text: The abdomen is the largest tagma of the insect, which typically consists of 11–12 segments and is less strongly sclerotized than the head or thorax. Each segment of the abdomen is represented by a sclerotized tergum and sternum. Terga are separated from each other and from the adjacent sterna or pleura by membranes. Spiracles are located in the pleural area. Variation of this ground plan includes the fusion of terga or terga and sterna to form continuous dorsal or ventral shields or a conical tube. Some insects bear a sclerite in the pleural area called a laterotergite. Ventral sclerites are sometimes called laterosternites. During the embryonic stage of many insects and the postembryonic stage of primitive insects, 11 abdominal segments are present. In modern insects there is a tendency toward reduction in the number of the abdominal segments, but the primitive number of 11 is maintained during embryogenesis. Variation in abdominal segment number is considerable. If the Apterygota are considered to be indicative of the ground plan for pterygotes, confusion reigns: adult Protura have 12 segments, Collembola have 6. The orthopteran family Acrididae has 11 segments, and a fossil specimen of Zoraptera has a 10-segmented abdomen.

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: The

text: abdomen

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: tagma

text: of

text: the

text: insect

text: which

text: typically

text: consists

text: of

text: segments

text: and

text: is

text: less

text: strongly

text: sclerotized

text: than

text: the

text: head

text: or

text: thorax

text: Each

text: segment

text: of

text: the

text: abdomen

text: is

text: represented

text: by

text: a

text: sclerotized

text: tergum

text: and

text: sternum

text: Terga

text: are

text: separated

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: adjacent

text: sterna

text: or

text: pleura

text: by

text: membranes

text: Spiracles

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: pleural

text: area

text: Variation

text: of

text: this

text: ground

text: plan

text: includes

text: the

text: fusion

text: of

text: terga

text: or

text: terga

text: and

text: sterna

text: to

text: form

text: continuous

text: dorsal

text: or

text: ventral

text: shields

text: or

text: a

text: conical

text: tube

text: Some

text: insects

text: bear

text: a

text: sclerite

text: in

text: the

text: pleural

text: area

text: called

text: a

text: laterotergite

text: Ventral

text: sclerites

text: are

text: sometimes

text: called

text: laterosternites

text: During

text: the

text: embryonic

text: stage

text: of

text: many

text: insects

text: and

text: the

text: postembryonic

text: stage

text: of

text: primitive

text: insects

text: abdominal

text: segments

text: are

text: present

text: In

text: modern

text: insects

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: tendency

text: toward

text: reduction

text: in

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: the

text: abdominal

text: segments

text: but

text: the

text: primitive

text: number

text: of

text: is

text: maintained

text: during

text: embryogenesis

text: Variation

text: in

text: abdominal

text: segment

text: number

text: is

text: considerable

text: If

text: the

text: Apterygota

text: are

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: indicative

text: of

text: the

text: ground

text: plan

text: for

text: pterygotes

text: confusion

text: reigns

text: adult

text: Protura

text: have

text: segments

text: Collembola

text: have

text: The

text: orthopteran

text: family

text: Acrididae

text: has

text: segments

text: and

text: a

text: fossil

text: specimen

text: of

text: Zoraptera

text: has

text: a

text: abdomen

question: What is the largest tagma of an insect?

answer: abdomen

text: abdomen

question: How many segments make up an insects abdomen?

answer: 11–12 segments

text: 11–12 segments

question: The abdomen is less strong than the thorax and what?

answer: head

text: head

question: An insects abdomen has a sclerotized tergum and what else?

answer: sternum

text: sternum

question: The pleural area holds what?

answer: Spiracles

text: Spiracles


text: The degree to which adolescents are perceived as autonomous beings varies widely by culture, as do the behaviors that represent this emerging autonomy. Psychologists have identified three main types of autonomy: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy. Emotional autonomy is defined in terms of an adolescent's relationships with others, and often includes the development of more mature emotional connections with adults and peers. Behavioral autonomy encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern. Cultural differences are especially visible in this category because it concerns issues of dating, social time with peers, and time-management decisions. Cognitive autonomy describes the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation. Converging influences from adolescent cognitive development, expanding social relationships, an increasingly adultlike appearance, and the acceptance of more rights and responsibilities enhance feelings of autonomy for adolescents. Proper development of autonomy has been tied to good mental health, high self-esteem, self-motivated tendencies, positive self-concepts, and self-initiating and regulating behaviors. Furthermore, it has been found that adolescents' mental health is best when their feelings about autonomy match closely with those of their parents.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: The

text: degree

text: to

text: which

text: adolescents

text: are

text: perceived

text: as

text: autonomous

text: beings

text: varies

text: widely

text: by

text: culture

text: as

text: do

text: the

text: behaviors

text: that

text: represent

text: this

text: emerging

text: autonomy

text: Psychologists

text: have

text: identified

text: three

text: main

text: types

text: of

text: autonomy

text: emotional

text: independence

text: behavioral

text: autonomy

text: and

text: cognitive

text: autonomy

text: Emotional

text: autonomy

text: is

text: defined

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: an

text: adolescent

text: 's

text: relationships

text: with

text: others

text: and

text: often

text: includes

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: more

text: mature

text: emotional

text: connections

text: with

text: adults

text: and

text: peers

text: Behavioral

text: autonomy

text: encompasses

text: an

text: adolescent

text: 's

text: developing

text: ability

text: to

text: regulate

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: own

text: behavior

text: to

text: act

text: on

text: personal

text: decisions

text: and

text: to

text: self

text: govern

text: Cultural

text: differences

text: are

text: especially

text: visible

text: in

text: this

text: category

text: because

text: it

text: concerns

text: issues

text: of

text: dating

text: social

text: time

text: with

text: peers

text: and

text: time

text: management

text: decisions

text: Cognitive

text: autonomy

text: describes

text: the

text: capacity

text: for

text: an

text: adolescent

text: to

text: partake

text: in

text: processes

text: of

text: independent

text: reasoning

text: and

text: decision

text: making

text: without

text: excessive

text: reliance

text: on

text: social

text: validation

text: Converging

text: influences

text: from

text: adolescent

text: cognitive

text: development

text: expanding

text: social

text: relationships

text: an

text: increasingly

text: adultlike

text: appearance

text: and

text: the

text: acceptance

text: of

text: more

text: rights

text: and

text: responsibilities

text: enhance

text: feelings

text: of

text: autonomy

text: for

text: adolescents

text: Proper

text: development

text: of

text: autonomy

text: has

text: been

text: tied

text: to

text: good

text: mental

text: health

text: high

text: self

text: esteem

text: self

text: motivated

text: tendencies

text: positive

text: self

text: concepts

text: and

text: self

text: initiating

text: and

text: regulating

text: behaviors

text: Furthermore

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: found

text: that

text: adolescents

text: mental

text: health

text: is

text: best

text: when

text: their

text: feelings

text: about

text: autonomy

text: match

text: closely

text: with

text: those

text: of

text: their

text: parents

question: What are the three main types of autonomy?

answer: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy

text: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy

question: How is behavioral autonomy defined?

answer: encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern

text: encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern

question: Adolescent cultural differences are especially visible in which type of autonomy?

answer: Behavioral

text: Behavioral

question: How is cognitive autonomy defined?

answer: the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation

text: the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation

question: Is an adolescent's mental health at its best when their feelings of autonomy match closely with their parents or when they are at odds?

answer: match closely

text: match closely


text: The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was adopted by the Russian Constitution of 1937, which renamed it the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

text: The

text: final

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: republic

text: during

text: the

text: Soviet

text: era

text: was

text: adopted

text: by

text: the

text: Russian

text: Constitution

text: of

text: which

text: renamed

text: it

text: the

text: Russian

text: Soviet

text: Federative

text: Socialist

text: Republic

question: What was Soviet Russia called as of 1937?

answer: the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

text: the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

question: What document changed the name of Russia in 1937?

answer: the Russian Constitution of 1937

text: the Russian Constitution of 1937

question: What was Soviet Russia not called as of 1937?

question: What was Soviet Russia called as of 1973?

question: What document changed the name of Russia in 1973?

text: Russian Constitution of 1937

question: What document kept the name of Russia in 1937?

text: Russian Constitution of 1937

question: The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was rejected by the Russian Constitution of 1937


text: The LSPU Hall is home to the Resource Centre for the Arts. The "Hall" hosts a vibrant and diverse arts community and is regarded as the backbone of artistic infrastructure and development in the downtown. The careers of many well-known Newfoundland artists were launched there including Rick Mercer, Mary Walsh, Cathy Jones, Andy Jones and Greg Thomey. The St. John's Arts and Culture Centre houses an art gallery, libraries and a 1000-seat theatre, which is the city's major venue for entertainment productions.

title: St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

title: St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

text: The

text: LSPU

text: Hall

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Resource

text: Centre

text: for

text: the

text: Arts

text: The

text: Hall

text: hosts

text: a

text: vibrant

text: and

text: diverse

text: arts

text: community

text: and

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: backbone

text: of

text: artistic

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: development

text: in

text: the

text: downtown

text: The

text: careers

text: of

text: many

text: well

text: known

text: Newfoundland

text: artists

text: were

text: launched

text: there

text: including

text: Rick

text: Mercer

text: Mary

text: Walsh

text: Cathy

text: Jones

text: Andy

text: Jones

text: and

text: Greg

text: Thomey

text: The

text: St.

text: John

text: 's

text: Arts

text: and

text: Culture

text: Centre

text: houses

text: an

text: art

text: gallery

text: libraries

text: and

text: a

text: theatre

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: major

text: venue

text: for

text: entertainment

text: productions

question: Where is the Resource Centre for the Arts?

