text: An argument for idealism, such as those of Hegel and Berkeley, is ipso facto an argument against materialism. Matter can be argued to be redundant, as in bundle theory, and mind-independent properties can in turn be reduced to subjective percepts. Berkeley presents an example of the latter by pointing out that it is impossible to gather direct evidence of matter, as there is no direct experience of matter; all that is experienced is perception, whether internal or external. As such, the existence of matter can only be assumed from the apparent (perceived) stability of perceptions; it finds absolutely no evidence in direct experience.

title: Materialism

title: Materialism

text: An

text: argument

text: for

text: idealism

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: of

text: Hegel

text: and

text: Berkeley

text: is

text: ipso

text: facto

text: an

text: argument

text: against

text: materialism

text: Matter

text: can

text: be

text: argued

text: to

text: be

text: redundant

text: as

text: in

text: bundle

text: theory

text: and

text: mind

text: independent

text: properties

text: can

text: in

text: turn

text: be

text: reduced

text: to

text: subjective

text: percepts

text: Berkeley

text: presents

text: an

text: example

text: of

text: the

text: latter

text: by

text: pointing

text: out

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: impossible

text: to

text: gather

text: direct

text: evidence

text: of

text: matter

text: as

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: direct

text: experience

text: of

text: matter

text: all

text: that

text: is

text: experienced

text: is

text: perception

text: whether

text: internal

text: or

text: external

text: As

text: such

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: matter

text: can

text: only

text: be

text: assumed

text: from

text: the

text: apparent

text: perceived

text: stability

text: of

text: perceptions

text: it

text: finds

text: absolutely

text: no

text: evidence

text: in

text: direct

text: experience

question: If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what?

answer: materialism

text: materialism

question: If you believe in idealism, you are also believing in what?

text: materialism

question: Who points out that it is possible to gather direct evidence of matter?

text: Berkeley

question: What can be considered non-redundant?

text: Matter

question: Why is it possible to gather direct evidence?


text: After the Lisa's announcement, John Dvorak discussed rumors of a mysterious "MacIntosh" project at Apple in February 1983. The company announced the Macintosh 128K—manufactured at an Apple factory in Fremont, California—in October 1983, followed by an 18-page brochure included with various magazines in December. The Macintosh was introduced by a US$1.5 million Ridley Scott television commercial, "1984". It most notably aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984, and is now considered a "watershed event" and a "masterpiece." Regis McKenna called the ad "more successful than the Mac itself." "1984" used an unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by a Picasso-style picture of the computer on her white tank top) as a means of saving humanity from the "conformity" of IBM's attempts to dominate the computer industry. The ad alludes to George Orwell's novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, which described a dystopian future ruled by a televised "Big Brother."

title: Macintosh

title: Macintosh

text: After

text: the

text: Lisa

text: 's

text: announcement

text: John

text: Dvorak

text: discussed

text: rumors

text: of

text: a

text: mysterious

text: MacIntosh

text: project

text: at

text: Apple

text: in

text: February

text: The

text: company

text: announced

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: manufactured

text: at

text: an

text: Apple

text: factory

text: in

text: Fremont

text: California

text: in

text: October

text: followed

text: by

text: an

text: brochure

text: included

text: with

text: various

text: magazines

text: in

text: December

text: The

text: Macintosh

text: was

text: introduced

text: by

text: a

text: US$

text: million

text: Ridley

text: Scott

text: television

text: commercial

text: It

text: most

text: notably

text: aired

text: during

text: the

text: third

text: quarter

text: of

text: Super

text: Bowl

text: XVIII

text: on

text: January

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: considered

text: a

text: watershed

text: event

text: and

text: a

text: masterpiece

text: Regis

text: McKenna

text: called

text: the

text: ad

text: more

text: successful

text: than

text: the

text: Mac

text: itself

text: used

text: an

text: unnamed

text: heroine

text: to

text: represent

text: the

text: coming

text: of

text: the

text: Macintosh

text: indicated

text: by

text: a

text: Picasso

text: style

text: picture

text: of

text: the

text: computer

text: on

text: her

text: white

text: tank

text: top

text: as

text: a

text: means

text: of

text: saving

text: humanity

text: from

text: the

text: conformity

text: of

text: IBM

text: 's

text: attempts

text: to

text: dominate

text: the

text: computer

text: industry

text: The

text: ad

text: alludes

text: to

text: George

text: Orwell

text: 's

text: novel

text: Nineteen

text: Eighty

text: Four

text: which

text: described

text: a

text: dystopian

text: future

text: ruled

text: by

text: a

text: televised

text: Big

text: Brother

question: Who discussed rumors of a mysterious "MacIntosh" project in 1983?

answer: John Dvorak

text: John Dvorak

question: Where was the Macintosh 128K manufactured?

answer: Apple factory in Fremont, California

text: Apple factory in Fremont, California

question: How much did the television commercial "1984" cost?

answer: US$1.5 million

text: US$1.5 million

question: What did the television commercial "1984" introduce?

answer: Macintosh 128K

text: Macintosh 128K

question: What did Regis McKenna call the "1984" ad that was aired during the Super Bowl?

answer: "more successful than the Mac itself."

text: "more successful than the Mac itself."

question: Who discussed rumors of a mysterious "MacIntosh" project in 1938?

text: John Dvorak

question: Where was the Microsoft 128K manufactured?

text: Apple factory in Fremont, California

question: How much did the television commercial "1948" cost?

text: US$1.5 million

question: What did the television commercial "1948" introduce?

text: Macintosh 128K

question: What did Regis McKenna call the "1948" ad that was aired during the Super Bowl?

text: "more successful than the Mac itself."


text: The 1981 film Fort Apache, The Bronx is another film that used the Bronx's gritty image for its storyline. The movie's title is from the nickname for the 41st Police Precinct in the South Bronx which was nicknamed "Fort Apache". Also from 1981 is the horror film Wolfen making use of the rubble of the Bronx as a home for werewolf type creatures. Knights of the South Bronx, a true story of a teacher who worked with disadvantaged children, is another film also set in the Bronx released in 2005. The Bronx was the setting for the 1983 film Fuga dal Bronx, also known as Bronx Warriors 2 and Escape 2000, an Italian B-movie best known for its appearance on the television series Mystery Science Theatre 3000. The plot revolves around a sinister construction corporation's plans to depopulate, destroy and redevelop the Bronx, and a band of rebels who are out to expose the corporation's murderous ways and save their homes. The film is memorable for its almost incessant use of the phrase, "Leave the Bronx!" Many of the movie's scenes were filmed in Queens, substituting as the Bronx. Rumble in the Bronx was a 1995 Jackie Chan kung-fu film, another which popularised the Bronx to international audiences. Last Bronx, a 1996 Sega game played on the bad reputation of the Bronx to lend its name to an alternate version of post-Japanese bubble Tokyo, where crime and gang warfare is rampant.

title: The_Bronx

title: The_Bronx

text: The

text: film

text: Fort

text: Apache

text: The

text: Bronx

text: is

text: another

text: film

text: that

text: used

text: the

text: Bronx

text: 's

text: gritty

text: image

text: for

text: its

text: storyline

text: The

text: movie

text: 's

text: title

text: is

text: from

text: the

text: nickname

text: for

text: the

text: Police

text: Precinct

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: Bronx

text: which

text: was

text: nicknamed

text: Fort

text: Apache

text: Also

text: from

text: is

text: the

text: horror

text: film

text: Wolfen

text: making

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: rubble

text: of

text: the

text: Bronx

text: as

text: a

text: home

text: for

text: werewolf

text: type

text: creatures

text: Knights

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: Bronx

text: a

text: true

text: story

text: of

text: a

text: teacher

text: who

text: worked

text: with

text: disadvantaged

text: children

text: is

text: another

text: film

text: also

text: set

text: in

text: the

text: Bronx

text: released

text: in

text: The

text: Bronx

text: was

text: the

text: setting

text: for

text: the

text: film

text: Fuga

text: dal

text: Bronx

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Bronx

text: Warriors

text: and

text: Escape

text: an

text: Italian

text: B

text: movie

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: appearance

text: on

text: the

text: television

text: series

text: Mystery

text: Science

text: Theatre

text: The

text: plot

text: revolves

text: around

text: a

text: sinister

text: construction

text: corporation

text: 's

text: plans

text: to

text: depopulate

text: destroy

text: and

text: redevelop

text: the

text: Bronx

text: and

text: a

text: band

text: of

text: rebels

text: who

text: are

text: out

text: to

text: expose

text: the

text: corporation

text: 's

text: murderous

text: ways

text: and

text: save

text: their

text: homes

text: The

text: film

text: is

text: memorable

text: for

text: its

text: almost

text: incessant

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: phrase

text: Leave

text: the

text: Bronx

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: movie

text: 's

text: scenes

text: were

text: filmed

text: in

text: Queens

text: substituting

text: as

text: the

text: Bronx

text: Rumble

text: in

text: the

text: Bronx

text: was

text: a

text: Jackie

text: Chan

text: kung

text: fu

text: film

text: another

text: which

text: popularised

text: the

text: Bronx

text: to

text: international

text: audiences

text: Last

text: Bronx

text: a

text: Sega

text: game

text: played

text: on

text: the

text: bad

text: reputation

text: of

text: the

text: Bronx

text: to

text: lend

text: its

text: name

text: to

text: an

text: alternate

text: version

text: of

text: post

text: Japanese

text: bubble

text: Tokyo

text: where

text: crime

text: and

text: gang

text: warfare

text: is

text: rampant

question: When was 'Fort Apache' released?

