text: Airborne Interception radar (AI) was unreliable. The heavy fighting in the Battle of Britain had eaten up most of Fighter Command's resources, so there was little investment in night fighting. Bombers were flown with airborne search lights out of desperation[citation needed], but to little avail. Of greater potential was the GL (Gunlaying) radar and searchlights with fighter direction from RAF fighter control rooms to begin a GCI system (Ground Control-led Interception) under Group-level control (No. 10 Group RAF, No. 11 Group RAF and No. 12 Group RAF).

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: Airborne

text: Interception

text: radar

text: AI

text: was

text: unreliable

text: The

text: heavy

text: fighting

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Britain

text: had

text: eaten

text: up

text: most

text: of

text: Fighter

text: Command

text: 's

text: resources

text: so

text: there

text: was

text: little

text: investment

text: in

text: night

text: fighting

text: Bombers

text: were

text: flown

text: with

text: airborne

text: search

text: lights

text: out

text: of

text: desperation[citation

text: needed

text: but

text: to

text: little

text: avail

text: Of

text: greater

text: potential

text: was

text: the

text: GL

text: Gunlaying

text: radar

text: and

text: searchlights

text: with

text: fighter

text: direction

text: from

text: RAF

text: fighter

text: control

text: rooms

text: to

text: begin

text: a

text: GCI

text: system

text: Ground

text: Control

text: led

text: Interception

text: under

text: Group

text: level

text: control

text: No

text: Group

text: RAF

text: No

text: Group

text: RAF

text: and

text: No

text: Group

text: RAF

question: What was considered unreliable?

answer: Airborne Interception radar

text: Airborne Interception radar

question: What used most of Fighter Command's resources?

answer: the Battle of Britain

text: the Battle of Britain

question: The bombers used what out of desperation?

answer: airborne search lights

text: airborne search lights

question: Gunlaying radar and RAF controls combined to create what system?

answer: Ground Control-led Interception

text: Ground Control-led Interception


text: Paul VI did away with much of the regal splendor of the papacy. He was the last pope to date to be crowned; his successor Pope John Paul I replaced the Papal Coronation (which Paul had already substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975 apostolic constitution Romano Pontifici Eligendo) with a Papal Inauguration. Paul VI donated his own Papal Tiara, a gift from his former Archdiocese of Milan, to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, DC (where it is on permanent display in the Crypt) as a gift to American Catholics.

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: Paul

text: VI

text: did

text: away

text: with

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: regal

text: splendor

text: of

text: the

text: papacy

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: last

text: pope

text: to

text: date

text: to

text: be

text: crowned

text: his

text: successor

text: Pope

text: John

text: Paul

text: I

text: replaced

text: the

text: Papal

text: Coronation

text: which

text: Paul

text: had

text: already

text: substantially

text: modified

text: but

text: which

text: he

text: left

text: mandatory

text: in

text: his

text: apostolic

text: constitution

text: Romano

text: Pontifici

text: Eligendo

text: with

text: a

text: Papal

text: Inauguration

text: Paul

text: VI

text: donated

text: his

text: own

text: Papal

text: Tiara

text: a

text: gift

text: from

text: his

text: former

text: Archdiocese

text: of

text: Milan

text: to

text: the

text: Basilica

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Shrine

text: of

text: the

text: Immaculate

text: Conception

text: in

text: Washington

text: DC

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: on

text: permanent

text: display

text: in

text: the

text: Crypt

text: as

text: a

text: gift

text: to

text: American

text: Catholics

question: What did Paul VI donate to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception ?

answer: Papal Tiara

text: Papal Tiara

question: What group gave Paul VI his Papal tiara?

answer: Archdiocese of Milan

text: Archdiocese of Milan

question: Where is the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception located?

answer: Washington, DC

text: Washington, DC

question: Who was the last pope to be crowned?

answer: Paul VI

text: Paul VI

question: What ceremony had Paul VI left in place in in the 1975 apostolic constitution?

answer: Papal Coronation

text: Papal Coronation


text: Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the snow petrel's breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland in Antarctica. The highest bird diversity occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result of higher speciation rates in the tropics, however recent studies found higher speciation rates in the high latitudes that were offset by greater extinction rates than in the tropics. Several families of birds have adapted to life both on the world's oceans and in them, with some seabird species coming ashore only to breed and some penguins have been recorded diving up to 300 metres (980 ft).

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: Birds

text: live

text: and

text: breed

text: in

text: most

text: terrestrial

text: habitats

text: and

text: on

text: all

text: seven

text: continents

text: reaching

text: their

text: southern

text: extreme

text: in

text: the

text: snow

text: petrel

text: 's

text: breeding

text: colonies

text: up

text: to

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: inland

text: in

text: Antarctica

text: The

text: highest

text: bird

text: diversity

text: occurs

text: in

text: tropical

text: regions

text: It

text: was

text: earlier

text: thought

text: that

text: this

text: high

text: diversity

text: was

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: higher

text: speciation

text: rates

text: in

text: the

text: tropics

text: however

text: recent

text: studies

text: found

text: higher

text: speciation

text: rates

text: in

text: the

text: high

text: latitudes

text: that

text: were

text: offset

text: by

text: greater

text: extinction

text: rates

text: than

text: in

text: the

text: tropics

text: Several

text: families

text: of

text: birds

text: have

text: adapted

text: to

text: life

text: both

text: on

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceans

text: and

text: in

text: them

text: with

text: some

text: seabird

text: species

text: coming

text: ashore

text: only

text: to

text: breed

text: and

text: some

text: penguins

text: have

text: been

text: recorded

text: diving

text: up

text: to

text: metres

text: ft

question: Birds live on how many continents?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: Highest bird diversity occurs in which regions?

answer: tropical

text: tropical

question: Some penguins have been recording diving up to how many feet?

answer: 980

question: Some seabird species only come ashore for what purpose?

answer: to breed

text: to breed


text: Standard Dutch uses three genders to differentiate between natural gender and three when discerning grammatical gender. But for most non-Belgian speakers, the masculine and feminine genders have merged to form the common gender (de), while the neuter (het) remains distinct as before. This gender system is similar to those of most Continental Scandinavian languages. As in English, but to a lesser degree, the inflectional grammar of the language (e.g., adjective and noun endings) has simplified over time.

