text: Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists. Birds' feeding strategies vary by species. Many birds glean for insects, invertebrates, fruit, or seeds. Some hunt insects by suddenly attacking from a branch. Those species that seek pest insects are considered beneficial 'biological control agents' and their presence encouraged in biological pest control programs. Nectar feeders such as hummingbirds, sunbirds, lories, and lorikeets amongst others have specially adapted brushy tongues and in many cases bills designed to fit co-adapted flowers. Kiwis and shorebirds with long bills probe for invertebrates; shorebirds' varied bill lengths and feeding methods result in the separation of ecological niches. Loons, diving ducks, penguins and auks pursue their prey underwater, using their wings or feet for propulsion, while aerial predators such as sulids, kingfishers and terns plunge dive after their prey. Flamingos, three species of prion, and some ducks are filter feeders. Geese and dabbling ducks are primarily grazers.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: Birds

text: that

text: employ

text: many

text: strategies

text: to

text: obtain

text: food

text: or

text: feed

text: on

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: food

text: items

text: are

text: called

text: generalists

text: while

text: others

text: that

text: concentrate

text: time

text: and

text: effort

text: on

text: specific

text: food

text: items

text: or

text: have

text: a

text: single

text: strategy

text: to

text: obtain

text: food

text: are

text: considered

text: specialists

text: Birds

text: feeding

text: strategies

text: vary

text: by

text: species

text: Many

text: birds

text: glean

text: for

text: insects

text: invertebrates

text: fruit

text: or

text: seeds

text: Some

text: hunt

text: insects

text: by

text: suddenly

text: attacking

text: from

text: a

text: branch

text: Those

text: species

text: that

text: seek

text: pest

text: insects

text: are

text: considered

text: beneficial

text: biological

text: control

text: agents

text: and

text: their

text: presence

text: encouraged

text: in

text: biological

text: pest

text: control

text: programs

text: Nectar

text: feeders

text: such

text: as

text: hummingbirds

text: sunbirds

text: lories

text: and

text: lorikeets

text: amongst

text: others

text: have

text: specially

text: adapted

text: brushy

text: tongues

text: and

text: in

text: many

text: cases

text: bills

text: designed

text: to

text: fit

text: co

text: adapted

text: flowers

text: Kiwis

text: and

text: shorebirds

text: with

text: long

text: bills

text: probe

text: for

text: invertebrates

text: shorebirds

text: varied

text: bill

text: lengths

text: and

text: feeding

text: methods

text: result

text: in

text: the

text: separation

text: of

text: ecological

text: niches

text: Loons

text: diving

text: ducks

text: penguins

text: and

text: auks

text: pursue

text: their

text: prey

text: underwater

text: using

text: their

text: wings

text: or

text: feet

text: for

text: propulsion

text: while

text: aerial

text: predators

text: such

text: as

text: sulids

text: kingfishers

text: and

text: terns

text: plunge

text: dive

text: after

text: their

text: prey

text: Flamingos

text: three

text: species

text: of

text: prion

text: and

text: some

text: ducks

text: are

text: filter

text: feeders

text: Geese

text: and

text: dabbling

text: ducks

text: are

text: primarily

text: grazers

question: What is the term used for birds that employ many strategies to obtain food?

answer: generalists

text: generalists

question: What is the term used for birds that concentrate time and effort on specific food items?

answer: specialists

text: specialists

question: What type of birds have specially adapted brushy tongues?

answer: Nectar feeders

text: Nectar feeders


text: Whitehall's disquiet at the failures of the RAF led to the replacement of Dowding (who was already due for retirement) with Sholto Douglas on 25 November. Douglas set about introducing more squadrons and dispersing the few GL sets to create a carpet effect in the southern counties. Still, in February 1941, there remained only seven squadrons with 87 pilots, under half the required strength. The GL carpet was supported by six GCI sets controlling radar-equipped night-fighters. By the height of the Blitz, they were becoming more successful. The number of contacts and combats rose in 1941, from 44 and two in 48 sorties in January 1941, to 204 and 74 in May (643 sorties). But even in May, 67% of the sorties were visual cat's-eye missions. Curiously, while 43% of the contacts in May 1941 were by visual sightings, they accounted for 61% of the combats. Yet when compared with Luftwaffe daylight operations, there was a sharp decline in German losses to 1%. If a vigilant bomber crew could spot the fighter first, they had a decent chance at evading it.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: Whitehall

text: 's

text: disquiet

text: at

text: the

text: failures

text: of

text: the

text: RAF

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: replacement

text: of

text: Dowding

text: who

text: was

text: already

text: due

text: for

text: retirement

text: with

text: Sholto

text: Douglas

text: on

text: November

text: Douglas

text: set

text: about

text: introducing

text: more

text: squadrons

text: and

text: dispersing

text: the

text: few

text: GL

text: sets

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: carpet

text: effect

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: counties

text: Still

text: in

text: February

text: there

text: remained

text: only

text: seven

text: squadrons

text: with

text: pilots

text: under

text: half

text: the

text: required

text: strength

text: The

text: GL

text: carpet

text: was

text: supported

text: by

text: six

text: GCI

text: sets

text: controlling

text: radar

text: equipped

text: night

text: fighters

text: By

text: the

text: height

text: of

text: the

text: Blitz

text: they

text: were

text: becoming

text: more

text: successful

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: contacts

text: and

text: combats

text: rose

text: in

text: from

text: and

text: two

text: in

text: sorties

text: in

text: January

text: to

text: and

text: in

text: May

text: sorties

text: But

text: even

text: in

text: May

text: of

text: the

text: sorties

text: were

text: visual

text: cat's

text: eye

text: missions

text: Curiously

text: while

text: of

text: the

text: contacts

text: in

text: May

text: were

text: by

text: visual

text: sightings

text: they

text: accounted

text: for

text: of

text: the

text: combats

text: Yet

text: when

text: compared

text: with

text: Luftwaffe

text: daylight

text: operations

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: sharp

text: decline

text: in

text: German

text: losses

text: to

text: If

text: a

text: vigilant

text: bomber

text: crew

text: could

text: spot

text: the

text: fighter

text: first

text: they

text: had

text: a

text: decent

text: chance

text: at

text: evading

text: it

question: Who replaced Dowding on November 25?

answer: Sholto Douglas

text: Sholto Douglas

question: How many pilots remained in February 1941?

answer: 87 pilots

text: 87 pilots

question: What supported the GL carpet?

answer: six GCI sets controlling radar-equipped night-fighters

text: six GCI sets controlling radar-equipped night-fighters

question: How many number of contacts and combats were there in May?

answer: 204 and 74

text: 204 and 74

question: What did a bomber crew need to do for a good chance at evasion?

answer: spot the fighter first

text: spot the fighter first


text: The centuries-long geopolitical and ideological rivalry between Safavid Iran and the neighboring Ottoman Empire, led to numerous Ottoman–Persian Wars. The Safavid Era peaked in the reign of Abbas the Great, 1587–1629, surpassing their Ottoman arch rivals in strength, and making the empire a leading hub in Western Eurasia for the sciences and arts. The Safavid Era saw the start of mass integration from Caucasian populations into new layers of the society of Iran, as well as mass resettlement of them within the heartlands of Iran, playing a pivotal role in the history of Iran for centuries onwards. Following a gradual decline in the late 1600s and early 1700s, which was caused by the internal conflicts, the continuous wars with the Ottomans, and the foreign interference (most notably the Russian interference), the Safavid rule was ended by the Pashtun rebels who besieged Isfahan and defeated Soltan Hosein in 1722.

title: Iran

title: Iran

text: The

text: centuries

text: long

text: geopolitical

text: and

text: ideological

text: rivalry

text: between

text: Safavid

text: Iran

text: and

text: the

text: neighboring

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: led

text: to

text: numerous

text: Ottoman

text: Persian

text: Wars

text: The

text: Safavid

text: Era

text: peaked

text: in

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Abbas

text: the

text: Great

text: surpassing

text: their

text: Ottoman

text: arch

text: rivals

text: in

text: strength

text: and

text: making

text: the

text: empire

text: a

text: leading

text: hub

text: in

text: Western

text: Eurasia

text: for

text: the

text: sciences

text: and

text: arts

text: The

text: Safavid

text: Era

text: saw

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: mass

text: integration

text: from

text: Caucasian

text: populations

text: into

text: new

text: layers

text: of

text: the

text: society

text: of

text: Iran

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: mass

text: resettlement

text: of

text: them

text: within

text: the

text: heartlands

text: of

text: Iran

text: playing

text: a

text: pivotal

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Iran

text: for

text: centuries

text: onwards

text: Following

text: a

text: gradual

text: decline

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: which

text: was

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: internal

text: conflicts

text: the

text: continuous

text: wars

text: with

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: and

text: the

text: foreign

text: interference

text: most

text: notably

text: the

text: Russian

text: interference

text: the

text: Safavid

text: rule

text: was

text: ended

text: by

text: the

text: Pashtun

text: rebels

text: who

text: besieged

text: Isfahan

text: and

text: defeated

text: Soltan

text: Hosein

text: in

question: What Empire neighbored and had a rivalry with Safavid Iran?

answer: Ottoman Empire

text: Ottoman Empire

question: Safavid Iran peaked during whose reign?