answer: 1981

question: When was 'Fuga dal Bronx' released?

answer: 2005

question: What origin was 'Escape 2000'?

answer: Italian

text: Italian


text: Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: Solar

text: power

text: is

text: the

text: conversion

text: of

text: sunlight

text: into

text: electricity

text: either

text: directly

text: using

text: photovoltaics

text: PV

text: or

text: indirectly

text: using

text: concentrated

text: solar

text: power

text: CSP

text: CSP

text: systems

text: use

text: lenses

text: or

text: mirrors

text: and

text: tracking

text: systems

text: to

text: focus

text: a

text: large

text: area

text: of

text: sunlight

text: into

text: a

text: small

text: beam

text: PV

text: converts

text: light

text: into

text: electric

text: current

text: using

text: the

text: photoelectric

text: effect

question: What is solar power?

answer: conversion of sunlight into electricity

text: conversion of sunlight into electricity

question: How is sunlight converted into electricity?

answer: either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)

text: either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)

question: What does a concentrated solar power system use?

answer: lenses or mirrors and tracking systems

text: lenses or mirrors and tracking systems

question: What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system?

answer: focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam

text: focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam

question: What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity?

answer: photoelectric effect

text: photoelectric effect


text: Portugal’s national energy transmission company, Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN), uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants. Before the solar/wind revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New programs combine wind and water: wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night, the most blustery period; then the water flows downhill by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal’s distribution system is also now a two-way street. Instead of just delivering electricity, it draws electricity from even the smallest generators, like rooftop solar panels. The government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Portugal

text: ’s

text: national

text: energy

text: transmission

text: company

text: Redes

text: Energéticas

text: Nacionais

text: REN

text: uses

text: sophisticated

text: modeling

text: to

text: predict

text: weather

text: especially

text: wind

text: patterns

text: and

text: computer

text: programs

text: to

text: calculate

text: energy

text: from

text: the

text: various

text: renewable

text: energy

text: plants

text: Before

text: the

text: solar

text: wind

text: revolution

text: Portugal

text: had

text: generated

text: electricity

text: from

text: hydropower

text: plants

text: on

text: its

text: rivers

text: for

text: decades

text: New

text: programs

text: combine

text: wind

text: and

text: water

text: wind

text: driven

text: turbines

text: pump

text: water

text: uphill

text: at

text: night

text: the

text: most

text: blustery

text: period

text: then

text: the

text: water

text: flows

text: downhill

text: by

text: day

text: generating

text: electricity

text: when

text: consumer

text: demand

text: is

text: highest

text: Portugal

text: ’s

text: distribution

text: system

text: is

text: also

text: now

text: a

text: two

text: way

text: street

text: Instead

text: of

text: just

text: delivering

text: electricity

text: it

text: draws

text: electricity

text: from

text: even

text: the

text: smallest

text: generators

text: like

text: rooftop

text: solar

text: panels

text: The

text: government

text: aggressively

text: encouraged

text: such

text: contributions

text: by

text: setting

text: a

text: premium

text: price

text: for

text: those

text: who

text: buy

text: rooftop

text: generated

text: solar

text: electricity

question: What is the name of Portugal's national energy transmission company?

answer: Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN)

text: Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN)

question: What does REN do?

answer: uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants

text: uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants

question: Through what renewable resource had Portugal generated electricity before the solar/wind revolution?

answer: hydropower plants on its rivers

text: hydropower plants on its rivers

question: What is used to pump water uphill in Portugal?

answer: wind-driven turbines

text: wind-driven turbines

question: How did the Portuguese government encourage rooftop solar panels?

answer: setting a premium price

text: setting a premium price


text: Dutch dialects and regional languages are not spoken as often as they used to be. Recent research by Geert Driessen shows that the use of dialects and regional languages among both Dutch adults and youth is in heavy decline. In 1995, 27 percent of the Dutch adult population spoke a dialect or regional language on a regular basis, while in 2011 this was no more than 11 percent. In 1995, 12 percent of the primary school aged children spoke a dialect or regional language, while in 2011 this had declined to 4 percent. Of the three officially recognized regional languages Limburgish is spoken most (in 2011 among adults 54%, among children 31%) and Dutch Low Saxon least (adults 15%, children 1%); Frisian occupies a middle position (adults 44%, children 22%).

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: Dutch

text: dialects

text: and

text: regional

text: languages

text: are

text: not

text: spoken

text: as

text: often

text: as

text: they

text: used

text: to

text: be

text: Recent

text: research

text: by

text: Geert

text: Driessen

text: shows

text: that

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: dialects

text: and

text: regional

text: languages

text: among

text: both

text: Dutch

text: adults

text: and

text: youth

text: is

text: in

text: heavy

text: decline

text: In

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: Dutch

text: adult

text: population

text: spoke

text: a

text: dialect

text: or

text: regional

text: language

text: on

text: a

text: regular

text: basis

text: while

text: in

text: this

text: was

text: no

text: more

text: than

text: percent

text: In

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: primary

text: school

text: aged

text: children

text: spoke

text: a

text: dialect

text: or

text: regional

text: language

text: while

text: in

text: this

text: had

text: declined

text: to

text: percent

text: Of

text: the

text: three

text: officially

text: recognized

text: regional

text: languages

text: Limburgish

text: is

text: spoken

text: most

text: in

text: among

text: adults

text: among

text: children

text: and

text: Dutch

text: Low

text: Saxon

text: least

text: adults

text: children

text: Frisian

text: occupies

text: a

text: middle

text: position

text: adults

text: children

question: What organization researched the use of regional Dutch dialects and found their usage declining?

answer: Geert Driessen

text: Geert Driessen

question: What percentage of adults in the Netherlands spoke a dialect or regional language in 1995?

answer: 27

question: How many primary school aged children were found to speak a dialect or regional language by 2011?

answer: 4 percent

text: 4 percent

question: What's the most commonly spoken regional language in the Netherlands?

answer: Limburgish

text: Limburgish

question: In 2011, what percentage of Dutch adults spoke Frisian?

answer: 44%


text: Early during the Taiping Rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing in 1853. Shortly thereafter, a Taiping expeditionary force penetrated as far north as the suburbs of Tianjin, the imperial heartlands. In desperation the Qing court ordered a Chinese official, Zeng Guofan, to organize regional and village militias into an emergency army called tuanlian. Zeng Guofan's strategy was to rely on local gentry to raise a new type of military organization from those provinces that the Taiping rebels directly threatened. This new force became known as the Xiang Army, named after the Hunan region where it was raised. The Xiang Army was a hybrid of local militia and a standing army. It was given professional training, but was paid for out of regional coffers and funds its commanders — mostly members of the Chinese gentry — could muster. The Xiang Army and its successor, the Huai Army, created by Zeng Guofan's colleague and mentee Li Hongzhang, were collectively called the "Yong Ying" (Brave Camp).

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: Early

text: during

text: the

text: Taiping

text: Rebellion

text: Qing

text: forces

text: suffered

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: disastrous

text: defeats

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: the

text: regional

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Nanjing

text: in

text: Shortly

text: thereafter

text: a

text: Taiping

text: expeditionary

text: force

text: penetrated

text: as

text: far

text: north

text: as

text: the

text: suburbs

text: of

text: Tianjin

text: the

text: imperial

text: heartlands

text: In

text: desperation

text: the

text: Qing

text: court

text: ordered

text: a

text: Chinese

text: official

text: Zeng

text: Guofan

text: to

text: organize

text: regional

text: and

text: village

text: militias

text: into

text: an

text: emergency

text: army

text: called

text: tuanlian

text: Zeng

text: Guofan

text: 's

text: strategy

text: was

text: to

text: rely

text: on

text: local

text: gentry

text: to

text: raise

text: a

text: new

text: type

text: of

text: military

text: organization

text: from

text: those

text: provinces

text: that

text: the

text: Taiping

text: rebels

text: directly

text: threatened

text: This

text: new

text: force

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Xiang

text: Army

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Hunan

text: region

text: where

text: it

text: was

text: raised

text: The

text: Xiang

text: Army

text: was

text: a

text: hybrid

text: of

text: local

text: militia

text: and

text: a

text: standing

text: army

text: It

text: was

text: given

text: professional

text: training

text: but

text: was

text: paid

text: for

text: out

text: of

text: regional

text: coffers

text: and

text: funds

text: its

text: commanders

text: mostly

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Chinese

text: gentry

text: could

text: muster

text: The

text: Xiang

text: Army

text: and

text: its

text: successor

text: the

text: Huai

text: Army

text: created

text: by

text: Zeng

text: Guofan

text: 's

text: colleague

text: and

text: mentee

text: Li

text: Hongzhang

text: were

text: collectively

text: called

text: the

text: Yong

text: Ying

text: Brave

text: Camp

question: What caused the Qing armies to lose many battles?

answer: Taiping Rebellion

text: Taiping Rebellion

question: What city did the Qing lose in 1853?

answer: Nanjing

text: Nanjing

question: Who created a new type of army to thwart the Taiping rebels?

answer: Zeng Guofan

text: Zeng Guofan

question: What was Zeng Guofan?