answer: The LSPU Hall

text: The LSPU Hall

question: How many seats does the St. John's Arts and Culture theatre have?

answer: 1000

question: Where in the city is the LSPU Hall?

answer: downtown

text: downtown

question: Where is Rick Mercer from?

answer: Newfoundland

text: Newfoundland

question: What hall is located in the Resource Centre for the Arts?

text: LSPU Hall

question: What artist support the Resource Centre for the Arts?

question: What other entertainment buildings can be found in the city?


text: Avicenna was born c. 980 in Afšana, a village near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan), the capital of the Samanids, a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan. His mother, named Setareh, was from Bukhara; his father, Abdullah, was a respected Ismaili scholar from Balkh, an important town of the Samanid Empire, in what is today Balkh Province, Afghanistan, although this is not universally agreed upon. His father worked in the government of Samanid in the village Kharmasain, a Sunni regional power. After five years, his younger brother, Mahmoud, was born. Avicenna first began to learn the Quran and literature in such a way that when he was ten years old he had essentially learned all of them.

title: Avicenna

title: Avicenna

text: Avicenna

text: was

text: born

text: c.

text: in

text: Afšana

text: a

text: village

text: near

text: Bukhara

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Uzbekistan

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Samanids

text: a

text: Persian

text: dynasty

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: Greater

text: Khorasan

text: His

text: mother

text: named

text: Setareh

text: was

text: from

text: Bukhara

text: his

text: father

text: Abdullah

text: was

text: a

text: respected

text: Ismaili

text: scholar

text: from

text: Balkh

text: an

text: important

text: town

text: of

text: the

text: Samanid

text: Empire

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: today

text: Balkh

text: Province

text: Afghanistan

text: although

text: this

text: is

text: not

text: universally

text: agreed

text: upon

text: His

text: father

text: worked

text: in

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: Samanid

text: in

text: the

text: village

text: Kharmasain

text: a

text: Sunni

text: regional

text: power

text: After

text: five

text: years

text: his

text: younger

text: brother

text: Mahmoud

text: was

text: born

text: Avicenna

text: first

text: began

text: to

text: learn

text: the

text: Quran

text: and

text: literature

text: in

text: such

text: a

text: way

text: that

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: ten

text: years

text: old

text: he

text: had

text: essentially

text: learned

text: all

text: of

text: them

question: What present-day country was Avicenna born in?

answer: Uzbekistan

text: Uzbekistan

question: What Samanid dynasty capital was Avicenna born near?

answer: Bukhara

text: Bukhara

question: What present-day country is Avicenna's father thought to have come from?

answer: Afghanistan

text: Afghanistan

question: What was Avicenna's mother's name?

answer: Setareh

text: Setareh

question: By what age had Avicenna learned the entire Quran?

answer: ten

text: ten

question: Who was born in the 9th century?

text: Avicenna

question: What present day city was the capital of Persia?

text: Uzbekistan

question: What government did Acicenna work in?

text: Samanid

question: What did Avicenna begin to study when he was 10 years old?

text: the Quran and literature

question: What modern city in Eastern Asia was Avicenna born?

text: Uzbekistan

question: What present-day country did Avicenna die in?

text: Uzbekistan

question: What Samanid dynasty capital was Avicenna born far away from?

text: Bukhara

question: What olden day country is Avicenna's father thought to have come from?

text: Afghanistan

question: What was Avicenna's grandmother's name?

text: Setareh

question: By what age had Avicenna learned some of the Quran?

text: ten


text: Britain now threatened to withdraw its subsidies if Prussia didn't consider offering concessions to secure peace. As the Prussian armies had dwindled to just 60,000 men and with Berlin itself under siege, Frederick's survival was severely threatened. Then on 5 January 1762 the Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden. He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command This turn of events has become known as the Miracle of the House of Brandenburg. Frederick was then able to muster a larger army of 120,000 men and concentrate it against Austria. He drove them from much of Saxony, while his brother Henry won a victory in Silesia in the Battle of Freiberg (29 October 1762). At the same time, his Brunswick allies captured the key town of Göttingen and compounded this by taking Cassel.

title: Seven_Years%27_War

title: Seven_Years%27_War

text: Britain

text: now

text: threatened

text: to

text: withdraw

text: its

text: subsidies

text: if

text: Prussia

text: did

text: n't

text: consider

text: offering

text: concessions

text: to

text: secure

text: peace

text: As

text: the

text: Prussian

text: armies

text: had

text: dwindled

text: to

text: just

text: men

text: and

text: with

text: Berlin

text: itself

text: under

text: siege

text: Frederick

text: 's

text: survival

text: was

text: severely

text: threatened

text: Then

text: on

text: January

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empress

text: Elizabeth

text: died

text: Her

text: Prussophile

text: successor

text: Peter

text: III

text: at

text: once

text: recalled

text: Russian

text: armies

text: from

text: Berlin

text: see

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Saint

text: Petersburg

text: and

text: mediated

text: Frederick

text: 's

text: truce

text: with

text: Sweden

text: He

text: also

text: placed

text: a

text: corps

text: of

text: his

text: own

text: troops

text: under

text: Frederick

text: 's

text: command

text: This

text: turn

text: of

text: events

text: has

text: become

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Miracle

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Brandenburg

text: Frederick

text: was

text: then

text: able

text: to

text: muster

text: a

text: larger

text: army

text: of

text: men

text: and

text: concentrate

text: it

text: against

text: Austria

text: He

text: drove

text: them

text: from

text: much

text: of

text: Saxony

text: while

text: his

text: brother

text: Henry

text: won

text: a

text: victory

text: in

text: Silesia

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Freiberg

text: October

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: his

text: Brunswick

text: allies

text: captured

text: the

text: key

text: town

text: of

text: Göttingen

text: and

text: compounded

text: this

text: by

text: taking

text: Cassel

question: Britain tried to influence Prussia to take what action?

answer: offering concessions to secure peace

text: offering concessions to secure peace

question: How many troops did Frederick have left?

answer: 60,000 men

text: 60,000 men

question: What development in Russia assisted Prussia?

answer: Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin

text: Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin

question: What changed the Prussian relationship with Sweden?

answer: Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden

text: Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden

question: What was the unexpected action by Peter III that helped Frederick?

answer: He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command

text: He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command


text: There are many established music festivals in Alaska, including the Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival, the Athabascan Old-Time Fiddling Festival, the Sitka Jazz Festival, and the Sitka Summer Music Festival. The most prominent orchestra in Alaska is the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra, though the Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra and Juneau Symphony are also notable. The Anchorage Opera is currently the state's only professional opera company, though there are several volunteer and semi-professional organizations in the state as well.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: established

text: music

text: festivals

text: in

text: Alaska

text: including

text: the

text: Alaska

text: Folk

text: Festival

text: the

text: Fairbanks

text: Summer

text: Arts

text: Festival

text: the

text: Anchorage

text: Folk

text: Festival

text: the

text: Athabascan

text: Old

text: Time

text: Fiddling

text: Festival

text: the

text: Sitka

text: Jazz

text: Festival

text: and

text: the

text: Sitka

text: Summer

text: Music

text: Festival

text: The

text: most

text: prominent

text: orchestra

text: in

text: Alaska

text: is

text: the

text: Anchorage

text: Symphony

text: Orchestra

text: though

text: the

text: Fairbanks

text: Symphony

text: Orchestra

text: and

text: Juneau

text: Symphony

text: are

text: also

text: notable

text: The

text: Anchorage

text: Opera

text: is

text: currently

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: only

text: professional

text: opera

text: company

text: though

text: there

text: are

text: several

text: volunteer

text: and

text: semi

text: professional

text: organizations

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: as

text: well

question: What is Alaska's most prominent orchestra?

answer: Anchorage Symphony Orchestra

text: Anchorage Symphony Orchestra

question: Which company is Alaska's only professional opera?

answer: The Anchorage Opera

text: The Anchorage Opera

question: What are a few of Alaska's noteworthy music festivals?

answer: Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival

text: Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival

question: What isn't Alaska's most prominent orchestra?

text: Anchorage Symphony Orchestra

question: What is Alaska's least prominent orchestra?

text: Anchorage Symphony Orchestra

question: Which company isn't Alaska's only professional opera?

text: The Anchorage Opera

question: Which company is Alaska's only amateur opera?

text: The Anchorage Opera

question: What are a few of Alaska's un-noteworthy music festivals?