answer: Abbas the Great

text: Abbas the Great

question: When did the Safavid Empire peak?

answer: 1587–1629

question: Who ended Safavid power in Iran in 1722?

answer: Pashtun rebels

text: Pashtun rebels

question: Who was the last Safavid ruler who was defeated in 1722 by the Pashtuns in Isfahan?

answer: Soltan Hosein

text: Soltan Hosein


text: The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

text: The

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Congo

text: received

text: full

text: independence

text: from

text: France

text: on

text: August

text: Fulbert

text: Youlou

text: ruled

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: first

text: president

text: until

text: labour

text: elements

text: and

text: rival

text: political

text: parties

text: instigated

text: a

text: three

text: day

text: uprising

text: that

text: ousted

text: him

text: The

text: Congolese

text: military

text: took

text: charge

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: briefly

text: and

text: installed

text: a

text: civilian

text: provisional

text: government

text: headed

text: by

text: Alphonse

text: Massamba

text: Débat

question: On what date was the Congo made fully independent from colonial rule?

answer: August 15, 1960

text: August 15, 1960

question: Who was the first leader of the independent Congo?

answer: Fulbert Youlou

text: Fulbert Youlou

question: Who replaced Youlou?

answer: Alphonse Massamba-Débat

text: Alphonse Massamba-Débat

question: Who were responsible for the revolts that ended with Youlou's removal?

answer: labour elements and rival political parties

text: labour elements and rival political parties

question: Who took control of the company during the transition from Youlou to Debat?

answer: Congolese military

text: Congolese military

question: When did the Congo lose independence from colonial rule?

text: August 15, 1960

question: What ousted Alphonse Massamba-Débat from power?

question: Who installed Fulbert Youlou as head of the civilian provisional government?

text: Congolese military

question: What took charge of the country for a long time?

text: Congolese military

question: When did France receive independence from the Republic of Congo?

text: August 15, 1960


text: Many middle and small powers in Europe, unlike in the previous wars, tried to steer clear away from the escalating conflict, even though they had interests in the conflict or with the belligerents, like Denmark-Norway. The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe, even tried to prevent Britain's domination in India. Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power. The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship, being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace. Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.

title: Seven_Years%27_War

title: Seven_Years%27_War

text: Many

text: middle

text: and

text: small

text: powers

text: in

text: Europe

text: unlike

text: in

text: the

text: previous

text: wars

text: tried

text: to

text: steer

text: clear

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: escalating

text: conflict

text: even

text: though

text: they

text: had

text: interests

text: in

text: the

text: conflict

text: or

text: with

text: the

text: belligerents

text: like

text: Denmark

text: Norway

text: The

text: Dutch

text: Republic

text: long

text: time

text: British

text: ally

text: kept

text: its

text: neutrality

text: intact

text: fearing

text: the

text: odds

text: against

text: Britain

text: and

text: Prussia

text: fighting

text: the

text: great

text: powers

text: of

text: Europe

text: even

text: tried

text: to

text: prevent

text: Britain

text: 's

text: domination

text: in

text: India

text: Naples

text: Sicily

text: and

text: Savoy

text: although

text: sided

text: with

text: Franco

text: Spanish

text: party

text: declined

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: coalition

text: under

text: the

text: fear

text: of

text: British

text: power

text: The

text: taxation

text: needed

text: for

text: war

text: caused

text: the

text: Russian

text: people

text: considerable

text: hardship

text: being

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: taxation

text: of

text: salt

text: and

text: alcohol

text: begun

text: by

text: Empress

text: Elizabeth

text: in

text: to

text: complete

text: her

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: Winter

text: Palace

text: Like

text: Sweden

text: Russia

text: concluded

text: a

text: separate

text: peace

text: with

text: Prussia

question: With whom did the Dutch Republic align?

answer: The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact

text: The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact

question: Which side of the coalitions did Naples, Sicily and Savoy join?

answer: Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power

text: Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power

question: How did the war impact the Russian population?

answer: The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship

text: The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship

question: What items had already been taxed by Russian Empress Elizabeth?

answer: being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759

text: being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759

question: What two countries concluded a separate peace with Prussia?

answer: Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.

text: Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.


text: The first newspaper in Namibia was the German-language Windhoeker Anzeiger, founded 1898. Radio was introduced in 1969, TV in 1981. During German rule, the newspapers mainly reflected the living reality and the view of the white German-speaking minority. The black majority was ignored or depicted as a threat. During South African rule, the white bias continued, with mentionable influence of the Pretoria government on the "South West African" media system. Independent newspapers were seen as a menace to the existing order, critical journalists threatened.

title: Namibia

title: Namibia

text: The

text: first

text: newspaper

text: in

text: Namibia

text: was

text: the

text: German

text: language

text: Windhoeker

text: Anzeiger

text: founded

text: Radio

text: was

text: introduced

text: in

text: TV

text: in

text: During

text: German

text: rule

text: the

text: newspapers

text: mainly

text: reflected

text: the

text: living

text: reality

text: and

text: the

text: view

text: of

text: the

text: white

text: German

text: speaking

text: minority

text: The

text: black

text: majority

text: was

text: ignored

text: or

text: depicted

text: as

text: a

text: threat

text: During

text: South

text: African

text: rule

text: the

text: white

text: bias

text: continued

text: with

text: mentionable

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Pretoria

text: government

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: West

text: African

text: media

text: system

text: Independent

text: newspapers

text: were

text: seen

text: as

text: a

text: menace

text: to

text: the

text: existing

text: order

text: critical

text: journalists

text: threatened

question: What was the first Namibian newspaper?

answer: Windhoeker Anzeiger

text: Windhoeker Anzeiger

question: What was the language in which the first Namibian newspaper was printed in?

answer: German

text: German

question: When was the first Namibian newspaper founded?

answer: 1898

question: When was radio introduced in Namibia?

answer: 1969

question: When was TV introduced in Namibia?

answer: 1981

question: What was the first English newspaper in Namibia?

text: Windhoeker Anzeiger

question: When did South Africa take over ruling Namibia?

question: When did Germany take over ruling Namibia?

question: What was the first newspaper in Namibia that reflected the realities of the black citizens?

text: Windhoeker Anzeiger

question: When was the first black-focused radio channel introduced?


text: A dispute during the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875 prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor which concluded that, as Freemasonry was not a religion, it should not require a religious belief. The new constitutions read, "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity", the existence of God and the immortality of the soul being struck out. It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time. The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of England, a situation that continues today.

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: A

text: dispute

text: during

text: the

text: Lausanne

text: Congress

text: of

text: Supreme

text: Councils

text: of

text: prompted

text: the

text: Grand

text: Orient

text: de

text: France

text: to

text: commission

text: a

text: report

text: by

text: a

text: Protestant

text: pastor

text: which

text: concluded

text: that

text: as

text: Freemasonry

text: was

text: not

text: a

text: religion

text: it

text: should

text: not

text: require

text: a

text: religious

text: belief

text: The

text: new

text: constitutions

text: read

text: Its

text: principles

text: are

text: absolute

text: liberty

text: of

text: conscience

text: and

text: human

text: solidarity

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: God

text: and

text: the

text: immortality

text: of

text: the

text: soul

text: being

text: struck

text: out

text: It

text: is

text: possible

text: that

text: the

text: immediate

text: objections

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: of

text: England

text: were

text: at

text: least

text: partly

text: motivated

text: by

text: the

text: political

text: tension

text: between

text: France

text: and

text: Britain

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: The

text: result

text: was

text: the

text: withdrawal

text: of

text: recognition

text: of

text: the

text: Grand

text: Orient

text: of

text: France

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: of

text: England

text: a

text: situation

text: that

text: continues

text: today

question: Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry shouldn't require religious belief?

answer: Freemasonry was not a religion

text: Freemasonry was not a religion

question: What was removed from the Freemasonry constitution?

answer: existence of God and the immortality of the soul

text: existence of God and the immortality of the soul

question: Who withdrew recognition from the Grand Orient de France?

answer: United Grand Lodge of England

text: United Grand Lodge of England

question: What was a possible condition that made the United Grand Lodge of England withdraw it's recognition of the Grand Orient de France?

answer: political tension between France and Britain

text: political tension between France and Britain

question: How was the belief of the existance of God and the immortal soul replaced in the constitution?

answer: Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity

text: Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity

question: What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was not a religion?

answer: 1875

question: What Grand Lodge had a withdrawal of recognition by the United Grand Lodge of England?

answer: Grand Orient of France

text: Grand Orient of France

question: What was a motivation of the Grand Lodge of England's objection?

answer: political tension between France and Britain

text: political tension between France and Britain

question: Who disputed the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils?

answer: Grand Orient de France

text: Grand Orient de France

question: Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry should require religious belief?

text: Freemasonry was not a religion

question: What was added to the Freemasonry constitution?

question: Who maintained permanent recognition with the Grand Orient de France?

text: the United Grand Lodge of England

question: How was the belief of the existence of God and the immortal soul explained in the constitution?

question: What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was a religion?


text: Most sports and physical activities are practiced wearing special clothing, for practical, comfort or safety reasons. Common sportswear garments include shorts, T-shirts, tennis shirts, leotards, tracksuits, and trainers. Specialized garments include wet suits (for swimming, diving or surfing), salopettes (for skiing) and leotards (for gymnastics). Also, spandex materials are often used as base layers to soak up sweat. Spandex is also preferable for active sports that require form fitting garments, such as volleyball, wrestling, track & field, dance, gymnastics and swimming.

