from around the world have also gathered annually to hold the International Congress of Somali Studies.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: The

text: scholarly

text: term

text: for

text: research

text: concerning

text: Somalis

text: and

text: Greater

text: Somalia

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Somali

text: Studies

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: several

text: disciplines

text: such

text: as

text: anthropology

text: sociology

text: linguistics

text: historiography

text: and

text: archaeology

text: The

text: field

text: draws

text: from

text: old

text: Somali

text: chronicles

text: records

text: and

text: oral

text: literature

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: written

text: accounts

text: and

text: traditions

text: about

text: Somalis

text: from

text: explorers

text: and

text: geographers

text: in

text: the

text: Horn

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: Since

text: prominent

text: Somalist

text: scholars

text: from

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: have

text: also

text: gathered

text: annually

text: to

text: hold

text: the

text: International

text: Congress

text: of

text: Somali

text: Studies

question: What is the academic study of the Somali people called?

answer: Somali Studies

text: Somali Studies

question: Along with sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology, what field is part of Somali Studies?

answer: anthropology

text: anthropology

question: Along with chronicles and records, what indigenous sources are used in Somali Studies?

answer: oral literature

text: oral literature

question: What is the name of the annual gathering of Somali Studies scholars?

answer: the International Congress of Somali Studies

text: the International Congress of Somali Studies

question: When did the International Congress of Somali Studies begin?

answer: 1980


text: In March 2013, Governor Rick Snyder declared a financial emergency in the city, stating that the city has a $327 million budget deficit and faces more than $14 billion in long-term debt. It has been making ends meet on a month-to-month basis with the help of bond money held in a state escrow account and has instituted mandatory unpaid days off for many city workers. Those troubles, along with underfunded city services, such as police and fire departments, and ineffective turnaround plans from Bing and the City Council led the state of Michigan to appoint an emergency manager for Detroit on March 14, 2013. On June 14, 2013 Detroit defaulted on $2.5 billion of debt by withholding $39.7 million in interest payments, while Emergency Manager Kevyn Orr met with bondholders and other creditors in an attempt to restructure the city's $18.5 billion debt and avoid bankruptcy. On July 18, 2013, the City of Detroit filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection. It was declared bankrupt by U.S. judge Stephen Rhodes on December 3, with its $18.5 billion debt he said in accepting the city's contention that it is broke and that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were infeasible.

title: Detroit

title: Detroit

text: In

text: March

text: Governor

text: Rick

text: Snyder

text: declared

text: a

text: financial

text: emergency

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: stating

text: that

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: a

text: million

text: budget

text: deficit

text: and

text: faces

text: more

text: than

text: billion

text: in

text: long

text: term

text: debt

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: making

text: ends

text: meet

text: on

text: a

text: month

text: to

text: month

text: basis

text: with

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: bond

text: money

text: held

text: in

text: a

text: state

text: escrow

text: account

text: and

text: has

text: instituted

text: mandatory

text: unpaid

text: days

text: off

text: for

text: many

text: city

text: workers

text: Those

text: troubles

text: along

text: with

text: underfunded

text: city

text: services

text: such

text: as

text: police

text: and

text: fire

text: departments

text: and

text: ineffective

text: turnaround

text: plans

text: from

text: Bing

text: and

text: the

text: City

text: Council

text: led

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Michigan

text: to

text: appoint

text: an

text: emergency

text: manager

text: for

text: Detroit

text: on

text: March

text: On

text: June

text: Detroit

text: defaulted

text: on

text: billion

text: of

text: debt

text: by

text: withholding

text: million

text: in

text: interest

text: payments

text: while

text: Emergency

text: Manager

text: Kevyn

text: Orr

text: met

text: with

text: bondholders

text: and

text: other

text: creditors

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: restructure

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: billion

text: debt

text: and

text: avoid

text: bankruptcy

text: On

text: July

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Detroit

text: filed

text: for

text: Chapter

text: bankruptcy

text: protection

text: It

text: was

text: declared

text: bankrupt

text: by

text: U.S.

text: judge

text: Stephen

text: Rhodes

text: on

text: December

text: with

text: its

text: billion

text: debt

text: he

text: said

text: in

text: accepting

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: contention

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: broke

text: and

text: that

text: negotiations

text: with

text: its

text: thousands

text: of

text: creditors

text: were

text: infeasible

question: Who was Michigan's governor in 2013?

answer: Rick Snyder

text: Rick Snyder

question: What judge declared Detroit bankrupt?

answer: Stephen Rhodes

text: Stephen Rhodes

question: What type of bankruptcy did Detroit file?

answer: Chapter 9

text: Chapter 9

question: When did Detroit file for bankruptcy?

answer: July 18, 2013

text: July 18, 2013

question: How much did Detroit owe when it was declared bankrupt?

answer: $18.5 billion

text: $18.5 billion


text: On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d'état on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the Somali Army seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre, who at the time commanded the army.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: On

text: October

text: while

text: paying

text: a

text: visit

text: to

text: the

text: northern

text: town

text: of

text: Las

text: Anod

text: Somalia

text: 's

text: then

text: President

text: Abdirashid

text: Ali

text: Shermarke

text: was

text: shot

text: dead

text: by

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: own

text: bodyguards

text: His

text: assassination

text: was

text: quickly

text: followed

text: by

text: a

text: military

text: coup

text: d'état

text: on

text: October

text: the

text: day

text: after

text: his

text: funeral

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Somali

text: Army

text: seized

text: power

text: without

text: encountering

text: armed

text: opposition

text: essentially

text: a

text: bloodless

text: takeover

text: The

text: putsch

text: was

text: spearheaded

text: by

text: Major

text: General

text: Mohamed

text: Siad

text: Barre

text: who

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: commanded

text: the

text: army

question: On what date was Abdirashid Ali Shermarke assassinated?

answer: 15 October 1969

text: 15 October 1969

question: Who assassinated Abdirashid Ali Shermarke?

answer: one of his own bodyguards

text: one of his own bodyguards

question: On what day, the day after the funeral of Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, did a coup occur?

answer: 21 October 1969

text: 21 October 1969

question: Who was the commander of the army when the coup occurred?

answer: Mohamed Siad Barre

text: Mohamed Siad Barre

question: What was Mohamed Siad Barre's rank?

answer: Major General

text: Major General


text: While some birds are essentially territorial or live in small family groups, other birds may form large flocks. The principal benefits of flocking are safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency. Defence against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests, where ambush predation is common and multiple eyes can provide a valuable early warning system. This has led to the development of many mixed-species feeding flocks, which are usually composed of small numbers of many species; these flocks provide safety in numbers but increase potential competition for resources. Costs of flocking include bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds and the reduction of feeding efficiency in certain cases.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: While

text: some

text: birds

text: are

text: essentially

text: territorial

text: or

text: live

text: in

text: small

text: family

text: groups

text: other

text: birds

text: may

text: form

text: large

text: flocks

text: The

text: principal

text: benefits

text: of

text: flocking

text: are

text: safety

text: in

text: numbers

text: and

text: increased

text: foraging

text: efficiency

text: Defence

text: against

text: predators

text: is

text: particularly

text: important

text: in

text: closed

text: habitats

text: like

text: forests

text: where

text: ambush

text: predation

text: is

text: common

text: and

text: multiple

text: eyes

text: can

text: provide

text: a

text: valuable

text: early

text: warning

text: system

text: This

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: many

text: mixed

text: species

text: feeding

text: flocks

text: which

text: are

text: usually

text: composed

text: of

text: small

text: numbers

text: of

text: many

text: species

text: these

text: flocks

text: provide

text: safety

text: in

text: numbers

text: but

text: increase

text: potential

text: competition

text: for

text: resources

text: Costs

text: of

text: flocking

text: include

text: bullying

text: of

text: socially

text: subordinate

text: birds

text: by

text: more

text: dominant

text: birds

text: and

text: the

text: reduction

text: of

text: feeding

text: efficiency

text: in

text: certain

text: cases

question: What are the principal benefits of flocking?

answer: safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency

text: safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency

question: What is a cost of flocking?

answer: bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds

text: bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds

question: What is particularly important in closed habitats like forests?

answer: Defence against predators

text: Defence against predators


text: The exact relationship between these eight groups is not yet clear, although there is agreement that the first three groups to diverge from the ancestral angiosperm were Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales. The term basal angiosperms refers to these three groups. Among the rest, the relationship between the three broadest of these groups (magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots) remains unclear. Some analyses make the magnoliids the first to diverge, others the monocots. Ceratophyllum seems to group with the eudicots rather than with the monocots.

