text: The most important French fort planned was intended to occupy a position at "the Forks" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River (present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Peaceful British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful, and the French proceeded to build the fort they named Fort Duquesne. British colonial militia from Virginia were then sent to drive them out. Led by George Washington, they ambushed a small French force at Jumonville Glen on 28 May 1754 killing ten, including commander Jumonville. The French retaliated by attacking Washington's army at Fort Necessity on 3 July 1754 and forced Washington to surrender.

title: Seven_Years%27_War

title: Seven_Years%27_War

text: The

text: most

text: important

text: French

text: fort

text: planned

text: was

text: intended

text: to

text: occupy

text: a

text: position

text: at

text: the

text: Forks

text: where

text: the

text: Allegheny

text: and

text: Monongahela

text: Rivers

text: meet

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: Ohio

text: River

text: present

text: day

text: Pittsburgh

text: Pennsylvania

text: Peaceful

text: British

text: attempts

text: to

text: halt

text: this

text: fort

text: construction

text: were

text: unsuccessful

text: and

text: the

text: French

text: proceeded

text: to

text: build

text: the

text: fort

text: they

text: named

text: Fort

text: Duquesne

text: British

text: colonial

text: militia

text: from

text: Virginia

text: were

text: then

text: sent

text: to

text: drive

text: them

text: out

text: Led

text: by

text: George

text: Washington

text: they

text: ambushed

text: a

text: small

text: French

text: force

text: at

text: Jumonville

text: Glen

text: on

text: May

text: killing

text: ten

text: including

text: commander

text: Jumonville

text: The

text: French

text: retaliated

text: by

text: attacking

text: Washington

text: 's

text: army

text: at

text: Fort

text: Necessity

text: on

text: July

text: and

text: forced

text: Washington

text: to

text: surrender

question: Where did the French build Fort Duquesne?

answer: the Forks" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River

text: the Forks" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River

question: What city is now located where Fort Duquesne was built?

answer: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

text: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

question: Were the British successful in stopping the building of Fort Duquesne?

answer: British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful

text: British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful

question: Who led the British militia to drive the French out of Fort Duquesne?

answer: Led by George Washington

text: Led by George Washington

question: Where did the French for General George Washington's surrender?

answer: Fort Necessity

text: Fort Necessity


text: The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the total number of members of the fourth and fifth classes, but no more than 858 Officers and 1,464 Members may be appointed per year. Foreign recipients, as honorary members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Although the Order of the British Empire has by far the highest number of members of the British Orders of Chivalry, with over 100,000 living members worldwide, there are fewer appointments to knighthoods than in other orders.

title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

text: The

text: Order

text: is

text: limited

text: to

text: Knights

text: and

text: Dames

text: Grand

text: Cross

text: Knights

text: and

text: Dames

text: Commander

text: and

text: Commanders

text: There

text: are

text: no

text: limits

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: fourth

text: and

text: fifth

text: classes

text: but

text: no

text: more

text: than

text: Officers

text: and

text: Members

text: may

text: be

text: appointed

text: per

text: year

text: Foreign

text: recipients

text: as

text: honorary

text: members

text: do

text: not

text: contribute

text: to

text: the

text: numbers

text: restricted

text: to

text: the

text: Order

text: as

text: full

text: members

text: do

text: Although

text: the

text: Order

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: has

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: highest

text: number

text: of

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Orders

text: of

text: Chivalry

text: with

text: over

text: living

text: members

text: worldwide

text: there

text: are

text: fewer

text: appointments

text: to

text: knighthoods

text: than

text: in

text: other

text: orders

question: How many Knights are in The Order?

answer: 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross

text: 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross

question: How many Knights and Dames Commander?

answer: 845

question: How many commanders are in The Order?

answer: 8,960

question: How many officers and members maybe be appointed per year?

answer: 858 Officers and 1,464 Members

text: 858 Officers and 1,464 Members

question: Who has the highest numbers of the British Orders of Chivalry?

answer: Order of the British Empire

text: Order of the British Empire


text: Given the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type. However, there are characteristics that classical music contains that few or no other genres of music contain, such as the use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works (e.g., the fugue). As well, although the symphony did not exist through the entire classical music period, from the mid-1700s to the 2000s the symphony ensemble—and the works written for it—have become a defining feature of classical music.

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: Given

text: the

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: styles

text: in

text: classical

text: music

text: from

text: Medieval

text: plainchant

text: sung

text: by

text: monks

text: to

text: Classical

text: and

text: Romantic

text: symphonies

text: for

text: orchestra

text: from

text: the

text: and

text: to

text: avant

text: garde

text: atonal

text: compositions

text: for

text: solo

text: piano

text: from

text: the

text: it

text: is

text: difficult

text: to

text: list

text: characteristics

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: attributed

text: to

text: all

text: works

text: of

text: that

text: type

text: However

text: there

text: are

text: characteristics

text: that

text: classical

text: music

text: contains

text: that

text: few

text: or

text: no

text: other

text: genres

text: of

text: music

text: contain

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: printed

text: score

text: and

text: the

text: performance

text: of

text: very

text: complex

text: instrumental

text: works

text: e.g.

text: the

text: fugue

text: As

text: well

text: although

text: the

text: symphony

text: did

text: not

text: exist

text: through

text: the

text: entire

text: classical

text: music

text: period

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: the

text: symphony

text: ensemble

text: and

text: the

text: works

text: written

text: for

text: it

text: have

text: become

text: a

text: defining

text: feature

text: of

text: classical

text: music

question: Who sang Medieval plainchant?

answer: monks

text: monks

question: Avant-garde atonal compositions were written for what instrument?

answer: solo piano

text: solo piano

question: What two characteristics of classical music can not be attributed to other genres?

answer: use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works

text: use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works

question: Through what period did the symphony not exist?

answer: the entire classical music period

text: the entire classical music period

question: What has become a defining feature of classical music?

answer: the symphony ensemble

text: the symphony ensemble

question: What did not exist through the entire classical music period?

answer: the symphony

text: the symphony

question: The use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works are characteristics of what?

answer: classical music

text: classical music

question: Who sang medieval plainchant?

answer: monks

text: monks


text: There is no green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light. Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe. They can also be found in Southern Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men. Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%.

title: Green

title: Green

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: green

text: pigment

text: in

text: green

text: eyes

text: like

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: blue

text: eyes

text: it

text: is

text: an

text: optical

text: illusion

text: its

text: appearance

text: is

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: combination

text: of

text: an

text: amber

text: or

text: light

text: brown

text: pigmentation

text: of

text: the

text: stroma

text: given

text: by

text: a

text: low

text: or

text: moderate

text: concentration

text: of

text: melanin

text: with

text: the

text: blue

text: tone

text: imparted

text: by

text: the

text: Rayleigh

text: scattering

text: of

text: the

text: reflected

text: light

text: Green

text: eyes

text: are

text: most

text: common

text: in

text: Northern

text: and

text: Central

text: Europe

text: They

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: Southern

text: Europe

text: West

text: Asia

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: South

text: Asia

text: In

text: Iceland

text: of

text: women

text: and

text: of

text: men

text: have

text: either

text: blue

text: or

text: green

text: eye

text: color

text: A

text: study

text: of

text: Icelandic

text: and

text: Dutch

text: adults

text: found

text: green

text: eyes

text: to

text: be

text: much

text: more

text: prevalent

text: in

text: women

text: than

text: in

text: men

text: Among

text: European

text: Americans

text: green

text: eyes

text: are

text: most

text: common

text: among

text: those

text: of

text: recent

text: Celtic

text: and

text: Germanic

text: ancestry

text: about

question: What is the appearance of green in th eyes attributed to?

answer: an optical illusion

text: an optical illusion

question: Where are green eyes most common?

answer: Northern and Central Europe

text: Northern and Central Europe

question: Among Icelandic and Dutch adults, which sex more commonly has green eyes?

answer: women

text: women

question: Where is the green pigment in eyes located?

text: the stroma

question: Blue and green eyes are caused by a high concentration of what?

text: melanin

question: What percentage of women in South Asia have blue or green eyes?

question: Which two ancestries have the least amount of green eyes?

text: Celtic and Germanic

question: What is the name for the scattering of light that results in the green coloring?