answer: Xiang Army

text: Xiang Army

question: What was the Xiang Army named after?

answer: Hunan region where it was raised

text: Hunan region where it was raised


text: Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit, an experience he described as "horrifying and terrifying." Leonardo da Vinci was fascinated by variations of light in the higher altitudes, and climbed a mountain—scholars are uncertain which one; some believe it may have been Monte Rosa. From his description of a "blue like that of a gentian" sky it is thought that he reached a significantly high altitude. In the 18th century four Chamonix man almost made the summit of Mont Blanc but were overcome by altitude sickness and snowblindness.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: Charles

text: VII

text: of

text: France

text: ordered

text: his

text: chamberlain

text: to

text: climb

text: Mont

text: Aiguille

text: in

text: The

text: knight

text: reached

text: the

text: summit

text: of

text: Rocciamelone

text: where

text: he

text: left

text: a

text: bronze

text: triptych

text: of

text: three

text: crosses

text: a

text: feat

text: which

text: he

text: conducted

text: with

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: ladders

text: to

text: traverse

text: the

text: ice

text: In

text: Antoine

text: de

text: Ville

text: climbed

text: Mont

text: Aiguille

text: without

text: reaching

text: the

text: summit

text: an

text: experience

text: he

text: described

text: as

text: horrifying

text: and

text: terrifying

text: Leonardo

text: da

text: Vinci

text: was

text: fascinated

text: by

text: variations

text: of

text: light

text: in

text: the

text: higher

text: altitudes

text: and

text: climbed

text: a

text: mountain

text: scholars

text: are

text: uncertain

text: which

text: one

text: some

text: believe

text: it

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: Monte

text: Rosa

text: From

text: his

text: description

text: of

text: a

text: blue

text: like

text: that

text: of

text: a

text: gentian

text: sky

text: it

text: is

text: thought

text: that

text: he

text: reached

text: a

text: significantly

text: high

text: altitude

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: four

text: Chamonix

text: man

text: almost

text: made

text: the

text: summit

text: of

text: Mont

text: Blanc

text: but

text: were

text: overcome

text: by

text: altitude

text: sickness

text: and

text: snowblindness

question: Where was Charles VII from?

answer: France

text: France

question: What was Charles VII chamberlain ordered to do?

answer: climb Mont Aiguille

text: climb Mont Aiguille

question: What did the knight leave at the summit of Rocciamelone?

answer: a bronze triptych of three crosses

text: a bronze triptych of three crosses

question: When did Antioine de Ville climb Mont Aiguille?

answer: 1492

question: When did four Chamonix men almost reach the summit of Mont Blanc?

answer: 18th century

text: 18th century


text: The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150–100 BC). It is a 37-gear mechanical computer which computed the motions of the Sun and Moon, including lunar and solar eclipses predicted on the basis of astronomical periods believed to have been learned from the Babylonians. Devices of this sort are not found again until the 10th century, when a simpler eight-geared luni-solar calculator incorporated into an astrolabe was described by the Persian scholar, Al-Biruni.[not in citation given] Similarly complex devices were also developed by other Muslim engineers and astronomers during the Middle Ages.[not in citation given]

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: The

text: level

text: of

text: Hellenistic

text: achievement

text: in

text: astronomy

text: and

text: engineering

text: is

text: impressively

text: shown

text: by

text: the

text: Antikythera

text: mechanism

text: BC

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: mechanical

text: computer

text: which

text: computed

text: the

text: motions

text: of

text: the

text: Sun

text: and

text: Moon

text: including

text: lunar

text: and

text: solar

text: eclipses

text: predicted

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: astronomical

text: periods

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: learned

text: from

text: the

text: Babylonians

text: Devices

text: of

text: this

text: sort

text: are

text: not

text: found

text: again

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: when

text: a

text: simpler

text: eight

text: geared

text: luni

text: solar

text: calculator

text: incorporated

text: into

text: an

text: astrolabe

text: was

text: described

text: by

text: the

text: Persian

text: scholar

text: Al

text: Biruni.[not

text: in

text: citation

text: given

text: Similarly

text: complex

text: devices

text: were

text: also

text: developed

text: by

text: other

text: Muslim

text: engineers

text: and

text: astronomers

text: during

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages.[not

text: in

text: citation

text: given

question: What is the name of the 37 gear computer which noted the motions of the Sun and Moon?

answer: Antikythera mechanism

text: Antikythera mechanism

question: Until what century were similar devices like the Antikythera mechanism found?

answer: 10th

question: What Persian scholar noted the 10th century calculator similar to the Antikythera mechanism?

answer: Al-Biruni

text: Al-Biruni

question: What range of years is the Antikythera mechanism thought to have been created?

answer: 150–100 BC

text: 150–100 BC


text: Aristotle however suggested that swallows and other birds hibernated. This belief persisted as late as 1878, when Elliott Coues listed the titles of no less than 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows. Even the "highly observant" Gilbert White, in his posthumously published 1789 The Natural History of Selborne, quoted a man's story about swallows being found in a chalk cliff collapse "while he was a schoolboy at Brighthelmstone", though the man denied being an eyewitness. However, he also writes that "as to swallows being found in a torpid state during the winter in the Isle of Wight or any part of this country, I never heard any such account worth attending to", and that if early swallows "happen to find frost and snow they immediately withdraw for a time—a circumstance this much more in favour of hiding than migration", since he doubts they would "return for a week or two to warmer latitudes".

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Aristotle

text: however

text: suggested

text: that

text: swallows

text: and

text: other

text: birds

text: hibernated

text: This

text: belief

text: persisted

text: as

text: late

text: as

text: when

text: Elliott

text: Coues

text: listed

text: the

text: titles

text: of

text: no

text: less

text: than

text: papers

text: dealing

text: with

text: the

text: hibernation

text: of

text: swallows

text: Even

text: the

text: highly

text: observant

text: Gilbert

text: White

text: in

text: his

text: posthumously

text: published

text: The

text: Natural

text: History

text: of

text: Selborne

text: quoted

text: a

text: man

text: 's

text: story

text: about

text: swallows

text: being

text: found

text: in

text: a

text: chalk

text: cliff

text: collapse

text: while

text: he

text: was

text: a

text: schoolboy

text: at

text: Brighthelmstone

text: though

text: the

text: man

text: denied

text: being

text: an

text: eyewitness

text: However

text: he

text: also

text: writes

text: that

text: as

text: to

text: swallows

text: being

text: found

text: in

text: a

text: torpid

text: state

text: during

text: the

text: winter

text: in

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: or

text: any

text: part

text: of

text: this

text: country

text: I

text: never

text: heard

text: any

text: such

text: account

text: worth

text: attending

text: to

text: and

text: that

text: if

text: early

text: swallows

text: happen

text: to

text: find

text: frost

text: and

text: snow

text: they

text: immediately

text: withdraw

text: for

text: a

text: time

text: a

text: circumstance

text: this

text: much

text: more

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: hiding

text: than

text: migration

text: since

text: he

text: doubts

text: they

text: would

text: return

text: for

text: a

text: week

text: or

text: two

text: to

text: warmer

text: latitudes

question: Which bird did Aristotle believe hibernated?

answer: swallows

text: swallows

question: Until what year did the belief of hibernating birds persist?

answer: 1878

question: Who wrote 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows?

answer: Elliott Coues

text: Elliott Coues

question: Who wrote "The Natural History of Selborne"?

answer: Gilbert White

text: Gilbert White


text: Homer illustrated Paeon the god, and the song both of apotropaic thanksgiving or triumph.[citation needed] Such songs were originally addressed to Apollo, and afterwards to other gods: to Dionysus, to Apollo Helios, to Apollo's son Asclepius the healer. About the 4th century BCE, the paean became merely a formula of adulation; its object was either to implore protection against disease and misfortune, or to offer thanks after such protection had been rendered. It was in this way that Apollo had become recognised as the god of music. Apollo's role as the slayer of the Python led to his association with battle and victory; hence it became the Roman custom for a paean to be sung by an army on the march and before entering into battle, when a fleet left the harbour, and also after a victory had been won.

title: Apollo

title: Apollo

text: Homer

text: illustrated

text: Paeon

text: the

text: god

text: and

text: the

text: song

text: both

text: of

text: apotropaic

text: thanksgiving

text: or

text: triumph.[citation

text: needed

text: Such

text: songs

text: were

text: originally

text: addressed

text: to

text: Apollo

text: and

text: afterwards

text: to

text: other

text: gods

text: to

text: Dionysus

text: to

text: Apollo

text: Helios

text: to

text: Apollo

text: 's

text: son

text: Asclepius

text: the

text: healer

text: About

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: the

text: paean

text: became

text: merely

text: a

text: formula

text: of

text: adulation

text: its

text: object

text: was

text: either

text: to

text: implore

text: protection

text: against

text: disease

text: and

text: misfortune

text: or

text: to

text: offer

text: thanks

text: after

text: such

text: protection

text: had

text: been

text: rendered

text: It

text: was

text: in

text: this

text: way

text: that

text: Apollo

text: had

text: become

text: recognised

text: as

text: the

text: god

text: of

text: music

text: Apollo

text: 's

text: role

text: as

text: the

text: slayer

text: of

text: the

text: Python

text: led

text: to

text: his

text: association

text: with

text: battle

text: and

text: victory

text: hence

text: it

text: became

text: the

text: Roman

text: custom

text: for

text: a

text: paean

text: to

text: be

text: sung

text: by

text: an

text: army

text: on

text: the

text: march

text: and

text: before

text: entering

text: into

text: battle

text: when

text: a

text: fleet

text: left

text: the

text: harbour

text: and

text: also

text: after

text: a

text: victory

text: had

text: been

text: won

question: Who was Apollo's son?