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: Standard

text: Dutch

text: uses

text: three

text: genders

text: to

text: differentiate

text: between

text: natural

text: gender

text: and

text: three

text: when

text: discerning

text: grammatical

text: gender

text: But

text: for

text: most

text: non

text: Belgian

text: speakers

text: the

text: masculine

text: and

text: feminine

text: genders

text: have

text: merged

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: common

text: gender

text: de

text: while

text: the

text: neuter

text: het

text: remains

text: distinct

text: as

text: before

text: This

text: gender

text: system

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: those

text: of

text: most

text: Continental

text: Scandinavian

text: languages

text: As

text: in

text: English

text: but

text: to

text: a

text: lesser

text: degree

text: the

text: inflectional

text: grammar

text: of

text: the

text: language

text: e.g.

text: adjective

text: and

text: noun

text: endings

text: has

text: simplified

text: over

text: time

question: How many genders does standard Dutch use for both natural and grammatical gender?

answer: three

text: three

question: What gender does the majority of non-Belgian Dutch speakers use instead of the masculine and feminine?

answer: the common gender

text: the common gender

question: Apart from the common gender in non-Belgian Dutch, what other gender do speakers use?

answer: neuter

text: neuter

question: The common/neuter system used in Dutch is a lot like the system used in what other language category?

answer: Continental Scandinavian languages

text: Continental Scandinavian languages

question: In its simplified inflectional grammar, what language is Dutch similar to?

answer: English

text: English


text: The Russian army withdrew and retreated past Moscow. Napoleon entered the city, assuming its fall would end the war and Alexander would negotiate peace. However, on orders of the city's governor Feodor Rostopchin, rather than capitulation, Moscow was burned. After five weeks, Napoleon and his army left. In early November Napoleon got concerned about loss of control back in France after the Malet coup of 1812. His army walked through snow up to their knees and nearly 10,000 men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November alone. After Battle of Berezina Napoleon succeeded to escape but had to abandon much of the remaining artillery and baggage train. On 5 December, shortly before arriving in Vilnius, Napoleon left the army in a sledge.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: The

text: Russian

text: army

text: withdrew

text: and

text: retreated

text: past

text: Moscow

text: Napoleon

text: entered

text: the

text: city

text: assuming

text: its

text: fall

text: would

text: end

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: Alexander

text: would

text: negotiate

text: peace

text: However

text: on

text: orders

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: governor

text: Feodor

text: Rostopchin

text: rather

text: than

text: capitulation

text: Moscow

text: was

text: burned

text: After

text: five

text: weeks

text: Napoleon

text: and

text: his

text: army

text: left

text: In

text: early

text: November

text: Napoleon

text: got

text: concerned

text: about

text: loss

text: of

text: control

text: back

text: in

text: France

text: after

text: the

text: Malet

text: coup

text: of

text: His

text: army

text: walked

text: through

text: snow

text: up

text: to

text: their

text: knees

text: and

text: nearly

text: men

text: and

text: horses

text: froze

text: to

text: death

text: on

text: the

text: night

text: of

text: November

text: alone

text: After

text: Battle

text: of

text: Berezina

text: Napoleon

text: succeeded

text: to

text: escape

text: but

text: had

text: to

text: abandon

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: remaining

text: artillery

text: and

text: baggage

text: train

text: On

text: December

text: shortly

text: before

text: arriving

text: in

text: Vilnius

text: Napoleon

text: left

text: the

text: army

text: in

text: a

text: sledge

question: When Napoleon entered Moscow, he expected an offer of peace from whom?

answer: Alexander

text: Alexander

question: What was the name of the governor who ordered the burning of Moscow?

answer: Feodor Rostopchin

text: Feodor Rostopchin

question: How long did Napoleon stay in Moscow before leaving?

answer: five weeks

text: five weeks

question: What 1812 event turned Napoleon's attention back to France?

answer: the Malet coup

text: the Malet coup

question: Approximately how many French men and horses froze to death on the night of 8/9 November?

answer: 10,000


text: Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures), or the wavelength of cadmium to stand in as our unit of length. The second feature deals with separated objects. Although we can, presumably, directly test the equality of length of two measuring rods when they are next to one another, we can not find out as much for two rods distant from one another. Even supposing that two rods, whenever brought near to one another are seen to be equal in length, we are not justified in stating that they are always equal in length. This impossibility undermines our ability to decide the equality of length of two distant objects. Sameness of length, to the contrary, must be set by definition.