text: Rayleigh


text: After Richard's death on 6 April 1199 there were two potential claimants to the Angevin throne: John, whose claim rested on being the sole surviving son of Henry II, and young Arthur I of Brittany, who held a claim as the son of John's elder brother Geoffrey. Richard appears to have started to recognise John as his heir presumptive in the final years before his death, but the matter was not clear-cut and medieval law gave little guidance as to how the competing claims should be decided. With Norman law favouring John as the only surviving son of Henry II and Angevin law favouring Arthur as the only son of Henry's elder son, the matter rapidly became an open conflict. John was supported by the bulk of the English and Norman nobility and was crowned at Westminster, backed by his mother, Eleanor. Arthur was supported by the majority of the Breton, Maine and Anjou nobles and received the support of Philip II, who remained committed to breaking up the Angevin territories on the continent. With Arthur's army pressing up the Loire valley towards Angers and Philip's forces moving down the valley towards Tours, John's continental empire was in danger of being cut in two.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: After

text: Richard

text: 's

text: death

text: on

text: April

text: there

text: were

text: two

text: potential

text: claimants

text: to

text: the

text: Angevin

text: throne

text: John

text: whose

text: claim

text: rested

text: on

text: being

text: the

text: sole

text: surviving

text: son

text: of

text: Henry

text: II

text: and

text: young

text: Arthur

text: I

text: of

text: Brittany

text: who

text: held

text: a

text: claim

text: as

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: John

text: 's

text: elder

text: brother

text: Geoffrey

text: Richard

text: appears

text: to

text: have

text: started

text: to

text: recognise

text: John

text: as

text: his

text: heir

text: presumptive

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: years

text: before

text: his

text: death

text: but

text: the

text: matter

text: was

text: not

text: clear

text: cut

text: and

text: medieval

text: law

text: gave

text: little

text: guidance

text: as

text: to

text: how

text: the

text: competing

text: claims

text: should

text: be

text: decided

text: With

text: Norman

text: law

text: favouring

text: John

text: as

text: the

text: only

text: surviving

text: son

text: of

text: Henry

text: II

text: and

text: Angevin

text: law

text: favouring

text: Arthur

text: as

text: the

text: only

text: son

text: of

text: Henry

text: 's

text: elder

text: son

text: the

text: matter

text: rapidly

text: became

text: an

text: open

text: conflict

text: John

text: was

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: and

text: Norman

text: nobility

text: and

text: was

text: crowned

text: at

text: Westminster

text: backed

text: by

text: his

text: mother

text: Eleanor

text: Arthur

text: was

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: Breton

text: Maine

text: and

text: Anjou

text: nobles

text: and

text: received

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: Philip

text: II

text: who

text: remained

text: committed

text: to

text: breaking

text: up

text: the

text: Angevin

text: territories

text: on

text: the

text: continent

text: With

text: Arthur

text: 's

text: army

text: pressing

text: up

text: the

text: Loire

text: valley

text: towards

text: Angers

text: and

text: Philip

text: 's

text: forces

text: moving

text: down

text: the

text: valley

text: towards

text: Tours

text: John

text: 's

text: continental

text: empire

text: was

text: in

text: danger

text: of

text: being

text: cut

text: in

text: two

question: When did Richard die?

answer: 6 April 1199

text: 6 April 1199

question: Who was the sole surviving son?

answer: John

text: John

question: Where was John crowned?

answer: Westminster

text: Westminster

question: Whose army pressed up the Loire valley?

answer: Arthur

text: Arthur


text: At the 2012 census, 59.5% of jobs in the Paris Region were in market services (12.0% in wholesale and retail trade, 9.7% in professional, scientific, and technical services, 6.5% in information and communication, 6.5% in transportation and warehousing, 5.9% in finance and insurance, 5.8% in administrative and support services, 4.6% in accommodation and food services, and 8.5% in various other market services), 26.9% in non-market services (10.4% in human health and social work activities, 9.6% in public administration and defence, and 6.9% in education), 8.2% in manufacturing and utilities (6.6% in manufacturing and 1.5% in utilities), 5.2% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: At

text: the

text: census

text: of

text: jobs

text: in

text: the

text: Paris

text: Region

text: were

text: in

text: market

text: services

text: in

text: wholesale

text: and

text: retail

text: trade

text: in

text: professional

text: scientific

text: and

text: technical

text: services

text: in

text: information

text: and

text: communication

text: in

text: transportation

text: and

text: warehousing

text: in

text: finance

text: and

text: insurance

text: in

text: administrative

text: and

text: support

text: services

text: in

text: accommodation

text: and

text: food

text: services

text: and

text: in

text: various

text: other

text: market

text: services

text: in

text: non

text: market

text: services

text: in

text: human

text: health

text: and

text: social

text: work

text: activities

text: in

text: public

text: administration

text: and

text: defence

text: and

text: in

text: education

text: in

text: manufacturing

text: and

text: utilities

text: in

text: manufacturing

text: and

text: in

text: utilities

text: in

text: construction

text: and

text: in

text: agriculture

question: What percentage of jobs were market services in 2012?

answer: 59.5

question: What industry had the lowest percentage of jobs in Paris of 2012?

answer: agriculture

text: agriculture

question: What percentage of people worked in agriculture?

answer: 0.2

question: What percentage of people worked in finance and insurance?

answer: 5.9


text: Walpole always denied that he was "prime minister", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905.

title: Prime_minister

title: Prime_minister

text: Walpole

text: always

text: denied

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: prime

text: minister

text: and

text: throughout

text: the

text: century

text: parliamentarians

text: and

text: legal

text: scholars

text: continued

text: to

text: deny

text: that

text: any

text: such

text: position

text: was

text: known

text: to

text: the

text: Constitution

text: George

text: II

text: and

text: George

text: III

text: made

text: strenuous

text: efforts

text: to

text: reclaim

text: the

text: personal

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: monarch

text: but

text: the

text: increasing

text: complexity

text: and

text: expense

text: of

text: government

text: meant

text: that

text: a

text: minister

text: who

text: could

text: command

text: the

text: loyalty

text: of

text: the

text: Commons

text: was

text: increasingly

text: necessary

text: The

text: long

text: tenure

text: of

text: the

text: wartime

text: prime

text: minister

text: William

text: Pitt

text: the

text: Younger

text: combined

text: with

text: the

text: mental

text: illness

text: of

text: George

text: III

text: consolidated

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: post

text: The

text: title

text: was

text: first

text: referred

text: to

text: on

text: government

text: documents

text: during

text: the

text: administration

text: of

text: Benjamin

text: Disraeli

text: but

text: did

text: not

text: appear

text: in

text: the

text: formal

text: British

text: Order

text: of

text: precedence

text: until

question: Aside from Walpole, who else denied that there was no such thing as the prime minister?

answer: parliamentarians and legal scholars

text: parliamentarians and legal scholars

question: Which kings tried to get power back to the monarchy?

answer: George II and George III

text: George II and George III

question: During whose government did prime minister first see use on official state documents?

answer: Benjamin Disraeli

text: Benjamin Disraeli

question: When was the position of prime minister finally formalized?

answer: 1905

question: Who tried to prove the exitence of the Prime Minister?

text: legal scholars

question: What monarch gave more power to the prime minister?

text: George II and George III

question: Who was loyal to the Commons?

text: prime minister

question: What prime minster was mentally ill?

text: William Pitt the Younger


text: Southampton's fire cover is provided by Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service. There are three fire stations within the city boundaries at St Mary's, Hightown and Redbridge.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: Southampton

text: 's

text: fire

text: cover

text: is

text: provided

text: by

text: Hampshire

text: Fire

text: and

text: Rescue

text: Service

text: There

text: are

text: three

text: fire

text: stations

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: boundaries

text: at

text: St

text: Mary

text: 's

text: Hightown

text: and

text: Redbridge

question: Who handles fires in Southampton?

answer: Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service

text: Hampshire Fire and Rescue Service

question: How many fire stations are there in Southampton city limits?

answer: three

text: three

question: Along with Hightown and Redbridge, what's the third fire station in Southampton?

answer: St Mary's

text: St Mary's


text: Often compared to San Francisco due to the hilly terrain and steep maze of residential streets, housing in St. John's is typically painted in bright colours. The city council has implemented strict heritage regulations in the downtown area, including restrictions on the height of buildings. These regulations have caused much controversy over the years. With the city experiencing an economic boom a lack of hotel rooms and office space has seen proposals put forward that do not meet the current height regulations. Heritage advocates argue that the current regulations should be enforced while others believe the regulations should be relaxed to encourage economic development.

title: St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

title: St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

text: Often

text: compared

text: to

text: San

text: Francisco

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: hilly

text: terrain

text: and

text: steep

text: maze

text: of

text: residential

text: streets

text: housing

text: in

text: St.

text: John

text: 's

text: is

text: typically

text: painted

text: in

text: bright

text: colours

text: The

text: city

text: council

text: has

text: implemented

text: strict

text: heritage

text: regulations

text: in

text: the

text: downtown

text: area

text: including

text: restrictions

text: on

text: the

text: height

text: of

text: buildings

text: These

text: regulations

text: have

text: caused

text: much

text: controversy

text: over

text: the

text: years

text: With

text: the

text: city

text: experiencing

text: an

text: economic

text: boom

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: hotel

text: rooms

text: and

text: office

text: space

text: has

text: seen

text: proposals

text: put

text: forward

text: that

text: do

text: not

text: meet

text: the

text: current

text: height

text: regulations

text: Heritage

text: advocates

text: argue

text: that

text: the

text: current

text: regulations

text: should

text: be

text: enforced

text: while

text: others

text: believe

text: the

text: regulations

text: should

text: be

text: relaxed

text: to

text: encourage

text: economic

text: development

question: What US city is St. John's often compared to?

answer: San Francisco

text: San Francisco

question: What does the city council have restrictions on in downtown?

answer: height of buildings

text: height of buildings

question: What have the restrictions on the height of buildings caused over the years?

answer: controversy

text: controversy

question: What is the city lacking because of the height restrictions?

answer: hotel rooms and office space

text: hotel rooms and office space

question: What does the provincial government put restrictions on?

text: the height of buildings

question: What regulations are widely embraced in the city?

text: heritage regulations

question: What kind of development is encouraged by the heritage regulations?

