text: Before going to Iberia, Napoleon decided to address several lingering issues with the Russians. At the Congress of Erfurt in October 1808, Napoleon hoped to keep Russia on his side during the upcoming struggle in Spain and during any potential conflict against Austria. The two sides reached an agreement, the Erfurt Convention, that called upon Britain to cease its war against France, that recognized the Russian conquest of Finland from Sweden, and that affirmed Russian support for France in a possible war against Austria "to the best of its ability." Napoleon then returned to France and prepared for war. The Grande Armée, under the Emperor's personal command, rapidly crossed the Ebro River in November 1808 and inflicted a series of crushing defeats against the Spanish forces. After clearing the last Spanish force guarding the capital at Somosierra, Napoleon entered Madrid on 4 December with 80,000 troops. He then unleashed his soldiers against Moore and the British forces. The British were swiftly driven to the coast, and they withdrew from Spain entirely after a last stand at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Before

text: going

text: to

text: Iberia

text: Napoleon

text: decided

text: to

text: address

text: several

text: lingering

text: issues

text: with

text: the

text: Russians

text: At

text: the

text: Congress

text: of

text: Erfurt

text: in

text: October

text: Napoleon

text: hoped

text: to

text: keep

text: Russia

text: on

text: his

text: side

text: during

text: the

text: upcoming

text: struggle

text: in

text: Spain

text: and

text: during

text: any

text: potential

text: conflict

text: against

text: Austria

text: The

text: two

text: sides

text: reached

text: an

text: agreement

text: the

text: Erfurt

text: Convention

text: that

text: called

text: upon

text: Britain

text: to

text: cease

text: its

text: war

text: against

text: France

text: that

text: recognized

text: the

text: Russian

text: conquest

text: of

text: Finland

text: from

text: Sweden

text: and

text: that

text: affirmed

text: Russian

text: support

text: for

text: France

text: in

text: a

text: possible

text: war

text: against

text: Austria

text: to

text: the

text: best

text: of

text: its

text: ability

text: Napoleon

text: then

text: returned

text: to

text: France

text: and

text: prepared

text: for

text: war

text: The

text: Grande

text: Armée

text: under

text: the

text: Emperor

text: 's

text: personal

text: command

text: rapidly

text: crossed

text: the

text: Ebro

text: River

text: in

text: November

text: and

text: inflicted

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: crushing

text: defeats

text: against

text: the

text: Spanish

text: forces

text: After

text: clearing

text: the

text: last

text: Spanish

text: force

text: guarding

text: the

text: capital

text: at

text: Somosierra

text: Napoleon

text: entered

text: Madrid

text: on

text: December

text: with

text: troops

text: He

text: then

text: unleashed

text: his

text: soldiers

text: against

text: Moore

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: forces

text: The

text: British

text: were

text: swiftly

text: driven

text: to

text: the

text: coast

text: and

text: they

text: withdrew

text: from

text: Spain

text: entirely

text: after

text: a

text: last

text: stand

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Corunna

text: in

text: January

question: At which 1808 meeting did Napoleon attempt to keep the Russians on his side for future conflicts?

answer: the Congress of Erfurt

text: the Congress of Erfurt

question: In what year was the Congress of Erfurt held?

answer: 1808

question: The Erfurt Convention insisted that Britain stop war against which nation?

answer: France

text: France

question: The Erfurt Convention recognized the Russian takeover of which formerly Swedish possession?

answer: Finland

text: Finland

question: When was the Battle of Corunna fought?

answer: January 1809

text: January 1809


text: The motif of the England national football team has three lions passant guardant, the emblem of King Richard I, who reigned from 1189 to 1199. The lions, often blue, have had minor changes to colour and appearance. Initially topped by a crown, this was removed in 1949 when the FA was given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms; this introduced ten Tudor roses, one for each of the regional branches of the FA. Since 2003, England top their logo with a star to recognise their World Cup win in 1966; this was first embroidered onto the left sleeve of the home kit, and a year later was moved to its current position, first on the away shirt.

title: England_national_football_team

title: England_national_football_team

text: The

text: motif

text: of

text: the

text: England

text: national

text: football

text: team

text: has

text: three

text: lions

text: passant

text: guardant

text: the

text: emblem

text: of

text: King

text: Richard

text: I

text: who

text: reigned

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: lions

text: often

text: blue

text: have

text: had

text: minor

text: changes

text: to

text: colour

text: and

text: appearance

text: Initially

text: topped

text: by

text: a

text: crown

text: this

text: was

text: removed

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: FA

text: was

text: given

text: an

text: official

text: coat

text: of

text: arms

text: by

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Arms

text: this

text: introduced

text: ten

text: Tudor

text: roses

text: one

text: for

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: regional

text: branches

text: of

text: the

text: FA

text: Since

text: England

text: top

text: their

text: logo

text: with

text: a

text: star

text: to

text: recognise

text: their

text: World

text: Cup

text: win

text: in

text: this

text: was

text: first

text: embroidered

text: onto

text: the

text: left

text: sleeve

text: of

text: the

text: home

text: kit

text: and

text: a

text: year

text: later

text: was

text: moved

text: to

text: its

text: current

text: position

text: first

text: on

text: the

text: away

text: shirt

question: When did King Richard I begin his reign?

answer: 1189

question: Which animal is the main motif of England's national football team?

answer: lions

text: lions

question: What type of headgear originally appeared on the lions' heads on England's national football team motif?

answer: a crown

text: a crown

question: In which year was the FA given an official coat of arms by the College of Arms?

answer: 1949

question: Since 2003, England has topped their logo with a star to recognize their World Cup win in which year?

answer: 1966

question: In what year was King Richard I born?

question: Where is the English logo currently embroidered on their shirts?

text: left sleeve

question: What colour are the ten Tudor roses on England's shirts?

text: blue

question: In what year was the College of Arms established?

question: Who established the College of Arms?

text: King Richard I


text: In 1570, a full-scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control, despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta. Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus massacred many Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants. The previous Latin elite were destroyed and the first significant demographic change since antiquity took place with the formation of a Muslim community. Soldiers who fought in the conquest settled on the island and Turkish peasants and craftsmen were brought to the island from Anatolia. This new community also included banished Anatolian tribes, "undesirable" persons and members of various "troublesome" Muslim sects, as well as a number of new converts on the island.

title: Cyprus

title: Cyprus

text: In

text: a

text: full

text: scale

text: Ottoman

text: assault

text: with

text: troops

text: brought

text: the

text: island

text: under

text: Ottoman

text: control

text: despite

text: stiff

text: resistance

text: by

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: Nicosia

text: and

text: Famagusta

text: Ottoman

text: forces

text: capturing

text: Cyprus

text: massacred

text: many

text: Greek

text: and

text: Armenian

text: Christian

text: inhabitants

text: The

text: previous

text: Latin

text: elite

text: were

text: destroyed

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: significant

text: demographic

text: change

text: since

text: antiquity

text: took

text: place

text: with

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: a

text: Muslim

text: community

text: Soldiers

text: who

text: fought

text: in

text: the

text: conquest

text: settled

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: and

text: Turkish

text: peasants

text: and

text: craftsmen

text: were

text: brought

text: to

text: the

text: island

text: from

text: Anatolia

text: This

text: new

text: community

text: also

text: included

text: banished

text: Anatolian

text: tribes

text: undesirable

text: persons

text: and

text: members

text: of

text: various

text: troublesome

text: Muslim

text: sects

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: new

text: converts

text: on

text: the

text: island

question: In what year did Cyprus face a full-scale Ottoman assault?

answer: 1570

question: Ottoman forces massacred which types of people?

answer: Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants

text: Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants

question: Turkish peasants and craftsman were brought to the island from where?

answer: Anatolia

text: Anatolia


text: They can also be armed with non-lethal (more accurately known as "less than lethal" or "less-lethal") weaponry, particularly for riot control. Non-lethal weapons include batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons. Police officers often carry handcuffs to restrain suspects. The use of firearms or deadly force is typically a last resort only to be used when necessary to save human life, although some jurisdictions (such as Brazil) allow its use against fleeing felons and escaped convicts. A "shoot-to-kill" policy was recently introduced in South Africa, which allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians. With the country having one of the highest rates of violent crime, president Jacob Zuma states that South Africa needs to handle crime differently from other countries.

title: Police

title: Police

text: They

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: armed

text: with

text: non

text: lethal

text: more

text: accurately

text: known

text: as

text: less

text: than

text: lethal

text: or

text: less

text: lethal

text: weaponry

text: particularly

text: for

text: riot

text: control

text: Non

text: lethal

text: weapons

text: include

text: batons

text: tear

text: gas

text: riot

text: control

text: agents

text: rubber

text: bullets

text: riot

text: shields

text: water

text: cannons

text: and

text: electroshock

text: weapons

text: Police

text: officers

text: often

text: carry

text: handcuffs

text: to

text: restrain

text: suspects

text: The

text: use

text: of

text: firearms

text: or

text: deadly

text: force

text: is

text: typically

text: a

text: last

text: resort

text: only

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: when

text: necessary

text: to

text: save

text: human

text: life

text: although

text: some

text: jurisdictions

text: such

text: as

text: Brazil

text: allow

text: its

text: use

text: against

text: fleeing

text: felons

text: and

text: escaped

text: convicts

text: A

text: shoot

text: to

text: kill

text: policy

text: was

text: recently

text: introduced

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: which

text: allows

text: police

text: to

text: use

text: deadly

text: force

text: against

text: any

text: person

text: who

text: poses

text: a

text: significant

text: threat

text: to

text: them

text: or

text: civilians

text: With

text: the

text: country

text: having

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: rates

text: of

text: violent

text: crime

text: president

text: Jacob

text: Zuma

text: states

text: that

text: South

text: Africa

text: needs

text: to

text: handle

text: crime

text: differently

text: from

text: other

text: countries

question: What should non-lethal weapons properly be called?