title: Flowering_plant

title: Flowering_plant

text: The

text: exact

text: relationship

text: between

text: these

text: eight

text: groups

text: is

text: not

text: yet

text: clear

text: although

text: there

text: is

text: agreement

text: that

text: the

text: first

text: three

text: groups

text: to

text: diverge

text: from

text: the

text: ancestral

text: angiosperm

text: were

text: Amborellales

text: Nymphaeales

text: and

text: Austrobaileyales

text: The

text: term

text: basal

text: angiosperms

text: refers

text: to

text: these

text: three

text: groups

text: Among

text: the

text: rest

text: the

text: relationship

text: between

text: the

text: three

text: broadest

text: of

text: these

text: groups

text: magnoliids

text: monocots

text: and

text: eudicots

text: remains

text: unclear

text: Some

text: analyses

text: make

text: the

text: magnoliids

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: diverge

text: others

text: the

text: monocots

text: Ceratophyllum

text: seems

text: to

text: group

text: with

text: the

text: eudicots

text: rather

text: than

text: with

text: the

text: monocots

question: What three groups were the first to diverge from angiosperm?

answer: Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales

text: Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales

question: What term refers to the first three groups to diverge from angiosperm?

answer: basal

text: basal

question: How clear is the relationship between the broadest of the three non-basal angiosperm groups?

answer: unclear

text: unclear

question: What group do some analyses seem to indicate diverged first?

answer: magnoliids

text: magnoliids

question: What were the first three groups to diverge from magnoliids?

question: What do Amborellales tend to group with instead of monocots?

text: the eudicots

question: What is the status of the relationship between Nymphaeales and monocots?

text: not yet clear

question: What attitude is there about the first magnoliids diverging from the ancestral angiosperm?

text: agreement

question: What do some eudicots indicate diverged first?

text: magnoliids


text: Born in 1926, Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville, Alabama, where she became close friends with soon-to-be famous writer Truman Capote. She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery (1944–45), and then studied law at the University of Alabama (1945–49). While attending college, she wrote for campus literary magazines: Huntress at Huntingdon and the humor magazine Rammer Jammer at the University of Alabama. At both colleges, she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice, a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time. In 1950, Lee moved to New York City, where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation; there, she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville. Hoping to be published, Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote. An editor at J. B. Lippincott , who bought the manuscript, advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing. Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year.

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

text: Born

text: in

text: Harper

text: Lee

text: grew

text: up

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: town

text: of

text: Monroeville

text: Alabama

text: where

text: she

text: became

text: close

text: friends

text: with

text: soon

text: to

text: be

text: famous

text: writer

text: Truman

text: Capote

text: She

text: attended

text: Huntingdon

text: College

text: in

text: Montgomery

text: and

text: then

text: studied

text: law

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Alabama

text: While

text: attending

text: college

text: she

text: wrote

text: for

text: campus

text: literary

text: magazines

text: Huntress

text: at

text: Huntingdon

text: and

text: the

text: humor

text: magazine

text: Rammer

text: Jammer

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Alabama

text: At

text: both

text: colleges

text: she

text: wrote

text: short

text: stories

text: and

text: other

text: works

text: about

text: racial

text: injustice

text: a

text: rarely

text: mentioned

text: topic

text: on

text: such

text: campuses

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: In

text: Lee

text: moved

text: to

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: where

text: she

text: worked

text: as

text: a

text: reservation

text: clerk

text: for

text: British

text: Overseas

text: Airways

text: Corporation

text: there

text: she

text: began

text: writing

text: a

text: collection

text: of

text: essays

text: and

text: short

text: stories

text: about

text: people

text: in

text: Monroeville

text: Hoping

text: to

text: be

text: published

text: Lee

text: presented

text: her

text: writing

text: in

text: to

text: a

text: literary

text: agent

text: recommended

text: by

text: Capote

text: An

text: editor

text: at

text: J.

text: B.

text: Lippincott

text: who

text: bought

text: the

text: manuscript

text: advised

text: her

text: to

text: quit

text: the

text: airline

text: and

text: concentrate

text: on

text: writing

text: Donations

text: from

text: friends

text: allowed

text: her

text: to

text: write

text: uninterrupted

text: for

text: a

text: year

question: Who did Harper Lee become childhood friends with?

answer: Truman Capote

text: Truman Capote

question: What year did Harper Lee pack up to go live in New York City?

answer: 1950

question: What job did Harper Lee start in New York City?

answer: reservation clerk

text: reservation clerk

question: Which state did Harper Lee spend her childhood?

answer: Alabama

text: Alabama

question: What year was Harper Lee born?

answer: 1926

question: Who was the famous writer Lee became close friends with?

answer: Truman Capote

text: Truman Capote

question: Where did Lee attend college?

answer: Huntingdon College

text: Huntingdon College

question: Where did Lee attend law school?

answer: University of Alabama

text: University of Alabama

question: What publishing company bought To Kill a Mockingbird?

answer: J. B. Lippincott

text: J. B. Lippincott


text: The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction led to enormous debt to European banks, and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required. In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British Government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, "with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government."

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: The

text: Suez

text: Canal

text: built

text: in

text: partnership

text: with

text: the

text: French

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: Its

text: construction

text: led

text: to

text: enormous

text: debt

text: to

text: European

text: banks

text: and

text: caused

text: popular

text: discontent

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: onerous

text: taxation

text: it

text: required

text: In

text: Ismail

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: sell

text: Egypt

text: 's

text: share

text: in

text: the

text: canal

text: to

text: the

text: British

text: Government

text: Within

text: three

text: years

text: this

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: imposition

text: of

text: British

text: and

text: French

text: controllers

text: who

text: sat

text: in

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: cabinet

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: financial

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: bondholders

text: behind

text: them

text: were

text: the

text: real

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: Government

question: Who partnered with Egypt to build Suez Canal?

answer: French

text: French

question: In what year did Egypt sell its portion of Suez Canal?

answer: 1875

question: To whom did Egypt sell its interest in Suez Canal?

answer: British Government

text: British Government

question: Who sold Egypt's portion of Suez?

answer: Ismail

text: Ismail


text: Numerous modern mandolin makers build instruments that largely replicate the Gibson F-5 Artist models built in the early 1920s under the supervision of Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar. Original Loar-signed instruments are sought after and extremely valuable. Other makers from the Loar period and earlier include Lyon and Healy, Vega and Larson Brothers. Some notable modern American carved mandolin manufacturers include, in addition to Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone and Collings. Mandolins from other countries include The Loar (China), Santa, Rosa (China), Michael Kelly (Korea), Eastman (China), Kentucky (China), Heiden (Canada), Gilchrist (Australia) and Morgan Monroe (China).

title: Mandolin

title: Mandolin

text: Numerous

text: modern

text: mandolin

text: makers

text: build

text: instruments

text: that

text: largely

text: replicate

text: the

text: Gibson

text: Artist

text: models

text: built

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: under

text: the

text: supervision

text: of

text: Gibson

text: acoustician

text: Lloyd

text: Loar

text: Original

text: Loar

text: signed

text: instruments

text: are

text: sought

text: after

text: and

text: extremely

text: valuable

text: Other

text: makers

text: from

text: the

text: Loar

text: period

text: and

text: earlier

text: include

text: Lyon

text: and

text: Healy

text: Vega

text: and

text: Larson

text: Brothers

text: Some

text: notable

text: modern

text: American

text: carved

text: mandolin

text: manufacturers

text: include

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: Kay

text: Gibson

text: Weber

text: Monteleone

text: and

text: Collings

text: Mandolins

text: from

text: other

text: countries

text: include

text: The

text: Loar

text: China

text: Santa

text: Rosa

text: China

text: Michael

text: Kelly

text: Korea

text: Eastman

text: China

text: Kentucky

text: China

text: Heiden

text: Canada

text: Gilchrist

text: Australia

text: and

text: Morgan

text: Monroe

text: China

question: What style of Gisbon Mandolin was largely replicated?

answer: Gibson F-5

text: Gibson F-5

question: When was the Gibson F-5 largely replicated?

answer: early 1920s

text: early 1920s

question: Who supervised the Gibson F-5's replication?

answer: Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar

text: Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar

question: Who are the other makers from the Loar period?

answer: Lyon and Healy, Vega and Larson Brothers

text: Lyon and Healy, Vega and Larson Brothers

question: Who were notable modern American mandolin manufacturers?

answer: Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone and Collings.

text: Kay, Gibson, Weber, Monteleone and Collings.

question: What style of Gisbon Mandolin was never replicated?

text: Gibson F-5

question: When was the Gibson F-5 never replicated?

text: early 1920s

question: Who rejected the Gibson F-5's replication?

text: Gibson acoustician Lloyd Loar

question: Who are the other businessmen from the Loar period?

question: Who were notable modern African mandolin manufacturers?


text: In the first half of the 20th century, advances in electronics enabled investigation of the electrical properties of nerve cells, culminating in work by Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley, and others on the biophysics of the action potential, and the work of Bernard Katz and others on the electrochemistry of the synapse. These studies complemented the anatomical picture with a conception of the brain as a dynamic entity. Reflecting the new understanding, in 1942 Charles Sherrington visualized the workings of the brain waking from sleep:

