text: Convinced that he needed a wasta, or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others, Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha, the person responsible for the academy's selection board, and requested his help. Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser's second application, which was accepted in late 1937. Nasser focused on his military career from then on, and had little contact with his family. At the academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, both of whom became important aides during his presidency. After graduating from the academy in July 1938, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry, and posted to Mankabad. It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades, including Sadat and Amer, first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy. Sadat would later write that because of his "energy, clear-thinking, and balanced judgement", Nasser emerged as the group's natural leader.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Convinced

text: that

text: he

text: needed

text: a

text: wasta

text: or

text: an

text: influential

text: intermediary

text: to

text: promote

text: his

text: application

text: above

text: the

text: others

text: Nasser

text: managed

text: to

text: secure

text: a

text: meeting

text: with

text: Under

text: Secretary

text: of

text: War

text: Ibrahim

text: Khairy

text: Pasha

text: the

text: person

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: academy

text: 's

text: selection

text: board

text: and

text: requested

text: his

text: help

text: Khairy

text: Pasha

text: agreed

text: and

text: sponsored

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: second

text: application

text: which

text: was

text: accepted

text: in

text: late

text: Nasser

text: focused

text: on

text: his

text: military

text: career

text: from

text: then

text: on

text: and

text: had

text: little

text: contact

text: with

text: his

text: family

text: At

text: the

text: academy

text: he

text: met

text: Abdel

text: Hakim

text: Amer

text: and

text: Anwar

text: Sadat

text: both

text: of

text: whom

text: became

text: important

text: aides

text: during

text: his

text: presidency

text: After

text: graduating

text: from

text: the

text: academy

text: in

text: July

text: he

text: was

text: commissioned

text: a

text: second

text: lieutenant

text: in

text: the

text: infantry

text: and

text: posted

text: to

text: Mankabad

text: It

text: was

text: here

text: that

text: Nasser

text: and

text: his

text: closest

text: comrades

text: including

text: Sadat

text: and

text: Amer

text: first

text: discussed

text: their

text: dissatisfaction

text: at

text: widespread

text: corruption

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: their

text: desire

text: to

text: topple

text: the

text: monarchy

text: Sadat

text: would

text: later

text: write

text: that

text: because

text: of

text: his

text: energy

text: clear

text: thinking

text: and

text: balanced

text: judgement

text: Nasser

text: emerged

text: as

text: the

text: group

text: 's

text: natural

text: leader

question: What's another term for influential intermediary?

answer: wasta

text: wasta

question: Who sponsored Nasser's second application to the Military Academy?

answer: Khairy Pasha

text: Khairy Pasha

question: What allies did Nasser meet at the Academy?

answer: Sadat and Amer

text: Sadat and Amer

question: What were the students dissatisfied by in Egypt?

answer: widespread corruption

text: widespread corruption

question: What Egyptian institution did Nasser and his friends want to end?

answer: monarchy

text: monarchy


text: The crowd roared in approval and Arab audiences were electrified. The assassination attempt backfired, quickly playing into Nasser's hands. Upon returning to Cairo, he ordered one of the largest political crackdowns in the modern history of Egypt, with the arrests of thousands of dissenters, mostly members of the Brotherhood, but also communists, and the dismissal of 140 officers loyal to Naguib. Eight Brotherhood leaders were sentenced to death, although the sentence of its chief ideologue, Sayyid Qutb, was commuted to a 15-year imprisonment. Naguib was removed from the presidency and put under house arrest, but was never tried or sentenced, and no one in the army rose to defend him. With his rivals neutralized, Nasser became the undisputed leader of Egypt.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: The

text: crowd

text: roared

text: in

text: approval

text: and

text: Arab

text: audiences

text: were

text: electrified

text: The

text: assassination

text: attempt

text: backfired

text: quickly

text: playing

text: into

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: hands

text: Upon

text: returning

text: to

text: Cairo

text: he

text: ordered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: political

text: crackdowns

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: history

text: of

text: Egypt

text: with

text: the

text: arrests

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: dissenters

text: mostly

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Brotherhood

text: but

text: also

text: communists

text: and

text: the

text: dismissal

text: of

text: officers

text: loyal

text: to

text: Naguib

text: Eight

text: Brotherhood

text: leaders

text: were

text: sentenced

text: to

text: death

text: although

text: the

text: sentence

text: of

text: its

text: chief

text: ideologue

text: Sayyid

text: Qutb

text: was

text: commuted

text: to

text: a

text: imprisonment

text: Naguib

text: was

text: removed

text: from

text: the

text: presidency

text: and

text: put

text: under

text: house

text: arrest

text: but

text: was

text: never

text: tried

text: or

text: sentenced

text: and

text: no

text: one

text: in

text: the

text: army

text: rose

text: to

text: defend

text: him

text: With

text: his

text: rivals

text: neutralized

text: Nasser

text: became

text: the

text: undisputed

text: leader

text: of

text: Egypt

question: What event did Nasser exploit to his advantage?

answer: assassination attempt

text: assassination attempt

question: To what group did many of the arrested dissenters belong?

answer: Brotherhood

text: Brotherhood

question: Who avoided a death sentence in favor of 15 years in jail?

answer: Sayyid Qutb

text: Sayyid Qutb

question: Where did Naguib end up after the turmoil?

answer: house arrest

text: house arrest

question: Who assumed total control of Egypt?

answer: Nasser

text: Nasser


text: In response to a given problem situation (), a number of competing conjectures, or tentative theories (), are systematically subjected to the most rigorous attempts at falsification possible. This process, error elimination (), performs a similar function for science that natural selection performs for biological evolution. Theories that better survive the process of refutation are not more true, but rather, more "fit"—in other words, more applicable to the problem situation at hand (). Consequently, just as a species' biological fitness does not ensure continued survival, neither does rigorous testing protect a scientific theory from refutation in the future. Yet, as it appears that the engine of biological evolution has, over many generations, produced adaptive traits equipped to deal with more and more complex problems of survival, likewise, the evolution of theories through the scientific method may, in Popper's view, reflect a certain type of progress: toward more and more interesting problems (). For Popper, it is in the interplay between the tentative theories (conjectures) and error elimination (refutation) that scientific knowledge advances toward greater and greater problems; in a process very much akin to the interplay between genetic variation and natural selection.

title: Karl_Popper

title: Karl_Popper

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: a

text: given

text: problem

text: situation

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: competing

text: conjectures

text: or

text: tentative

text: theories

text: are

text: systematically

text: subjected

text: to

text: the

text: most

text: rigorous

text: attempts

text: at

text: falsification

text: possible

text: This

text: process

text: error

text: elimination

text: performs

text: a

text: similar

text: function

text: for

text: science

text: that

text: natural

text: selection

text: performs

text: for

text: biological

text: evolution

text: Theories

text: that

text: better

text: survive

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: refutation

text: are

text: not

text: more

text: true

text: but

text: rather

text: more

text: fit

text: in

text: other

text: words

text: more

text: applicable

text: to

text: the

text: problem

text: situation

text: at

text: hand

text: Consequently

text: just

text: as

text: a

text: species

text: biological

text: fitness

text: does

text: not

text: ensure

text: continued

text: survival

text: neither

text: does

text: rigorous

text: testing

text: protect

text: a

text: scientific

text: theory

text: from

text: refutation

text: in

text: the

text: future

text: Yet

text: as

text: it

text: appears

text: that

text: the

text: engine

text: of

text: biological

text: evolution

text: has

text: over

text: many

text: generations

text: produced

text: adaptive

text: traits

text: equipped

text: to

text: deal

text: with

text: more

text: and

text: more

text: complex

text: problems

text: of

text: survival

text: likewise

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: theories

text: through

text: the

text: scientific

text: method

text: may

text: in

text: Popper

text: 's

text: view

text: reflect

text: a

text: certain

text: type

text: of

text: progress

text: toward

text: more

text: and

text: more

text: interesting

text: problems

text: For

text: Popper

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: interplay

text: between

text: the

text: tentative

text: theories

text: conjectures

text: and

text: error

text: elimination

text: refutation

text: that

text: scientific

text: knowledge

text: advances

text: toward

text: greater

text: and

text: greater

text: problems

text: in

text: a

text: process

text: very

text: much

text: akin

text: to

text: the

text: interplay

text: between

text: genetic

text: variation

text: and

text: natural

text: selection

question: What process in science is like the process of natural selection in nature?

answer: error elimination

text: error elimination

question: What is a better description for theories that survive scientific scrutiny than "more true?"

answer: more "fit"

text: more "fit"

question: What is another term for the tentative theories enter the process of error elimination in science?

answer: conjectures

text: conjectures

question: Toward what does Popper believe scientific understandings progress?

answer: more and more interesting problems

text: more and more interesting problems

question: What is not subject to rigorous attempts at falsification?

text: competing conjectures

question: What serves a different purpose in biological evolution than error elimination serves in science?

text: natural selection

question: What theories are less applicable to the situation at hand?

question: What produces adaptive traits to deal only with simple problems of survival?

text: biological evolution

question: Who thinks the evolution of theories does not reflect a certain type of progress?

text: Popper


text: On the interior of the building attached shafts often sweep unbroken from floor to ceiling and meet the ribs of the vault, like a tall tree spreading into branches. The verticals are generally repeated in the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces. In many Gothic churches, particularly in France, and in the Perpendicular period of English Gothic architecture, the treatment of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery creates a strongly unifying feature that counteracts the horizontal divisions of the interior structure.