title: Clothing

title: Clothing

text: Most

text: sports

text: and

text: physical

text: activities

text: are

text: practiced

text: wearing

text: special

text: clothing

text: for

text: practical

text: comfort

text: or

text: safety

text: reasons

text: Common

text: sportswear

text: garments

text: include

text: shorts

text: T

text: shirts

text: tennis

text: shirts

text: leotards

text: tracksuits

text: and

text: trainers

text: Specialized

text: garments

text: include

text: wet

text: suits

text: for

text: swimming

text: diving

text: or

text: surfing

text: salopettes

text: for

text: skiing

text: and

text: leotards

text: for

text: gymnastics

text: Also

text: spandex

text: materials

text: are

text: often

text: used

text: as

text: base

text: layers

text: to

text: soak

text: up

text: sweat

text: Spandex

text: is

text: also

text: preferable

text: for

text: active

text: sports

text: that

text: require

text: form

text: fitting

text: garments

text: such

text: as

text: volleyball

text: wrestling

text: track

text: field

text: dance

text: gymnastics

text: and

text: swimming

question: Safety reasons may be why someone wears this type of clothing.

answer: special

text: special

question: Leotards are an example of what type of garment?

answer: sportswear

text: sportswear

question: What does spandex soak up?

answer: sweat

text: sweat

question: What's an example of a form fitting garment?

answer: Spandex

text: Spandex

question: What type of sport is wrestling considered?

answer: active

text: active

question: What physical activities do not require special clothing?

text: Most sports

question: What the spandex not soak up?

text: sweat

question: What are not common sports governments


text: Historical aspects of the Expo line route are noteworthy. It uses the right-of-way for the Santa Monica Air Line that provided electric-powered freight and passenger service between Los Angeles and Santa Monica beginning in the 1920s. Service was discontinued in 1953 but diesel-powered freight deliveries to warehouses along the route continued until March 11, 1988. The abandonment of the line spurred concerns within the community and the entire right-of-way was purchased from Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The line was built in 1875 as the steam-powered Los Angeles and Independence Railroad to bring mining ore to ships in Santa Monica harbor and as a passenger excursion train to the beach.

title: Santa_Monica,_California

title: Santa_Monica,_California

text: Historical

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: Expo

text: line

text: route

text: are

text: noteworthy

text: It

text: uses

text: the

text: right

text: of

text: way

text: for

text: the

text: Santa

text: Monica

text: Air

text: Line

text: that

text: provided

text: electric

text: powered

text: freight

text: and

text: passenger

text: service

text: between

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: and

text: Santa

text: Monica

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: Service

text: was

text: discontinued

text: in

text: but

text: diesel

text: powered

text: freight

text: deliveries

text: to

text: warehouses

text: along

text: the

text: route

text: continued

text: until

text: March

text: The

text: abandonment

text: of

text: the

text: line

text: spurred

text: concerns

text: within

text: the

text: community

text: and

text: the

text: entire

text: right

text: of

text: way

text: was

text: purchased

text: from

text: Southern

text: Pacific

text: by

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: Metropolitan

text: Transportation

text: Authority

text: The

text: line

text: was

text: built

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: steam

text: powered

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: and

text: Independence

text: Railroad

text: to

text: bring

text: mining

text: ore

text: to

text: ships

text: in

text: Santa

text: Monica

text: harbor

text: and

text: as

text: a

text: passenger

text: excursion

text: train

text: to

text: the

text: beach

question: Beginning in what decade did the Santa Monica  Expo Air Line host freight and passenger services?

answer: 1920s

question: What year did the Santa Monica freight and passenger service stop running?

answer: 1953

question: Diesel powered freight deliveries continued through what date?

answer: March 11, 1988

text: March 11, 1988

question: What was the result from the discontinuation of using the line for deliveries?

answer: was purchased

text: was purchased

question: Who bought the Expo line from Southern Pacific?

answer: Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority

text: Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority

question: In what year were diesel-powered freight deliveries to warehouses first used on the Expo Line?

question: In what year did the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority by the Expo Line from Southern Pacific?

question: In what year were electric-powered freight trains invented?

question: It was decade was the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority established?

question: In what year was Santa Monica harbor built?


text: By mid-1942, the Japanese found themselves holding a vast area from the Indian Ocean to the Central Pacific, even though they lacked the resources to defend or sustain it. Moreover, Combined Fleet doctrine was inadequate to execute the proposed "barrier" defence. Instead, Japan decided on additional attacks in both the south and central Pacific. While she had the element of surprise at Pearl Harbor, Allied codebreakers had now turned the tables. They discovered an attack was planned against Port Moresby; if it fell, Japan would control the seas to the north and west of Australia and could isolate the country. The carrier USS Lexington under Admiral Fletcher joined USS Yorktown and an American-Australian task force to stop the Japanese advance. The resulting Battle of the Coral Sea, fought in May 1942, was the first naval battle in which ships involved never sighted each other and only aircraft were used to attack opposing forces. Although Lexington was sunk and Yorktown seriously damaged, the Japanese lost the carrier Shōhō, and suffered extensive damage to Shōkaku and heavy losses to the air wing of Zuikaku, both of which missed the operation against Midway the following month. Although Allied losses were heavier than Japanese, the attack on Port Moresby was thwarted and the Japanese invasion force turned back, a strategic victory for the Allies. The Japanese were forced to abandon their attempts to isolate Australia. Moreover, Japan lacked the capacity to replace losses in ships, planes and trained pilots.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: By

text: the

text: Japanese

text: found

text: themselves

text: holding

text: a

text: vast

text: area

text: from

text: the

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: to

text: the

text: Central

text: Pacific

text: even

text: though

text: they

text: lacked

text: the

text: resources

text: to

text: defend

text: or

text: sustain

text: it

text: Moreover

text: Combined

text: Fleet

text: doctrine

text: was

text: inadequate

text: to

text: execute

text: the

text: proposed

text: barrier

text: defence

text: Instead

text: Japan

text: decided

text: on

text: additional

text: attacks

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: central

text: Pacific

text: While

text: she

text: had

text: the

text: element

text: of

text: surprise

text: at

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: Allied

text: codebreakers

text: had

text: now

text: turned

text: the

text: tables

text: They

text: discovered

text: an

text: attack

text: was

text: planned

text: against

text: Port

text: Moresby

text: if

text: it

text: fell

text: Japan

text: would

text: control

text: the

text: seas

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: Australia

text: and

text: could

text: isolate

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: carrier

text: USS

text: Lexington

text: under

text: Admiral

text: Fletcher

text: joined

text: USS

text: Yorktown

text: and

text: an

text: American

text: Australian

text: task

text: force

text: to

text: stop

text: the

text: Japanese

text: advance

text: The

text: resulting

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Coral

text: Sea

text: fought

text: in

text: May

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: naval

text: battle

text: in

text: which

text: ships

text: involved

text: never

text: sighted

text: each

text: other

text: and

text: only

text: aircraft

text: were

text: used

text: to

text: attack

text: opposing

text: forces

text: Although

text: Lexington

text: was

text: sunk

text: and

text: Yorktown

text: seriously

text: damaged

text: the

text: Japanese

text: lost

text: the

text: carrier

text: Shōhō

text: and

text: suffered

text: extensive

text: damage

text: to

text: Shōkaku

text: and

text: heavy

text: losses

text: to

text: the

text: air

text: wing

text: of

text: Zuikaku

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: missed

text: the

text: operation

text: against

text: Midway

text: the

text: following

text: month

text: Although

text: Allied

text: losses

text: were

text: heavier

text: than

text: Japanese

text: the

text: attack

text: on

text: Port

text: Moresby

text: was

text: thwarted

text: and

text: the

text: Japanese

text: invasion

text: force

text: turned

text: back

text: a

text: strategic

text: victory

text: for

text: the

text: Allies

text: The

text: Japanese

text: were

text: forced

text: to

text: abandon

text: their

text: attempts

text: to

text: isolate

text: Australia

text: Moreover

text: Japan

text: lacked

text: the

text: capacity

text: to

text: replace

text: losses

text: in

text: ships

text: planes

text: and

text: trained

text: pilots

question: What American carrier joined the USS Yorktown to stop the Japanese attack on Port Moresby in 1942?

answer: USS Lexington

text: USS Lexington

question: What admiral was the USS Lexington under?

answer: Admiral Fletcher

text: Admiral Fletcher

question: When was the Battle of the Coral Sea fought?

answer: May 1942

text: May 1942

question: What American carrier was sunk in the Battle of the Coral Sea?

answer: Lexington

text: Lexington

question: What Japanese carrier was lost in the Battle of the Coral Sea?

answer: Shōhō

text: Shōhō


text: In September 2010, Brian May announced in a BBC interview that Sacha Baron Cohen was to play Mercury in a film of the same name. Time commented with approval on his singing ability and visual similarity to Mercury. However, in July 2013, Baron Cohen dropped out of the role due to "creative differences" between him and the surviving band members. In December 2013, it was announced that Ben Whishaw, best known for playing Q in the James Bond film Skyfall, had been chosen to replace Cohen in the role of Mercury. The motion picture is being written by Peter Morgan, who had been nominated for Oscars for his screenplays The Queen and Frost/Nixon. The film, which is being co-produced by Robert De Niro's TriBeCa Productions, will focus on Queen's formative years and the period leading up to the celebrated performance at the 1985 Live Aid concert.

