text: The Kinsey scale, also called the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale, was first published in Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) by Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin and also featured in Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953). The scale was developed to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual and that these two types represent antitheses in the sexual world. Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior and psychic responses, Kinsey et al., stated:

title: Sexual_orientation

title: Sexual_orientation

text: The

text: Kinsey

text: scale

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Heterosexual

text: Homosexual

text: Rating

text: Scale

text: was

text: first

text: published

text: in

text: Sexual

text: Behavior

text: in

text: the

text: Human

text: Male

text: by

text: Alfred

text: Kinsey

text: Wardell

text: Pomeroy

text: and

text: Clyde

text: Martin

text: and

text: also

text: featured

text: in

text: Sexual

text: Behavior

text: in

text: the

text: Human

text: Female

text: The

text: scale

text: was

text: developed

text: to

text: combat

text: the

text: assumption

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: that

text: people

text: are

text: either

text: heterosexual

text: or

text: homosexual

text: and

text: that

text: these

text: two

text: types

text: represent

text: antitheses

text: in

text: the

text: sexual

text: world

text: Recognizing

text: that

text: a

text: large

text: portion

text: of

text: population

text: is

text: not

text: completely

text: heterosexual

text: or

text: homosexual

text: and

text: people

text: can

text: experience

text: both

text: heterosexual

text: and

text: homosexual

text: behavior

text: and

text: psychic

text: responses

text: Kinsey

text: et

text: al

text: stated

question: What other name does the KInsey scale go by?

answer: Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale

text: Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale

question: When was the KInsey scale first published?

answer: 1948

question: Why was the KInsey scale developed?

answer: to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual

text: to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual

question: What did KInsey state as his reasoning for the scale?

answer: Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior

text: Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior

question: Who else was featured in The sexual behavior of the human male?

answer: Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin

text: Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin


text: The American Civil War boosted the local economy with wartime purchases of industrial goods, including that of the New Haven Arms Company, which would later become the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. (Winchester would continue to produce arms in New Haven until 2006, and many of the buildings that were a part of the Winchester plant are now a part of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company Historic District.) After the war, population grew and doubled by the start of the 20th century, most notably due to the influx of immigrants from southern Europe, particularly Italy. Today, roughly half the populations of East Haven, West Haven, and North Haven are Italian-American. Jewish immigration to New Haven has left an enduring mark on the city. Westville was the center of Jewish life in New Haven, though today many have fanned out to suburban communities such as Woodbridge and Cheshire.

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

text: The

text: American

text: Civil

text: War

text: boosted

text: the

text: local

text: economy

text: with

text: wartime

text: purchases

text: of

text: industrial

text: goods

text: including

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: Haven

text: Arms

text: Company

text: which

text: would

text: later

text: become

text: the

text: Winchester

text: Repeating

text: Arms

text: Company

text: Winchester

text: would

text: continue

text: to

text: produce

text: arms

text: in

text: New

text: Haven

text: until

text: and

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: buildings

text: that

text: were

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Winchester

text: plant

text: are

text: now

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Winchester

text: Repeating

text: Arms

text: Company

text: Historic

text: District

text: After

text: the

text: war

text: population

text: grew

text: and

text: doubled

text: by

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: most

text: notably

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: influx

text: of

text: immigrants

text: from

text: southern

text: Europe

text: particularly

text: Italy

text: Today

text: roughly

text: half

text: the

text: populations

text: of

text: East

text: Haven

text: West

text: Haven

text: and

text: North

text: Haven

text: are

text: Italian

text: American

text: Jewish

text: immigration

text: to

text: New

text: Haven

text: has

text: left

text: an

text: enduring

text: mark

text: on

text: the

text: city

text: Westville

text: was

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: Jewish

text: life

text: in

text: New

text: Haven

text: though

text: today

text: many

text: have

text: fanned

text: out

text: to

text: suburban

text: communities

text: such

text: as

text: Woodbridge

text: and

text: Cheshire

question: What major war stimulated the New Haven economy by way of industrial goods purchased through the New Haven Arms Company?

answer: American Civil War

text: American Civil War

question: What was the New Haven Arms Company later renamed?

answer: Winchester Repeating Arms Company

text: Winchester Repeating Arms Company

question: The increase in immigrants from what country in southern Europe had a notable impact on the population growth in New Haven in the early 20th century?

answer: Italy

text: Italy

question: What ethnic group currently comprises approximately half the population of East Haven, West Haven and North Haven?

answer: Italian-American

text: Italian-American

question: What area of New Haven was known for being the center of the Jewish community?

answer: Westville

text: Westville

question: What was the original name of the famous rifle manufacturing companies in New Haven?

answer: New Haven Arms Company

text: New Haven Arms Company

question: In modern day New Haven who makes up for majority of the demographics in terms of ethnicity?

answer: Italian-American

text: Italian-American

question: The Civil War had many effects after the war, what was the main effect for New Haven?

answer: population grew and doubled

text: population grew and doubled


text: Just eight months into his presidency, the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 suddenly transformed Bush into a wartime president. Bush's approval ratings surged to near 90%. Within a month, the forces of a coalition led by the United States entered Afghanistan, which had been sheltering Osama bin Laden, suspected mastermind of the September 11 attacks. By December, the Taliban had been removed as rulers of Kabul, although a long and ongoing reconstruction would follow, severely hampered by ongoing turmoil and violence within the country.

title: United_States_presidential_election,_2004

text: Just

text: eight

text: months

text: into

text: his

text: presidency

text: the

text: terrorist

text: attacks

text: of

text: September

text: suddenly

text: transformed

text: Bush

text: into

text: a

text: wartime

text: president

text: Bush

text: 's

text: approval

text: ratings

text: surged

text: to

text: near

text: Within

text: a

text: month

text: the

text: forces

text: of

text: a

text: coalition

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: entered

text: Afghanistan

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: sheltering

text: Osama

text: bin

text: Laden

text: suspected

text: mastermind

text: of

text: the

text: September

text: attacks

text: By

text: December

text: the

text: Taliban

text: had

text: been

text: removed

text: as

text: rulers

text: of

text: Kabul

text: although

text: a

text: long

text: and

text: ongoing

text: reconstruction

text: would

text: follow

text: severely

text: hampered

text: by

text: ongoing

text: turmoil

text: and

text: violence

text: within

text: the

text: country

question: What even occured during Bush's presidency that made him become a wartime president?

answer: terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001

text: terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001

question: How long into Bush's presidency did tragedy occur on American soil?

answer: eight months

text: eight months

question: Did Bush become disfavorable during the time of the 9/11 attacks?

answer: surged to near 90%

text: surged to near 90%

question: How long did it take for the US military to respond by infiltrating Afghanistan?

answer: Within a month

text: Within a month

question: By which month, were the Taliban no longer controlling Kabul?

answer: December

text: December

question: How long had Osama Bin Laden been planning the Sept. 11th attack?

text: eight months

question: How successful was the coalition in its mission in Afghanistan?

question: How long did it take to capture Osama Bin Laden?

text: a month

question: What city had been ruled by Osama Bin Laden?

text: Kabul

question: What happened in New York after the Sept. 11th terrorist attack?

text: a long and ongoing reconstruction


text: Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 foxes, so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres) of London. These urban foxes are noticeably bolder than their country cousins, sharing the pavement with pedestrians and raising cubs in people's backyards. Foxes have even sneaked into the Houses of Parliament, where one was found asleep on a filing cabinet. Another broke into the grounds of Buckingham Palace, reportedly killing some of Queen Elizabeth II's prized pink flamingos. Generally, however, foxes and city folk appear to get along. A survey in 2001 by the London-based Mammal Society found that 80 percent of 3,779 respondents who volunteered to keep a diary of garden mammal visits liked having them around. This sample cannot be taken to represent Londoners as a whole.

title: London

title: London

text: Among

text: other

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: London

text: are

text: foxes

text: so

text: that

text: there

text: are

text: now

text: foxes

text: for

text: every

text: square

text: mile

text: square

text: kilometres

text: of

text: London

text: These

text: urban

text: foxes

text: are

text: noticeably

text: bolder

text: than

text: their

text: country

text: cousins

text: sharing

text: the

text: pavement

text: with

text: pedestrians

text: and

text: raising

text: cubs

text: in

text: people

text: 's

text: backyards

text: Foxes

text: have

text: even

text: sneaked

text: into

text: the

text: Houses

text: of

text: Parliament

text: where

text: one

text: was

text: found

text: asleep

text: on

text: a

text: filing

text: cabinet

text: Another

text: broke

text: into

text: the

text: grounds

text: of

text: Buckingham

text: Palace

text: reportedly

text: killing

text: some

text: of

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: II

text: 's

text: prized

text: pink

text: flamingos

text: Generally

text: however

text: foxes

text: and

text: city

text: folk

text: appear

text: to

text: get

text: along

text: A

text: survey

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: London

text: based

text: Mammal

text: Society

text: found

text: that

text: percent

text: of

text: respondents

text: who

text: volunteered

text: to

text: keep

text: a

text: diary

text: of

text: garden

text: mammal

text: visits

text: liked

text: having

text: them

text: around

text: This

text: sample

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: taken

text: to

text: represent

text: Londoners

text: as

text: a

text: whole

question: What type of animal belonging to Queen Elizabeth II was killed by an intruding fox on the Buckingham Palace grounds?