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: advances

text: in

text: electronics

text: enabled

text: investigation

text: of

text: the

text: electrical

text: properties

text: of

text: nerve

text: cells

text: culminating

text: in

text: work

text: by

text: Alan

text: Hodgkin

text: Andrew

text: Huxley

text: and

text: others

text: on

text: the

text: biophysics

text: of

text: the

text: action

text: potential

text: and

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Bernard

text: Katz

text: and

text: others

text: on

text: the

text: electrochemistry

text: of

text: the

text: synapse

text: These

text: studies

text: complemented

text: the

text: anatomical

text: picture

text: with

text: a

text: conception

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: as

text: a

text: dynamic

text: entity

text: Reflecting

text: the

text: new

text: understanding

text: in

text: Charles

text: Sherrington

text: visualized

text: the

text: workings

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: waking

text: from

text: sleep

question: Work in the first half the 20th century in electrical properties of nerve cells were by what two main scientists?

answer: Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley

text: Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley


text: Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "Magic Negro", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."

title: Multiracial_American

title: Multiracial_American

text: Stanley

text: Crouch

text: wrote

text: in

text: a

text: New

text: York

text: Daily

text: News

text: piece

text: Obama

text: 's

text: mother

text: is

text: of

text: white

text: U.S.

text: stock

text: His

text: father

text: is

text: a

text: black

text: Kenyan

text: in

text: a

text: column

text: entitled

text: What

text: Obama

text: Is

text: n't

text: Black

text: Like

text: Me

text: During

text: the

text: campaign

text: the

text: African

text: American

text: columnist

text: David

text: Ehrenstein

text: of

text: the

text: LA

text: Times

text: accused

text: white

text: liberals

text: of

text: flocking

text: to

text: Obama

text: because

text: he

text: was

text: a

text: Magic

text: Negro

text: a

text: term

text: that

text: refers

text: to

text: a

text: black

text: person

text: with

text: no

text: past

text: who

text: simply

text: appears

text: to

text: assist

text: the

text: mainstream

text: white

text: as

text: cultural

text: protagonists

text: drivers

text: agenda

text: Ehrenstein

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: say

text: He

text: 's

text: there

text: to

text: assuage

text: white

text: guilt

text: they

text: feel

text: over

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: slavery

text: and

text: racial

text: segregation

text: in

text: American

text: history

question: Who wrote an article in the New York Dail News about Obama?

answer: Stanley Crouch

text: Stanley Crouch

question: What did David Ehrenstein call Obama in 2008?

answer: "Magic Negro",

text: "Magic Negro",

question: What did Ehrenstein say Obama does for white people?

answer: assuage white 'guilt'

text: assuage white 'guilt'

question: What was the title of Crouch's article?

answer: "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me."

text: "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me."

question: Who wrote about Obama in a Time Magazine piece?

text: Stanley Crouch

question: What LA Times columnist accused liberals of avoiding Obama?

text: David Ehrenstein

question: What is a term for a black person who does not help the mainstream white agenda?

text: Magic Negro

question: What year did David Ehrenstein write a piece accusing liberals of avoiding Obama?

question: Who said Obama's father was of white U.S. stock?

text: Stanley Crouch


text: These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: These

text: territories

text: are

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Països

text: Catalans

text: Catalan

text: Countries

text: a

text: denomination

text: based

text: on

text: cultural

text: affinity

text: and

text: common

text: heritage

text: that

text: has

text: also

text: had

text: a

text: subsequent

text: political

text: interpretation

text: but

text: no

text: official

text: status

text: Various

text: interpretations

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: may

text: include

text: some

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: these

text: regions

question: What are the Paisos Catalans

answer: Catalan Countries

text: Catalan Countries

question: What is that determination based on?

answer: cultural affinity and common heritage

text: cultural affinity and common heritage

question: What status does Catalan Countries have?

answer: no official status

text: no official status

question: What is the interpretation of the term?

answer: Various interpretations

text: Various interpretations

question: What is the term for Catalan Countries?

answer: Països Catalans

text: Països Catalans


text: London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is one of the world's leading financial centres and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.[note 3] London is a world cultural capital. It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic. London is one of the world's leading investment destinations, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe, and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings. According to the report London also ranks first in the world in software, multimedia development and design, and shares first position in technology readiness. In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.

title: London

title: London

text: London

text: is

text: a

text: leading

text: global

text: city

text: with

text: strengths

text: in

text: the

text: arts

text: commerce

text: education

text: entertainment

text: fashion

text: finance

text: healthcare

text: media

text: professional

text: services

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: tourism

text: and

text: transport

text: all

text: contributing

text: to

text: its

text: prominence

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: leading

text: financial

text: centres

text: and

text: has

text: the

text: fifth

text: or

text: sixth

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: GDP

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: depending

text: on

text: measurement.[note

text: London

text: is

text: a

text: world

text: cultural

text: capital

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: most

text: visited

text: city

text: as

text: measured

text: by

text: international

text: arrivals

text: and

text: has

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: city

text: airport

text: system

text: measured

text: by

text: passenger

text: traffic

text: London

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: leading

text: investment

text: destinations

text: hosting

text: more

text: international

text: retailers

text: and

text: ultra

text: high

text: net

text: worth

text: individuals

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: city

text: London

text: 's

text: universities

text: form

text: the

text: largest

text: concentration

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: institutes

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: a

text: report

text: placed

text: it

text: first

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: university

text: rankings

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: report

text: London

text: also

text: ranks

text: first

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: software

text: multimedia

text: development

text: and

text: design

text: and

text: shares

text: first

text: position

text: in

text: technology

text: readiness

text: In

text: London

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: city

text: to

text: host

text: the

text: modern

text: Summer

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: three

text: times

question: Where does London rank in terms of metropolitan area GDP?

answer: fifth-or sixth-largest

text: fifth-or sixth-largest

question: How many times has London hosted the Summer Olympic Games?

answer: three

text: three

question: What measurement designates London as the world's most visited city?

answer: international arrivals

text: international arrivals

question: How many universities does London boast?

answer: 43

question: When did London most recently host the Summer Olympics?

answer: 2012


text: There are more than 900 million Protestants worldwide,[ad] among approximately 2.4 billion Christians.[ae] In 2010, a total of more than 800 million included 300 million in Sub-Saharan Africa, 260 million in the Americas, 140 million in Asia-Pacific region, 100 million in Europe and 2 million in Middle East-North Africa. Protestants account for nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide and more than one tenth of the total human population. Various estimates put the percentage of Protestants in relation to the total number of world's Christians at 33%, 36%, 36.7%, and 40%, while in relation to the world's population at 11.6% and 13%.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: There

text: are

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: Protestants

text: worldwide,[ad

text: among

text: approximately

text: billion

text: Christians.[ae

text: In

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: included

text: million

text: in

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: million

text: in

text: Asia

text: Pacific

text: region

text: million

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: million

text: in

text: Middle

text: East

text: North

text: Africa

text: Protestants

text: account

text: for

text: nearly

text: forty

text: percent

text: of

text: Christians

text: worldwide

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: tenth

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: human

text: population

text: Various

text: estimates

text: put

text: the

text: percentage

text: of

text: Protestants

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: world

text: 's

text: Christians

text: at

text: and

text: while

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: at

text: and

question: How many Protestants are there in the world?

answer: more than 900 million

text: more than 900 million

question: What is the total population of Christians in the world?

answer: approximately 2.4 billion

text: approximately 2.4 billion

question: Approximately how much of the world's population are Protestant (in fractions)?

answer: more than one tenth

text: more than one tenth

question: What area only had about 2 million Protestants in 2010?

answer: Middle East-North Africa

text: Middle East-North Africa

question: What area had the largest Protestant population in 2010?

answer: Sub-Saharan Africa

text: Sub-Saharan Africa


text: As some szlachta were poorer than some non-noble gentry, some particularly impoverished szlachta were forced to become tenants of the wealthier gentry. In doing so, however, these szlachta retained all their constitutional prerogatives, as it was not wealth or lifestyle (obtainable by the gentry), but hereditary juridical status, that determined nobility.

