text: The convention in the English language is to call nearly all national heads of government "prime minister" (sometimes modified to the equivalent term of premier), regardless of the correct title of the head of government as applied in his or her respective country. The few exceptions to the rule are Germany and Austria, whose heads of government titles are almost always translated as Chancellor; Monaco, whose head of government is referred to as the Minister of State; and Vatican City, for which the head of government is titled the Secretary of State. In the case of Ireland, the head of government is occasionally referred to as the Taoiseach by English speakers. A stand-out case is the President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran. He is referred to as "president" in both the Persian and English languages.

title: Prime_minister

title: Prime_minister

text: The

text: convention

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: language

text: is

text: to

text: call

text: nearly

text: all

text: national

text: heads

text: of

text: government

text: prime

text: minister

text: sometimes

text: modified

text: to

text: the

text: equivalent

text: term

text: of

text: premier

text: regardless

text: of

text: the

text: correct

text: title

text: of

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: as

text: applied

text: in

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: respective

text: country

text: The

text: few

text: exceptions

text: to

text: the

text: rule

text: are

text: Germany

text: and

text: Austria

text: whose

text: heads

text: of

text: government

text: titles

text: are

text: almost

text: always

text: translated

text: as

text: Chancellor

text: Monaco

text: whose

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Minister

text: of

text: State

text: and

text: Vatican

text: City

text: for

text: which

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: is

text: titled

text: the

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: In

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: Ireland

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: government

text: is

text: occasionally

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Taoiseach

text: by

text: English

text: speakers

text: A

text: stand

text: out

text: case

text: is

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: Iran

text: who

text: is

text: not

text: actually

text: a

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: but

text: the

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: Iran

text: He

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: president

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: Persian

text: and

text: English

text: languages

question: What is a term that is used to mean prime minister?

answer: premier

text: premier

question: Which countries use the term chancellor to denote the head of government?

answer: Germany and Austria

text: Germany and Austria

question: What is the head of Monaco's government called?

answer: Minister of State

text: Minister of State

question: What is the term for the highest position in government in Vatican City?

answer: Secretary of State

text: Secretary of State

question: What is the head of Iran's government called?

answer: President

text: President

question: What is the secretary of State in Italy?

text: the head of government

question: Who is head of state and government in Iran?

text: President


text: Most Western languages (particularly those with writing systems based on the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Coptic, and Armenian alphabets) use letter cases in their written form as an aid to clarity. Scripts using two separate cases are also called bicameral scripts. Many other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules – a system called unicameral script or unicase. This includes most syllabic and other non-alphabetic scripts. The Georgian alphabet is special since it used to be bicameral, but today is mostly used in a unicameral way.

title: Letter_case

title: Letter_case

text: Most

text: Western

text: languages

text: particularly

text: those

text: with

text: writing

text: systems

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: Latin

text: Cyrillic

text: Greek

text: Coptic

text: and

text: Armenian

text: alphabets

text: use

text: letter

text: cases

text: in

text: their

text: written

text: form

text: as

text: an

text: aid

text: to

text: clarity

text: Scripts

text: using

text: two

text: separate

text: cases

text: are

text: also

text: called

text: bicameral

text: scripts

text: Many

text: other

text: writing

text: systems

text: make

text: no

text: distinction

text: between

text: majuscules

text: and

text: minuscules

text: a

text: system

text: called

text: unicameral

text: script

text: or

text: unicase

text: This

text: includes

text: most

text: syllabic

text: and

text: other

text: non

text: alphabetic

text: scripts

text: The

text: Georgian

text: alphabet

text: is

text: special

text: since

text: it

text: used

text: to

text: be

text: bicameral

text: but

text: today

text: is

text: mostly

text: used

text: in

text: a

text: unicameral

text: way

question: What do most Western languages use in their written form to add clarity?

answer: letter cases

text: letter cases

question: What are writing systems which make no distinction between majuscales and minuscules often referred to as?

answer: unicameral script

text: unicameral script

question: Which alphabet is a special case because it transitioned from bicameral to unicameral?

answer: Georgian

text: Georgian

question: What are scripts that utilized two seperate cases called?

answer: bicameral

text: bicameral


text: Temperatures in Israel vary widely, especially during the winter. Coastal areas, such as those of Tel Aviv and Haifa, have a typical Mediterranean climate with cool, rainy winters and long, hot summers. The area of Beersheba and the Northern Negev has a semi-arid climate with hot summers, cool winters and fewer rainy days than the Mediterranean climate. The Southern Negev and the Arava areas have desert climate with very hot and dry summers, and mild winters with few days of rain. The highest temperature in the continent of Asia (54.0 °C or 129.2 °F) was recorded in 1942 at Tirat Zvi kibbutz in the northern Jordan river valley.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Temperatures

text: in

text: Israel

text: vary

text: widely

text: especially

text: during

text: the

text: winter

text: Coastal

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: of

text: Tel

text: Aviv

text: and

text: Haifa

text: have

text: a

text: typical

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: with

text: cool

text: rainy

text: winters

text: and

text: long

text: hot

text: summers

text: The

text: area

text: of

text: Beersheba

text: and

text: the

text: Northern

text: Negev

text: has

text: a

text: semi

text: arid

text: climate

text: with

text: hot

text: summers

text: cool

text: winters

text: and

text: fewer

text: rainy

text: days

text: than

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: The

text: Southern

text: Negev

text: and

text: the

text: Arava

text: areas

text: have

text: desert

text: climate

text: with

text: very

text: hot

text: and

text: dry

text: summers

text: and

text: mild

text: winters

text: with

text: few

text: days

text: of

text: rain

text: The

text: highest

text: temperature

text: in

text: the

text: continent

text: of

text: Asia

text: C

text: or

text: F

text: was

text: recorded

text: in

text: at

text: Tirat

text: Zvi

text: kibbutz

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: Jordan

text: river

text: valley

question: What kind of climate does Tel Aviv have?

answer: Mediterranean

text: Mediterranean

question: What kind of climate does Arava have?

answer: desert

text: desert

question: What was the highest recorded temperature in Tirat Zvi?

answer: 54.0 °C

text: 54.0 °C


text: Since the 16th century, the city has had a bear pit, the Bärengraben, at the far end of the Nydeggbrücke to house its heraldic animals. The currently four bears are now kept in an open-air enclosure nearby, and two other young bears, a present by the Russian president, are kept in Dählhölzli zoo.

title: Bern

title: Bern

text: Since

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: had

text: a

text: bear

text: pit

text: the

text: Bärengraben

text: at

text: the

text: far

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Nydeggbrücke

text: to

text: house

text: its

text: heraldic

text: animals

text: The

text: currently

text: four

text: bears

text: are

text: now

text: kept

text: in

text: an

text: open

text: air

text: enclosure

text: nearby

text: and

text: two

text: other

text: young

text: bears

text: a

text: present

text: by

text: the

text: Russian

text: president

text: are

text: kept

text: in

text: Dählhölzli

text: zoo

question: What is the Barengraben?

answer: a bear pit

text: a bear pit

question: Where is the Barengraben located?

answer: the far end of the Nydeggbrücke

text: the far end of the Nydeggbrücke

question: What are held at the Barengraben?

answer: heraldic animals

text: heraldic animals

question: Who gave Bern their bears?

answer: the Russian president

text: the Russian president

question: What zoo are the bears of Bern kept?

answer: Dählhölzli zoo

text: Dählhölzli zoo


text: Under contract from the U.S. Military, Matrox produced a combination computer/LaserDisc player for instructional purposes. The computer was a 286, the LaserDisc player only capable of reading the analog audio tracks. Together they weighed 43 lb (20 kg) and sturdy handles were provided in case two people were required to lift the unit. The computer controlled the player via a 25-pin serial port at the back of the player and a ribbon cable connected to a proprietary port on the motherboard. Many of these were sold as surplus by the military during the 1990s, often without the controller software. Nevertheless, it is possible to control the unit by removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player.

title: LaserDisc

title: LaserDisc

text: Under

text: contract

text: from

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Military

text: Matrox

text: produced

text: a

text: combination

text: computer

text: LaserDisc

text: player

text: for

text: instructional

text: purposes

text: The

text: computer

text: was

text: a

text: the

text: LaserDisc

text: player

text: only

text: capable

text: of

text: reading

text: the

text: analog

text: audio

text: tracks

text: Together

text: they

text: weighed

text: lb

text: kg

text: and

text: sturdy

text: handles

text: were

text: provided

text: in

text: case

text: two

text: people

text: were

text: required

text: to

text: lift

text: the

text: unit

text: The

text: computer

text: controlled

text: the

text: player

text: via

text: a

text: serial

text: port

text: at

text: the

text: back

text: of

text: the

text: player

text: and

text: a

text: ribbon

text: cable

text: connected

text: to

text: a

text: proprietary

text: port

text: on

text: the

text: motherboard

text: Many

text: of

text: these

text: were

text: sold

text: as

text: surplus

text: by

text: the

text: military

text: during

text: the

text: often

text: without

text: the

text: controller

text: software

text: Nevertheless

text: it

text: is

text: possible

text: to

text: control

text: the

text: unit

text: by

text: removing

text: the

text: ribbon

text: cable

text: and

text: connecting

text: a

text: serial

text: cable

text: directly

text: from

text: the

text: computer

text: 's

text: serial

text: port

text: to

text: the

text: port

text: on

text: the

text: LaserDisc

text: player

question: A combination computer/LD player was comissioned by what government entity?