title: Gothic_architecture

title: Gothic_architecture

text: On

text: the

text: interior

text: of

text: the

text: building

text: attached

text: shafts

text: often

text: sweep

text: unbroken

text: from

text: floor

text: to

text: ceiling

text: and

text: meet

text: the

text: ribs

text: of

text: the

text: vault

text: like

text: a

text: tall

text: tree

text: spreading

text: into

text: branches

text: The

text: verticals

text: are

text: generally

text: repeated

text: in

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: the

text: windows

text: and

text: wall

text: surfaces

text: In

text: many

text: Gothic

text: churches

text: particularly

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Perpendicular

text: period

text: of

text: English

text: Gothic

text: architecture

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: vertical

text: elements

text: in

text: gallery

text: and

text: window

text: tracery

text: creates

text: a

text: strongly

text: unifying

text: feature

text: that

text: counteracts

text: the

text: horizontal

text: divisions

text: of

text: the

text: interior

text: structure

question: What is often found sweeping unbroken from floor to ceiling on the interior of Gothic buildings?

answer: attached shafts

text: attached shafts

question: Where are the verticals found repeated in the interior of Gothic buildings?

answer: the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces

text: the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces

question: What sort of feature is created by the use of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery?

answer: a strongly unifying feature

text: a strongly unifying feature

question: What does the use of vertical elements help to counteract?

answer: horizontal divisions of the interior structure

text: horizontal divisions of the interior structure

question: What is often found completely broken from floor to ceiling on the interior of Gothic buildings?

text: attached shafts

question: Where are the verticals never repeated in the interior of Gothic buildings?

text: the windows and wall surfaces

question: What sort of feature is ruined by the use of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery?

text: a strongly unifying feature

question: What does the use of vertical elements harm the most?


text: George Gaylord Simpson's "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945) was the original source for the taxonomy listed here. Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century. Since Simpson's classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals.

title: Mammal

title: Mammal

text: George

text: Gaylord

text: Simpson

text: 's

text: Principles

text: of

text: Classification

text: and

text: a

text: Classification

text: of

text: Mammals

text: AMNH

text: Bulletin

text: v.

text: was

text: the

text: original

text: source

text: for

text: the

text: taxonomy

text: listed

text: here

text: Simpson

text: laid

text: out

text: a

text: systematics

text: of

text: mammal

text: origins

text: and

text: relationships

text: that

text: was

text: universally

text: taught

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Since

text: Simpson

text: 's

text: classification

text: the

text: paleontological

text: record

text: has

text: been

text: recalibrated

text: and

text: the

text: intervening

text: years

text: have

text: seen

text: much

text: debate

text: and

text: progress

text: concerning

text: the

text: theoretical

text: underpinnings

text: of

text: systematization

text: itself

text: partly

text: through

text: the

text: new

text: concept

text: of

text: cladistics

text: Though

text: field

text: work

text: gradually

text: made

text: Simpson

text: 's

text: classification

text: outdated

text: it

text: remained

text: the

text: closest

text: thing

text: to

text: an

text: official

text: classification

text: of

text: mammals

question: Who wrote the "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals?

answer: George Gaylord Simpson

text: George Gaylord Simpson

question: Simpson laid the systematics of mammal origins and was taught universally up until the end of what century?

answer: 20th

question: Which new concept has greatly taken over Simpsons much debated theoretical systematization?

answer: cladistics

text: cladistics

question: What did Simpson lay out that was universally taught until 1945?

question: What was the original source for the paleontoligical record?

question: What happened since the classification by the AMNH?

question: What taxonomy took over AMNH's debated systematization?

text: cladistics

question: Up until what century were cladistics universally taught?

text: end of the 20th century


text: Ter-Petrosyan led Armenia alongside Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan through the Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighboring Azerbaijan. The initial post-Soviet years were marred by economic difficulties, which had their roots early in the Karabakh conflict when the Azerbaijani Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a railway and air blockade against Armenia. This move effectively crippled Armenia's economy as 85% of its cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic. In 1993, Turkey joined the blockade against Armenia in support of Azerbaijan.

title: Armenia

title: Armenia

text: Ter

text: Petrosyan

text: led

text: Armenia

text: alongside

text: Defense

text: Minister

text: Vazgen

text: Sargsyan

text: through

text: the

text: Nagorno

text: Karabakh

text: War

text: with

text: neighboring

text: Azerbaijan

text: The

text: initial

text: post

text: Soviet

text: years

text: were

text: marred

text: by

text: economic

text: difficulties

text: which

text: had

text: their

text: roots

text: early

text: in

text: the

text: Karabakh

text: conflict

text: when

text: the

text: Azerbaijani

text: Popular

text: Front

text: managed

text: to

text: pressure

text: the

text: Azerbaijan

text: SSR

text: to

text: instigate

text: a

text: railway

text: and

text: air

text: blockade

text: against

text: Armenia

text: This

text: move

text: effectively

text: crippled

text: Armenia

text: 's

text: economy

text: as

text: of

text: its

text: cargo

text: and

text: goods

text: arrived

text: through

text: rail

text: traffic

text: In

text: Turkey

text: joined

text: the

text: blockade

text: against

text: Armenia

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: Azerbaijan

question: When did Turkey decide to become part of the blockade against Armenia?

answer: 1993

question: How does Armenia get most of it's commodities?

answer: rail traffic

text: rail traffic

question: Who did Armenia fight in teh Nagorno-Karabakh War?

answer: Azerbaijan

text: Azerbaijan

question: What prevented Armenia from getting it's commodities?

answer: a railway and air blockade

text: a railway and air blockade

question: What percent of Armenias commodities were transported via rail traffic?

answer: 85%


text: The Museum of Osteology houses more than 300 real animal skeletons. Focusing on the form and function of the skeletal system, this 7,000 sq ft (650 m2) museum displays hundreds of skulls and skeletons from all corners of the world. Exhibits include adaptation, locomotion, classification and diversity of the vertebrate kingdom. The Museum of Osteology is the only one of its kind in America.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: The

text: Museum

text: of

text: Osteology

text: houses

text: more

text: than

text: real

text: animal

text: skeletons

text: Focusing

text: on

text: the

text: form

text: and

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: skeletal

text: system

text: this

text: sq

text: ft

text: museum

text: displays

text: hundreds

text: of

text: skulls

text: and

text: skeletons

text: from

text: all

text: corners

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Exhibits

text: include

text: adaptation

text: locomotion

text: classification

text: and

text: diversity

text: of

text: the

text: vertebrate

text: kingdom

text: The

text: Museum

text: of

text: Osteology

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: kind

text: in

text: America

question: How many animal skeletons are in the museum of Osteology?

answer: 300


text: Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater.

title: Glacier

title: Glacier

text: Glacial

text: ice

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: reservoir

text: of

text: freshwater

text: on

text: Earth

text: Many

text: glaciers

text: from

text: temperate

text: alpine

text: and

text: seasonal

text: polar

text: climates

text: store

text: water

text: as

text: ice

text: during

text: the

text: colder

text: seasons

text: and

text: release

text: it

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: meltwater

text: as

text: warmer

text: summer

text: temperatures

text: cause

text: the

text: glacier

text: to

text: melt

text: creating

text: a

text: water

text: source

text: that

text: is

text: especially

text: important

text: for

text: plants

text: animals

text: and

text: human

text: uses

text: when

text: other

text: sources

text: may

text: be

text: scant

text: Within

text: high

text: altitude

text: and

text: Antarctic

text: environments

text: the

text: seasonal

text: temperature

text: difference

text: is

text: often

text: not

text: sufficient

text: to

text: release

text: meltwater

question: Do Earth's lakes or glaciers hold the most freshwater?

answer: glaciers

text: glaciers

question: What causes glaciers to release meltwater?

answer: warmer summer temperatures

text: warmer summer temperatures

question: In which area are summer temperatures not high enough to release meltwater from glaciers?

answer: Antarctic environments

text: Antarctic environments

question: Under what circumstances would humans require water from a glacier?

answer: when other sources may be scant

text: when other sources may be scant

question: Where is all the fresh water on earth contained?

text: Glacial ice

question: What glaciers often release place during warm periods?

question: What creates in important water source for many plants and animals but not humans?

text: meltwater

question: Who benefits from the Antarctic's meltwater?

text: plants, animals and human


text: Located in Chicago's Lake View neighborhood, Wrigley Field sits on an irregular block bounded by Clark and Addison Streets and Waveland and Sheffield Avenues. The area surrounding the ballpark is typically referred to as Wrigleyville. There is a dense collection of sports bars and restaurants in the area, most with baseball inspired themes, including Sluggers, Murphy's Bleachers and The Cubby Bear. Many of the apartment buildings surrounding Wrigley Field on Waveland and Sheffield Avenues have built bleachers on their rooftops for fans to view games and other sell space for advertisement. One building on Sheffield Avenue has a sign atop its roof which says "Eamus Catuli!" which is Latin for "Let's Go Cubs!" and another chronicles the time since the last Division title, pennant, and World Series championship. The 02 denotes two years since the 2008 NL Central title, 65 years since the 1945 pennant and 102 years since the 1908 World Series championship. On game days, many residents rent out their yards and driveways to people looking for parking spots. The uniqueness of the neighborhood itself has ingrained itself into the culture of the Chicago Cubs as well as the Wrigleyville neighborhood, and has led to being used for concerts and other sporting events, such as the 2010 NHL Winter Classic between the Chicago Blackhawks and Detroit Red Wings, as well as a 2010 NCAA men's football game between the Northwestern Wildcats and Illinois Fighting Illini.