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: In

text: September

text: Brian

text: May

text: announced

text: in

text: a

text: BBC

text: interview

text: that

text: Sacha

text: Baron

text: Cohen

text: was

text: to

text: play

text: Mercury

text: in

text: a

text: film

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: Time

text: commented

text: with

text: approval

text: on

text: his

text: singing

text: ability

text: and

text: visual

text: similarity

text: to

text: Mercury

text: However

text: in

text: July

text: Baron

text: Cohen

text: dropped

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: role

text: due

text: to

text: creative

text: differences

text: between

text: him

text: and

text: the

text: surviving

text: band

text: members

text: In

text: December

text: it

text: was

text: announced

text: that

text: Ben

text: Whishaw

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: playing

text: Q

text: in

text: the

text: James

text: Bond

text: film

text: Skyfall

text: had

text: been

text: chosen

text: to

text: replace

text: Cohen

text: in

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: Mercury

text: The

text: motion

text: picture

text: is

text: being

text: written

text: by

text: Peter

text: Morgan

text: who

text: had

text: been

text: nominated

text: for

text: Oscars

text: for

text: his

text: screenplays

text: The

text: Queen

text: and

text: Frost

text: Nixon

text: The

text: film

text: which

text: is

text: being

text: co

text: produced

text: by

text: Robert

text: De

text: Niro

text: 's

text: TriBeCa

text: Productions

text: will

text: focus

text: on

text: Queen

text: 's

text: formative

text: years

text: and

text: the

text: period

text: leading

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: celebrated

text: performance

text: at

text: the

text: Live

text: Aid

text: concert

question: Who was originally chosen to play Freddie Mercury in the movie bearing his name?

answer: Sacha Baron Cohen

text: Sacha Baron Cohen

question: Who was the replacement to play Freddie Mercury in the film of the same name?

answer: Ben Whishaw

text: Ben Whishaw

question: Who is writing the Freddie Mercury film?

answer: Peter Morgan

text: Peter Morgan

question: Which actor is producing the Freddie Mercury film?

answer: Robert De Niro

text: Robert De Niro

question: In what year did Queen perform at Live Aid?

answer: 1985


text: Aspirin has been studied extensively in people considered at increased risk of myocardial infarction. Based on numerous studies in different groups (e.g. people with or without diabetes), there does not appear to be a benefit strong enough to outweigh the risk of excessive bleeding. Nevertheless, many clinical practice guidelines continue to recommend aspirin for primary prevention, and some researchers feel that those with very high cardiovascular risk but low risk of bleeding should continue to receive aspirin.

title: Myocardial_infarction

title: Myocardial_infarction

text: Aspirin

text: has

text: been

text: studied

text: extensively

text: in

text: people

text: considered

text: at

text: increased

text: risk

text: of

text: myocardial

text: infarction

text: Based

text: on

text: numerous

text: studies

text: in

text: different

text: groups

text: e.g.

text: people

text: with

text: or

text: without

text: diabetes

text: there

text: does

text: not

text: appear

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: benefit

text: strong

text: enough

text: to

text: outweigh

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: excessive

text: bleeding

text: Nevertheless

text: many

text: clinical

text: practice

text: guidelines

text: continue

text: to

text: recommend

text: aspirin

text: for

text: primary

text: prevention

text: and

text: some

text: researchers

text: feel

text: that

text: those

text: with

text: very

text: high

text: cardiovascular

text: risk

text: but

text: low

text: risk

text: of

text: bleeding

text: should

text: continue

text: to

text: receive

text: aspirin

question: What drug has been shown to have significant benefits for people at risk of an MI?

text: Aspirin

question: Most studies tend to focus on people with what disease?

text: diabetes

question: People with diabetes have an increased likelihood of what side effect?

text: excessive bleeding

question: Based on the lack of benefits, what has largely stopped recommending asprin?

text: many clinical practice guidelines

question: Aspirin is recommended for people with a high risk both cardiovascular disease and what?

text: bleeding


text: The most important state-owned companies headquartered in Montevideo are: AFE (railways), ANCAP (Energy), Administracion Nacional de Puertos (Ports), ANTEL (telecommunications), BHU (savings and loan), BROU (bank), BSE (insurance), OSE (water & sewage), UTE (electricity). These companies operate under public law, using a legal entity defined in the Uruguayan Constitution called Ente Autonomo ("autonomous entity"). The government also owns part of other companies operating under private law, such as those owned wholly or partially by the CND (National Development Corporation).

title: Montevideo

title: Montevideo

text: The

text: most

text: important

text: state

text: owned

text: companies

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Montevideo

text: are

text: AFE

text: railways

text: ANCAP

text: Energy

text: Administracion

text: Nacional

text: de

text: Puertos

text: Ports

text: ANTEL

text: telecommunications

text: BHU

text: savings

text: and

text: loan

text: BROU

text: bank

text: BSE

text: insurance

text: OSE

text: water

text: sewage

text: UTE

text: electricity

text: These

text: companies

text: operate

text: under

text: public

text: law

text: using

text: a

text: legal

text: entity

text: defined

text: in

text: the

text: Uruguayan

text: Constitution

text: called

text: Ente

text: Autonomo

text: autonomous

text: entity

text: The

text: government

text: also

text: owns

text: part

text: of

text: other

text: companies

text: operating

text: under

text: private

text: law

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: owned

text: wholly

text: or

text: partially

text: by

text: the

text: CND

text: National

text: Development

text: Corporation

question: What kind of company does ANCAP run?

answer: Energy

text: Energy

question: What kind of company does ANTEL run?

answer: telecommunications

text: telecommunications


text: During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own.

title: Southern_Europe

title: Southern_Europe

text: During

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: survived

text: though

text: modern

text: historians

text: refer

text: to

text: this

text: state

text: as

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: In

text: Western

text: Europe

text: Germanic

text: peoples

text: moved

text: into

text: positions

text: of

text: power

text: in

text: the

text: remnants

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: established

text: kingdoms

text: and

text: empires

text: of

text: their

text: own

question: What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars?

answer: the Byzantine Empire

text: the Byzantine Empire

question: Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire?

answer: Germanic peoples

text: Germanic peoples

question: What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?

answer: kingdoms and empires of their own

text: kingdoms and empires of their own

question: What is the Western Roman Empire in the Middle ages called by contemporary scholars?

text: Byzantine Empire

question: Who took over the remains of the Eastern Roman Empire?

text: Germanic peoples

question: What did Roman people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?

text: kingdoms and empires of their own

question: What Empire was located in Western Europe?

text: Byzantine Empire

question: What empire doubled in size during the middle ages?

text: Eastern Roman Empire


text: Individual contestants have generated controversy in this competition for their past actions, or for being 'ringers' planted by the producers. A number of contestants had been disqualified for various reasons, such as for having an existing contract or undisclosed criminal records, although the show had been accused of double standard for disqualifying some but not others.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Individual

text: contestants

text: have

text: generated

text: controversy

text: in

text: this

text: competition

text: for

text: their

text: past

text: actions

text: or

text: for

text: being

text: ringers

text: planted

text: by

text: the

text: producers

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: contestants

text: had

text: been

text: disqualified

text: for

text: various

text: reasons

text: such

text: as

text: for

text: having

text: an

text: existing

text: contract

text: or

text: undisclosed

text: criminal

text: records

text: although

text: the

text: show

text: had

text: been

text: accused

text: of

text: double

text: standard

text: for

text: disqualifying

text: some

text: but

text: not

text: others

question: Producers have been accused of planting what within the show?

answer: ringers

text: ringers


text: Structural material that resembles ordinary, "dicot" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms being widely used as a building and construction material in their own right and, these days, in the manufacture of engineered flooring, panels and veneer. Another major plant group that produce material that often is called wood are the palms. Of much less importance are plants such as Pandanus, Dracaena and Cordyline. With all this material, the structure and composition of the structural material is quite different from ordinary wood.

title: Wood

title: Wood

text: Structural

text: material

text: that

text: resembles

text: ordinary

text: dicot

text: or

text: conifer

text: wood

text: in

text: its

text: gross

text: handling

text: characteristics

text: is

text: produced

text: by

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: monocot

text: plants

text: and

text: these

text: also

text: are

text: colloquially

text: called

text: wood

text: Of

text: these

text: bamboo

text: botanically

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: grass

text: family

text: has

text: considerable

text: economic

text: importance

text: larger

text: culms

text: being

text: widely

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: building

text: and

text: construction

text: material

text: in

text: their

text: own

text: right

text: and

text: these

text: days

text: in

text: the

text: manufacture

text: of

text: engineered

text: flooring

text: panels

text: and

text: veneer

text: Another

text: major

text: plant

text: group

text: that

text: produce

text: material

text: that

text: often

text: is

text: called

text: wood

text: are

text: the

text: palms

text: Of

text: much

text: less

text: importance

text: are

text: plants

text: such

text: as

text: Pandanus

text: Dracaena

text: and

text: Cordyline

text: With

text: all

text: this

text: material

text: the

text: structure

text: and

text: composition

text: of

text: the

text: structural

text: material

text: is

text: quite

text: different

text: from

text: ordinary

text: wood

question: What's another term used for "conifer" wood?