answer: the U.S. Military

text: the U.S. Military

question: How much did Matrox's computer/LD combo weigh?

answer: 43 lb (20 kg)

text: 43 lb (20 kg)

question: How could Matrox's computer unconventionally be controlled?

answer: removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player

text: removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player


text: When not dressed in Westernized clothing such as jeans and t-shirts, Somali men typically wear the macawis, which is a sarong-like garment worn around the waist. On their heads, they often wrap a colorful turban or wear the koofiyad, an embroidered fez.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: When

text: not

text: dressed

text: in

text: Westernized

text: clothing

text: such

text: as

text: jeans

text: and

text: t

text: shirts

text: Somali

text: men

text: typically

text: wear

text: the

text: macawis

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: sarong

text: like

text: garment

text: worn

text: around

text: the

text: waist

text: On

text: their

text: heads

text: they

text: often

text: wrap

text: a

text: colorful

text: turban

text: or

text: wear

text: the

text: koofiyad

text: an

text: embroidered

text: fez

question: What is a koofiyad?

answer: an embroidered fez

text: an embroidered fez

question: What do Somali men wear when they aren't wearing Western clothing?

answer: the macawis

text: the macawis

question: Where is the macawis worn?

answer: around the waist

text: around the waist

question: What piece of clothing is the macawis similar to?

answer: sarong

text: sarong

question: Aside from the koofiyad, what do Somali men wear on their head?

answer: turban

text: turban


text: Madonna entered mainstream films in February 1985, beginning with a brief appearance as a club singer in Vision Quest, a romantic drama film. Its soundtrack contained two new singles, her U.S. number-one single, "Crazy for You" and "Gambler". She also appeared in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan in March 1985, a film which introduced the song "Into the Groove", her first number one single in the United Kingdom. Although Madonna was not the lead actress for the film, her profile was such that the movie widely became considered (and marketed) as a Madonna vehicle. The New York Times film critic Vincent Canby named it one of the ten best films of 1985.

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Madonna

text: entered

text: mainstream

text: films

text: in

text: February

text: beginning

text: with

text: a

text: brief

text: appearance

text: as

text: a

text: club

text: singer

text: in

text: Vision

text: Quest

text: a

text: romantic

text: drama

text: film

text: Its

text: soundtrack

text: contained

text: two

text: new

text: singles

text: her

text: U.S.

text: number

text: one

text: single

text: Crazy

text: for

text: You

text: and

text: Gambler

text: She

text: also

text: appeared

text: in

text: the

text: comedy

text: Desperately

text: Seeking

text: Susan

text: in

text: March

text: a

text: film

text: which

text: introduced

text: the

text: song

text: Into

text: the

text: Groove

text: her

text: first

text: number

text: one

text: single

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: Although

text: Madonna

text: was

text: not

text: the

text: lead

text: actress

text: for

text: the

text: film

text: her

text: profile

text: was

text: such

text: that

text: the

text: movie

text: widely

text: became

text: considered

text: and

text: marketed

text: as

text: a

text: Madonna

text: vehicle

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: film

text: critic

text: Vincent

text: Canby

text: named

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: ten

text: best

text: films

text: of

question: When did Madonna enter mainstream films?

answer: February 1985

text: February 1985

question: What is the name of the romantic drama film that Madonna starred in?

answer: Vision Quest

text: Vision Quest

question: When did Madonna appear in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan?

answer: March 1985

text: March 1985

question: What is the name of Madonna's two new singles?

answer: "Crazy for You" and "Gambler"

text: "Crazy for You" and "Gambler"

question: What song did the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan promote?

answer: "Into the Groove"

text: "Into the Groove"


text: Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability upon achieving independence. The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States, hence there are some one million Cubans in the United States, most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States; most are fluent in Spanish. In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.

title: Spanish_language_in_the_United_States

title: Spanish_language_in_the_United_States

text: Immigration

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: Spanish

text: speaking

text: Cubans

text: began

text: because

text: of

text: Cuba

text: 's

text: political

text: instability

text: upon

text: achieving

text: independence

text: The

text: deposition

text: of

text: Fulgencio

text: Batista

text: 's

text: dictatorship

text: and

text: the

text: ascension

text: of

text: Fidel

text: Castro

text: 's

text: government

text: in

text: increased

text: Cuban

text: immigration

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: hence

text: there

text: are

text: some

text: one

text: million

text: Cubans

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: most

text: settled

text: in

text: southern

text: and

text: central

text: Florida

text: while

text: other

text: Cubans

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: Northeastern

text: United

text: States

text: most

text: are

text: fluent

text: in

text: Spanish

text: In

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Miami

text: today

text: Spanish

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: language

text: mostly

text: due

text: to

text: Cuban

text: immigration

question: Why did Cubans come to the United States?

answer: Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability

text: Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability

question: What year did most Cubans start coming to America?

answer: The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States

text: The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States

question: Where do most Cuban Americans live?

answer: , most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States

text: , most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States

question: Do Cubans speak Spanish in America?

answer: most are fluent in Spanish

text: most are fluent in Spanish

question: Is there a particular place where Cubans live and speak Spanish in the U.S.?

answer: In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.

text: In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.

question: Cuba's political instability caused what?

question: What year did Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship end?

question: Who came into power in Cuba in 1959?

text: Fidel Castro's

question: Most Cubans settled in which southern state?

text: southern and central Florida

question: Which city's first language is Spanish due to Cuban immigration?

text: Miami

question: Why did Baptista come to United States?

text: because of Cuba's political instability

question: What year did most Spanish start coming to America?

question: Where do most Spanish live?

text: southern and central Florida

question: Do Floridians speak Spanish in America?

text: most are fluent in Spanish

question: Is there a particular place where Cubans live and speak Spanish in Cuba?

text: Miami


text: After Congress passed the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA, 1994), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA, 1996), and the Economic Espionage Act (EEA, 1996), the FBI followed suit and underwent a technological upgrade in 1998, just as it did with its CART team in 1991. Computer Investigations and Infrastructure Threat Assessment Center (CITAC) and the National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) were created to deal with the increase in Internet-related problems, such as computer viruses, worms, and other malicious programs that threatened US operations. With these developments, the FBI increased its electronic surveillance in public safety and national security investigations, adapting to the telecommunications advancements that changed the nature of such problems.

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

text: After

text: Congress

text: passed

text: the

text: Communications

text: Assistance

text: for

text: Law

text: Enforcement

text: Act

text: CALEA

text: the

text: Health

text: Insurance

text: Portability

text: and

text: Accountability

text: Act

text: HIPAA

text: and

text: the

text: Economic

text: Espionage

text: Act

text: EEA

text: the

text: FBI

text: followed

text: suit

text: and

text: underwent

text: a

text: technological

text: upgrade

text: in

text: just

text: as

text: it

text: did

text: with

text: its

text: CART

text: team

text: in

text: Computer

text: Investigations

text: and

text: Infrastructure

text: Threat

text: Assessment

text: Center

text: CITAC

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Infrastructure

text: Protection

text: Center

text: NIPC

text: were

text: created

text: to

text: deal

text: with

text: the

text: increase

text: in

text: Internet

text: related

text: problems

text: such

text: as

text: computer

text: viruses

text: worms

text: and

text: other

text: malicious

text: programs

text: that

text: threatened

text: US

text: operations

text: With

text: these

text: developments

text: the

text: FBI

text: increased

text: its

text: electronic

text: surveillance

text: in

text: public

text: safety

text: and

text: national

text: security

text: investigations

text: adapting

text: to

text: the

text: telecommunications

text: advancements

text: that

text: changed

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: such

text: problems

question: What spurred the FBIs technological upgrade?

answer: CALEA

text: CALEA

question: What team underwent a technological upgrade in 1991?

answer: CART

text: CART

question: What were CITAC and NIPC created to deal with?

answer: Internet-related problems

text: Internet-related problems

question: What were computer viruses seen as a threat to?

answer: US operations

text: US operations

question: Did the FBI increase electronic surveillance?

answer: FBI increased its electronic surveillance

text: FBI increased its electronic surveillance

question: When did the FBI undergo a technological downgrade?

question: What team underwent a technological downgrade in 1991?

text: CART

question: What was CITAC and NIPC unable to deal with?

text: Internet-related problems

question: When did Congress get rid of HIPAA?

question: When did the CIA receive a technological upgrade?


text: In the Midrash compilation, Genesis Rabbah, Rabbi Berechiah mentions Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah as German tribes or as German lands. It may correspond to a Greek word that may have existed in the Greek dialect of the Palestinian Jews, or the text is corrupted from "Germanica." This view of Berechiah is based on the Talmud (Yoma 10a; Jerusalem Talmud Megillah 71b), where Gomer, the father of Ashkenaz, is translated by Germamia, which evidently stands for Germany, and which was suggested by the similarity of the sound.