text: economic development


text: In the 20th century, Greek composers have had a significant impact on the development of avant garde and modern classical music, with figures such as Iannis Xenakis, Nikos Skalkottas, and Dimitri Mitropoulos achieving international prominence. At the same time, composers and musicians such as Mikis Theodorakis, Manos Hatzidakis, Eleni Karaindrou, Vangelis and Demis Roussos garnered an international following for their music, which include famous film scores such as Zorba the Greek, Serpico, Never on Sunday, America America, Eternity and a Day, Chariots of Fire, Blade Runner, among others. Greek American composers known for their film scores include Yanni and Basil Poledouris. Notable Greek opera singers and classical musicians of the 20th and 21st century include Maria Callas, Nana Mouskouri, Mario Frangoulis, Leonidas Kavakos, Dimitris Sgouros and others.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: Greek

text: composers

text: have

text: had

text: a

text: significant

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: avant

text: garde

text: and

text: modern

text: classical

text: music

text: with

text: figures

text: such

text: as

text: Iannis

text: Xenakis

text: Nikos

text: Skalkottas

text: and

text: Dimitri

text: Mitropoulos

text: achieving

text: international

text: prominence

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: composers

text: and

text: musicians

text: such

text: as

text: Mikis

text: Theodorakis

text: Manos

text: Hatzidakis

text: Eleni

text: Karaindrou

text: Vangelis

text: and

text: Demis

text: Roussos

text: garnered

text: an

text: international

text: following

text: for

text: their

text: music

text: which

text: include

text: famous

text: film

text: scores

text: such

text: as

text: Zorba

text: the

text: Greek

text: Serpico

text: Never

text: on

text: Sunday

text: America

text: America

text: Eternity

text: and

text: a

text: Day

text: Chariots

text: of

text: Fire

text: Blade

text: Runner

text: among

text: others

text: Greek

text: American

text: composers

text: known

text: for

text: their

text: film

text: scores

text: include

text: Yanni

text: and

text: Basil

text: Poledouris

text: Notable

text: Greek

text: opera

text: singers

text: and

text: classical

text: musicians

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: century

text: include

text: Maria

text: Callas

text: Nana

text: Mouskouri

text: Mario

text: Frangoulis

text: Leonidas

text: Kavakos

text: Dimitris

text: Sgouros

text: and

text: others

question: Who is one 20th century Greek composers that has had an impact on modern classical music?

answer: Iannis Xenakis

text: Iannis Xenakis

question: What is one of the famous movies Greek composers has scored?

answer: Zorba the Greek

text: Zorba the Greek

question: Who is one of the Greek composers known for their film scores?

answer: Yanni

text: Yanni

question: Who is one of the notable Greek opera singers in the 20th century?

answer: Maria Callas

text: Maria Callas


text: However, William Woodthorpe Tarn, between World War I and World War II and the heyday of the League of Nations, focused on the issues of racial and cultural confrontation and the nature of colonial rule. Michael Rostovtzeff, who fled the Russian Revolution, concentrated predominantly on the rise of the capitalist bourgeoisie in areas of Greek rule. Arnaldo Momigliano, an Italian Jew who wrote before and after the Second World War, studied the problem of mutual understanding between races in the conquered areas. Moses Hadas portrayed an optimistic picture of synthesis of culture from the perspective of the 1950s, while Frank William Walbank in the 1960s and 1970s had a materialistic approach to the Hellenistic period, focusing mainly on class relations. Recently, however, papyrologist C. Préaux has concentrated predominantly on the economic system, interactions between kings and cities and provides a generally pessimistic view on the period. Peter Green, on the other hand, writes from the point of view of late 20th century liberalism, his focus being on individualism, the breakdown of convention, experiments and a postmodern disillusionment with all institutions and political processes.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: However

text: William

text: Woodthorpe

text: Tarn

text: between

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: and

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: and

text: the

text: heyday

text: of

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Nations

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: issues

text: of

text: racial

text: and

text: cultural

text: confrontation

text: and

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: colonial

text: rule

text: Michael

text: Rostovtzeff

text: who

text: fled

text: the

text: Russian

text: Revolution

text: concentrated

text: predominantly

text: on

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: capitalist

text: bourgeoisie

text: in

text: areas

text: of

text: Greek

text: rule

text: Arnaldo

text: Momigliano

text: an

text: Italian

text: Jew

text: who

text: wrote

text: before

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: studied

text: the

text: problem

text: of

text: mutual

text: understanding

text: between

text: races

text: in

text: the

text: conquered

text: areas

text: Moses

text: Hadas

text: portrayed

text: an

text: optimistic

text: picture

text: of

text: synthesis

text: of

text: culture

text: from

text: the

text: perspective

text: of

text: the

text: while

text: Frank

text: William

text: Walbank

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: had

text: a

text: materialistic

text: approach

text: to

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: period

text: focusing

text: mainly

text: on

text: class

text: relations

text: Recently

text: however

text: papyrologist

text: C.

text: Préaux

text: has

text: concentrated

text: predominantly

text: on

text: the

text: economic

text: system

text: interactions

text: between

text: kings

text: and

text: cities

text: and

text: provides

text: a

text: generally

text: pessimistic

text: view

text: on

text: the

text: period

text: Peter

text: Green

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: writes

text: from

text: the

text: point

text: of

text: view

text: of

text: late

text: century

text: liberalism

text: his

text: focus

text: being

text: on

text: individualism

text: the

text: breakdown

text: of

text: convention

text: experiments

text: and

text: a

text: postmodern

text: disillusionment

text: with

text: all

text: institutions

text: and

text: political

text: processes

question: Who focused on the issue of racial and cultural confrontation?

answer: William Woodthorpe Tarn

text: William Woodthorpe Tarn

question: Which organization did Michael Rostovtzeff flee from?

answer: Russian Revolution

text: Russian Revolution

question: Who studied the problem mutual understanding between races in conquered areas?

answer: Arnaldo Momigliano

text: Arnaldo Momigliano

question: Frank William Walbank mainly focused on which relations in his depictions of Hellinistic culture?

answer: class

text: class

question: Whish Hellinistic historian focused primarely on the economic system?

answer: C. Préaux

text: C. Préaux


text: Chemical defense is another important defense found amongst species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, usually being advertised by bright colors, such as the Monarch butterfly. They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own toxins. Predators that eat poisonous butterflies and moths may become sick and vomit violently, learning not to eat those types of species; this is actually the basis of Müllerian mimicry. A predator who has previously eaten a poisonous lepidopteran may avoid other species with similar markings in the future, thus saving many other species as well. Some ground beetles of the Carabidae family can spray chemicals from their abdomen with great accuracy, to repel predators.

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: Chemical

text: defense

text: is

text: another

text: important

text: defense

text: found

text: amongst

text: species

text: of

text: Coleoptera

text: and

text: Lepidoptera

text: usually

text: being

text: advertised

text: by

text: bright

text: colors

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Monarch

text: butterfly

text: They

text: obtain

text: their

text: toxicity

text: by

text: sequestering

text: the

text: chemicals

text: from

text: the

text: plants

text: they

text: eat

text: into

text: their

text: own

text: tissues

text: Some

text: Lepidoptera

text: manufacture

text: their

text: own

text: toxins

text: Predators

text: that

text: eat

text: poisonous

text: butterflies

text: and

text: moths

text: may

text: become

text: sick

text: and

text: vomit

text: violently

text: learning

text: not

text: to

text: eat

text: those

text: types

text: of

text: species

text: this

text: is

text: actually

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: Müllerian

text: mimicry

text: A

text: predator

text: who

text: has

text: previously

text: eaten

text: a

text: poisonous

text: lepidopteran

text: may

text: avoid

text: other

text: species

text: with

text: similar

text: markings

text: in

text: the

text: future

text: thus

text: saving

text: many

text: other

text: species

text: as

text: well

text: Some

text: ground

text: beetles

text: of

text: the

text: Carabidae

text: family

text: can

text: spray

text: chemicals

text: from

text: their

text: abdomen

text: with

text: great

text: accuracy

text: to

text: repel

text: predators

question: What kind of defense is found in the Coleoptera species?

answer: Chemical

text: Chemical

question: What chemical defense is used by the Monarch butterfly?

answer: bright colors

text: bright colors

question: Insects become toxic by doing what with the chemicals from plants?

answer: sequestering

text: sequestering

question: Which insect manufactures it's own toxins?

answer: Lepidoptera

text: Lepidoptera

question: Some beetles can spray what from their abdomen?

answer: chemicals

text: chemicals


text: Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the Company's shareholders, the Act passed. It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown, but leased back to the Company at £40,000 for two years. Under the Act's most important provision, a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta. The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government's interest could, and invariably would, outvote the two Company members. The Council was headed by Warren Hastings, the incumbent Governor, who became the first Governor-General of Bengal, with an ill-defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies. His nomination, made by the Court of Directors, would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown. Initially, the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering, The Honourable Sir George Monson, Sir Richard Barwell, and Sir Philip Francis.