answer: dicot

text: dicot

question: What type of plants produce material that is referred to as "wood" even though it is technically not?

answer: monocot

text: monocot

question: What monocot plant produces "wood" by the same name that's often used for flooring and veneer?

answer: bamboo

text: bamboo

question: While we call bamboo "wood," what botanical family does it belong to?

answer: grass

text: grass

question: Along with bamboo, what's the other monocot that's a major source of so-called "wood"?

answer: palms

text: palms


text: Florida High Speed Rail was a proposed government backed high-speed rail system that would have connected Miami, Orlando, and Tampa. The first phase was planned to connect Orlando and Tampa and was offered federal funding, but it was turned down by Governor Rick Scott in 2011. The second phase of the line was envisioned to connect Miami. By 2014, a private project known as All Aboard Florida by a company of the historic Florida East Coast Railway began construction of a higher-speed rail line in South Florida that is planned to eventually terminate at Orlando International Airport.

title: Miami

title: Miami

text: Florida

text: High

text: Speed

text: Rail

text: was

text: a

text: proposed

text: government

text: backed

text: high

text: speed

text: rail

text: system

text: that

text: would

text: have

text: connected

text: Miami

text: Orlando

text: and

text: Tampa

text: The

text: first

text: phase

text: was

text: planned

text: to

text: connect

text: Orlando

text: and

text: Tampa

text: and

text: was

text: offered

text: federal

text: funding

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: turned

text: down

text: by

text: Governor

text: Rick

text: Scott

text: in

text: The

text: second

text: phase

text: of

text: the

text: line

text: was

text: envisioned

text: to

text: connect

text: Miami

text: By

text: a

text: private

text: project

text: known

text: as

text: All

text: Aboard

text: Florida

text: by

text: a

text: company

text: of

text: the

text: historic

text: Florida

text: East

text: Coast

text: Railway

text: began

text: construction

text: of

text: a

text: higher

text: speed

text: rail

text: line

text: in

text: South

text: Florida

text: that

text: is

text: planned

text: to

text: eventually

text: terminate

text: at

text: Orlando

text: International

text: Airport

question: Along with Orlando, what city would have been connected to Miami via Florida High Speed Rail?

answer: Tampa

text: Tampa

question: Who was the governor of Florida in 2011?

answer: Rick Scott

text: Rick Scott

question: In what year did All Aboard Florida begin?

answer: 2014

question: What company is responsible for All Aboard Florida?

answer: Florida East Coast Railway

text: Florida East Coast Railway

question: From South Florida, where will All Aboard Florida stretch to?

answer: Orlando International Airport

text: Orlando International Airport

question: Along with Orlando, what city wouldn't have been connected to Miami via Florida High Speed Rail?

text: Tampa

question: Who was the governor of Florida in 2001?

text: Rick Scott

question: In what year did All Aboard Florida end?

question: What company isn't responsible for All Aboard Florida?

text: Florida East Coast Railway

question: From North Florida, where will All Aboard Florida stretch to?

text: Orlando International Airport


text: Prince Hall Freemasonry exists because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans. In 1775, an African-American named Prince Hall, along with fourteen other African-Americans, was initiated into a British military lodge with a warrant from the Grand Lodge of Ireland, having failed to obtain admission from the other lodges in Boston. When the military Lodge left North America, those fifteen men were given the authority to meet as a Lodge, but not to initiate Masons. In 1784, these individuals obtained a Warrant from the Premier Grand Lodge of England (GLE) and formed African Lodge, Number 459. When the UGLE was formed in 1813, all U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls – due largely to the War of 1812. Thus, separated from both UGLE and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge, African Lodge re-titled itself as the African Lodge, Number 1 – and became a de facto "Grand Lodge" (this Lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges on the Continent of Africa). As with the rest of U.S. Freemasonry, Prince Hall Freemasonry soon grew and organised on a Grand Lodge system for each state.

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: Prince

text: Hall

text: Freemasonry

text: exists

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: refusal

text: of

text: early

text: American

text: lodges

text: to

text: admit

text: African

text: Americans

text: In

text: an

text: African

text: American

text: named

text: Prince

text: Hall

text: along

text: with

text: fourteen

text: other

text: African

text: Americans

text: was

text: initiated

text: into

text: a

text: British

text: military

text: lodge

text: with

text: a

text: warrant

text: from

text: the

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: of

text: Ireland

text: having

text: failed

text: to

text: obtain

text: admission

text: from

text: the

text: other

text: lodges

text: in

text: Boston

text: When

text: the

text: military

text: Lodge

text: left

text: North

text: America

text: those

text: fifteen

text: men

text: were

text: given

text: the

text: authority

text: to

text: meet

text: as

text: a

text: Lodge

text: but

text: not

text: to

text: initiate

text: Masons

text: In

text: these

text: individuals

text: obtained

text: a

text: Warrant

text: from

text: the

text: Premier

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: of

text: England

text: GLE

text: and

text: formed

text: African

text: Lodge

text: Number

text: When

text: the

text: UGLE

text: was

text: formed

text: in

text: all

text: U.S

text: based

text: Lodges

text: were

text: stricken

text: from

text: their

text: rolls

text: due

text: largely

text: to

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: Thus

text: separated

text: from

text: both

text: UGLE

text: and

text: any

text: concordantly

text: recognised

text: U.S.

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: African

text: Lodge

text: re

text: titled

text: itself

text: as

text: the

text: African

text: Lodge

text: Number

text: and

text: became

text: a

text: de

text: facto

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: this

text: Lodge

text: is

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: the

text: various

text: Grand

text: Lodges

text: on

text: the

text: Continent

text: of

text: Africa

text: As

text: with

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: U.S.

text: Freemasonry

text: Prince

text: Hall

text: Freemasonry

text: soon

text: grew

text: and

text: organised

text: on

text: a

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: system

text: for

text: each

text: state

question: Why was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?

answer: refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans

text: refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans

question: When was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?

answer: 1775

question: What happened when the UGLE was formed in 1813?

answer: U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls

text: U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls

question: What did Africian Lodge, Number 459 become after they were removed from the UGLE?

answer: African Lodge, Number 1

text: African Lodge, Number 1

question: What was Africian Lodge, Number 1 considered after they changed from Africian Lodge, Number 459?

answer: became a de facto "Grand Lodge"

text: became a de facto "Grand Lodge"

question: What exists today because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans?

answer: Prince Hall Freemasonry

text: Prince Hall Freemasonry

question: In what year was Prince Hall admitted into the British military lodge?

answer: 1775

question: When was the African Lodge, number 459, formed?

answer: 1784

question: When was the UGLE formed?

answer: 1813

question: The African Lodge re-titled itself what?

answer: the African Lodge, Number 1

text: the African Lodge, Number 1

question: Why was Prince Hall Freemasonry outlawed?

question: When was Prince Hall Freemasonry forgotten?

question: What happened when the UGLE was formed in 1913?

question: What was African Lodge, Number 3 considered after they changed from African Lodge, Number 456?

text: became a de facto "Grand Lodge"

question: What no longer exists today because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans?

text: Prince Hall Freemasonry


text: Formally, a "database" refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. Access to these data is usually provided by a "database management system" (DBMS) consisting of an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data contained in the database (although restrictions may exist that limit access to particular data). The DBMS provides various functions that allow entry, storage and retrieval of large quantities of information and provides ways to manage how that information is organized.

title: Database

title: Database

text: Formally

text: a

text: database

text: refers

text: to

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: related

text: data

text: and

text: the

text: way

text: it

text: is

text: organized

text: Access

text: to

text: these

text: data

text: is

text: usually

text: provided

text: by

text: a

text: database

text: management

text: system

text: DBMS

text: consisting

text: of

text: an

text: integrated

text: set

text: of

text: computer

text: software

text: that

text: allows

text: users

text: to

text: interact

text: with

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: databases

text: and

text: provides

text: access

text: to

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: data

text: contained

text: in

text: the

text: database

text: although

text: restrictions

text: may

text: exist

text: that

text: limit

text: access

text: to

text: particular

text: data

text: The

text: DBMS

text: provides

text: various

text: functions

text: that

text: allow

text: entry

text: storage

text: and

text: retrieval

text: of

text: large

text: quantities

text: of

text: information

text: and

text: provides

text: ways

text: to

text: manage

text: how

text: that

text: information

text: is

text: organized

question: How is data accessed?

answer: by a "database management system" (DBMS)

text: by a "database management system" (DBMS)

question: A DBMS consists of what?

answer: an integrated set of computer software

text: an integrated set of computer software

question: How much data can a DBMS store?

answer: large quantities

text: large quantities

question: What does a database refer to informally?

question: What requires a user to use more than one database?

text: DBMS

question: What allows the entry, storage and retrieval of only small quantities of information?

text: database management system

question: How much data is typically lost by a DBMS?

text: large quantities


text: Eritrea is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, and is an observing member of the Arab League. The nation holds a seat on the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ). Eritrea also holds memberships in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Finance Corporation, International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), Non-Aligned Movement, Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Permanent Court of Arbitration, and the World Customs Organization.