answer: "less than lethal" or "less-lethal"

text: "less than lethal" or "less-lethal"

question: What are common less-lethal weapons?

answer: batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons

text: batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons

question: What is supposed to be the last resort for police?

answer: The use of firearms or deadly force

text: The use of firearms or deadly force

question: What is South Africa's "shoot-to-kill" policy?

answer: allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians

text: allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians

question: Where can police shoot fleeing convicts?

answer: Brazil

text: Brazil

question: What should lethal weapons properly be called?

text: "less than lethal" or "less-lethal"

question: What are uncommon less-lethal weapons?

question: What is supposed to be the first resort for police?

text: The use of firearms or deadly force

question: What is North Africa's "shoot-to-kill" policy?

question: Where can't police shoot fleeing convicts?

text: Brazil


text: In the northeast, Slavs from the Kievan region colonized the territory that later would become the Grand Duchy of Moscow by subjugating and merging with the Finnic tribes already occupying the area. The city of Rostov, the oldest centre of the northeast, was supplanted first by Suzdal and then by the city of Vladimir, which become the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal'. The combined principality of Vladimir-Suzdal asserted itself as a major power in Kievan Rus' in the late 12th century. In 1169 Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy of Vladimir-Suzdal sacked the city of Kiev and took over the title of the (Великий Князь/Velikiy Knyaz/Grand Prince or Grand Duke) to Vladimir, this way claiming the primacy in Rus'. Prince Andrey then installed his younger brother, who ruled briefly in Kiev while Andrey continued to rule his realm from Suzdal. In 1299, in the wake of the Mongol invasion, the metropolitan moved from Kiev to the city of Vladimir and Vladimir-Suzdal.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: In

text: the

text: northeast

text: Slavs

text: from

text: the

text: Kievan

text: region

text: colonized

text: the

text: territory

text: that

text: later

text: would

text: become

text: the

text: Grand

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Moscow

text: by

text: subjugating

text: and

text: merging

text: with

text: the

text: Finnic

text: tribes

text: already

text: occupying

text: the

text: area

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Rostov

text: the

text: oldest

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: northeast

text: was

text: supplanted

text: first

text: by

text: Suzdal

text: and

text: then

text: by

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Vladimir

text: which

text: become

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: Vladimir

text: Suzdal

text: The

text: combined

text: principality

text: of

text: Vladimir

text: Suzdal

text: asserted

text: itself

text: as

text: a

text: major

text: power

text: in

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: In

text: Prince

text: Andrey

text: Bogolyubskiy

text: of

text: Vladimir

text: Suzdal

text: sacked

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Kiev

text: and

text: took

text: over

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: the

text: Великий

text: Князь/Velikiy

text: Knyaz

text: Grand

text: Prince

text: or

text: Grand

text: Duke

text: to

text: Vladimir

text: this

text: way

text: claiming

text: the

text: primacy

text: in

text: Rus

text: Prince

text: Andrey

text: then

text: installed

text: his

text: younger

text: brother

text: who

text: ruled

text: briefly

text: in

text: Kiev

text: while

text: Andrey

text: continued

text: to

text: rule

text: his

text: realm

text: from

text: Suzdal

text: In

text: in

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: the

text: Mongol

text: invasion

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: moved

text: from

text: Kiev

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Vladimir

text: and

text: Vladimir

text: Suzdal

question: The Slavs from Kievan would eventually settle in the North East of the region, What would this region later become?

answer: Grand Duchy of Moscow

text: Grand Duchy of Moscow

question: What was the name of the oldest city in the north east?

answer: Rostov

text: Rostov

question: In what year did the mongol invasion begin?

answer: In 1299

text: In 1299

question: How did the Slavs form the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the southeast?

text: colonized the territory

question: What is the youngest centre in the southeast?

text: Rostov

question: What city did Prince Andrey Bogolyuskiy sack in the 12th century?

text: Kiev

question: Who did not take the title of Grand Prince?

text: Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy

question: When did Vladimir-Suzdal assert itself as a minor power?

text: late 12th century


text: Last but not least the electric double-layer capacitor (now Supercapacitors) were invented. In 1957 H. Becker developed a "Low voltage electrolytic capacitor with porous carbon electrodes". He believed that the energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores used in his capacitor as in the pores of the etched foils of electrolytic capacitors. Because the double layer mechanism was not known by him at the time, he wrote in the patent: "It is not known exactly what is taking place in the component if it is used for energy storage, but it leads to an extremely high capacity.".

title: Capacitor

title: Capacitor

text: Last

text: but

text: not

text: least

text: the

text: electric

text: double

text: layer

text: capacitor

text: now

text: Supercapacitors

text: were

text: invented

text: In

text: H.

text: Becker

text: developed

text: a

text: Low

text: voltage

text: electrolytic

text: capacitor

text: with

text: porous

text: carbon

text: electrodes

text: He

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: energy

text: was

text: stored

text: as

text: a

text: charge

text: in

text: the

text: carbon

text: pores

text: used

text: in

text: his

text: capacitor

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: pores

text: of

text: the

text: etched

text: foils

text: of

text: electrolytic

text: capacitors

text: Because

text: the

text: double

text: layer

text: mechanism

text: was

text: not

text: known

text: by

text: him

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: he

text: wrote

text: in

text: the

text: patent

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: known

text: exactly

text: what

text: is

text: taking

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: component

text: if

text: it

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: energy

text: storage

text: but

text: it

text: leads

text: to

text: an

text: extremely

text: high

text: capacity

question: What are electric double-layer capacitors called today?

answer: Supercapacitors

text: Supercapacitors

question: When were low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes invented?

answer: In 1957

text: In 1957

question: Who invented low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes?

answer: H. Becker

text: H. Becker

question: In what part of the capacitor did Becker believe the charge was being stored?

answer: in the carbon pores

text: in the carbon pores

question: In what component of electrolytic capacitors did Becker believe was similar to the porous carbon electrodes?

answer: the pores of the etched foils

text: the pores of the etched foils

question: What are electric triple-layer capacitors called today?

text: Supercapacitors

question: When were high voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes invented?

text: In 1957

question: Who invented high voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes?

text: H. Becker

question: In what part of the capacitor did Becker believe the charge was not being stored?

text: carbon pores

question: In what component of electrolytic capacitors did Becker believe was different from the porous carbon electrodes?

text: the pores of the etched foils


text: Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was "absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese political unit" during the Mongol Yuan dynasty, which Wang and Nyima paint as a characteristic Chinese dynasty succeeded by the Ming. Laird asserts that the ruling Mongol khans never administered Tibet as part of China and instead ruled them as separate territories, comparing the Mongols with the British who colonized India and New Zealand, yet stating this does not make India part of New Zealand as a consequence. Of later Mongol and Tibetan accounts interpreting the Mongol conquest of Tibet, Laird asserts that "they, like all non-Chinese historical narratives, never portray the Mongol subjugation of Tibet as a Chinese one."

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Journalist

text: and

text: author

text: Thomas

text: Laird

text: in

text: his

text: book

text: The

text: Story

text: of

text: Tibet

text: Conversations

text: with

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: writes

text: that

text: Wang

text: and

text: Nyima

text: present

text: the

text: government

text: viewpoint

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: in

text: their

text: Historical

text: Status

text: of

text: China

text: 's

text: Tibet

text: and

text: fail

text: to

text: realize

text: that

text: China

text: was

text: absorbed

text: into

text: a

text: larger

text: non

text: Chinese

text: political

text: unit

text: during

text: the

text: Mongol

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: which

text: Wang

text: and

text: Nyima

text: paint

text: as

text: a

text: characteristic

text: Chinese

text: dynasty

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: Ming

text: Laird

text: asserts

text: that

text: the

text: ruling

text: Mongol

text: khans

text: never

text: administered

text: Tibet

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: instead

text: ruled

text: them

text: as

text: separate

text: territories

text: comparing

text: the

text: Mongols

text: with

text: the

text: British

text: who

text: colonized

text: India

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: yet

text: stating

text: this

text: does

text: not

text: make

text: India

text: part

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: as

text: a

text: consequence

text: Of

text: later

text: Mongol

text: and

text: Tibetan

text: accounts

text: interpreting

text: the

text: Mongol

text: conquest

text: of

text: Tibet

text: Laird

text: asserts

text: that

text: they

text: like

text: all

text: non

text: Chinese

text: historical

text: narratives

text: never

text: portray

text: the

text: Mongol

text: subjugation

text: of

text: Tibet

text: as

text: a

text: Chinese

text: one

question: Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet?