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: As

text: some

text: szlachta

text: were

text: poorer

text: than

text: some

text: non

text: noble

text: gentry

text: some

text: particularly

text: impoverished

text: szlachta

text: were

text: forced

text: to

text: become

text: tenants

text: of

text: the

text: wealthier

text: gentry

text: In

text: doing

text: so

text: however

text: these

text: szlachta

text: retained

text: all

text: their

text: constitutional

text: prerogatives

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: wealth

text: or

text: lifestyle

text: obtainable

text: by

text: the

text: gentry

text: but

text: hereditary

text: juridical

text: status

text: that

text: determined

text: nobility

question: What ultimately determined nobility?

answer: hereditary juridical status

text: hereditary juridical status

question: What were some impoverished szlachta forced to do?

answer: to become tenants of the wealthier gentry.

text: to become tenants of the wealthier gentry.

question: Did the tenants of the wealthier genrty lose their nobility?

answer: no

text: no

question: What was one noble thing the poor szlachta did?

answer: retained all their constitutional prerogatives

text: retained all their constitutional prerogatives


text: Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: Catalan

text: has

text: inherited

text: the

text: typical

text: vowel

text: system

text: of

text: Vulgar

text: Latin

text: with

text: seven

text: stressed

text: phonemes

text: /a

text: ɛ

text: e

text: i

text: ɔ

text: o

text: u/

text: a

text: common

text: feature

text: in

text: Western

text: Romance

text: except

text: Spanish

text: Balearic

text: has

text: also

text: instances

text: of

text: stressed

text: /ə/.

text: Dialects

text: differ

text: in

text: the

text: different

text: degrees

text: of

text: vowel

text: reduction

text: and

text: the

text: incidence

text: of

text: the

text: pair

text: /ɛ

text: e/.

question: What is the vowel system of Catalan?

answer: Vulgar Latin

text: Vulgar Latin

question: How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: Where is this system common?

answer: Western Romance

text: Western Romance

question: What language is the exception?

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

question: What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction?

answer: Dialects

text: Dialects


text: Somerton took over from Ilchester as the county town in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366. The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns (including the county town of Taunton, which has no town council but instead is the chief settlement of the county's only borough). The largest urban areas in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater. Many settlements developed because of their strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills. Examples include Axbridge on the River Axe, Castle Cary on the River Cary, North Petherton on the River Parrett, and Ilminster, where there was a crossing point on the River Isle. Midsomer Norton lies on the River Somer; while the Wellow Brook and the Fosse Way Roman road run through Radstock. Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest.

title: Somerset

title: Somerset

text: Somerton

text: took

text: over

text: from

text: Ilchester

text: as

text: the

text: county

text: town

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: thirteenth

text: century

text: but

text: it

text: declined

text: in

text: importance

text: and

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: county

text: town

text: transferred

text: to

text: Taunton

text: about

text: The

text: county

text: has

text: two

text: cities

text: Bath

text: and

text: Wells

text: and

text: towns

text: including

text: the

text: county

text: town

text: of

text: Taunton

text: which

text: has

text: no

text: town

text: council

text: but

text: instead

text: is

text: the

text: chief

text: settlement

text: of

text: the

text: county

text: 's

text: only

text: borough

text: The

text: largest

text: urban

text: areas

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: population

text: are

text: Bath

text: Weston

text: super

text: Mare

text: Taunton

text: Yeovil

text: and

text: Bridgwater

text: Many

text: settlements

text: developed

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: strategic

text: importance

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: geographical

text: features

text: such

text: as

text: river

text: crossings

text: or

text: valleys

text: in

text: ranges

text: of

text: hills

text: Examples

text: include

text: Axbridge

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Axe

text: Castle

text: Cary

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Cary

text: North

text: Petherton

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Parrett

text: and

text: Ilminster

text: where

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: crossing

text: point

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Isle

text: Midsomer

text: Norton

text: lies

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Somer

text: while

text: the

text: Wellow

text: Brook

text: and

text: the

text: Fosse

text: Way

text: Roman

text: road

text: run

text: through

text: Radstock

text: Chard

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: southerly

text: town

text: in

text: Somerset

text: and

text: at

text: an

text: altitude

text: of

text: m

text: ft

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: highest

question: When did Somerton take over from Ilchester as the county town

answer: in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366

text: in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366

question: How many cities and towns in Somerset

answer: The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns

text: The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns

question: The largest populations of the county

answer: in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater

text: in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater

question: What was the strategic purpose to settle this area

answer: strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills

text: strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills

question: Most Southernly town of somerset

answer: Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest

text: Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest

question: In which year was Taunton established?

question: What is the average altitude of Taunton?

text: 121 m

question: What is the largest Urban area in Somerton?

text: Yeovil

question: What is the most northerly town in Somerset?

text: Taunton

question: What is the average altitude of Axbridge?

text: 397 ft


text: The current I(t) through any component in an electric circuit is defined as the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it, but actual charges—electrons—cannot pass through the dielectric layer of a capacitor. Rather, one electron accumulates on the negative plate for each one that leaves the positive plate, resulting in an electron depletion and consequent positive charge on one electrode that is equal and opposite to the accumulated negative charge on the other. Thus the charge on the electrodes is equal to the integral of the current as well as proportional to the voltage, as discussed above. As with any antiderivative, a constant of integration is added to represent the initial voltage V(t0). This is the integral form of the capacitor equation:

title: Capacitor

title: Capacitor

text: The

text: current

text: I(t

text: through

text: any

text: component

text: in

text: an

text: electric

text: circuit

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: flow

text: of

text: a

text: charge

text: Q(t

text: passing

text: through

text: it

text: but

text: actual

text: charges

text: electrons

text: cannot

text: pass

text: through

text: the

text: dielectric

text: layer

text: of

text: a

text: capacitor

text: Rather

text: one

text: electron

text: accumulates

text: on

text: the

text: negative

text: plate

text: for

text: each

text: one

text: that

text: leaves

text: the

text: positive

text: plate

text: resulting

text: in

text: an

text: electron

text: depletion

text: and

text: consequent

text: positive

text: charge

text: on

text: one

text: electrode

text: that

text: is

text: equal

text: and

text: opposite

text: to

text: the

text: accumulated

text: negative

text: charge

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: Thus

text: the

text: charge

text: on

text: the

text: electrodes

text: is

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: integral

text: of

text: the

text: current

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: proportional

text: to

text: the

text: voltage

text: as

text: discussed

text: above

text: As

text: with

text: any

text: antiderivative

text: a

text: constant

text: of

text: integration

text: is

text: added

text: to

text: represent

text: the

text: initial

text: voltage

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: integral

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: capacitor

text: equation

question: What is the definition of the current I(t) through any component in an electric circuit?

answer: the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it

text: the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it

question: For each electron that departs the positive plate, how many electrons build up on the negative plate?

answer: one electron accumulates on the negative plate

text: one electron accumulates on the negative plate

question: To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor equal to?

answer: the integral of the current

text: the integral of the current

question: To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor proportional to?

answer: proportional to the voltage

text: proportional to the voltage

question: When calculating the integral to determine the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor, what does the constant of integration that must be added represent?

answer: the initial voltage V(t0)

text: the initial voltage V(t0)

question: What is the definition of the current P(t) through any component in an electric circuit?

question: For each electron that departs the negative plate, how many electrons build up on the negative plate?

question: To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor not equal to?

text: integral of the current

question: To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor disproportional to?

text: the voltage

question: what does the constant of integration that must never be added represent?

text: initial voltage V(t0)


text: The 'OtherOS' functionality was not present in the updated PS Slim models, and the feature was subsequently removed from previous versions of the PS3 as part of the machine's firmware update version 3.21 which was released on April 1, 2010; Sony cited security concerns as the rationale. The firmware update 3.21 was mandatory for access to the PlayStation Network. The removal caused some controversy; as the update removed officially advertised features from already sold products, and gave rise to several class action lawsuits aimed at making Sony return the feature or provide compensation.

title: PlayStation_3

title: PlayStation_3

text: The

text: OtherOS

text: functionality

text: was

text: not

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: updated

text: PS

text: Slim

text: models

text: and

text: the

text: feature

text: was

text: subsequently

text: removed

text: from

text: previous

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: machine

text: 's

text: firmware

text: update

text: version

text: which

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: April

text: Sony

text: cited

text: security

text: concerns

text: as

text: the

text: rationale

text: The

text: firmware

text: update

text: was

text: mandatory

text: for

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: PlayStation

text: Network

text: The

text: removal

text: caused

text: some

text: controversy

text: as

text: the

text: update

text: removed

text: officially

text: advertised

text: features

text: from

text: already

text: sold

text: products

text: and

text: gave

text: rise

text: to

text: several

text: class

text: action

text: lawsuits

text: aimed

text: at

text: making

text: Sony

text: return

text: the

text: feature

text: or

text: provide

text: compensation

question: What functionality did the PlayStation 3 lose in version 3.21 of its firmware update?

answer: 'OtherOS'

text: 'OtherOS'

question: What reason did Sony give for taking out OtherOS?

answer: security concerns

text: security concerns

question: Was firmware update 3.21 optional or mandatory if users wanted to continue accessing the PS Network?

answer: mandatory

text: mandatory

question: Which PS3 model never included OtherOS?

answer: PS Slim

text: PS Slim

question: What legal action did some disgruntled OtherOS users take against Sony?

answer: class action lawsuits

text: class action lawsuits

question: What functionality did the PlayStation 3 lose in version 3.12 of its firmware update?

text: OtherOS

question: What reason did Sony give for taking out OtterOS?