title: Eritrea

title: Eritrea

text: Eritrea

text: is

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: and

text: is

text: an

text: observing

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Arab

text: League

text: The

text: nation

text: holds

text: a

text: seat

text: on

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Advisory

text: Committee

text: on

text: Administrative

text: and

text: Budgetary

text: Questions

text: ACABQ

text: Eritrea

text: also

text: holds

text: memberships

text: in

text: the

text: International

text: Bank

text: for

text: Reconstruction

text: and

text: Development

text: International

text: Finance

text: Corporation

text: International

text: Criminal

text: Police

text: Organization

text: INTERPOL

text: Non

text: Aligned

text: Movement

text: Organization

text: for

text: the

text: Prohibition

text: of

text: Chemical

text: Weapons

text: Permanent

text: Court

text: of

text: Arbitration

text: and

text: the

text: World

text: Customs

text: Organization

question: What is the abbreviation for the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions?

answer: ACABQ

text: ACABQ

question: What does the acronym INTERPOL stand for?

answer: International Criminal Police Organization

text: International Criminal Police Organization

question: Which league is Eritrea an observing member of?

answer: Arab League

text: Arab League

question: What is the acronym for the Non-aligned Movement?

text: ACABQ

question: What is the acronym for the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons?

text: INTERPOL

question: What is the acronym for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development?

text: INTERPOL

question: What is the acronym for the Permanent Court of Arbitration?

text: ACABQ

question: What is the acronym for the World Customs Organization?

text: INTERPOL


text: Following the 1974–75 Loans Affair, the Malcolm Fraser led Liberal-Country Party Coalition argued that the Whitlam Government was incompetent and delayed passage of the Government's money bills in the Senate, until the government would promise a new election. Whitlam refused, Fraser insisted leading to the divisive 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. The deadlock came to an end when the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr on 11 November 1975 and Fraser was installed as caretaker Prime Minister, pending an election. Fraser won in a landslide at the resulting 1975 election.

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

text: Following

text: the

text: Loans

text: Affair

text: the

text: Malcolm

text: Fraser

text: led

text: Liberal

text: Country

text: Party

text: Coalition

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: Whitlam

text: Government

text: was

text: incompetent

text: and

text: delayed

text: passage

text: of

text: the

text: Government

text: 's

text: money

text: bills

text: in

text: the

text: Senate

text: until

text: the

text: government

text: would

text: promise

text: a

text: new

text: election

text: Whitlam

text: refused

text: Fraser

text: insisted

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: divisive

text: Australian

text: constitutional

text: crisis

text: The

text: deadlock

text: came

text: to

text: an

text: end

text: when

text: the

text: Whitlam

text: government

text: was

text: dismissed

text: by

text: the

text: Governor

text: General

text: Sir

text: John

text: Kerr

text: on

text: November

text: and

text: Fraser

text: was

text: installed

text: as

text: caretaker

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: pending

text: an

text: election

text: Fraser

text: won

text: in

text: a

text: landslide

text: at

text: the

text: resulting

text: election

question: On what day did the 1975 constitutional crisis deadlock end?

answer: 11 November 1975

text: 11 November 1975

question: How did the gridlock between Whitlam and Fraser end?

answer: the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr

text: the Whitlam government was dismissed by the Governor-General, Sir John Kerr

question: Who won the 1975 election by large margin?

answer: Fraser

text: Fraser

question: After what did Kerr claim that Whitlam delayed passage of money bills?

text: the 1974–75 Loans Affair

question: Who won the 1974 election by large margin?

text: Fraser

question: What did Kerr argue?

question: When was Kerr installed as caretaker Prime Minister?

text: 11 November 1975

question: When did Whitlam win the election?


text: Newly electrified lines often show a "sparks effect", whereby electrification in passenger rail systems leads to significant jumps in patronage / revenue. The reasons may include electric trains being seen as more modern and attractive to ride, faster and smoother service, and the fact that electrification often goes hand in hand with a general infrastructure and rolling stock overhaul / replacement, which leads to better service quality (in a way that theoretically could also be achieved by doing similar upgrades yet without electrification). Whatever the causes of the sparks effect, it is well established for numerous routes that have electrified over decades.

title: Railway_electrification_system

title: Railway_electrification_system

text: Newly

text: electrified

text: lines

text: often

text: show

text: a

text: sparks

text: effect

text: whereby

text: electrification

text: in

text: passenger

text: rail

text: systems

text: leads

text: to

text: significant

text: jumps

text: in

text: patronage

text: revenue

text: The

text: reasons

text: may

text: include

text: electric

text: trains

text: being

text: seen

text: as

text: more

text: modern

text: and

text: attractive

text: to

text: ride

text: faster

text: and

text: smoother

text: service

text: and

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: electrification

text: often

text: goes

text: hand

text: in

text: hand

text: with

text: a

text: general

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: rolling

text: stock

text: overhaul

text: replacement

text: which

text: leads

text: to

text: better

text: service

text: quality

text: in

text: a

text: way

text: that

text: theoretically

text: could

text: also

text: be

text: achieved

text: by

text: doing

text: similar

text: upgrades

text: yet

text: without

text: electrification

text: Whatever

text: the

text: causes

text: of

text: the

text: sparks

text: effect

text: it

text: is

text: well

text: established

text: for

text: numerous

text: routes

text: that

text: have

text: electrified

text: over

text: decades

question: What can be seen in the newly electrified lines?

answer: "sparks effect"

text: "sparks effect"

question: What can electrification of modern trains effect?

answer: patronage / revenue

text: patronage / revenue

question: How can better service quality be achieved?

answer: rolling stock overhaul / replacement

text: rolling stock overhaul / replacement

question: Electrification in passenger rail systems leads to insignificant jumps in what?

text: patronage / revenue

question: What leads to decreasing service quality?

question: A "sparks effect" is often seen on old lines which are what?

text: electrified

question: Electric trains are often seen as less modern and what?

text: attractive to ride

question: What is well established for routes that have been electrified for days?

text: the sparks effect


text: Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam, the Quranic account does not confirm the Immaculate Conception exclusively for Mary as in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate, her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam. Moreover, Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan (Shayṭān) was said after it had already been born, not before and expresses a natural concern any righteous parent would have. The Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan," were Mary and Jesus. should therefore not be taken in isolation from the Quran, and is to be interpreted within the specific context of exonerating Mary and her child from the charges that were made against them and is not a general statement. The specific mention of Mary and Jesus in this hadith may also be taken to represent a class of people, in keeping with the Arabic language and the Quranic verse [O Satan] surely thou shalt have no power over My servants, except such of the erring ones as choose to follow thee (15:42)

title: Immaculate_Conception

title: Immaculate_Conception

text: Others

text: have

text: rejected

text: that

text: the

text: doctrine

text: of

text: Immaculate

text: Conception

text: exists

text: in

text: Islam

text: the

text: Quranic

text: account

text: does

text: not

text: confirm

text: the

text: Immaculate

text: Conception

text: exclusively

text: for

text: Mary

text: as

text: in

text: Islam

text: every

text: human

text: child

text: is

text: born

text: pure

text: and

text: immaculate

text: her

text: sinless

text: birth

text: is

text: thus

text: independent

text: of

text: the

text: Christian

text: docrtrine

text: of

text: original

text: sin

text: as

text: no

text: such

text: doctrine

text: exists

text: in

text: Islam

text: Moreover

text: Hannah

text: 's

text: prayer

text: in

text: the

text: Quran

text: for

text: her

text: child

text: to

text: remain

text: protected

text: from

text: Satan

text: Shayṭān

text: was

text: said

text: after

text: it

text: had

text: already

text: been

text: born

text: not

text: before

text: and

text: expresses

text: a

text: natural

text: concern

text: any

text: righteous

text: parent

text: would

text: have

text: The

text: Muslim

text: tradition

text: or

text: hadith

text: which

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: only

text: children

text: born

text: without

text: the

text: touch

text: of

text: Satan

text: were

text: Mary

text: and

text: Jesus

text: should

text: therefore

text: not

text: be

text: taken

text: in

text: isolation

text: from

text: the

text: Quran

text: and

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: interpreted

text: within

text: the

text: specific

text: context

text: of

text: exonerating

text: Mary

text: and

text: her

text: child

text: from

text: the

text: charges

text: that

text: were

text: made

text: against

text: them

text: and

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: general

text: statement

text: The

text: specific

text: mention

text: of

text: Mary

text: and

text: Jesus

text: in

text: this

text: hadith

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: taken

text: to

text: represent

text: a

text: class

text: of

text: people

text: in

text: keeping

text: with

text: the

text: Arabic

text: language

text: and

text: the

text: Quranic

text: verse

text: O

text: Satan

text: surely

text: thou

text: shalt

text: have

text: no

text: power

text: over

text: My

text: servants

text: except

text: such

text: of

text: the

text: erring

text: ones

text: as

text: choose

text: to

text: follow

text: thee

question: Does everyone agree on the credit that should be given for the story of Mary's inception ?

answer: Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam

text: Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam

question: What does the book of Muslim faith state in regards to how every person is born ?

answer: in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate

text: in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate

question: Does this view contradict the belief that Mary was also born to a virgin mother ?

answer: her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam

text: her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam

question: What view did the Qua-ran take on the sinful ways in which Mary could have been conceived ?