answer: pink flamingos

text: pink flamingos

question: What animal was seen sleeping in London's Parliament Building?

answer: fox

text: fox

question: Approximately how many foxes live in the City of London?

answer: 10,000

question: In 2001, what organization conducted a survey of residents regarding London's fox population?

answer: the London-based Mammal Society

text: the London-based Mammal Society

question: What is London's fox population density?

answer: 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres)

text: 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres)


text: The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.

title: Heresy

title: Heresy

text: The

text: first

text: known

text: usage

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: in

text: a

text: legal

text: context

text: was

text: in

text: AD

text: by

text: the

text: Edict

text: of

text: Thessalonica

text: of

text: Theodosius

text: I

text: which

text: made

text: Christianity

text: the

text: state

text: church

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: issuance

text: of

text: this

text: edict

text: the

text: Church

text: had

text: no

text: state

text: sponsored

text: support

text: for

text: any

text: particular

text: legal

text: mechanism

text: to

text: counter

text: what

text: it

text: perceived

text: as

text: heresy

text: By

text: this

text: edict

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: authority

text: and

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: became

text: somewhat

text: overlapping

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: outcomes

text: of

text: this

text: blurring

text: of

text: Church

text: and

text: state

text: was

text: the

text: sharing

text: of

text: state

text: powers

text: of

text: legal

text: enforcement

text: with

text: church

text: authorities

text: This

text: reinforcement

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: 's

text: authority

text: gave

text: church

text: leaders

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: in

text: effect

text: pronounce

text: the

text: death

text: sentence

text: upon

text: those

text: whom

text: the

text: church

text: considered

text: heretical

question: In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?

answer: AD 380

text: AD 380

question: Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?

answer: Thessalonica of Theodosius I

text: Thessalonica of Theodosius I

question: What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?

answer: state-sponsored support

text: state-sponsored support

question: What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?

answer: state powers of legal enforcement

text: state powers of legal enforcement

question: What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?

answer: death sentence

text: death sentence

question: In what context was the word hersey first ussed in the 3rd century?

text: a legal context

question: What edict was passed in the 3rd century?

question: What was made the official State religion in the 3rd century?

text: Christianity

question: What did the edict give the state authority over?

text: the Church

question: What did the edict give the state the authority to do?


text: Their first ever defeat on home soil to a foreign team was an 0–2 loss to the Republic of Ireland, on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park. A 6–3 loss in 1953 to Hungary, was their second defeat by a foreign team at Wembley. In the return match in Budapest, Hungary won 7–1. This still stands as England's worst ever defeat. After the game, a bewildered Syd Owen said, "it was like playing men from outer space". In the 1954 FIFA World Cup, England reached the quarter-finals for the first time, and lost 4–2 to reigning champions Uruguay.

title: England_national_football_team

title: England_national_football_team

text: Their

text: first

text: ever

text: defeat

text: on

text: home

text: soil

text: to

text: a

text: foreign

text: team

text: was

text: an

text: loss

text: to

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ireland

text: on

text: September

text: at

text: Goodison

text: Park

text: A

text: loss

text: in

text: to

text: Hungary

text: was

text: their

text: second

text: defeat

text: by

text: a

text: foreign

text: team

text: at

text: Wembley

text: In

text: the

text: return

text: match

text: in

text: Budapest

text: Hungary

text: won

text: This

text: still

text: stands

text: as

text: England

text: 's

text: worst

text: ever

text: defeat

text: After

text: the

text: game

text: a

text: bewildered

text: Syd

text: Owen

text: said

text: it

text: was

text: like

text: playing

text: men

text: from

text: outer

text: space

text: In

text: the

text: FIFA

text: World

text: Cup

text: England

text: reached

text: the

text: quarter

text: finals

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: and

text: lost

text: to

text: reigning

text: champions

text: Uruguay

question: In what year did England suffer their first defeat at home to a foreign team?

answer: 1949

question: What was the final score of England's worst ever defeat?

answer: 7–1

question: In what year did England reach the quarter-finals of the FIFA World Cup for the first time?

answer: 1954

question: To whom is the quote "it was like playing men from outer space" attributed?

answer: Syd Owen

text: Syd Owen

question: After reaching the FIFA World Cup quarter-finals for the first time, to whom did England lose with a final score of 4-2?

answer: Uruguay

text: Uruguay

question: In what year was Goodison Park built?

question: In what year did Syd Owen start playing for England's football team?

question: On what date in 1953 did England's football team lose to Hungary?

text: 21 September

question: What was the score of England's football teams biggest win?


text: Yale University, one of the oldest universities in the United States, is a cultural referent as an institution that produces some of the most elite members of society and its grounds, alumni, and students have been prominently portrayed in fiction and U.S. popular culture. For example, Owen Johnson's novel, Stover at Yale, follows the college career of Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell, the model for all later juvenile sports fiction, plays football, baseball, crew, and track at Yale while solving mysteries and righting wrongs. Yale University also is featured in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby". The narrator, Nick Carraway, wrote a series of editorials for the Yale News, and Tom Buchanan was "one of the most powerful ends that ever played football" for Yale.

title: Yale_University

title: Yale_University

text: Yale

text: University

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: a

text: cultural

text: referent

text: as

text: an

text: institution

text: that

text: produces

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: elite

text: members

text: of

text: society

text: and

text: its

text: grounds

text: alumni

text: and

text: students

text: have

text: been

text: prominently

text: portrayed

text: in

text: fiction

text: and

text: U.S.

text: popular

text: culture

text: For

text: example

text: Owen

text: Johnson

text: 's

text: novel

text: Stover

text: at

text: Yale

text: follows

text: the

text: college

text: career

text: of

text: Dink

text: Stover

text: and

text: Frank

text: Merriwell

text: the

text: model

text: for

text: all

text: later

text: juvenile

text: sports

text: fiction

text: plays

text: football

text: baseball

text: crew

text: and

text: track

text: at

text: Yale

text: while

text: solving

text: mysteries

text: and

text: righting

text: wrongs

text: Yale

text: University

text: also

text: is

text: featured

text: in

text: F.

text: Scott

text: Fitzgerald

text: 's

text: novel

text: The

text: Great

text: Gatsby

text: The

text: narrator

text: Nick

text: Carraway

text: wrote

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: editorials

text: for

text: the

text: Yale

text: News

text: and

text: Tom

text: Buchanan

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: ends

text: that

text: ever

text: played

text: football

text: for

text: Yale

question: Who were the main characters in Stover at Yale?

answer: Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell

text: Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell

question: What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale a part of?

answer: The Great Gatsby

text: The Great Gatsby

question: What character in The Great Gatsby wrote editorials for the Yale News?

answer: Nick Carraway

text: Nick Carraway

question: What football playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?

answer: Tom Buchanan

text: Tom Buchanan

question: Who wrote the novel Stover at Yale?

answer: Owen Johnson

text: Owen Johnson

question: Who were the side characters in Stover at Yale?

text: Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell

question: What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale not a part of?

text: The Great Gatsby

question: What character in The Great Gatsby read editorials for the Yale News?

text: Nick Carraway

question: What baseball playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?

text: Tom Buchanan

question: Who read the novel Stover at Yale?

text: Owen Johnson


text: In a famous paper of 1936 with Garrett Birkhoff, the first work ever to introduce quantum logics, von Neumann and Birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics. The concept of creating a propositional calculus for quantum logic was first outlined in a short section in von Neumann's 1932 work, but in 1936, the need for the new propositional calculus was demonstrated through several proofs. For example, photons cannot pass through two successive filters that are polarized perpendicularly (e.g., one horizontally and the other vertically), and therefore, a fortiori, it cannot pass if a third filter polarized diagonally is added to the other two, either before or after them in the succession, but if the third filter is added in between the other two, the photons will, indeed, pass through. This experimental fact is translatable into logic as the non-commutativity of conjunction . It was also demonstrated that the laws of distribution of classical logic,  and , are not valid for quantum theory.