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

text: In

text: the

text: Midrash

text: compilation

text: Genesis

text: Rabbah

text: Rabbi

text: Berechiah

text: mentions

text: Ashkenaz

text: Riphath

text: and

text: Togarmah

text: as

text: German

text: tribes

text: or

text: as

text: German

text: lands

text: It

text: may

text: correspond

text: to

text: a

text: Greek

text: word

text: that

text: may

text: have

text: existed

text: in

text: the

text: Greek

text: dialect

text: of

text: the

text: Palestinian

text: Jews

text: or

text: the

text: text

text: is

text: corrupted

text: from

text: Germanica

text: This

text: view

text: of

text: Berechiah

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: Talmud

text: Yoma

text: Jerusalem

text: Talmud

text: Megillah

text: where

text: Gomer

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: Ashkenaz

text: is

text: translated

text: by

text: Germamia

text: which

text: evidently

text: stands

text: for

text: Germany

text: and

text: which

text: was

text: suggested

text: by

text: the

text: similarity

text: of

text: the

text: sound

question: What is the name of the Midrash compilation?

answer: Genesis Rabbah

text: Genesis Rabbah

question: What is the name of the Rabbi mentioned in relation to the Genesis Rabbah?

answer: Rabbi Berechiah

text: Rabbi Berechiah

question: What are the three German tribes or German lands talked about by Rabbi Berechiah?

answer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah

text: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah

question: Rabbi Berechiah's view is based on what?

answer: the Talmud

text: the Talmud


text: Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: public

text: popularity

text: as

text: a

text: virtuoso

text: began

text: to

text: wane

text: as

text: did

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: his

text: pupils

text: and

text: this

text: together

text: with

text: the

text: political

text: strife

text: and

text: instability

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: caused

text: him

text: to

text: struggle

text: financially

text: In

text: February

text: with

text: the

text: cellist

text: Auguste

text: Franchomme

text: he

text: gave

text: his

text: last

text: Paris

text: concert

text: which

text: included

text: three

text: movements

text: of

text: the

text: Cello

text: Sonata

text: Op

question: In what month and year did Chopin give his final performance?

answer: February 1848

text: February 1848

question: With whom did Chopin perform his final concert?

answer: Auguste Franchomme

text: Auguste Franchomme

question: When did Chopin last perform?

answer: February 1848

text: February 1848

question: Who did Chopin last perform with?

answer: Auguste Franchomme

text: Auguste Franchomme

question: Plitical strife, popularity decline, instability of era and fewer students caused Chopin to what?

answer: struggle financially.

text: struggle financially.

question: Who did Chopin have at his last Parisian concert in 1848?

answer: Auguste Franchomme

text: Auguste Franchomme

question: What instrument did Auguste Franchomme play?

answer: Cello

text: Cello


text: The Ottoman Empire began to collapse, and in 1908, the Young Turk Revolution overthrew the government of Sultan Hamid. In April 1909, the Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire resulting in the deaths of as many as 20,000–30,000 Armenians. The Armenians living in the empire hoped that the Committee of Union and Progress would change their second-class status. Armenian reform package (1914) was presented as a solution by appointing an inspector general over Armenian issues.

title: Armenia

title: Armenia

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: began

text: to

text: collapse

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Young

text: Turk

text: Revolution

text: overthrew

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: Sultan

text: Hamid

text: In

text: April

text: the

text: Adana

text: massacre

text: occurred

text: in

text: the

text: Adana

text: Vilayet

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: deaths

text: of

text: as

text: many

text: as

text: Armenians

text: The

text: Armenians

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: empire

text: hoped

text: that

text: the

text: Committee

text: of

text: Union

text: and

text: Progress

text: would

text: change

text: their

text: second

text: class

text: status

text: Armenian

text: reform

text: package

text: was

text: presented

text: as

text: a

text: solution

text: by

text: appointing

text: an

text: inspector

text: general

text: over

text: Armenian

text: issues

question: When did the Adana massacre take place?

answer: April 1909

text: April 1909

question: How many Armenians died in the Adana Massacre?

answer: 20,000–30,000

question: When was the Armenian Reform package introduced?

answer: 1914

question: When was Sultan Hamid unseated?

answer: 1908

question: Who unseated Sultan Hamid?

answer: Young Turk Revolution

text: Young Turk Revolution


text: By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. The samurai were usually associated with a clan and their lord, were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy, and they followed a set of rules that later came to be known as the bushidō. While the samurai numbered less than 10% of then Japan's population, their teachings can still be found today in both everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts.

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: samurai

text: became

text: almost

text: entirely

text: synonymous

text: with

text: bushi

text: and

text: the

text: word

text: was

text: closely

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: middle

text: and

text: upper

text: echelons

text: of

text: the

text: warrior

text: class

text: The

text: samurai

text: were

text: usually

text: associated

text: with

text: a

text: clan

text: and

text: their

text: lord

text: were

text: trained

text: as

text: officers

text: in

text: military

text: tactics

text: and

text: grand

text: strategy

text: and

text: they

text: followed

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: rules

text: that

text: later

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: bushidō

text: While

text: the

text: samurai

text: numbered

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: then

text: Japan

text: 's

text: population

text: their

text: teachings

text: can

text: still

text: be

text: found

text: today

text: in

text: both

text: everyday

text: life

text: and

text: in

text: modern

text: Japanese

text: martial

text: arts

question: What did samurai mean nearly the same thing as?

answer: bushi

text: bushi

question: What were samurai affiliated with?

answer: a clan

text: a clan

question: How much of Japan were samurais?

answer: less than 10%

text: less than 10%

question: Where do samurais' teachings live on?

answer: everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts

text: everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts

question: What class were samurais?

answer: middle and upper echelons of the warrior class

text: middle and upper echelons of the warrior class


text: By 16:50, with the Prussian southern attacks in danger of breaking up, the Prussian 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade of the Second Army opened an attack against the French positions at St. Privat which were commanded by General Canrobert. At 17:15, the Prussian 4th Guards Infantry Brigade joined the advance followed at 17:45 by the Prussian 1st Guards Infantry Brigade. All of the Prussian Guard attacks were pinned down by lethal French gunfire from the rifle pits and trenches. At 18:15 the Prussian 2nd Guards Infantry Brigade, the last of the 1st Guards Infantry Division, was committed to the attack on St. Privat while Steinmetz committed the last of the reserves of the First Army across the Mance Ravine. By 18:30, a considerable portion of the VII and VIII Corps disengaged from the fighting and withdrew towards the Prussian positions at Rezonville.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: By

text: with

text: the

text: Prussian

text: southern

text: attacks

text: in

text: danger

text: of

text: breaking

text: up

text: the

text: Prussian

text: Guards

text: Infantry

text: Brigade

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: Army

text: opened

text: an

text: attack

text: against

text: the

text: French

text: positions

text: at

text: St.

text: Privat

text: which

text: were

text: commanded

text: by

text: General

text: Canrobert

text: At

text: the

text: Prussian

text: Guards

text: Infantry

text: Brigade

text: joined

text: the

text: advance

text: followed

text: at

text: by

text: the

text: Prussian

text: Guards

text: Infantry

text: Brigade

text: All

text: of

text: the

text: Prussian

text: Guard

text: attacks

text: were

text: pinned

text: down

text: by

text: lethal

text: French

text: gunfire

text: from

text: the

text: rifle

text: pits

text: and

text: trenches

text: At

text: the

text: Prussian

text: Guards

text: Infantry

text: Brigade

text: the

text: last

text: of

text: the

text: Guards

text: Infantry

text: Division

text: was

text: committed

text: to

text: the

text: attack

text: on

text: St.

text: Privat

text: while

text: Steinmetz

text: committed

text: the

text: last

text: of

text: the

text: reserves

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: Army

text: across

text: the

text: Mance

text: Ravine

text: By

text: a

text: considerable

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: VII

text: and

text: VIII

text: Corps

text: disengaged

text: from

text: the

text: fighting

text: and

text: withdrew

text: towards

text: the

text: Prussian

text: positions

text: at

text: Rezonville

question: By late afternoon, what were the Prussian southern attacks at risk of?

answer: breaking up

text: breaking up

question: Which Prussian general commanded the attack against the French at St. Privat?

answer: General Canrobert

text: General Canrobert

question: What factor immobilised the Prussian Guard?

answer: lethal French gunfire

text: lethal French gunfire

question: By nightfall a major component of the VII and VII Corps withdrew towards what Prussian position?

answer: Rezonville

text: Rezonville


text: Anti-aircraft warfare or counter-air defence is defined by NATO as "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action." They include ground-and air-based weapon systems, associated sensor systems, command and control arrangements and passive measures (e.g. barrage balloons). It may be used to protect naval, ground, and air forces in any location. However, for most countries the main effort has tended to be 'homeland defence'. NATO refers to airborne air defence as counter-air and naval air defence as anti-aircraft warfare. Missile defence is an extension of air defence as are initiatives to adapt air defence to the task of intercepting any projectile in flight.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: Anti

text: aircraft

text: warfare

text: or

text: counter

text: air

text: defence

text: is

text: defined

text: by

text: NATO

text: as

text: all

text: measures

text: designed

text: to

text: nullify

text: or

text: reduce

text: the

text: effectiveness

text: of

text: hostile

text: air

text: action

text: They

text: include

text: ground

text: and

text: air

text: based

text: weapon

text: systems

text: associated

text: sensor

text: systems

text: command

text: and

text: control

text: arrangements

text: and

text: passive

text: measures

text: e.g.