title: Chicago_Cubs

title: Chicago_Cubs

text: Located

text: in

text: Chicago

text: 's

text: Lake

text: View

text: neighborhood

text: Wrigley

text: Field

text: sits

text: on

text: an

text: irregular

text: block

text: bounded

text: by

text: Clark

text: and

text: Addison

text: Streets

text: and

text: Waveland

text: and

text: Sheffield

text: Avenues

text: The

text: area

text: surrounding

text: the

text: ballpark

text: is

text: typically

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Wrigleyville

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: dense

text: collection

text: of

text: sports

text: bars

text: and

text: restaurants

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: most

text: with

text: baseball

text: inspired

text: themes

text: including

text: Sluggers

text: Murphy

text: 's

text: Bleachers

text: and

text: The

text: Cubby

text: Bear

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: apartment

text: buildings

text: surrounding

text: Wrigley

text: Field

text: on

text: Waveland

text: and

text: Sheffield

text: Avenues

text: have

text: built

text: bleachers

text: on

text: their

text: rooftops

text: for

text: fans

text: to

text: view

text: games

text: and

text: other

text: sell

text: space

text: for

text: advertisement

text: One

text: building

text: on

text: Sheffield

text: Avenue

text: has

text: a

text: sign

text: atop

text: its

text: roof

text: which

text: says

text: Eamus

text: Catuli

text: which

text: is

text: Latin

text: for

text: Let

text: 's

text: Go

text: Cubs

text: and

text: another

text: chronicles

text: the

text: time

text: since

text: the

text: last

text: Division

text: title

text: pennant

text: and

text: World

text: Series

text: championship

text: The

text: denotes

text: two

text: years

text: since

text: the

text: NL

text: Central

text: title

text: years

text: since

text: the

text: pennant

text: and

text: years

text: since

text: the

text: World

text: Series

text: championship

text: On

text: game

text: days

text: many

text: residents

text: rent

text: out

text: their

text: yards

text: and

text: driveways

text: to

text: people

text: looking

text: for

text: parking

text: spots

text: The

text: uniqueness

text: of

text: the

text: neighborhood

text: itself

text: has

text: ingrained

text: itself

text: into

text: the

text: culture

text: of

text: the

text: Chicago

text: Cubs

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Wrigleyville

text: neighborhood

text: and

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: being

text: used

text: for

text: concerts

text: and

text: other

text: sporting

text: events

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: NHL

text: Winter

text: Classic

text: between

text: the

text: Chicago

text: Blackhawks

text: and

text: Detroit

text: Red

text: Wings

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: NCAA

text: men

text: 's

text: football

text: game

text: between

text: the

text: Northwestern

text: Wildcats

text: and

text: Illinois

text: Fighting

text: Illini

question: Where is Wrigley Field located?

answer: Chicago's Lake View neighborhood

text: Chicago's Lake View neighborhood

question: What is the area surrounding the ballpark typically referred to?

answer: Wrigleyville

text: Wrigleyville

question: What have many apartment buildings  surrounding Wrigley Field built on their rooftops?

answer: bleachers

text: bleachers


text: In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, Iran. As the New York Times explained at the time, "At the suggestion of the Persian Legation in Berlin, the Tehran government, on the Persian New Year, Nowruz, March 21, 1935, substituted Iran for Persia as the official name of the country." Opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably. Today, both Persia and Iran are used in cultural contexts; although, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.

title: Iran

title: Iran

text: In

text: Reza

text: Shah

text: requested

text: the

text: international

text: community

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: country

text: by

text: its

text: native

text: name

text: Iran

text: As

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: explained

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: At

text: the

text: suggestion

text: of

text: the

text: Persian

text: Legation

text: in

text: Berlin

text: the

text: Tehran

text: government

text: on

text: the

text: Persian

text: New

text: Year

text: Nowruz

text: March

text: substituted

text: Iran

text: for

text: Persia

text: as

text: the

text: official

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: Opposition

text: to

text: the

text: name

text: change

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: reversal

text: of

text: the

text: decision

text: and

text: Professor

text: Ehsan

text: Yarshater

text: editor

text: of

text: Encyclopædia

text: Iranica

text: propagated

text: a

text: move

text: to

text: use

text: Persia

text: and

text: Iran

text: interchangeably

text: Today

text: both

text: Persia

text: and

text: Iran

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: cultural

text: contexts

text: although

text: Iran

text: is

text: the

text: name

text: used

text: officially

text: in

text: political

text: contexts

question: When did Reza Shan request that Iran officially be referred to as Iran and not Persia?

answer: 1935

question: Which newspaper reported the official name request in 1935?

answer: New York Times

text: New York Times

question: Who endorsed a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably after opposition to the official name change?

answer: Professor Ehsan Yarshater

text: Professor Ehsan Yarshater

question: Which name is officially used politically?

answer: Iran

text: Iran


text: Increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world, including the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090, the Crusades, beginning 1096, and the Islamic presence in Spain, may have influenced Medieval Europe's adoption of the pointed arch, although this hypothesis remains controversial. Certainly, in those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control or influence, rich regional variants arose, fusing Romanesque and later Gothic traditions with Islamic decorative forms, as seen, for example, in Monreale and Cefalù Cathedrals, the Alcázar of Seville, and Teruel Cathedral.

title: Gothic_architecture

title: Gothic_architecture

text: Increasing

text: military

text: and

text: cultural

text: contacts

text: with

text: the

text: Muslim

text: world

text: including

text: the

text: Norman

text: conquest

text: of

text: Islamic

text: Sicily

text: in

text: the

text: Crusades

text: beginning

text: and

text: the

text: Islamic

text: presence

text: in

text: Spain

text: may

text: have

text: influenced

text: Medieval

text: Europe

text: 's

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: pointed

text: arch

text: although

text: this

text: hypothesis

text: remains

text: controversial

text: Certainly

text: in

text: those

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Mediterranean

text: subject

text: to

text: Islamic

text: control

text: or

text: influence

text: rich

text: regional

text: variants

text: arose

text: fusing

text: Romanesque

text: and

text: later

text: Gothic

text: traditions

text: with

text: Islamic

text: decorative

text: forms

text: as

text: seen

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: Monreale

text: and

text: Cefalù

text: Cathedrals

text: the

text: Alcázar

text: of

text: Seville

text: and

text: Teruel

text: Cathedral

question: What could have affected Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?

answer: cultural contacts with the Muslim world

text: cultural contacts with the Muslim world

question: What event in the year 1090 could have had an effect on Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?

answer: the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily

text: the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily

question: In which parts of the Western Mediterranean did the blending of Romanesque and Islamic styles occur?

answer: those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control

text: those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control

question: What is one cathedral in which the mixing of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?

answer: Cefalù Cathedrals

text: Cefalù Cathedrals

question: What is another example of a cathedral in which the blending of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?

answer: Teruel Cathedral

text: Teruel Cathedral

question: What could have eliminated Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?

text: cultural contacts with the Muslim world

question: What event in the year 1290 could have had an effect on Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?

text: the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily

question: Which parts of the Western Mediterranean did the blending of Asian and Islamic styles occur?

question: What is the only cathedral in which the mixing of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?

text: Cefalù Cathedrals

question: What is the worst example of a cathedral in which the blending of Romanesque, French and Islamic styles can be seen?

text: Teruel Cathedral


text: The county was established in 1182, later than many other counties. During Roman times the area was part of the Brigantes tribal area in the military zone of Roman Britain. The towns of Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack and Castleshaw grew around Roman forts. In the centuries after the Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe. During the mid-8th century, the area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, which became a part of England in the 10th century.

title: Lancashire

title: Lancashire

text: The

text: county

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: later

text: than

text: many

text: other

text: counties

text: During

text: Roman

text: times

text: the

text: area

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Brigantes

text: tribal

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: military

text: zone

text: of

text: Roman

text: Britain

text: The

text: towns

text: of

text: Manchester

text: Lancaster

text: Ribchester

text: Burrow

text: Elslack

text: and

text: Castleshaw

text: grew

text: around

text: Roman

text: forts

text: In

text: the

text: centuries

text: after

text: the

text: Roman

text: withdrawal

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: county

text: probably

text: formed

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Brythonic

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Rheged

text: a

text: successor

text: entity

text: to

text: the

text: Brigantes

text: tribe

text: During

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: area

text: was

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Northumbria

text: which

text: became

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: England

text: in

text: the

text: century

question: When was Lancashire established?

answer: 1182

question: When was the area part of Brigantes tribal area?

answer: Roman times

text: Roman times

question: In what year did the northern parts of the country form the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged?

answer: 410AD

question: What is the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged?

answer: a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe

text: a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe

question: When was the area incorporated into Northumbria?

answer: mid-8th century

text: mid-8th century

question: When did the Romans enter the area of Manchester?

question: When was Lancaster established?

question: In what year did Brigantes tribe become the Brythonic Kingdom of Rheged?

question: In what century were Roman forts first established?

text: 10th century

question: When was the town of Castleshaw founded?


text: LeToya Luckett and Roberson became unhappy with Mathew's managing of the band and eventually were replaced by Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams. Beyoncé experienced depression following the split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media, critics, and blogs for its cause. Her long-standing boyfriend left her at this time. The depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years, during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything. Beyoncé stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because Destiny's Child had just won their first Grammy Award and she feared no one would take her seriously. Beyoncé would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it. Franklin was dismissed, leaving just Beyoncé, Rowland, and Williams.