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: In

text: a

text: famous

text: paper

text: of

text: with

text: Garrett

text: Birkhoff

text: the

text: first

text: work

text: ever

text: to

text: introduce

text: quantum

text: logics

text: von

text: Neumann

text: and

text: Birkhoff

text: first

text: proved

text: that

text: quantum

text: mechanics

text: requires

text: a

text: propositional

text: calculus

text: substantially

text: different

text: from

text: all

text: classical

text: logics

text: and

text: rigorously

text: isolated

text: a

text: new

text: algebraic

text: structure

text: for

text: quantum

text: logics

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: creating

text: a

text: propositional

text: calculus

text: for

text: quantum

text: logic

text: was

text: first

text: outlined

text: in

text: a

text: short

text: section

text: in

text: von

text: Neumann

text: 's

text: work

text: but

text: in

text: the

text: need

text: for

text: the

text: new

text: propositional

text: calculus

text: was

text: demonstrated

text: through

text: several

text: proofs

text: For

text: example

text: photons

text: can

text: not

text: pass

text: through

text: two

text: successive

text: filters

text: that

text: are

text: polarized

text: perpendicularly

text: e.g.

text: one

text: horizontally

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: vertically

text: and

text: therefore

text: a

text: fortiori

text: it

text: can

text: not

text: pass

text: if

text: a

text: third

text: filter

text: polarized

text: diagonally

text: is

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: two

text: either

text: before

text: or

text: after

text: them

text: in

text: the

text: succession

text: but

text: if

text: the

text: third

text: filter

text: is

text: added

text: in

text: between

text: the

text: other

text: two

text: the

text: photons

text: will

text: indeed

text: pass

text: through

text: This

text: experimental

text: fact

text: is

text: translatable

text: into

text: logic

text: as

text: the

text: non

text: commutativity

text: of

text: conjunction

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: demonstrated

text: that

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: distribution

text: of

text: classical

text: logic

text: and

text: are

text: not

text: valid

text: for

text: quantum

text: theory

question: With whom did von Neuman work on a paper in 1936 that introduce quantum logic?

answer: Garrett Birkhoff

text: Garrett Birkhoff

question: What concept was created for quatum logic?

answer: propositional calculus

text: propositional calculus

question: What is the difference of logic in quantum theory?

answer: laws of distribution of classical logic,  and , are not valid for quantum theory

text: laws of distribution of classical logic,  and , are not valid for quantum theory


text: This period marks the first known spread of Buddhism beyond India. According to the edicts of Aśoka, emissaries were sent to various countries west of India to spread Buddhism (Dharma), particularly in eastern provinces of the neighboring Seleucid Empire, and even farther to Hellenistic kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: This

text: period

text: marks

text: the

text: first

text: known

text: spread

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: beyond

text: India

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: edicts

text: of

text: Aśoka

text: emissaries

text: were

text: sent

text: to

text: various

text: countries

text: west

text: of

text: India

text: to

text: spread

text: Buddhism

text: Dharma

text: particularly

text: in

text: eastern

text: provinces

text: of

text: the

text: neighboring

text: Seleucid

text: Empire

text: and

text: even

text: farther

text: to

text: Hellenistic

text: kingdoms

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: disagreement

text: among

text: scholars

text: whether

text: or

text: not

text: these

text: emissaries

text: were

text: accompanied

text: by

text: Buddhist

text: missionaries

question: Emissaries were sent to various countries to what direct from India?

answer: west

text: west

question: Scholars disagree on whether emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist what?

answer: missionaries

text: missionaries

question: What were the emissaries used for?

answer: to spread Buddhism

text: to spread Buddhism


text: The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: The

text: world

text: 's

text: first

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: the

text: Berg

text: Schola

text: Bergschule

text: established

text: in

text: Selmecbánya

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Hungary

text: by

text: the

text: Court

text: Chamber

text: of

text: Vienna

text: in

text: providing

text: Further

text: education

text: to

text: train

text: specialists

text: of

text: precious

text: metal

text: and

text: copper

text: mining

text: In

text: the

text: institute

text: ranked

text: up

text: to

text: be

text: Academia

text: providing

text: Higher

text: Education

text: courses

text: After

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Trianon

text: the

text: institute

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: moved

text: to

text: Sopron

question: What kind of mining did the world's first institute of technology prepare students for?

answer: copper

text: copper

question: What's the founding year of the first institute of technology ever?

answer: 1735

question: Who established the Berg-Schola?

answer: Court Chamber of Vienna

text: Court Chamber of Vienna


text: In 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for these compact weapons, and he argued against settling for the intermediate range missiles that the Army wanted. He was adamant that H-bombs delivered into the heart of enemy territory by an ICBM would be the most effective weapon possible, and that the relative inaccuracy of the missile wouldn't be a problem with an H-bomb. He said the Russians would probably be building a similar weapon system, which turned out to be the case. Despite his disagreement with Oppenheimer over the need for a crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb, he testified on the latter's behalf at the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing, at which he asserted that Oppenheimer was loyal, and praised him for his helpfulness once the program went ahead.

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: In

text: von

text: Neumann

text: became

text: a

text: commissioner

text: of

text: the

text: AEC

text: He

text: accepted

text: this

text: position

text: and

text: used

text: it

text: to

text: further

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: compact

text: hydrogen

text: bombs

text: suitable

text: for

text: Intercontinental

text: ballistic

text: missile

text: delivery

text: He

text: involved

text: himself

text: in

text: correcting

text: the

text: severe

text: shortage

text: of

text: tritium

text: and

text: lithium

text: needed

text: for

text: these

text: compact

text: weapons

text: and

text: he

text: argued

text: against

text: settling

text: for

text: the

text: intermediate

text: range

text: missiles

text: that

text: the

text: Army

text: wanted

text: He

text: was

text: adamant

text: that

text: H

text: bombs

text: delivered

text: into

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: enemy

text: territory

text: by

text: an

text: ICBM

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: most

text: effective

text: weapon

text: possible

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: relative

text: inaccuracy

text: of

text: the

text: missile

text: would

text: n't

text: be

text: a

text: problem

text: with

text: an

text: H

text: bomb

text: He

text: said

text: the

text: Russians

text: would

text: probably

text: be

text: building

text: a

text: similar

text: weapon

text: system

text: which

text: turned

text: out

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: case

text: Despite

text: his

text: disagreement

text: with

text: Oppenheimer

text: over

text: the

text: need

text: for

text: a

text: crash

text: program

text: to

text: develop

text: the

text: hydrogen

text: bomb

text: he

text: testified

text: on

text: the

text: latter

text: 's

text: behalf

text: at

text: the

text: Oppenheimer

text: security

text: hearing

text: at

text: which

text: he

text: asserted

text: that

text: Oppenheimer

text: was

text: loyal

text: and

text: praised

text: him

text: for

text: his

text: helpfulness

text: once

text: the

text: program

text: went

text: ahead

question: In what year did von Neumann become commissioner of the AEC?

answer: 1955

question: What were compact hydrogen bombs useful for?

answer: Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery

text: Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery

question: What was the concern with longer range ICBM with Hbomb?

answer: relative inaccuracy of the missile

text: relative inaccuracy of the missile

question: Von Neumann testified at whose hearing about loyalty and help?

answer: Oppenheimer

text: Oppenheimer


text: The proper recitation of the Quran is the subject of a separate discipline named tajwid which determines in detail how the Quran should be recited, how each individual syllable is to be pronounced, the need to pay attention to the places where there should be a pause, to elisions, where the pronunciation should be long or short, where letters should be sounded together and where they should be kept separate, etc. It may be said that this discipline studies the laws and methods of the proper recitation of the Quran and covers three main areas: the proper pronunciation of consonants and vowels (the articulation of the Quranic phonemes), the rules of pause in recitation and of resumption of recitation, and the musical and melodious features of recitation.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: The

text: proper

text: recitation

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: is

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: a

text: separate

text: discipline

text: named

text: tajwid

text: which

text: determines

text: in

text: detail

text: how

text: the

text: Quran

text: should

text: be

text: recited

text: how

text: each

text: individual

text: syllable

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: pronounced

text: the

text: need

text: to

text: pay

text: attention

text: to

text: the

text: places

text: where

text: there

text: should

text: be

text: a

text: pause

text: to

text: elisions

text: where

text: the

text: pronunciation

text: should

text: be

text: long

text: or

text: short

text: where

text: letters

text: should

text: be

text: sounded

text: together

text: and

text: where

text: they

text: should

text: be

text: kept

text: separate

text: etc

text: It

text: may

text: be

text: said

text: that

text: this

text: discipline

text: studies

text: the

text: laws

text: and

text: methods

text: of

text: the

text: proper

text: recitation

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: and

text: covers

text: three

text: main

text: areas

text: the

text: proper

text: pronunciation

text: of

text: consonants

text: and

text: vowels

text: the

text: articulation

text: of

text: the

text: Quranic

text: phonemes

text: the

text: rules

text: of

text: pause

text: in

text: recitation

text: and

text: of

text: resumption

text: of

text: recitation

text: and

text: the

text: musical

text: and

text: melodious

text: features

text: of

text: recitation

question: What discipline concerns the way the Quran is correctly recited?

answer: tajwid

text: tajwid

question: Tajwid deals with what aspect of the phonemes in the Quran?

answer: pronunciation

text: pronunciation

question: Tajwid describes rules for what noiseless aspect of articulating Quranic verses?

answer: pause in recitation

text: pause in recitation

question: Rhythm is an example of which features of Quranic recitation covered by tajwid?

answer: musical and melodious

text: musical and melodious

question: What discipline concerns the way the Quran is incorrectly recited?

text: tajwid

question: What discipline concerns the way the Quran is correctly unrecited?

text: tajwid

question: Tajwid describes rules for what noiseless aspect of inarticulating Quranic verses?

text: pause in recitation

question: Tajwid deals with what aspect of the phonemes in the Bible?

text: pronunciation

question: Rhythm is an example of which features of Quranic recitation uncovered by tajwid?

text: musical and melodious


text: A wrestler can win by knockout (sometimes referred to as a referee stoppage) if they do not resort to submission holds, but stills pummels their opponent to the point that they are unconscious or are unable to intelligently defend themselves. To check for a knockout in this manner, a referee will wave their hand in front of the wrestler's face; if the wrestler does not react in any way, the referee will award the victory to the other wrestler. If all the active wrestlers in a match are down inside the ring at the same time, the referee will begin a count (usually ten seconds, twenty in Japan). If nobody rises to their feet by the end of the count, the match is ruled a draw. Any participant who stands up in time will end the count for everyone else. In a Last Man Standing match, this form of a knockout is the only way that the match can end, so the referee will count when one or more wrestlers are down, and one wrestler standing up before the 10-count doesn't stop the count for another wrestler who is still down.