answer: Journalist and author Thomas Laird

text: Journalist and author Thomas Laird

question: who colonized India and New Zealand?

answer: the British

text: the British

question: Who's viewpoint does Thomas Laird believe Wang and Nyima present?

answer: the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China

text: the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China


text: The Croatian Latin alphabet (Gajica) followed suit shortly afterwards, when Ljudevit Gaj defined it as standard Latin with five extra letters that had diacritics, apparently borrowing much from Czech, but also from Polish, and inventing the unique digraphs "lj", "nj" and "dž". These digraphs are represented as "ļ, ń and ǵ" respectively in the "Rječnik hrvatskog ili srpskog jezika", published by the former Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. The latter digraphs, however, are unused in the literary standard of the language. All in all, this makes Serbo-Croatian the only Slavic language to officially use both the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, albeit the Latin version is more commonly used.

title: Serbo-Croatian

title: Serbo

title: Croatian

text: The

text: Croatian

text: Latin

text: alphabet

text: Gajica

text: followed

text: suit

text: shortly

text: afterwards

text: when

text: Ljudevit

text: Gaj

text: defined

text: it

text: as

text: standard

text: Latin

text: with

text: five

text: extra

text: letters

text: that

text: had

text: diacritics

text: apparently

text: borrowing

text: much

text: from

text: Czech

text: but

text: also

text: from

text: Polish

text: and

text: inventing

text: the

text: unique

text: digraphs

text: lj

text: nj

text: and

text: dž

text: These

text: digraphs

text: are

text: represented

text: as

text: ļ

text: ń

text: and

text: ǵ

text: respectively

text: in

text: the

text: Rječnik

text: hrvatskog

text: ili

text: srpskog

text: jezika

text: published

text: by

text: the

text: former

text: Yugoslav

text: Academy

text: of

text: Sciences

text: and

text: Arts

text: in

text: Zagreb

text: The

text: latter

text: digraphs

text: however

text: are

text: unused

text: in

text: the

text: literary

text: standard

text: of

text: the

text: language

text: All

text: in

text: all

text: this

text: makes

text: Serbo

text: Croatian

text: the

text: only

text: Slavic

text: language

text: to

text: officially

text: use

text: both

text: the

text: Latin

text: and

text: Cyrillic

text: scripts

text: albeit

text: the

text: Latin

text: version

text: is

text: more

text: commonly

text: used

question: Serbo-Croatian is the only Slavic language to use what two scripts together?

answer: Latin and Cyrillic

text: Latin and Cyrillic

question: Which version, Latin or Cyrillic, is most commonly used?

answer: Latin

text: Latin

question: How many extra letters does the Croatian Latin alphabet have?

answer: five

text: five

question: How did Ljudevit Gaj define the Cyrillic alphabet?

text: standard Latin

question: How often is the Zagreb script used?

text: more commonly

question: What is standard Latin represented as in the Rjecnik hrvatskog ili srpskog jezika?

text: "ļ, ń and ǵ"

question: What group published the Latin and Cyrillic scripts?

question: How is Polish used in the literary standard?

text: unused


text: The Germans expected to negotiate an end to the war but immediately ordered an advance on Paris; by 15 September Moltke issued the orders for an investment of Paris and on 20 September the encirclement was complete. Bismarck met Favre on 18 September at the Château de Ferrières and demanded a frontier immune to a French war of revenge, which included Strasbourg, Alsace and most the Moselle department in Lorraine of which Metz was the capital. In return for an armistice for the French to elect a National Assembly, Bismarck demanded the surrender of Strasbourg and the fortress city of Toul. To allow supplies into Paris, one of the perimeter forts had to be handed over. Favre was unaware that the real aim of Bismarck in making such extortionate demands was to establish a durable peace on the new western frontier of Germany, preferably by a peace with a friendly government, on terms acceptable to French public opinion. An impregnable military frontier was an inferior alternative to him, favoured only by the militant nationalists on the German side.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: The

text: Germans

text: expected

text: to

text: negotiate

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: the

text: war

text: but

text: immediately

text: ordered

text: an

text: advance

text: on

text: Paris

text: by

text: September

text: Moltke

text: issued

text: the

text: orders

text: for

text: an

text: investment

text: of

text: Paris

text: and

text: on

text: September

text: the

text: encirclement

text: was

text: complete

text: Bismarck

text: met

text: Favre

text: on

text: September

text: at

text: the

text: Château

text: de

text: Ferrières

text: and

text: demanded

text: a

text: frontier

text: immune

text: to

text: a

text: French

text: war

text: of

text: revenge

text: which

text: included

text: Strasbourg

text: Alsace

text: and

text: most

text: the

text: Moselle

text: department

text: in

text: Lorraine

text: of

text: which

text: Metz

text: was

text: the

text: capital

text: In

text: return

text: for

text: an

text: armistice

text: for

text: the

text: French

text: to

text: elect

text: a

text: National

text: Assembly

text: Bismarck

text: demanded

text: the

text: surrender

text: of

text: Strasbourg

text: and

text: the

text: fortress

text: city

text: of

text: Toul

text: To

text: allow

text: supplies

text: into

text: Paris

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: perimeter

text: forts

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: handed

text: over

text: Favre

text: was

text: unaware

text: that

text: the

text: real

text: aim

text: of

text: Bismarck

text: in

text: making

text: such

text: extortionate

text: demands

text: was

text: to

text: establish

text: a

text: durable

text: peace

text: on

text: the

text: new

text: western

text: frontier

text: of

text: Germany

text: preferably

text: by

text: a

text: peace

text: with

text: a

text: friendly

text: government

text: on

text: terms

text: acceptable

text: to

text: French

text: public

text: opinion

text: An

text: impregnable

text: military

text: frontier

text: was

text: an

text: inferior

text: alternative

text: to

text: him

text: favoured

text: only

text: by

text: the

text: militant

text: nationalists

text: on

text: the

text: German

text: side

question: What did the Germans expect to negotiate?

answer: an end to the war

text: an end to the war

question: On what date was the encirclement of Paris complete?

answer: 20 September

text: 20 September

question: Bismarck and Favre met on what date?

answer: 18 September

text: 18 September

question: What was the location of Bismarck and Favre's meeting?

answer: the Château de Ferrières

text: the Château de Ferrières

question: Bismarck demanded the surrender of Strasbourg and what fortress city?

answer: Toul

text: Toul


text: According to the 2000 edition of a popular physical anthropology textbook, forensic anthropologists are overwhelmingly in support of the idea of the basic biological reality of human races. Forensic physical anthropologist and professor George W. Gill has said that the idea that race is only skin deep "is simply not true, as any experienced forensic anthropologist will affirm" and "Many morphological features tend to follow geographic boundaries coinciding often with climatic zones. This is not surprising since the selective forces of climate are probably the primary forces of nature that have shaped human races with regard not only to skin color and hair form but also the underlying bony structures of the nose, cheekbones, etc. (For example, more prominent noses humidify air better.)" While he can see good arguments for both sides, the complete denial of the opposing evidence "seems to stem largely from socio-political motivation and not science at all". He also states that many biological anthropologists see races as real yet "not one introductory textbook of physical anthropology even presents that perspective as a possibility. In a case as flagrant as this, we are not dealing with science but rather with blatant, politically motivated censorship".

title: Race_(human_categorization)

title: Race_(human_categorization

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: edition

text: of

text: a

text: popular

text: physical

text: anthropology

text: textbook

text: forensic

text: anthropologists

text: are

text: overwhelmingly

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: the

text: basic

text: biological

text: reality

text: of

text: human

text: races

text: Forensic

text: physical

text: anthropologist

text: and

text: professor

text: George

text: W.

text: Gill

text: has

text: said

text: that

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: race

text: is

text: only

text: skin

text: deep

text: is

text: simply

text: not

text: true

text: as

text: any

text: experienced

text: forensic

text: anthropologist

text: will

text: affirm

text: and

text: Many

text: morphological

text: features

text: tend

text: to

text: follow

text: geographic

text: boundaries

text: coinciding

text: often

text: with

text: climatic

text: zones

text: This

text: is

text: not

text: surprising

text: since

text: the

text: selective

text: forces

text: of

text: climate

text: are

text: probably

text: the

text: primary

text: forces

text: of

text: nature

text: that

text: have

text: shaped

text: human

text: races

text: with

text: regard

text: not

text: only

text: to

text: skin

text: color

text: and

text: hair

text: form

text: but

text: also

text: the

text: underlying

text: bony

text: structures

text: of

text: the

text: nose

text: cheekbones

text: etc

text: For

text: example

text: more

text: prominent

text: noses

text: humidify

text: air

text: better

text: While

text: he

text: can

text: see

text: good

text: arguments

text: for

text: both

text: sides

text: the

text: complete

text: denial

text: of

text: the

text: opposing

text: evidence

text: seems

text: to

text: stem

text: largely

text: from

text: socio

text: political

text: motivation

text: and

text: not

text: science

text: at

text: all

text: He

text: also

text: states

text: that

text: many

text: biological

text: anthropologists

text: see

text: races

text: as

text: real

text: yet

text: not

text: one

text: introductory

text: textbook

text: of

text: physical

text: anthropology

text: even

text: presents

text: that

text: perspective

text: as

text: a

text: possibility

text: In

text: a

text: case

text: as

text: flagrant

text: as

text: this

text: we

text: are

text: not

text: dealing

text: with

text: science

text: but

text: rather

text: with

text: blatant

text: politically

text: motivated

text: censorship

question: What group of anthropologists overwhelmingly support the idea of human races?