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

text: Coordinative

text: definition

text: has

text: two

text: major

text: features

text: The

text: first

text: has

text: to

text: do

text: with

text: coordinating

text: units

text: of

text: length

text: with

text: certain

text: physical

text: objects

text: This

text: is

text: motivated

text: by

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: we

text: can

text: never

text: directly

text: apprehend

text: length

text: Instead

text: we

text: must

text: choose

text: some

text: physical

text: object

text: say

text: the

text: Standard

text: Metre

text: at

text: the

text: Bureau

text: International

text: des

text: Poids

text: et

text: Mesures

text: International

text: Bureau

text: of

text: Weights

text: and

text: Measures

text: or

text: the

text: wavelength

text: of

text: cadmium

text: to

text: stand

text: in

text: as

text: our

text: unit

text: of

text: length

text: The

text: second

text: feature

text: deals

text: with

text: separated

text: objects

text: Although

text: we

text: can

text: presumably

text: directly

text: test

text: the

text: equality

text: of

text: length

text: of

text: two

text: measuring

text: rods

text: when

text: they

text: are

text: next

text: to

text: one

text: another

text: we

text: can

text: not

text: find

text: out

text: as

text: much

text: for

text: two

text: rods

text: distant

text: from

text: one

text: another

text: Even

text: supposing

text: that

text: two

text: rods

text: whenever

text: brought

text: near

text: to

text: one

text: another

text: are

text: seen

text: to

text: be

text: equal

text: in

text: length

text: we

text: are

text: not

text: justified

text: in

text: stating

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: always

text: equal

text: in

text: length

text: This

text: impossibility

text: undermines

text: our

text: ability

text: to

text: decide

text: the

text: equality

text: of

text: length

text: of

text: two

text: distant

text: objects

text: Sameness

text: of

text: length

text: to

text: the

text: contrary

text: must

text: be

text: set

text: by

text: definition

question: Coordinative definition has how many major features?

answer: two

text: two

question: The first feature of Coordinative definition involves what?

answer: coordinating units of length with certain physical objects

text: coordinating units of length with certain physical objects

question: What is the first feature motivated by?

answer: we can never directly apprehend length

text: we can never directly apprehend length

question: The second feature of Coordinative definition involves what?

answer: separated objects

text: separated objects

question: Sameness of length must be set how?

answer: by definition

text: by definition

question: What definition states that units of length can not be coodinated with physical objects?

text: Coordinative definition

question: What measurment can be made independently?

text: length

question: What can be determined about two objects regardless of their distance from each other?

text: the equality of length

question: What is always equal rerdless of position?

text: length.

question: How must diffrence of l;ength be set?

text: by definition


text: Paris' disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. Paul Delouvrier promised to resolve the Paris-suburbs mésentente when he became head of the Paris region in 1961: two of his most ambitious projects for the Region were the construction of five suburban villes nouvelles ("new cities") and the RER commuter train network. Many other suburban residential districts (grands ensembles) were built between the 1960s and 1970s to provide a low-cost solution for a rapidly expanding population: these districts were socially mixed at first, but few residents actually owned their homes (the growing economy made these accessible to the middle classes only from the 1970s). Their poor construction quality and their haphazard insertion into existing urban growth contributed to their desertion by those able to move elsewhere and their repopulation by those with more limited possibilities.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: Paris

text: disconnect

text: with

text: its

text: suburbs

text: its

text: lack

text: of

text: suburban

text: transportation

text: in

text: particular

text: became

text: all

text: too

text: apparent

text: with

text: the

text: Paris

text: agglomeration

text: 's

text: growth

text: Paul

text: Delouvrier

text: promised

text: to

text: resolve

text: the

text: Paris

text: suburbs

text: mésentente

text: when

text: he

text: became

text: head

text: of

text: the

text: Paris

text: region

text: in

text: two

text: of

text: his

text: most

text: ambitious

text: projects

text: for

text: the

text: Region

text: were

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: five

text: suburban

text: villes

text: nouvelles

text: new

text: cities

text: and

text: the

text: RER

text: commuter

text: train

text: network

text: Many

text: other

text: suburban

text: residential

text: districts

text: grands

text: ensembles

text: were

text: built

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: to

text: provide

text: a

text: low

text: cost

text: solution

text: for

text: a

text: rapidly

text: expanding

text: population

text: these

text: districts

text: were

text: socially

text: mixed

text: at

text: first

text: but

text: few

text: residents

text: actually

text: owned

text: their

text: homes

text: the

text: growing

text: economy

text: made

text: these

text: accessible

text: to

text: the

text: middle

text: classes

text: only

text: from

text: the

text: Their

text: poor

text: construction

text: quality

text: and

text: their

text: haphazard

text: insertion

text: into

text: existing

text: urban

text: growth

text: contributed

text: to

text: their

text: desertion

text: by

text: those

text: able

text: to

text: move

text: elsewhere

text: and

text: their

text: repopulation

text: by

text: those

text: with

text: more

text: limited

text: possibilities

question: When did Paul Delouvrier become the head of the Paris region?

answer: 1961

question: What was a major problem with Paris being disconnected from its suburbs?

answer: lack of suburban transportation

text: lack of suburban transportation

question: How many suburban villes nouvelles did Paul Delouvrier constuct?

answer: five

text: five


text: The Bronx is almost entirely situated on the North American mainland. The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County, New Jersey; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast; and to the east, Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in western Long Island. Directly north of the Bronx are (from west to east) the adjoining Westchester County communities of Yonkers, Mount Vernon, Pelham Manor and New Rochelle. (There is also a short southern land boundary with Marble Hill in the Borough of Manhattan, over the filled-in former course of the Spuyten Duyvil Creek. Marble Hill's postal ZIP code, telephonic Area Code and fire service, however, are shared with the Bronx and not Manhattan.)