title: Beyoncé

title: Beyoncé

text: LeToya

text: Luckett

text: and

text: Roberson

text: became

text: unhappy

text: with

text: Mathew

text: 's

text: managing

text: of

text: the

text: band

text: and

text: eventually

text: were

text: replaced

text: by

text: Farrah

text: Franklin

text: and

text: Michelle

text: Williams

text: Beyoncé

text: experienced

text: depression

text: following

text: the

text: split

text: with

text: Luckett

text: and

text: Roberson

text: after

text: being

text: publicly

text: blamed

text: by

text: the

text: media

text: critics

text: and

text: blogs

text: for

text: its

text: cause

text: Her

text: long

text: standing

text: boyfriend

text: left

text: her

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: The

text: depression

text: was

text: so

text: severe

text: it

text: lasted

text: for

text: a

text: couple

text: of

text: years

text: during

text: which

text: she

text: occasionally

text: kept

text: herself

text: in

text: her

text: bedroom

text: for

text: days

text: and

text: refused

text: to

text: eat

text: anything

text: Beyoncé

text: stated

text: that

text: she

text: struggled

text: to

text: speak

text: about

text: her

text: depression

text: because

text: Destiny

text: 's

text: Child

text: had

text: just

text: won

text: their

text: first

text: Grammy

text: Award

text: and

text: she

text: feared

text: no

text: one

text: would

text: take

text: her

text: seriously

text: Beyoncé

text: would

text: later

text: speak

text: of

text: her

text: mother

text: as

text: the

text: person

text: who

text: helped

text: her

text: fight

text: it

text: Franklin

text: was

text: dismissed

text: leaving

text: just

text: Beyoncé

text: Rowland

text: and

text: Williams

question: What mental health issue did Beyonce go through?

answer: depression

text: depression

question: What event occured after she was publicly criticized?

answer: boyfriend left her

text: boyfriend left her

question: Who supported Beyonce through her depression?

answer: her mother

text: her mother

question: What event caused Beyonce's depression?

answer: split with Luckett and Rober

text: split with Luckett and Rober

question: How long was Beyonce depressed?

answer: a couple of years

text: a couple of years

question: Who helped Beyonce fight her depression the most?

answer: her mother

text: her mother

question: Who replaced Luckett and Roberson in Destiny's Child?

answer: Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams.

text: Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams.

question: Who was blamed for Luckett and Roberson leaving Destiny's Child?

answer: Beyoncé

text: Beyoncé

question: Who helped Beyoncé overcome her depression during the years following the Destiny's Child split?

answer: her mother

text: her mother

question: Which newest member was removed from Destiny's Child?

answer: Farrah Franklin

text: Farrah Franklin


text: In 1974, the unmanned AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar-powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). In 1980, the Gossamer Penguin made the first piloted flights powered solely by photovoltaics. This was quickly followed by the Solar Challenger which crossed the English Channel in July 1981. In 1990 Eric Scott Raymond in 21 hops flew from California to North Carolina using solar power. Developments then turned back to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with the Pathfinder (1997) and subsequent designs, culminating in the Helios which set the altitude record for a non-rocket-propelled aircraft at 29,524 metres (96,864 ft) in 2001. The Zephyr, developed by BAE Systems, is the latest in a line of record-breaking solar aircraft, making a 54-hour flight in 2007, and month-long flights were envisioned by 2010. As of 2015, Solar Impulse, an electric aircraft, is currently circumnavigating the globe. It is a single-seat plane powered by solar cells and capable of taking off under its own power. The designed allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: In

text: the

text: unmanned

text: AstroFlight

text: Sunrise

text: plane

text: made

text: the

text: first

text: solar

text: flight

text: On

text: April

text: the

text: Solar

text: Riser

text: made

text: the

text: first

text: flight

text: in

text: a

text: solar

text: powered

text: fully

text: controlled

text: man

text: carrying

text: flying

text: machine

text: reaching

text: an

text: altitude

text: of

text: feet

text: m

text: In

text: the

text: Gossamer

text: Penguin

text: made

text: the

text: first

text: piloted

text: flights

text: powered

text: solely

text: by

text: photovoltaics

text: This

text: was

text: quickly

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Solar

text: Challenger

text: which

text: crossed

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: in

text: July

text: In

text: Eric

text: Scott

text: Raymond

text: in

text: hops

text: flew

text: from

text: California

text: to

text: North

text: Carolina

text: using

text: solar

text: power

text: Developments

text: then

text: turned

text: back

text: to

text: unmanned

text: aerial

text: vehicles

text: UAV

text: with

text: the

text: Pathfinder

text: and

text: subsequent

text: designs

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: Helios

text: which

text: set

text: the

text: altitude

text: record

text: for

text: a

text: non

text: rocket

text: propelled

text: aircraft

text: at

text: metres

text: ft

text: in

text: The

text: Zephyr

text: developed

text: by

text: BAE

text: Systems

text: is

text: the

text: latest

text: in

text: a

text: line

text: of

text: record

text: breaking

text: solar

text: aircraft

text: making

text: a

text: flight

text: in

text: and

text: month

text: long

text: flights

text: were

text: envisioned

text: by

text: As

text: of

text: Solar

text: Impulse

text: an

text: electric

text: aircraft

text: is

text: currently

text: circumnavigating

text: the

text: globe

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: single

text: seat

text: plane

text: powered

text: by

text: solar

text: cells

text: and

text: capable

text: of

text: taking

text: off

text: under

text: its

text: own

text: power

text: The

text: designed

text: allows

text: the

text: aircraft

text: to

text: remain

text: airborne

text: for

text: hours

question: What altitude did the Solar Riser reach in feet?

answer: 40

question: What is the name of the aircraft circling the globe in 2015 via solar power?

answer: Solar Impulse

text: Solar Impulse

question: When was the first unmanned flight by a solar powered plane made?

answer: 1974

question: When was the first solar powered manned flight made?

answer: 29 April 1979

text: 29 April 1979

question: When did the Solar Challenger cross the English Channel?

answer: July 1981

text: July 1981

question: Where did Eric Scott Raymond fly using a solar powered plane in 1990?

answer: California to North Carolina

text: California to North Carolina

question: How long is the solar powered plane Solar Impulse able to remain in the air?

answer: 36 hours

text: 36 hours


text: Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum, became his secretary, slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. In 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: Early

text: Muslim

text: armies

text: stayed

text: in

text: encampments

text: away

text: from

text: cities

text: because

text: Umar

text: feared

text: that

text: they

text: might

text: get

text: attracted

text: to

text: wealth

text: and

text: luxury

text: In

text: the

text: process

text: they

text: might

text: turn

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: worship

text: of

text: God

text: and

text: start

text: accumulating

text: wealth

text: and

text: establishing

text: dynasties

text: When

text: Uthman

text: ibn

text: al

text: Affan

text: became

text: very

text: old

text: Marwan

text: I

text: a

text: relative

text: of

text: Muawiyah

text: I

text: slipped

text: into

text: the

text: vacuum

text: became

text: his

text: secretary

text: slowly

text: assumed

text: more

text: control

text: and

text: relaxed

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: restrictions

text: Marwan

text: I

text: had

text: previously

text: been

text: excluded

text: from

text: positions

text: of

text: responsibility

text: In

text: Muhammad

text: ibn

text: Abi

text: Bakr

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Abu

text: Bakr

text: the

text: adopted

text: son

text: of

text: Ali

text: ibn

text: Abi

text: Talib

text: and

text: the

text: great

text: grandfather

text: of

text: Ja'far

text: al

text: Sadiq

text: showed

text: some

text: Egyptians

text: the

text: house

text: of

text: Uthman

text: ibn

text: al

text: Affan

text: Later

text: the

text: Egyptians

text: ended

text: up

text: killing

text: Uthman

text: ibn

text: al

text: Affan

question: What group murdered Uthman ibn al-Affan?

answer: Egyptians

text: Egyptians

question: Who was Marwan I related to?

answer: Muawiyah I

text: Muawiyah I

question: Who adopted Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?

answer: Ali ibn Abi Talib

text: Ali ibn Abi Talib

question: Who was the great grandson of Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr?

answer: Ja'far al-Sadiq

text: Ja'far al-Sadiq

question: Who feared that Muslim armies would turn away from wealth?

text: Umar

question: Why did early Muslim armies stay inside of cities?

question: Who murdered the Egyptians?

text: Uthman ibn al-Affan

question: Who assumed power when Marwan I became very old?

text: Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr

question: Who was the son of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?

text: Ja'far al-Sadiq


text: The European Central Bank had stepped up the buying of member nations debt. In response to the crisis of 2010, some proposals have surfaced for a collective European bond issue that would allow the central bank to purchase a European version of US Treasury bills. To make European sovereign debt assets more similar to a US Treasury, a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency would be necessary.[b] But the German government has resisted this proposal, and other analyses indicate that "the sickness of the euro" is due to the linkage between sovereign debt and failing national banking systems. If the European central bank were to deal directly with failing banking systems sovereign debt would not look as leveraged relative to national income in the financially weaker member states.