answer: forensic

text: forensic

question: What does George W. Gill think about the veracity of the idea that race is only skin deep?

answer: simply not true

text: simply not true

question: What are probably the primary forces of nature which shaped human races?

answer: selective forces of climate

text: selective forces of climate

question: What does Gill think the complete denial of opposing evidence stems from?

answer: socio-political motivation

text: socio-political motivation

question: What does Gill attribute the lack of presenting the perspective as a possibility to?

answer: politically motivated censorship

text: politically motivated censorship


text: The Bell Telephone Company was created in 1877, and by 1886, more than 150,000 people in the U.S. owned telephones. Bell Company engineers made numerous other improvements to the telephone, which emerged as one of the most successful products ever. In 1879, the Bell company acquired Edison's patents for the carbon microphone from Western Union. This made the telephone practical for longer distances, and it was no longer necessary to shout to be heard at the receiving telephone.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: The

text: Bell

text: Telephone

text: Company

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: and

text: by

text: more

text: than

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: owned

text: telephones

text: Bell

text: Company

text: engineers

text: made

text: numerous

text: other

text: improvements

text: to

text: the

text: telephone

text: which

text: emerged

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: products

text: ever

text: In

text: the

text: Bell

text: company

text: acquired

text: Edison

text: 's

text: patents

text: for

text: the

text: carbon

text: microphone

text: from

text: Western

text: Union

text: This

text: made

text: the

text: telephone

text: practical

text: for

text: longer

text: distances

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: no

text: longer

text: necessary

text: to

text: shout

text: to

text: be

text: heard

text: at

text: the

text: receiving

text: telephone

question: In what year was the Bell Telephone Company founded?

answer: 1877

question: How many people in the United States had a telephone by 1886?

answer: 150,000

question: In what year did Bell get some of Edison's patents?

answer: 1879

question: What addition let people stop yelling into the telephone?

answer: carbon microphone

text: carbon microphone

question: What company did Bell acquire the carbon microphone from?

answer: Western Union

text: Western Union


text: The Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has observed that "there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem." While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur.

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: The

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: winning

text: economist

text: Amartya

text: Sen

text: has

text: observed

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: such

text: thing

text: as

text: an

text: apolitical

text: food

text: problem

text: While

text: drought

text: and

text: other

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: events

text: may

text: trigger

text: famine

text: conditions

text: it

text: is

text: government

text: action

text: or

text: inaction

text: that

text: determines

text: its

text: severity

text: and

text: often

text: even

text: whether

text: or

text: not

text: a

text: famine

text: will

text: occur

question: Who has stated that apolitical food problems do not exist?

answer: Amartya Sen

text: Amartya Sen

question: What can trigger famine conditions?

answer: drought

text: drought

question: While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it?

answer: government action or inaction

text: government action or inaction


text: Following Bandung, Nasser officially adopted the "positive neutralism" of Yugoslavian president Josip Broz Tito and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as a principal theme of Egyptian foreign policy regarding the Cold War. Nasser was welcomed by large crowds of people lining the streets of Cairo on his return to Egypt on 2 May and was widely heralded in the press for his achievements and leadership in the conference. Consequently, Nasser's prestige was greatly boosted as was his self-confidence and image.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Following

text: Bandung

text: Nasser

text: officially

text: adopted

text: the

text: positive

text: neutralism

text: of

text: Yugoslavian

text: president

text: Josip

text: Broz

text: Tito

text: and

text: Indian

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Jawaharlal

text: Nehru

text: as

text: a

text: principal

text: theme

text: of

text: Egyptian

text: foreign

text: policy

text: regarding

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: Nasser

text: was

text: welcomed

text: by

text: large

text: crowds

text: of

text: people

text: lining

text: the

text: streets

text: of

text: Cairo

text: on

text: his

text: return

text: to

text: Egypt

text: on

text: May

text: and

text: was

text: widely

text: heralded

text: in

text: the

text: press

text: for

text: his

text: achievements

text: and

text: leadership

text: in

text: the

text: conference

text: Consequently

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: prestige

text: was

text: greatly

text: boosted

text: as

text: was

text: his

text: self

text: confidence

text: and

text: image

question: What political philosophy did Nasser adopt?

answer: positive neutralism

text: positive neutralism

question: What global period was Positive Neutralism meant to deal with?

answer: Cold War

text: Cold War

question: How did the Egyptian people react to Nasser after the conference?

answer: welcomed by large crowds

text: welcomed by large crowds

question: How did the Egyptian press react to Nasser's accomplishments?

answer: heralded

text: heralded


text: Birds have wings which are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moas and elephant birds. Wings, which evolved from forelimbs, give most birds the ability to fly, although further speciation has led to some flightless birds, including ratites, penguins, and diverse endemic island species of birds. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly the aforementioned flightless penguins, and also members of the duck family, have also evolved for swimming. Birds, specifically Darwin's finches, played an important part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: Birds

text: have

text: wings

text: which

text: are

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: developed

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: species

text: the

text: only

text: known

text: groups

text: without

text: wings

text: are

text: the

text: extinct

text: moas

text: and

text: elephant

text: birds

text: Wings

text: which

text: evolved

text: from

text: forelimbs

text: give

text: most

text: birds

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: fly

text: although

text: further

text: speciation

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: some

text: flightless

text: birds

text: including

text: ratites

text: penguins

text: and

text: diverse

text: endemic

text: island

text: species

text: of

text: birds

text: The

text: digestive

text: and

text: respiratory

text: systems

text: of

text: birds

text: are

text: also

text: uniquely

text: adapted

text: for

text: flight

text: Some

text: bird

text: species

text: of

text: aquatic

text: environments

text: particularly

text: the

text: aforementioned

text: flightless

text: penguins

text: and

text: also

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: duck

text: family

text: have

text: also

text: evolved

text: for

text: swimming

text: Birds

text: specifically

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: finches

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: inception

text: of

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: theory

text: of

text: evolution

text: by

text: natural

text: selection

question: What makes birds uniquely adapted for flight?

answer: digestive and respiratory systems

text: digestive and respiratory systems

question: What type of bird particularly played an important part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?

answer: Darwin's finches

text: Darwin's finches

question: Which part of the bird developed from forelimbs?

answer: Wings

text: Wings


text: Additionally, "[I]n the general case, von Neumann proved the following basic representation theorem. Any complemented modular lattice L having a "basis" of n≥4 pairwise perspective elements, is isomorphic with the lattice ℛ(R) of all principal right-ideals of a suitable regular ring R. This conclusion is the culmination of 140 pages of brilliant and incisive algebra involving entirely novel axioms. Anyone wishing to get an unforgettable impression of the razor edge of von Neumann's mind, need merely try to pursue this chain of exact reasoning for himself—realizing that often five pages of it were written down before breakfast, seated at a living room writing-table in a bathrobe."

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: Additionally

text: I]n

text: the

text: general

text: case

text: von

text: Neumann

text: proved

text: the

text: following

text: basic

text: representation

text: theorem

text: Any

text: complemented

text: modular

text: lattice

text: L

text: having

text: a

text: basis

text: of

text: pairwise

text: perspective

text: elements

text: is

text: isomorphic

text: with

text: the

text: lattice

text: ℛ(R

text: of

text: all

text: principal

text: right

text: ideals

text: of

text: a

text: suitable

text: regular

text: ring

text: R.

text: This

text: conclusion

text: is

text: the

text: culmination

text: of

text: pages

text: of

text: brilliant

text: and

text: incisive

text: algebra

text: involving

text: entirely

text: novel

text: axioms

text: Anyone

text: wishing

text: to

text: get

text: an

text: unforgettable

text: impression

text: of

text: the

text: razor

text: edge

text: of

text: von

text: Neumann

text: 's

text: mind

text: need

text: merely

text: try

text: to

text: pursue

text: this

text: chain

text: of

text: exact

text: reasoning

text: for

text: himself

text: realizing

text: that

text: often

text: five

text: pages

text: of

text: it

text: were

text: written

text: down

text: before

text: breakfast

text: seated

text: at

text: a

text: living

text: room

text: writing

text: table

text: in

text: a

text: bathrobe

question: What type of axioms were used by von Neumann in his lattice work?

answer: novel axioms

text: novel axioms

question: How long was von Neumann's lattice theory paper?

answer: 140 pages

text: 140 pages

question: In what room did von Neumann often write at home?