title: East_India_Company

title: East_India_Company

text: Despite

text: stiff

text: resistance

text: from

text: the

text: East

text: India

text: lobby

text: in

text: parliament

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: Company

text: 's

text: shareholders

text: the

text: Act

text: passed

text: It

text: introduced

text: substantial

text: governmental

text: control

text: and

text: allowed

text: British

text: India

text: to

text: be

text: formally

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Crown

text: but

text: leased

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: Company

text: at

text: for

text: two

text: years

text: Under

text: the

text: Act

text: 's

text: most

text: important

text: provision

text: a

text: governing

text: Council

text: composed

text: of

text: five

text: members

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: Calcutta

text: The

text: three

text: members

text: nominated

text: by

text: Parliament

text: and

text: representing

text: the

text: Government

text: 's

text: interest

text: could

text: and

text: invariably

text: would

text: outvote

text: the

text: two

text: Company

text: members

text: The

text: Council

text: was

text: headed

text: by

text: Warren

text: Hastings

text: the

text: incumbent

text: Governor

text: who

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: Governor

text: General

text: of

text: Bengal

text: with

text: an

text: ill

text: defined

text: authority

text: over

text: the

text: Bombay

text: and

text: Madras

text: Presidencies

text: His

text: nomination

text: made

text: by

text: the

text: Court

text: of

text: Directors

text: would

text: in

text: future

text: be

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: approval

text: of

text: a

text: Council

text: of

text: Four

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: Crown

text: Initially

text: the

text: Council

text: consisted

text: of

text: Lt

text: General

text: Sir

text: John

text: Clavering

text: The

text: Honourable

text: Sir

text: George

text: Monson

text: Sir

text: Richard

text: Barwell

text: and

text: Sir

text: Philip

text: Francis

question: EIC was leased back the land they held in British India by what part of the British goverment?

answer: Parliament

text: Parliament

question: How much did the parliament lease British india for to EIC (the lease was for two years)?

answer: £40,000

question: The British Government  created a how many man council in Calcutta?

answer: five

text: five

question: How many council member weres allow to be from the EIC?

answer: two

text: two

question: By having 3 members on the council in Calcutta from the British Government they were always able to ____ the two EIC members?

answer: outvote

text: outvote

question: How much did the parliament lease Australia for to EIC (the lease was for two years)?

question: How many were on the council in Calcutta created by the German Government?

text: five

question: How many council members were killed on the EIC?

text: two

question: What incumbent Governor was dismissed from the Council?

text: Warren Hastings


text: The last decades of the 19th century saw concerted political campaigns for Irish home rule. Ireland had been united with Britain into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the Act of Union 1800 after the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and had suffered a severe famine between 1845 and 1852. Home rule was supported by the British Prime minister, William Gladstone, who hoped that Ireland might follow in Canada's footsteps as a Dominion within the empire, but his 1886 Home Rule bill was defeated in Parliament. Although the bill, if passed, would have granted Ireland less autonomy within the UK than the Canadian provinces had within their own federation, many MPs feared that a partially independent Ireland might pose a security threat to Great Britain or mark the beginning of the break-up of the empire. A second Home Rule bill was also defeated for similar reasons. A third bill was passed by Parliament in 1914, but not implemented because of the outbreak of the First World War leading to the 1916 Easter Rising.

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: The

text: last

text: decades

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: saw

text: concerted

text: political

text: campaigns

text: for

text: Irish

text: home

text: rule

text: Ireland

text: had

text: been

text: united

text: with

text: Britain

text: into

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: with

text: the

text: Act

text: of

text: Union

text: after

text: the

text: Irish

text: Rebellion

text: of

text: and

text: had

text: suffered

text: a

text: severe

text: famine

text: between

text: and

text: Home

text: rule

text: was

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: Prime

text: minister

text: William

text: Gladstone

text: who

text: hoped

text: that

text: Ireland

text: might

text: follow

text: in

text: Canada

text: 's

text: footsteps

text: as

text: a

text: Dominion

text: within

text: the

text: empire

text: but

text: his

text: Home

text: Rule

text: bill

text: was

text: defeated

text: in

text: Parliament

text: Although

text: the

text: bill

text: if

text: passed

text: would

text: have

text: granted

text: Ireland

text: less

text: autonomy

text: within

text: the

text: UK

text: than

text: the

text: Canadian

text: provinces

text: had

text: within

text: their

text: own

text: federation

text: many

text: MPs

text: feared

text: that

text: a

text: partially

text: independent

text: Ireland

text: might

text: pose

text: a

text: security

text: threat

text: to

text: Great

text: Britain

text: or

text: mark

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: break

text: up

text: of

text: the

text: empire

text: A

text: second

text: Home

text: Rule

text: bill

text: was

text: also

text: defeated

text: for

text: similar

text: reasons

text: A

text: third

text: bill

text: was

text: passed

text: by

text: Parliament

text: in

text: but

text: not

text: implemented

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: Easter

text: Rising

question: Which British Prime Minister first supported home rule of Ireland?

answer: William Gladstone

text: William Gladstone

question: The first Home Rule bill would have given Ireland less self-control than what other territory?

answer: Canada

text: Canada

question: When was the Easter Rising?

answer: 1916

question: When was a Home Rule bill passed?

answer: 1914

question: The passed Home Rule Bill wasn't implemented because of which war?

answer: the First World War

text: the First World War


text: Child labour is still common in many parts of the world. Estimates for child labour vary. It ranges between 250 and 304 million, if children aged 5–17 involved in any economic activity are counted. If light occasional work is excluded, ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5–14 worldwide in 2008. This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child labourers in 2004. Some 60 percent of the child labour was involved in agricultural activities such as farming, dairy, fisheries and forestry. Another 25 percent of child labourers were in service activities such as retail, hawking goods, restaurants, load and transfer of goods, storage, picking and recycling trash, polishing shoes, domestic help, and other services. The remaining 15 percent laboured in assembly and manufacturing in informal economy, home-based enterprises, factories, mines, packaging salt, operating machinery, and such operations. Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents, in unpaid family work situations. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants. Child labour predominantly occurs in the rural areas (70%) and informal urban sector (26%).

title: Child_labour

title: Child_labour

text: Child

text: labour

text: is

text: still

text: common

text: in

text: many

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Estimates

text: for

text: child

text: labour

text: vary

text: It

text: ranges

text: between

text: and

text: million

text: if

text: children

text: aged

text: involved

text: in

text: any

text: economic

text: activity

text: are

text: counted

text: If

text: light

text: occasional

text: work

text: is

text: excluded

text: ILO

text: estimates

text: there

text: were

text: million

text: child

text: labourers

text: aged

text: worldwide

text: in

text: This

text: is

text: about

text: million

text: less

text: than

text: ILO

text: estimate

text: for

text: child

text: labourers

text: in

text: Some

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: child

text: labour

text: was

text: involved

text: in

text: agricultural

text: activities

text: such

text: as

text: farming

text: dairy

text: fisheries

text: and

text: forestry

text: Another

text: percent

text: of

text: child

text: labourers

text: were

text: in

text: service

text: activities

text: such

text: as

text: retail

text: hawking

text: goods

text: restaurants

text: load

text: and

text: transfer

text: of

text: goods

text: storage

text: picking

text: and

text: recycling

text: trash

text: polishing

text: shoes

text: domestic

text: help

text: and

text: other

text: services

text: The

text: remaining

text: percent

text: laboured

text: in

text: assembly

text: and

text: manufacturing

text: in

text: informal

text: economy

text: home

text: based

text: enterprises

text: factories

text: mines

text: packaging

text: salt

text: operating

text: machinery

text: and

text: such

text: operations

text: Two

text: out

text: of

text: three

text: child

text: workers

text: work

text: alongside

text: their

text: parents

text: in

text: unpaid

text: family

text: work

text: situations

text: Some

text: children

text: work

text: as

text: guides

text: for

text: tourists

text: sometimes

text: combined

text: with

text: bringing

text: in

text: business

text: for

text: shops

text: and

text: restaurants

text: Child

text: labour

text: predominantly

text: occurs

text: in

text: the

text: rural

text: areas

text: and

text: informal

text: urban

text: sector

question: Does child labour exist in the 21st century?

answer: Child labour is still common

text: Child labour is still common

question: Where does child labour currently occur the most?

answer: rural areas

text: rural areas

question: How many children in today's world work beside their parents?

answer: Two out of three child

text: Two out of three child

question: Some child work as guides for whom?

answer: tourists

text: tourists


text: Labour runs a minority government in the Welsh Assembly under Carwyn Jones, is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament and has twenty MEPs in the European Parliament, sitting in the Socialists and Democrats Group. The party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a full member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance, and holds observer status in the Socialist International. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party.

title: Labour_Party_(UK)

title: Labour_Party_(UK

text: Labour

text: runs

text: a

text: minority

text: government

text: in

text: the

text: Welsh

text: Assembly

text: under

text: Carwyn

text: Jones

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: opposition

text: party

text: in

text: the

text: Scottish

text: Parliament

text: and

text: has

text: twenty

text: MEPs

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Parliament

text: sitting

text: in

text: the

text: Socialists

text: and

text: Democrats

text: Group

text: The

text: party

text: also

text: organises

text: in

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: but

text: does

text: not

text: contest

text: elections

text: to

text: the

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: Assembly

text: The

text: Labour

text: Party

text: is

text: a

text: full

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Party

text: of

text: European

text: Socialists

text: and

text: Progressive

text: Alliance

text: and

text: holds

text: observer

text: status

text: in

text: the

text: Socialist

text: International

text: In

text: September

text: Jeremy

text: Corbyn

text: was

text: elected

text: Leader

text: of

text: the

text: Labour

text: Party

question: Who runs the Welsh Assembly?

answer: Carwyn Jones

text: Carwyn Jones

question: What is the largest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament?

answer: The Labour Party

text: The Labour Party

question: How many MEPs does it have in the British Parliament?

answer: twenty

text: twenty

question: What year was Jeremy Corbyn elected?