title: The_Bronx

title: The_Bronx

text: The

text: Bronx

text: is

text: almost

text: entirely

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: mainland

text: The

text: Hudson

text: River

text: separates

text: the

text: Bronx

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: from

text: Alpine

text: Tenafly

text: and

text: Englewood

text: Cliffs

text: in

text: Bergen

text: County

text: New

text: Jersey

text: the

text: Harlem

text: River

text: separates

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: island

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: the

text: East

text: River

text: separates

text: it

text: from

text: Queens

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Long

text: Island

text: Sound

text: separates

text: it

text: from

text: Nassau

text: County

text: in

text: western

text: Long

text: Island

text: Directly

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Bronx

text: are

text: from

text: west

text: to

text: east

text: the

text: adjoining

text: Westchester

text: County

text: communities

text: of

text: Yonkers

text: Mount

text: Vernon

text: Pelham

text: Manor

text: and

text: New

text: Rochelle

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: short

text: southern

text: land

text: boundary

text: with

text: Marble

text: Hill

text: in

text: the

text: Borough

text: of

text: Manhattan

text: over

text: the

text: filled

text: in

text: former

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: Spuyten

text: Duyvil

text: Creek

text: Marble

text: Hill

text: 's

text: postal

text: ZIP

text: code

text: telephonic

text: Area

text: Code

text: and

text: fire

text: service

text: however

text: are

text: shared

text: with

text: the

text: Bronx

text: and

text: not

text: Manhattan

question: What's on the other side of the Hudson from the Bronx?

answer: Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs

text: Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs

question: What county is Tenafly in?

answer: Bergen County

text: Bergen County

question: What state is Alpine in?

answer: New Jersey

text: New Jersey

question: What's on the other side of the Harlem River from the Bronx?

answer: Manhattan

text: Manhattan

question: What's on the other side of the East River from the Bronx?

answer: Queens

text: Queens


text: A number of new Presbyterian Churches were founded by Scottish immigrants to England in the 19th century and later. Following the 'Disruption' in 1843 many of those linked to the Church of Scotland eventually joined what became the Presbyterian Church of England in 1876. Some, that is Crown Court (Covent Garden, London), St Andrew's (Stepney, London) and Swallow Street (London), did not join the English denomination, which is why there are Church of Scotland congregations in England such as those at Crown Court, and St Columba's, Pont Street (Knightsbridge) in London. There is also a congregation in the heart of London's financial district called London City Presbyterian Church that is also affiliated with Free Church of Scotland.

title: Presbyterianism

title: Presbyterianism

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: new

text: Presbyterian

text: Churches

text: were

text: founded

text: by

text: Scottish

text: immigrants

text: to

text: England

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: later

text: Following

text: the

text: Disruption

text: in

text: many

text: of

text: those

text: linked

text: to

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Scotland

text: eventually

text: joined

text: what

text: became

text: the

text: Presbyterian

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: in

text: Some

text: that

text: is

text: Crown

text: Court

text: Covent

text: Garden

text: London

text: St

text: Andrew

text: 's

text: Stepney

text: London

text: and

text: Swallow

text: Street

text: London

text: did

text: not

text: join

text: the

text: English

text: denomination

text: which

text: is

text: why

text: there

text: are

text: Church

text: of

text: Scotland

text: congregations

text: in

text: England

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: at

text: Crown

text: Court

text: and

text: St

text: Columba

text: 's

text: Pont

text: Street

text: Knightsbridge

text: in

text: London

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: congregation

text: in

text: the

text: heart

text: of

text: London

text: 's

text: financial

text: district

text: called

text: London

text: City

text: Presbyterian

text: Church

text: that

text: is

text: also

text: affiliated

text: with

text: Free

text: Church

text: of

text: Scotland

question: When was the earliest Presbyterian churches founded by Scotland in England?

answer: 19th century

text: 19th century

question: In what year during the Presbyterian movement in England was referred to as the "Disruption"?

answer: 1843

question: What did Scottish Immigrants to Columba found in the 19th century?

text: Presbyterian Churches

question: What did Scottish Immigrants to England found in the 20th century?

text: Presbyterian Churches

question: Beginning in what century did English immigrants from Scotland found Presbyterian churches?

text: 19th century

question: What is the congregation that is located in the heart of Swallow Street called?

text: London City Presbyterian Church

question: In what year did the Presbyterian Church of England become the Church of Scotland?


text: However, according to then-Secretary of State Colin Powell, the UNFPA contributed vehicles and computers to the Chinese to carry out their population control policies. However, both the Washington Post and the Washington Times reported that Powell simply fell in line, signing a brief written by someone else.

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

text: However

text: according

text: to

text: then

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: Colin

text: Powell

text: the

text: UNFPA

text: contributed

text: vehicles

text: and

text: computers

text: to

text: the

text: Chinese

text: to

text: carry

text: out

text: their

text: population

text: control

text: policies

text: However

text: both

text: the

text: Washington

text: Post

text: and

text: the

text: Washington

text: Times

text: reported

text: that

text: Powell

text: simply

text: fell

text: in

text: line

text: signing

text: a

text: brief

text: written

text: by

text: someone

text: else

question: What policies did a State Department official accuse UNFPA of helping China carry out?

answer: population control policies

text: population control policies

question: What was this official's position at the time?

answer: Secretary of State

text: Secretary of State

question: Who was the official that accused UNFPA?

answer: Colin Powell

text: Colin Powell

question: What was UNFPA accused of contributing to the Chinese program?

answer: vehicles and computers

text: vehicles and computers

question: What papers reported on this incident?

answer: the Washington Post and the Washington Times

text: the Washington Post and the Washington Times

question: What policies did a State Department official accuse UNFPA of not helping China carry out?

text: population control policies

question: Who was the official that was part of UNFPA?

text: Colin Powell

question: What was UNFPA accused of taking away from the Chinese program?