answer: living room writing-table

text: living room writing-table


text: Some pesticides are considered too hazardous for sale to the general public and are designated restricted use pesticides. Only certified applicators, who have passed an exam, may purchase or supervise the application of restricted use pesticides. Records of sales and use are required to be maintained and may be audited by government agencies charged with the enforcement of pesticide regulations. These records must be made available to employees and state or territorial environmental regulatory agencies.

title: Pesticide

title: Pesticide

text: Some

text: pesticides

text: are

text: considered

text: too

text: hazardous

text: for

text: sale

text: to

text: the

text: general

text: public

text: and

text: are

text: designated

text: restricted

text: use

text: pesticides

text: Only

text: certified

text: applicators

text: who

text: have

text: passed

text: an

text: exam

text: may

text: purchase

text: or

text: supervise

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: restricted

text: use

text: pesticides

text: Records

text: of

text: sales

text: and

text: use

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: be

text: maintained

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: audited

text: by

text: government

text: agencies

text: charged

text: with

text: the

text: enforcement

text: of

text: pesticide

text: regulations

text: These

text: records

text: must

text: be

text: made

text: available

text: to

text: employees

text: and

text: state

text: or

text: territorial

text: environmental

text: regulatory

text: agencies

question: What are pesticides that are thought to be extremely dangerous called?

answer: restricted use pesticides

text: restricted use pesticides

question: What would qualify someone to use restricted use pesticides?

answer: an exam

text: an exam

question: The EPA or other groups who govern pesticide use may inspect what?

answer: Records of sales and use

text: Records of sales and use

question: Agencies who regulate the environment exists in what regional capacities?

answer: state or territorial

text: state or territorial

question: How are some records of sales designated?

text: restricted

question: What keeps some applicators from being for sale to the public?

text: too hazardous

question: What do government agency employees have to pass to be hired?

text: an exam

question: What is something the public doesn't want the government to do to their finances?

text: be audited

question: What needs to be kept about the sale of applicators?

text: Records of sales


text: Eastern deciduous forests are subject to a number of serious insect and disease outbreaks. Among the most conspicuous is that of the introduced gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), which infests primarily oaks, causing severe defoliation and tree mortality. But it also has the benefit of eliminating weak individuals, and thus improving the genetic stock, as well as creating rich habitat of a type through accumulation of dead wood. Because hardwoods sprout so readily, this moth is not as harmful as the hemlock woolly adelgid. Perhaps more serious is the introduced beech bark disease complex, which includes both a scale insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga) and fungal components.

title: Appalachian_Mountains

title: Appalachian_Mountains

text: Eastern

text: deciduous

text: forests

text: are

text: subject

text: to

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: serious

text: insect

text: and

text: disease

text: outbreaks

text: Among

text: the

text: most

text: conspicuous

text: is

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: introduced

text: gypsy

text: moth

text: Lymantria

text: dispar

text: which

text: infests

text: primarily

text: oaks

text: causing

text: severe

text: defoliation

text: and

text: tree

text: mortality

text: But

text: it

text: also

text: has

text: the

text: benefit

text: of

text: eliminating

text: weak

text: individuals

text: and

text: thus

text: improving

text: the

text: genetic

text: stock

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: creating

text: rich

text: habitat

text: of

text: a

text: type

text: through

text: accumulation

text: of

text: dead

text: wood

text: Because

text: hardwoods

text: sprout

text: so

text: readily

text: this

text: moth

text: is

text: not

text: as

text: harmful

text: as

text: the

text: hemlock

text: woolly

text: adelgid

text: Perhaps

text: more

text: serious

text: is

text: the

text: introduced

text: beech

text: bark

text: disease

text: complex

text: which

text: includes

text: both

text: a

text: scale

text: insect

text: Cryptococcus

text: fagisuga

text: and

text: fungal

text: components

question: What is worse than the hemlock woolly adelgid?

text: gypsy moth

question: What type of sprouts have a hard time growing?

text: hardwoods

question: What is considered more serious than beech bark disease complex?

text: hemlock woolly adelgid

question: What is the scientific name for the adelgid?

text: Lymantria dispar

question: What does the hemlock woolly adelgid help improve?

text: genetic stock


text: In 1974 ministerial government was introduced to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony through a change to the Constitution. In that year a general election was held; and a referendum was held in December 1974 to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration. As a consequence of the referendum, separation occurred in two stages. The Tuvaluan Order 1975, which took effect on 1 October 1975, recognised Tuvalu as a separate British dependency with its own government. The second stage occurred on 1 January 1976 when separate administrations were created out of the civil service of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: In

text: ministerial

text: government

text: was

text: introduced

text: to

text: the

text: Gilbert

text: and

text: Ellice

text: Islands

text: Colony

text: through

text: a

text: change

text: to

text: the

text: Constitution

text: In

text: that

text: year

text: a

text: general

text: election

text: was

text: held

text: and

text: a

text: referendum

text: was

text: held

text: in

text: December

text: to

text: determine

text: whether

text: the

text: Gilbert

text: Islands

text: and

text: Ellice

text: Islands

text: should

text: each

text: have

text: their

text: own

text: administration

text: As

text: a

text: consequence

text: of

text: the

text: referendum

text: separation

text: occurred

text: in

text: two

text: stages

text: The

text: Tuvaluan

text: Order

text: which

text: took

text: effect

text: on

text: October

text: recognised

text: Tuvalu

text: as

text: a

text: separate

text: British

text: dependency

text: with

text: its

text: own

text: government

text: The

text: second

text: stage

text: occurred

text: on

text: January

text: when

text: separate

text: administrations

text: were

text: created

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: civil

text: service

text: of

text: the

text: Gilbert

text: and

text: Ellice

text: Islands

text: Colony

question: In what year was ministerial government started in the Gilbert and Ellice islands?

answer: 1974

question: What document was changed to cause a change in government?

answer: Constitution

text: Constitution

question: When was a referendum held to determine the government of Ellice?

answer: December 1974

text: December 1974

question: What was the determination of the referendum?

answer: separation

text: separation

question: What did the Tuvaluan Order 1976 recognize Tuvalu to be?

answer: British dependency

text: British dependency


text: The campus also houses several performing arts facilities. The de Jong Concert Hall seats 1282 people and is named for Gerrit de Jong Jr. The Pardoe Theatre is named for T. Earl and Kathryn Pardoe. Students use its stage in a variety of theatre experiments, as well as for Pardoe Series performances. It seats 500 people, and has quite a large stage with a proscenium opening of 19 by 55 feet (17 m). The Margetts Theatre was named for Philip N. Margetts, a prominent Utah theatre figure. A smaller, black box theater, it allows a variety of seating and staging formats. It seats 125, and measures 30 by 50 feet (15 m). The Nelke Theatre, named for one of BYU's first drama teachers, is used largely for instruction in experimental theater. It seats 280.

title: Brigham_Young_University

title: Brigham_Young_University

text: The

text: campus

text: also

text: houses

text: several

text: performing

text: arts

text: facilities

text: The

text: de

text: Jong

text: Concert

text: Hall

text: seats

text: people

text: and

text: is

text: named

text: for

text: Gerrit

text: de

text: Jong

text: Jr.

text: The

text: Pardoe

text: Theatre

text: is

text: named

text: for

text: T.

text: Earl

text: and

text: Kathryn

text: Pardoe

text: Students

text: use

text: its

text: stage

text: in

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: theatre

text: experiments

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: for

text: Pardoe

text: Series

text: performances

text: It

text: seats

text: people

text: and

text: has

text: quite

text: a

text: large

text: stage

text: with

text: a

text: proscenium

text: opening

text: of

text: by

text: feet

text: m

text: The

text: Margetts

text: Theatre

text: was

text: named

text: for

text: Philip

text: N.

text: Margetts

text: a

text: prominent

text: Utah

text: theatre

text: figure

text: A

text: smaller

text: black

text: box

text: theater

text: it

text: allows

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: seating

text: and

text: staging

text: formats

text: It

text: seats

text: and

text: measures

text: by

text: feet

text: m

text: The

text: Nelke

text: Theatre

text: named

text: for

text: one

text: of

text: BYU

text: 's

text: first

text: drama

text: teachers

text: is

text: used

text: largely

text: for

text: instruction

text: in

text: experimental

text: theater

text: It

text: seats

question: How many people does the de Jong Concert Hall seat?

answer: 1282

question: What building is named after Earl and Kathryn Pardoe?

answer: The Pardoe Theatre

text: The Pardoe Theatre

question: What building was named after prominent Utah theater figure Philip N. Margetts?

answer: The Margetts Theatre

text: The Margetts Theatre

question: Who was the Nelke Theatre named for?

answer: one of BYU's first drama teachers

text: one of BYU's first drama teachers

question: What type of theater is Nelke Theatre primarily used for?

answer: experimental

text: experimental

question: What is named after T. Earl and Gerrit de Jong Jr.?

text: The Pardoe Theatre

question: What theater has a proscenium opening of 19m?

text: The Pardoe Theatre

question: What theater was named for Kathryn N. Margetts?

text: The Margetts Theatre

question: What is named after Kathryn de Jong Jr.?