text: security concerns

question: Was firmware update 3.12 optional or mandatory if users wanted to continue accessing the PS Network?

text: mandatory

question: Which PS3 model always included OtherOS?

text: PS Slim

question: What legal action did some happy OtherOS users take against Sony?

text: class action lawsuits


text: In English, the country is popularly known as either "Burma" or "Myanmar" i/ˈmjɑːnˌmɑːr/. Both these names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group. Myanmar is considered to be the literary form of the name of the group, while Burma is derived from "Bamar", the colloquial form of the group's name. Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [bəmà]) or Myamah (pronounced: [mjəmà]). The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: In

text: English

text: the

text: country

text: is

text: popularly

text: known

text: as

text: either

text: Burma

text: or

text: Myanmar

text: i/ˈmjɑːnˌmɑːr/.

text: Both

text: these

text: names

text: are

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: majority

text: Burmese

text: Bamar

text: ethnic

text: group

text: Myanmar

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: literary

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: while

text: Burma

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: Bamar

text: the

text: colloquial

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: 's

text: name

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: register

text: used

text: the

text: pronunciation

text: would

text: be

text: Bama

text: pronounced

text: bəmà

text: or

text: Myamah

text: pronounced

text: mjəmà

text: The

text: name

text: Burma

text: has

text: been

text: in

text: use

text: in

text: English

text: since

text: the

text: century

question: Where did the name Burma originate from ?

answer: names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group

text: names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group

question: What is the considered to be the name in slang terms for the people of Myanmar?

answer: Burma is derived from "Bamar", the colloquial form of the group's name

text: Burma is derived from "Bamar", the colloquial form of the group's name

question: How is the slang term for the people of Burma articulated correctly ?

answer: Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [bəmà])

text: Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [bəmà])

question: When did the term for the people of Burma become a common place word in English?

answer: The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century.

text: The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century.


text: John Lewis Newcastle (formerly Bainbridge) in Newcastle upon Tyne, is the world's oldest Department Store. It is still known to many of its customers as Bainbridge, despite the name change to 'John Lewis'. The Newcastle institution dates back to 1838 when Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge, aged 21, went into partnership with William Alder Dunn and opened a draper's and fashion in Market Street, Newcastle. In terms of retailing history, one of the most significant facts about the Newcastle Bainbridge shop, is that as early as 1849 weekly takings were recorded by department, making it the earliest of all department stores. This ledger survives and is kept in the John Lewis archives. John Lewis bought the Bainbridge store in 1952.

title: Department_store

title: Department_store

text: John

text: Lewis

text: Newcastle

text: formerly

text: Bainbridge

text: in

text: Newcastle

text: upon

text: Tyne

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oldest

text: Department

text: Store

text: It

text: is

text: still

text: known

text: to

text: many

text: of

text: its

text: customers

text: as

text: Bainbridge

text: despite

text: the

text: name

text: change

text: to

text: John

text: Lewis

text: The

text: Newcastle

text: institution

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: when

text: Emerson

text: Muschamp

text: Bainbridge

text: aged

text: went

text: into

text: partnership

text: with

text: William

text: Alder

text: Dunn

text: and

text: opened

text: a

text: draper

text: 's

text: and

text: fashion

text: in

text: Market

text: Street

text: Newcastle

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: retailing

text: history

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: significant

text: facts

text: about

text: the

text: Newcastle

text: Bainbridge

text: shop

text: is

text: that

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: weekly

text: takings

text: were

text: recorded

text: by

text: department

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: earliest

text: of

text: all

text: department

text: stores

text: This

text: ledger

text: survives

text: and

text: is

text: kept

text: in

text: the

text: John

text: Lewis

text: archives

text: John

text: Lewis

text: bought

text: the

text: Bainbridge

text: store

text: in

question: What is the former name of John Lewis Newcastle?

answer: Bainbridge

text: Bainbridge

question: What is the world's oldest department store?

answer: John Lewis Newcastle

text: John Lewis Newcastle

question: Who partnered with William Alder Dunn to open the first store?

answer: Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge

text: Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge

question: What was the location of the first store?

answer: Market Street, Newcastle

text: Market Street, Newcastle

question: When did John Lewis purchase and take over the Bainbridge store?

answer: 1952

question: What is the current name of John Lewis Newcastle?

text: Bainbridge

question: What is the world's newest department store?

text: John Lewis Newcastle

question: Who partnered with William Alder Dunn to open the last store?

text: Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge

question: What was the location of the last store?

text: Market Street, Newcastle

question: When did John Lewis sell and take over the Bainbridge store?


text: The Boston Red Sox, a founding member of the American League of Major League Baseball in 1901, play their home games at Fenway Park, near Kenmore Square in the city's Fenway section. Built in 1912, it is the oldest sports arena or stadium in active use in the United States among the four major professional American sports leagues, encompassing Major League Baseball, the National Football League, National Basketball Association, and the National Hockey League. Boston was the site of the first game of the first modern World Series, in 1903. The series was played between the AL Champion Boston Americans and the NL champion Pittsburgh Pirates. Persistent reports that the team was known in 1903 as the "Boston Pilgrims" appear to be unfounded. Boston's first professional baseball team was the Red Stockings, one of the charter members of the National Association in 1871, and of the National League in 1876. The team played under that name until 1883, under the name Beaneaters until 1911, and under the name Braves from 1912 until they moved to Milwaukee after the 1952 season. Since 1966 they have played in Atlanta as the Atlanta Braves.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: The

text: Boston

text: Red

text: Sox

text: a

text: founding

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: League

text: of

text: Major

text: League

text: Baseball

text: in

text: play

text: their

text: home

text: games

text: at

text: Fenway

text: Park

text: near

text: Kenmore

text: Square

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: Fenway

text: section

text: Built

text: in

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: sports

text: arena

text: or

text: stadium

text: in

text: active

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: among

text: the

text: four

text: major

text: professional

text: American

text: sports

text: leagues

text: encompassing

text: Major

text: League

text: Baseball

text: the

text: National

text: Football

text: League

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Hockey

text: League

text: Boston

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: game

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: modern

text: World

text: Series

text: in

text: The

text: series

text: was

text: played

text: between

text: the

text: AL

text: Champion

text: Boston

text: Americans

text: and

text: the

text: NL

text: champion

text: Pittsburgh

text: Pirates

text: Persistent

text: reports

text: that

text: the

text: team

text: was

text: known

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: Boston

text: Pilgrims

text: appear

text: to

text: be

text: unfounded

text: Boston

text: 's

text: first

text: professional

text: baseball

text: team

text: was

text: the

text: Red

text: Stockings

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: charter

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Association

text: in

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: League

text: in

text: The

text: team

text: played

text: under

text: that

text: name

text: until

text: under

text: the

text: name

text: Beaneaters

text: until

text: and

text: under

text: the

text: name

text: Braves

text: from

text: until

text: they

text: moved

text: to

text: Milwaukee

text: after

text: the

text: season

text: Since

text: they

text: have

text: played

text: in

text: Atlanta

text: as

text: the

text: Atlanta

text: Braves

question: Who plays their games at Fenway park?

answer: The Boston Red Sox

text: The Boston Red Sox

question: Where is Fenway park?

answer: near Kenmore Square

text: near Kenmore Square

question: What year was the first game of the first world series played?

answer: 1903

question: What year was fenway Park built?

answer: 1912

question: What was the name of Bostons first baseball team?

answer: Red Stockings

text: Red Stockings


text: Long before the exemption is considered by the Endangered Species Committee, the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS will have consulted on the biological implications of the timber harvest. The consultation can be informal, to determine if harm may occur; and then formal if the harm is believed to be likely. The questions to be answered in these consultations are whether the species will be harmed, whether the habitat will be harmed and if the action will aid or hinder the recovery of the listed species.

title: Endangered_Species_Act

title: Endangered_Species_Act

text: Long

text: before

text: the

text: exemption

text: is

text: considered

text: by

text: the

text: Endangered

text: Species

text: Committee

text: the

text: Forest

text: Service

text: and

text: either

text: the

text: FWS

text: or

text: the

text: NMFS

text: will

text: have

text: consulted

text: on

text: the

text: biological

text: implications

text: of

text: the

text: timber

text: harvest

text: The

text: consultation

text: can

text: be

text: informal

text: to

text: determine

text: if

text: harm

text: may

text: occur

text: and

text: then

text: formal

text: if

text: the

text: harm

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: likely

text: The

text: questions

text: to

text: be

text: answered

text: in

text: these

text: consultations

text: are

text: whether

text: the

text: species

text: will

text: be

text: harmed

text: whether

text: the

text: habitat

text: will

text: be

text: harmed

text: and

text: if

text: the

text: action

text: will

text: aid

text: or

text: hinder

text: the

text: recovery

text: of

text: the

text: listed

text: species

question: Who reviews exemption considerations before the Endangered Species committee?