answer: Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan," were Mary and Jesus.

text: Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan," were Mary and Jesus.

question: What is the name of the prayer that is listed in the Qua-ran  is used to enact a safeguard on kids from the  the devil ?

answer: Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan

text: Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan

question: How does the Qur\an confirm the Immaculat Conception of Mary?

question: What does the Qur'an say is dependent on Christian doctrine?

text: her sinless birth

question: When did Mary pray for her child to remain protected from Satan?

text: after it had already been born

question: What exonerates Mary and Jesus?

text: The Muslim tradition or hadith

question: Who does the hadith refer to as servents?

text: Mary and Jesus


text: Definitions of literature have varied over time; it is a "culturally relative definition". In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth century, literature as a term indicated all books and writing. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate "imaginative" literature. Contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of analysis both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works.

title: Literature

title: Literature

text: Definitions

text: of

text: literature

text: have

text: varied

text: over

text: time

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: culturally

text: relative

text: definition

text: In

text: Western

text: Europe

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: eighteenth

text: century

text: literature

text: as

text: a

text: term

text: indicated

text: all

text: books

text: and

text: writing

text: A

text: more

text: restricted

text: sense

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: emerged

text: during

text: the

text: Romantic

text: period

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: began

text: to

text: demarcate

text: imaginative

text: literature

text: Contemporary

text: debates

text: over

text: what

text: constitutes

text: literature

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: returning

text: to

text: the

text: older

text: more

text: inclusive

text: notion

text: of

text: what

text: constitutes

text: literature

text: Cultural

text: studies

text: for

text: instance

text: takes

text: as

text: its

text: subject

text: of

text: analysis

text: both

text: popular

text: and

text: minority

text: genres

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: canonical

text: works

question: The changing nature of the meaning of the term "literature" can be described as what?

answer: a "culturally relative definition"

text: a "culturally relative definition"

question: In Western Europe until the 1700s, literature was a term used to describe what?

answer: all books and writing

text: all books and writing

question: During what literary movement did the definition of literature begin to narrow?

answer: the Romantic period

text: the Romantic period

question: During that 18th century period, literature began to be applied how?

answer: it began to demarcate "imaginative" literature

text: it began to demarcate "imaginative" literature

question: What term has a "socially relative definition?"

text: literature

question: Prior to the seventeenth century, literature as a term included what too things?

text: all books and writing

question: During what period did a more broad sense of the "literature" emerge?

text: Romantic period

question: In Eastern Europe, literature included all books and what else?

text: writing

question: What do social studies take as its subject and analysis?

question: Due to the unvarying definition of literature, what can the term "literature' be described as?

text: culturally relative definition

question: What did literature refer to in Eastern Europe prior to the eighteenth century?

text: all books and writing

question: What period brought a term that was more unrestricted to describe literature?

text: Romantic period

question: What do social studies take as its subjects of analysis?

question: What has been the result of modern debates over what constitutes literature?

question: What is literature referred to because definitions have varied very little over time?

text: culturally relative definition

question: What did "literature" include in Western Europe prior to the seventeenth century?

text: all books and writing

question: When did a more unrestricted sense of the term "literature" emerge?

text: Romantic period

question: What does cultural studies take as its only subjects of analysis?


text: Royal power in Wales was unevenly applied, with the country divided between the marcher lords along the borders, royal territories in Pembrokeshire and the more independent native Welsh lords of North Wales. John took a close interest in Wales and knew the country well, visiting every year between 1204 and 1211 and marrying his illegitimate daughter, Joan, to the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great. The king used the marcher lords and the native Welsh to increase his own territory and power, striking a sequence of increasingly precise deals backed by royal military power with the Welsh rulers. A major royal expedition to enforce these agreements occurred in 1211, after Llywelyn attempted to exploit the instability caused by the removal of William de Braose, through the Welsh uprising of 1211. John's invasion, striking into the Welsh heartlands, was a military success. Llywelyn came to terms that included an expansion of John's power across much of Wales, albeit only temporarily.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: Royal

text: power

text: in

text: Wales

text: was

text: unevenly

text: applied

text: with

text: the

text: country

text: divided

text: between

text: the

text: marcher

text: lords

text: along

text: the

text: borders

text: royal

text: territories

text: in

text: Pembrokeshire

text: and

text: the

text: more

text: independent

text: native

text: Welsh

text: lords

text: of

text: North

text: Wales

text: John

text: took

text: a

text: close

text: interest

text: in

text: Wales

text: and

text: knew

text: the

text: country

text: well

text: visiting

text: every

text: year

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: marrying

text: his

text: illegitimate

text: daughter

text: Joan

text: to

text: the

text: Welsh

text: prince

text: Llywelyn

text: the

text: Great

text: The

text: king

text: used

text: the

text: marcher

text: lords

text: and

text: the

text: native

text: Welsh

text: to

text: increase

text: his

text: own

text: territory

text: and

text: power

text: striking

text: a

text: sequence

text: of

text: increasingly

text: precise

text: deals

text: backed

text: by

text: royal

text: military

text: power

text: with

text: the

text: Welsh

text: rulers

text: A

text: major

text: royal

text: expedition

text: to

text: enforce

text: these

text: agreements

text: occurred

text: in

text: after

text: Llywelyn

text: attempted

text: to

text: exploit

text: the

text: instability

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: removal

text: of

text: William

text: de

text: Braose

text: through

text: the

text: Welsh

text: uprising

text: of

text: John

text: 's

text: invasion

text: striking

text: into

text: the

text: Welsh

text: heartlands

text: was

text: a

text: military

text: success

text: Llywelyn

text: came

text: to

text: terms

text: that

text: included

text: an

text: expansion

text: of

text: John

text: 's

text: power

text: across

text: much

text: of

text: Wales

text: albeit

text: only

text: temporarily

question: Where did John visit every year between 1204 and 1211?

answer: Wales

text: Wales

question: Who did John marry Joan to?

answer: Llywelyn the Great

text: Llywelyn the Great

question: What did John use to increase his own territory and power?

answer: marcher lords and the native Welsh

text: marcher lords and the native Welsh

question: When did a royal expedition to enforce agreements occur?

answer: 1211


text: Paris is located in northern central France. By road it is 450 kilometres (280 mi) south-east of London, 287 kilometres (178 mi) south of Calais, 305 kilometres (190 mi) south-west of Brussels, 774 kilometres (481 mi) north of Marseille, 385 kilometres (239 mi) north-east of Nantes, and 135 kilometres (84 mi) south-east of Rouen. Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the city. The river's mouth on the English Channel (La Manche) is about 233 mi (375 km) downstream of the city, established around 7600 BC. The city is spread widely on both banks of the river. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest point is 35 m (115 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is Montmartre at 130 m (427 ft). Montmartre gained its name from the martyrdom of Saint Denis, first bishop of Paris, atop the Mons Martyrum, "Martyr's mound", in 250.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: Paris

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: northern

text: central

text: France

text: By

text: road

text: it

text: is

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: London

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: south

text: of

text: Calais

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: south

text: west

text: of

text: Brussels

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: north

text: of

text: Marseille

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: north

text: east

text: of

text: Nantes

text: and

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: south

text: east

text: of

text: Rouen

text: Paris

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: bending

text: arc

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: Seine

text: and

text: includes

text: two

text: islands

text: the

text: Île

text: Saint

text: Louis

text: and

text: the

text: larger

text: Île

text: de

text: la

text: Cité

text: which

text: form

text: the

text: oldest

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: river

text: 's

text: mouth

text: on

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: La

text: Manche

text: is

text: about

text: mi

text: km

text: downstream

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: established

text: around

text: BC

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: spread

text: widely

text: on

text: both

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: Overall

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: relatively

text: flat

text: and

text: the

text: lowest

text: point

text: is

text: m

text: ft

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: Paris

text: has

text: several

text: prominent

text: hills

text: the

text: highest

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: Montmartre

text: at

text: m

text: ft

text: Montmartre

text: gained

text: its

text: name

text: from

text: the

text: martyrdom

text: of

text: Saint

text: Denis

text: first

text: bishop

text: of

text: Paris

text: atop

text: the

text: Mons

text: Martyrum

text: Martyr

text: 's

text: mound

text: in

question: Where in France is Paris located?

answer: northern central

text: northern central

question: How many kilometers is it away from London?

answer: 450

question: What major river is located in Paris?

answer: Seine

text: Seine

question: What is the largest island in Paris?

answer: Île de la Cité

text: Île de la Cité

question: What is the largest hill in Paris?

answer: Montmartre

text: Montmartre


text: Traditionally the feast also applied to sexual desires, which were supposed to be suppressed during the following fasting. Before Lent began, all rich food and drink were consumed in what became a giant celebration that involved the whole community, and is thought to be the origin of Carnival. The Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar, the six weeks directly before Easter, was originally marked by fasting and other pious or penitential practices. During Lent, no parties or celebrations were held, and people refrained from eating rich foods, such as meat, dairy, fat and sugar.