text: The de Jong Concert Hall


text: Ibn Sīnā wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic – then the language of science in the Middle East – and some in Persian. Of linguistic significance even to this day are a few books that he wrote in nearly pure Persian language (particularly the Danishnamah-yi 'Ala', Philosophy for Ala' ad-Dawla'). Ibn Sīnā's commentaries on Aristotle often criticized the philosopher,[citation needed] encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad.

title: Avicenna

title: Avicenna

text: Ibn

text: Sīnā

text: wrote

text: extensively

text: on

text: early

text: Islamic

text: philosophy

text: especially

text: the

text: subjects

text: logic

text: ethics

text: and

text: metaphysics

text: including

text: treatises

text: named

text: Logic

text: and

text: Metaphysics

text: Most

text: of

text: his

text: works

text: were

text: written

text: in

text: Arabic

text: then

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: science

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: some

text: in

text: Persian

text: Of

text: linguistic

text: significance

text: even

text: to

text: this

text: day

text: are

text: a

text: few

text: books

text: that

text: he

text: wrote

text: in

text: nearly

text: pure

text: Persian

text: language

text: particularly

text: the

text: Danishnamah

text: yi

text: Ala

text: Philosophy

text: for

text: Ala

text: ad

text: Dawla

text: Ibn

text: Sīnā

text: 's

text: commentaries

text: on

text: Aristotle

text: often

text: criticized

text: the

text: philosopher,[citation

text: needed

text: encouraging

text: a

text: lively

text: debate

text: in

text: the

text: spirit

text: of

text: ijtihad

question: In what language was most of Ibn Sina's works written in?

answer: Arabic

text: Arabic

question: What is one subject that Ibn SIna specialized in?

answer: ethics

text: ethics

question: Ibn Sina also wrote some of his works in what other language?

answer: Persian

text: Persian

question: What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina criticize heavily?

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

question: What is one of the subjects of a treatise by Ibn Sina?

answer: Metaphysics

text: Metaphysics

question: Who composed most of their works in Greek?

text: Ibn Sīnā

question: Where was Greek the language of science?

text: Middle East

question: Who did Ibn Sina oftenpraise in his commentaries?

text: Aristotle

question: Who's wrote many books in pure Persian language?

text: Ibn Sīnā

question: In what language was none of Ibn Sina's works written in?

text: Arabic

question: What is one subject that Ibn SIna never specialized in?

text: ethics

question: Ibn Sina also wrote all of his works in what other language?

text: Persian

question: What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina idolize heavily?

text: Aristotle

question: What is one of the objects of a treatise by Ibn Sina?

text: Metaphysics


text: On 27 September, MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if "at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces, no announcements of intended entry, nor a threat to counter our operations militarily..." On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee. On 30 September, Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes-only message to MacArthur: "We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel." During October, the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea, and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951.

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: On

text: September

text: MacArthur

text: received

text: the

text: top

text: secret

text: National

text: Security

text: Council

text: Memorandum

text: from

text: Truman

text: reminding

text: him

text: that

text: operations

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: parallel

text: were

text: authorized

text: only

text: if

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: such

text: operation

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: entry

text: into

text: North

text: Korea

text: by

text: major

text: Soviet

text: or

text: Chinese

text: Communist

text: forces

text: no

text: announcements

text: of

text: intended

text: entry

text: nor

text: a

text: threat

text: to

text: counter

text: our

text: operations

text: militarily

text: On

text: September

text: MacArthur

text: restored

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Korea

text: under

text: Syngman

text: Rhee

text: On

text: September

text: Defense

text: Secretary

text: George

text: Marshall

text: sent

text: an

text: eyes

text: only

text: message

text: to

text: MacArthur

text: We

text: want

text: you

text: to

text: feel

text: unhampered

text: tactically

text: and

text: strategically

text: to

text: proceed

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: parallel

text: During

text: October

text: the

text: ROK

text: police

text: executed

text: people

text: who

text: were

text: suspected

text: to

text: be

text: sympathetic

text: to

text: North

text: Korea

text: and

text: similar

text: massacres

text: were

text: carried

text: out

text: until

text: early

question: What memorandum stated the circumstances for engaging in conflict above the 38th parallel?

answer: National Security Council Memorandum 81/1

text: National Security Council Memorandum 81/1

question: Who controlled the newly restored government of the Republic of Korea?

answer: Syngman Rhee

text: Syngman Rhee

question: Who sent a message to MacArthur giving him the authority to proceed past the 38th parallel?

answer: Defense Secretary George Marshall

text: Defense Secretary George Marshall

question: Who executed people who were believed to be loyal to North Korea?

answer: ROK police

text: ROK police

question: What year did the executions stop?

answer: 1951


text: Dwight Goddard collected a sample of Buddhist scriptures, with the emphasis on Zen, along with other classics of Eastern philosophy, such as the Tao Te Ching, into his 'Buddhist Bible' in the 1920s. More recently, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single, combined document of Buddhist principles in "The Buddha and His Dhamma". Other such efforts have persisted to present day, but currently there is no single text that represents all Buddhist traditions.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Dwight

text: Goddard

text: collected

text: a

text: sample

text: of

text: Buddhist

text: scriptures

text: with

text: the

text: emphasis

text: on

text: Zen

text: along

text: with

text: other

text: classics

text: of

text: Eastern

text: philosophy

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Tao

text: Te

text: Ching

text: into

text: his

text: Buddhist

text: Bible

text: in

text: the

text: More

text: recently

text: Dr.

text: Babasaheb

text: Ambedkar

text: attempted

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: single

text: combined

text: document

text: of

text: Buddhist

text: principles

text: in

text: The

text: Buddha

text: and

text: His

text: Dhamma

text: Other

text: such

text: efforts

text: have

text: persisted

text: to

text: present

text: day

text: but

text: currently

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: single

text: text

text: that

text: represents

text: all

text: Buddhist

text: traditions

question: Goddard collected mainly what type of Buddhist scripture?

answer: Zen

text: Zen

question: Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar attempted to create a single combined document with all Buddhist principles and called it?

answer: The Buddha and His Dhamma

text: The Buddha and His Dhamma


text: It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings to monsters and a small amount of food. Those who could afford it sought burial at Dilmun. Human sacrifice was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen Puabi was accompanied in death by her servants. It is also said that the Sumerians invented the first oboe-like instrument, and used them at royal funerals.

title: Sumer

title: Sumer

text: It

text: was

text: believed

text: that

text: when

text: people

text: died

text: they

text: would

text: be

text: confined

text: to

text: a

text: gloomy

text: world

text: of

text: Ereshkigal

text: whose

text: realm

text: was

text: guarded

text: by

text: gateways

text: with

text: various

text: monsters

text: designed

text: to

text: prevent

text: people

text: entering

text: or

text: leaving

text: The

text: dead

text: were

text: buried

text: outside

text: the

text: city

text: walls

text: in

text: graveyards

text: where

text: a

text: small

text: mound

text: covered

text: the

text: corpse

text: along

text: with

text: offerings

text: to

text: monsters

text: and

text: a

text: small

text: amount

text: of

text: food

text: Those

text: who

text: could

text: afford

text: it

text: sought

text: burial

text: at

text: Dilmun

text: Human

text: sacrifice

text: was

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: death

text: pits

text: at

text: the

text: Ur

text: royal

text: cemetery

text: where

text: Queen

text: Puabi

text: was

text: accompanied

text: in

text: death

text: by

text: her

text: servants

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: said

text: that

text: the

text: Sumerians

text: invented

text: the

text: first

text: oboe

text: like

text: instrument

text: and

text: used

text: them

text: at

text: royal

text: funerals

question: What type of afterlife could Sumerians look forward to?

answer: confined to a gloomy world

text: confined to a gloomy world

question: What realm was guarded by gateways containing various monsters?

answer: Ereshkigal

text: Ereshkigal

question: Where were dead Sumerians buried?

answer: outside the city walls in graveyards

text: outside the city walls in graveyards

question: Who was Queen Puabi accompanied in death by?

answer: her servants

text: her servants

question: What type of instrument are the Sumerians thought to have invented to use at royal funerals?

answer: oboe-like

text: oboe-like


text: The archipelago has a wet oceanic climate with pleasant temperatures but consistent moderate to heavy rainfall and very limited sunshine, due to the persistent westerly winds. The number of rainy days is comparable to the Aleutian Islands at a much higher latitude in the northern hemisphere, while sunshine hours are comparable to Juneau, Alaska, 20° farther from the equator. Frost is unknown below elevations of 500 metres (1,600 ft) and summer temperatures are similarly mild, never reaching 25 °C (77 °F). Sandy Point on the east coast is reputed to be the warmest and driest place on the island, being in the lee of the prevailing winds.