text: barrage

text: balloons

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: protect

text: naval

text: ground

text: and

text: air

text: forces

text: in

text: any

text: location

text: However

text: for

text: most

text: countries

text: the

text: main

text: effort

text: has

text: tended

text: to

text: be

text: homeland

text: defence

text: NATO

text: refers

text: to

text: airborne

text: air

text: defence

text: as

text: counter

text: air

text: and

text: naval

text: air

text: defence

text: as

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: warfare

text: Missile

text: defence

text: is

text: an

text: extension

text: of

text: air

text: defence

text: as

text: are

text: initiatives

text: to

text: adapt

text: air

text: defence

text: to

text: the

text: task

text: of

text: intercepting

text: any

text: projectile

text: in

text: flight

question: What is another term for anti-aircraft warfare?

answer: counter-air defence

text: counter-air defence

question: NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare as measures to reduce what?

answer: the effectiveness of hostile air action

text: the effectiveness of hostile air action

question: Barrage balloons are an example of what type of weapons system?

answer: passive measures

text: passive measures

question: What is the primary effort been for most countries when it comes to anti-aircraft warfare?

answer: homeland defence

text: homeland defence

question: What does NATO ascribe naval air defence as?

answer: anti-aircraft warfare

text: anti-aircraft warfare


text: Growing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the Somali Film Agency (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. The Somali filmmaker Ali Said Hassan concurrently served as the SFA's representative in Rome. In the 1970s and early 1980s, popular musicals known as riwaayado were the main driving force behind the Somali movie industry. Epic and period films as well as international co-productions followed suit, facilitated by the proliferation of video technology and national television networks. Said Salah Ahmed during this period directed his first feature film, The Somali Darwish (The Somalia Dervishes), devoted to the Dervish State. In the 1990s and 2000s, a new wave of more entertainment-oriented movies emerged. Referred to as Somaliwood, this upstart, youth-based cinematic movement has energized the Somali film industry and in the process introduced innovative storylines, marketing strategies and production techniques. The young directors Abdisalam Aato of Olol Films and Abdi Malik Isak are at the forefront of this quiet revolution.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: Growing

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: Somali

text: people

text: 's

text: rich

text: storytelling

text: tradition

text: the

text: first

text: few

text: feature

text: length

text: Somali

text: films

text: and

text: cinematic

text: festivals

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: immediately

text: after

text: independence

text: Following

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Somali

text: Film

text: Agency

text: SFA

text: regulatory

text: body

text: in

text: the

text: local

text: film

text: scene

text: began

text: to

text: expand

text: rapidly

text: The

text: Somali

text: filmmaker

text: Ali

text: Said

text: Hassan

text: concurrently

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: SFA

text: 's

text: representative

text: in

text: Rome

text: In

text: the

text: and

text: early

text: popular

text: musicals

text: known

text: as

text: riwaayado

text: were

text: the

text: main

text: driving

text: force

text: behind

text: the

text: Somali

text: movie

text: industry

text: Epic

text: and

text: period

text: films

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: international

text: co

text: productions

text: followed

text: suit

text: facilitated

text: by

text: the

text: proliferation

text: of

text: video

text: technology

text: and

text: national

text: television

text: networks

text: Said

text: Salah

text: Ahmed

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: directed

text: his

text: first

text: feature

text: film

text: The

text: Somali

text: Darwish

text: The

text: Somalia

text: Dervishes

text: devoted

text: to

text: the

text: Dervish

text: State

text: In

text: the

text: and

text: a

text: new

text: wave

text: of

text: more

text: entertainment

text: oriented

text: movies

text: emerged

text: Referred

text: to

text: as

text: Somaliwood

text: this

text: upstart

text: youth

text: based

text: cinematic

text: movement

text: has

text: energized

text: the

text: Somali

text: film

text: industry

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: process

text: introduced

text: innovative

text: storylines

text: marketing

text: strategies

text: and

text: production

text: techniques

text: The

text: young

text: directors

text: Abdisalam

text: Aato

text: of

text: Olol

text: Films

text: and

text: Abdi

text: Malik

text: Isak

text: are

text: at

text: the

text: forefront

text: of

text: this

text: quiet

text: revolution

question: In what decade were the first Somali feature films made?

answer: 1960s

question: In what year was the SFA founded?

answer: 1975

question: Who was the representative of the Somali Film Agency in Rome?

answer: Ali Said Hassan

text: Ali Said Hassan

question: What are riwaaydo?

answer: popular musicals

text: popular musicals

question: What was the name of Said Salah Ahmed's first feature?

answer: The Somali Darwish

text: The Somali Darwish


text: Martin Luther, who initiated the Protestant Reformation, said: "Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood. The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a true, natural human being of flesh and blood, just as we. However, he warded off sin from her flesh and blood so that she became the mother of a pure child, not poisoned by sin as we are. For in that moment when she conceived, she was a holy mother filled with the Holy Spirit and her fruit is a holy pure fruit, at once God and truly man, in one person." Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.

title: Immaculate_Conception

title: Immaculate_Conception

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: who

text: initiated

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: said

text: Mother

text: Mary

text: like

text: us

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: sin

text: of

text: sinful

text: parents

text: but

text: the

text: Holy

text: Spirit

text: covered

text: her

text: sanctified

text: and

text: purified

text: her

text: so

text: that

text: this

text: child

text: was

text: born

text: of

text: flesh

text: and

text: blood

text: but

text: not

text: with

text: sinful

text: flesh

text: and

text: blood

text: The

text: Holy

text: Spirit

text: permitted

text: the

text: Virgin

text: Mary

text: to

text: remain

text: a

text: true

text: natural

text: human

text: being

text: of

text: flesh

text: and

text: blood

text: just

text: as

text: we

text: However

text: he

text: warded

text: off

text: sin

text: from

text: her

text: flesh

text: and

text: blood

text: so

text: that

text: she

text: became

text: the

text: mother

text: of

text: a

text: pure

text: child

text: not

text: poisoned

text: by

text: sin

text: as

text: we

text: are

text: For

text: in

text: that

text: moment

text: when

text: she

text: conceived

text: she

text: was

text: a

text: holy

text: mother

text: filled

text: with

text: the

text: Holy

text: Spirit

text: and

text: her

text: fruit

text: is

text: a

text: holy

text: pure

text: fruit

text: at

text: once

text: God

text: and

text: truly

text: man

text: in

text: one

text: person

text: Some

text: Lutherans

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Lutheran

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: support

text: the

text: doctrine

question: Who is the person that started the religion that separated itself from the Catholic Church in the 17th century ?

answer: Martin Luther

text: Martin Luther

question: What did he do that sparked the separation from the Catholic Church  ?

answer: Protestant Reformation

text: Protestant Reformation

question: What did this leader of change believe of the conception of Mary ?

answer: Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her

text: Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her

question: What did Mary's child avoid according to the leader of the separation ?

answer: this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood.

text: this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood.

question: What particular sect is a patron of this belief ?

answer: Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.

text: Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.

question: What protestant reformer said that Mary was not born with sinful flesh?

text: Martin Luther,

question: What did the immaculate conception permit Mary to do?

question: What Lutherans do not support this doctrine?

text: Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church,

question: Why did the Holy Spirit purify Jesus?


text: Along with the desire for independence, tensions between Hindus and Muslims had also been developing over the years. The Muslims had always been a minority within the subcontinent, and the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government made them wary of independence; they were as inclined to mistrust Hindu rule as they were to resist the foreign Raj, although Gandhi called for unity between the two groups in an astonishing display of leadership. The British, extremely weakened by the Second World War, promised that they would leave and participated in the formation of an interim government. The British Indian territories gained independence in 1947, after being partitioned into the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. Following the controversial division of pre-partition Punjab and Bengal, rioting broke out between Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims in these provinces and spread to several other parts of India, leaving some 500,000 dead. Also, this period saw one of the largest mass migrations ever recorded in modern history, with a total of 12 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan (which gained independence on 15 and 14 August 1947 respectively). In 1971, Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan and East Bengal, seceded from Pakistan.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: Along

text: with

text: the

text: desire

text: for

text: independence

text: tensions

text: between

text: Hindus

text: and

text: Muslims

text: had

text: also

text: been

text: developing

text: over

text: the

text: years

text: The

text: Muslims

text: had

text: always

text: been

text: a

text: minority

text: within

text: the

text: subcontinent

text: and

text: the

text: prospect

text: of

text: an

text: exclusively

text: Hindu

text: government

text: made

text: them

text: wary

text: of

text: independence

text: they

text: were

text: as

text: inclined

text: to

text: mistrust

text: Hindu

text: rule

text: as

text: they

text: were

text: to

text: resist

text: the

text: foreign

text: Raj

text: although

text: Gandhi

text: called

text: for

text: unity

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: groups

text: in

text: an

text: astonishing

text: display

text: of

text: leadership

text: The

text: British

text: extremely

text: weakened

text: by

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: promised

text: that

text: they

text: would

text: leave

text: and

text: participated

text: in

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: an

text: interim

text: government

text: The

text: British

text: Indian

text: territories

text: gained

text: independence

text: in

text: after

text: being

text: partitioned

text: into

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: Dominion

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: Following

text: the

text: controversial

text: division

text: of

text: pre

text: partition

text: Punjab

text: and

text: Bengal

text: rioting

text: broke

text: out

text: between

text: Sikhs

text: Hindus

text: and

text: Muslims

text: in

text: these

text: provinces

text: and

text: spread

text: to

text: several

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: India

text: leaving

text: some

text: dead

text: Also

text: this

text: period

text: saw

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: mass

text: migrations

text: ever

text: recorded

text: in

text: modern

text: history

text: with

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: million

text: Hindus

text: Sikhs

text: and

text: Muslims

text: moving

text: between

text: the

text: newly

text: created

text: nations

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: which

text: gained

text: independence

text: on

text: and

text: August

text: respectively

text: In

text: Bangladesh

text: formerly

text: East

text: Pakistan

text: and

text: East

text: Bengal

text: seceded

text: from

text: Pakistan

question: What position did Muslims have in the Indian population?