title: Professional_wrestling

title: Professional_wrestling

text: A

text: wrestler

text: can

text: win

text: by

text: knockout

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: a

text: referee

text: stoppage

text: if

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: resort

text: to

text: submission

text: holds

text: but

text: stills

text: pummels

text: their

text: opponent

text: to

text: the

text: point

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: unconscious

text: or

text: are

text: unable

text: to

text: intelligently

text: defend

text: themselves

text: To

text: check

text: for

text: a

text: knockout

text: in

text: this

text: manner

text: a

text: referee

text: will

text: wave

text: their

text: hand

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: wrestler

text: 's

text: face

text: if

text: the

text: wrestler

text: does

text: not

text: react

text: in

text: any

text: way

text: the

text: referee

text: will

text: award

text: the

text: victory

text: to

text: the

text: other

text: wrestler

text: If

text: all

text: the

text: active

text: wrestlers

text: in

text: a

text: match

text: are

text: down

text: inside

text: the

text: ring

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: referee

text: will

text: begin

text: a

text: count

text: usually

text: ten

text: seconds

text: twenty

text: in

text: Japan

text: If

text: nobody

text: rises

text: to

text: their

text: feet

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: count

text: the

text: match

text: is

text: ruled

text: a

text: draw

text: Any

text: participant

text: who

text: stands

text: up

text: in

text: time

text: will

text: end

text: the

text: count

text: for

text: everyone

text: else

text: In

text: a

text: Last

text: Man

text: Standing

text: match

text: this

text: form

text: of

text: a

text: knockout

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: way

text: that

text: the

text: match

text: can

text: end

text: so

text: the

text: referee

text: will

text: count

text: when

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: wrestlers

text: are

text: down

text: and

text: one

text: wrestler

text: standing

text: up

text: before

text: the

text: does

text: n't

text: stop

text: the

text: count

text: for

text: another

text: wrestler

text: who

text: is

text: still

text: down

question: How does a referee check for a knockout?

answer: a referee will wave their hand in front of the wrestler's face

text: a referee will wave their hand in front of the wrestler's face

question: What happens if all wrestlers are down?

answer: If nobody rises to their feet by the end of the count, the match is ruled a draw.

text: If nobody rises to their feet by the end of the count, the match is ruled a draw.

question: If all wrestlers are down, how long do they have to rise?

answer: usually ten seconds, twenty in Japan

text: usually ten seconds, twenty in Japan

question: What kind of match has to end in a knockout?

answer: Last Man Standing

text: Last Man Standing

question: What is another name for a knockout?

answer: referee stoppage

text: referee stoppage


text: Often, the migration route of a long-distance migrator bird doesn't follow a straight line between breeding and wintering grounds. Rather, it could follow an hooked or arched line, with detours around geographical barriers. For most land-birds, such barriers could consist in seas, large water bodies or high mountain ranges, because of the lack of stopover or feeding sites, or the lack of thermal columns for broad-winged birds.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Often

text: the

text: migration

text: route

text: of

text: a

text: long

text: distance

text: migrator

text: bird

text: does

text: n't

text: follow

text: a

text: straight

text: line

text: between

text: breeding

text: and

text: wintering

text: grounds

text: Rather

text: it

text: could

text: follow

text: an

text: hooked

text: or

text: arched

text: line

text: with

text: detours

text: around

text: geographical

text: barriers

text: For

text: most

text: land

text: birds

text: such

text: barriers

text: could

text: consist

text: in

text: seas

text: large

text: water

text: bodies

text: or

text: high

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: stopover

text: or

text: feeding

text: sites

text: or

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: thermal

text: columns

text: for

text: broad

text: winged

text: birds

question: What route does a migrating bird usually follow?

answer: an hooked or arched line

text: an hooked or arched line

question: What geographical barriers to land birds try to avoid?

answer: large water bodies or high mountain ranges

text: large water bodies or high mountain ranges

question: Why do migrating land birds avoid large water bodies or mountain ranges?

answer: the lack of stopover or feeding sites

text: the lack of stopover or feeding sites

question: Why do broad winged birds avoid geographical barriers?

answer: lack of thermal columns

text: lack of thermal columns


text: In 1991, several manufacturers announced specifications for what would become known as MUSE LaserDisc, representing a span of almost 15 years until the feats of this HD analog optical disc system would finally be duplicated digitally by HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc. Encoded using NHK's MUSE "Hi-Vision" analogue TV system, MUSE discs would operate like standard LaserDiscs but would contain high-definition 1,125-line (1,035 visible lines) (Sony HDVS) video with a 5:3 aspect ratio. The MUSE players were also capable of playing standard NTSC format discs and are superior in performance to non-MUSE players even with these NTSC discs. The MUSE-capable players had several noteworthy advantages over standard LaserDisc players, including a red laser with a much narrower wavelength than the lasers found in standard players. The red laser was capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out. Crosstalk was not an issue with MUSE discs, and the narrow wavelength of the laser allowed for the virtual elimination of crosstalk with normal discs.

title: LaserDisc

title: LaserDisc

text: In

text: several

text: manufacturers

text: announced

text: specifications

text: for

text: what

text: would

text: become

text: known

text: as

text: MUSE

text: LaserDisc

text: representing

text: a

text: span

text: of

text: almost

text: years

text: until

text: the

text: feats

text: of

text: this

text: HD

text: analog

text: optical

text: disc

text: system

text: would

text: finally

text: be

text: duplicated

text: digitally

text: by

text: HD

text: DVD

text: and

text: Blu

text: ray

text: Disc

text: Encoded

text: using

text: NHK

text: 's

text: MUSE

text: Hi

text: Vision

text: analogue

text: TV

text: system

text: MUSE

text: discs

text: would

text: operate

text: like

text: standard

text: LaserDiscs

text: but

text: would

text: contain

text: high

text: definition

text: visible

text: lines

text: Sony

text: HDVS

text: video

text: with

text: a

text: aspect

text: ratio

text: The

text: MUSE

text: players

text: were

text: also

text: capable

text: of

text: playing

text: standard

text: NTSC

text: format

text: discs

text: and

text: are

text: superior

text: in

text: performance

text: to

text: non

text: MUSE

text: players

text: even

text: with

text: these

text: NTSC

text: discs

text: The

text: MUSE

text: capable

text: players

text: had

text: several

text: noteworthy

text: advantages

text: over

text: standard

text: LaserDisc

text: players

text: including

text: a

text: red

text: laser

text: with

text: a

text: much

text: narrower

text: wavelength

text: than

text: the

text: lasers

text: found

text: in

text: standard

text: players

text: The

text: red

text: laser

text: was

text: capable

text: of

text: reading

text: through

text: disc

text: defects

text: such

text: as

text: scratches

text: and

text: even

text: mild

text: disc

text: rot

text: that

text: would

text: cause

text: most

text: other

text: players

text: to

text: stop

text: stutter

text: or

text: drop

text: out

text: Crosstalk

text: was

text: not

text: an

text: issue

text: with

text: MUSE

text: discs

text: and

text: the

text: narrow

text: wavelength

text: of

text: the

text: laser

text: allowed

text: for

text: the

text: virtual

text: elimination

text: of

text: crosstalk

text: with

text: normal

text: discs

question: With what operating ratio would MUSE Discs operate?

answer: 5:3

question: What benefits did the MUSE narrow wavelength red laser have?

answer: capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out

text: capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out

question: In addition to scratches and rot, what other common LaserDisc issue was to be eliminated by MUSE discs?

answer: Crosstalk

text: Crosstalk

question: How many years did it take Blu-ray and HD-DVD players to duplicate MUSE technology?

answer: almost 15 years

text: almost 15 years


text: In the medieval Islamic world, an elementary school was known as a maktab, which dates back to at least the 10th century. Like madaris (which referred to higher education), a maktab was often attached to an endowed mosque. In the 11th century, the famous Persian Islamic philosopher and teacher Ibn Sīnā (known as Avicenna in the West), in one of his books, wrote a chapter about the maktab entitled "The Role of the Teacher in the Training and Upbringing of Children," as a guide to teachers working at maktab schools. He wrote that children can learn better if taught in classes instead of individual tuition from private tutors, and he gave a number of reasons for why this is the case, citing the value of competition and emulation among pupils, as well as the usefulness of group discussions and debates. Ibn Sīnā described the curriculum of a maktab school in some detail, describing the curricula for two stages of education in a maktab school.