answer: the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS

text: the Forest Service, and either the FWS or the NMFS

question: During informal consultation, what is the goal?

answer: to determine if harm may occur

text: to determine if harm may occur

question: What prompts the need for formal consultation?

answer: if the harm is believed to be likely

text: if the harm is believed to be likely

question: What considerations are weighed during the consultations?

answer: whether the species will be harmed, whether the habitat will be harmed and if the action will aid or hinder the recovery

text: whether the species will be harmed, whether the habitat will be harmed and if the action will aid or hinder the recovery

question: Who is consulted after the Endangered Species Committee?

question: What implications does the Endangered Species Committee consider?

text: biological

question: What type of consultation is used if harm is not going to occur?

text: informal

question: What kind of consultation does the Endangered Species use when harm is likely?

text: formal

question: Who is consulted before going to the FWS and Forest Service?

text: the Endangered Species Committee


text: The Grey Cup was established in 1909 after being donated by Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey, The Governor General of Canada as the championship of teams under the CRU for the Rugby Football Championship of Canada. Initially an amateur competition, it eventually became dominated by professional teams in the 1940s and early 1950s. The Ontario Rugby Football Union, the last amateur organization to compete for the trophy, withdrew from competition in 1954. The move ushered in the modern era of Canadian professional football.

title: Canadian_football

title: Canadian_football

text: The

text: Grey

text: Cup

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: after

text: being

text: donated

text: by

text: Albert

text: Grey

text: Earl

text: Grey

text: The

text: Governor

text: General

text: of

text: Canada

text: as

text: the

text: championship

text: of

text: teams

text: under

text: the

text: CRU

text: for

text: the

text: Rugby

text: Football

text: Championship

text: of

text: Canada

text: Initially

text: an

text: amateur

text: competition

text: it

text: eventually

text: became

text: dominated

text: by

text: professional

text: teams

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: early

text: The

text: Ontario

text: Rugby

text: Football

text: Union

text: the

text: last

text: amateur

text: organization

text: to

text: compete

text: for

text: the

text: trophy

text: withdrew

text: from

text: competition

text: in

text: The

text: move

text: ushered

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: era

text: of

text: Canadian

text: professional

text: football

question: Who donated a championship trophy for Canadian football teams in 1909?

answer: Albert Grey

text: Albert Grey

question: When did professional teams begin to dominate the Canadian football championship?

answer: 1940s and early 1950s

text: 1940s and early 1950s

question: Which trophy was awarded to a Canadian football champion beginning in 1909?

answer: Grey Cup

text: Grey Cup

question: Which was the last amateur team to compete for the Canadian football championship?

answer: Ontario Rugby Football Union

text: Ontario Rugby Football Union

question: What government position was held by the man who donated the Grey Cup to Canadian football?

answer: The Governor General of Canada

text: The Governor General of Canada

question: Who donated the Grey cup in 2009

text: Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey

question: When did amateur teams begin to dominate the Canadian football championship

text: 1940s and early 1950s

question: What was the first amateur team to compete for the Canadian football championship?

text: Ontario Rugby Football Union

question: What did the Gov. Gen. of Ottawa to donate?

text: The Grey Cup

question: What amateur team won a championship in 1954?

text: The Ontario Rugby Football Union,

question: When was the Ontario Rugby Football Union established?

question: Who donated a championship trophy for the Governor General of Canada?

text: Albert Grey

question: What position was held by the Ontario Rugby Football Union?

text: The Governor General of Canada

question: What was the last professional team to compete for the trophy?

text: The Ontario Rugby Football Union

question: When did amateur teams dominate the Canadian football championship?

text: 1940s and early 1950s


text: Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated. She thought his government was "the worst I have ever had", and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a "half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man". Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated. In the ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again.

title: Queen_Victoria

title: Queen_Victoria

text: Victoria

text: was

text: pleased

text: when

text: Gladstone

text: resigned

text: in

text: after

text: his

text: budget

text: was

text: defeated

text: She

text: thought

text: his

text: government

text: was

text: the

text: worst

text: I

text: have

text: ever

text: had

text: and

text: blamed

text: him

text: for

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: General

text: Gordon

text: at

text: Khartoum

text: Gladstone

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: Lord

text: Salisbury

text: Salisbury

text: 's

text: government

text: only

text: lasted

text: a

text: few

text: months

text: however

text: and

text: Victoria

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: recall

text: Gladstone

text: whom

text: she

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: a

text: half

text: crazy

text: really

text: in

text: many

text: ways

text: ridiculous

text: old

text: man

text: Gladstone

text: attempted

text: to

text: pass

text: a

text: bill

text: granting

text: Ireland

text: home

text: rule

text: but

text: to

text: Victoria

text: 's

text: glee

text: it

text: was

text: defeated

text: In

text: the

text: ensuing

text: election

text: Gladstone

text: 's

text: party

text: lost

text: to

text: Salisbury

text: 's

text: and

text: the

text: government

text: switched

text: hands

text: again

question: What year did Gladstone resign?

answer: 1885

question: Gladstone resigned after what was defeted?

answer: his budget

text: his budget

question: Victoria blamed Gladstone for the death of who?

answer: General Gordon at Khartoum.

text: General Gordon at Khartoum.

question: Who replaced Gladstone after he resigned?

answer: Lord Salisbury

text: Lord Salisbury

question: How long did Lord Salisburys government last?

answer: a few months

text: a few months

question: What man was Gladstone blamed for after his death at Khartoum?

answer: General Gordon

text: General Gordon

question: Who replaced Gladstone for only a few short months?

answer: Lord Salisbury

text: Lord Salisbury

question: What did the bill Gladstone failed to pass state, much to Queen Victoria's pleasure?

answer: granting Ireland home rule

text: granting Ireland home rule

question: Who defeated Gladstone yet again in the general elction?

answer: Salisbury

text: Salisbury

question: Why did Gladstone resign in 1885?

answer: his budget was defeated

text: his budget was defeated

question: When did Gladstone resign?

answer: 1885

question: Why did Gladstone resign?

answer: his budget was defeated

text: his budget was defeated

question: How did Victoria feel about the resignation of Gladstone?

answer: pleased

text: pleased

question: Who's death did Victoria blame on Gladstone?

answer: General Gordon

text: General Gordon

question: Who replaced Gladstone?

answer: Lord Salisbury

text: Lord Salisbury

question: What year didn't Gladstone resign?

question: Gladstone resigned after what wasn't defeted?

text: his budget

question: Victoria blamed Gladstone for the life of who?

text: General Gordon at Khartoum

question: Who replaced Gladstone after he was fired?

text: Lord Salisbury

question: How long did Lord Salisburys government not last?

text: a few months


text: Many types of sports equipment are made of wood, or were constructed of wood in the past. For example, cricket bats are typically made of white willow. The baseball bats which are legal for use in Major League Baseball are frequently made of ash wood or hickory, and in recent years have been constructed from maple even though that wood is somewhat more fragile. NBA courts have been traditionally made out of parquetry.

title: Wood

title: Wood

text: Many

text: types

text: of

text: sports

text: equipment

text: are

text: made

text: of

text: wood

text: or

text: were

text: constructed

text: of

text: wood

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: For

text: example

text: cricket

text: bats

text: are

text: typically

text: made

text: of

text: white

text: willow

text: The

text: baseball

text: bats

text: which

text: are

text: legal

text: for

text: use

text: in

text: Major

text: League

text: Baseball

text: are

text: frequently

text: made

text: of

text: ash

text: wood

text: or

text: hickory

text: and

text: in

text: recent

text: years

text: have

text: been

text: constructed

text: from

text: maple

text: even

text: though

text: that

text: wood

text: is

text: somewhat

text: more

text: fragile

text: NBA

text: courts

text: have

text: been

text: traditionally

text: made

text: out

text: of

text: parquetry

question: What wood is usually used for cricket bats?

answer: white willow

text: white willow

question: Ash and hickory are often used for baseball bats to comply with the rules of what organization?

answer: Major League Baseball

text: Major League Baseball

question: What is commonly used for the basketball courts the NBA plays on?

answer: parquetry

text: parquetry

question: What wood has recently started being used to make baseball bats in addition to hickory and ash?

answer: maple

text: maple

question: Compared to hickory and ash, what adjective might be used for a maple baseball bat?