answer: minority

text: minority

question: What effect of independence did Muslims distrust?

answer: Hindu rule

text: Hindu rule

question: What did the British form in preparation to leaving India?

answer: interim government

text: interim government

question: How many people died in the rioting over divisions of Bengal and Punjab?

answer: 500,000

question: How many people migrated between the newly created countries of India and Pakistan?

answer: 12 million

text: 12 million


text: Each play constitutes a down. The offence must advance the ball at least ten yards towards the opponents' goal line within three downs or forfeit the ball to their opponents. Once ten yards have been gained the offence gains a new set of three downs (rather than the four downs given in American football). Downs do not accumulate. If the offensive team completes 10 yards on their first play, they lose the other two downs and are granted another set of three. If a team fails to gain ten yards in two downs they usually punt the ball on third down or try to kick a field goal (see below), depending on their position on the field. The team may, however use its third down in an attempt to advance the ball and gain a cumulative 10 yards.

title: Canadian_football

title: Canadian_football

text: Each

text: play

text: constitutes

text: a

text: down

text: The

text: offence

text: must

text: advance

text: the

text: ball

text: at

text: least

text: ten

text: yards

text: towards

text: the

text: opponents

text: goal

text: line

text: within

text: three

text: downs

text: or

text: forfeit

text: the

text: ball

text: to

text: their

text: opponents

text: Once

text: ten

text: yards

text: have

text: been

text: gained

text: the

text: offence

text: gains

text: a

text: new

text: set

text: of

text: three

text: downs

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: four

text: downs

text: given

text: in

text: American

text: football

text: Downs

text: do

text: not

text: accumulate

text: If

text: the

text: offensive

text: team

text: completes

text: yards

text: on

text: their

text: first

text: play

text: they

text: lose

text: the

text: other

text: two

text: downs

text: and

text: are

text: granted

text: another

text: set

text: of

text: three

text: If

text: a

text: team

text: fails

text: to

text: gain

text: ten

text: yards

text: in

text: two

text: downs

text: they

text: usually

text: punt

text: the

text: ball

text: on

text: third

text: down

text: or

text: try

text: to

text: kick

text: a

text: field

text: goal

text: see

text: below

text: depending

text: on

text: their

text: position

text: on

text: the

text: field

text: The

text: team

text: may

text: however

text: use

text: its

text: third

text: down

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: advance

text: the

text: ball

text: and

text: gain

text: a

text: cumulative

text: yards

question: What is another term for a completed play?

answer: down

text: down

question: How many plays can the offence run without gaining ten yards?

answer: three

text: three

question: How many downs does a team get after they've gained ten on their first down?

answer: three

text: three

question: What does a team do when they have not advance the ball enough to score or likely gain a new set of downs?

answer: punt

text: punt

question: What is a forfeit play called?

text: a down

question: What must the offence do within 10 yards or forfeit the ball?

question: What can a team use its 10 yards to gain?

question: How many field goals does a team get after they've gained ten on their first down?

text: three

question: What does a team do in their position on the field when they haven't advanced the ball enough to score?

text: punt the ball


text: Euro1080, a division of the former and now bankrupt Belgian TV services company Alfacam, broadcast HDTV channels to break the pan-European stalemate of "no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ..." and kick-start HDTV interest in Europe. The HD1 channel was initially free-to-air and mainly comprised sporting, dramatic, musical and other cultural events broadcast with a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule of 4 or 5 hours per day.

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: a

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: and

text: now

text: bankrupt

text: Belgian

text: TV

text: services

text: company

text: Alfacam

text: broadcast

text: HDTV

text: channels

text: to

text: break

text: the

text: pan

text: European

text: stalemate

text: of

text: no

text: HD

text: broadcasts

text: mean

text: no

text: HD

text: TVs

text: bought

text: means

text: no

text: HD

text: broadcasts

text: and

text: kick

text: start

text: HDTV

text: interest

text: in

text: Europe

text: The

text: channel

text: was

text: initially

text: free

text: to

text: air

text: and

text: mainly

text: comprised

text: sporting

text: dramatic

text: musical

text: and

text: other

text: cultural

text: events

text: broadcast

text: with

text: a

text: multi

text: lingual

text: soundtrack

text: on

text: a

text: rolling

text: schedule

text: of

text: or

text: hours

text: per

text: day

question: Euro1080 was a division of what former company?

answer: Alfacam

text: Alfacam

question: What "chicken or the egg" stalemate prompted Euro1080 to broadcast HDTV channels?

answer: "no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ..."

text: "no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ..."

question: What was Euro1080 hoping to kick-start by broadcasting HDTV channels?

answer: HDTV interest in Europe

text: HDTV interest in Europe

question: How much did viewers have to pay for the HD1 channel?

answer: free-to-air

text: free-to-air

question: What was on HD1 for 4 or 5 hours per day?

answer: a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule

text: a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule

question: Euro180 was a division of what former company?

text: Alfacam

question: What "chicken or the egg" stalemate prompted Asia1080 to broadcast HDTV channels?

question: What was Euro1080 hoping to kick-start by broadcasting SDTV channels?

text: HDTV interest in Europe

question: How much did viewers have to pay for the SD1 channel?

text: free-to-air

question: What was on SD1 for 4 or 5 hours per day?

text: multi-lingual soundtrack


text: Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tankōbon following magazine serialization.

title: Comics

title: Comics

text: Book

text: length

text: comics

text: take

text: different

text: forms

text: in

text: different

text: cultures

text: European

text: comics

text: albums

text: are

text: most

text: commonly

text: printed

text: in

text: colour

text: volumes

text: In

text: English

text: speaking

text: countries

text: bound

text: volumes

text: of

text: comics

text: are

text: called

text: graphic

text: novels

text: and

text: are

text: available

text: in

text: various

text: formats

text: Despite

text: incorporating

text: the

text: term

text: novel

text: a

text: term

text: normally

text: associated

text: with

text: fiction—"graphic

text: novel

text: also

text: refers

text: to

text: non

text: fiction

text: and

text: collections

text: of

text: short

text: works

text: Japanese

text: comics

text: are

text: collected

text: in

text: volumes

text: called

text: tankōbon

text: following

text: magazine

text: serialization

question: What are bounds volumes of comics called in America?

answer: graphic novels

text: graphic novels

question: What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes?

answer: tankōbon

text: tankōbon

question: What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards?

answer: fiction

text: fiction

question: What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?

answer: graphic novels

text: graphic novels

question: What are bounds volumes of newspapers called in America?

text: graphic novels

question: What is the name not given to Japanese comics volumes?

text: tankōbon

question: What type of play is the word novel generally geared towards?

text: fiction

question: What term can mean a fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?

text: graphic novel

question: What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of long pieces?

text: graphic novel


text: People with long-term pain frequently display psychological disturbance, with elevated scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis (the "neurotic triad"). Some investigators have argued that it is this neuroticism that causes acute pain to turn chronic, but clinical evidence points the other way, to chronic pain causing neuroticism. When long-term pain is relieved by therapeutic intervention, scores on the neurotic triad and anxiety fall, often to normal levels. Self-esteem, often low in chronic pain patients, also shows improvement once pain has resolved.

title: Pain

title: Pain

text: People

text: with

text: long

text: term

text: pain

text: frequently

text: display

text: psychological

text: disturbance

text: with

text: elevated

text: scores

text: on

text: the

text: Minnesota

text: Multiphasic

text: Personality

text: Inventory

text: scales

text: of

text: hysteria

text: depression

text: and

text: hypochondriasis

text: the

text: neurotic

text: triad

text: Some

text: investigators

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: this

text: neuroticism

text: that

text: causes

text: acute

text: pain

text: to

text: turn

text: chronic

text: but

text: clinical

text: evidence

text: points

text: the

text: other

text: way

text: to

text: chronic

text: pain

text: causing

text: neuroticism

text: When

text: long

text: term

text: pain

text: is

text: relieved

text: by

text: therapeutic

text: intervention

text: scores

text: on

text: the

text: neurotic

text: triad

text: and

text: anxiety

text: fall

text: often

text: to

text: normal

text: levels

text: Self

text: esteem

text: often

text: low

text: in

text: chronic

text: pain

text: patients

text: also

text: shows

text: improvement

text: once

text: pain

text: has

text: resolved

question: When people have long-term pain, what do they frequently display?

answer: psychological disturbance

text: psychological disturbance

question: What triad are the inventory scales of hysteria, depression and hypochondriasis classified as?

answer: neurotic

text: neurotic

question: Clinical evidence indicates that neuroticism is caused by what?

answer: chronic pain

text: chronic pain

question: If long-term pain can be relieved by therapy, what does a person's neurotic triad score do?

answer: fall

text: fall

question: What shows improvement in many patients once their pain has been resolved?