text: By contrast, the Habsburg frontier had settled somewhat, a stalemate caused by a stiffening of the Habsburg defences. The Long War against Habsburg Austria (1593–1606) created the need for greater numbers of Ottoman infantry equipped with firearms, resulting in a relaxation of recruitment policy. This contributed to problems of indiscipline and outright rebelliousness within the corps, which were never fully solved. Irregular sharpshooters (Sekban) were also recruited, and on demobilization turned to brigandage in the Jelali revolts (1595–1610), which engendered widespread anarchy in Anatolia in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. With the Empire's population reaching 30 million people by 1600, the shortage of land placed further pressure on the government . In spite of these problems, the Ottoman state remained strong, and its army did not collapse or suffer crushing defeats. The only exceptions were campaigns against the Safavid dynasty of Persia, where many of the Ottoman eastern provinces were lost, some permanently. This 1603–1618 war eventually resulted in the Treaty of Nasuh Pasha, which ceded the entire Caucasus, except westernmost Georgia, back into Iranian Safavid possession. Campaigns during this era became increasingly inconclusive, even against weaker states with much smaller forces, such as Poland or Austria.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: By

text: contrast

text: the

text: Habsburg

text: frontier

text: had

text: settled

text: somewhat

text: a

text: stalemate

text: caused

text: by

text: a

text: stiffening

text: of

text: the

text: Habsburg

text: defences

text: The

text: Long

text: War

text: against

text: Habsburg

text: Austria

text: created

text: the

text: need

text: for

text: greater

text: numbers

text: of

text: Ottoman

text: infantry

text: equipped

text: with

text: firearms

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: relaxation

text: of

text: recruitment

text: policy

text: This

text: contributed

text: to

text: problems

text: of

text: indiscipline

text: and

text: outright

text: rebelliousness

text: within

text: the

text: corps

text: which

text: were

text: never

text: fully

text: solved

text: Irregular

text: sharpshooters

text: Sekban

text: were

text: also

text: recruited

text: and

text: on

text: demobilization

text: turned

text: to

text: brigandage

text: in

text: the

text: Jelali

text: revolts

text: which

text: engendered

text: widespread

text: anarchy

text: in

text: Anatolia

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: With

text: the

text: Empire

text: 's

text: population

text: reaching

text: million

text: people

text: by

text: the

text: shortage

text: of

text: land

text: placed

text: further

text: pressure

text: on

text: the

text: government

text: In

text: spite

text: of

text: these

text: problems

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: state

text: remained

text: strong

text: and

text: its

text: army

text: did

text: not

text: collapse

text: or

text: suffer

text: crushing

text: defeats

text: The

text: only

text: exceptions

text: were

text: campaigns

text: against

text: the

text: Safavid

text: dynasty

text: of

text: Persia

text: where

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: eastern

text: provinces

text: were

text: lost

text: some

text: permanently

text: This

text: war

text: eventually

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Nasuh

text: Pasha

text: which

text: ceded

text: the

text: entire

text: Caucasus

text: except

text: westernmost

text: Georgia

text: back

text: into

text: Iranian

text: Safavid

text: possession

text: Campaigns

text: during

text: this

text: era

text: became

text: increasingly

text: inconclusive

text: even

text: against

text: weaker

text: states

text: with

text: much

text: smaller

text: forces

text: such

text: as

text: Poland

text: or

text: Austria

question: What was the late 16th century war against Habsburg Austria known as?

answer: The Long War

text: The Long War

question: During what years did the Ottoman war against Habsburg Austria occur?

answer: 1593–1606

question: What were ottoman irregular sharpshooters known as?

answer: Sekban

text: Sekban

question: What was the population of the Ottoman empire at the beginning of the 17th century?

answer: 30 million people

text: 30 million people

question: A war occurring from 1603 to 1618 resulted in what treaty?

answer: Treaty of Nasuh Pasha

text: Treaty of Nasuh Pasha


text: In February 2015, YouTube announced the launch of a new app specifically for use by children visiting the site, called YouTube Kids. It allows parental controls and restrictions on who can upload content, and is available for both Android and iOS devices. Later on August 26, 2015, YouTube Gaming was launched, a platform for video gaming enthusiasts intended to compete with Twitch.tv. 2015 also saw the announcement of a premium YouTube service titled YouTube Red, which provides users with both ad-free content as well as the ability to download videos among other features.

title: YouTube

title: YouTube

text: In

text: February

text: YouTube

text: announced

text: the

text: launch

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: app

text: specifically

text: for

text: use

text: by

text: children

text: visiting

text: the

text: site

text: called

text: YouTube

text: Kids

text: It

text: allows

text: parental

text: controls

text: and

text: restrictions

text: on

text: who

text: can

text: upload

text: content

text: and

text: is

text: available

text: for

text: both

text: Android

text: and

text: iOS

text: devices

text: Later

text: on

text: August

text: YouTube

text: Gaming

text: was

text: launched

text: a

text: platform

text: for

text: video

text: gaming

text: enthusiasts

text: intended

text: to

text: compete

text: with

text: Twitch.tv

text: also

text: saw

text: the

text: announcement

text: of

text: a

text: premium

text: YouTube

text: service

text: titled

text: YouTube

text: Red

text: which

text: provides

text: users

text: with

text: both

text: ad

text: free

text: content

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: download

text: videos

text: among

text: other

text: features

question: What did youtube announce in Feb of 2015?

answer: a new app

text: a new app

question: what was the name of the new app youtube launched?

answer: YouTube Kids

text: YouTube Kids

question: What platform was launched in Aug of 2015?

answer: YouTube Gaming

text: YouTube Gaming

question: What is the name of the youtube feature that removes ads and allows downloading movies?

answer: YouTube Red

text: YouTube Red

question: On what OS was the YouTube Kids app available?

answer: both Android and iOS

text: both Android and iOS

question: What happened in March 2015?

text: the launch of a new app

question: What happened on August 25, 2015?

text: YouTube Gaming

question: What is YouTube Blue?

text: ad-free content

question: What OS is YouTube kids unavailable?

text: Android and iOS

question: What's the name of the program that gives ads?

text: YouTube Red

question: What did YouTube launch in August 2015 for children?

text: YouTube Kids

question: What was launched on February 26, 2015?

text: YouTube Gaming

question: What was launched to compete with Twitch.VT?

text: YouTube Gaming

question: What premium service was launched in February 2015?

text: YouTube Red


text: By 1755, the obstacle to westward expansion had been thus reduced by half; outposts of the English colonists had penetrated the Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus, threatening French monopoly in the transmontane region, and a conflict became inevitable. Making common cause against the French to determine the control of the Ohio valley, the unsuspected strength of the colonists was revealed, and the successful ending of the French and Indian War extended England's territory to the Mississippi. To this strength the geographic isolation enforced by the Appalachian mountains had been a prime contributor. The confinement of the colonies between an ocean and a mountain wall led to the fullest occupation of the coastal border of the continent, which was possible under existing conditions of agriculture, conducting to a community of purpose, a political and commercial solidarity, which would not otherwise have been developed. As early as 1700 it was possible to ride from Portland, Maine, to southern Virginia, sleeping each night at some considerable village. In contrast to this complete industrial occupation, the French territory was held by a small and very scattered population, its extent and openness adding materially to the difficulties of a disputed tenure. Bearing the brunt of this contest as they did, the colonies were undergoing preparation for the subsequent struggle with the home government. Unsupported by shipping, the American armies fought toward the sea with the mountains at their back protecting them against British leagued with the Native Americans. The few settlements beyond the Great Valley were free for self-defense, debarred from general participation in the conflict by reason of their position.

title: Appalachian_Mountains

title: Appalachian_Mountains

text: By

text: the

text: obstacle

text: to

text: westward

text: expansion

text: had

text: been

text: thus

text: reduced

text: by

text: half

text: outposts

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: colonists

text: had

text: penetrated

text: the

text: Allegheny

text: and

text: Cumberland

text: plateaus

text: threatening

text: French

text: monopoly

text: in

text: the

text: transmontane

text: region

text: and

text: a

text: conflict

text: became

text: inevitable

text: Making

text: common

text: cause

text: against

text: the

text: French

text: to

text: determine

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Ohio

text: valley

text: the

text: unsuspected

text: strength

text: of

text: the

text: colonists

text: was

text: revealed

text: and

text: the

text: successful

text: ending

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: and

text: Indian

text: War

text: extended

text: England

text: 's

text: territory

text: to

text: the

text: Mississippi

text: To

text: this

text: strength

text: the

text: geographic

text: isolation

text: enforced

text: by

text: the

text: Appalachian

text: mountains

text: had

text: been

text: a

text: prime

text: contributor

text: The

text: confinement

text: of

text: the

text: colonies

text: between

text: an

text: ocean

text: and

text: a

text: mountain

text: wall

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: fullest

text: occupation

text: of

text: the

text: coastal

text: border

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: which

text: was

text: possible

text: under

text: existing

text: conditions

text: of

text: agriculture

text: conducting

text: to

text: a

text: community

text: of

text: purpose

text: a

text: political

text: and

text: commercial

text: solidarity

text: which

text: would

text: not

text: otherwise

text: have

text: been

text: developed

text: As

text: early

text: as

text: it

text: was

text: possible

text: to

text: ride

text: from

text: Portland

text: Maine

text: to

text: southern

text: Virginia

text: sleeping

text: each

text: night

text: at

text: some

text: considerable

text: village

text: In

text: contrast

text: to

text: this

text: complete

text: industrial

text: occupation

text: the

text: French

text: territory

text: was

text: held

text: by

text: a

text: small

text: and

text: very

text: scattered

text: population

text: its

text: extent

text: and

text: openness

text: adding

text: materially

text: to

text: the

text: difficulties

text: of

text: a

text: disputed

text: tenure

text: Bearing

text: the

text: brunt

text: of

text: this

text: contest

text: as

text: they

text: did

text: the

text: colonies

text: were

text: undergoing

text: preparation

text: for

text: the

text: subsequent

text: struggle

text: with

text: the

text: home

text: government

text: Unsupported

text: by

text: shipping

text: the

text: American

text: armies

text: fought

text: toward

text: the

text: sea

text: with

text: the

text: mountains

text: at

text: their

text: back

text: protecting

text: them

text: against

text: British

text: leagued

text: with

text: the

text: Native

text: Americans

text: The

text: few

text: settlements

text: beyond

text: the

text: Great

text: Valley

text: were

text: free

text: for

text: self

text: defense

text: debarred

text: from

text: general

text: participation

text: in

text: the

text: conflict

text: by

text: reason

text: of

text: their

text: position

question: When did French colonists breach Allegheny?

question: Who did the French take the transmontane region from?

text: the English

question: Who did the English ally with in the war?

text: French and Indian

question: What were the American armies supported by?

text: shipping

question: Who was America in league with in the Great Valley?

text: Native Americans


text: By 1 October 1950, the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel; the ROK Army crossed after them, into North Korea. MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA's unconditional surrender. Six days later, on 7 October, with UN authorization, the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards. The X Corps landed at Wonsan (in southeastern North Korea) and Riwon (in northeastern North Korea), already captured by ROK forces. The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city, the North Korean capital, on 19 October 1950. The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team ("Rakkasans") made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon. The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China, preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang; and to rescue American prisoners of war. At month's end, UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war. As they neared the Sino-Korean border, the UN forces in the west were divided from those in the east by 50–100 miles of mountainous terrain.