answer: 2015

question: What runs a majority government in the Welsh Assembly?

text: Labour

question: What is the smallest opposition party in the Scottish Parliament?

text: Labour

question: Where does the Labour Party not organize?

text: Northern Ireland

question: Who was leader of the Labour Party before 2015?

text: Jeremy Corbyn

question: Where does the Labour Party have fourty MEPs?

text: European Parliament


text: Trading companies became active in Tuvalu in the mid-19th century; the trading companies engaged palagi traders who lived on the islands. John (also known as Jack) O'Brien was the first European to settle in Tuvalu, he became a trader on Funafuti in the 1850s. He married Salai, the daughter of the paramount chief of Funafuti. Louis Becke, who later found success as a writer, was a trader on Nanumanga from April 1880 until the trading-station was destroyed later that year in a cyclone. He then became a trader on Nukufetau.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: Trading

text: companies

text: became

text: active

text: in

text: Tuvalu

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: trading

text: companies

text: engaged

text: palagi

text: traders

text: who

text: lived

text: on

text: the

text: islands

text: John

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Jack

text: O'Brien

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: European

text: to

text: settle

text: in

text: Tuvalu

text: he

text: became

text: a

text: trader

text: on

text: Funafuti

text: in

text: the

text: He

text: married

text: Salai

text: the

text: daughter

text: of

text: the

text: paramount

text: chief

text: of

text: Funafuti

text: Louis

text: Becke

text: who

text: later

text: found

text: success

text: as

text: a

text: writer

text: was

text: a

text: trader

text: on

text: Nanumanga

text: from

text: April

text: until

text: the

text: trading

text: station

text: was

text: destroyed

text: later

text: that

text: year

text: in

text: a

text: cyclone

text: He

text: then

text: became

text: a

text: trader

text: on

text: Nukufetau

question: In what century did trading companies arrive in Tuvalu?

answer: mid-19th

question: What type of traders did the trading companies employ on Tuvalu?

answer: palagi traders

text: palagi traders

question: Who was the first European to permanently settle on Tuvalu?

answer: John (also known as Jack) O'Brien

text: John (also known as Jack) O'Brien

question: Which native did O'Brien marry?

answer: Salai

text: Salai

question: What trader turned author established a post on Tuvalu?

answer: Louis Becke

text: Louis Becke


text: Comcast announced in May 2007 and launched in September 2008 a dashboard called SmartZone. Hewlett-Packard led "design, creation and management". Collaboration and unified messaging technology came from open-source vendor Zimbra. "SmartZone users will be able to send and receive e-mail, listen to their voicemail messages online and forward that information via e-mail to others, send instant messages and video instant messages and merge their contacts into one address book". There is also Cloudmark spam and phishing protection and Trend Micro antivirus. The address book is Comcast Plaxo software.

title: Comcast

title: Comcast

text: Comcast

text: announced

text: in

text: May

text: and

text: launched

text: in

text: September

text: a

text: dashboard

text: called

text: SmartZone

text: Hewlett

text: Packard

text: led

text: design

text: creation

text: and

text: management

text: Collaboration

text: and

text: unified

text: messaging

text: technology

text: came

text: from

text: open

text: source

text: vendor

text: Zimbra

text: SmartZone

text: users

text: will

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: send

text: and

text: receive

text: e

text: mail

text: listen

text: to

text: their

text: voicemail

text: messages

text: online

text: and

text: forward

text: that

text: information

text: via

text: e

text: mail

text: to

text: others

text: send

text: instant

text: messages

text: and

text: video

text: instant

text: messages

text: and

text: merge

text: their

text: contacts

text: into

text: one

text: address

text: book

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: Cloudmark

text: spam

text: and

text: phishing

text: protection

text: and

text: Trend

text: Micro

text: antivirus

text: The

text: address

text: book

text: is

text: Comcast

text: Plaxo

text: software

question: What was the name of the interface front-end introduced by Comcast in 2007?

answer: a dashboard called SmartZone

text: a dashboard called SmartZone

question: What company designed this interface?

answer: Hewlett-Packard

text: Hewlett-Packard

question: Smartzone used what company's antivirus protection?

answer: Trend Micro

text: Trend Micro

question: The contacts and address book for Smartzone was called what?

answer: Comcast Plaxo software

text: Comcast Plaxo software

question: When was Smartzone rolled out to customers?

answer: September 2008

text: September 2008

question: When did Comcast team up with Hewlett-Packard?

text: May 2007

question: When did Comcast launch Zimbra?

text: September 2008

question: What did Zimbra allow users to do with their contacts?

question: What is SmartZone's email called?

text: Comcast Plaxo

question: What was the name of the Hewlett-Packard antivirus software?

text: Trend Micro


text: Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the rule of law, with as little arbitrary intervention as possible. In his popular book, The Road to Serfdom (1944) and in subsequent academic works, Hayek argued that socialism required central economic planning and that such planning in turn leads towards totalitarianism.

title: Friedrich_Hayek

title: Friedrich_Hayek

text: Hayek

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: academic

text: critics

text: of

text: collectivism

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Hayek

text: argued

text: that

text: all

text: forms

text: of

text: collectivism

text: even

text: those

text: theoretically

text: based

text: on

text: voluntary

text: co

text: operation

text: could

text: only

text: be

text: maintained

text: by

text: a

text: central

text: authority

text: of

text: some

text: kind

text: In

text: Hayek

text: 's

text: view

text: the

text: central

text: role

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: should

text: be

text: to

text: maintain

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: with

text: as

text: little

text: arbitrary

text: intervention

text: as

text: possible

text: In

text: his

text: popular

text: book

text: The

text: Road

text: to

text: Serfdom

text: and

text: in

text: subsequent

text: academic

text: works

text: Hayek

text: argued

text: that

text: socialism

text: required

text: central

text: economic

text: planning

text: and

text: that

text: such

text: planning

text: in

text: turn

text: leads

text: towards

text: totalitarianism

question: What was the name of the ideology Hayek criticized?

answer: collectivism

text: collectivism

question: How did Hayek believe collectivism could be maintained?

answer: a central authority

text: a central authority

question: According to Hayek, what is necessary for the implementation of a socialist economy?

answer: central economic planning

text: central economic planning

question: Hayek believed the requirements for a socialist economy would lead to what?

answer: totalitarianism

text: totalitarianism

question: What did Hayek believe was the core responsibility of the state?

answer: maintain the rule of law

text: maintain the rule of law


text: Nontrinitarians, such as Unitarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ, but do not recognise Marian titles such as "Mother of God" as these groups generally reject Christ's divinity. Since Nontrinitarian churches are typically also mortalist, the issue of praying to Mary, whom they would consider "asleep", awaiting resurrection, does not arise. Emanuel Swedenborg says God as he is in himself could not directly approach evil spirits to redeem those spirits without destroying them (Exodus 33:20, John 1:18), so God impregnated Mary, who gave Jesus Christ access to the evil heredity of the human race, which he could approach, redeem and save.

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus

text: Nontrinitarians

text: such

text: as

text: Unitarians

text: Christadelphians

text: and

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

text: also

text: acknowledge

text: Mary

text: as

text: the

text: biological

text: mother

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: but

text: do

text: not

text: recognise

text: Marian

text: titles

text: such

text: as

text: Mother

text: of

text: God

text: as

text: these

text: groups

text: generally

text: reject

text: Christ

text: 's

text: divinity

text: Since

text: Nontrinitarian

text: churches

text: are

text: typically

text: also

text: mortalist

text: the

text: issue

text: of

text: praying

text: to

text: Mary

text: whom

text: they

text: would

text: consider

text: asleep

text: awaiting

text: resurrection

text: does

text: not

text: arise

text: Emanuel

text: Swedenborg

text: says

text: God

text: as

text: he

text: is

text: in

text: himself

text: could

text: not

text: directly

text: approach

text: evil

text: spirits

text: to

text: redeem

text: those

text: spirits

text: without

text: destroying

text: them

text: Exodus

text: John

text: so

text: God

text: impregnated

text: Mary

text: who

text: gave

text: Jesus

text: Christ

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: evil

text: heredity

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: race

text: which

text: he

text: could

text: approach

text: redeem

text: and

text: save

question: According to Nontrinitarian belief, what is Mary's relationship to Jesus?

answer: biological mother

text: biological mother

question: Which Nontrinitarian theologian says that God cannot approach eveil spirits to redeem them?

answer: Emanuel Swedenborg

text: Emanuel Swedenborg

question: Unittarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses are examples of what kind of church?

answer: Nontrinitarians

text: Nontrinitarians

question: "Mother of God" is an example of what kind of title?

answer: Marian

text: Marian

question: Why type of churches did Emanuel Swedenborg visit?

text: Nontrinitarian churches

question: Who did Mary recognize herself as?

text: Mother of God

question: Which Nontrinitarian churches once acknowledged Mary as "Mother of God"?

question: Whom did Mary give access to the evil heredity of the human race?

text: Jesus Christ


text: During the reign of Khārabēḷa, the Chedi dynasty of Kaḷinga ascended to eminence and restored the lost power and glory of Kaḷinga, which had been subdued since the devastating war with Ashoka. Kaḷingan military might was reinstated by Khārabēḷa: under Khārabēḷa's generalship, the Kaḷinga state had a formidable maritime reach with trade routes linking it to the then-Simhala (Sri Lanka), Burma (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Vietnam, Kamboja (Cambodia), Malaysia, Borneo, Bali, Samudra (Sumatra) and Jabadwipa (Java). Khārabēḷa led many successful campaigns against the states of Magadha, Anga, Satavahanas till the southern most regions of Pandyan Empire (modern Tamil Nadu).