title: Carnival

title: Carnival

text: Traditionally

text: the

text: feast

text: also

text: applied

text: to

text: sexual

text: desires

text: which

text: were

text: supposed

text: to

text: be

text: suppressed

text: during

text: the

text: following

text: fasting

text: Before

text: Lent

text: began

text: all

text: rich

text: food

text: and

text: drink

text: were

text: consumed

text: in

text: what

text: became

text: a

text: giant

text: celebration

text: that

text: involved

text: the

text: whole

text: community

text: and

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: origin

text: of

text: Carnival

text: The

text: Lenten

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Liturgical

text: calendar

text: the

text: six

text: weeks

text: directly

text: before

text: Easter

text: was

text: originally

text: marked

text: by

text: fasting

text: and

text: other

text: pious

text: or

text: penitential

text: practices

text: During

text: Lent

text: no

text: parties

text: or

text: celebrations

text: were

text: held

text: and

text: people

text: refrained

text: from

text: eating

text: rich

text: foods

text: such

text: as

text: meat

text: dairy

text: fat

text: and

text: sugar

question: What desires were expected to be suppressed during the fasting period?

answer: sexual

text: sexual

question: All rich food and drink were consumed before what named event?

answer: Lent

text: Lent

question: The giant celebration that involved the whole community is thought to be the origin of what festivity?

answer: Carnival

text: Carnival

question: How long is the Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar?

answer: six weeks

text: six weeks

question: What type of rich foods did people refrain from eating during Lent?

answer: meat, dairy, fat and sugar

text: meat, dairy, fat and sugar


text: The most expensive part of a CD is the jewel case. In 1995, material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD. Wholesale cost of CDs was $0.75 to $1.15, which retailed for $16.98. On average, the store received 35 percent of the retail price, the record company 27 percent, the artist 16 percent, the manufacturer 13 percent, and the distributor 9 percent. When 8-track tapes, cassette tapes, and CDs were introduced, each was marketed at a higher price than the format they succeeded, even though the cost to produce the media was reduced. This was done because the apparent value increased. This continued from vinyl to CDs but was broken when Apple marketed MP3s for $0.99, and albums for $9.99. The incremental cost, though, to produce an MP3 is very small.

title: Compact_disc

title: Compact_disc

text: The

text: most

text: expensive

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: CD

text: is

text: the

text: jewel

text: case

text: In

text: material

text: costs

text: were

text: cents

text: for

text: the

text: jewel

text: case

text: and

text: to

text: cents

text: for

text: the

text: CD

text: Wholesale

text: cost

text: of

text: CDs

text: was

text: to

text: which

text: retailed

text: for

text: On

text: average

text: the

text: store

text: received

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: retail

text: price

text: the

text: record

text: company

text: percent

text: the

text: artist

text: percent

text: the

text: manufacturer

text: percent

text: and

text: the

text: distributor

text: percent

text: When

text: tapes

text: cassette

text: tapes

text: and

text: CDs

text: were

text: introduced

text: each

text: was

text: marketed

text: at

text: a

text: higher

text: price

text: than

text: the

text: format

text: they

text: succeeded

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: cost

text: to

text: produce

text: the

text: media

text: was

text: reduced

text: This

text: was

text: done

text: because

text: the

text: apparent

text: value

text: increased

text: This

text: continued

text: from

text: vinyl

text: to

text: CDs

text: but

text: was

text: broken

text: when

text: Apple

text: marketed

text: for

text: and

text: albums

text: for

text: The

text: incremental

text: cost

text: though

text: to

text: produce

text: an

text: is

text: very

text: small

question: What is the priciest component of a CD?

answer: jewel case

text: jewel case

question: Why did the cost of audio music increase when the production costs decreased?

answer: value increased

text: value increased

question: What did CDs retail for in 1995?

answer: $16.98

question: Who received the most profit from the sale of CDs?

answer: the store

text: the store

question: How much did a jewel case cost in 1995?

answer: 30 cents

text: 30 cents

question: Why were successive formats less expensive than their predecessors?

question: When did Apple place MP3s on the market?

question: What was the wholesale cost of a cassette tape?

text: 10 to 15 cents

question: What was the most expensive part of an MP3?

text: the jewel case

question: What percentage of an MP3 does Apple receive?

text: 13 percent


text: High neoclassicism was an international movement. Though neoclassical architecture employed the same classical vocabulary as Late Baroque architecture, it tended to emphasize its planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade were more flat; sculptural bas-reliefs were flatter and tended to be enframed in friezes, tablets or panels. Its clearly articulated individual features were isolated rather than interpenetrating, autonomous and complete in themselves.

title: Neoclassical_architecture

title: Neoclassical_architecture

text: High

text: neoclassicism

text: was

text: an

text: international

text: movement

text: Though

text: neoclassical

text: architecture

text: employed

text: the

text: same

text: classical

text: vocabulary

text: as

text: Late

text: Baroque

text: architecture

text: it

text: tended

text: to

text: emphasize

text: its

text: planar

text: qualities

text: rather

text: than

text: sculptural

text: volumes

text: Projections

text: and

text: recessions

text: and

text: their

text: effects

text: of

text: light

text: and

text: shade

text: were

text: more

text: flat

text: sculptural

text: bas

text: reliefs

text: were

text: flatter

text: and

text: tended

text: to

text: be

text: enframed

text: in

text: friezes

text: tablets

text: or

text: panels

text: Its

text: clearly

text: articulated

text: individual

text: features

text: were

text: isolated

text: rather

text: than

text: interpenetrating

text: autonomous

text: and

text: complete

text: in

text: themselves

question: What other architecture style did neoclassical share similarities and vocabulary?

answer: Late Baroque architecture

text: Late Baroque architecture

question: What qualities were more emphasized in neoclassical versus Baroque?

answer: planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes

text: planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes

question: In addition to being flatter, how were individual features handled with neoclasic?

answer: isolated rather than interpenetrating

text: isolated rather than interpenetrating

question: How broad was the reach of high neoclassicism?

answer: international movement

text: international movement

question: What was a national movement?

text: neoclassicism

question: What used a different vocabulary then late Baroque architecture?

text: neoclassical architecture

question: What emphasized its sculptural volumes?

text: neoclassical architecture

question: What architectural features had a less flat effect on light and shade?

text: Projections and recessions

question: What architectural style had less isolated features?

text: neoclassicism


text: Victoria was physically unprepossessing—she was stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall—but she succeeded in projecting a grand image. She experienced unpopularity during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure. Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public. Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date. The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired. They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking.

title: Queen_Victoria

title: Queen_Victoria

text: Victoria

text: was

text: physically

text: unprepossessing

text: she

text: was

text: stout

text: dowdy

text: and

text: no

text: more

text: than

text: five

text: feet

text: tall

text: but

text: she

text: succeeded

text: in

text: projecting

text: a

text: grand

text: image

text: She

text: experienced

text: unpopularity

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: years

text: of

text: her

text: widowhood

text: but

text: was

text: well

text: liked

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: when

text: she

text: embodied

text: the

text: empire

text: as

text: a

text: benevolent

text: matriarchal

text: figure

text: Only

text: after

text: the

text: release

text: of

text: her

text: diary

text: and

text: letters

text: did

text: the

text: extent

text: of

text: her

text: political

text: influence

text: become

text: known

text: to

text: the

text: wider

text: public

text: Biographies

text: of

text: Victoria

text: written

text: before

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: primary

text: material

text: became

text: available

text: such

text: as

text: Lytton

text: Strachey

text: 's

text: Queen

text: Victoria

text: of

text: are

text: now

text: considered

text: out

text: of

text: date

text: The

text: biographies

text: written

text: by

text: Elizabeth

text: Longford

text: and

text: Cecil

text: Woodham

text: Smith

text: in

text: and

text: respectively

text: are

text: still

text: widely

text: admired

text: They

text: and

text: others

text: conclude

text: that

text: as

text: a

text: person

text: Victoria

text: was

text: emotional

text: obstinate

text: honest

text: and

text: straight

text: talking

question: How tall was Queen Victoria?

answer: no more than five feet tall

text: no more than five feet tall

question: The extent of Victorias political influence became well known after the publishing of what?

answer: her diary and letters

text: her diary and letters

question: What year did Elizabeth Longford write a biography of Victoria?

answer: 1964

question: What year did Cecil Woodham Smith writ Victorias biography?

answer: 1972

question: How tall was Queen Victoria?

answer: five feet

text: five feet

question: Who wrote the biography about Queen Victoria that is now considered to be out of date?

answer: Lytton Strachey

text: Lytton Strachey

question: What woman wrote a biography of Queen Victoria in 1964?

answer: Elizabeth Longford

text: Elizabeth Longford

question: When did Celcil Woodham-Smith also write a well recieved biography about Victoria?

answer: 1972

question: What was Victoria like, physically?

answer: stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall

text: stout, dowdy and no more than five feet tall

question: When did people really start to understand the political mind of Queen Victoria?

answer: after the release of her diary and letters

text: after the release of her diary and letters

question: Who were two good biographers of Queen Victoria?

answer: Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith

text: Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith

question: When were the best biographies of Queen Victoria written?

answer: 1964 and 1972

text: 1964 and 1972

question: What kind of person was Victoria?

answer: emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking

text: emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking

question: How tall was Queen Victor?

text: no more than five feet tall

question: The extent of Victorias political influence became unknown after the publishing of what?

text: her diary and letters

question: What year did Elizabeth Longford read a biography of Victoria?

question: What year did Cecil Woodham Smith read Victorias biography

question: Who read the biography about Queen Victoria that is now considered to be out of date?

text: Lytton Strachey