answer: Asclepius

text: Asclepius

question: About the 4th Century BCE, what became merely a formula of adulation?

answer: paean

text: paean

question: About the 4th Century BCE, what was the object of paean?

answer: to implore protection against disease and misfortune

text: to implore protection against disease and misfortune


text: Prior to the second world war, birth control was prohibited in many countries, and in the United States even the discussion of contraceptive methods sometimes led to prosecution under Comstock laws. The history of the development of oral contraceptives is thus closely tied to the birth control movement and the efforts of activists Margaret Sanger, Mary Dennett, and Emma Goldman. Based on fundamental research performed by Gregory Pincus and synthetic methods for progesterone developed by Carl Djerassi at Syntex and by Frank Colton at G.D. Searle & Co., the first oral contraceptive, Enovid, was developed by E.D. Searle and Co. and approved by the FDA in 1960. The original formulation incorporated vastly excessive doses of hormones, and caused severe side effects. Nonetheless, by 1962, 1.2 million American women were on the pill, and by 1965 the number had increased to 6.5 million. The availability of a convenient form of temporary contraceptive led to dramatic changes in social mores including expanding the range of lifestyle options available to women, reducing the reliance of women on men for contraceptive practice, encouraging the delay of marriage, and increasing pre-marital co-habitation.

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: second

text: world

text: war

text: birth

text: control

text: was

text: prohibited

text: in

text: many

text: countries

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: even

text: the

text: discussion

text: of

text: contraceptive

text: methods

text: sometimes

text: led

text: to

text: prosecution

text: under

text: Comstock

text: laws

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: oral

text: contraceptives

text: is

text: thus

text: closely

text: tied

text: to

text: the

text: birth

text: control

text: movement

text: and

text: the

text: efforts

text: of

text: activists

text: Margaret

text: Sanger

text: Mary

text: Dennett

text: and

text: Emma

text: Goldman

text: Based

text: on

text: fundamental

text: research

text: performed

text: by

text: Gregory

text: Pincus

text: and

text: synthetic

text: methods

text: for

text: progesterone

text: developed

text: by

text: Carl

text: Djerassi

text: at

text: Syntex

text: and

text: by

text: Frank

text: Colton

text: at

text: G.D.

text: Searle

text: Co.

text: the

text: first

text: oral

text: contraceptive

text: Enovid

text: was

text: developed

text: by

text: E.D.

text: Searle

text: and

text: Co.

text: and

text: approved

text: by

text: the

text: FDA

text: in

text: The

text: original

text: formulation

text: incorporated

text: vastly

text: excessive

text: doses

text: of

text: hormones

text: and

text: caused

text: severe

text: side

text: effects

text: Nonetheless

text: by

text: million

text: American

text: women

text: were

text: on

text: the

text: pill

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: number

text: had

text: increased

text: to

text: million

text: The

text: availability

text: of

text: a

text: convenient

text: form

text: of

text: temporary

text: contraceptive

text: led

text: to

text: dramatic

text: changes

text: in

text: social

text: mores

text: including

text: expanding

text: the

text: range

text: of

text: lifestyle

text: options

text: available

text: to

text: women

text: reducing

text: the

text: reliance

text: of

text: women

text: on

text: men

text: for

text: contraceptive

text: practice

text: encouraging

text: the

text: delay

text: of

text: marriage

text: and

text: increasing

text: pre

text: marital

text: co

text: habitation

question: What law prohibited birth control?

answer: Comstock laws

text: Comstock laws

question: When was Enovid first approved?

answer: 1960

question: What increased due to the availability of birth control?

answer: pre-marital co-habitation

text: pre-marital co-habitation

question: In 1965, how many women were on the birth control pill?

answer: 6.5 million

text: 6.5 million

question: Who created the first oral birth control?

answer: E.D. Searle and Co

text: E.D. Searle and Co

question: Discussing contraception sometimes led to prosecution under what laws?

answer: Comstock laws

text: Comstock laws

question: What was the name of the first oral contraceptive?

answer: Enovid

text: Enovid

question: When did the FDA approve Enovid?

answer: 1960

question: By 1965, about how many American women were taking Enovid?

answer: 6.5 million

text: 6.5 million

question: Birth control was prohibited in most countries before what war?

answer: second world war

text: second world war

question: What law prohibited severe pills?

text: Comstock laws

question: When was Colton first approved?

question: What increased due to the availability of severe pills?

text: pre-marital co-habitation

question: In 1965, how many women were on the severe pill?

text: 6.5 million

question: Who created the first marriage control?

text: E.D. Searle and Co.


text: By the mid-1970s, the agency had achieved a semi-automated air traffic control system using both radar and computer technology. This system required enhancement to keep pace with air traffic growth, however, especially after the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 phased out the CAB's economic regulation of the airlines. A nationwide strike by the air traffic controllers union in 1981 forced temporary flight restrictions but failed to shut down the airspace system. During the following year, the agency unveiled a new plan for further automating its air traffic control facilities, but progress proved disappointing. In 1994, the FAA shifted to a more step-by-step approach that has provided controllers with advanced equipment.

title: Federal_Aviation_Administration

title: Federal_Aviation_Administration

text: By

text: the

text: the

text: agency

text: had

text: achieved

text: a

text: semi

text: automated

text: air

text: traffic

text: control

text: system

text: using

text: both

text: radar

text: and

text: computer

text: technology

text: This

text: system

text: required

text: enhancement

text: to

text: keep

text: pace

text: with

text: air

text: traffic

text: growth

text: however

text: especially

text: after

text: the

text: Airline

text: Deregulation

text: Act

text: of

text: phased

text: out

text: the

text: CAB

text: 's

text: economic

text: regulation

text: of

text: the

text: airlines

text: A

text: nationwide

text: strike

text: by

text: the

text: air

text: traffic

text: controllers

text: union

text: in

text: forced

text: temporary

text: flight

text: restrictions

text: but

text: failed

text: to

text: shut

text: down

text: the

text: airspace

text: system

text: During

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: the

text: agency

text: unveiled

text: a

text: new

text: plan

text: for

text: further

text: automating

text: its

text: air

text: traffic

text: control

text: facilities

text: but

text: progress

text: proved

text: disappointing

text: In

text: the

text: FAA

text: shifted

text: to

text: a

text: more

text: step

text: by

text: step

text: approach

text: that

text: has

text: provided

text: controllers

text: with

text: advanced

text: equipment

question: When did the agency acheive a semi-automated air traffic control system?

answer: mid-1970s

question: When was the Airline Deregulation act?

answer: 1978

question: When did the nationwide strike by air traffic controlers union happen?

answer: 1981

question: when did the FAA shift to a more step-by-step approach to providing air traffic controllers with more advanced equipment?

answer: 1994

question: What helped operate radar in the new air-traffic control system?

answer: computer technology

text: computer technology

question: When did the agency achieve fully automated air traffic control systems?

question: When was airline deregulation phased out?

question: What was the act that phased out airline deregulation?

text: Airline Deregulation Act of 1978

question: When was the nationwide strike that forced flight restrictions but failed to shutdown the aerospace system?

question: What type of enhancement did the air traffic control system get to keep up with air traffic growth?

text: radar and computer technology


text: Buddhism is practiced by an estimated 488 million,[web 1] 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Buddhism

text: is

text: practiced

text: by

text: an

text: estimated

text: million,[web

text: million

text: or

text: million

text: people

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: representing

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: total

text: population

question: What religion is practiced by an estimated 488 to 535 million people?

answer: Buddhism

text: Buddhism


text: The role of the gas is to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses. For these properties, chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight is desirable. The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament, reducing its evaporation and allowing it to be operated at higher temperature without reducing its life (or, for operating at the same temperature, prolongs the filament life). It however introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss) from the filament, by heat conduction and heat convection.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: The

text: role

text: of

text: the

text: gas

text: is

text: to

text: prevent

text: evaporation

text: of

text: the

text: filament

text: without

text: introducing

text: significant

text: heat

text: losses

text: For

text: these

text: properties

text: chemical

text: inertness

text: and

text: high

text: atomic

text: or

text: molecular

text: weight

text: is

text: desirable

text: The

text: presence

text: of

text: gas

text: molecules

text: knocks

text: the

text: liberated

text: tungsten

text: atoms

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: filament

text: reducing

text: its

text: evaporation

text: and

text: allowing

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: operated

text: at

text: higher

text: temperature

text: without

text: reducing

text: its

text: life

text: or

text: for

text: operating

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: temperature

text: prolongs

text: the

text: filament

text: life

text: It

text: however

text: introduces

text: heat

text: losses

text: and

text: therefore

text: efficiency

text: loss

text: from

text: the

text: filament

text: by

text: heat

text: conduction

text: and

text: heat

text: convection

question: What is a potential problem with the use of gas in a light bulb?

answer: introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss)

text: introduces heat losses (and therefore efficiency loss)

question: What are the ideal chemical properties for the gas in a light bulb?