title: European_Central_Bank

title: European_Central_Bank

text: The

text: European

text: Central

text: Bank

text: had

text: stepped

text: up

text: the

text: buying

text: of

text: member

text: nations

text: debt

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: crisis

text: of

text: some

text: proposals

text: have

text: surfaced

text: for

text: a

text: collective

text: European

text: bond

text: issue

text: that

text: would

text: allow

text: the

text: central

text: bank

text: to

text: purchase

text: a

text: European

text: version

text: of

text: US

text: Treasury

text: bills

text: To

text: make

text: European

text: sovereign

text: debt

text: assets

text: more

text: similar

text: to

text: a

text: US

text: Treasury

text: a

text: collective

text: guarantee

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: states

text: solvency

text: would

text: be

text: necessary.[b

text: But

text: the

text: German

text: government

text: has

text: resisted

text: this

text: proposal

text: and

text: other

text: analyses

text: indicate

text: that

text: the

text: sickness

text: of

text: the

text: euro

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: linkage

text: between

text: sovereign

text: debt

text: and

text: failing

text: national

text: banking

text: systems

text: If

text: the

text: European

text: central

text: bank

text: were

text: to

text: deal

text: directly

text: with

text: failing

text: banking

text: systems

text: sovereign

text: debt

text: would

text: not

text: look

text: as

text: leveraged

text: relative

text: to

text: national

text: income

text: in

text: the

text: financially

text: weaker

text: member

text: states

question: What is being caused by links between soverign debt and failing national banks?

answer: the sickness of the euro

text: the sickness of the euro

question: Which country has been resistant to attempts to make the soverign debt assets more like the U.S. Treasury?

answer: the German government

text: the German government

question: Who began to increase their coverage of weaker debts?

answer: The European Central Bank

text: The European Central Bank

question: What would have to happen to make European sovereign debt assets more like what is found in the U.S. Treasury?

answer: a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency

text: a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency

question: Why did propsals about making the European sovereign debt assets more like the US Treasury?

answer: the crisis of 2010

text: the crisis of 2010

question: What is being avoided by links between sovereign debt and failing national banks?

text: the sickness of the euro

question: Which country has supported attempts to make the sovereign debt assets more like the U.S. Treasury?

text: the German government

question: Who began to decrease their coverage of weaker debts?

text: The European Central Bank

question: What would have to happen to make European sovereign debt assets less like what is found in the U.S. Treasury?


text: During World War II, when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany, the United States briefly controlled Greenland for battlefields and protection. In 1946, the United States offered to buy Greenland from Denmark for $100 million ($1.2 billion today) but Denmark refused to sell it. Several politicians and others have in recent years argued that Greenland could hypothetically be in a better financial situation as a part of the United States; for instance mentioned by professor Gudmundur Alfredsson at University of Akureyri in 2014. One of the actual reasons behind US interest in Greenland could be the vast natural resources of the island. According to Wikileaks, the U.S. appears to be highly interested in investing in the resource base of the island and in tapping the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.

title: 51st_state

title: 51st_state

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: when

text: Denmark

text: was

text: occupied

text: by

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: briefly

text: controlled

text: Greenland

text: for

text: battlefields

text: and

text: protection

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: offered

text: to

text: buy

text: Greenland

text: from

text: Denmark

text: for

text: million

text: billion

text: today

text: but

text: Denmark

text: refused

text: to

text: sell

text: it

text: Several

text: politicians

text: and

text: others

text: have

text: in

text: recent

text: years

text: argued

text: that

text: Greenland

text: could

text: hypothetically

text: be

text: in

text: a

text: better

text: financial

text: situation

text: as

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: for

text: instance

text: mentioned

text: by

text: professor

text: Gudmundur

text: Alfredsson

text: at

text: University

text: of

text: Akureyri

text: in

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: actual

text: reasons

text: behind

text: US

text: interest

text: in

text: Greenland

text: could

text: be

text: the

text: vast

text: natural

text: resources

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: According

text: to

text: Wikileaks

text: the

text: U.S.

text: appears

text: to

text: be

text: highly

text: interested

text: in

text: investing

text: in

text: the

text: resource

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: and

text: in

text: tapping

text: the

text: vast

text: expected

text: hydrocarbons

text: off

text: the

text: Greenlandic

text: coast

question: When did the US control Greenland?

answer: when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany

text: when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany

question: How much did the US offer to pay for Greenland?

answer: $100 million

text: $100 million

question: What university is professor Gudmundur Alfredssson from?

answer: University of Akureyri

text: University of Akureyri

question: What is one reason the US would be interested in Greenland?

answer: the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.

text: the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.

question: When did the US control Akureyri?

question: How much did the US offer to pay for Akureyri?

text: $100 million

question: Where was Gudmundur Alfredsson a professor at in 1946?

text: University of Akureyri

question: What is one reason Alfredsson would be interested in Greenland?

question: Who have argued that Greenland could not hypothetically be in a better financial situation as part of the United States?

text: Several politicians and others


text: When Zeus struck down Apollo's son Asclepius with a lightning bolt for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead (transgressing Themis by stealing Hades's subjects), Apollo in revenge killed the Cyclopes, who had fashioned the bolt for Zeus. Apollo would have been banished to Tartarus forever for this, but was instead sentenced to one year of hard labor, due to the intercession of his mother, Leto. During this time he served as shepherd for King Admetus of Pherae in Thessaly. Admetus treated Apollo well, and, in return, the god conferred great benefits on Admetus.

title: Apollo

title: Apollo

text: When

text: Zeus

text: struck

text: down

text: Apollo

text: 's

text: son

text: Asclepius

text: with

text: a

text: lightning

text: bolt

text: for

text: resurrecting

text: Hippolytus

text: from

text: the

text: dead

text: transgressing

text: Themis

text: by

text: stealing

text: Hades

text: 's

text: subjects

text: Apollo

text: in

text: revenge

text: killed

text: the

text: Cyclopes

text: who

text: had

text: fashioned

text: the

text: bolt

text: for

text: Zeus

text: Apollo

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: banished

text: to

text: Tartarus

text: forever

text: for

text: this

text: but

text: was

text: instead

text: sentenced

text: to

text: one

text: year

text: of

text: hard

text: labor

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: intercession

text: of

text: his

text: mother

text: Leto

text: During

text: this

text: time

text: he

text: served

text: as

text: shepherd

text: for

text: King

text: Admetus

text: of

text: Pherae

text: in

text: Thessaly

text: Admetus

text: treated

text: Apollo

text: well

text: and

text: in

text: return

text: the

text: god

text: conferred

text: great

text: benefits

text: on

text: Admetus

question: Who is Apollo's son?

answer: Asclepius

text: Asclepius

question: Why did Zeus strike down Asclepius with a lightning bolt?

answer: for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead

text: for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead

question: How long was Apollo sentenced for killing Cyclopes?

answer: one year of hard labor

text: one year of hard labor


text: Red was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century, he added stained glass windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper. Together they flooded the basilica with a mystical light. Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France, England and Germany. In Medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures; both Christ and the Virgin Mary were commonly painted wearing red mantles.

title: Red

title: Red

text: Red

text: was

text: the

text: color

text: of

text: the

text: banner

text: of

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: emperors

text: In

text: Western

text: Europe

text: Emperor

text: Charlemagne

text: painted

text: his

text: palace

text: red

text: as

text: a

text: very

text: visible

text: symbol

text: of

text: his

text: authority

text: and

text: wore

text: red

text: shoes

text: at

text: his

text: coronation

text: Kings

text: princes

text: and

text: beginning

text: in

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: cardinals

text: began

text: to

text: wear

text: red

text: costumes

text: When

text: Abbe

text: Suger

text: rebuilt

text: Saint

text: Denis

text: Basilica

text: outside

text: Paris

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: he

text: added

text: stained

text: glass

text: windows

text: colored

text: blue

text: cobalt

text: glass

text: and

text: red

text: glass

text: tinted

text: with

text: copper

text: Together

text: they

text: flooded

text: the

text: basilica

text: with

text: a

text: mystical

text: light

text: Soon

text: stained

text: glass

text: windows

text: were

text: being

text: added

text: to

text: cathedrals

text: all

text: across

text: France

text: England

text: and

text: Germany

text: In

text: Medieval

text: painting

text: red

text: was

text: used

text: to

text: attract

text: attention

text: to

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: figures

text: both

text: Christ

text: and

text: the

text: Virgin

text: Mary

text: were

text: commonly

text: painted

text: wearing

text: red

text: mantles

question: Which European emperor painted their palace red?

answer: Emperor Charlemagne

text: Emperor Charlemagne

question: In what year did cardinals in the Roman Catholic church start wearing red?

answer: 1295

question: When was Saint Denis Basilica rebuilt?

answer: 12th century

text: 12th century

question: Who rebuilt the basilica of Saint Denis?

answer: Abbe Suger

text: Abbe Suger

question: Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting?

answer: Virgin Mary

text: Virgin Mary

question: Who wore red shoes as a symbol of authority?

text: Emperor Charlemagne

question: What began in 1259?

question: What did Suger Abbe rebuild?

text: Saint Denis Basilica

question: What did Suger Abbe add to the Saint Denis Basilica?

text: stained glass windows


text: The fifty American states are separate sovereigns, with their own state constitutions, state governments, and state courts. All states have a legislative branch which enacts state statutes, an executive branch that promulgates state regulations pursuant to statutory authorization, and a judicial branch that applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations, as well as local ordinances. They retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the federal Constitution, federal statutes, or international treaties ratified by the federal Senate. Normally, state supreme courts are the final interpreters of state constitutions and state law, unless their interpretation itself presents a federal issue, in which case a decision may be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court by way of a petition for writ of certiorari. State laws have dramatically diverged in the centuries since independence, to the extent that the United States cannot be regarded as one legal system as to the majority of types of law traditionally under state control, but must be regarded as 50 separate systems of tort law, family law, property law, contract law, criminal law, and so on.