text: vehicles and computers

question: What papers denied to report on this incident?


text: The West Coast of the continental United States and areas of Alaska (including the Aleutian Islands, the Alaskan Peninsula and southern Alaskan coast) make up part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area of heavy tectonic and volcanic activity that is the source of 90% of the world's earthquakes.[citation needed] The American Northwest sees the highest concentration of active volcanoes in the United States, in Washington, Oregon and northern California along the Cascade Mountains. There are several active volcanoes located in the islands of Hawaii, including Kilauea in ongoing eruption since 1983, but they do not typically adversely affect the inhabitants of the islands. There has not been a major life-threatening eruption on the Hawaiian islands since the 17th century. Volcanic eruptions can occasionally be devastating, such as in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington.

title: Geography_of_the_United_States

title: Geography_of_the_United_States

text: The

text: West

text: Coast

text: of

text: the

text: continental

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: areas

text: of

text: Alaska

text: including

text: the

text: Aleutian

text: Islands

text: the

text: Alaskan

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: southern

text: Alaskan

text: coast

text: make

text: up

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ring

text: of

text: Fire

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: heavy

text: tectonic

text: and

text: volcanic

text: activity

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: earthquakes.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: American

text: Northwest

text: sees

text: the

text: highest

text: concentration

text: of

text: active

text: volcanoes

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: Washington

text: Oregon

text: and

text: northern

text: California

text: along

text: the

text: Cascade

text: Mountains

text: There

text: are

text: several

text: active

text: volcanoes

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: islands

text: of

text: Hawaii

text: including

text: Kilauea

text: in

text: ongoing

text: eruption

text: since

text: but

text: they

text: do

text: not

text: typically

text: adversely

text: affect

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: the

text: islands

text: There

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: a

text: major

text: life

text: threatening

text: eruption

text: on

text: the

text: Hawaiian

text: islands

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: Volcanic

text: eruptions

text: can

text: occasionally

text: be

text: devastating

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: eruption

text: of

text: Mount

text: St.

text: Helens

text: in

text: Washington

question: What is the area in the pacific known for heavy volcanic activity?

answer: Pacific Ring of Fire

text: Pacific Ring of Fire

question: The Pacific Ring of Fire contains what percentage of the earthquakes on Earth?

answer: 90%

question: Which Hawaiin volcano has been erupting since 1983?

answer: Kilauea

text: Kilauea

question: When was the last time that the Hawaiin islands experienced a life threatening volcanic eruption?

answer: 17th century

text: 17th century

question: What year did Mt St. Helens erupt causing devastating damage?

answer: 1980

question: What volcano erupted in 1990?

text: Mount St. Helens

question: What is the source of 80% of the world's earthquakes?

text: Pacific Ring of Fire,

question: What Hawaiian volcano has been erupting since 1985?

text: Kilauea

question: When was the first time the Hawaiian Islands experienced a life-threatening volcanic eruption?

text: 17th century

question: The American Southwest sees the highest concentration of what?

text: active volcanoes in the United States


text: Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Vinaya

text: is

text: the

text: specific

text: moral

text: code

text: for

text: monks

text: and

text: nuns

text: It

text: includes

text: the

text: Patimokkha

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: rules

text: for

text: monks

text: in

text: the

text: Theravadin

text: recension

text: The

text: precise

text: content

text: of

text: the

text: vinayapitaka

text: scriptures

text: on

text: Vinaya

text: differs

text: slightly

text: according

text: to

text: different

text: schools

text: and

text: different

text: schools

text: or

text: subschools

text: set

text: different

text: standards

text: for

text: the

text: degree

text: of

text: adherence

text: to

text: Vinaya

text: Novice

text: monks

text: use

text: the

text: ten

text: precepts

text: which

text: are

text: the

text: basic

text: precepts

text: for

text: monastics

question: How many basic precepts are there for monastics?

answer: the ten precepts

text: the ten precepts

question: What is the specific moral code for monks and nuns?

answer: vinaya

text: vinaya

question: How many rules dows the patimokkha have?

answer: 227

question: What are the scriptures on vinaya called?

answer: vinayapitaka

text: vinayapitaka


text: Fans of professional wrestling have their own subculture, comparable to those of science fiction, video games, or comic books (in some cases, the "fandoms" overlap; in recent years, some professional wrestlers, particularly those who nurture an anti-establishment rebel persona, such as CM Punk, have made guest appearances at comic book conventions). Those who are interested in the backstage occurrences, future storylines, and reasonings behind company decisions read newsletters written by journalists with inside ties to the wrestling industry. These "rags" or "dirt sheets" have expanded into the Internet, where their information can be dispensed on an up-to-the-minute basis. Some have expanded into radio shows.

title: Professional_wrestling

title: Professional_wrestling

text: Fans

text: of

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: have

text: their

text: own

text: subculture

text: comparable

text: to

text: those

text: of

text: science

text: fiction

text: video

text: games

text: or

text: comic

text: books

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: the

text: fandoms

text: overlap

text: in

text: recent

text: years

text: some

text: professional

text: wrestlers

text: particularly

text: those

text: who

text: nurture

text: an

text: anti

text: establishment

text: rebel

text: persona

text: such

text: as

text: CM

text: Punk

text: have

text: made

text: guest

text: appearances

text: at

text: comic

text: book

text: conventions

text: Those

text: who

text: are

text: interested

text: in

text: the

text: backstage

text: occurrences

text: future

text: storylines

text: and

text: reasonings

text: behind

text: company

text: decisions

text: read

text: newsletters

text: written

text: by

text: journalists

text: with

text: inside

text: ties

text: to

text: the

text: wrestling

text: industry

text: These

text: rags

text: or

text: dirt

text: sheets

text: have

text: expanded

text: into

text: the

text: Internet

text: where

text: their

text: information

text: can

text: be

text: dispensed

text: on

text: an

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: minute

text: basis

text: Some

text: have

text: expanded

text: into

text: radio

text: shows

question: What do the fans have?