answer: chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight

text: chemical inertness and high atomic or molecular weight

question: What is the purpose of the gas in a light bulb?

answer: to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses

text: to prevent evaporation of the filament, without introducing significant heat losses

question: How do gases prevent evaporation of the filament?

answer: The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament

text: The presence of gas molecules knocks the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament

question: Whose role is to allow evaporation of the filament?

text: the gas

question: What type of properties are not ideal for gas in a light bulb?

question: What does not knock the liberated tungsten atoms back to the filament?

text: The presence of gas molecules

question: What introduces heat gain from the filament?

text: The presence of gas molecules


text: The term "retro-metal" has been applied to such bands as Texas based The Sword, California's High on Fire, Sweden's Witchcraft and Australia's Wolfmother. Wolfmother's self-titled 2005 debut album combined elements of the sounds of Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin. Fellow Australians Airbourne's début album Runnin' Wild (2007) followed in the hard riffing tradition of AC/DC. England's The Darkness' Permission to Land (2003), described as an "eerily realistic simulation of '80s metal and '70s glam", topped the UK charts, going quintuple platinum. The follow-up, One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back (2005), reached number 11, before the band broke up in 2006. Los Angeles band Steel Panther managed to gain a following by sending up 80s glam metal. A more serious attempt to revive glam metal was made by bands of the sleaze metal movement in Sweden, including Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashdïet.

title: Hard_rock

title: Hard_rock

text: The

text: term

text: retro

text: metal

text: has

text: been

text: applied

text: to

text: such

text: bands

text: as

text: Texas

text: based

text: The

text: Sword

text: California

text: 's

text: High

text: on

text: Fire

text: Sweden

text: 's

text: Witchcraft

text: and

text: Australia

text: 's

text: Wolfmother

text: Wolfmother

text: 's

text: self

text: titled

text: debut

text: album

text: combined

text: elements

text: of

text: the

text: sounds

text: of

text: Deep

text: Purple

text: and

text: Led

text: Zeppelin

text: Fellow

text: Australians

text: Airbourne

text: 's

text: début

text: album

text: Runnin

text: Wild

text: followed

text: in

text: the

text: hard

text: riffing

text: tradition

text: of

text: AC

text: DC

text: England

text: 's

text: The

text: Darkness

text: Permission

text: to

text: Land

text: described

text: as

text: an

text: eerily

text: realistic

text: simulation

text: of

text: metal

text: and

text: glam

text: topped

text: the

text: UK

text: charts

text: going

text: quintuple

text: platinum

text: The

text: follow

text: up

text: One

text: Way

text: Ticket

text: to

text: Hell

text: and

text: Back

text: reached

text: number

text: before

text: the

text: band

text: broke

text: up

text: in

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: band

text: Steel

text: Panther

text: managed

text: to

text: gain

text: a

text: following

text: by

text: sending

text: up

text: glam

text: metal

text: A

text: more

text: serious

text: attempt

text: to

text: revive

text: glam

text: metal

text: was

text: made

text: by

text: bands

text: of

text: the

text: sleaze

text: metal

text: movement

text: in

text: Sweden

text: including

text: Vains

text: of

text: Jenna

text: Hardcore

text: Superstar

text: and

text: Crashdïet

question: When did the band The Darkness break up?

answer: 2006

question: The Sword, High on Fire, Witchcraft and Wolfmother are all examples of what hard rock sub-genre?

answer: retro-metal

text: retro-metal

question: What is the title of Airbourne's debut lp?

answer: Runnin' Wild

text: Runnin' Wild

question: Glam metal band Steel Panther is from what city?

answer: Los Angeles

text: Los Angeles

question: What are some Swedish sleaze metal revivalist bands?

answer: Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashdïet

text: Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashdïet

question: What type of hard rock music is based in Texas and California?

text: retro-metal

question: Which band that debut in 2005 sang songs written by Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin?

text: Wolfmother

question: What album did AC/DC produce in 2007 that displayed their hard riffing tradition?

text: Runnin' Wild

question: What album from 2003 was described as a simulation of 70s metal and 80s glam?

question: What country was a serious attempt to revive punk rock attempted?

text: Sweden


text: Qado or lunch is often elaborate. Varieties of bariis (rice), the most popular probably being basmati, usually serve as the main dish. Spices like cumin, cardamom, cloves, cinnamon, and garden sage are used to aromatize these different rice delicacies. Somalis eat dinner as late as 9 pm. During Ramadan, supper is often served after Tarawih prayers; sometimes as late as 11 pm.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: Qado

text: or

text: lunch

text: is

text: often

text: elaborate

text: Varieties

text: of

text: bariis

text: rice

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: probably

text: being

text: basmati

text: usually

text: serve

text: as

text: the

text: main

text: dish

text: Spices

text: like

text: cumin

text: cardamom

text: cloves

text: cinnamon

text: and

text: garden

text: sage

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: aromatize

text: these

text: different

text: rice

text: delicacies

text: Somalis

text: eat

text: dinner

text: as

text: late

text: as

text: pm

text: During

text: Ramadan

text: supper

text: is

text: often

text: served

text: after

text: Tarawih

text: prayers

text: sometimes

text: as

text: late

text: as

text: pm

question: What is the English word for qado?

answer: lunch

text: lunch

question: What is bariis in English?

answer: rice

text: rice

question: What is the most popular variety of bariis?

answer: basmati

text: basmati

question: When is the latest a Somali might eat dinner during Ramadan?

answer: 11 pm

text: 11 pm

question: After what event during Ramadan is dinner served?

answer: Tarawih prayers

text: Tarawih prayers


text: The end of medieval drama came about due to a number of factors, including the weakening power of the Catholic Church, the Protestant Reformation and the banning of religious plays in many countries. Elizabeth I forbid all religious plays in 1558 and the great cycle plays had been silenced by the 1580s. Similarly, religious plays were banned in the Netherlands in 1539, the Papal States in 1547 and in Paris in 1548. The abandonment of these plays destroyed the international theatre that had thereto existed and forced each country to develop its own form of drama. It also allowed dramatists to turn to secular subjects and the reviving interest in Greek and Roman theatre provided them with the perfect opportunity.

title: Late_Middle_Ages

title: Late_Middle_Ages

text: The

text: end

text: of

text: medieval

text: drama

text: came

text: about

text: due

text: to

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: factors

text: including

text: the

text: weakening

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: and

text: the

text: banning

text: of

text: religious

text: plays

text: in

text: many

text: countries

text: Elizabeth

text: I

text: forbid

text: all

text: religious

text: plays

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: great

text: cycle

text: plays

text: had

text: been

text: silenced

text: by

text: the

text: Similarly

text: religious

text: plays

text: were

text: banned

text: in

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: in

text: the

text: Papal

text: States

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: Paris

text: in

text: The

text: abandonment

text: of

text: these

text: plays

text: destroyed

text: the

text: international

text: theatre

text: that

text: had

text: thereto

text: existed

text: and

text: forced

text: each

text: country

text: to

text: develop

text: its

text: own

text: form

text: of

text: drama

text: It

text: also

text: allowed

text: dramatists

text: to

text: turn

text: to

text: secular

text: subjects

text: and

text: the

text: reviving

text: interest

text: in

text: Greek

text: and

text: Roman

text: theatre

text: provided

text: them

text: with

text: the

text: perfect

text: opportunity

question: What was banned that led to the demise of medieval drama?

answer: religious plays

text: religious plays

question: In what year did Elizabeth I ban religious plays?

answer: 1558

question: In what year were religious plays banned in the Netherlands?

answer: 1539

question: What types of subjects did dramatists turn to when religious plays were banned?

answer: secular

text: secular

question: Where were religious plays banned in 1548?

answer: Paris

text: Paris

question: What wasn't banned that led to the demise of medieval drama?

text: religious plays

question: In what year did Elizabeth II ban religious plays?

question: In what year weren't religious plays banned in the Netherlands?

question: What types of subjects didn't dramatists turn to when religious plays were banned?

text: secular

question: Where were religious plays banned in 1584?

text: Paris


text: Around 1890, a political movement developed in the United States to mandate private executions. Several states enacted laws which required executions to be conducted within a "wall" or "enclosure" to "exclude public view." For example, in 1919, the Missouri legislature adopted a statute (L.1919, p. 781) which required, "the sentence of death should be executed within the county jail, if convenient, and otherwise within an enclosure near the jail." The Missouri law permitted the local sheriff to distribute passes to individuals (usually local citizens) whom he believed should witness the hanging, but the sheriffs – for various reasons – sometimes denied passes to individuals who wanted to watch. Missouri executions conducted after 1919 were not "public" because they were conducted behind closed walls, and the general public was not permitted to attend.