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: By

text: October

text: the

text: UN

text: Command

text: repelled

text: the

text: KPA

text: northwards

text: past

text: the

text: parallel

text: the

text: ROK

text: Army

text: crossed

text: after

text: them

text: into

text: North

text: Korea

text: MacArthur

text: made

text: a

text: statement

text: demanding

text: the

text: KPA

text: 's

text: unconditional

text: surrender

text: Six

text: days

text: later

text: on

text: October

text: with

text: UN

text: authorization

text: the

text: UN

text: Command

text: forces

text: followed

text: the

text: ROK

text: forces

text: northwards

text: The

text: X

text: Corps

text: landed

text: at

text: Wonsan

text: in

text: southeastern

text: North

text: Korea

text: and

text: Riwon

text: in

text: northeastern

text: North

text: Korea

text: already

text: captured

text: by

text: ROK

text: forces

text: The

text: Eighth

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: and

text: the

text: ROK

text: Army

text: drove

text: up

text: western

text: Korea

text: and

text: captured

text: Pyongyang

text: city

text: the

text: North

text: Korean

text: capital

text: on

text: October

text: The

text: Airborne

text: Regimental

text: Combat

text: Team

text: Rakkasans

text: made

text: their

text: first

text: of

text: two

text: combat

text: jumps

text: during

text: the

text: Korean

text: War

text: on

text: October

text: at

text: Sunchon

text: and

text: Sukchon

text: The

text: missions

text: of

text: the

text: were

text: to

text: cut

text: the

text: road

text: north

text: going

text: to

text: China

text: preventing

text: North

text: Korean

text: leaders

text: from

text: escaping

text: from

text: Pyongyang

text: and

text: to

text: rescue

text: American

text: prisoners

text: of

text: war

text: At

text: month

text: 's

text: end

text: UN

text: forces

text: held

text: KPA

text: prisoners

text: of

text: war

text: As

text: they

text: neared

text: the

text: Sino

text: Korean

text: border

text: the

text: UN

text: forces

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: were

text: divided

text: from

text: those

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: miles

text: of

text: mountainous

text: terrain

question: Who issued a statement calling for North Korea's unconditional surrender?

answer: MacArthur

text: MacArthur

question: Who authorized giving troops the ability to follow the North Korean forces north?

answer: the UN

text: the UN

question: How did the 187 Airborne Regimental Combat Team prevent North Korean leaders from fleeing?

answer: cut the road north going to China

text: cut the road north going to China

question: How many North Korean prisoners of war were held by UN forces?

answer: 135,000


text: In the fifth century Strasbourg was occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks. In the ninth century it was commonly known as Strazburg in the local language, as documented in 842 by the Oaths of Strasbourg. This trilingual text contains, alongside texts in Latin and Old High German (teudisca lingua), the oldest written variety of Gallo-Romance (lingua romana) clearly distinct from Latin, the ancestor of Old French. The town was also called Stratisburgum or Strateburgus in Latin, from which later came Strossburi in Alsatian and Straßburg in Standard German, and then Strasbourg in French. The Oaths of Strasbourg is considered as marking the birth of the two countries of France and Germany with the division of the Carolingian Empire.

title: Strasbourg

title: Strasbourg

text: In

text: the

text: fifth

text: century

text: Strasbourg

text: was

text: occupied

text: successively

text: by

text: Alemanni

text: Huns

text: and

text: Franks

text: In

text: the

text: ninth

text: century

text: it

text: was

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Strazburg

text: in

text: the

text: local

text: language

text: as

text: documented

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Oaths

text: of

text: Strasbourg

text: This

text: trilingual

text: text

text: contains

text: alongside

text: texts

text: in

text: Latin

text: and

text: Old

text: High

text: German

text: teudisca

text: lingua

text: the

text: oldest

text: written

text: variety

text: of

text: Gallo

text: Romance

text: lingua

text: romana

text: clearly

text: distinct

text: from

text: Latin

text: the

text: ancestor

text: of

text: Old

text: French

text: The

text: town

text: was

text: also

text: called

text: Stratisburgum

text: or

text: Strateburgus

text: in

text: Latin

text: from

text: which

text: later

text: came

text: Strossburi

text: in

text: Alsatian

text: and

text: Straßburg

text: in

text: Standard

text: German

text: and

text: then

text: Strasbourg

text: in

text: French

text: The

text: Oaths

text: of

text: Strasbourg

text: is

text: considered

text: as

text: marking

text: the

text: birth

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: countries

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: Germany

text: with

text: the

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: Carolingian

text: Empire

question: What Empire split to create France and Germany?

answer: Carolingian Empire

text: Carolingian Empire

question: What language called Strasbourg Strossburi?

answer: Alsatian

text: Alsatian

question: What is the German spelling for Strasbourg?

answer: Straßburg

text: Straßburg

question: What was Strasbourg known as in the local language in the ninth century?

answer: Strazburg

text: Strazburg

question: In what century was Strasbourg occupied successively by Alemanni, Huns, and Franks?

answer: fifth century

text: fifth century

question: What modern day area did the Carolingian Empire occupy?

text: France and Germany

question: When was the Alsatian language first used?

question: What were the Huns called in Latin?

text: lingua romana

question: In what year did Old French start to be used?

question: What were the Germans called in Old French?

text: teudisca lingua


text: IBM's employee management practices can be traced back to its roots. In 1914, CEO Thomas J. Watson boosted company spirit by creating employee sports teams, hosting family outings, and furnishing a company band. IBM sports teams still continue in the present day; the IBM Big Blue continue to exist as semi-professional company rugby and American football teams. In 1924 the Quarter Century Club, which recognizes employees with 25 years of service, was organized and the first issue of Business Machines, IBM's internal publication, was published. In 1925, the first meeting of the Hundred Percent Club, composed of IBM salesmen who meet their quotas, convened in Atlantic City, New Jersey.

title: IBM

title: IBM

text: IBM

text: 's

text: employee

text: management

text: practices

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: back

text: to

text: its

text: roots

text: In

text: CEO

text: Thomas

text: J.

text: Watson

text: boosted

text: company

text: spirit

text: by

text: creating

text: employee

text: sports

text: teams

text: hosting

text: family

text: outings

text: and

text: furnishing

text: a

text: company

text: band

text: IBM

text: sports

text: teams

text: still

text: continue

text: in

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: the

text: IBM

text: Big

text: Blue

text: continue

text: to

text: exist

text: as

text: semi

text: professional

text: company

text: rugby

text: and

text: American

text: football

text: teams

text: In

text: the

text: Quarter

text: Century

text: Club

text: which

text: recognizes

text: employees

text: with

text: years

text: of

text: service

text: was

text: organized

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: issue

text: of

text: Business

text: Machines

text: IBM

text: 's

text: internal

text: publication

text: was

text: published

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: meeting

text: of

text: the

text: Hundred

text: Percent

text: Club

text: composed

text: of

text: IBM

text: salesmen

text: who

text: meet

text: their

text: quotas

text: convened

text: in

text: Atlantic

text: City

text: New

text: Jersey

question: Who was the CEO in 1914?

answer: Thomas J. Watson

text: Thomas J. Watson

question: The Quarter Century Club began in this year.

answer: 1924

question: What is the name of IBM's internal magazine?

answer: Business Machines

text: Business Machines

question: In 1925 the first meeting of this group occurred.

answer: Hundred Percent Club

text: Hundred Percent Club

question: What is the Hundred Percent Club composed of?

answer: IBM salesmen who meet their quotas

text: IBM salesmen who meet their quotas

question: What employee management practices were first introduced in New Jersey in 1924?

question: When was the first Atlantic City publication made?

question: What was the Hundred Percent Club created to boost in 1914?

text: company spirit

question: Starting in 1914, for how many years was the IBM internal publication made?

question: In what year did the first IBM sports team play in Atlantic City?


text: Regardless, the Luftwaffe could still inflict huge damage. With the German occupation of Western Europe, the intensification of submarine and air attack on Britain's sea communications was feared by the British. Such an event would have serious consequences on the future course of the war, should the Germans succeed. Liverpool and its port became an important destination for convoys heading through the Western Approaches from North America, bringing supplies and materials. The considerable rail network distributed to the rest of the country. Operations against Liverpool in the Liverpool Blitz were successful. Air attacks sank 39,126 long tons (39,754 t) of shipping, with another 111,601 long tons (113,392 t) damaged. Minister of Home Security Herbert Morrison was also worried morale was breaking, noting the defeatism expressed by civilians. Other sources point to half of the port's 144 berths rendered unusable, while cargo unloading capability was reduced by 75%. Roads and railways were blocked and ships could not leave harbour. On 8 May 1941, 57 ships were destroyed, sunk or damaged amounting to 80,000 long tons (81,000 t). Around 66,000 houses were destroyed, 77,000 people made homeless, and 1,900 people killed and 1,450 seriously hurt on one night. Operations against London up until May 1941 could also have a severe impact on morale. The populace of the port of Hull became 'trekkers', people who underwent a mass exodus from cities before, during, and after attacks. However, the attacks failed to knock out or damage railways, or port facilities for long, even in the Port of London, a target of many attacks. The Port of London in particular was an important target, bringing in one-third of overseas trade.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: Regardless