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: During

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Khārabēḷa

text: the

text: Chedi

text: dynasty

text: of

text: Kaḷinga

text: ascended

text: to

text: eminence

text: and

text: restored

text: the

text: lost

text: power

text: and

text: glory

text: of

text: Kaḷinga

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: subdued

text: since

text: the

text: devastating

text: war

text: with

text: Ashoka

text: Kaḷingan

text: military

text: might

text: was

text: reinstated

text: by

text: Khārabēḷa

text: under

text: Khārabēḷa

text: 's

text: generalship

text: the

text: Kaḷinga

text: state

text: had

text: a

text: formidable

text: maritime

text: reach

text: with

text: trade

text: routes

text: linking

text: it

text: to

text: the

text: then

text: Simhala

text: Sri

text: Lanka

text: Burma

text: Myanmar

text: Siam

text: Thailand

text: Vietnam

text: Kamboja

text: Cambodia

text: Malaysia

text: Borneo

text: Bali

text: Samudra

text: Sumatra

text: and

text: Jabadwipa

text: Java

text: Khārabēḷa

text: led

text: many

text: successful

text: campaigns

text: against

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Magadha

text: Anga

text: Satavahanas

text: till

text: the

text: southern

text: most

text: regions

text: of

text: Pandyan

text: Empire

text: modern

text: Tamil

text: Nadu

question: What Kalingan ruler brought the Chedi dynasty back into power?

answer: Khārabēḷa

text: Khārabēḷa

question: What power had previously defeated the Kalingans?

answer: Ashoka

text: Ashoka

question: In what arena was Kalinga a formidable power?

answer: maritime

text: maritime

question: What maritime advantage did the Kalingans have?

answer: trade routes

text: trade routes

question: What militaristic leader restored might to the Kalinga empire?

answer: Khārabēḷa

text: Khārabēḷa


text: In the first volume of his Parerga and Paralipomena, Schopenhauer wrote his "Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real". He defined the ideal as being mental pictures that constitute subjective knowledge. The ideal, for him, is what can be attributed to our own minds. The images in our head are what comprise the ideal. Schopenhauer emphasized that we are restricted to our own consciousness. The world that appears is only a representation or mental picture of objects. We directly and immediately know only representations. All objects that are external to the mind are known indirectly through the mediation of our mind. He offered a history of the concept of the "ideal" as "ideational" or "existing in the mind as an image".

title: Idealism

title: Idealism

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: volume

text: of

text: his

text: Parerga

text: and

text: Paralipomena

text: Schopenhauer

text: wrote

text: his

text: Sketch

text: of

text: a

text: History

text: of

text: the

text: Doctrine

text: of

text: the

text: Ideal

text: and

text: the

text: Real

text: He

text: defined

text: the

text: ideal

text: as

text: being

text: mental

text: pictures

text: that

text: constitute

text: subjective

text: knowledge

text: The

text: ideal

text: for

text: him

text: is

text: what

text: can

text: be

text: attributed

text: to

text: our

text: own

text: minds

text: The

text: images

text: in

text: our

text: head

text: are

text: what

text: comprise

text: the

text: ideal

text: Schopenhauer

text: emphasized

text: that

text: we

text: are

text: restricted

text: to

text: our

text: own

text: consciousness

text: The

text: world

text: that

text: appears

text: is

text: only

text: a

text: representation

text: or

text: mental

text: picture

text: of

text: objects

text: We

text: directly

text: and

text: immediately

text: know

text: only

text: representations

text: All

text: objects

text: that

text: are

text: external

text: to

text: the

text: mind

text: are

text: known

text: indirectly

text: through

text: the

text: mediation

text: of

text: our

text: mind

text: He

text: offered

text: a

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: the

text: ideal

text: as

text: ideational

text: or

text: existing

text: in

text: the

text: mind

text: as

text: an

text: image

question: Who wrote Parerga and Paralipomena?

answer: Schopenhauer

text: Schopenhauer

question: According to Schopenhauer, to what can the ideal be attributed?

answer: our own minds

text: our own minds

question: What did Schopenhauer believe we were restricted to?

answer: our own consciousness

text: our own consciousness

question: What did Schopenhauer believe were the only things we could know?

answer: representations

text: representations

question: What type of knowledge did Schopenhauer believe the ideal to be?

answer: subjective

text: subjective

question: What essay is in Schopenhauer's second volume?

question: What are we unrestricted by?

text: our own consciousness

question: How are external objects known directly?

text: mediation of our mind

question: What constitutes mental pictures?

text: subjective knowledge

question: Schopenhauer said the ideal was not what type of knowledge?

text: subjective


text: Wang and Nyima state that after the official title "Education Minister" was granted to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364) by the Yuan court, this title appeared frequently with his name in various Tibetan texts, while his Tibetan title "Degsi" (sic properly sde-srid or desi) is seldom mentioned. Wang and Nyima take this to mean that "even in the later period of the Yuan dynasty, the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty maintained a Central-local government relation." The Tai Situpa is even supposed to have written in his will: "In the past I received loving care from the emperor in the east. If the emperor continues to care for us, please follow his edicts and the imperial envoy should be well received."

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Wang

text: and

text: Nyima

text: state

text: that

text: after

text: the

text: official

text: title

text: Education

text: Minister

text: was

text: granted

text: to

text: Tai

text: Situ

text: Changchub

text: Gyaltsen

text: by

text: the

text: Yuan

text: court

text: this

text: title

text: appeared

text: frequently

text: with

text: his

text: name

text: in

text: various

text: Tibetan

text: texts

text: while

text: his

text: Tibetan

text: title

text: Degsi

text: sic

text: properly

text: sde

text: srid

text: or

text: desi

text: is

text: seldom

text: mentioned

text: Wang

text: and

text: Nyima

text: take

text: this

text: to

text: mean

text: that

text: even

text: in

text: the

text: later

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: the

text: Yuan

text: imperial

text: court

text: and

text: the

text: Phagmodrupa

text: Dynasty

text: maintained

text: a

text: Central

text: local

text: government

text: relation

text: The

text: Tai

text: Situpa

text: is

text: even

text: supposed

text: to

text: have

text: written

text: in

text: his

text: will

text: In

text: the

text: past

text: I

text: received

text: loving

text: care

text: from

text: the

text: emperor

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: If

text: the

text: emperor

text: continues

text: to

text: care

text: for

text: us

text: please

text: follow

text: his

text: edicts

text: and

text: the

text: imperial

text: envoy

text: should

text: be

text: well

text: received

question: What title was given by the Yuan court to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen ?

answer: Education Minister

text: Education Minister

question: What Tibetan title was hardly ever mentioned when referring to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen?

answer: Degsi

text: Degsi

question: What dynasty kept a Central-local government relation with the Yuan imperial court?

answer: Phagmodrupa Dynasty

text: Phagmodrupa Dynasty

question: What two people claim the title of Education Minister was often seen next to Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen's name in Tibetan texts?

answer: Wang and Nyima

text: Wang and Nyima

question: Who wrote in their will that they received loving care from the emperor in the east?

answer: The Tai Situpa

text: The Tai Situpa


text: The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the viral protein hemagglutinin to bind red blood cells together into a detectable matrix may also be characterized as a biochemical test for viral infection, although strictly speaking hemagglutinin is not an enzyme and has no metabolic function.

title: Infection

title: Infection

text: The

text: isolation

text: of

text: enzymes

text: from

text: infected

text: tissue

text: can

text: also

text: provide

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: a

text: biochemical

text: diagnosis

text: of

text: an

text: infectious

text: disease

text: For

text: example

text: humans

text: can

text: make

text: neither

text: RNA

text: replicases

text: nor

text: reverse

text: transcriptase

text: and

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: these

text: enzymes

text: are

text: characteristic

text: of

text: specific

text: types

text: of

text: viral

text: infections

text: The

text: ability

text: of

text: the

text: viral

text: protein

text: hemagglutinin

text: to

text: bind

text: red

text: blood

text: cells

text: together

text: into

text: a

text: detectable

text: matrix

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: characterized

text: as

text: a

text: biochemical

text: test

text: for

text: viral

text: infection

text: although

text: strictly

text: speaking

text: hemagglutinin

text: is

text: not

text: an

text: enzyme

text: and

text: has

text: no

text: metabolic

text: function

question: What needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease?

answer: enzymes

text: enzymes

question: What enzyme's presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections?

answer: RNA replicases

text: RNA replicases

question: What does the protein hemagglutinin bind together?

answer: red blood cells

text: red blood cells

question: Why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a virus?

answer: humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase

text: humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase

question: What needs to be combined with infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease?

text: enzymes

question: What enzyme's absence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections?

text: RNA replicases

question: What does the protein hemagglutinin pull apart?

text: red blood cells

question: Why are the presence of certain enzymes a sign of good health?