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

text: The

text: archipelago

text: has

text: a

text: wet

text: oceanic

text: climate

text: with

text: pleasant

text: temperatures

text: but

text: consistent

text: moderate

text: to

text: heavy

text: rainfall

text: and

text: very

text: limited

text: sunshine

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: persistent

text: westerly

text: winds

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: rainy

text: days

text: is

text: comparable

text: to

text: the

text: Aleutian

text: Islands

text: at

text: a

text: much

text: higher

text: latitude

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: hemisphere

text: while

text: sunshine

text: hours

text: are

text: comparable

text: to

text: Juneau

text: Alaska

text: farther

text: from

text: the

text: equator

text: Frost

text: is

text: unknown

text: below

text: elevations

text: of

text: metres

text: ft

text: and

text: summer

text: temperatures

text: are

text: similarly

text: mild

text: never

text: reaching

text: C

text: F

text: Sandy

text: Point

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: coast

text: is

text: reputed

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: warmest

text: and

text: driest

text: place

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: being

text: in

text: the

text: lee

text: of

text: the

text: prevailing

text: winds

question: What has a wet oceanic climate with unpleasant temperatures?

text: The archipelago

question: What can the number of foggy days be compared to?

text: the Aleutian Islands

question: To where can moonlight hours be compared?

text: Juneau, Alaska

question: Above which elevations is frost virtually unknown?

text: 500 metres

question: Which place on the island is said to be the coolest and wettest?

text: Sandy Point


text: In an essay on Sephardi Jewry, Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs summarized the demographic history of Ashkenazi Jews in the last thousand years, noting that at the end of the 11th century, 97% of world Jewry was Sephardic and 3% Ashkenazi; by the end of XVI century, the: 'Treaty on the redemption of captives', by Gracian of the God's Mother, Mercy Priest, who was imprisoned by Turks, cites a Tunisian Hebrew, made captive when arriving to Gaeta, who aided others with money, named: 'Simon Escanasi', in the mid-17th century, "Sephardim still outnumbered Ashkenazim three to two", but by the end of the 18th century, "Ashkenazim outnumbered Sephardim three to two, the result of improved living conditions in Christian Europe versus the Ottoman Muslim world." By 1931, Ashkenazi Jews accounted for nearly 92% of world Jewry. These factors are sheer demography showing the migration patterns of Jews from Southern and Western Europe to Central and Eastern Europe.

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

text: In

text: an

text: essay

text: on

text: Sephardi

text: Jewry

text: Daniel

text: Elazar

text: at

text: the

text: Jerusalem

text: Center

text: for

text: Public

text: Affairs

text: summarized

text: the

text: demographic

text: history

text: of

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jews

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: thousand

text: years

text: noting

text: that

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: of

text: world

text: Jewry

text: was

text: Sephardic

text: and

text: Ashkenazi

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: XVI

text: century

text: the

text: Treaty

text: on

text: the

text: redemption

text: of

text: captives

text: by

text: Gracian

text: of

text: the

text: God

text: 's

text: Mother

text: Mercy

text: Priest

text: who

text: was

text: imprisoned

text: by

text: Turks

text: cites

text: a

text: Tunisian

text: Hebrew

text: made

text: captive

text: when

text: arriving

text: to

text: Gaeta

text: who

text: aided

text: others

text: with

text: money

text: named

text: Simon

text: Escanasi

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Sephardim

text: still

text: outnumbered

text: Ashkenazim

text: three

text: to

text: two

text: but

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Ashkenazim

text: outnumbered

text: Sephardim

text: three

text: to

text: two

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: improved

text: living

text: conditions

text: in

text: Christian

text: Europe

text: versus

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Muslim

text: world

text: By

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jews

text: accounted

text: for

text: nearly

text: of

text: world

text: Jewry

text: These

text: factors

text: are

text: sheer

text: demography

text: showing

text: the

text: migration

text: patterns

text: of

text: Jews

text: from

text: Southern

text: and

text: Western

text: Europe

text: to

text: Central

text: and

text: Eastern

text: Europe

question: According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Sephardic?

answer: 97%

question: According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Ashkenazi?

answer: 3%

question: By 1931, Ashkenazi Jews were what percentage of the world Jewry?

answer: 92%


text: It's likely[weasel words] that alb ("white") and albus have common origins deriving from the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: It

text: 's

text: likely[weasel

text: words

text: that

text: alb

text: white

text: and

text: albus

text: have

text: common

text: origins

text: deriving

text: from

text: the

text: association

text: of

text: the

text: tops

text: of

text: tall

text: mountains

text: or

text: steep

text: hills

text: with

text: snow

question: What words are likely to have common origins?

answer: alb ("white") and albus

text: alb ("white") and albus

question: Where do Alb and Albus share their origin from?

answer: the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.

text: the association of the tops of tall mountains or steep hills with snow.

question: Alb can also mean what?

answer: white

text: white


text: If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

text: If

text: a

text: defendant

text: is

text: sentenced

text: to

text: death

text: at

text: the

text: trial

text: level

text: the

text: case

text: then

text: goes

text: into

text: a

text: direct

text: review

text: The

text: direct

text: review

text: process

text: is

text: a

text: typical

text: legal

text: appeal

text: An

text: appellate

text: court

text: examines

text: the

text: record

text: of

text: evidence

text: presented

text: in

text: the

text: trial

text: court

text: and

text: the

text: law

text: that

text: the

text: lower

text: court

text: applied

text: and

text: decides

text: whether

text: the

text: decision

text: was

text: legally

text: sound

text: or

text: not

text: Direct

text: review

text: of

text: a

text: capital

text: sentencing

text: hearing

text: will

text: result

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: outcomes

text: If

text: the

text: appellate

text: court

text: finds

text: that

text: no

text: significant

text: legal

text: errors

text: occurred

text: in

text: the

text: capital

text: sentencing

text: hearing

text: the

text: appellate

text: court

text: will

text: affirm

text: the

text: judgment

text: or

text: let

text: the

text: sentence

text: stand

text: If

text: the

text: appellate

text: court

text: finds

text: that

text: significant

text: legal

text: errors

text: did

text: occur

text: then

text: it

text: will

text: reverse

text: the

text: judgment

text: or

text: nullify

text: the

text: sentence

text: and

text: order

text: a

text: new

text: capital

text: sentencing

text: hearing

text: Lastly

text: if

text: the

text: appellate

text: court

text: finds

text: that

text: no

text: reasonable

text: juror

text: could

text: find

text: the

text: defendant

text: eligible

text: for

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: a

text: rarity

text: then

text: it

text: will

text: order

text: the

text: defendant

text: acquitted

text: or

text: not

text: guilty

text: of

text: the

text: crime

text: for

text: which

text: he

text: she

text: was

text: given

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: and

text: order

text: him

text: sentenced

text: to

text: the

text: next

text: most

text: severe

text: punishment

text: for

text: which

text: the

text: offense

text: is

text: eligible

text: About

text: percent

text: survive

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: direct

text: review

text: intact

question: What process begins after a death sentence is handed down at trial?

answer: direct review

text: direct review

question: In a direct review, what type of court looks at the record?

answer: appellate

text: appellate

question: How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing direct review?

answer: three

text: three

question: What percentage of convictions survive direct review?

answer: 60

question: In a direct review, what court has its record reviewed by the appellate court?

answer: trial

text: trial

question: What process begins before a death sentence is handed down at trial?

text: direct review

question: In an indirect review, what type of court looks at the record?

text: appellate

question: How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing indirect review?

text: three

question: What percentage of convictions don't survive direct review?

question: In a direct review, what court has its record not reviewed by the appellate court?

text: trial


text: The Cubs began play as the Chicago White Stockings, joining the National League (NL) as a charter member. Owner William Hulbert signed multiple star players, such as pitcher Albert Spalding and infielders Ross Barnes, Deacon White, and Adrian "Cap" Anson, to join the team prior to the N.L.'s first season. The White Stockings played their home games at West Side Grounds,against the bloods and quickly established themselves as one of the new league's top teams. Spalding won forty-seven games and Barnes led the league in hitting at .429 as Chicago won the first ever National League pennant, which at the time was the game's top prize.

title: Chicago_Cubs

title: Chicago_Cubs

text: The

text: Cubs

text: began

text: play

text: as

text: the

text: Chicago

text: White

text: Stockings

text: joining

text: the

text: National

text: League

text: NL

text: as

text: a

text: charter

text: member

text: Owner

text: William

text: Hulbert

text: signed

text: multiple

text: star

text: players

text: such

text: as

text: pitcher

text: Albert

text: Spalding

text: and

text: infielders

text: Ross

text: Barnes

text: Deacon

text: White

text: and

text: Adrian

text: Cap

text: Anson

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: team

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: N.L.

text: 's

text: first

text: season

text: The

text: White

text: Stockings

text: played

text: their

text: home

text: games

text: at

text: West

text: Side

text: Grounds

text: against

text: the

text: bloods

text: and

text: quickly

text: established

text: themselves

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: league

text: 's

text: top

text: teams

text: Spalding

text: won

text: forty

text: seven

text: games

text: and

text: Barnes

text: led

text: the

text: league

text: in

text: hitting

text: at

text: as

text: Chicago

text: won

text: the

text: first

text: ever

text: National

text: League

text: pennant

text: which

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: was

text: the

text: game

text: 's

text: top

text: prize

question: Who did the Cubs began play as?

answer: the Chicago White Stockings

text: the Chicago White Stockings

question: When the Cubs started playing, who was their owner?