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: could

text: still

text: inflict

text: huge

text: damage

text: With

text: the

text: German

text: occupation

text: of

text: Western

text: Europe

text: the

text: intensification

text: of

text: submarine

text: and

text: air

text: attack

text: on

text: Britain

text: 's

text: sea

text: communications

text: was

text: feared

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: Such

text: an

text: event

text: would

text: have

text: serious

text: consequences

text: on

text: the

text: future

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: should

text: the

text: Germans

text: succeed

text: Liverpool

text: and

text: its

text: port

text: became

text: an

text: important

text: destination

text: for

text: convoys

text: heading

text: through

text: the

text: Western

text: Approaches

text: from

text: North

text: America

text: bringing

text: supplies

text: and

text: materials

text: The

text: considerable

text: rail

text: network

text: distributed

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: Operations

text: against

text: Liverpool

text: in

text: the

text: Liverpool

text: Blitz

text: were

text: successful

text: Air

text: attacks

text: sank

text: long

text: tons

text: t

text: of

text: shipping

text: with

text: another

text: long

text: tons

text: t

text: damaged

text: Minister

text: of

text: Home

text: Security

text: Herbert

text: Morrison

text: was

text: also

text: worried

text: morale

text: was

text: breaking

text: noting

text: the

text: defeatism

text: expressed

text: by

text: civilians

text: Other

text: sources

text: point

text: to

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: port

text: 's

text: berths

text: rendered

text: unusable

text: while

text: cargo

text: unloading

text: capability

text: was

text: reduced

text: by

text: Roads

text: and

text: railways

text: were

text: blocked

text: and

text: ships

text: could

text: not

text: leave

text: harbour

text: On

text: May

text: ships

text: were

text: destroyed

text: sunk

text: or

text: damaged

text: amounting

text: to

text: long

text: tons

text: t

text: Around

text: houses

text: were

text: destroyed

text: people

text: made

text: homeless

text: and

text: people

text: killed

text: and

text: seriously

text: hurt

text: on

text: one

text: night

text: Operations

text: against

text: London

text: up

text: until

text: May

text: could

text: also

text: have

text: a

text: severe

text: impact

text: on

text: morale

text: The

text: populace

text: of

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: Hull

text: became

text: trekkers

text: people

text: who

text: underwent

text: a

text: mass

text: exodus

text: from

text: cities

text: before

text: during

text: and

text: after

text: attacks

text: However

text: the

text: attacks

text: failed

text: to

text: knock

text: out

text: or

text: damage

text: railways

text: or

text: port

text: facilities

text: for

text: long

text: even

text: in

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: London

text: a

text: target

text: of

text: many

text: attacks

text: The

text: Port

text: of

text: London

text: in

text: particular

text: was

text: an

text: important

text: target

text: bringing

text: in

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: overseas

text: trade

question: What did the British fear most?

answer: intensification of submarine and air attack

text: intensification of submarine and air attack

question: What was an important destination for supply convoys from North America?

answer: Liverpool

text: Liverpool

question: The Liverpool Blitz sank how much shipping?

answer: 39,126 long tons (39,754 t) of shipping

text: 39,126 long tons (39,754 t) of shipping

question: How many ships were destroyed on May 8, 1941?

answer: 57 ships

text: 57 ships

question: How much of the overseas trade did the Port of London take on?

answer: one-third of overseas trade

text: one-third of overseas trade


text: Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo.

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

text: Before

text: the

text: war

text: about

text: Europeans

text: and

text: other

text: non

text: Africans

text: lived

text: in

text: Congo

text: most

text: of

text: whom

text: were

text: French

text: only

text: a

text: fraction

text: of

text: this

text: number

text: remains

text: Around

text: American

text: expatriates

text: reside

text: in

text: the

text: Congo

question: Prior to the civil war in '97, how many non-Africans lived in the Republic of the Congo?

answer: about 9,000

text: about 9,000

question: What was the dominant nationality among Europeans living in the Congo prior to the civil war?

answer: French

text: French

question: How many Americans live in the Congo?

answer: Around 300

text: Around 300

question: How many Americans lived in the Congo before 1997?

question: How many French expatriates reside in the Congo?

question: How many Congolese expatriates live in America?

question: Where did 9000 Europeans and other non-Africans live after the 1997 war?

text: Congo


text: Saint Helena is one of the most remote islands in the world, has one commercial airport under construction, and travel to the island is by ship only. A large military airfield is located on Ascension Island, with two Friday flights to RAF Brize Norton, England (as from September 2010). These RAF flights offer a limited number of seats to civilians.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: remote

text: islands

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: has

text: one

text: commercial

text: airport

text: under

text: construction

text: and

text: travel

text: to

text: the

text: island

text: is

text: by

text: ship

text: only

text: A

text: large

text: military

text: airfield

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: Ascension

text: Island

text: with

text: two

text: Friday

text: flights

text: to

text: RAF

text: Brize

text: Norton

text: England

text: as

text: from

text: September

text: These

text: RAF

text: flights

text: offer

text: a

text: limited

text: number

text: of

text: seats

text: to

text: civilians

question: How many commercial airports are under construction in Saint Helena?

answer: 1

question: What is the only method of travel currently available to Saint Helena?

answer: ship

text: ship

question: A large airfield is located on what portion of the island?

answer: Ascension Island

text: Ascension Island

question: What kind of flights are offered to limited civilians?

answer: RAF flights

text: RAF flights


text: Today, Estonian society encourages liberty and liberalism, with popular commitment to the ideals of the limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption. The Protestant work ethic remains a significant cultural staple, and free education is a highly prized institution. Like the mainstream culture in the other Nordic countries, Estonian culture can be seen to build upon the ascetic environmental realities and traditional livelihoods, a heritage of comparatively widespread egalitarianism out of practical reasons (see: Everyman's right and universal suffrage), and the ideals of closeness to nature and self-sufficiency (see: summer cottage).

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: Today

text: Estonian

text: society

text: encourages

text: liberty

text: and

text: liberalism

text: with

text: popular

text: commitment

text: to

text: the

text: ideals

text: of

text: the

text: limited

text: government

text: discouraging

text: centralised

text: power

text: and

text: corruption

text: The

text: Protestant

text: work

text: ethic

text: remains

text: a

text: significant

text: cultural

text: staple

text: and

text: free

text: education

text: is

text: a

text: highly

text: prized

text: institution

text: Like

text: the

text: mainstream

text: culture

text: in

text: the

text: other

text: Nordic

text: countries

text: Estonian

text: culture

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: to

text: build

text: upon

text: the

text: ascetic

text: environmental

text: realities

text: and

text: traditional

text: livelihoods

text: a

text: heritage

text: of

text: comparatively

text: widespread

text: egalitarianism

text: out

text: of

text: practical

text: reasons

text: see

text: Everyman

text: 's

text: right

text: and

text: universal

text: suffrage

text: and

text: the

text: ideals

text: of

text: closeness

text: to

text: nature

text: and

text: self

text: sufficiency

text: see

text: summer

text: cottage

question: What virtues does modern Estonian society promote?

answer: liberty and liberalism

text: liberty and liberalism

question: What size and power of government is popular in Estonia?

answer: limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption

text: limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption

question: What is a highly prized fixture of Estonian society?

answer: free education

text: free education

question: What ideal does Estonia hold towards the environment?

answer: closeness to nature

text: closeness to nature


text: The party's performance held up in local elections in 2012 with Labour consolidating its position in the North and Midlands, while also regaining some ground in Southern England. In Wales the party enjoyed good successes, regaining control of most Welsh Councils lost in 2008, including the capital city, Cardiff. In Scotland, Labour's held overall control of Glasgow City Council despite some predictions to the contrary, and also enjoyed a +3.26 swing across Scotland. In London, results were mixed for the party; Ken Livingstone lost the election for Mayor of London, but the party gained its highest ever representation in the Greater London Authority in the concurrent assembly election.

title: Labour_Party_(UK)

title: Labour_Party_(UK

text: The

text: party

text: 's

text: performance

text: held

text: up

text: in

text: local

text: elections

text: in

text: with

text: Labour

text: consolidating

text: its

text: position

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: and

text: Midlands

text: while

text: also

text: regaining

text: some

text: ground

text: in

text: Southern

text: England

text: In

text: Wales

text: the

text: party

text: enjoyed

text: good

text: successes

text: regaining

text: control

text: of

text: most

text: Welsh

text: Councils

text: lost

text: in

text: including

text: the

text: capital

text: city

text: Cardiff

text: In

text: Scotland

text: Labour

text: 's

text: held

text: overall

text: control

text: of

text: Glasgow

text: City

text: Council

text: despite

text: some

text: predictions

text: to

text: the

text: contrary

text: and

text: also

text: enjoyed

text: a

text: swing

text: across

text: Scotland

text: In

text: London

text: results

text: were

text: mixed

text: for

text: the

text: party

text: Ken

text: Livingstone

text: lost

text: the

text: election

text: for

text: Mayor

text: of

text: London

text: but

text: the

text: party

text: gained

text: its

text: highest

text: ever

text: representation

text: in

text: the

text: Greater

text: London

text: Authority

text: in

text: the

text: concurrent

text: assembly

text: election

question: When did the party's performance tank in local elections?

question: Where did Labour fail to gain ground?

text: Southern England

question: What did the Conservative party gain in Wales?

text: control of most Welsh Councils

question: Where did the Conservatives enjoy a +3.26 swing?

text: Scotland

question: Who won the London mayor election?

text: Ken Livingstone


text: Madonna's initial music videos reflected her American and Hispanic mixed street style combined with a flamboyant glamor. She was able to transmit her avant-garde downtown New York fashion sense to the American audience. The imagery and incorporation of Hispanic culture and Catholic symbolism continued with the music videos from the True Blue era. Author Douglas Kellner noted, "such 'multiculturalism' and her culturally transgressive moves turned out to be highly successful moves that endeared her to large and varied youth audiences." Madonna's Spanish look in the videos became the fashion trend of that time, in the form of boleros and layered skirts, accessorizing with rosary beads and a crucifix as in the video of "La Isla Bonita".