title: Law_of_the_United_States

title: Law_of_the_United_States

text: The

text: fifty

text: American

text: states

text: are

text: separate

text: sovereigns

text: with

text: their

text: own

text: state

text: constitutions

text: state

text: governments

text: and

text: state

text: courts

text: All

text: states

text: have

text: a

text: legislative

text: branch

text: which

text: enacts

text: state

text: statutes

text: an

text: executive

text: branch

text: that

text: promulgates

text: state

text: regulations

text: pursuant

text: to

text: statutory

text: authorization

text: and

text: a

text: judicial

text: branch

text: that

text: applies

text: interprets

text: and

text: occasionally

text: overturns

text: both

text: state

text: statutes

text: and

text: regulations

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: local

text: ordinances

text: They

text: retain

text: plenary

text: power

text: to

text: make

text: laws

text: covering

text: anything

text: not

text: preempted

text: by

text: the

text: federal

text: Constitution

text: federal

text: statutes

text: or

text: international

text: treaties

text: ratified

text: by

text: the

text: federal

text: Senate

text: Normally

text: state

text: supreme

text: courts

text: are

text: the

text: final

text: interpreters

text: of

text: state

text: constitutions

text: and

text: state

text: law

text: unless

text: their

text: interpretation

text: itself

text: presents

text: a

text: federal

text: issue

text: in

text: which

text: case

text: a

text: decision

text: may

text: be

text: appealed

text: to

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: a

text: petition

text: for

text: writ

text: of

text: certiorari

text: State

text: laws

text: have

text: dramatically

text: diverged

text: in

text: the

text: centuries

text: since

text: independence

text: to

text: the

text: extent

text: that

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: regarded

text: as

text: one

text: legal

text: system

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: types

text: of

text: law

text: traditionally

text: under

text: state

text: control

text: but

text: must

text: be

text: regarded

text: as

text: separate

text: systems

text: of

text: tort

text: law

text: family

text: law

text: property

text: law

text: contract

text: law

text: criminal

text: law

text: and

text: so

text: on

question: What does each state posess?

answer: state constitutions, state governments, and state courts

text: state constitutions, state governments, and state courts

question: What are the 50 states in the Union known as?

answer: separate sovereigns

text: separate sovereigns

question: Which branch of government promulgates state regulations?

answer: executive branch

text: executive branch

question: What branch of government enacts state statutes?

answer: legislative branch

text: legislative branch

question: Which ranch applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations?

answer: judicial branch

text: judicial branch

question: What branch applies but cannot overturn statutes?

text: judicial

question: How many local ordinances are there?

text: fifty

question: What cannot preempt the states' plenary power?

text: the federal Constitution

question: How are decisions appealed to the state supreme courts?

text: a petition for writ of certiorari

question: The US has only one what?

text: legal system


text: The Pentagon bought 25,000 MRAP vehicles since 2007 in 25 variants through rapid acquisition with no long-term plans for the platforms. The Army plans to divest 7,456 vehicles and retain 8,585. Of the total number of vehicles the Army will keep, 5,036 will be put in storage, 1,073 will be used for training, and the remainder will be spread across the active force. The Oshkosh M-ATV will be kept the most at 5,681 vehicles, as it is smaller and lighter than other MRAPs for off-road mobility. The other most retained vehicle will be the Navistar MaxxPro Dash with 2,633 vehicles, plus 301 Maxxpro ambulances. Thousands of other MRAPs like the Cougar, BAE Caiman, and larger MaxxPros will be disposed of.

title: United_States_Army

title: United_States_Army

text: The

text: Pentagon

text: bought

text: MRAP

text: vehicles

text: since

text: in

text: variants

text: through

text: rapid

text: acquisition

text: with

text: no

text: long

text: term

text: plans

text: for

text: the

text: platforms

text: The

text: Army

text: plans

text: to

text: divest

text: vehicles

text: and

text: retain

text: Of

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: vehicles

text: the

text: Army

text: will

text: keep

text: will

text: be

text: put

text: in

text: storage

text: will

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: training

text: and

text: the

text: remainder

text: will

text: be

text: spread

text: across

text: the

text: active

text: force

text: The

text: Oshkosh

text: M

text: ATV

text: will

text: be

text: kept

text: the

text: most

text: at

text: vehicles

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: smaller

text: and

text: lighter

text: than

text: other

text: MRAPs

text: for

text: off

text: road

text: mobility

text: The

text: other

text: most

text: retained

text: vehicle

text: will

text: be

text: the

text: Navistar

text: MaxxPro

text: Dash

text: with

text: vehicles

text: plus

text: Maxxpro

text: ambulances

text: Thousands

text: of

text: other

text: MRAPs

text: like

text: the

text: Cougar

text: BAE

text: Caiman

text: and

text: larger

text: MaxxPros

text: will

text: be

text: disposed

text: of

question: How many MRAP vehicles has the Pentagon bought since 2007?

answer: 25,000

question: How many of the 25,000 vehicles do they plan on getting rid of?

answer: 7,456

question: How many of the vehicles will be used for training?

answer: 1,073

question: The Army will be keeping 5,681 of what vehicle?

answer: Oshkosh M-ATV

text: Oshkosh M-ATV

question: What type of ambulance will the Army have 301 of?

answer: Maxxpro

text: Maxxpro

question: How many MRAP vehicles has the pentagon bought since 2000?

question: How many of the 25,00 vehicles does they plan on selling?

question: How many vehicles does the Army plan on not using for training?

question: How many vehicles will the Navy be keeping?

question: What type of tank will the the Army have 301 of?

text: Maxxpro


text: The majority of Sicilians preferred independence to the Savoia kingdom; in 1866, Palermo became the seat of a week-long popular rebellion, which was finally crushed after Martial law was declared. The Italian government blamed anarchists and the Church, specifically the Archbishop of Palermo, for the rebellion and began enacting anti-Sicilian and anti-clerical policies. A new cultural, economic and industrial growth was spurred by several families, like the Florio, the Ducrot, the Rutelli, the Sandron, the Whitaker, the Utveggio, and others. In the early twentieth century Palermo expanded outside the old city walls, mostly to the north along the new boulevards Via Roma, Via Dante, Via Notarbartolo, and Viale della Libertà. These roads would soon boast a huge number of villas in the Art Nouveau style. Many of these were designed by the famous architect Ernesto Basile. The Grand Hotel Villa Igiea, designed by Ernesto Basile for the Florio family, is a good example of Palermitan Art Nouveau. The huge Teatro Massimo was designed in the same period by Giovan Battista Filippo Basile, and built by the Rutelli & Machì building firm of the industrial and old Rutelli Italian family in Palermo, and was opened in 1897.

title: Palermo

title: Palermo

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: Sicilians

text: preferred

text: independence

text: to

text: the

text: Savoia

text: kingdom

text: in

text: Palermo

text: became

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: a

text: week

text: long

text: popular

text: rebellion

text: which

text: was

text: finally

text: crushed

text: after

text: Martial

text: law

text: was

text: declared

text: The

text: Italian

text: government

text: blamed

text: anarchists

text: and

text: the

text: Church

text: specifically

text: the

text: Archbishop

text: of

text: Palermo

text: for

text: the

text: rebellion

text: and

text: began

text: enacting

text: anti

text: Sicilian

text: and

text: anti

text: clerical

text: policies

text: A

text: new

text: cultural

text: economic

text: and

text: industrial

text: growth

text: was

text: spurred

text: by

text: several

text: families

text: like

text: the

text: Florio

text: the

text: Ducrot

text: the

text: Rutelli

text: the

text: Sandron

text: the

text: Whitaker

text: the

text: Utveggio

text: and

text: others

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: twentieth

text: century

text: Palermo

text: expanded

text: outside

text: the

text: old

text: city

text: walls

text: mostly

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: along

text: the

text: new

text: boulevards

text: Via

text: Roma

text: Via

text: Dante

text: Via

text: Notarbartolo

text: and

text: Viale

text: della

text: Libertà

text: These

text: roads

text: would

text: soon

text: boast

text: a

text: huge

text: number

text: of

text: villas

text: in

text: the

text: Art

text: Nouveau

text: style

text: Many

text: of

text: these

text: were

text: designed

text: by

text: the

text: famous

text: architect

text: Ernesto

text: Basile

text: The

text: Grand

text: Hotel

text: Villa

text: Igiea

text: designed

text: by

text: Ernesto

text: Basile

text: for

text: the

text: Florio

text: family

text: is

text: a

text: good

text: example

text: of

text: Palermitan

text: Art

text: Nouveau

text: The

text: huge

text: Teatro

text: Massimo

text: was

text: designed

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: period

text: by

text: Giovan

text: Battista

text: Filippo

text: Basile

text: and

text: built

text: by

text: the

text: Rutelli

text: Machì

text: building

text: firm

text: of

text: the

text: industrial

text: and

text: old

text: Rutelli

text: Italian

text: family

text: in

text: Palermo

text: and

text: was

text: opened

text: in

question: Who was blamed for the week long rebellion of 1866?

answer: anarchists and the Church, specifically the Archbishop of Palermo

text: anarchists and the Church, specifically the Archbishop of Palermo

question: Which families help to start cultural, industrial, and economic growth in Palermo?

answer: Florio, the Ducrot, the Rutelli, the Sandron, the Whitaker, the Utveggio

text: Florio, the Ducrot, the Rutelli, the Sandron, the Whitaker, the Utveggio

question: In what style were the villas in the new expanded Palermo?

answer: Art Nouveau

text: Art Nouveau

question: Which theatre was designed by Giovan Battista Filippo Basile ans opened in 1897?

answer: Teatro Massimo

text: Teatro Massimo

question: Who prefered the Savoia kingdom to independence?

text: The majority of Sicilians

question: What was the seat of a rebellion in the 18th century?

text: Palermo

question: What crushed the 18th century rebellion in Palermo?