answer: William Hulbert

text: William Hulbert

question: Where did the White Stockings play their home games?

answer: West Side Grounds

text: West Side Grounds


text: Despite significant European success during the 1970s and early 1980s, the late '80s had marked a low point for English football. Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife, and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985. The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888, was well behind leagues such as Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga in attendances and revenues, and several top English players had moved abroad.

title: Premier_League

title: Premier_League

text: Despite

text: significant

text: European

text: success

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: early

text: the

text: late

text: had

text: marked

text: a

text: low

text: point

text: for

text: English

text: football

text: Stadiums

text: were

text: crumbling

text: supporters

text: endured

text: poor

text: facilities

text: hooliganism

text: was

text: rife

text: and

text: English

text: clubs

text: were

text: banned

text: from

text: European

text: competition

text: for

text: five

text: years

text: following

text: the

text: Heysel

text: Stadium

text: disaster

text: in

text: The

text: Football

text: League

text: First

text: Division

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: the

text: top

text: level

text: of

text: English

text: football

text: since

text: was

text: well

text: behind

text: leagues

text: such

text: as

text: Italy

text: 's

text: Serie

text: A

text: and

text: Spain

text: 's

text: La

text: Liga

text: in

text: attendances

text: and

text: revenues

text: and

text: several

text: top

text: English

text: players

text: had

text: moved

text: abroad

question: When was the low point for English football?

answer: the late '80s had marked a low point for English football

text: the late '80s had marked a low point for English football

question: Why was there a low point for English football?

answer: Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife

text: Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife

question: Why were the English clubs banned from European competition in the 1980's?

answer: English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985.

text: English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985.

question: Had the Football League First Division ever been in the top level?

answer: The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888

text: The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888

question: In which year were English football clubs banned from competition in Europe?

answer: 1985

question: How long were the clubs banned for?

answer: five years

text: five years

question: What did English players do after the ban?

answer: moved abroad

text: moved abroad

question: When attendance dropped to the Football League First Division, what else decreased?

answer: revenues

text: revenues

question: Because of European success, which decade marked a high point for English football?

question: Despite English success during the 70s and 80s, what did the 80's mean for European football?

text: marked a low point

question: In which decade was the high point for English football?

question: Why were English clubs asked to join the European competition for five years?

text: the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985

question: Since which year has the Football League First Division been the low level of English football?


text: Switzerland's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and by the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis. Over the course of the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees and the International Red Cross, based in Geneva, played an important part during the conflict. Strict immigration and asylum policies as well as the financial relationships with Nazi Germany raised controversy, but not until the end of the 20th century.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

text: 's

text: trade

text: was

text: blockaded

text: by

text: both

text: the

text: Allies

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: Axis

text: Economic

text: cooperation

text: and

text: extension

text: of

text: credit

text: to

text: the

text: Third

text: Reich

text: varied

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: perceived

text: likelihood

text: of

text: invasion

text: and

text: the

text: availability

text: of

text: other

text: trading

text: partners

text: Concessions

text: reached

text: a

text: peak

text: after

text: a

text: crucial

text: rail

text: link

text: through

text: Vichy

text: France

text: was

text: severed

text: in

text: leaving

text: Switzerland

text: completely

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Axis

text: Over

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: Switzerland

text: interned

text: over

text: refugees

text: and

text: the

text: International

text: Red

text: Cross

text: based

text: in

text: Geneva

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: during

text: the

text: conflict

text: Strict

text: immigration

text: and

text: asylum

text: policies

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: financial

text: relationships

text: with

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: raised

text: controversy

text: but

text: not

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

question: Who blockaded Switzerland's trade during World War II?

answer: by both the Allies and by the Axis

text: by both the Allies and by the Axis

question: What was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis?

answer: a crucial rail link through Vichy France

text: a crucial rail link through Vichy France

question: How many refugees did Switzerland intern during World War II?

answer: over 300,000

text: over 300,000

question: When did the financial relationship Switzerland had with Nazi Germany begin to raise controversy?

answer: end of the 20th century

text: end of the 20th century

question: Where was the International Red Cross based?

answer: Geneva

text: Geneva


text: Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebastião de Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy. Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Following

text: the

text: earthquake

text: Joseph

text: I

text: gave

text: his

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: even

text: more

text: power

text: and

text: Sebastião

text: de

text: Melo

text: became

text: a

text: powerful

text: progressive

text: dictator

text: As

text: his

text: power

text: grew

text: his

text: enemies

text: increased

text: in

text: number

text: and

text: bitter

text: disputes

text: with

text: the

text: high

text: nobility

text: became

text: frequent

text: In

text: Joseph

text: I

text: was

text: wounded

text: in

text: an

text: attempted

text: assassination

text: The

text: Távora

text: family

text: and

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Aveiro

text: were

text: implicated

text: and

text: executed

text: after

text: a

text: quick

text: trial

text: The

text: Jesuits

text: were

text: expelled

text: from

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: their

text: assets

text: confiscated

text: by

text: the

text: crown

text: Sebastião

text: de

text: Melo

text: prosecuted

text: every

text: person

text: involved

text: even

text: women

text: and

text: children

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: final

text: stroke

text: that

text: broke

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: aristocracy

text: Joseph

text: I

text: made

text: his

text: loyal

text: minister

text: Count

text: of

text: Oeiras

text: in

question: What happened to Joseph I in 1758?

answer: wounded in an attempted assassination

text: wounded in an attempted assassination

question: Who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Joseph I?

answer: The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro

text: The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro

question: Who was expelled from the country after the assassination attempt on Joseph I?

answer: The Jesuits

text: The Jesuits

question: What act finally broke the power of the aristocracy?

answer: Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children

text: Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children

question: In what year did Joseph I make his minister the Count of Oeiras?

answer: 1759


text: Surface-mount technology emerged in the 1960s, gained momentum in the early 1980s and became widely used by the mid-1990s. Components were mechanically redesigned to have small metal tabs or end caps that could be soldered directly onto the PCB surface, instead of wire leads to pass through holes. Components became much smaller and component placement on both sides of the board became more common than with through-hole mounting, allowing much smaller PCB assemblies with much higher circuit densities. Surface mounting lends itself well to a high degree of automation, reducing labor costs and greatly increasing production rates. Components can be supplied mounted on carrier tapes. Surface mount components can be about one-quarter to one-tenth of the size and weight of through-hole components, and passive components much cheaper; prices of semiconductor surface mount devices (SMDs) are determined more by the chip itself than the package, with little price advantage over larger packages. Some wire-ended components, such as 1N4148 small-signal switch diodes, are actually significantly cheaper than SMD equivalents.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: Surface

text: mount

text: technology

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: gained

text: momentum

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: and

text: became

text: widely

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: Components

text: were

text: mechanically

text: redesigned

text: to

text: have

text: small

text: metal

text: tabs

text: or

text: end

text: caps

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: soldered

text: directly

text: onto

text: the

text: PCB

text: surface

text: instead

text: of

text: wire

text: leads

text: to

text: pass

text: through

text: holes

text: Components

text: became

text: much

text: smaller

text: and

text: component

text: placement

text: on

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: board

text: became

text: more

text: common

text: than

text: with

text: through

text: hole

text: mounting

text: allowing

text: much

text: smaller

text: PCB

text: assemblies

text: with

text: much

text: higher

text: circuit

text: densities

text: Surface

text: mounting

text: lends

text: itself

text: well

text: to

text: a

text: high

text: degree

text: of

text: automation

text: reducing

text: labor

text: costs

text: and

text: greatly

text: increasing

text: production

text: rates

text: Components

text: can

text: be

text: supplied

text: mounted

text: on

text: carrier

text: tapes

text: Surface

text: mount

text: components

text: can

text: be

text: about

text: one

text: quarter

text: to

text: one

text: tenth

text: of

text: the

text: size

text: and

text: weight

text: of

text: through

text: hole

text: components

text: and

text: passive

text: components

text: much

text: cheaper

text: prices

text: of

text: semiconductor

text: surface

text: mount

text: devices

text: SMDs

text: are

text: determined

text: more

text: by

text: the

text: chip

text: itself

text: than

text: the

text: package

text: with

text: little

text: price

text: advantage

text: over

text: larger

text: packages

text: Some

text: wire

text: ended

text: components

text: such

text: as

text: small

text: signal

text: switch

text: diodes

text: are

text: actually

text: significantly

text: cheaper

text: than

text: SMD

text: equivalents

question: When did surface-mount become a commonly used manufacturing process?

answer: mid-1990s

question: What did the new components with end tabs replace?

answer: wire leads

text: wire leads

question: What improvement is possible with surface-mounting that enables higher production and lower labor costs?

answer: automation

text: automation

question: What are SMDs?

answer: surface mount devices

text: surface mount devices

question: Is it the chip or the package that influences the price of an SMD more?

answer: chip

text: chip

question: What kind of technology emerged in the 1950s?

text: Surface-mount technology

question: What became widely used in the 2090s?

text: Surface-mount technology

question: What was redesigned to have small plastic tabs?

text: Components

question: What lends itself well to a low degree of automation?

text: Surface mounting

question: What are more expensive than SMD equivalents?