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: initial

text: music

text: videos

text: reflected

text: her

text: American

text: and

text: Hispanic

text: mixed

text: street

text: style

text: combined

text: with

text: a

text: flamboyant

text: glamor

text: She

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: transmit

text: her

text: avant

text: garde

text: downtown

text: New

text: York

text: fashion

text: sense

text: to

text: the

text: American

text: audience

text: The

text: imagery

text: and

text: incorporation

text: of

text: Hispanic

text: culture

text: and

text: Catholic

text: symbolism

text: continued

text: with

text: the

text: music

text: videos

text: from

text: the

text: True

text: Blue

text: era

text: Author

text: Douglas

text: Kellner

text: noted

text: such

text: multiculturalism

text: and

text: her

text: culturally

text: transgressive

text: moves

text: turned

text: out

text: to

text: be

text: highly

text: successful

text: moves

text: that

text: endeared

text: her

text: to

text: large

text: and

text: varied

text: youth

text: audiences

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: Spanish

text: look

text: in

text: the

text: videos

text: became

text: the

text: fashion

text: trend

text: of

text: that

text: time

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: boleros

text: and

text: layered

text: skirts

text: accessorizing

text: with

text: rosary

text: beads

text: and

text: a

text: crucifix

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: video

text: of

text: La

text: Isla

text: Bonita

question: What influence did Madonna music video reflects?

answer: American and Hispanic mixed street style

text: American and Hispanic mixed street style

question: She transmit her avant garde style to which audience?

answer: American audience

text: American audience

question: Which look of Madonna became a fashion trend?

answer: Spanish look

text: Spanish look

question: What type of Spanish clothings were worn for the video La Ista Bonita?

answer: boleros and layered skirts

text: boleros and layered skirts


text: This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: This

text: clash

text: of

text: opinions

text: has

text: sparked

text: much

text: controversy

text: For

text: example

text: during

text: the

text: drafting

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Constitution

text: in

text: the

text: Spanish

text: government

text: supplied

text: the

text: EU

text: with

text: translations

text: of

text: the

text: text

text: into

text: Basque

text: Galician

text: Catalan

text: and

text: Valencian

text: but

text: the

text: latter

text: two

text: were

text: identical

question: What has produced a great deal of controversy?

answer: clash of opinions

text: clash of opinions

question: When did the EU create the European Constitution?

answer: 2004

question: Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution?

answer: Spanish government

text: Spanish government


text: A number of events in 2006 pushed renewable energy up the political agenda, including the US mid-term elections in November, which confirmed clean energy as a mainstream issue. Also in 2006, the Stern Review made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies now, and argued that economic growth need not be incompatible with cutting energy consumption. According to a trend analysis from the United Nations Environment Programme, climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices and increasing government support are driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy and energy efficiency industries.

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: events

text: in

text: pushed

text: renewable

text: energy

text: up

text: the

text: political

text: agenda

text: including

text: the

text: US

text: mid

text: term

text: elections

text: in

text: November

text: which

text: confirmed

text: clean

text: energy

text: as

text: a

text: mainstream

text: issue

text: Also

text: in

text: the

text: Stern

text: Review

text: made

text: a

text: strong

text: economic

text: case

text: for

text: investing

text: in

text: low

text: carbon

text: technologies

text: now

text: and

text: argued

text: that

text: economic

text: growth

text: need

text: not

text: be

text: incompatible

text: with

text: cutting

text: energy

text: consumption

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: trend

text: analysis

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Environment

text: Programme

text: climate

text: change

text: concerns

text: coupled

text: with

text: recent

text: high

text: oil

text: prices

text: and

text: increasing

text: government

text: support

text: are

text: driving

text: increasing

text: rates

text: of

text: investment

text: in

text: the

text: renewable

text: energy

text: and

text: energy

text: efficiency

text: industries

question: What made a strong economic case for investing in low carbon technologies?

answer: Stern Review

text: Stern Review

question: In what year did a number of events push renewable energy up the political agenda?

answer: 2006

question: What is driving increasing rates of investment in the renewable energy industry?

answer: climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices

text: climate change concerns coupled with recent high oil prices

question: What made a weak economic case for investing in low carbon technologies?

text: Stern Review

question: What made a strong economic case for not investing in low carbon technologies?

text: Stern Review

question: In what year did a number of events push renewable energy back the political agenda?

question: What is driving decreasing rates of investment in the renewable energy industry?


text: Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and navigation use. The planisphere was a star chart invented by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī in the early 11th century. The astrolabe was invented in the Hellenistic world in either the 1st or 2nd centuries BC and is often attributed to Hipparchus. A combination of the planisphere and dioptra, the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy. An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer and gear-wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan, Persia in 1235. Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī invented the first mechanical geared lunisolar calendar astrolabe, an early fixed-wired knowledge processing machine with a gear train and gear-wheels, circa 1000 AD.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: Many

text: mechanical

text: aids

text: to

text: calculation

text: and

text: measurement

text: were

text: constructed

text: for

text: astronomical

text: and

text: navigation

text: use

text: The

text: planisphere

text: was

text: a

text: star

text: chart

text: invented

text: by

text: Abū

text: Rayhān

text: al

text: Bīrūnī

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: The

text: astrolabe

text: was

text: invented

text: in

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: world

text: in

text: either

text: the

text: or

text: centuries

text: BC

text: and

text: is

text: often

text: attributed

text: to

text: Hipparchus

text: A

text: combination

text: of

text: the

text: planisphere

text: and

text: dioptra

text: the

text: astrolabe

text: was

text: effectively

text: an

text: analog

text: computer

text: capable

text: of

text: working

text: out

text: several

text: different

text: kinds

text: of

text: problems

text: in

text: spherical

text: astronomy

text: An

text: astrolabe

text: incorporating

text: a

text: mechanical

text: calendar

text: computer

text: and

text: gear

text: wheels

text: was

text: invented

text: by

text: Abi

text: Bakr

text: of

text: Isfahan

text: Persia

text: in

text: Abū

text: Rayhān

text: al

text: Bīrūnī

text: invented

text: the

text: first

text: mechanical

text: geared

text: lunisolar

text: calendar

text: astrolabe

text: an

text: early

text: fixed

text: wired

text: knowledge

text: processing

text: machine

text: with

text: a

text: gear

text: train

text: and

text: gear

text: wheels

text: circa

text: AD

question: Who invented the planisphere?

answer: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

text: Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī

question: Who is thought to have invented the astrolabe in history?

answer: Hipparchus

text: Hipparchus

question: The astrolabe was a combination of what two devices in history?

answer: the planisphere and dioptra

text: the planisphere and dioptra

question: The first astrolabe with gear-wheels was invented when?

answer: 1235

question: The first astrolabe with a mechanical calendar was invented where?

answer: Persia

text: Persia


text: During the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the geologic foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, the ice sheet would help split apart what are now Long Island and Staten Island.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: During

text: the

text: Wisconsinan

text: glaciation

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: region

text: was

text: situated

text: at

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: a

text: large

text: ice

text: sheet

text: over

text: feet

text: in

text: depth

text: The

text: ice

text: sheet

text: scraped

text: away

text: large

text: amounts

text: of

text: soil

text: leaving

text: the

text: bedrock

text: that

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: geologic

text: foundation

text: for

text: much

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: today

text: Later

text: on

text: the

text: ice

text: sheet

text: would

text: help

text: split

text: apart

text: what

text: are

text: now

text: Long

text: Island

text: and

text: Staten

text: Island

question: What island was once a part of Long Island?

answer: Staten Island

text: Staten Island

question: During what period was the area around New York City located at the edge of an ice sheet 1,000 feet deep?

answer: the Wisconsinan glaciation

text: the Wisconsinan glaciation

question: Long Island and Staten Island were split in half by what geographical phenomenon?

answer: ice sheet

text: ice sheet


text: Important Justinian era mosaics decorated the Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt. Generally wall mosaics have not survived in the region because of the destruction of buildings but the St. Catherine's Monastery is exceptional. On the upper wall Moses is shown in two panels on a landscape background. In the apse we can see the Transfiguration of Jesus on a golden background. The apse is surrounded with bands containing medallions of apostles and prophets, and two contemporary figure, "Abbot Longinos" and "John the Deacon". The mosaic was probably created in 565/6.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: Important

text: Justinian

text: era

text: mosaics

text: decorated

text: the

text: Saint

text: Catherine

text: 's

text: Monastery

text: on

text: Mount

text: Sinai

text: in

text: Egypt

text: Generally

text: wall

text: mosaics

text: have

text: not

text: survived

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: destruction

text: of

text: buildings

text: but

text: the

text: St.