text: Martial law

question: What government enacted pro-sicilian policies?

text: The Italian government

question: Where did Palermo expand to in the early 2000's?

text: outside the old city walls


text: Many cultures have taken their words for comics from English, including Russian (Russian: Комикс, komiks) and German (comic). Similarly, the Chinese term manhua and the Korean manhwa derive from the Chinese characters with which the Japanese term manga is written.

title: Comics

title: Comics

text: Many

text: cultures

text: have

text: taken

text: their

text: words

text: for

text: comics

text: from

text: English

text: including

text: Russian

text: Russian

text: Комикс

text: komiks

text: and

text: German

text: comic

text: Similarly

text: the

text: Chinese

text: term

text: manhua

text: and

text: the

text: Korean

text: manhwa

text: derive

text: from

text: the

text: Chinese

text: characters

text: with

text: which

text: the

text: Japanese

text: term

text: manga

text: is

text: written

question: What Russian word is used for comics?

answer: komiks

text: komiks

question: What German word is used for comics?

answer: comics

text: comics

question: What Chinese word was derived from the Japanese word manga?

answer: manhua

text: manhua

question: What Korean word was derived from the Japanese word for manga?

answer: manhwa

text: manhwa

question: What Russian word isn't used for comics?

text: komiks

question: What Prussian word is used for comics?

text: Комикс, komiks

question: What German word isn't used for comics?

text: comic

question: What Chinese word wasn't derived from the Japanese word manga?

text: manhua

question: What Korean word wasn't derived from the Japanese word for manga?

text: manhwa


text: Controversy persists over whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs. This uncertainty is due largely to a paucity of contemporary sources. Attempts to address this question instead rely on archaeological evidence, the accounts of foreign observers, legends and literature from centuries later. To some extent the controversy is related to the foundation myths of modern states in the region. According to the "Normanist" view, the Rus' were Scandinavians, while Russian and Ukrainian nationalist historians generally argue that the Rus' were themselves Slavs. Normanist theories focus on the earliest written source for the East Slavs, the Russian Primary Chronicle, although even this account was not produced until the 12th century. Nationalist accounts have suggested that the Rus' were present before the arrival of the Varangians, noting that only a handful of Scandinavian words can be found in modern Russian and that Scandinavian names in the early chronicles were soon replaced by Slavic names. Nevertheless, archaeological evidence from the area suggests that a Scandinavian population was present during the 10th century at the latest. On balance, it seems likely that the Rus' proper were a small minority of Scandinavians who formed an elite ruling class, while the great majority of their subjects were Slavs. Considering the linguistic arguments mounted by nationalist scholars, if the proto-Rus' were Scandinavians, they must have quickly become nativized, adopting Slavic languages and other cultural practices.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: Controversy

text: persists

text: over

text: whether

text: the

text: Rus’

text: were

text: Varangians

text: Vikings

text: or

text: Slavs

text: This

text: uncertainty

text: is

text: due

text: largely

text: to

text: a

text: paucity

text: of

text: contemporary

text: sources

text: Attempts

text: to

text: address

text: this

text: question

text: instead

text: rely

text: on

text: archaeological

text: evidence

text: the

text: accounts

text: of

text: foreign

text: observers

text: legends

text: and

text: literature

text: from

text: centuries

text: later

text: To

text: some

text: extent

text: the

text: controversy

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: foundation

text: myths

text: of

text: modern

text: states

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Normanist

text: view

text: the

text: Rus

text: were

text: Scandinavians

text: while

text: Russian

text: and

text: Ukrainian

text: nationalist

text: historians

text: generally

text: argue

text: that

text: the

text: Rus

text: were

text: themselves

text: Slavs

text: Normanist

text: theories

text: focus

text: on

text: the

text: earliest

text: written

text: source

text: for

text: the

text: East

text: Slavs

text: the

text: Russian

text: Primary

text: Chronicle

text: although

text: even

text: this

text: account

text: was

text: not

text: produced

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: Nationalist

text: accounts

text: have

text: suggested

text: that

text: the

text: Rus

text: were

text: present

text: before

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: the

text: Varangians

text: noting

text: that

text: only

text: a

text: handful

text: of

text: Scandinavian

text: words

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: modern

text: Russian

text: and

text: that

text: Scandinavian

text: names

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: chronicles

text: were

text: soon

text: replaced

text: by

text: Slavic

text: names

text: Nevertheless

text: archaeological

text: evidence

text: from

text: the

text: area

text: suggests

text: that

text: a

text: Scandinavian

text: population

text: was

text: present

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: at

text: the

text: latest

text: On

text: balance

text: it

text: seems

text: likely

text: that

text: the

text: Rus

text: proper

text: were

text: a

text: small

text: minority

text: of

text: Scandinavians

text: who

text: formed

text: an

text: elite

text: ruling

text: class

text: while

text: the

text: great

text: majority

text: of

text: their

text: subjects

text: were

text: Slavs

text: Considering

text: the

text: linguistic

text: arguments

text: mounted

text: by

text: nationalist

text: scholars

text: if

text: the

text: proto

text: Rus

text: were

text: Scandinavians

text: they

text: must

text: have

text: quickly

text: become

text: nativized

text: adopting

text: Slavic

text: languages

text: and

text: other

text: cultural

text: practices

question: What controversy currently surrounds the Rus?

answer: whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs

text: whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs

question: What were the "Rus" accourding to the "Normanist"?

answer: Scandinavians

text: Scandinavians

question: What did the Russians beleive the Rus were?

answer: Slavs

text: Slavs

question: Which controversy surrounded the Rus in the past?

question: What certainty was largely to contemporary sources/

question: What did the Russian believe the Rus were not?

text: Slavs

question: What account was written in the 1200's?

text: Russian Primary Chronicle

question: Who formed a majority of the elite ruling class?

text: Scandinavians


text: According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 57% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 25% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and 29% professing Roman Catholic beliefs. while 33% claim no religious affiliation. The same study says that other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively make up about 10% of the population.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: study

text: by

text: the

text: Pew

text: Research

text: Center

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: identified

text: themselves

text: as

text: Christians

text: with

text: professing

text: attendance

text: at

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: churches

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: considered

text: Protestant

text: and

text: professing

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: beliefs

text: while

text: claim

text: no

text: religious

text: affiliation

text: The

text: same

text: study

text: says

text: that

text: other

text: religions

text: including

text: Judaism

text: Buddhism

text: Islam

text: and

text: Hinduism

text: collectively

text: make

text: up

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

question: In 2014, what percentage of the city identified as Christian?

answer: 57%

question: In 2014, what percentage of the city identified as Protestant?

answer: 25%

question: In 2014, what percent of the City of Boston was Catholic?

answer: 29%

question: In 2014, what percentage of Bostons residents did not claim to belong to any religion?

answer: 33%

question: In 2014, other religions mad eup what percentage of the citys population?

answer: 10%


text: Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13–16 million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year. Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as taboo. In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties—being good for the lungs for instance. Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland. Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals.

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: Dog

text: meat

text: is

text: consumed

text: in

text: some

text: East

text: Asian

text: countries

text: including

text: Korea

text: China

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: a

text: practice

text: that

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: antiquity

text: It

text: is

text: estimated

text: that

text: million

text: dogs

text: are

text: killed

text: and

text: consumed

text: in

text: Asia

text: every

text: year

text: Other

text: cultures

text: such

text: as

text: Polynesia

text: and

text: pre

text: Columbian

text: Mexico

text: also

text: consumed

text: dog

text: meat

text: in

text: their

text: history

text: However

text: Western

text: South

text: Asian

text: African

text: and

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: cultures

text: in

text: general

text: regard

text: consumption

text: of

text: dog

text: meat

text: as

text: taboo

text: In

text: some

text: places

text: however

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: rural

text: areas

text: of

text: Poland

text: dog

text: fat

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: medicinal

text: properties

text: being

text: good

text: for

text: the

text: lungs

text: for

text: instance

text: Dog

text: meat

text: is

text: also

text: consumed

text: in

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: Switzerland

text: Proponents

text: of

text: eating

text: dog

text: meat

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: placing

text: a

text: distinction

text: between

text: livestock

text: and

text: dogs

text: is

text: western

text: hypocrisy

text: and

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: difference

text: with

text: eating

text: the

text: meat

text: of

text: different

text: animals

question: Where do some people eat dogs?

answer: East Asian countries

text: East Asian countries

question: In addition to others, Western culture considers eating dog meat as what?

answer: taboo.

text: taboo.

question: In rural Poland areas, what is considered medicinal for lungs?

answer: dog fat

text: dog fat

question: What do people who eat dog meat consider Western culture, since people there do eat many different animals?

answer: western hypocrisy

text: western hypocrisy

question: The West, South Asia and Middle East think eating dogs is what?

answer: taboo

text: taboo

question: Dog fat in some parts of Poland is thought to have what?

answer: medicinal properties

text: medicinal properties


text: In September 1940, Japan decided to cut China's only land line to the outside world by seizing Indochina, which was controlled at the time by Vichy France. Japanese forces broke their agreement with the Vichy administration and fighting broke out, ending in a Japanese victory. On 27 September Japan signed a military alliance with Germany and Italy, becoming one of the three Axis Powers. In practice, there was little coordination between Japan and Germany until 1944, by which time the U.S. was deciphering their secret diplomatic correspondence.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: In

text: September

text: Japan

text: decided

text: to

text: cut

text: China

text: 's

text: only

text: land

text: line

text: to

text: the

text: outside

text: world

text: by

text: seizing

text: Indochina

text: which

text: was

text: controlled

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: by

text: Vichy

text: France

text: Japanese

text: forces

text: broke

text: their

text: agreement

text: with

text: the

text: Vichy

text: administration

text: and

text: fighting

text: broke

text: out

text: ending

text: in

text: a

text: Japanese

text: victory

text: On

text: September

text: Japan

text: signed

text: a

text: military

text: alliance

text: with

text: Germany

text: and

text: Italy

text: becoming

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: Axis

text: Powers

text: In

text: practice

text: there

text: was

text: little

text: coordination

text: between

text: Japan

text: and

text: Germany

text: until

text: by

text: which

text: time

text: the

text: U.S.