text: Comparing diets among Western countries, researchers have discovered that although the French tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, the incidence of heart disease remains low in France. This phenomenon has been termed the French paradox, and is thought to occur from protective benefits of regularly consuming red wine. Apart from potential benefits of alcohol itself, including reduced platelet aggregation and vasodilation, polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol) mainly in the grape skin provide other suspected health benefits, such as:

title: Grape

title: Grape

text: Comparing

text: diets

text: among

text: Western

text: countries

text: researchers

text: have

text: discovered

text: that

text: although

text: the

text: French

text: tend

text: to

text: eat

text: higher

text: levels

text: of

text: animal

text: fat

text: the

text: incidence

text: of

text: heart

text: disease

text: remains

text: low

text: in

text: France

text: This

text: phenomenon

text: has

text: been

text: termed

text: the

text: French

text: paradox

text: and

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: occur

text: from

text: protective

text: benefits

text: of

text: regularly

text: consuming

text: red

text: wine

text: Apart

text: from

text: potential

text: benefits

text: of

text: alcohol

text: itself

text: including

text: reduced

text: platelet

text: aggregation

text: and

text: vasodilation

text: polyphenols

text: e.g.

text: resveratrol

text: mainly

text: in

text: the

text: grape

text: skin

text: provide

text: other

text: suspected

text: health

text: benefits

text: such

text: as

question: What do people in France eat more of that in most western countries?

answer: animal fat

text: animal fat

question: What kind of the wine is regularly consumed by the French?

answer: red wine

text: red wine

question: What is the phenomenon that shows that the French have less heart disease, even though they eat more animal fat?

answer: the French paradox

text: the French paradox

question: What is a potential health benefit from drinking alcohol?

answer: vasodilation

text: vasodilation


text: The U.S. Navy, by contrast, relied on commerce raiding from the outset. However, the problem of Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines, during the early part of 1942, led to diversion of boats to "guerrilla submarine" missions. As well, basing in Australia placed boats under Japanese aerial threat while en route to patrol areas, reducing their effectiveness, and Nimitz relied on submarines for close surveillance of enemy bases. Furthermore, the standard-issue Mark 14 torpedo and its Mark VI exploder both proved defective, problems which were not corrected until September 1943. Worst of all, before the war, an uninformed US Customs officer had seized a copy of the Japanese merchant marine code (called the "maru code" in the USN), not knowing that the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) had broken it. The Japanese promptly changed it, and the new code was not broken again by OP-20G until 1943.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: by

text: contrast

text: relied

text: on

text: commerce

text: raiding

text: from

text: the

text: outset

text: However

text: the

text: problem

text: of

text: Allied

text: forces

text: surrounded

text: in

text: the

text: Philippines

text: during

text: the

text: early

text: part

text: of

text: led

text: to

text: diversion

text: of

text: boats

text: to

text: guerrilla

text: submarine

text: missions

text: As

text: well

text: basing

text: in

text: Australia

text: placed

text: boats

text: under

text: Japanese

text: aerial

text: threat

text: while

text: en

text: route

text: to

text: patrol

text: areas

text: reducing

text: their

text: effectiveness

text: and

text: Nimitz

text: relied

text: on

text: submarines

text: for

text: close

text: surveillance

text: of

text: enemy

text: bases

text: Furthermore

text: the

text: standard

text: issue

text: Mark

text: torpedo

text: and

text: its

text: Mark

text: VI

text: exploder

text: both

text: proved

text: defective

text: problems

text: which

text: were

text: not

text: corrected

text: until

text: September

text: Worst

text: of

text: all

text: before

text: the

text: war

text: an

text: uninformed

text: US

text: Customs

text: officer

text: had

text: seized

text: a

text: copy

text: of

text: the

text: Japanese

text: merchant

text: marine

text: code

text: called

text: the

text: maru

text: code

text: in

text: the

text: USN

text: not

text: knowing

text: that

text: the

text: Office

text: of

text: Naval

text: Intelligence

text: ONI

text: had

text: broken

text: it

text: The

text: Japanese

text: promptly

text: changed

text: it

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: code

text: was

text: not

text: broken

text: again

text: by

text: G

text: until

question: What did the US Navy rely on?

answer: commerce raiding

text: commerce raiding

question: What led to guerrilla submarine missions in early 1942?

answer: Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines

text: Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines

question: What did Admiral Nimitze rely on submarines for?

answer: close surveillance of enemy bases

text: close surveillance of enemy bases

question: When were the defective torpedo problems of the US Navy corrected?

answer: September 1943

text: September 1943

question: What was the "maru code"?

answer: Japanese merchant marine code

text: Japanese merchant marine code


text: The Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans built settlements in the Alps; towns such as Aosta (named for Augustus) in Italy, Martigny and Lausanne in Switzerland, and Partenkirchen in Bavaria show remains of Roman baths, villas, arenas and temples. Much of the Alpine region was gradually settled by Germanic tribes, (Lombards, Alemanni, Bavarii, and Franks) from the 6th to the 13th centuries mixing with the local Celtic tribes.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: The

text: Roman

text: expansion

text: brought

text: the

text: defeat

text: of

text: the

text: Allobrogi

text: in

text: BC

text: and

text: during

text: the

text: Gallic

text: Wars

text: in

text: BC

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: overcame

text: the

text: Helvetii

text: The

text: Rhaetians

text: continued

text: to

text: resist

text: but

text: were

text: eventually

text: conquered

text: when

text: the

text: Romans

text: turned

text: northward

text: to

text: the

text: Danube

text: valley

text: in

text: Austria

text: and

text: defeated

text: the

text: Brigantes

text: The

text: Romans

text: built

text: settlements

text: in

text: the

text: Alps

text: towns

text: such

text: as

text: Aosta

text: named

text: for

text: Augustus

text: in

text: Italy

text: Martigny

text: and

text: Lausanne

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: and

text: Partenkirchen

text: in

text: Bavaria

text: show

text: remains

text: of

text: Roman

text: baths

text: villas

text: arenas

text: and

text: temples

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: Alpine

text: region

text: was

text: gradually

text: settled

text: by

text: Germanic

text: tribes

text: Lombards

text: Alemanni

text: Bavarii

text: and

text: Franks

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: centuries

text: mixing

text: with

text: the

text: local

text: Celtic

text: tribes

question: What brought the defeat of the Allobrogi?

answer: The Roman expansion

text: The Roman expansion

question: When were the Allobrogi defeated?

answer: in 121 BC

text: in 121 BC

question: When did Julius Caesar overcome the Helvetii?

answer: 58 BC

text: 58 BC

question: What tribes settled much of the Alpine region?

answer: Germanic tribes

text: Germanic tribes


text: The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: The

text: Space

text: Race

text: was

text: a

text: century

text: competition

text: between

text: two

text: Cold

text: War

text: rivals

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: USSR

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: US

text: for

text: supremacy

text: in

text: spaceflight

text: capability

text: It

text: had

text: its

text: origins

text: in

text: the

text: missile

text: based

text: nuclear

text: arms

text: race

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: nations

text: that

text: occurred

text: following

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: enabled

text: by

text: captured

text: German

text: rocket

text: technology

text: and

text: personnel

text: The

text: technological

text: superiority

text: required

text: for

text: such

text: supremacy

text: was

text: seen

text: as

text: necessary

text: for

text: national

text: security

text: and

text: symbolic

text: of

text: ideological

text: superiority

text: The

text: Space

text: Race

text: spawned

text: pioneering

text: efforts

text: to

text: launch

text: artificial

text: satellites

text: unmanned

text: space

text: probes

text: of

text: the

text: Moon

text: Venus

text: and

text: Mars

text: and

text: human

text: spaceflight

text: in

text: low

text: Earth

text: orbit

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: Moon

text: The

text: competition

text: began

text: on

text: August

text: when

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: responded

text: to

text: the

text: US

text: announcement

text: four

text: days

text: earlier

text: of

text: intent

text: to

text: launch

text: artificial

text: satellites

text: for

text: the

text: International

text: Geophysical

text: Year

text: by

text: declaring

text: they

text: would

text: also

text: launch

text: a

text: satellite

text: in

text: the

text: near

text: future

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: beat

text: the

text: US

text: to

text: this

text: with

text: the

text: October

text: orbiting

text: of

text: Sputnik

text: and

text: later

text: beat

text: the

text: US

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: human

text: in

text: space

text: Yuri

text: Gagarin

text: on

text: April

text: The

text: Space

text: Race

text: peaked

text: with

text: the

text: July

text: US

text: landing

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: humans

text: on

text: the

text: Moon

text: with

text: Apollo

text: The

text: USSR

text: tried

text: but

text: failed

text: manned

text: lunar

text: missions

text: and

text: eventually

text: cancelled

text: them

text: and

text: concentrated

text: on

text: Earth

text: orbital

text: space

text: stations

text: A

text: period

text: of

text: détente

text: followed

text: with

text: the

text: April

text: agreement

text: on

text: a

text: co

text: operative

text: Apollo

text: Soyuz

text: Test

text: Project

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: July

text: rendezvous

text: in

text: Earth

text: orbit

text: of

text: a

text: US

text: astronaut

text: crew

text: with

text: a

text: Soviet

text: cosmonaut

text: crew

question: On what date did the Space Race begin?

answer: August 2, 1955

text: August 2, 1955

question: Sputnik 1 started orbiting on what date?

answer: October 4, 1957

text: October 4, 1957

question: Who was the first person in space?

answer: Yuri Gagarin

text: Yuri Gagarin

question: What was the date that the first human reached space?