answer: Self-esteem

text: Self-esteem

question: What do people with long-term psychological disturbance display?

text: pain

question: What are the scales of the Multiphasic Minnesota Personality Inventory?

question: What is the triad neurotic?

question: What is acute pain said to cause?

text: neuroticism


text: These quarks and leptons interact through four fundamental forces: gravity, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. The Standard Model of particle physics is currently the best explanation for all of physics, but despite decades of efforts, gravity cannot yet be accounted for at the quantum level; it is only described by classical physics (see quantum gravity and graviton). Interactions between quarks and leptons are the result of an exchange of force-carrying particles (such as photons) between quarks and leptons. The force-carrying particles are not themselves building blocks. As one consequence, mass and energy (which cannot be created or destroyed) cannot always be related to matter (which can be created out of non-matter particles such as photons, or even out of pure energy, such as kinetic energy). Force carriers are usually not considered matter: the carriers of the electric force (photons) possess energy (see Planck relation) and the carriers of the weak force (W and Z bosons) are massive, but neither are considered matter either. However, while these particles are not considered matter, they do contribute to the total mass of atoms, subatomic particles, and all systems that contain them.

title: Matter

title: Matter

text: These

text: quarks

text: and

text: leptons

text: interact

text: through

text: four

text: fundamental

text: forces

text: gravity

text: electromagnetism

text: weak

text: interactions

text: and

text: strong

text: interactions

text: The

text: Standard

text: Model

text: of

text: particle

text: physics

text: is

text: currently

text: the

text: best

text: explanation

text: for

text: all

text: of

text: physics

text: but

text: despite

text: decades

text: of

text: efforts

text: gravity

text: can

text: not

text: yet

text: be

text: accounted

text: for

text: at

text: the

text: quantum

text: level

text: it

text: is

text: only

text: described

text: by

text: classical

text: physics

text: see

text: quantum

text: gravity

text: and

text: graviton

text: Interactions

text: between

text: quarks

text: and

text: leptons

text: are

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: an

text: exchange

text: of

text: force

text: carrying

text: particles

text: such

text: as

text: photons

text: between

text: quarks

text: and

text: leptons

text: The

text: force

text: carrying

text: particles

text: are

text: not

text: themselves

text: building

text: blocks

text: As

text: one

text: consequence

text: mass

text: and

text: energy

text: which

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: created

text: or

text: destroyed

text: can

text: not

text: always

text: be

text: related

text: to

text: matter

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: created

text: out

text: of

text: non

text: matter

text: particles

text: such

text: as

text: photons

text: or

text: even

text: out

text: of

text: pure

text: energy

text: such

text: as

text: kinetic

text: energy

text: Force

text: carriers

text: are

text: usually

text: not

text: considered

text: matter

text: the

text: carriers

text: of

text: the

text: electric

text: force

text: photons

text: possess

text: energy

text: see

text: Planck

text: relation

text: and

text: the

text: carriers

text: of

text: the

text: weak

text: force

text: W

text: and

text: Z

text: bosons

text: are

text: massive

text: but

text: neither

text: are

text: considered

text: matter

text: either

text: However

text: while

text: these

text: particles

text: are

text: not

text: considered

text: matter

text: they

text: do

text: contribute

text: to

text: the

text: total

text: mass

text: of

text: atoms

text: subatomic

text: particles

text: and

text: all

text: systems

text: that

text: contain

text: them

question: How many quarks and leptons are there?

text: four

question: What model satisfactorily explains gravity?

text: The Standard Model

question: Interactions between quarks and leptons are the exchange of what?

text: force-carrying particles

question: Mass and energy can always be compared to what?

text: matter

question: What relation explains the carriers of the electric force?

text: Planck


text: Once Pan had the audacity to compare his music with that of Apollo, and to challenge Apollo, the god of the kithara, to a trial of skill. Tmolus, the mountain-god, was chosen to umpire. Pan blew on his pipes, and with his rustic melody gave great satisfaction to himself and his faithful follower, Midas, who happened to be present. Then Apollo struck the strings of his lyre. Tmolus at once awarded the victory to Apollo, and all but Midas agreed with the judgment. He dissented and questioned the justice of the award. Apollo would not suffer such a depraved pair of ears any longer, and caused them to become the ears of a donkey.

title: Apollo

title: Apollo

text: Once

text: Pan

text: had

text: the

text: audacity

text: to

text: compare

text: his

text: music

text: with

text: that

text: of

text: Apollo

text: and

text: to

text: challenge

text: Apollo

text: the

text: god

text: of

text: the

text: kithara

text: to

text: a

text: trial

text: of

text: skill

text: Tmolus

text: the

text: mountain

text: god

text: was

text: chosen

text: to

text: umpire

text: Pan

text: blew

text: on

text: his

text: pipes

text: and

text: with

text: his

text: rustic

text: melody

text: gave

text: great

text: satisfaction

text: to

text: himself

text: and

text: his

text: faithful

text: follower

text: Midas

text: who

text: happened

text: to

text: be

text: present

text: Then

text: Apollo

text: struck

text: the

text: strings

text: of

text: his

text: lyre

text: Tmolus

text: at

text: once

text: awarded

text: the

text: victory

text: to

text: Apollo

text: and

text: all

text: but

text: Midas

text: agreed

text: with

text: the

text: judgment

text: He

text: dissented

text: and

text: questioned

text: the

text: justice

text: of

text: the

text: award

text: Apollo

text: would

text: not

text: suffer

text: such

text: a

text: depraved

text: pair

text: of

text: ears

text: any

text: longer

text: and

text: caused

text: them

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: ears

text: of

text: a

text: donkey

question: Who challenged Apollo to a trial of skill?

answer: Pan

text: Pan

question: Who was a faithful follower of Pan?

answer: Midas

text: Midas

question: Who was the mountain-god?

answer: Tmolus

text: Tmolus

question: Who was chosen as umpire of the trial of skill?

answer: Tmolus

text: Tmolus


text: After a nonprofit organization has been formed at the state level, the organization may seek recognition of tax exempt status with respect to U.S. federal income tax. That is done typically by applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), although statutory exemptions exist for limited types of nonprofit organizations. The IRS, after reviewing the application to ensure the organization meets the conditions to be recognized as a tax exempt organization (such as the purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity), may issue an authorization letter to the nonprofit granting it tax exempt status for income tax payment, filing, and deductibility purposes. The exemption does not apply to other Federal taxes such as employment taxes. Additionally, a tax-exempt organization must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose. Failure to maintain operations in conformity to the laws may result in an organization losing its tax exempt status.

title: Nonprofit_organization

title: Nonprofit_organization

text: After

text: a

text: nonprofit

text: organization

text: has

text: been

text: formed

text: at

text: the

text: state

text: level

text: the

text: organization

text: may

text: seek

text: recognition

text: of

text: tax

text: exempt

text: status

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: U.S.

text: federal

text: income

text: tax

text: That

text: is

text: done

text: typically

text: by

text: applying

text: to

text: the

text: Internal

text: Revenue

text: Service

text: IRS

text: although

text: statutory

text: exemptions

text: exist

text: for

text: limited

text: types

text: of

text: nonprofit

text: organizations

text: The

text: IRS

text: after

text: reviewing

text: the

text: application

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: organization

text: meets

text: the

text: conditions

text: to

text: be

text: recognized

text: as

text: a

text: tax

text: exempt

text: organization

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: purpose

text: limitations

text: on

text: spending

text: and

text: internal

text: safeguards

text: for

text: a

text: charity

text: may

text: issue

text: an

text: authorization

text: letter

text: to

text: the

text: nonprofit

text: granting

text: it

text: tax

text: exempt

text: status

text: for

text: income

text: tax

text: payment

text: filing

text: and

text: deductibility

text: purposes

text: The

text: exemption

text: does

text: not

text: apply

text: to

text: other

text: Federal

text: taxes

text: such

text: as

text: employment

text: taxes

text: Additionally

text: a

text: tax

text: exempt

text: organization

text: must

text: pay

text: federal

text: tax

text: on

text: income

text: that

text: is

text: unrelated

text: to

text: their

text: exempt

text: purpose

text: Failure

text: to

text: maintain

text: operations

text: in

text: conformity

text: to

text: the

text: laws

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: an

text: organization

text: losing

text: its

text: tax

text: exempt

text: status

question: How does a US NPO apply for tax exempt status?

answer: applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

text: applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

question: What are some things the IRS looks at in a charity applying for tax exempt status?

answer: purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity

text: purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity

question: Does this tax exempt status apply to other taxes?

answer: must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose

text: must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose

question: What happens if an NPO does not abide by the tax laws?

answer: losing its tax exempt status

text: losing its tax exempt status

question: Who has the final say on whether or not an NPO is granted tax exempt status?

answer: Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

text: Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

question: What can a nonprofit do after it pays employment taxes?

question: How does a nonprofit ensure limits on spending?

question: What exists for limited types of deductibility purposes?

text: statutory exemptions

question: What conditions must an authorization letter meet to show income?

question: What type of tax can a company that is federally formed be exempt from?

text: U.S. federal income tax


text: The American studies program reflected the worldwide anti-Communist ideological struggle. Norman Holmes Pearson, who worked for the Office of Strategic Studies in London during World War II, returned to Yale and headed the new American studies program, in which scholarship quickly became an instrument of promoting liberty. Popular among undergraduates, the program sought to instruct them in the fundamentals of American civilization and thereby instill a sense of nationalism and national purpose. Also during the 1940s and 1950s, Wyoming millionaire William Robertson Coe made large contributions to the American studies programs at Yale University and at the University of Wyoming. Coe was concerned to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States in order to meet the "threat of communism."