answer: fragile

text: fragile


text: The name iPod was proposed by Vinnie Chieco, a freelance copywriter, who (with others) was called by Apple to figure out how to introduce the new player to the public. After Chieco saw a prototype, he thought of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey and the phrase "Open the pod bay door, Hal!", which refers to the white EVA Pods of the Discovery One spaceship. Chieco saw an analogy to the relationship between the spaceship and the smaller independent pods in the relationship between a personal computer and the music player. Apple researched the trademark and found that it was already in use. Joseph N. Grasso of New Jersey had originally listed an "iPod" trademark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in July 2000 for Internet kiosks. The first iPod kiosks had been demonstrated to the public in New Jersey in March 1998, and commercial use began in January 2000, but had apparently been discontinued by 2001. The trademark was registered by the USPTO in November 2003, and Grasso assigned it to Apple Computer, Inc. in 2005.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: The

text: name

text: iPod

text: was

text: proposed

text: by

text: Vinnie

text: Chieco

text: a

text: freelance

text: copywriter

text: who

text: with

text: others

text: was

text: called

text: by

text: Apple

text: to

text: figure

text: out

text: how

text: to

text: introduce

text: the

text: new

text: player

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: After

text: Chieco

text: saw

text: a

text: prototype

text: he

text: thought

text: of

text: the

text: movie

text: A

text: Space

text: Odyssey

text: and

text: the

text: phrase

text: Open

text: the

text: pod

text: bay

text: door

text: Hal

text: which

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: white

text: EVA

text: Pods

text: of

text: the

text: Discovery

text: One

text: spaceship

text: Chieco

text: saw

text: an

text: analogy

text: to

text: the

text: relationship

text: between

text: the

text: spaceship

text: and

text: the

text: smaller

text: independent

text: pods

text: in

text: the

text: relationship

text: between

text: a

text: personal

text: computer

text: and

text: the

text: music

text: player

text: Apple

text: researched

text: the

text: trademark

text: and

text: found

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: already

text: in

text: use

text: Joseph

text: N.

text: Grasso

text: of

text: New

text: Jersey

text: had

text: originally

text: listed

text: an

text: iPod

text: trademark

text: with

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Patent

text: and

text: Trademark

text: Office

text: USPTO

text: in

text: July

text: for

text: Internet

text: kiosks

text: The

text: first

text: iPod

text: kiosks

text: had

text: been

text: demonstrated

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: in

text: New

text: Jersey

text: in

text: March

text: and

text: commercial

text: use

text: began

text: in

text: January

text: but

text: had

text: apparently

text: been

text: discontinued

text: by

text: The

text: trademark

text: was

text: registered

text: by

text: the

text: USPTO

text: in

text: November

text: and

text: Grasso

text: assigned

text: it

text: to

text: Apple

text: Computer

text: Inc.

text: in

question: Who came up with the name for Apple's portable mp3 player?

answer: Vinnie Chieco

text: Vinnie Chieco

question: What was Vinnie Chieco's profession?

answer: freelance copywriter

text: freelance copywriter

question: What film inspired the name of the iPod?

answer: 2001: A Space Odyssey

text: 2001: A Space Odyssey

question: Who first trademarked the iPod name?

answer: Joseph N. Grasso

text: Joseph N. Grasso

question: In what year was Apple given rights to the iPod name?

answer: 2005

question: What movie inspired the iPod name?

answer: 2001: A Space Odyssey

text: 2001: A Space Odyssey

question: What was the name of the copywriter that proposed the name "iPod"?

answer: Vinnie Chieco

text: Vinnie Chieco

question: Who held the original trademark for the iPod name?

answer: Joseph N. Grasso

text: Joseph N. Grasso


text: There has been some concern over the potential adverse environmental and ecosystem effects caused by the influx of visitors. Some environmentalists and scientists have made a call for stricter regulations for ships and a tourism quota. The primary response by Antarctic Treaty Parties has been to develop, through their Committee for Environmental Protection and in partnership with IAATO, "site use guidelines" setting landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites. Antarctic sightseeing flights (which did not land) operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the fatal crash of Air New Zealand Flight 901 in 1979 on Mount Erebus, which killed all 257 aboard. Qantas resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: There

text: has

text: been

text: some

text: concern

text: over

text: the

text: potential

text: adverse

text: environmental

text: and

text: ecosystem

text: effects

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: influx

text: of

text: visitors

text: Some

text: environmentalists

text: and

text: scientists

text: have

text: made

text: a

text: call

text: for

text: stricter

text: regulations

text: for

text: ships

text: and

text: a

text: tourism

text: quota

text: The

text: primary

text: response

text: by

text: Antarctic

text: Treaty

text: Parties

text: has

text: been

text: to

text: develop

text: through

text: their

text: Committee

text: for

text: Environmental

text: Protection

text: and

text: in

text: partnership

text: with

text: IAATO

text: site

text: use

text: guidelines

text: setting

text: landing

text: limits

text: and

text: closed

text: or

text: restricted

text: zones

text: on

text: the

text: more

text: frequently

text: visited

text: sites

text: Antarctic

text: sightseeing

text: flights

text: which

text: did

text: not

text: land

text: operated

text: out

text: of

text: Australia

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: until

text: the

text: fatal

text: crash

text: of

text: Air

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Flight

text: in

text: on

text: Mount

text: Erebus

text: which

text: killed

text: all

text: aboard

text: Qantas

text: resumed

text: commercial

text: overflights

text: to

text: Antarctica

text: from

text: Australia

text: in

text: the

question: The entry of whom has caused some worry about the welfare of Antarctica?

answer: visitors

text: visitors

question: What do environmentalists want enacted?

answer: stricter regulations

text: stricter regulations

question: What kind of tourist limit has been asked for by environmentalists?

answer: tourism quota

text: tourism quota

question: What have the authorities produced in response to these requests?

answer: site use guidelines

text: site use guidelines

question: When did an Air New Zealand crash on Mount Erebus?

answer: 1979

question: What flight crashed in 1997?

text: Air New Zealand Flight 901

question: How many people died in the 1997 Flight 901 crash?

question: Who resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica to Australia in 1990?

text: Qantas

question: Where did sightseeing flights that did land operate out of?

text: Australia and New Zealand


text: Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the hormone in the blood or saliva have been used as circadian markers. However, newer research indicates that the melatonin offset may be the more reliable marker. Benloucif et al. found that melatonin phase markers were more stable and more highly correlated with the timing of sleep than the core temperature minimum. They found that both sleep offset and melatonin offset are more strongly correlated with phase markers than the onset of sleep. In addition, the declining phase of the melatonin levels is more reliable and stable than the termination of melatonin synthesis.

title: Circadian_rhythm

title: Circadian_rhythm

text: Melatonin

text: is

text: absent

text: from

text: the

text: system

text: or

text: undetectably

text: low

text: during

text: daytime

text: Its

text: onset

text: in

text: dim

text: light

text: dim

text: light

text: melatonin

text: onset

text: DLMO

text: at

text: roughly

text: p.m.

text: can

text: be

text: measured

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: or

text: the

text: saliva

text: Its

text: major

text: metabolite

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: measured

text: in

text: morning

text: urine

text: Both

text: DLMO

text: and

text: the

text: midpoint

text: in

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: the

text: hormone

text: in

text: the

text: blood

text: or

text: saliva

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: circadian

text: markers

text: However

text: newer

text: research

text: indicates

text: that

text: the

text: melatonin

text: offset

text: may

text: be

text: the

text: more

text: reliable

text: marker

text: Benloucif

text: et

text: al

text: found

text: that

text: melatonin

text: phase

text: markers

text: were

text: more

text: stable

text: and

text: more

text: highly

text: correlated

text: with

text: the

text: timing

text: of

text: sleep

text: than

text: the

text: core

text: temperature

text: minimum

text: They

text: found

text: that

text: both

text: sleep

text: offset

text: and

text: melatonin

text: offset

text: are

text: more

text: strongly

text: correlated

text: with

text: phase

text: markers

text: than

text: the

text: onset

text: of

text: sleep

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: declining

text: phase

text: of

text: the

text: melatonin

text: levels

text: is

text: more

text: reliable

text: and

text: stable

text: than

text: the

text: termination

text: of

text: melatonin

text: synthesis

question: What chemical is absent or low during daylight?

answer: Melatonin

text: Melatonin

question: When is the melatonin onset?

answer: 9 p.m

text: 9 p.m

question: At its onset, what can be measured in blood or saliva?

answer: Melatonin

text: Melatonin

question: The presence of what is a circadian marker?

answer: hormone

text: hormone

question: What are the more reliable markers in determining sleep timing?

answer: melatonin phase

text: melatonin phase

question: When is Meletonin found in the system?

text: Melatonin

question: What starts to decrease at 9 p.m.

text: Melatonin

question: What is more stable than the melatonin offset?

text: core temperature minimum

question: What is melatonin phase not a reliable marker for?

text: the timing of sleep


text: The Arabic term ijāzat al-tadrīs was awarded to Islamic scholars who were qualified to teach. According to Makdisi, the Latin title licentia docendi 'licence to teach' in the European university may have been a translation of the Arabic, but the underlying concept was very different. A significant difference between the ijāzat al-tadrīs and the licentia docendi was that the former was awarded by the individual scholar-teacher, while the latter was awarded by the chief official of the university, who represented the collective faculty, rather than the individual scholar-teacher.