text: Catherine

text: 's

text: Monastery

text: is

text: exceptional

text: On

text: the

text: upper

text: wall

text: Moses

text: is

text: shown

text: in

text: two

text: panels

text: on

text: a

text: landscape

text: background

text: In

text: the

text: apse

text: we

text: can

text: see

text: the

text: Transfiguration

text: of

text: Jesus

text: on

text: a

text: golden

text: background

text: The

text: apse

text: is

text: surrounded

text: with

text: bands

text: containing

text: medallions

text: of

text: apostles

text: and

text: prophets

text: and

text: two

text: contemporary

text: figure

text: Abbot

text: Longinos

text: and

text: John

text: the

text: Deacon

text: The

text: mosaic

text: was

text: probably

text: created

text: in

question: What era were the mosaics that adorned Saint Catherine's Monastery?

answer: Justinian

text: Justinian

question: Where is Saint Catherine's Monastery located?

answer: Mount Sinai in Egypt

text: Mount Sinai in Egypt

question: Why have wall mosaics generally not survived in the region?

answer: the destruction of buildings

text: the destruction of buildings

question: Who is depicted in Saint Catherine's Monastery on a mosaic landscape background?

answer: Moses

text: Moses

question: When was the mosaic at Saint Catherine's Monastery created?

answer: in 565/6

text: in 565/6


text: The causes of the Franco-Prussian War are deeply rooted in the events surrounding the unification of Germany. In the aftermath of the Austro–Prussian War of 1866, Prussia had annexed numerous territories and formed the North German Confederation. This new power destabilized the European balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon III, then the emperor of France, demanded compensations in Belgium and on the left bank of the Rhine to secure France's strategic position, which the Prussian chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, flatly refused. Prussia then turned its attention towards the south of Germany, where it sought to incorporate the southern German kingdoms, Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt, into a unified Prussia-dominated Germany. France was strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states, which would have significantly strengthened the Prussian military.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: The

text: causes

text: of

text: the

text: Franco

text: Prussian

text: War

text: are

text: deeply

text: rooted

text: in

text: the

text: events

text: surrounding

text: the

text: unification

text: of

text: Germany

text: In

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: the

text: Austro

text: Prussian

text: War

text: of

text: Prussia

text: had

text: annexed

text: numerous

text: territories

text: and

text: formed

text: the

text: North

text: German

text: Confederation

text: This

text: new

text: power

text: destabilized

text: the

text: European

text: balance

text: of

text: power

text: established

text: by

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: Vienna

text: in

text: after

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: then

text: the

text: emperor

text: of

text: France

text: demanded

text: compensations

text: in

text: Belgium

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: left

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: secure

text: France

text: 's

text: strategic

text: position

text: which

text: the

text: Prussian

text: chancellor

text: Otto

text: von

text: Bismarck

text: flatly

text: refused

text: Prussia

text: then

text: turned

text: its

text: attention

text: towards

text: the

text: south

text: of

text: Germany

text: where

text: it

text: sought

text: to

text: incorporate

text: the

text: southern

text: German

text: kingdoms

text: Bavaria

text: Württemberg

text: Baden

text: and

text: Hesse

text: Darmstadt

text: into

text: a

text: unified

text: Prussia

text: dominated

text: Germany

text: France

text: was

text: strongly

text: opposed

text: to

text: any

text: further

text: alliance

text: of

text: German

text: states

text: which

text: would

text: have

text: significantly

text: strengthened

text: the

text: Prussian

text: military

question: What are the causes of the Franco-Prussian War deeply rooted in?

answer: the unification of Germany

text: the unification of Germany

question: In the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian war, formed what group?

answer: North German Confederation

text: North German Confederation

question: What was the effect of that new group on the European balance of power?

answer: new power destabilized

text: new power destabilized

question: What established the European balance of power in 1815?

answer: the Congress of Vienna

text: the Congress of Vienna

question: As Prussia sought to incorporated several German kingdoms, what stance did France assume?

answer: strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states

text: strongly opposed to any further alliance of German states


text: Saint Helena was first settled by the English in 1659, and the island has a population of about 4,250 inhabitants, mainly descended from people from Britain – settlers ("planters") and soldiers – and slaves who were brought there from the beginning of settlement – initially from Africa (the Cape Verde Islands, Gold Coast and west coast of Africa are mentioned in early records), then India and Madagascar. Eventually the planters felt there were too many slaves and no more were imported after 1792.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: was

text: first

text: settled

text: by

text: the

text: English

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: island

text: has

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: about

text: inhabitants

text: mainly

text: descended

text: from

text: people

text: from

text: Britain

text: settlers

text: planters

text: and

text: soldiers

text: and

text: slaves

text: who

text: were

text: brought

text: there

text: from

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: settlement

text: initially

text: from

text: Africa

text: the

text: Cape

text: Verde

text: Islands

text: Gold

text: Coast

text: and

text: west

text: coast

text: of

text: Africa

text: are

text: mentioned

text: in

text: early

text: records

text: then

text: India

text: and

text: Madagascar

text: Eventually

text: the

text: planters

text: felt

text: there

text: were

text: too

text: many

text: slaves

text: and

text: no

text: more

text: were

text: imported

text: after

question: When was Saint Helena first settled?

answer: 1659

question: What was the population of the island in 1659

answer: 4,250

question: Where were slaves initially brought from to the island?

answer: Africa

text: Africa

question: Later on, what two locations were slaves brought from?

answer: India and Madagascar

text: India and Madagascar

question: Which year did the inhabitants decide there were too many slaves?

answer: 1792


text: In the late 1980s, many local Chicago house music artists suddenly found themselves presented with major label deals. House music proved to be a commercially successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. Artists and groups such as Madonna, Janet Jackson, Paula Abdul, Aretha Franklin, Bananarama, Diana Ross, Tina Turner, Whitney Houston, Steps, Kylie Minogue, Bjork, and C+C Music Factoryhave all incorporated the genre into some of their work. After enjoying significant success in the early to mid-90s, house music grew even larger during the second wave of progressive house (1999–2001). The genre has remained popular and fused into other popular subgenres, for example, G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House. As of 2015, house music remains extremely popular in both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene while retaining a foothold on underground scenes across the globe.[citation needed]

title: House_music

title: House_music

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: many

text: local

text: Chicago

text: house

text: music

text: artists

text: suddenly

text: found

text: themselves

text: presented

text: with

text: major

text: label

text: deals

text: House

text: music

text: proved

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: commercially

text: successful

text: genre

text: and

text: a

text: more

text: mainstream

text: pop

text: based

text: variation

text: grew

text: increasingly

text: popular

text: Artists

text: and

text: groups

text: such

text: as

text: Madonna

text: Janet

text: Jackson

text: Paula

text: Abdul

text: Aretha

text: Franklin

text: Bananarama

text: Diana

text: Ross

text: Tina

text: Turner

text: Whitney

text: Houston

text: Steps

text: Kylie

text: Minogue

text: Bjork

text: and

text: C+C

text: Music

text: Factoryhave

text: all

text: incorporated

text: the

text: genre

text: into

text: some

text: of

text: their

text: work

text: After

text: enjoying

text: significant

text: success

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: to

text: house

text: music

text: grew

text: even

text: larger

text: during

text: the

text: second

text: wave

text: of

text: progressive

text: house

text: The

text: genre

text: has

text: remained

text: popular

text: and

text: fused

text: into

text: other

text: popular

text: subgenres

text: for

text: example

text: G

text: house

text: Deep

text: House

text: Tech

text: House

text: and

text: Bass

text: House

text: As

text: of

text: house

text: music

text: remains

text: extremely

text: popular

text: in

text: both

text: clubs

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: mainstream

text: pop

text: scene

text: while

text: retaining

text: a

text: foothold

text: on

text: underground

text: scenes

text: across

text: the

text: globe.[citation

text: needed

question: When was the second wave of progressive house?

answer: 1999–2001

question: What are some popular subgenres of House?

answer: G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House

text: G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House

question: where is house music extremely popular?

answer: both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene

text: both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene

question: What variation of house music was produced by artists such as Madonna and Kylie Minogue?

answer: a more mainstream pop-based variation

text: a more mainstream pop-based variation

question: When was the third wave of progressive house?

question: What are some popular subgenres of Ross?

question: Where is Ross music extremely popular?

question: What variation of Ross music was produced by artists such as Madonna and Kylie Minogue?

text: a more mainstream pop-based variation

question: Who incorporated Chicago music into some of their work?


text: Western political philosophy originates in the philosophy of ancient Greece, where political philosophy dates back to at least Plato. Ancient Greece was dominated by city-states, which experimented with various forms of political organization, grouped by Plato into four categories: timocracy, tyranny, democracy and oligarchy. One of the first, extremely important classical works of political philosophy is Plato's Republic, which was followed by Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics and Politics. Roman political philosophy was influenced by the Stoics, including the Roman statesman Cicero.

title: Political_philosophy

title: Political_philosophy

text: Western

text: political

text: philosophy

text: originates

text: in

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: where

text: political

text: philosophy

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: at

text: least

text: Plato

text: Ancient

text: Greece

text: was

text: dominated

text: by

text: city

text: states

text: which

text: experimented

text: with

text: various

text: forms

text: of

text: political

text: organization

text: grouped

text: by

text: Plato

text: into

text: four

text: categories

text: timocracy

text: tyranny

text: democracy

text: and

text: oligarchy

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: extremely

text: important

text: classical

text: works

text: of

text: political

text: philosophy

text: is

text: Plato

text: 's

text: Republic

text: which

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: Nichomachean

text: Ethics

text: and

text: Politics

text: Roman

text: political

text: philosophy

text: was

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: Stoics

text: including

text: the

text: Roman

text: statesman

text: Cicero

question: Western political philosophy originates in what philosophy?