text: was

text: deciphering

text: their

text: secret

text: diplomatic

text: correspondence

question: Who controled Indochina in 1940?

answer: Vichy France

text: Vichy France

question: When did Japan invade Indochina?

answer: September 1940

text: September 1940

question: Who were the Axis Powers along with Japan in 1940?

answer: Germany and Italy

text: Germany and Italy

question: Did Japan and Germany work closely together prior to 1944?

answer: little coordination

text: little coordination

question: When did Japan take over Indochina?

answer: September 1940

text: September 1940

question: Who controlled Indochina before the Japanese takeover?

answer: Vichy France

text: Vichy France

question: When did Japan become an Axis power?

answer: 27 September

text: 27 September

question: How many nations comprised the Axis powers?

answer: three

text: three

question: How much coordination was there between Japan and Germany?

answer: little

text: little


text: Birds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to gas exchange volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal. The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction, and become more rigid as they move away from the heart. Blood moves through the arteries, which undergo vasoconstriction, and into arterioles which act as a transportation system to distribute primarily oxygen as well as nutrients to all tissues of the body. As the arterioles move away from the heart and into individual organs and tissues they are further divided to increase surface area and slow blood flow. Travelling through the arterioles blood moves into the capillaries where gas exchange can occur. Capillaries are organized into capillary beds in tissues, it is here that blood exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide waste. In the capillary beds blood flow is slowed to allow maximum diffusion of oxygen into the tissues. Once the blood has become deoxygenated it travels through venules then veins and back to the heart. Veins, unlike arteries, are thin and rigid as they do not need to withstand extreme pressure. As blood travels through the venules to the veins a funneling occurs called vasodilation bringing blood back to the heart. Once the blood reaches the heart it moves first into the right atrium, then the right ventricle to be pumped through the lungs for further gas exchange of carbon dioxide waste for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs through the left atrium to the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the body.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: Birds

text: have

text: a

text: very

text: efficient

text: system

text: for

text: diffusing

text: oxygen

text: into

text: the

text: blood

text: birds

text: have

text: a

text: ten

text: times

text: greater

text: surface

text: area

text: to

text: gas

text: exchange

text: volume

text: than

text: mammals

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: birds

text: have

text: more

text: blood

text: in

text: their

text: capillaries

text: per

text: unit

text: of

text: volume

text: of

text: lung

text: than

text: a

text: mammal

text: The

text: arteries

text: are

text: composed

text: of

text: thick

text: elastic

text: muscles

text: to

text: withstand

text: the

text: pressure

text: of

text: the

text: ventricular

text: constriction

text: and

text: become

text: more

text: rigid

text: as

text: they

text: move

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: heart

text: Blood

text: moves

text: through

text: the

text: arteries

text: which

text: undergo

text: vasoconstriction

text: and

text: into

text: arterioles

text: which

text: act

text: as

text: a

text: transportation

text: system

text: to

text: distribute

text: primarily

text: oxygen

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: nutrients

text: to

text: all

text: tissues

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: As

text: the

text: arterioles

text: move

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: heart

text: and

text: into

text: individual

text: organs

text: and

text: tissues

text: they

text: are

text: further

text: divided

text: to

text: increase

text: surface

text: area

text: and

text: slow

text: blood

text: flow

text: Travelling

text: through

text: the

text: arterioles

text: blood

text: moves

text: into

text: the

text: capillaries

text: where

text: gas

text: exchange

text: can

text: occur

text: Capillaries

text: are

text: organized

text: into

text: capillary

text: beds

text: in

text: tissues

text: it

text: is

text: here

text: that

text: blood

text: exchanges

text: oxygen

text: for

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: waste

text: In

text: the

text: capillary

text: beds

text: blood

text: flow

text: is

text: slowed

text: to

text: allow

text: maximum

text: diffusion

text: of

text: oxygen

text: into

text: the

text: tissues

text: Once

text: the

text: blood

text: has

text: become

text: deoxygenated

text: it

text: travels

text: through

text: venules

text: then

text: veins

text: and

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: heart

text: Veins

text: unlike

text: arteries

text: are

text: thin

text: and

text: rigid

text: as

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: need

text: to

text: withstand

text: extreme

text: pressure

text: As

text: blood

text: travels

text: through

text: the

text: venules

text: to

text: the

text: veins

text: a

text: funneling

text: occurs

text: called

text: vasodilation

text: bringing

text: blood

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: heart

text: Once

text: the

text: blood

text: reaches

text: the

text: heart

text: it

text: moves

text: first

text: into

text: the

text: right

text: atrium

text: then

text: the

text: right

text: ventricle

text: to

text: be

text: pumped

text: through

text: the

text: lungs

text: for

text: further

text: gas

text: exchange

text: of

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: waste

text: for

text: oxygen

text: Oxygenated

text: blood

text: then

text: flows

text: from

text: the

text: lungs

text: through

text: the

text: left

text: atrium

text: to

text: the

text: left

text: ventricle

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: pumped

text: out

text: to

text: the

text: body

question: Why are birds' arteries composed of thick elastic muscles?

answer: to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction

text: to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction

question: What moves through the arteries?

answer: Blood

text: Blood

question: What is organized into capillary beds in tissues?

answer: Capillaries

text: Capillaries

question: What is the funneling that occurs that brings blood back to the heart?

answer: vasodilation

text: vasodilation


text: The Pala Empire (Bengali: পাল সাম্রাজ্য Pal Samrajyô) flourished during the Classical period of India, and may be dated during 750–1174 CE. Founded by Gopala I, it was ruled by a Buddhist dynasty from Bengal in the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent. Though the Palas were followers of the Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism, they also patronised Shaivism and Vaishnavism. The morpheme Pala, meaning "protector", was used as an ending for the names of all the Pala monarchs. The empire reached its peak under Dharmapala and Devapala. Dharmapala is believed to have conquered Kanauj and extended his sway up to the farthest limits of India in the northwest. The Pala Empire can be considered as the golden era of Bengal in many ways. Dharmapala founded the Vikramashila and revived Nalanda, considered one of the first great universities in recorded history. Nalanda reached its height under the patronage of the Pala Empire. The Palas also built many viharas. They maintained close cultural and commercial ties with countries of Southeast Asia and Tibet. Sea trade added greatly to the prosperity of the Pala kingdom. The Arab merchant Suleiman notes the enormity of the Pala army in his memoirs.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: The

text: Pala

text: Empire

text: Bengali

text: পাল

text: সাম্রাজ্য

text: Pal

text: Samrajyô

text: flourished

text: during

text: the

text: Classical

text: period

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: dated

text: during

text: CE

text: Founded

text: by

text: Gopala

text: I

text: it

text: was

text: ruled

text: by

text: a

text: Buddhist

text: dynasty

text: from

text: Bengal

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: Though

text: the

text: Palas

text: were

text: followers

text: of

text: the

text: Mahayana

text: and

text: Tantric

text: schools

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: they

text: also

text: patronised

text: Shaivism

text: and

text: Vaishnavism

text: The

text: morpheme

text: Pala

text: meaning

text: protector

text: was

text: used

text: as

text: an

text: ending

text: for

text: the

text: names

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: Pala

text: monarchs

text: The

text: empire

text: reached

text: its

text: peak

text: under

text: Dharmapala

text: and

text: Devapala

text: Dharmapala

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: conquered

text: Kanauj

text: and

text: extended

text: his

text: sway

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: farthest

text: limits

text: of

text: India

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: The

text: Pala

text: Empire

text: can

text: be

text: considered

text: as

text: the

text: golden

text: era

text: of

text: Bengal

text: in

text: many

text: ways

text: Dharmapala

text: founded

text: the

text: Vikramashila

text: and

text: revived

text: Nalanda

text: considered

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: great

text: universities

text: in

text: recorded

text: history

text: Nalanda

text: reached

text: its

text: height

text: under

text: the

text: patronage

text: of

text: the

text: Pala

text: Empire

text: The

text: Palas

text: also

text: built

text: many

text: viharas

text: They

text: maintained

text: close

text: cultural

text: and

text: commercial

text: ties

text: with

text: countries

text: of

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: Tibet

text: Sea

text: trade

text: added

text: greatly

text: to

text: the

text: prosperity

text: of

text: the

text: Pala

text: kingdom

text: The

text: Arab

text: merchant

text: Suleiman

text: notes

text: the

text: enormity

text: of

text: the

text: Pala

text: army

text: in

text: his

text: memoirs

question: During what span of time did the Pala Empire thrive?

answer: 750–1174 CE

text: 750–1174 CE

question: What style of belief system did the Pala Empire favor?

answer: Buddhist

text: Buddhist

question: What is the term used to describe the Pala Empire?

answer: golden era of Bengal

text: golden era of Bengal

question: What educational center reached it height during the Pala rule?

answer: Nalanda

text: Nalanda

question: What ruler founded the Pala dynasty?

answer: Gopala I

text: Gopala I