answer: April 12, 1961

text: April 12, 1961


text: The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors. It also marks a change in Charlemagne's relationship with the Byzantine Empire, as the assumption of the imperial title by the Carolingians asserted their equivalence to the Byzantine state. There were several differences between the newly established Carolingian Empire and both the older Western Roman Empire and the concurrent Byzantine Empire. The Frankish lands were rural in character, with only a few small cities. Most of the people were peasants settled on small farms. Little trade existed and much of that was with the British Isles and Scandinavia, in contrast to the older Roman Empire with its trading networks centred on the Mediterranean. The empire was administered by an itinerant court that travelled with the emperor, as well as approximately 300 imperial officials called counts, who administered the counties the empire had been divided into. Clergy and local bishops served as officials, as well as the imperial officials called missi dominici, who served as roving inspectors and troubleshooters.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: The

text: coronation

text: of

text: Charlemagne

text: as

text: emperor

text: on

text: Christmas

text: Day

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: a

text: turning

text: point

text: in

text: medieval

text: history

text: marking

text: a

text: return

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: since

text: the

text: new

text: emperor

text: ruled

text: over

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: area

text: previously

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: western

text: emperors

text: It

text: also

text: marks

text: a

text: change

text: in

text: Charlemagne

text: 's

text: relationship

text: with

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: as

text: the

text: assumption

text: of

text: the

text: imperial

text: title

text: by

text: the

text: Carolingians

text: asserted

text: their

text: equivalence

text: to

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: state

text: There

text: were

text: several

text: differences

text: between

text: the

text: newly

text: established

text: Carolingian

text: Empire

text: and

text: both

text: the

text: older

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: the

text: concurrent

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: The

text: Frankish

text: lands

text: were

text: rural

text: in

text: character

text: with

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: small

text: cities

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: people

text: were

text: peasants

text: settled

text: on

text: small

text: farms

text: Little

text: trade

text: existed

text: and

text: much

text: of

text: that

text: was

text: with

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: and

text: Scandinavia

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: older

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: with

text: its

text: trading

text: networks

text: centred

text: on

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: The

text: empire

text: was

text: administered

text: by

text: an

text: itinerant

text: court

text: that

text: travelled

text: with

text: the

text: emperor

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: approximately

text: imperial

text: officials

text: called

text: counts

text: who

text: administered

text: the

text: counties

text: the

text: empire

text: had

text: been

text: divided

text: into

text: Clergy

text: and

text: local

text: bishops

text: served

text: as

text: officials

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: imperial

text: officials

text: called

text: missi

text: dominici

text: who

text: served

text: as

text: roving

text: inspectors

text: and

text: troubleshooters

question: On what date did Charlemagne assume the imperial title?

answer: Christmas Day 800

text: Christmas Day 800

question: Of what class were most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire?

answer: peasants

text: peasants

question: About how many counts existed in the Carolingian Empire?

answer: 300

question: In what settlements did most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire live?

answer: small farms

text: small farms

question: Along with the British Isles, with what land did the Carolingians trade?

answer: Scandinavia

text: Scandinavia


text: In 1976 John Goldsmith introduced autosegmental phonology. Phonological phenomena are no longer seen as operating on one linear sequence of segments, called phonemes or feature combinations, but rather as involving some parallel sequences of features which reside on multiple tiers. Autosegmental phonology later evolved into feature geometry, which became the standard theory of representation for theories of the organization of phonology as different as lexical phonology and optimality theory.

title: Phonology

title: Phonology

text: In

text: John

text: Goldsmith

text: introduced

text: autosegmental

text: phonology

text: Phonological

text: phenomena

text: are

text: no

text: longer

text: seen

text: as

text: operating

text: on

text: one

text: linear

text: sequence

text: of

text: segments

text: called

text: phonemes

text: or

text: feature

text: combinations

text: but

text: rather

text: as

text: involving

text: some

text: parallel

text: sequences

text: of

text: features

text: which

text: reside

text: on

text: multiple

text: tiers

text: Autosegmental

text: phonology

text: later

text: evolved

text: into

text: feature

text: geometry

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: standard

text: theory

text: of

text: representation

text: for

text: theories

text: of

text: the

text: organization

text: of

text: phonology

text: as

text: different

text: as

text: lexical

text: phonology

text: and

text: optimality

text: theory

question: Who founded autosegmental phonology?

answer: John Goldsmith

text: John Goldsmith

question: When did John Goldsmith share his work?

answer: 1976

question: What did Autosegmental phonology morph into?

answer: feature geometry

text: feature geometry

question: Who founded operating tiers?

text: John Goldsmith

question: When did John Goldsmith publish his work?

question: What did operating tiers morph into?

text: feature geometry

question: What are no longer seen as operating on lexical phonology?

text: Phonological phenomena

question: What became the standard theory of phenomes?

text: geometry


text: Holy Cross Father John Francis O'Hara was elected vice-president in 1933 and president of Notre Dame in 1934. During his tenure at Notre Dame, he brought numerous refugee intellectuals to campus; he selected Frank H. Spearman, Jeremiah D. M. Ford, Irvin Abell, and Josephine Brownson for the Laetare Medal, instituted in 1883. O'Hara strongly believed that the Fighting Irish football team could be an effective means to "acquaint the public with the ideals that dominate" Notre Dame. He wrote, "Notre Dame football is a spiritual service because it is played for the honor and glory of God and of his Blessed Mother. When St. Paul said: 'Whether you eat or drink, or whatsoever else you do, do all for the glory of God,' he included football."

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: Holy

text: Cross

text: Father

text: John

text: Francis

text: O'Hara

text: was

text: elected

text: vice

text: president

text: in

text: and

text: president

text: of

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: in

text: During

text: his

text: tenure

text: at

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: he

text: brought

text: numerous

text: refugee

text: intellectuals

text: to

text: campus

text: he

text: selected

text: Frank

text: H.

text: Spearman

text: Jeremiah

text: D.

text: M.

text: Ford

text: Irvin

text: Abell

text: and

text: Josephine

text: Brownson

text: for

text: the

text: Laetare

text: Medal

text: instituted

text: in

text: O'Hara

text: strongly

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: Fighting

text: Irish

text: football

text: team

text: could

text: be

text: an

text: effective

text: means

text: to

text: acquaint

text: the

text: public

text: with

text: the

text: ideals

text: that

text: dominate

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: He

text: wrote

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: football

text: is

text: a

text: spiritual

text: service

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: played

text: for

text: the

text: honor

text: and

text: glory

text: of

text: God

text: and

text: of

text: his

text: Blessed

text: Mother

text: When

text: St.

text: Paul

text: said

text: Whether

text: you

text: eat

text: or

text: drink

text: or

text: whatsoever

text: else

text: you

text: do

text: do

text: all

text: for

text: the

text: glory

text: of

text: God

text: he

text: included

text: football

question: Which person became vice-president of Notre Dame in 1933?

answer: Father John Francis O'Hara

text: Father John Francis O'Hara

question: Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1934?

answer: Father John Francis O'Hara

text: Father John Francis O'Hara

question: Irvin Abell was given what award by Notre Dame?

answer: Laetare Medal

text: Laetare Medal

question: Which year was the Laetare Medal first given out at Notre Dame?

answer: 1883

question: For whos glory did Father O'Hara believed that the Notre Dame football team played?

answer: God

text: God


text: Articles 46–53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties set out the only ways that treaties can be invalidated—considered unenforceable and void under international law. A treaty will be invalidated due to either the circumstances by which a state party joined the treaty, or due to the content of the treaty itself. Invalidation is separate from withdrawal, suspension, or termination (addressed above), which all involve an alteration in the consent of the parties of a previously valid treaty rather than the invalidation of that consent in the first place.

title: Treaty

title: Treaty

text: Articles

text: of

text: the

text: Vienna

text: Convention

text: on

text: the

text: Law

text: of

text: Treaties

text: set

text: out

text: the

text: only

text: ways

text: that

text: treaties

text: can

text: be

text: invalidated

text: considered

text: unenforceable

text: and

text: void

text: under

text: international

text: law

text: A

text: treaty

text: will

text: be

text: invalidated

text: due

text: to

text: either

text: the

text: circumstances

text: by

text: which

text: a

text: state

text: party

text: joined

text: the

text: treaty

text: or

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: content

text: of

text: the

text: treaty

text: itself

text: Invalidation

text: is

text: separate

text: from

text: withdrawal

text: suspension

text: or

text: termination

text: addressed

text: above

text: which

text: all

text: involve

text: an

text: alteration

text: in

text: the

text: consent

text: of

text: the

text: parties

text: of

text: a

text: previously

text: valid

text: treaty

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: invalidation

text: of

text: that

text: consent

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: place

question: Which articles of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties set out the ways that treaties can be invalidated?

answer: Articles 46–53

text: Articles 46–53

question: In addition to the circumstances by which a state party joined a treaty, why might a treaty be invalidated?

answer: the content of the treaty itself

text: the content of the treaty itself

question: In addition to the content of the treaty itself, why might a treated by invalidated?

answer: the circumstances by which a state party joined the treaty

text: the circumstances by which a state party joined the treaty

question: A treaty might be considered what if it's considered unenforceable and void under international law?

answer: invalidated

text: invalidated

question: Which processes simply alter the consent given by parties to a previously valid treaty rather than invalidating the consent completely?

answer: withdrawal, suspension, or termination

text: withdrawal, suspension, or termination