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: In

text: the

text: medieval

text: Islamic

text: world

text: an

text: elementary

text: school

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: maktab

text: which

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: century

text: Like

text: madaris

text: which

text: referred

text: to

text: higher

text: education

text: a

text: maktab

text: was

text: often

text: attached

text: to

text: an

text: endowed

text: mosque

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: famous

text: Persian

text: Islamic

text: philosopher

text: and

text: teacher

text: Ibn

text: Sīnā

text: known

text: as

text: Avicenna

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: books

text: wrote

text: a

text: chapter

text: about

text: the

text: maktab

text: entitled

text: The

text: Role

text: of

text: the

text: Teacher

text: in

text: the

text: Training

text: and

text: Upbringing

text: of

text: Children

text: as

text: a

text: guide

text: to

text: teachers

text: working

text: at

text: maktab

text: schools

text: He

text: wrote

text: that

text: children

text: can

text: learn

text: better

text: if

text: taught

text: in

text: classes

text: instead

text: of

text: individual

text: tuition

text: from

text: private

text: tutors

text: and

text: he

text: gave

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: reasons

text: for

text: why

text: this

text: is

text: the

text: case

text: citing

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: competition

text: and

text: emulation

text: among

text: pupils

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: usefulness

text: of

text: group

text: discussions

text: and

text: debates

text: Ibn

text: Sīnā

text: described

text: the

text: curriculum

text: of

text: a

text: maktab

text: school

text: in

text: some

text: detail

text: describing

text: the

text: curricula

text: for

text: two

text: stages

text: of

text: education

text: in

text: a

text: maktab

text: school

question: When were the first recorded Islamic elementary schools?

answer: 10th century

text: 10th century

question: What term refers to Islamic elementary schools?

answer: maktab

text: maktab

question: Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab teachers?

answer: Ibn Sīnā

text: Ibn Sīnā

question: What did Ibn Sina prefer over private tutors?

answer: classes

text: classes

question: How many component of education did Ibn Sina describe in their teachings?

answer: two

text: two

question: When were the last recorded Islamic elementary schools?

text: 10th century

question: What term refers to non-Islamic elementary schools?

text: maktab

question: Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab students?

text: Ibn Sīnā

question: What did Ibn Sina prefer over public schools?

text: private tutors

question: What's the third component of education from Ibn Sina?

text: competition and emulation


text: A struggle for succession in the mid-twelfth century gave the Fujiwara an opportunity to regain their former power. Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto (Hōgen Rebellion). In the end, the Fujiwara were destroyed, the old system of government supplanted, and the insei system left powerless as bushi took control of court affairs, marking a turning point in Japanese history. In 1159, the Taira and Minamoto clashed (Heiji Rebellion), and a twenty-year period of Taira ascendancy began.

title: Heian_period

title: Heian_period

text: A

text: struggle

text: for

text: succession

text: in

text: the

text: mid

text: twelfth

text: century

text: gave

text: the

text: Fujiwara

text: an

text: opportunity

text: to

text: regain

text: their

text: former

text: power

text: Fujiwara

text: no

text: Yorinaga

text: sided

text: with

text: the

text: retired

text: emperor

text: in

text: a

text: violent

text: battle

text: in

text: against

text: the

text: heir

text: apparent

text: who

text: was

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: Taira

text: and

text: Minamoto

text: Hōgen

text: Rebellion

text: In

text: the

text: end

text: the

text: Fujiwara

text: were

text: destroyed

text: the

text: old

text: system

text: of

text: government

text: supplanted

text: and

text: the

text: insei

text: system

text: left

text: powerless

text: as

text: bushi

text: took

text: control

text: of

text: court

text: affairs

text: marking

text: a

text: turning

text: point

text: in

text: Japanese

text: history

text: In

text: the

text: Taira

text: and

text: Minamoto

text: clashed

text: Heiji

text: Rebellion

text: and

text: a

text: twenty

text: year

text: period

text: of

text: Taira

text: ascendancy

text: began

question: What member of the Fujiwara attempted to rebel in the mid-twelfth century?

answer: Fujiwara no Yorinaga

text: Fujiwara no Yorinaga

question: What battle resulted in the destruction of the Fujiwara?

answer: Hōgen Rebellion

text: Hōgen Rebellion

question: What clans fought during the Heiji Rebellion?

answer: Taira and Minamoto

text: Taira and Minamoto

question: In what year did the Heiji Rebellion occur?

answer: 1159

question: After the Heiji Rebellion, what clan grew in power?

answer: Taira

text: Taira

question: What struggle occured in the 1200's?

text: A struggle for succession

question: Who had the opportunity to regain their former power in the 1200's?

text: the Fujiwara

question: In what year did no Yorinaga side with the emerors heir apparent?

question: Who supported the retired emperor in the 11th century?

text: no Yorinaga

question: What rebellion occured in the 11th century?

text: Hōgen Rebellion


text: With over 90 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab World, the third-most populous in Africa (after Nigeria and Ethiopia), and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: With

text: over

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: Egypt

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: country

text: in

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: the

text: Arab

text: World

text: the

text: third

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: Africa

text: after

text: Nigeria

text: and

text: Ethiopia

text: and

text: the

text: fifteenth

text: most

text: populous

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: great

text: majority

text: of

text: its

text: people

text: live

text: near

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: Nile

text: River

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: about

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: where

text: the

text: only

text: arable

text: land

text: is

text: found

text: The

text: large

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: Sahara

text: desert

text: which

text: constitute

text: most

text: of

text: Egypt

text: 's

text: territory

text: are

text: sparsely

text: inhabited

text: About

text: half

text: of

text: Egypt

text: 's

text: residents

text: live

text: in

text: urban

text: areas

text: with

text: most

text: spread

text: across

text: the

text: densely

text: populated

text: centres

text: of

text: greater

text: Cairo

text: Alexandria

text: and

text: other

text: major

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: Nile

text: Delta

question: How many inhabitants does Egypt have?

answer: over 90 million

text: over 90 million

question: What is the rank of Egypt popultaion among African nations?

answer: third-most populous in Africa

text: third-most populous in Africa

question: Majority of Egypt people live near what river?

answer: Nile River

text: Nile River

question: What desert constitutes most of Egypt territory?

answer: Sahara desert

text: Sahara desert


text: While textual criticism developed into a discipline of thorough analysis of the Bible — both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament — scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible, so scholars can use stemmatics and, in some cases, copy text editing. However, unlike the New Testament where the earliest witnesses are within 200 years of the original, the earliest existing manuscripts of most classical texts were written about a millennium after their composition. All things being equal, textual scholars expect that a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text.

title: Textual_criticism

title: Textual_criticism

text: While

text: textual

text: criticism

text: developed

text: into

text: a

text: discipline

text: of

text: thorough

text: analysis

text: of

text: the

text: Bible

text: both

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: and

text: the

text: New

text: Testament

text: scholars

text: also

text: use

text: it

text: to

text: determine

text: the

text: original

text: content

text: of

text: classic

text: texts

text: such

text: as

text: Plato

text: 's

text: Republic

text: There

text: are

text: far

text: fewer

text: witnesses

text: to

text: classical

text: texts

text: than

text: to

text: the

text: Bible

text: so

text: scholars

text: can

text: use

text: stemmatics

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: copy

text: text

text: editing

text: However

text: unlike

text: the

text: New

text: Testament

text: where

text: the

text: earliest

text: witnesses

text: are

text: within

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: the

text: earliest

text: existing

text: manuscripts

text: of

text: most

text: classical

text: texts

text: were

text: written

text: about

text: a

text: millennium

text: after

text: their

text: composition

text: All

text: things

text: being

text: equal

text: textual

text: scholars

text: expect

text: that

text: a

text: larger

text: time

text: gap

text: between

text: an

text: original

text: and

text: a

text: manuscript

text: means

text: more

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: text

question: Does the Bible or Plato's Republic have more witnesses?

answer: There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible

text: There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible

question: What's the gap between original Christian texts and subsequent editions of the same works?

answer: within 200 years

text: within 200 years

question: What's the gap between original classical texts and subsequent editions of the same works?

answer: about a millennium after their composition

text: about a millennium after their composition

question: How does the expanse of time correlate to authenticity with regard to original and subsequent versions of texts?

answer: a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text.

text: a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text.

question: Plato's Republic has more witnesses than what?

text: Bible

question: The Bible has fewer witnesses than what types of work?

text: classic texts

question: When were the latest witnesses of the New Testament?

text: within 200 years of the original

question: Textual scholars expect there to be a smaller time gap between an original and what?

text: manuscript

question: There are fewer changes in a text when there is a larger what?

text: larger time gap


text: One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

text: One

text: recent

text: proponent

text: of

text: the

text: laws

text: solution

text: is

text: Tim

text: Maudlin

text: who

text: argues

text: that

text: the

text: fundamental

text: laws

text: of

text: physics

text: are

text: laws

text: of

text: temporal

text: evolution

text: see

text: Maudlin

text: However

text: elsewhere

text: Maudlin

text: argues

text: the

text: passage

text: of

text: time

text: is

text: an

text: intrinsic

text: asymmetry

text: in

text: the

text: temporal

text: structure

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: asymmetry

text: that

text: grounds

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: sequences

text: that

text: runs

text: from

text: past

text: to

text: future

text: and

text: sequences

text: which

text: run

text: from

text: future

text: to

text: past

text: ibid

text: edition

text: p.

text: Thus

text: it

text: is

text: arguably

text: difficult

text: to

text: assess

text: whether

text: Maudlin

text: is

text: suggesting

text: that

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: time

text: is

text: a

text: consequence

text: of

text: the

text: laws

text: or

text: is

text: itself

text: primitive

question: Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution?

answer: Tim Maudlin

text: Tim Maudlin

question: Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry?

answer: intrinsic

text: intrinsic

question: What grounds the distinction between sequences?

answer: asymmetry

text: asymmetry

question: Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time?

answer: Maudlin

text: Maudlin

question: Who oposses the laws solution?

text: Tim Maudlin

question: Who says that the laws of physics are not laws of temporal evolution?