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

text: Around

text: a

text: political

text: movement

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: mandate

text: private

text: executions

text: Several

text: states

text: enacted

text: laws

text: which

text: required

text: executions

text: to

text: be

text: conducted

text: within

text: a

text: wall

text: or

text: enclosure

text: to

text: exclude

text: public

text: view

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: the

text: Missouri

text: legislature

text: adopted

text: a

text: statute

text: p.

text: which

text: required

text: the

text: sentence

text: of

text: death

text: should

text: be

text: executed

text: within

text: the

text: county

text: jail

text: if

text: convenient

text: and

text: otherwise

text: within

text: an

text: enclosure

text: near

text: the

text: jail

text: The

text: Missouri

text: law

text: permitted

text: the

text: local

text: sheriff

text: to

text: distribute

text: passes

text: to

text: individuals

text: usually

text: local

text: citizens

text: whom

text: he

text: believed

text: should

text: witness

text: the

text: hanging

text: but

text: the

text: sheriffs

text: for

text: various

text: reasons

text: sometimes

text: denied

text: passes

text: to

text: individuals

text: who

text: wanted

text: to

text: watch

text: Missouri

text: executions

text: conducted

text: after

text: were

text: not

text: public

text: because

text: they

text: were

text: conducted

text: behind

text: closed

text: walls

text: and

text: the

text: general

text: public

text: was

text: not

text: permitted

text: to

text: attend

question: In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be inside of or near a jail?

answer: 1919

question: What procedure did Missouri use to execute prisoners in 1919?

answer: hanging

text: hanging

question: In the Missouri of 1919, who handed out passes to witness executions?

answer: the local sheriff

text: the local sheriff

question: In approximately what year did a movement in favor of private executions begin in the US?

answer: 1890

question: In what year did Missouri pass a law stating that executions should be outside of a jail?

question: What procedure did Missouri use to free prisoners in 1919?

text: hanging

question: In the Missouri of 1959, who handed out passes to witness executions?

text: local sheriff

question: In approximately what year did a movement in favor of public executions begin in the US?


text: Seemingly, multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly, in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running, but most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input/output devices to complete their tasks. If a program is waiting for the user to click on the mouse or press a key on the keyboard, then it will not take a "time slice" until the event it is waiting for has occurred. This frees up time for other programs to execute so that many programs may be run simultaneously without unacceptable speed loss.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: Seemingly

text: multitasking

text: would

text: cause

text: a

text: computer

text: that

text: is

text: switching

text: between

text: several

text: programs

text: to

text: run

text: more

text: slowly

text: in

text: direct

text: proportion

text: to

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: programs

text: it

text: is

text: running

text: but

text: most

text: programs

text: spend

text: much

text: of

text: their

text: time

text: waiting

text: for

text: slow

text: input

text: output

text: devices

text: to

text: complete

text: their

text: tasks

text: If

text: a

text: program

text: is

text: waiting

text: for

text: the

text: user

text: to

text: click

text: on

text: the

text: mouse

text: or

text: press

text: a

text: key

text: on

text: the

text: keyboard

text: then

text: it

text: will

text: not

text: take

text: a

text: time

text: slice

text: until

text: the

text: event

text: it

text: is

text: waiting

text: for

text: has

text: occurred

text: This

text: frees

text: up

text: time

text: for

text: other

text: programs

text: to

text: execute

text: so

text: that

text: many

text: programs

text: may

text: be

text: run

text: simultaneously

text: without

text: unacceptable

text: speed

text: loss

question: Multitasking would seemingly cause a computer to run in what fashion?

answer: more slowly,

text: more slowly,

question: What do a lot of programs spend time waiting for?

answer: input/output devices

text: input/output devices


text: Before Prince Albert's death, the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments, and the greatest contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace. The composer Felix Mendelssohn is known to have played there on three occasions. Johann Strauss II and his orchestra played there when in England. Strauss's "Alice Polka" was first performed at the palace in 1849 in honour of the queen's daughter, Princess Alice. Under Victoria, Buckingham Palace was frequently the scene of lavish costume balls, in addition to the usual royal ceremonies, investitures and presentations.

title: Buckingham_Palace

title: Buckingham_Palace

text: Before

text: Prince

text: Albert

text: 's

text: death

text: the

text: palace

text: was

text: frequently

text: the

text: scene

text: of

text: musical

text: entertainments

text: and

text: the

text: greatest

text: contemporary

text: musicians

text: entertained

text: at

text: Buckingham

text: Palace

text: The

text: composer

text: Felix

text: Mendelssohn

text: is

text: known

text: to

text: have

text: played

text: there

text: on

text: three

text: occasions

text: Johann

text: Strauss

text: II

text: and

text: his

text: orchestra

text: played

text: there

text: when

text: in

text: England

text: Strauss

text: 's

text: Alice

text: Polka

text: was

text: first

text: performed

text: at

text: the

text: palace

text: in

text: in

text: honour

text: of

text: the

text: queen

text: 's

text: daughter

text: Princess

text: Alice

text: Under

text: Victoria

text: Buckingham

text: Palace

text: was

text: frequently

text: the

text: scene

text: of

text: lavish

text: costume

text: balls

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: usual

text: royal

text: ceremonies

text: investitures

text: and

text: presentations

question: The palace frequently hosted which type of events prior to the death of Prince Albert?

answer: musical entertainments

text: musical entertainments

question: Which composer played at Buckingham on three occasions?

answer: Felix Mendelssohn

text: Felix Mendelssohn

question: Which piece of music by Johann Strauss was first performed at Buckingham in honor of Princess Alice?

answer: Alice Polka

text: Alice Polka

question: Queen Victoria hosted which type of balls?

answer: lavish costume balls

text: lavish costume balls

question: Before Prince Albert died what sort of entertainment was held at Buckingham?

answer: musical entertainments

text: musical entertainments

question: Which composer played there on three occasions?

answer: Felix Mendelssohn

text: Felix Mendelssohn

question: Who performed Alice Polka in honor of Princess Alice?

answer: Johann Strauss II

text: Johann Strauss II

question: What type of balls did Queen Victoria hold?

answer: lavish costume balls

text: lavish costume balls

question: Which type of events prior to the death of Prince Albert were never hosted by the palace?

text: musical entertainments

question: Which composer played at Buckingham on eight occasions?

text: Felix Mendelssohn

question: Who performed Alice Polka in opposition of Princess Alice?

text: Johann Strauss II

question: What type of balls did Queen Victoria avoid?

text: lavish costume balls

question: What sort of entertainment was banned at Buckingham before Prince Albert died?

text: musical entertainments


text: Israel, and The US Air Force, in conjunction with the members of NATO, has developed significant tactics for air defence suppression. Dedicated weapons such as anti-radiation missiles and advanced electronics intelligence and electronic countermeasures platforms seek to suppress or negate the effectiveness of an opposing air-defence system. It is an arms race; as better jamming, countermeasures and anti-radiation weapons are developed, so are better SAM systems with ECCM capabilities and the ability to shoot down anti-radiation missiles and other munitions aimed at them or the targets they are defending.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: Israel

text: and

text: The

text: US

text: Air

text: Force

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: NATO

text: has

text: developed

text: significant

text: tactics

text: for

text: air

text: defence

text: suppression

text: Dedicated

text: weapons

text: such

text: as

text: anti

text: radiation

text: missiles

text: and

text: advanced

text: electronics

text: intelligence

text: and

text: electronic

text: countermeasures

text: platforms

text: seek

text: to

text: suppress

text: or

text: negate

text: the

text: effectiveness

text: of

text: an

text: opposing

text: air

text: defence

text: system

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: arms

text: race

text: as

text: better

text: jamming

text: countermeasures

text: and

text: anti

text: radiation

text: weapons

text: are

text: developed

text: so

text: are

text: better

text: SAM

text: systems

text: with

text: ECCM

text: capabilities

text: and

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: shoot

text: down

text: anti

text: radiation

text: missiles

text: and

text: other

text: munitions

text: aimed

text: at

text: them

text: or

text: the

text: targets

text: they

text: are

text: defending

question: In agreement with NATO members, the US Air Force and which country has created tactics for air defence suppression?

answer: Israel

text: Israel

question: The goal of what is to suppress opposing air defence systems?

answer: Dedicated weapons

text: Dedicated weapons

question: As better weapons are created, what systems continue to improve as well to counter them?

answer: SAM systems with ECCM capabilities

text: SAM systems with ECCM capabilities


text: Mīmāṃsā gave rise to the study of philology and the philosophy of language. While their deep analysis of language and linguistics influenced other schools, their views were not shared by others. Mīmāṃsākas considered the purpose and power of language was to clearly prescribe the proper, correct and right. In contrast, Vedantins extended the scope and value of language as a tool to also describe, develop and derive. Mīmāṃsākas considered orderly, law-driven, procedural life as central purpose and noblest necessity of dharma and society, and divine (theistic) sustenance means to that end. The Mimamsa school was influential and foundational to the Vedanta school, with the difference that Mīmāṃsā school developed and emphasized karmakāṇḍa (that part of the śruti which relates to ceremonial acts and sacrificial rites, the early parts of the Vedas), while the Vedanta school developed and emphasized jñānakāṇḍa (that portion of the Vedas which relates to knowledge of monism, the latter parts of the Vedas).