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: The

text: Arabic

text: term

text: ijāzat

text: al

text: tadrīs

text: was

text: awarded

text: to

text: Islamic

text: scholars

text: who

text: were

text: qualified

text: to

text: teach

text: According

text: to

text: Makdisi

text: the

text: Latin

text: title

text: licentia

text: docendi

text: licence

text: to

text: teach

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: university

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: a

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: Arabic

text: but

text: the

text: underlying

text: concept

text: was

text: very

text: different

text: A

text: significant

text: difference

text: between

text: the

text: ijāzat

text: al

text: tadrīs

text: and

text: the

text: licentia

text: docendi

text: was

text: that

text: the

text: former

text: was

text: awarded

text: by

text: the

text: individual

text: scholar

text: teacher

text: while

text: the

text: latter

text: was

text: awarded

text: by

text: the

text: chief

text: official

text: of

text: the

text: university

text: who

text: represented

text: the

text: collective

text: faculty

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: individual

text: scholar

text: teacher

question: What did earning the ijazat al-tadris award students?

answer: licence to teach

text: licence to teach

question: Who awarded a teaching license in Islamic schools?

answer: individual scholar-teacher

text: individual scholar-teacher

question: Who awarded a teaching license in European schools?

answer: chief official of the university

text: chief official of the university

question: What type of license is closely related to the ijazat al-tadris?

answer: licentia docendi

text: licentia docendi

question: What did earning the ijazat al-tadris discipline students?

text: licence to teach

question: Who awarded a teaching license in non-Islamic schools?

text: individual scholar-teacher

question: Who rejected a teaching license in European schools?

text: chief official of the university

question: What type of license is very different from the ijazat al-tadris?

text: licentia docendi

question: Who was not the chief official of the university?

text: licentia docendi


text: Further desertions of John's local allies at the beginning of 1203 steadily reduced John's freedom to manoeuvre in the region. He attempted to convince Pope Innocent III to intervene in the conflict, but Innocent's efforts were unsuccessful. As the situation became worse for John, he appears to have decided to have Arthur killed, with the aim of removing his potential rival and of undermining the rebel movement in Brittany. Arthur had initially been imprisoned at Falaise and was then moved to Rouen. After this, Arthur's fate remains uncertain, but modern historians believe he was murdered by John. The annals of Margam Abbey suggest that "John had captured Arthur and kept him alive in prison for some time in the castle of Rouen ... when John was drunk he slew Arthur with his own hand and tying a heavy stone to the body cast it into the Seine."[nb 7] Rumours of the manner of Arthur's death further reduced support for John across the region. Arthur's sister, Eleanor, who had also been captured at Mirebeau, was kept imprisoned by John for many years, albeit in relatively good conditions.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: Further

text: desertions

text: of

text: John

text: 's

text: local

text: allies

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: steadily

text: reduced

text: John

text: 's

text: freedom

text: to

text: manoeuvre

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: He

text: attempted

text: to

text: convince

text: Pope

text: Innocent

text: III

text: to

text: intervene

text: in

text: the

text: conflict

text: but

text: Innocent

text: 's

text: efforts

text: were

text: unsuccessful

text: As

text: the

text: situation

text: became

text: worse

text: for

text: John

text: he

text: appears

text: to

text: have

text: decided

text: to

text: have

text: Arthur

text: killed

text: with

text: the

text: aim

text: of

text: removing

text: his

text: potential

text: rival

text: and

text: of

text: undermining

text: the

text: rebel

text: movement

text: in

text: Brittany

text: Arthur

text: had

text: initially

text: been

text: imprisoned

text: at

text: Falaise

text: and

text: was

text: then

text: moved

text: to

text: Rouen

text: After

text: this

text: Arthur

text: 's

text: fate

text: remains

text: uncertain

text: but

text: modern

text: historians

text: believe

text: he

text: was

text: murdered

text: by

text: John

text: The

text: annals

text: of

text: Margam

text: Abbey

text: suggest

text: that

text: John

text: had

text: captured

text: Arthur

text: and

text: kept

text: him

text: alive

text: in

text: prison

text: for

text: some

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: castle

text: of

text: Rouen

text: when

text: John

text: was

text: drunk

text: he

text: slew

text: Arthur

text: with

text: his

text: own

text: hand

text: and

text: tying

text: a

text: heavy

text: stone

text: to

text: the

text: body

text: cast

text: it

text: into

text: the

text: Seine."[nb

text: Rumours

text: of

text: the

text: manner

text: of

text: Arthur

text: 's

text: death

text: further

text: reduced

text: support

text: for

text: John

text: across

text: the

text: region

text: Arthur

text: 's

text: sister

text: Eleanor

text: who

text: had

text: also

text: been

text: captured

text: at

text: Mirebeau

text: was

text: kept

text: imprisoned

text: by

text: John

text: for

text: many

text: years

text: albeit

text: in

text: relatively

text: good

text: conditions

question: Who did John attempt to convince?

answer: Pope Innocent III

text: Pope Innocent III

question: Where was Arthur imprisoned?

answer: Falaise

text: Falaise

question: Who was kept imprisoned by John for many years?

answer: Eleanor

text: Eleanor


text: The next European to visit was Arent Schuyler de Peyster, of New York, captain of the armed brigantine or privateer Rebecca, sailing under British colours, which passed through the southern Tuvaluan waters in May 1819; de Peyster sighted Nukufetau and Funafuti, which he named Ellice's Island after an English Politician, Edward Ellice, the Member of Parliament for Coventry and the owner of the Rebecca's cargo. The name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: The

text: next

text: European

text: to

text: visit

text: was

text: Are

text: nt

text: Schuyler

text: de

text: Peyster

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: captain

text: of

text: the

text: armed

text: brigantine

text: or

text: privateer

text: Rebecca

text: sailing

text: under

text: British

text: colours

text: which

text: passed

text: through

text: the

text: southern

text: Tuvaluan

text: waters

text: in

text: May

text: de

text: Peyster

text: sighted

text: Nukufetau

text: and

text: Funafuti

text: which

text: he

text: named

text: Ellice

text: 's

text: Island

text: after

text: an

text: English

text: Politician

text: Edward

text: Ellice

text: the

text: Member

text: of

text: Parliament

text: for

text: Coventry

text: and

text: the

text: owner

text: of

text: the

text: Rebecca

text: 's

text: cargo

text: The

text: name

text: Ellice

text: was

text: applied

text: to

text: all

text: nine

text: islands

text: after

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: English

text: hydrographer

text: Alexander

text: George

text: Findlay

question: When did Arent Schuyler de Peyster visit Tuvalu?

answer: May 1819

text: May 1819

question: Which of the Tuvalu isalnds did de Peyster see?

answer: Nukufetau and Funafuti

text: Nukufetau and Funafuti

question: What name did de Peyster give the Tuvalu islands?

answer: Ellice's Island

text: Ellice's Island

question: For whom did de Peyster name Ellice's Island?

answer: Edward Ellice

text: Edward Ellice

question: After Findlay's charting how many islands of the group were named Ellice?

answer: all nine islands

text: all nine islands


text: The Total Force Policy was adopted by Chief of Staff of the Army General Creighton Abrams in the aftermath of the Vietnam War and involves treating the three components of the army – the Regular Army, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve as a single force. Believing that no U.S. president should be able to take the United States (and more specifically the U.S. Army) to war without the support of the American people, General Abrams intertwined the structure of the three components of the army in such a way as to make extended operations impossible, without the involvement of both the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve.

title: United_States_Army

title: United_States_Army

text: The

text: Total

text: Force

text: Policy

text: was

text: adopted

text: by

text: Chief

text: of

text: Staff

text: of

text: the

text: Army

text: General

text: Creighton

text: Abrams

text: in

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: the

text: Vietnam

text: War

text: and

text: involves

text: treating

text: the

text: three

text: components

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: the

text: Regular

text: Army

text: the

text: Army

text: National

text: Guard

text: and

text: the

text: Army

text: Reserve

text: as

text: a

text: single

text: force

text: Believing

text: that

text: no

text: U.S.

text: president

text: should

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: take

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: more

text: specifically

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: to

text: war

text: without

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: people

text: General

text: Abrams

text: intertwined

text: the

text: structure

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: components

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: in

text: such

text: a

text: way

text: as

text: to

text: make

text: extended

text: operations

text: impossible

text: without

text: the

text: involvement

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: Army

text: National

text: Guard

text: and

text: the

text: Army

text: Reserve

question: Who adopted the Total Force Policy?

answer: General Creighton Abrams

text: General Creighton Abrams

question: What war was responsible for the creation of the Total Force Policy?

answer: Vietnam War

text: Vietnam War

question: How many army components were affected by the Total Force Policy?

answer: three

text: three

question: Who rejected the Total Force Policy?

text: Army General Creighton Abrams

question: What war was responsible for the recall of the Total Force Policy?

text: Vietnam War

question: How many Navy components were affected by the Total Force Policy?

text: three

question: What three components of the Navy are a single force?