text: Tim Maudlin

question: What does Maudlin claim time is not in the structure of the world?

text: an intrinsic asymmetry

question: What does the symetry in the temoral structure of the world ground?


text: With high cost of labor in developed countries, production automation has become increasingly popular. Rather than being assembled by hand, mosaics designed using computer aided design (CAD) software can be assembled by a robot. Production can be greater than 10 times faster with higher accuracy. But these "computer" mosaics have a different look than hand-made "artisanal" mosaics. With robotic production, colored tiles are loaded into buffers, and then the robot picks and places tiles individually according to a command file from the design software.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: With

text: high

text: cost

text: of

text: labor

text: in

text: developed

text: countries

text: production

text: automation

text: has

text: become

text: increasingly

text: popular

text: Rather

text: than

text: being

text: assembled

text: by

text: hand

text: mosaics

text: designed

text: using

text: computer

text: aided

text: design

text: CAD

text: software

text: can

text: be

text: assembled

text: by

text: a

text: robot

text: Production

text: can

text: be

text: greater

text: than

text: times

text: faster

text: with

text: higher

text: accuracy

text: But

text: these

text: computer

text: mosaics

text: have

text: a

text: different

text: look

text: than

text: hand

text: made

text: artisanal

text: mosaics

text: With

text: robotic

text: production

text: colored

text: tiles

text: are

text: loaded

text: into

text: buffers

text: and

text: then

text: the

text: robot

text: picks

text: and

text: places

text: tiles

text: individually

text: according

text: to

text: a

text: command

text: file

text: from

text: the

text: design

text: software

question: Why has production automation become popular?

answer: high cost of labor in developed countries

text: high cost of labor in developed countries

question: Which software can aid in the design of robotically created mosaics?

answer: CAD

text: CAD

question: How much faster is automated creation over handmade?

answer: 10 times faster

text: 10 times faster

question: How does the robot pick the tiles it places?

answer: a command file

text: a command file

question: What is not the same between hand made and robotic amde mosaics?

answer: different look

text: different look


text: The Palacio Taranco is located in front of the Plaza Zabala, in the heart of Ciudad Vieja. It was erected in the early 20th century as the residence of the Ortiz Taranco brothers on the ruins of Montevideo's first theatre (of 1793), during a period in which the architectural style was influenced by French architecture. The palace was designed by French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot León who also designed the Petit Palais and the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It passed to the city from the heirs of the Tarancos in 1943, along with its precious collection of Uruguayan furniture and draperies and was deemed by the city as an ideal place for a museum; in 1972 it became the Museum of Decorative Arts of Montevideo and in 1975 it became a National Heritage Site. The Decorative Arts Museum has an important collection of European paintings and decorative arts, ancient Greek and Roman art and Islamic ceramics of the 10th–18th century from the area of present-day Iran. The palace is often used as a meeting place by the Uruguayan government.

title: Montevideo

title: Montevideo

text: The

text: Palacio

text: Taranco

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: Plaza

text: Zabala

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: Ciudad

text: Vieja

text: It

text: was

text: erected

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: as

text: the

text: residence

text: of

text: the

text: Ortiz

text: Taranco

text: brothers

text: on

text: the

text: ruins

text: of

text: Montevideo

text: 's

text: first

text: theatre

text: of

text: during

text: a

text: period

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: architectural

text: style

text: was

text: influenced

text: by

text: French

text: architecture

text: The

text: palace

text: was

text: designed

text: by

text: French

text: architects

text: Charles

text: Louis

text: Girault

text: and

text: Jules

text: Chifflot

text: León

text: who

text: also

text: designed

text: the

text: Petit

text: Palais

text: and

text: the

text: Arc

text: de

text: Triomphe

text: in

text: Paris

text: It

text: passed

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: from

text: the

text: heirs

text: of

text: the

text: Tarancos

text: in

text: along

text: with

text: its

text: precious

text: collection

text: of

text: Uruguayan

text: furniture

text: and

text: draperies

text: and

text: was

text: deemed

text: by

text: the

text: city

text: as

text: an

text: ideal

text: place

text: for

text: a

text: museum

text: in

text: it

text: became

text: the

text: Museum

text: of

text: Decorative

text: Arts

text: of

text: Montevideo

text: and

text: in

text: it

text: became

text: a

text: National

text: Heritage

text: Site

text: The

text: Decorative

text: Arts

text: Museum

text: has

text: an

text: important

text: collection

text: of

text: European

text: paintings

text: and

text: decorative

text: arts

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: and

text: Roman

text: art

text: and

text: Islamic

text: ceramics

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: from

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: present

text: day

text: Iran

text: The

text: palace

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: meeting

text: place

text: by

text: the

text: Uruguayan

text: government

question: Where is the Palacio Taranco located?

answer: the heart of Ciudad Vieja

text: the heart of Ciudad Vieja

question: When was the Palacio Taranco erected?

answer: early 20th century

text: early 20th century

question: The Palacio Taranco was erected to be the residence for whom?

answer: Ortiz Taranco brothers

text: Ortiz Taranco brothers

question: Who designed the Palacio Taranco?

answer: French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot León

text: French architects Charles Louis Girault and Jules Chifflot León


text: People of all ages attend, and many often move on to becoming imams.[citation needed] The certificate of an ʻālim, for example, requires approximately twelve years of study.[citation needed] A good number of the ḥuffāẓ (plural of ḥāfiẓ) are the product of the madaris. The madaris also resemble colleges, where people take evening classes and reside in dormitories. An important function of the madaris is to admit orphans and poor children in order to provide them with education and training. Madaris may enroll female students; however, they study separately from the men.[citation needed]

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: People

text: of

text: all

text: ages

text: attend

text: and

text: many

text: often

text: move

text: on

text: to

text: becoming

text: imams.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: certificate

text: of

text: an

text: ʻālim

text: for

text: example

text: requires

text: approximately

text: twelve

text: years

text: of

text: study.[citation

text: needed

text: A

text: good

text: number

text: of

text: the

text: ḥuffāẓ

text: plural

text: of

text: ḥāfiẓ

text: are

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: the

text: madaris

text: The

text: madaris

text: also

text: resemble

text: colleges

text: where

text: people

text: take

text: evening

text: classes

text: and

text: reside

text: in

text: dormitories

text: An

text: important

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: madaris

text: is

text: to

text: admit

text: orphans

text: and

text: poor

text: children

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: provide

text: them

text: with

text: education

text: and

text: training

text: Madaris

text: may

text: enroll

text: female

text: students

text: however

text: they

text: study

text: separately

text: from

text: the

text: men.[citation

text: needed

question: What age groups are usually enrolled in madaris?

answer: all ages

text: all ages

question: How long does someone have to be enrolled in alim courses to earn a certificate or graduate?

answer: approximately twelve years

text: approximately twelve years

question: In what ways are madaris similar to western colleges?

answer: people take evening classes and reside in dormitories

text: people take evening classes and reside in dormitories

question: Why do madaris extend enrollment to children of less fortunate circumstances?

answer: provide them with education and training

text: provide them with education and training

question: What is the format for co-education for women in madaris?

answer: they study separately from the men

text: they study separately from the men

question: What age groups are never enrolled in madaris?

text: all ages

question: How long does someone have to be enrolled in alim courses before they can drop out?

text: approximately twelve years

question: In what ways are madaris similar to eastern colleges?

question: Why do madaris extend enrollment to rich children?

question: What is the format for co-education for adults in madaris?

text: they study separately


text: The existence of the early state of Shu was poorly recorded in the main historical records of China. It was, however, referred to in the Book of Documents as an ally of the Zhou. Accounts of Shu exist mainly as a mixture of mythological stories and historical legends recorded in local annals such as the Chronicles of Huayang compiled in the Jin dynasty (265–420), with folk stories such as that of Emperor Duyu (杜宇) who taught the people agriculture and transformed himself into a cuckoo after his death. The existence of a highly developed civilization with an independent bronze industry in Sichuan eventually came to light with an archaeological discovery in 1986 at a small village named Sanxingdui in Guanghan, Sichuan. This site, believed to be an ancient city of Shu, was initially discovered by a local farmer in 1929 who found jade and stone artefacts. Excavations by archaeologists in the area yielded few significant finds until 1986 when two major sacrificial pits were found with spectacular bronze items as well as artefacts in jade, gold, earthenware, and stone. This and other discoveries in Sichuan contest the conventional historiography that the local culture and technology of Sichuan were undeveloped in comparison to the technologically and culturally "advanced" Yellow River valley of north-central China. The name Shu continues to be used to refer to Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day.