title: Hindu_philosophy

title: Hindu_philosophy

text: Mīmāṃsā

text: gave

text: rise

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: philology

text: and

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: language

text: While

text: their

text: deep

text: analysis

text: of

text: language

text: and

text: linguistics

text: influenced

text: other

text: schools

text: their

text: views

text: were

text: not

text: shared

text: by

text: others

text: Mīmāṃsākas

text: considered

text: the

text: purpose

text: and

text: power

text: of

text: language

text: was

text: to

text: clearly

text: prescribe

text: the

text: proper

text: correct

text: and

text: right

text: In

text: contrast

text: Vedantins

text: extended

text: the

text: scope

text: and

text: value

text: of

text: language

text: as

text: a

text: tool

text: to

text: also

text: describe

text: develop

text: and

text: derive

text: Mīmāṃsākas

text: considered

text: orderly

text: law

text: driven

text: procedural

text: life

text: as

text: central

text: purpose

text: and

text: noblest

text: necessity

text: of

text: dharma

text: and

text: society

text: and

text: divine

text: theistic

text: sustenance

text: means

text: to

text: that

text: end

text: The

text: Mimamsa

text: school

text: was

text: influential

text: and

text: foundational

text: to

text: the

text: Vedanta

text: school

text: with

text: the

text: difference

text: that

text: Mīmāṃsā

text: school

text: developed

text: and

text: emphasized

text: karmakāṇḍa

text: that

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: śruti

text: which

text: relates

text: to

text: ceremonial

text: acts

text: and

text: sacrificial

text: rites

text: the

text: early

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Vedas

text: while

text: the

text: Vedanta

text: school

text: developed

text: and

text: emphasized

text: jñānakāṇḍa

text: that

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Vedas

text: which

text: relates

text: to

text: knowledge

text: of

text: monism

text: the

text: latter

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Vedas

question: To what study did Mimamsa give rise?

answer: philology

text: philology

question: What did the Mimamsa school think that language was meant to describe?

answer: proper, correct and right

text: proper, correct and right

question: What school thought that language was supposed to be widened to describe and develop?

answer: Vedantins

text: Vedantins

question: What parts of the Vedas did the Mimamsa school emphasize?

answer: early parts

text: early parts

question: What sections of the Vedas did the Verdanta school favor?

answer: latter parts

text: latter parts

question: What study did Mimamsa thwart?

question: What did Mimamsakas and Vedantins agree on?

text: their views

question: What did Mimamsakas believe was the purpose of an orderly life?

text: divine (theistic) sustenance

question: What school was foundational to the Mimamsa school?

text: the Vedanta school

question: Which part of the Vedas did both the Vedanta and the Mimamsa schools emphasize?

text: the early parts


text: Public opinion pressured the U.S. government to bring Villa to justice for the raid on Columbus, New Mexico; U.S. President Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing and some 5,000 troops into Mexico in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Villa. It was known as the Punitive Expedition. After nearly a year of pursuing Villa, American forces returned to the United States. The American intervention had been limited to the western sierras of Chihuahua. Villa had the advantage of intimately knowing the inhospitable terrain of the Sonoran Desert and the almost impassable Sierra Madre mountains and always managed to stay one step ahead of his pursuers. In 1923 Villa was assassinated by a group of seven gunmen who ambushed him while he was sitting in the back seat of his car in Parral.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: Public

text: opinion

text: pressured

text: the

text: U.S.

text: government

text: to

text: bring

text: Villa

text: to

text: justice

text: for

text: the

text: raid

text: on

text: Columbus

text: New

text: Mexico

text: U.S.

text: President

text: Wilson

text: sent

text: Gen.

text: John

text: J.

text: Pershing

text: and

text: some

text: troops

text: into

text: Mexico

text: in

text: an

text: unsuccessful

text: attempt

text: to

text: capture

text: Villa

text: It

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Punitive

text: Expedition

text: After

text: nearly

text: a

text: year

text: of

text: pursuing

text: Villa

text: American

text: forces

text: returned

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: American

text: intervention

text: had

text: been

text: limited

text: to

text: the

text: western

text: sierras

text: of

text: Chihuahua

text: Villa

text: had

text: the

text: advantage

text: of

text: intimately

text: knowing

text: the

text: inhospitable

text: terrain

text: of

text: the

text: Sonoran

text: Desert

text: and

text: the

text: almost

text: impassable

text: Sierra

text: Madre

text: mountains

text: and

text: always

text: managed

text: to

text: stay

text: one

text: step

text: ahead

text: of

text: his

text: pursuers

text: In

text: Villa

text: was

text: assassinated

text: by

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: seven

text: gunmen

text: who

text: ambushed

text: him

text: while

text: he

text: was

text: sitting

text: in

text: the

text: back

text: seat

text: of

text: his

text: car

text: in

text: Parral

question: Which city did Villa raid?

answer: Columbus, New Mexico

text: Columbus, New Mexico

question: Which American president pursued Villa?

answer: President Wilson

text: President Wilson

question: How long did the American troops pursue Villa?

answer: nearly a year

text: nearly a year

question: In which year was Villa assassinated?

answer: 1923

question: In which city was Villa killed?

answer: Parral

text: Parral


text: The Lord Mayor's official residence is 3 Elliot Terrace, located on the Hoe. Once a home of Waldorf and Nancy Astor, it was given by Lady Astor to the City of Plymouth as an official residence for future Lord Mayors and is also used today for civic hospitality, as lodgings for visiting dignitaries and High Court judges and it is also available to hire for private events. The Civic Centre municipal office building in Armada Way became a listed building in June 2007 because of its quality and period features, but has become the centre of a controversy as the council planned for its demolition estimating that it could cost £40m to refurbish it, resulting in possible job losses.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: The

text: Lord

text: Mayor

text: 's

text: official

text: residence

text: is

text: Elliot

text: Terrace

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: Hoe

text: Once

text: a

text: home

text: of

text: Waldorf

text: and

text: Nancy

text: Astor

text: it

text: was

text: given

text: by

text: Lady

text: Astor

text: to

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: as

text: an

text: official

text: residence

text: for

text: future

text: Lord

text: Mayors

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: today

text: for

text: civic

text: hospitality

text: as

text: lodgings

text: for

text: visiting

text: dignitaries

text: and

text: High

text: Court

text: judges

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: also

text: available

text: to

text: hire

text: for

text: private

text: events

text: The

text: Civic

text: Centre

text: municipal

text: office

text: building

text: in

text: Armada

text: Way

text: became

text: a

text: listed

text: building

text: in

text: June

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: quality

text: and

text: period

text: features

text: but

text: has

text: become

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: a

text: controversy

text: as

text: the

text: council

text: planned

text: for

text: its

text: demolition

text: estimating

text: that

text: it

text: could

text: cost

text: m

text: to

text: refurbish

text: it

text: resulting

text: in

text: possible

text: job

text: losses

question: At what street address is the Lord Mayor's residence located?

answer: 3 Elliot Terrace

text: 3 Elliot Terrace

question: Who gave the Lord Mayor's official residence to Plymouth?

answer: Lady Astor

text: Lady Astor

question: On what street is the Civic Centre office building located?

answer: Armada Way

text: Armada Way

question: In what month and year did the Civic Centre municipal office building become a listed building?

answer: June 2007

text: June 2007

question: What did Plymouth council estimate the cost to refurbish the Civic Centre municipal office building to be?

answer: £40m


text: A further line in the directive stressed the need to inflict the heaviest losses possible, but also to intensify the air war in order to create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941. However, meteorological conditions over Britain were not favourable for flying and prevented an escalation in air operations. Airfields became water-logged and the 18 Kampfgruppen (bomber groups) of the Luftwaffe's Kampfgeschwadern (bomber wings) were relocated to Germany for rest and re-equipment.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: A

text: further

text: line

text: in

text: the

text: directive

text: stressed

text: the

text: need

text: to

text: inflict

text: the

text: heaviest

text: losses

text: possible

text: but

text: also

text: to

text: intensify

text: the

text: air

text: war

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: create

text: the

text: impression

text: an

text: amphibious

text: assault

text: on

text: Britain

text: was

text: planned

text: for

text: However

text: meteorological

text: conditions

text: over

text: Britain

text: were

text: not

text: favourable

text: for

text: flying

text: and

text: prevented

text: an

text: escalation

text: in

text: air

text: operations

text: Airfields

text: became

text: water

text: logged

text: and

text: the

text: Kampfgruppen

text: bomber

text: groups

text: of

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: 's

text: Kampfgeschwadern

text: bomber

text: wings

text: were

text: relocated

text: to

text: Germany

text: for

text: rest

text: and

text: re

text: equipment

question: What was inflicting heavy losses and increasing the air war designed to do?

answer: create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941

text: create the impression an amphibious assault on Britain was planned for 1941

question: What was preventing escalation of air operations?

answer: meteorological conditions over Britain

text: meteorological conditions over Britain

question: What happened to airfields?

answer: Airfields became water-logged

text: Airfields became water-logged

question: How many bomber groups were relocated to Germany?

answer: 18


text: Eastern or Canada hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is another important evergreen needle-leaf conifer that grows along the Appalachian chain from north to south, but is confined to lower elevations than red spruce and the firs. It generally occupies richer and less acidic soils than the spruce and firs and is characteristic of deep, shaded and moist mountain valleys and coves. It is, unfortunately, subject to the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), an introduced insect, that is rapidly extirpating it as a forest tree. Less abundant, and restricted to the southern Appalachians, is Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana). Like Canada hemlock, this tree suffers severely from the hemlock woolly adelgid.