answer: ancient Greece

text: ancient Greece

question: What philosophy has dates back to at least Plato?

answer: philosophy of ancient Greece

text: philosophy of ancient Greece

question: Ancient Greece was dominated by what?

answer: city-states

text: city-states

question: What originated with Western  philosophy?

text: the philosophy of ancient Greece,

question: What philosophy dates back to sme time after Plato?

text: philosophy of ancient Greece

question: What civilization was dominated by independent towns that experimented with different governments?

text: Ancient Greece

question: What Roman statesman was influenced by Plato?

text: Cicero

question: What 4 catagories did Aristotle divide greek political organizations into?

question: What is the first important work of political organization?

text: Plato's Republic

question: What example of Stoic influence followed Plato's?

question: What was the western political philosophy dominated by?

text: city-states

question: How was ancient Greece's government grouped by Cicero?

question: What was influenced by timocracy in Rome?

text: Roman political philosophy


text: At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre of the city, for which the rent was secretly subsidised by an admirer, Princess Obreskoff. Here in June 1849 he was visited by Jenny Lind.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: November

text: Chopin

text: returned

text: to

text: Paris

text: He

text: passed

text: the

text: winter

text: in

text: unremitting

text: illness

text: but

text: gave

text: occasional

text: lessons

text: and

text: was

text: visited

text: by

text: friends

text: including

text: Delacroix

text: and

text: Franchomme

text: Occasionally

text: he

text: played

text: or

text: accompanied

text: the

text: singing

text: of

text: Delfina

text: Potocka

text: for

text: his

text: friends

text: During

text: the

text: summer

text: of

text: his

text: friends

text: found

text: him

text: an

text: apartment

text: in

text: Chaillot

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: for

text: which

text: the

text: rent

text: was

text: secretly

text: subsidised

text: by

text: an

text: admirer

text: Princess

text: Obreskoff

text: Here

text: in

text: June

text: he

text: was

text: visited

text: by

text: Jenny

text: Lind

question: Who did Chopin play for while she sang?

answer: Delfina Potocka

text: Delfina Potocka

question: In 1849 where did Chopin live?

answer: Chaillot

text: Chaillot

question: Who was anonymously paying for Chopin's apartment?

answer: Princess Obreskoff

text: Princess Obreskoff

question: When did Chopin return to Paris?

answer: November

text: November

question: Chopin accompanied which singer for friends?

answer: Delfina Potocka

text: Delfina Potocka

question: Where did his friends found Chopin an apartment in 1849?

answer: Chaillot

text: Chaillot

question: Who paid for Chopin's apartment in Chaillot?

answer: Princess Obreskoff.

text: Princess Obreskoff.

question: When did Jenny Lind visit Chopin?

answer: June 1849

text: June 1849


text: In France, the established men of letters (gens de lettres) had fused with the elites (les grands) of French society by the mid-18th century. This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere, Grub Street, the domain of a "multitude of versifiers and would-be authors". These men came to London to become authors, only to discover that the literary market simply could not support large numbers of writers, who, in any case, were very poorly remunerated by the publishing-bookselling guilds.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: In

text: France

text: the

text: established

text: men

text: of

text: letters

text: gens

text: de

text: lettres

text: had

text: fused

text: with

text: the

text: elites

text: les

text: grands

text: of

text: French

text: society

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: This

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: an

text: oppositional

text: literary

text: sphere

text: Grub

text: Street

text: the

text: domain

text: of

text: a

text: multitude

text: of

text: versifiers

text: and

text: would

text: be

text: authors

text: These

text: men

text: came

text: to

text: London

text: to

text: become

text: authors

text: only

text: to

text: discover

text: that

text: the

text: literary

text: market

text: simply

text: could

text: not

text: support

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: writers

text: who

text: in

text: any

text: case

text: were

text: very

text: poorly

text: remunerated

text: by

text: the

text: publishing

text: bookselling

text: guilds

question: By what century in France had the men of letters fused with the elites?

answer: mid-18th century

text: mid-18th century

question: What was the term for the oppositional literary sphere of a "multitude of versifiers and would-be-authors"?

answer: Grub Street

text: Grub Street

question: Could the London market support the large numbers of writers that were emerging?

answer: not

text: not

question: Were men travelling to London to become authors paid well or poorly by the publishing-bookselling guilds?

answer: very poorly

text: very poorly


text: Investment in the city continued. The William Enston Home, a planned community for the city's aged and infirm, was built in 1889. An elaborate public building, the United States Post Office and Courthouse, was completed by the federal government in 1896 in the heart of the city. The Democrat-dominated state legislature passed a new constitution in 1895 that disfranchised blacks, effectively excluding them entirely from the political process, a second-class status that was maintained for more than six decades in a state that was majority black until about 1930.

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

text: Investment

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: continued

text: The

text: William

text: Enston

text: Home

text: a

text: planned

text: community

text: for

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: aged

text: and

text: infirm

text: was

text: built

text: in

text: An

text: elaborate

text: public

text: building

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Post

text: Office

text: and

text: Courthouse

text: was

text: completed

text: by

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: in

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: Democrat

text: dominated

text: state

text: legislature

text: passed

text: a

text: new

text: constitution

text: in

text: that

text: disfranchised

text: blacks

text: effectively

text: excluding

text: them

text: entirely

text: from

text: the

text: political

text: process

text: a

text: second

text: class

text: status

text: that

text: was

text: maintained

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: six

text: decades

text: in

text: a

text: state

text: that

text: was

text: majority

text: black

text: until

text: about

question: Which party dominated South Carolina's state legislature?

answer: Democrat

text: Democrat

question: What year was a new constitution passed that discriminated against blacks were passed?

answer: 1896

question: The William Enston Home was built in what year?

answer: 1889.

question: Blacks were the majority in South Carolina until what year?

answer: 1930

question: A large post office and courthouse was built in what year?

answer: 1896

question: Which party dominated North Carolina's state legislature?

text: Democrat

question: What year was a new constitution passed that discriminated against whites were passed?

question: The William Enston Home was destroyed in what year?

question: Blacks were the minority in South Carolina until what year?

question: A small post office and courthouse was built in what year?


text: The first telephone lines were installed in 1882 and electric street lights took the place of the gas operated ones in 1886. The Hipódromo de Maroñas started operating in 1888, and the neighbourhoods of Reus del Sur, Reus del Norte and Conciliación were inaugurated in 1889. The new building of the School of Arts and Trades, as well as Zabala Square in Ciudad Vieja were inaugurated in 1890, followed by the Italian Hospital in 1891. In the same year, the village of Peñarol was founded. Other neighbourhoods that were founded were Belgrano and Belvedere in 1892, Jacinto Vera in 1895 and Trouville in 1897. In 1894 the new port was constructed, and in 1897, the Central Railway Station of Montevideo was inaugurated.

title: Montevideo

title: Montevideo

text: The

text: first

text: telephone

text: lines

text: were

text: installed

text: in

text: and

text: electric

text: street

text: lights

text: took

text: the

text: place

text: of

text: the

text: gas

text: operated

text: ones

text: in

text: The

text: Hipódromo

text: de

text: Maroñas

text: started

text: operating

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: neighbourhoods

text: of

text: Reus

text: del

text: Sur

text: Reus

text: del

text: Norte

text: and

text: Conciliación

text: were

text: inaugurated

text: in

text: The

text: new

text: building

text: of

text: the

text: School

text: of

text: Arts

text: and

text: Trades

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Zabala

text: Square

text: in

text: Ciudad

text: Vieja

text: were

text: inaugurated

text: in

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Italian

text: Hospital

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: the

text: village

text: of

text: Peñarol

text: was

text: founded

text: Other

text: neighbourhoods

text: that

text: were

text: founded

text: were

text: Belgrano

text: and

text: Belvedere

text: in

text: Jacinto

text: Vera

text: in

text: and

text: Trouville

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: new

text: port

text: was

text: constructed

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Central

text: Railway

text: Station

text: of

text: Montevideo

text: was

text: inaugurated

question: When were the first telephone lines installed?

answer: 1882

question: When did electric street lights replace the gas operated lights?

answer: 1886

question: When did the Hipodromo de Maronas start operating?

answer: 1888

question: When was the Central Railway Station of Montevideo inaugurated?

answer: 1897


text: Most residents belong to the Anglican Communion and are members of the Diocese of St Helena, which has its own bishop and includes Ascension Island. The 150th anniversary of the diocese was celebrated in June 2009.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: Most

text: residents

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: Anglican

text: Communion

text: and

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Diocese

text: of

text: St

text: Helena

text: which

text: has

text: its

text: own

text: bishop

text: and

text: includes

text: Ascension

text: Island

text: The

text: anniversary

text: of

text: the

text: diocese

text: was

text: celebrated

text: in

text: June

question: What communion do most residents of the island belong to?

answer: Anglican

text: Anglican

question: When was the 150th anniversary of the diocese celebrated?

answer: June 2009

text: June 2009

question: Not only are most residents of the island members of the Anglican communion, but what else?

answer: the Diocese of St Helena

text: the Diocese of St Helena

question: The Diocese of Saint Helena has it's own what?

answer: bishop

text: bishop