answer: their own subculture

text: their own subculture

question: What sometimes happens with fandoms?

answer: overlap

text: overlap

question: Where have some wrestlers appeared?

answer: comic book conventions

text: comic book conventions


text: After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October, the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October, attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino-Korean border. This military decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union. Twelve days after Chinese troops entered the war, Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover, and supported more aid to China. After decimating the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong, the first confrontation between Chinese and U.S. military occurred on 1 November 1950; deep in North Korea, thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the U.S. 8th Cavalry Regiment with three-prong assaults—from the north, northwest, and west—and overran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan. The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch'ongch'on River, while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory. It is unclear why the Chinese did not press the attack and follow up their victory.

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: After

text: secretly

text: crossing

text: the

text: Yalu

text: River

text: on

text: October

text: the

text: PVA

text: Army

text: Group

text: launched

text: the

text: First

text: Phase

text: Offensive

text: on

text: October

text: attacking

text: the

text: advancing

text: UN

text: forces

text: near

text: the

text: Sino

text: Korean

text: border

text: This

text: military

text: decision

text: made

text: solely

text: by

text: China

text: changed

text: the

text: attitude

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: Twelve

text: days

text: after

text: Chinese

text: troops

text: entered

text: the

text: war

text: Stalin

text: allowed

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Air

text: Force

text: to

text: provide

text: air

text: cover

text: and

text: supported

text: more

text: aid

text: to

text: China

text: After

text: decimating

text: the

text: ROK

text: II

text: Corps

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Onjong

text: the

text: first

text: confrontation

text: between

text: Chinese

text: and

text: U.S.

text: military

text: occurred

text: on

text: November

text: deep

text: in

text: North

text: Korea

text: thousands

text: of

text: soldiers

text: from

text: the

text: PVA

text: Army

text: encircled

text: and

text: attacked

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Cavalry

text: Regiment

text: with

text: three

text: prong

text: assaults

text: from

text: the

text: north

text: northwest

text: and

text: west

text: and

text: overran

text: the

text: defensive

text: position

text: flanks

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Unsan

text: The

text: surprise

text: assault

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: UN

text: forces

text: retreating

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: Ch'ongch'on

text: River

text: while

text: the

text: Chinese

text: unexpectedly

text: disappeared

text: into

text: mountain

text: hideouts

text: following

text: victory

text: It

text: is

text: unclear

text: why

text: the

text: Chinese

text: did

text: not

text: press

text: the

text: attack

text: and

text: follow

text: up

text: their

text: victory

question: Who initiated the First Phase offensive?

answer: PVA 13th Army Group

text: PVA 13th Army Group

question: Who did the First Phase offensive motivated to send more troops and resources to Korea?

answer: Soviet Union

text: Soviet Union

question: When did the Chinese and US military have their first confrontation in Korea?

answer: 1 November 1950

text: 1 November 1950

question: Where did UN forces retreat to when the PVA executed their sneak attack?

answer: Ch'ongch'on River

text: Ch'ongch'on River

question: What is unusual about the PVA's successful, surprise attack?

answer: Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts

text: Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts


text: To the south, the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of dry tropical savanna with a summer rainy season that extends across Africa from east to west. The southern limit of the Sahara is indicated botanically by the southern limit of Cornulaca monacantha (a drought-tolerant member of the Chenopodiaceae), or northern limit of Cenchrus biflorus, a grass typical of the Sahel. According to climatic criteria, the southern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the 150 mm (5.9 in) isohyet of annual precipitation (this is a long-term average, since precipitation varies annually).

title: Sahara

title: Sahara

text: To

text: the

text: south

text: the

text: Sahara

text: is

text: bounded

text: by

text: the

text: Sahel

text: a

text: belt

text: of

text: dry

text: tropical

text: savanna

text: with

text: a

text: summer

text: rainy

text: season

text: that

text: extends

text: across

text: Africa

text: from

text: east

text: to

text: west

text: The

text: southern

text: limit

text: of

text: the

text: Sahara

text: is

text: indicated

text: botanically

text: by

text: the

text: southern

text: limit

text: of

text: Cornulaca

text: monacantha

text: a

text: drought

text: tolerant

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Chenopodiaceae

text: or

text: northern

text: limit

text: of

text: Cenchrus

text: biflorus

text: a

text: grass

text: typical

text: of

text: the

text: Sahel

text: According

text: to

text: climatic

text: criteria

text: the

text: southern

text: limit

text: of

text: the

text: Sahara

text: corresponds

text: to

text: the

text: mm

text: in

text: isohyet

text: of

text: annual

text: precipitation

text: this

text: is

text: a

text: long

text: term

text: average

text: since

text: precipitation

text: varies

text: annually

question: What is to the south of the Sahara?

answer: Sahel

text: Sahel

question: What kind of climate does the Sahel have?

answer: dry tropical

text: dry tropical

question: What is the long term precipitation average of the Sahara?

answer: 150 mm

text: 150 mm

question: What type of Savanah is north and south of the Sahara

text: dry tropical

question: What drought tolerant plant grows south of the Sahara?

text: Cornulaca monacantha

question: What type of grass grows on the northern Shara?