title: Yale_University

title: Yale_University

text: The

text: American

text: studies

text: program

text: reflected

text: the

text: worldwide

text: anti

text: Communist

text: ideological

text: struggle

text: Norman

text: Holmes

text: Pearson

text: who

text: worked

text: for

text: the

text: Office

text: of

text: Strategic

text: Studies

text: in

text: London

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: returned

text: to

text: Yale

text: and

text: headed

text: the

text: new

text: American

text: studies

text: program

text: in

text: which

text: scholarship

text: quickly

text: became

text: an

text: instrument

text: of

text: promoting

text: liberty

text: Popular

text: among

text: undergraduates

text: the

text: program

text: sought

text: to

text: instruct

text: them

text: in

text: the

text: fundamentals

text: of

text: American

text: civilization

text: and

text: thereby

text: instill

text: a

text: sense

text: of

text: nationalism

text: and

text: national

text: purpose

text: Also

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: Wyoming

text: millionaire

text: William

text: Robertson

text: Coe

text: made

text: large

text: contributions

text: to

text: the

text: American

text: studies

text: programs

text: at

text: Yale

text: University

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Wyoming

text: Coe

text: was

text: concerned

text: to

text: celebrate

text: the

text: values

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: meet

text: the

text: threat

text: of

text: communism

question: Who was the first professor for the American studies program?

answer: Norman Holmes Pearson

text: Norman Holmes Pearson

question: Where did Norman Holmes Pearson work before Yale?

answer: Office of Strategic Studies in London

text: Office of Strategic Studies in London

question: What did the American studies program hope to instruct?

answer: fundamentals of American civilization

text: fundamentals of American civilization

question: Who contributed to the American studies programs at Yale and University of Wyoming?

answer: William Robertson Coe

text: William Robertson Coe

question: Why did Coe donate to American studies programs?

answer: to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States

text: to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States

question: Who was the last professor for the American studies program?

text: Norman Holmes Pearson

question: Where did Norman Holmes Pearson work after Yale?

text: Office of Strategic Studies in London

question: What did the American studies program hope to destruct?

text: fundamentals of American civilization

question: Who contributed to the Canadian studies programs at Yale and University of Wyoming?

text: William Robertson Coe

question: Why did Coe not donate to American studies programs?


text: By 1820, Charleston's population had grown to 23,000, maintaining its black (and mostly slave) majority. When a massive slave revolt planned by Denmark Vesey, a free black, was revealed in May 1822, whites reacted with intense fear, as they were well aware of the violent retribution of slaves against whites during the Haitian Revolution. Soon after, Vesey was tried and executed, hanged in early July with five slaves. Another 28 slaves were later hanged. Later, the state legislature passed laws requiring individual legislative approval for manumission (the freeing of a slave) and regulating activities of free blacks and slaves.

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

text: By

text: Charleston

text: 's

text: population

text: had

text: grown

text: to

text: maintaining

text: its

text: black

text: and

text: mostly

text: slave

text: majority

text: When

text: a

text: massive

text: slave

text: revolt

text: planned

text: by

text: Denmark

text: Vesey

text: a

text: free

text: black

text: was

text: revealed

text: in

text: May

text: whites

text: reacted

text: with

text: intense

text: fear

text: as

text: they

text: were

text: well

text: aware

text: of

text: the

text: violent

text: retribution

text: of

text: slaves

text: against

text: whites

text: during

text: the

text: Haitian

text: Revolution

text: Soon

text: after

text: Vesey

text: was

text: tried

text: and

text: executed

text: hanged

text: in

text: early

text: July

text: with

text: five

text: slaves

text: Another

text: slaves

text: were

text: later

text: hanged

text: Later

text: the

text: state

text: legislature

text: passed

text: laws

text: requiring

text: individual

text: legislative

text: approval

text: for

text: manumission

text: the

text: freeing

text: of

text: a

text: slave

text: and

text: regulating

text: activities

text: of

text: free

text: blacks

text: and

text: slaves

question: What was planned by Denmark Vesey?

answer: slave revolt

text: slave revolt

question: When was Vesey's plan for a slave revolt revealed?

answer: May 1822

text: May 1822

question: How was Vesey executed in 1822?

answer: hanged

text: hanged

question: How many slaves were executed with Vesey?

answer: five slaves

text: five slaves

question: What revolution made whites fearful of retribution of slaves?

answer: Haitian Revolution

text: Haitian Revolution

question: What wasn't planned by Denmark Vesey?

text: slave revolt

question: When wasn't Vesey's plan for a slave revolt revealed?

text: May 1822

question: How was Vesey executed in 1820?

text: hanged

question: How many slaves were spared with Vesey?

text: five slaves

question: What revolution made blacks fearful of retribution of slaves?

text: Haitian Revolution


text: The city's charter was granted by Prince John, as Lord of Ireland, in 1185. The city was once fully walled, and some wall sections and gates remain today. For much of the Middle Ages, Cork city was an outpost of Old English culture in the midst of a predominantly hostile Gaelic countryside and cut off from the English government in the Pale around Dublin. Neighbouring Gaelic and Hiberno-Norman lords extorted "Black Rent" from the citizens to keep them from attacking the city. The present extent of the city has exceeded the medieval boundaries of the Barony of Cork City; it now takes in much of the neighbouring Barony of Cork. Together, these baronies are located between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south.

title: Cork_(city)

title: Cork_(city

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: charter

text: was

text: granted

text: by

text: Prince

text: John

text: as

text: Lord

text: of

text: Ireland

text: in

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: once

text: fully

text: walled

text: and

text: some

text: wall

text: sections

text: and

text: gates

text: remain

text: today

text: For

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Cork

text: city

text: was

text: an

text: outpost

text: of

text: Old

text: English

text: culture

text: in

text: the

text: midst

text: of

text: a

text: predominantly

text: hostile

text: Gaelic

text: countryside

text: and

text: cut

text: off

text: from

text: the

text: English

text: government

text: in

text: the

text: Pale

text: around

text: Dublin

text: Neighbouring

text: Gaelic

text: and

text: Hiberno

text: Norman

text: lords

text: extorted

text: Black

text: Rent

text: from

text: the

text: citizens

text: to

text: keep

text: them

text: from

text: attacking

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: present

text: extent

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: exceeded

text: the

text: medieval

text: boundaries

text: of

text: the

text: Barony

text: of

text: Cork

text: City

text: it

text: now

text: takes

text: in

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: Barony

text: of

text: Cork

text: Together

text: these

text: baronies

text: are

text: located

text: between

text: the

text: Barony

text: of

text: Barrymore

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Muskerry

text: East

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Kerrycurrihy

text: to

text: the

text: south

question: Who granted Cork's charter?

answer: Prince John

text: Prince John

question: What kind of protection did Cork have?

answer: fully walled

text: fully walled

question: What parts of Cork's defense remain today?

answer: some wall sections and gates

text: some wall sections and gates

question: What would citizens of Cork pay to neighboring lords in order to prevent them from attacking their city?

answer: Black Rent

text: Black Rent

question: Where is the present city of Cork located geographically?

answer: between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south

text: between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south

question: What was Prince John Lord of in the 11th century?

text: Ireland

question: Who granted Cork's charter in the 11th century?

text: Prince John

question: When was Cork a Gaelic outpost?

text: Middle Ages

question: Who payed "Black Rent" to the citizens of Cork?

question: What kind of protection did the hostile Gaelic countryside have?

text: fully walled

question: Who granted the Barony of Barrymore's charter?

text: Prince John

question: What parts of Barony of Barrymore still remain today?

text: some wall sections and gates

question: What were citizens expected to pay to Prince John since he was Lord of Ireland?

text: "Black Rent"

question: Where is Dublin located?


text: The Spanish governor was expelled in 1814. In 1816, Portugal invaded the recently liberated territory and in 1821, it was annexed to the Banda Oriental of Brazil. Juan Antonio Lavalleja and his band called the Treinta y Tres Orientales ("Thirty-Three Orientals") re-established the independence of the region in 1825. Uruguay was consolidated as an independent state in 1828, with Montevideo as the nation's capital. In 1829, the demolition of the city's fortifications began and plans were made for an extension beyond the Ciudad Vieja, referred to as the "Ciudad Nueva" ("new city"). Urban expansion, however, moved very slowly because of the events that followed.

title: Montevideo

title: Montevideo

text: The

text: Spanish

text: governor

text: was

text: expelled

text: in

text: In

text: Portugal

text: invaded

text: the

text: recently

text: liberated

text: territory

text: and

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: annexed

text: to

text: the

text: Banda

text: Oriental

text: of

text: Brazil

text: Juan

text: Antonio

text: Lavalleja

text: and

text: his

text: band

text: called

text: the

text: Treinta

text: y

text: Tres

text: Orientales

text: Thirty

text: Three

text: Orientals

text: re

text: established

text: the

text: independence

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: in

text: Uruguay

text: was

text: consolidated

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: state

text: in

text: with

text: Montevideo

text: as

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: capital

text: In

text: the

text: demolition

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: fortifications

text: began

text: and

text: plans

text: were

text: made

text: for

text: an

text: extension

text: beyond

text: the

text: Ciudad

text: Vieja

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Ciudad

text: Nueva

text: new

text: city

text: Urban

text: expansion

text: however

text: moved

text: very

text: slowly

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: events

text: that

text: followed

question: What year was the Spanish governor expelled?

answer: 1814

question: What year did Portugal invade the recently liberated territory?

answer: 1816

question: What was Juan Antonio Lavalleja's band caled?

answer: Treinta y Tres Orientales

text: Treinta y Tres Orientales

question: What year was Uruguay consolidated as an independent state?

answer: 1828


text: One man who has encountered this problem is Taiwanese politician Yu Shyi-kun, due to the rarity of the last character in his name. Newspapers have dealt with this problem in varying ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters, including a picture of the personality, or, especially as is the case with Yu Shyi-kun, simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference. Taiwanese political posters, movie posters etc. will often add the bopomofo phonetic symbols next to such a character. Japanese newspapers may render such names and words in katakana instead of kanji, and it is accepted practice for people to write names for which they are unsure of the correct kanji in katakana instead.