title: Sichuan

title: Sichuan

text: The

text: existence

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: state

text: of

text: Shu

text: was

text: poorly

text: recorded

text: in

text: the

text: main

text: historical

text: records

text: of

text: China

text: It

text: was

text: however

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: the

text: Book

text: of

text: Documents

text: as

text: an

text: ally

text: of

text: the

text: Zhou

text: Accounts

text: of

text: Shu

text: exist

text: mainly

text: as

text: a

text: mixture

text: of

text: mythological

text: stories

text: and

text: historical

text: legends

text: recorded

text: in

text: local

text: annals

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Chronicles

text: of

text: Huayang

text: compiled

text: in

text: the

text: Jin

text: dynasty

text: with

text: folk

text: stories

text: such

text: as

text: that

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Duyu

text: 杜宇

text: who

text: taught

text: the

text: people

text: agriculture

text: and

text: transformed

text: himself

text: into

text: a

text: cuckoo

text: after

text: his

text: death

text: The

text: existence

text: of

text: a

text: highly

text: developed

text: civilization

text: with

text: an

text: independent

text: bronze

text: industry

text: in

text: Sichuan

text: eventually

text: came

text: to

text: light

text: with

text: an

text: archaeological

text: discovery

text: in

text: at

text: a

text: small

text: village

text: named

text: Sanxingdui

text: in

text: Guanghan

text: Sichuan

text: This

text: site

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: ancient

text: city

text: of

text: Shu

text: was

text: initially

text: discovered

text: by

text: a

text: local

text: farmer

text: in

text: who

text: found

text: jade

text: and

text: stone

text: artefacts

text: Excavations

text: by

text: archaeologists

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: yielded

text: few

text: significant

text: finds

text: until

text: when

text: two

text: major

text: sacrificial

text: pits

text: were

text: found

text: with

text: spectacular

text: bronze

text: items

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: artefacts

text: in

text: jade

text: gold

text: earthenware

text: and

text: stone

text: This

text: and

text: other

text: discoveries

text: in

text: Sichuan

text: contest

text: the

text: conventional

text: historiography

text: that

text: the

text: local

text: culture

text: and

text: technology

text: of

text: Sichuan

text: were

text: undeveloped

text: in

text: comparison

text: to

text: the

text: technologically

text: and

text: culturally

text: advanced

text: Yellow

text: River

text: valley

text: of

text: north

text: central

text: China

text: The

text: name

text: Shu

text: continues

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: Sichuan

text: in

text: subsequent

text: periods

text: in

text: Chinese

text: history

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: present

text: day

question: What did Emperor  Duyu transform himself into after his death?

answer: a cuckoo

text: a cuckoo

question: What does the name Shu refer to?

answer: Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day.

text: Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day.

question: When was the site believed to be ancient city of Shu discovered, and by whom?

answer: a local farmer in 1929

text: a local farmer in 1929

question: The Shu were an ally of who, according to the Book of Documents?

answer: the Zhou

text: the Zhou

question: When were the Chronicles of Huayang compiled?

answer: the Jin dynasty (265–420)

text: the Jin dynasty (265–420)

question: What civilization is well documented in China's historical records?

text: Shu

question: What book is one of the only written refrences to Zhou?

text: the Book of Documents

question: What local annual refers to Zhou in a mixture of myths and historical legends?

text: Chronicles of Huayang

question: What iron age city was discovered in 1986?

text: Shu

question: What civilization was Sichuan less developed than?

text: Yellow River valley


text: Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool; as did the Soviet Union, which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989–1991.

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: Pan

text: Slavism

text: a

text: movement

text: which

text: came

text: into

text: prominence

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: emphasized

text: the

text: common

text: heritage

text: and

text: unity

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: Slavic

text: peoples

text: The

text: main

text: focus

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: Balkans

text: where

text: the

text: South

text: Slavs

text: had

text: been

text: ruled

text: for

text: centuries

text: by

text: other

text: empires

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: Austria

text: Hungary

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: and

text: Venice

text: The

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: used

text: Pan

text: Slavism

text: as

text: a

text: political

text: tool

text: as

text: did

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: which

text: gained

text: political

text: military

text: influence

text: and

text: control

text: over

text: most

text: Slavic

text: majority

text: nations

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: retained

text: a

text: hegemonic

text: role

text: until

text: the

text: period

question: What movement came into prominence in the mid-19th century that emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples?

answer: Pan-Slavism

text: Pan-Slavism

question: Where was the main focus of Pan-Slavism?

answer: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice

text: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice

question: Who used Pan-Slavism as a political tool?

answer: The Russian Empire

text: The Russian Empire

question: When did the Soviet Union gain political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations?

answer: between 1945 and 1948

text: between 1945 and 1948

question: How long did the Soviet Union retain a hegemonic role?

answer: until the period 1989–1991

text: until the period 1989–1991

question: Who did the South Slavs rule over?

question: When did Venice gain power over Slavic-majority nations?

text: between 1945 and 1948

question: What type of role did Slavic nations play between 1989-1991?

text: hegemonic

question: Which area was the first to use Pan-Slavism as a political tool?

text: Balkans

question: What did Austria-Hungary use pan-slavism for?

text: a political tool


text: The coastline of Norfolk Island consists, to varying degrees, of cliff faces. A downward slope exists towards Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay, the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston. There are no safe harbour facilities on Norfolk Island, with loading jetties existing at Kingston and Cascade Bay. All goods not domestically produced are brought in by ship, usually to Cascade Bay. Emily Bay, protected from the Pacific Ocean by a small coral reef, is the only safe area for recreational swimming, although surfing waves can be found at Anson and Ball Bays.

title: Norfolk_Island

title: Norfolk_Island

text: The

text: coastline

text: of

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: consists

text: to

text: varying

text: degrees

text: of

text: cliff

text: faces

text: A

text: downward

text: slope

text: exists

text: towards

text: Slaughter

text: Bay

text: and

text: Emily

text: Bay

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: colonial

text: settlement

text: of

text: Kingston

text: There

text: are

text: no

text: safe

text: harbour

text: facilities

text: on

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: with

text: loading

text: jetties

text: existing

text: at

text: Kingston

text: and

text: Cascade

text: Bay

text: All

text: goods

text: not

text: domestically

text: produced

text: are

text: brought

text: in

text: by

text: ship

text: usually

text: to

text: Cascade

text: Bay

text: Emily

text: Bay

text: protected

text: from

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: by

text: a

text: small

text: coral

text: reef

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: safe

text: area

text: for

text: recreational

text: swimming

text: although

text: surfing

text: waves

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: at

text: Anson

text: and

text: Ball

text: Bays

question: What is the coastline of Norfolk made of?

answer: cliff faces

text: cliff faces

question: Where is the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston, Norfolk Islands, currently located?

answer: Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay

text: Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay

question: How are goods imported to Norfolk Island?

answer: by ship

text: by ship

question: Where are imported goods usually sent on Norfolk Island?

answer: Cascade Bay

text: Cascade Bay

question: Where can you go to surf on Norfolk Island?

answer: Anson and Ball Bays

text: Anson and Ball Bays

question: What is the center of Norfolk made of?

text: cliff faces

question: Where is the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston, Norfolk Islands, going to be relocated?

text: Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay

question: How are goods stolen from Norfolk Island?

text: by ship

question: Where are imported goods usually stolen on Norfolk Island?

text: Cascade Bay

question: Where can you illegally surf on Norfolk Island?

text: Anson and Ball Bays


text: Libya began to turn towards socialism. In March 1978, the government issued guidelines for housing redistribution, attempting to ensure the population that every adult Libyan owned his own home and that nobody was enslaved to paying their rent. Most families were banned from owning more than one house, while former rental properties were seized and sold to the tenants at a heavily subsidized price. In September, Gaddafi called for the People's Committees to eliminate the "bureaucracy of the public sector" and the "dictatorship of the private sector"; the People's Committees took control of several hundred companies, converting them into worker cooperatives run by elected representatives.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: Libya

text: began

text: to

text: turn

text: towards

text: socialism

text: In

text: March

text: the

text: government

text: issued

text: guidelines

text: for

text: housing

text: redistribution

text: attempting

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: population

text: that

text: every

text: adult

text: Libyan

text: owned

text: his

text: own

text: home

text: and

text: that

text: nobody

text: was

text: enslaved

text: to

text: paying

text: their

text: rent

text: Most

text: families

text: were

text: banned

text: from

text: owning

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: house

text: while

text: former

text: rental

text: properties

text: were

text: seized

text: and

text: sold

text: to

text: the

text: tenants

text: at

text: a

text: heavily

text: subsidized

text: price

text: In

text: September

text: Gaddafi

text: called

text: for

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Committees

text: to

text: eliminate

text: the

text: bureaucracy

text: of

text: the

text: public

text: sector

text: and

text: the

text: dictatorship

text: of

text: the

text: private

text: sector

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Committees

text: took

text: control

text: of

text: several

text: hundred

text: companies

text: converting

text: them

text: into

text: worker

text: cooperatives

text: run

text: by

text: elected

text: representatives

question: In September of 1978, what bureaucracy did Gaddafi speak out against?

answer: public sector

text: public sector

question: What "dictatorship" did Gaddafi attack in September of 1978?

answer: private sector

text: private sector

question: After People's Committees expropriated companies, what did they turn them into?

answer: worker cooperatives

text: worker cooperatives

question: How many companies were taken over by People's Committees?

answer: several hundred

text: several hundred


text: Despite delays in some countries, the number of European HD channels and viewers has risen steadily since the first HDTV broadcasts, with SES's annual Satellite Monitor market survey for 2010 reporting more than 200 commercial channels broadcasting in HD from Astra satellites, 185 million HD capable TVs sold in Europe (£60 million in 2010 alone), and 20 million households (27% of all European digital satellite TV homes) watching HD satellite broadcasts (16 million via Astra satellites).