text: Cenchrus biflorus

question: How much rain does the Sahara get?

text: 150 mm

question: What is to the north of the Sahara?

text: Sahel

question: What is the Cenchrus biflorus a member of?

text: Chenopodiaceae

question: What is the short term southern limit of the Sahara's precipitation?

text: 150 mm (5.9 in) isohyet

question: What extends across Africa from north to south?

text: Sahel, a belt of dry tropical savanna

question: What type of grass is atypical to the Sahel?

text: Cenchrus biflorus


text: The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end while a penalty is pending: after the penalty yardage is applied, the quarter is extended one scrimmage. Note that the non-penalized team has the option to decline any penalty it considers disadvantageous, so a losing team cannot indefinitely prolong a game by repeatedly committing infractions.

title: Canadian_football

title: Canadian_football

text: The

text: clock

text: does

text: not

text: run

text: during

text: convert

text: attempts

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: three

text: minutes

text: of

text: a

text: half

text: If

text: the

text: minutes

text: of

text: a

text: quarter

text: expire

text: while

text: the

text: ball

text: is

text: live

text: the

text: quarter

text: is

text: extended

text: until

text: the

text: ball

text: becomes

text: dead

text: If

text: a

text: quarter

text: 's

text: time

text: expires

text: while

text: the

text: ball

text: is

text: dead

text: the

text: quarter

text: is

text: extended

text: for

text: one

text: more

text: scrimmage

text: A

text: quarter

text: can

text: not

text: end

text: while

text: a

text: penalty

text: is

text: pending

text: after

text: the

text: penalty

text: yardage

text: is

text: applied

text: the

text: quarter

text: is

text: extended

text: one

text: scrimmage

text: Note

text: that

text: the

text: non

text: penalized

text: team

text: has

text: the

text: option

text: to

text: decline

text: any

text: penalty

text: it

text: considers

text: disadvantageous

text: so

text: a

text: losing

text: team

text: can

text: not

text: indefinitely

text: prolong

text: a

text: game

text: by

text: repeatedly

text: committing

text: infractions

question: What happens to a quarter whose time expires while the ball is still live in play?

answer: extended

text: extended

question: What causes a quarter to be extended one additional play even if time has run out?

answer: penalty

text: penalty

question: How long is a quarter in minutes?

answer: 15

question: Which plays do not cause time to run off the clock during the final minutes of a half?

answer: convert attempts

text: convert attempts

question: When does the clock not run when a penalty is pending?

text: in the last three minutes of a half

question: If a quarter's time expires while the ball is pending how long is the quarter extended?

text: for one more scrimmage

question: When can't a scrimmage end?

text: while a penalty is pending

question: What does the losing team have the option to do?

question: What is the name of the plays where the clock doesn't run near the end of a half?

text: convert attempts


text: Ricci v. DeStefano was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2009. The case concerns White and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven, Connecticut, who upon passing their test for promotions to management were denied the promotions, allegedly because of a discriminatory or at least questionable test. The test gave 17 whites and two Hispanics the possibility of immediate promotion. Although 23% of those taking the test were African American, none scored high enough to qualify. Because of the possibility the tests were biased in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, no candidates were promoted pending outcome of the controversy. In a split 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court ruled that New Haven had engaged in impermissible racial discrimination against the White and Hispanic majority.

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

text: Ricci

text: v.

text: DeStefano

text: was

text: heard

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: in

text: The

text: case

text: concerns

text: White

text: and

text: Hispanic

text: firefighters

text: in

text: New

text: Haven

text: Connecticut

text: who

text: upon

text: passing

text: their

text: test

text: for

text: promotions

text: to

text: management

text: were

text: denied

text: the

text: promotions

text: allegedly

text: because

text: of

text: a

text: discriminatory

text: or

text: at

text: least

text: questionable

text: test

text: The

text: test

text: gave

text: whites

text: and

text: two

text: Hispanics

text: the

text: possibility

text: of

text: immediate

text: promotion

text: Although

text: of

text: those

text: taking

text: the

text: test

text: were

text: African

text: American

text: scored

text: high

text: enough

text: to

text: qualify

text: Because

text: of

text: the

text: possibility

text: the

text: tests

text: were

text: biased

text: in

text: violation

text: of

text: Title

text: VII

text: of

text: the

text: Civil

text: Rights

text: Act

text: no

text: candidates

text: were

text: promoted

text: pending

text: outcome

text: of

text: the

text: controversy

text: In

text: a

text: split

text: vote

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: ruled

text: that

text: New

text: Haven

text: had

text: engaged

text: in

text: impermissible

text: racial

text: discrimination

text: against

text: the

text: White

text: and

text: Hispanic

text: majority

question: Which case concerning White and Hispanic firefighters was heard by the Supreme Court in 2009?

answer: Ricci v. DeStefano

text: Ricci v. DeStefano

question: Where was the issue of White and Hispanic firefighters heard in the case based out of?

answer: New Haven, Connecticut

text: New Haven, Connecticut

question: How many whites were given the possibility of immediate promotion as a result of taking the controversial test?

answer: 17

question: What percentage of those people taking the test were African American?

answer: 23

question: What was the final vote count for the Supreme Court over the issue?

answer: 5-4

question: Which case concerning White and Hispanic firefighters was heard by the Supreme Court in 2019?

text: Ricci v. DeStefano

question: Where was the issue of White and Black firefighters heard in the case based out of?

text: New Haven, Connecticut

question: How many whites were given the possibility of immediate firing as a result of taking the controversial test?

question: What percentage of those people taking the test were Asian American?


text: The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each locus contains one allele of a gene; however, members of a population may have different alleles at the locus, each with a slightly different gene sequence.