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: One

text: man

text: who

text: has

text: encountered

text: this

text: problem

text: is

text: Taiwanese

text: politician

text: Yu

text: Shyi

text: kun

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: rarity

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: character

text: in

text: his

text: name

text: Newspapers

text: have

text: dealt

text: with

text: this

text: problem

text: in

text: varying

text: ways

text: including

text: using

text: software

text: to

text: combine

text: two

text: existing

text: similar

text: characters

text: including

text: a

text: picture

text: of

text: the

text: personality

text: or

text: especially

text: as

text: is

text: the

text: case

text: with

text: Yu

text: Shyi

text: kun

text: simply

text: substituting

text: a

text: homophone

text: for

text: the

text: rare

text: character

text: in

text: the

text: hope

text: that

text: the

text: reader

text: would

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: correct

text: inference

text: Taiwanese

text: political

text: posters

text: movie

text: posters

text: etc

text: will

text: often

text: add

text: the

text: bopomofo

text: phonetic

text: symbols

text: next

text: to

text: such

text: a

text: character

text: Japanese

text: newspapers

text: may

text: render

text: such

text: names

text: and

text: words

text: in

text: katakana

text: instead

text: of

text: kanji

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: accepted

text: practice

text: for

text: people

text: to

text: write

text: names

text: for

text: which

text: they

text: are

text: unsure

text: of

text: the

text: correct

text: kanji

text: in

text: katakana

text: instead

question: Who is a Taiwanese politician?

answer: Yu Shyi-kun

text: Yu Shyi-kun

question: What will often add bopomofo phonetic symbols?

answer: movie posters

text: movie posters

question: What may render certain names in katakana instead of kanji?

answer: Japanese newspapers

text: Japanese newspapers


text: During the truce of 1206–1208, John focused on building up his financial and military resources in preparation for another attempt to recapture Normandy. John used some of this money to pay for new alliances on Philip's eastern frontiers, where the growth in Capetian power was beginning to concern France's neighbours. By 1212 John had successfully concluded alliances with his nephew Otto IV, a contender for the crown of Holy Roman Emperor in Germany, as well as with the counts Renaud of Boulogne and Ferdinand of Flanders. The invasion plans for 1212 were postponed because of fresh English baronial unrest about service in Poitou. Philip seized the initiative in 1213, sending his elder son, Louis, to invade Flanders with the intention of next launching an invasion of England. John was forced to postpone his own invasion plans to counter this threat. He launched his new fleet to attack the French at the harbour of Damme. The attack was a success, destroying Philip's vessels and any chances of an invasion of England that year. John hoped to exploit this advantage by invading himself late in 1213, but baronial discontent again delayed his invasion plans until early 1214, in what would prove to be his final Continental campaign.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: During

text: the

text: truce

text: of

text: John

text: focused

text: on

text: building

text: up

text: his

text: financial

text: and

text: military

text: resources

text: in

text: preparation

text: for

text: another

text: attempt

text: to

text: recapture

text: Normandy

text: John

text: used

text: some

text: of

text: this

text: money

text: to

text: pay

text: for

text: new

text: alliances

text: on

text: Philip

text: 's

text: eastern

text: frontiers

text: where

text: the

text: growth

text: in

text: Capetian

text: power

text: was

text: beginning

text: to

text: concern

text: France

text: 's

text: neighbours

text: By

text: John

text: had

text: successfully

text: concluded

text: alliances

text: with

text: his

text: nephew

text: Otto

text: IV

text: a

text: contender

text: for

text: the

text: crown

text: of

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: in

text: Germany

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: with

text: the

text: counts

text: Renaud

text: of

text: Boulogne

text: and

text: Ferdinand

text: of

text: Flanders

text: The

text: invasion

text: plans

text: for

text: were

text: postponed

text: because

text: of

text: fresh

text: English

text: baronial

text: unrest

text: about

text: service

text: in

text: Poitou

text: Philip

text: seized

text: the

text: initiative

text: in

text: sending

text: his

text: elder

text: son

text: Louis

text: to

text: invade

text: Flanders

text: with

text: the

text: intention

text: of

text: next

text: launching

text: an

text: invasion

text: of

text: England

text: John

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: postpone

text: his

text: own

text: invasion

text: plans

text: to

text: counter

text: this

text: threat

text: He

text: launched

text: his

text: new

text: fleet

text: to

text: attack

text: the

text: French

text: at

text: the

text: harbour

text: of

text: Damme

text: The

text: attack

text: was

text: a

text: success

text: destroying

text: Philip

text: 's

text: vessels

text: and

text: any

text: chances

text: of

text: an

text: invasion

text: of

text: England

text: that

text: year

text: John

text: hoped

text: to

text: exploit

text: this

text: advantage

text: by

text: invading

text: himself

text: late

text: in

text: but

text: baronial

text: discontent

text: again

text: delayed

text: his

text: invasion

text: plans

text: until

text: early

text: in

text: what

text: would

text: prove

text: to

text: be

text: his

text: final

text: Continental

text: campaign

question: What did John do during the truce of 1206-1208?

answer: focused on building up his financial and military resources

text: focused on building up his financial and military resources

question: By 1212, John had successfully concluded alliances  with who?

answer: Otto IV

text: Otto IV

question: John launched his new fleet to attach the French where?

answer: the harbour of Damme

text: the harbour of Damme


text: Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to outdo each other in public display, and the ludi attendant on a triumph were expanded to include gladiator contests. Under the Principate, all such spectacular displays came under Imperial control: the most lavish were subsidised by emperors, and lesser events were provided by magistrates as a sacred duty and privilege of office. Additional festivals and games celebrated Imperial accessions and anniversaries. Others, such as the traditional Republican Secular Games to mark a new era (saeculum), became imperially funded to maintain traditional values and a common Roman identity. That the spectacles retained something of their sacral aura even in late antiquity is indicated by the admonitions of the Church Fathers that Christians should not take part.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: Other

text: public

text: festivals

text: were

text: not

text: required

text: by

text: the

text: calendar

text: but

text: occasioned

text: by

text: events

text: The

text: triumph

text: of

text: a

text: Roman

text: general

text: was

text: celebrated

text: as

text: the

text: fulfillment

text: of

text: religious

text: vows

text: though

text: these

text: tended

text: to

text: be

text: overshadowed

text: by

text: the

text: political

text: and

text: social

text: significance

text: of

text: the

text: event

text: During

text: the

text: late

text: Republic

text: the

text: political

text: elite

text: competed

text: to

text: outdo

text: each

text: other

text: in

text: public

text: display

text: and

text: the

text: ludi

text: attendant

text: on

text: a

text: triumph

text: were

text: expanded

text: to

text: include

text: gladiator

text: contests

text: Under

text: the

text: Principate

text: all

text: such

text: spectacular

text: displays

text: came

text: under

text: Imperial

text: control

text: the

text: most

text: lavish

text: were

text: subsidised

text: by

text: emperors

text: and

text: lesser

text: events

text: were

text: provided

text: by

text: magistrates

text: as

text: a

text: sacred

text: duty

text: and

text: privilege

text: of

text: office

text: Additional

text: festivals

text: and

text: games

text: celebrated

text: Imperial

text: accessions

text: and

text: anniversaries

text: Others

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: traditional

text: Republican

text: Secular

text: Games

text: to

text: mark

text: a

text: new

text: era

text: saeculum

text: became

text: imperially

text: funded

text: to

text: maintain

text: traditional

text: values

text: and

text: a

text: common

text: Roman

text: identity

text: That

text: the

text: spectacles

text: retained

text: something

text: of

text: their

text: sacral

text: aura

text: even

text: in

text: late

text: antiquity

text: is

text: indicated

text: by

text: the

text: admonitions

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: Fathers

text: that

text: Christians

text: should

text: not

text: take

text: part

question: What type of festivals happened when events warranted them?

answer: fulfillment of religious vows

text: fulfillment of religious vows

question: What is an example of an event organized religious celebration?

answer: The triumph

text: The triumph

question: In what aspect of the festival did political figures try to out do each other?

answer: public display

text: public display

question: Under what auspices did public displays  come during the Principate?

answer: Imperial

text: Imperial

question: Who paid for the most lavish of festival events?

answer: emperors

text: emperors