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: Despite

text: delays

text: in

text: some

text: countries

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: European

text: HD

text: channels

text: and

text: viewers

text: has

text: risen

text: steadily

text: since

text: the

text: first

text: HDTV

text: broadcasts

text: with

text: SES

text: 's

text: annual

text: Satellite

text: Monitor

text: market

text: survey

text: for

text: reporting

text: more

text: than

text: commercial

text: channels

text: broadcasting

text: in

text: HD

text: from

text: Astra

text: satellites

text: million

text: HD

text: capable

text: TVs

text: sold

text: in

text: Europe

text: million

text: in

text: alone

text: and

text: million

text: households

text: of

text: all

text: European

text: digital

text: satellite

text: TV

text: homes

text: watching

text: HD

text: satellite

text: broadcasts

text: million

text: via

text: Astra

text: satellites

question: According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many HD capable TV's were sold in Europe?

answer: 185 million

text: 185 million

question: According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many European households were watching HD broadcasts?

answer: 20 million

text: 20 million

question: How many pounds were spent in Europe on HD capable TVs in 2010?

answer: £60 million

text: £60 million

question: What percentage of European digital satellite TV homes were watching HD broadcasts in 2010?

answer: 27%

question: The number of European HD channels and viewers has done what since the first HDTV broadcasts?

answer: risen steadily

text: risen steadily

question: According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many SD capable TV's were sold in Europe?

text: 185 million

question: According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many European households were watching SD broadcasts?

text: 20 million

question: How many pounds were spent in Europe on SD capable TVs in 2010?

text: 60 million

question: What percentage of European digital satellite TV homes were watching SD broadcasts in 2010?

question: The number of European HD channels and viewers has done what since the first SDTV broadcasts?

text: risen steadily


text: Following his triumph, Napoleon imposed the first elements of the Continental System through the Berlin Decree issued in November 1806. The Continental System, which prohibited European nations from trading with Britain, was widely violated throughout his reign. In the next few months, Napoleon marched against the advancing Russian armies through Poland and was involved in the bloody stalemate at the Battle of Eylau in February 1807. After a period of rest and consolidation on both sides, the war restarted in June with an initial struggle at Heilsberg that proved indecisive. On 14 June, however, Napoleon finally obtained an overwhelming victory over the Russians at the Battle of Friedland, wiping out the majority of the Russian army in a very bloody struggle. The scale of their defeat convinced the Russians to make peace with the French. On 19 June, Czar Alexander sent an envoy to seek an armistice with Napoleon. The latter assured the envoy that the Vistula River represented the natural borders between French and Russian influence in Europe. On that basis, the two emperors began peace negotiations at the town of Tilsit after meeting on an iconic raft on the River Niemen. The very first thing Alexander said to Napoleon was probably well-calibrated: "I hate the English as much as you do."

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Following

text: his

text: triumph

text: Napoleon

text: imposed

text: the

text: first

text: elements

text: of

text: the

text: Continental

text: System

text: through

text: the

text: Berlin

text: Decree

text: issued

text: in

text: November

text: The

text: Continental

text: System

text: which

text: prohibited

text: European

text: nations

text: from

text: trading

text: with

text: Britain

text: was

text: widely

text: violated

text: throughout

text: his

text: reign

text: In

text: the

text: next

text: few

text: months

text: Napoleon

text: marched

text: against

text: the

text: advancing

text: Russian

text: armies

text: through

text: Poland

text: and

text: was

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: bloody

text: stalemate

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Eylau

text: in

text: February

text: After

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: rest

text: and

text: consolidation

text: on

text: both

text: sides

text: the

text: war

text: restarted

text: in

text: June

text: with

text: an

text: initial

text: struggle

text: at

text: Heilsberg

text: that

text: proved

text: indecisive

text: On

text: June

text: however

text: Napoleon

text: finally

text: obtained

text: an

text: overwhelming

text: victory

text: over

text: the

text: Russians

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Friedland

text: wiping

text: out

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: army

text: in

text: a

text: very

text: bloody

text: struggle

text: The

text: scale

text: of

text: their

text: defeat

text: convinced

text: the

text: Russians

text: to

text: make

text: peace

text: with

text: the

text: French

text: On

text: June

text: Czar

text: Alexander

text: sent

text: an

text: envoy

text: to

text: seek

text: an

text: armistice

text: with

text: Napoleon

text: The

text: latter

text: assured

text: the

text: envoy

text: that

text: the

text: Vistula

text: River

text: represented

text: the

text: natural

text: borders

text: between

text: French

text: and

text: Russian

text: influence

text: in

text: Europe

text: On

text: that

text: basis

text: the

text: two

text: emperors

text: began

text: peace

text: negotiations

text: at

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Tilsit

text: after

text: meeting

text: on

text: an

text: iconic

text: raft

text: on

text: the

text: River

text: Niemen

text: The

text: very

text: first

text: thing

text: Alexander

text: said

text: to

text: Napoleon

text: was

text: probably

text: well

text: calibrated

text: I

text: hate

text: the

text: English

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: you

text: do

question: In what 1806 proclamation did Napoleon begin to impose the Continental System?

answer: the Berlin Decree

text: the Berlin Decree

question: What was the system Napoleon imposed though the Berlin Decree?

answer: The Continental System

text: The Continental System

question: When was the Berlin Decree issued?

answer: November 1806

text: November 1806

question: In what year was the Battle of Eylau?

answer: 1807

question: In what 14 June conflict did Napoleon win a decisive victory over the Russians?

answer: the Battle of Friedland

text: the Battle of Friedland


text: Zen Buddhist teaching is often full of paradox, in order to loosen the grip of the ego and to facilitate the penetration into the realm of the True Self or Formless Self, which is equated with the Buddha himself.[note 14] According to Zen master Kosho Uchiyama, when thoughts and fixation on the little "I" are transcended, an Awakening to a universal, non-dual Self occurs: "When we let go of thoughts and wake up to the reality of life that is working beyond them, we discover the Self that is living universal non-dual life (before the separation into two) that pervades all living creatures and all existence." Thinking and thought must therefore not be allowed to confine and bind one.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Zen

text: Buddhist

text: teaching

text: is

text: often

text: full

text: of

text: paradox

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: loosen

text: the

text: grip

text: of

text: the

text: ego

text: and

text: to

text: facilitate

text: the

text: penetration

text: into

text: the

text: realm

text: of

text: the

text: True

text: Self

text: or

text: Formless

text: Self

text: which

text: is

text: equated

text: with

text: the

text: Buddha

text: himself.[note

text: According

text: to

text: Zen

text: master

text: Kosho

text: Uchiyama

text: when

text: thoughts

text: and

text: fixation

text: on

text: the

text: little

text: I

text: are

text: transcended

text: an

text: Awakening

text: to

text: a

text: universal

text: non

text: dual

text: Self

text: occurs

text: When

text: we

text: let

text: go

text: of

text: thoughts

text: and

text: wake

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: reality

text: of

text: life

text: that

text: is

text: working

text: beyond

text: them

text: we

text: discover

text: the

text: Self

text: that

text: is

text: living

text: universal

text: non

text: dual

text: life

text: before

text: the

text: separation

text: into

text: two

text: that

text: pervades

text: all

text: living

text: creatures

text: and

text: all

text: existence

text: Thinking

text: and

text: thought

text: must

text: therefore

text: not

text: be

text: allowed

text: to

text: confine

text: and

text: bind

text: one

question: What Buddhist teachings are often full of paradox?

answer: Zen

text: Zen

question: What type of self is equated with the Buddha?

answer: True Self

text: True Self

question: What is not allowed to confine and bind oneself?

answer: Thinking and thought

text: Thinking and thought


text: Richmond is located at 37°32′N 77°28′W / 37.533°N 77.467°W / 37.533; -77.467 (37.538, −77.462). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 62 square miles (160 km2), of which 60 square miles (160 km2) is land and 2.7 square miles (7.0 km2) of it (4.3%) is water. The city is located in the Piedmont region of Virginia, at the highest navigable point of the James River. The Piedmont region is characterized by relatively low, rolling hills, and lies between the low, sea level Tidewater region and the Blue Ridge Mountains. Significant bodies of water in the region include the James River, the Appomattox River, and the Chickahominy River.

title: Richmond,_Virginia

title: Richmond,_Virginia

text: Richmond

text: is

text: located

text: at

text: N

text: W

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: a

text: total

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: miles

text: of

text: which

text: square

text: miles

text: is

text: land

text: and

text: square

text: miles

text: of

text: it

text: is

text: water

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Piedmont

text: region

text: of

text: Virginia

text: at

text: the

text: highest

text: navigable

text: point

text: of

text: the

text: James

text: River

text: The

text: Piedmont

text: region

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: relatively

text: low

text: rolling

text: hills

text: and

text: lies

text: between

text: the

text: low

text: sea

text: level

text: Tidewater

text: region

text: and

text: the

text: Blue

text: Ridge

text: Mountains

text: Significant

text: bodies

text: of

text: water

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: include

text: the

text: James

text: River

text: the

text: Appomattox

text: River

text: and

text: the

text: Chickahominy

text: River

question: How many square kilometers is Richmond?

answer: 160

question: How many square miles of Richmond is water?

answer: 2.7

question: What percentage of Richmond is made up of water?

answer: 4.3

question: In which of Virginia's regions is Richmond?

answer: Piedmont

text: Piedmont

question: Along with the James and the Chickahominy, what is a notable river in the area near Richmond?

answer: Appomattox

text: Appomattox