title: Appalachian_Mountains

title: Appalachian_Mountains

text: Eastern

text: or

text: Canada

text: hemlock

text: Tsuga

text: canadensis

text: is

text: another

text: important

text: evergreen

text: needle

text: leaf

text: conifer

text: that

text: grows

text: along

text: the

text: Appalachian

text: chain

text: from

text: north

text: to

text: south

text: but

text: is

text: confined

text: to

text: lower

text: elevations

text: than

text: red

text: spruce

text: and

text: the

text: firs

text: It

text: generally

text: occupies

text: richer

text: and

text: less

text: acidic

text: soils

text: than

text: the

text: spruce

text: and

text: firs

text: and

text: is

text: characteristic

text: of

text: deep

text: shaded

text: and

text: moist

text: mountain

text: valleys

text: and

text: coves

text: It

text: is

text: unfortunately

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: hemlock

text: woolly

text: adelgid

text: Adelges

text: tsugae

text: an

text: introduced

text: insect

text: that

text: is

text: rapidly

text: extirpating

text: it

text: as

text: a

text: forest

text: tree

text: Less

text: abundant

text: and

text: restricted

text: to

text: the

text: southern

text: Appalachians

text: is

text: Carolina

text: hemlock

text: Tsuga

text: caroliniana

text: Like

text: Canada

text: hemlock

text: this

text: tree

text: suffers

text: severely

text: from

text: the

text: hemlock

text: woolly

text: adelgid

question: What insect is extirpating spruces?

question: Carolina hemlock requires what kind of soil compared to firs?

text: richer and less acidic

question: What kinds of trees are at a lower elevation than Canada hemlocks?

text: red spruce and the firs

question: Where are Carolina Hemlocks traditionally found?

question: What tree contrasted with the Canada hemlock is not affected by the adelgid?

text: Carolina hemlock


text: After the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435, the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435. The Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Livonian War (1558–82). The wars had reduced the Estonian population from about 250–300,000 people before the Livonian War to 120–140,000 in the 1620s. The Grand Duchy of Moscow and Tsardom of Russia also attempted invasions in 1481 and 1558, both of which were unsuccessful .

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: After

text: the

text: decline

text: of

text: the

text: Teutonic

text: Order

text: following

text: its

text: defeat

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Grunwald

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: defeat

text: of

text: the

text: Livonian

text: Order

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Swienta

text: on

text: September

text: the

text: Livonian

text: Confederation

text: Agreement

text: was

text: signed

text: on

text: December

text: The

text: Livonian

text: Confederation

text: ceased

text: to

text: exist

text: during

text: the

text: Livonian

text: War

text: The

text: wars

text: had

text: reduced

text: the

text: Estonian

text: population

text: from

text: about

text: people

text: before

text: the

text: Livonian

text: War

text: to

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Moscow

text: and

text: Tsardom

text: of

text: Russia

text: also

text: attempted

text: invasions

text: in

text: and

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: unsuccessful

question: When did the Battle of Grunwald take place?

answer: 1410

question: What event preceded the decline of the Teutonic Order?

answer: the Battle of Grunwald

text: the Battle of Grunwald

question: Who did the Estonians defeat in the Battle of Swienta?

answer: the Livonian Order

text: the Livonian Order

question: What is date of the Battle of Swienta?

answer: 1 September 1435

text: 1 September 1435

question: When was the Livonian Confederation Agreement signed?

answer: 4 December 1435

text: 4 December 1435


text: During his annual state-of-the-nation address on September 2, 2014, President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto unveiled plans for a new international airport to ease the city's notorious air traffic congestion, tentatively slated for a 2018 opening. The new airport, which would have six runways, will cost $9.15 billion and would be built on vacant federal land east of Mexico City International Airport. Goals are to eventually handle 120 million passengers a year, which would make it the busiest airport in the world.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: During

text: his

text: annual

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: address

text: on

text: September

text: President

text: of

text: Mexico

text: Enrique

text: Peña

text: Nieto

text: unveiled

text: plans

text: for

text: a

text: new

text: international

text: airport

text: to

text: ease

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: notorious

text: air

text: traffic

text: congestion

text: tentatively

text: slated

text: for

text: a

text: opening

text: The

text: new

text: airport

text: which

text: would

text: have

text: six

text: runways

text: will

text: cost

text: billion

text: and

text: would

text: be

text: built

text: on

text: vacant

text: federal

text: land

text: east

text: of

text: Mexico

text: City

text: International

text: Airport

text: Goals

text: are

text: to

text: eventually

text: handle

text: million

text: passengers

text: a

text: year

text: which

text: would

text: make

text: it

text: the

text: busiest

text: airport

text: in

text: the

text: world

question: When were the new plans of the airport revealed?

answer: September 2, 2014

text: September 2, 2014

question: When are the new plans supposed to come to fruition for the airport?

answer: 2018

question: How many runways will be in the new airport?

answer: six

text: six

question: How many passengers will the new airport be able to handle?

answer: 120 million

text: 120 million

question: How much does the new airport cost?

answer: $9.15 billion

text: $9.15 billion


text: Early-years education is quite common in Thuringia. Since the 1950s, nearly all children have been using the service, whereas early-years education is less developed in western Germany. Its inventor Friedrich Fröbel lived in Thuringia and founded the world's first Kindergartens there in the 19th century. The Thuringian primary school takes four years and most primary schools are all-day schools offering optional extracurricular activities in the afternoon. At the age of ten, pupils are separated according to aptitude and proceed to either the Gymnasium or the Regelschule. The former leads to the Abitur exam after a further eight years and prepares for higher education, while the latter has a more vocational focus and finishes with exams after five or six years, comparable to the Hauptschule and Realschule found elsewhere in Germany.

title: Thuringia

title: Thuringia

text: Early

text: years

text: education

text: is

text: quite

text: common

text: in

text: Thuringia

text: Since

text: the

text: nearly

text: all

text: children

text: have

text: been

text: using

text: the

text: service

text: whereas

text: early

text: years

text: education

text: is

text: less

text: developed

text: in

text: western

text: Germany

text: Its

text: inventor

text: Friedrich

text: Fröbel

text: lived

text: in

text: Thuringia

text: and

text: founded

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: first

text: Kindergartens

text: there

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: Thuringian

text: primary

text: school

text: takes

text: four

text: years

text: and

text: most

text: primary

text: schools

text: are

text: all

text: day

text: schools

text: offering

text: optional

text: extracurricular

text: activities

text: in

text: the

text: afternoon

text: At

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: ten

text: pupils

text: are

text: separated

text: according

text: to

text: aptitude

text: and

text: proceed

text: to

text: either

text: the

text: Gymnasium

text: or

text: the

text: Regelschule

text: The

text: former

text: leads

text: to

text: the

text: Abitur

text: exam

text: after

text: a

text: further

text: eight

text: years

text: and

text: prepares

text: for

text: higher

text: education

text: while

text: the

text: latter

text: has

text: a

text: more

text: vocational

text: focus

text: and

text: finishes

text: with

text: exams

text: after

text: five

text: or

text: six

text: years

text: comparable

text: to

text: the

text: Hauptschule

text: and

text: Realschule

text: found

text: elsewhere

text: in

text: Germany

question: How long is Thuringian primary school?

answer: four years

text: four years

question: For how long have Thuringian children been using the current education system?

answer: Since the 1950s

text: Since the 1950s

question: When do children graduate from primary school in Thuringia?

answer: At the age of ten

text: At the age of ten

question: Who invented the early years education in Thuringia?

answer: Friedrich Fröbel

text: Friedrich Fröbel

question: How many years of school do students attend after primary?

answer: eight years

text: eight years

question: How long is Thuringian primary school banned?

text: four years

question: How long have Thuringian children been outside the current education system?

text: Since the 1950s

question: When do children quit primary school in Thuringia?

text: At the age of ten

question: Who destroyed the early years education in Thuringia?

text: Friedrich Fröbel

question: How many years of school do students miss after primary?

text: eight years


text: Historians see the growing Roman influence over the east, as with the west, as not a matter of intentional empire-building, but constant crisis management narrowly focused on short-term goals within a highly unstable, unpredictable, and inter-dependent network of alliances and dependencies. With some major exceptions of outright military rule, the Roman Republic remained an alliance of independent city-states and kingdoms (with varying degrees of independence, both de jure and de facto) until it transitioned into the Roman Empire. It was not until the time of the Roman Empire that the entire Roman world was organized into provinces under explicit Roman control.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Historians

text: see

text: the

text: growing

text: Roman

text: influence

text: over

text: the

text: east

text: as

text: with

text: the

text: west

text: as

text: not

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: intentional

text: empire

text: building

text: but

text: constant

text: crisis

text: management

text: narrowly

text: focused

text: on

text: short

text: term

text: goals

text: within

text: a

text: highly

text: unstable

text: unpredictable

text: and

text: inter

text: dependent

text: network

text: of

text: alliances

text: and

text: dependencies

text: With

text: some

text: major

text: exceptions

text: of

text: outright

text: military

text: rule

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: remained

text: an

text: alliance

text: of

text: independent

text: city

text: states

text: and

text: kingdoms

text: with

text: varying

text: degrees

text: of

text: independence

text: both

text: de

text: jure

text: and

text: de

text: facto

text: until

text: it

text: transitioned

text: into

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: It

text: was

text: not

text: until

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: that

text: the

text: entire

text: Roman

text: world

text: was

text: organized

text: into

text: provinces

text: under

text: explicit

text: Roman

text: control

question: What was seen as the behind the Roman influence in the east?

answer: crisis management

text: crisis management

question: At what point was the entire Roman world joined together under Roman control?

answer: the time of the Roman Empire

text: the time of the Roman Empire

question: What was not seen as an influence of Rome's influence in the west?

answer: intentional empire-building

text: intentional empire-building

question: What type of city-states were involved with the Roman Republic?

answer: independent

text: independent