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: The

text: total

text: complement

text: of

text: genes

text: in

text: an

text: organism

text: or

text: cell

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: its

text: genome

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: stored

text: on

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: chromosomes

text: A

text: chromosome

text: consists

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: very

text: long

text: DNA

text: helix

text: on

text: which

text: thousands

text: of

text: genes

text: are

text: The

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: chromosome

text: at

text: which

text: a

text: particular

text: gene

text: is

text: located

text: is

text: called

text: its

text: locus

text: Each

text: locus

text: contains

text: one

text: allele

text: of

text: a

text: gene

text: however

text: members

text: of

text: a

text: population

text: may

text: have

text: different

text: alleles

text: at

text: the

text: locus

text: each

text: with

text: a

text: slightly

text: different

text: gene

text: sequence

question: What is the total complement of genes in an organism or cell known as?

answer: its genome

text: its genome

question: What does a chromosome consist of?

answer: a single, very long DNA helix

text: a single, very long DNA helix

question: What is encoded on a chromosome?

answer: thousands of genes

text: thousands of genes

question: What is the region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located called?

answer: its locus

text: its locus

question: What does each locus contain?

answer: one allele of a gene

text: one allele of a gene


text: Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil, its wealthiest colony, in 1822. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, later being superseded by the "Estado Novo" right-wing authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to all its colonies, with the exception of Macau, which was handed over to China in 1999. This marked the end of the longest-lived European colonial empire, leaving a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Portugal

text: lost

text: much

text: of

text: its

text: wealth

text: and

text: status

text: with

text: the

text: destruction

text: of

text: Lisbon

text: in

text: a

text: earthquake

text: occupation

text: during

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: and

text: the

text: independence

text: of

text: Brazil

text: its

text: wealthiest

text: colony

text: in

text: After

text: the

text: revolution

text: deposed

text: the

text: monarchy

text: the

text: democratic

text: but

text: unstable

text: Portuguese

text: First

text: Republic

text: was

text: established

text: later

text: being

text: superseded

text: by

text: the

text: Estado

text: Novo

text: right

text: wing

text: authoritarian

text: regime

text: Democracy

text: was

text: restored

text: after

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: Colonial

text: War

text: and

text: the

text: Carnation

text: Revolution

text: in

text: Shortly

text: after

text: independence

text: was

text: granted

text: to

text: all

text: its

text: colonies

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: Macau

text: which

text: was

text: handed

text: over

text: to

text: China

text: in

text: This

text: marked

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: longest

text: lived

text: European

text: colonial

text: empire

text: leaving

text: a

text: profound

text: cultural

text: and

text: architectural

text: influence

text: across

text: the

text: globe

text: and

text: a

text: legacy

text: of

text: over

text: million

text: Portuguese

text: speakers

text: today

question: In Portugal, which city was destroyed in the 1755 earthquake?

answer: Lisbon

text: Lisbon

question: In which year did Brazel become independent?

answer: 1822

question: In which year was the Portugal monarchy deposed?

answer: 1910

question: Which Portugese colony was lost to China in 1999?

answer: Macau

text: Macau

question: How many Portugese speakers are there today?

answer: 250 million

text: 250 million


text: Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption.

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: Further

text: conventions

text: were

text: adopted

text: at

text: the

text: regional

text: level

text: under

text: the

text: aegis

text: of

text: the

text: Organization

text: of

text: American

text: States

text: OAS

text: or

text: OEA

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: and

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: universal

text: level

text: under

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Convention

text: against

text: Corruption

question: What is OAS?

answer: Organization of American States

text: Organization of American States

question: Additional conventions were adopted at the regional level by OAS and who?

answer: the African Union

text: the African Union

question: What organization joined at the universal level?

answer: the United Nations Convention against Corruption

text: the United Nations Convention against Corruption

question: When did the United Nations Convention against Corruption join?

answer: 2003


text: In flood lamps used for photographic lighting, the tradeoff is made in the other direction. Compared to general-service bulbs, for the same power, these bulbs produce far more light, and (more importantly) light at a higher color temperature, at the expense of greatly reduced life (which may be as short as two hours for a type P1 lamp). The upper temperature limit for the filament is the melting point of the metal. Tungsten is the metal with the highest melting point, 3,695 K (6,191 °F). A 50-hour-life projection bulb, for instance, is designed to operate only 50 °C (122 °F) below that melting point. Such a lamp may achieve up to 22 lumens per watt, compared with 17.5 for a 750-hour general service lamp.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: In

text: flood

text: lamps

text: used

text: for

text: photographic

text: lighting

text: the

text: tradeoff

text: is

text: made

text: in

text: the

text: other

text: direction

text: Compared

text: to

text: general

text: service

text: bulbs

text: for

text: the

text: same

text: power

text: these

text: bulbs

text: produce

text: far

text: more

text: light

text: and

text: more

text: importantly

text: light

text: at

text: a

text: higher

text: color

text: temperature

text: at

text: the

text: expense

text: of

text: greatly

text: reduced

text: life

text: which

text: may

text: be

text: as

text: short

text: as

text: two

text: hours

text: for

text: a

text: type

text: lamp

text: The

text: upper

text: temperature

text: limit

text: for

text: the

text: filament

text: is

text: the

text: melting

text: point

text: of

text: the

text: metal

text: Tungsten

text: is

text: the

text: metal

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: melting

text: point

text: K

text: F

text: A

text: life

text: projection

text: bulb

text: for

text: instance

text: is

text: designed

text: to

text: operate

text: only

text: C

text: F

text: below

text: that

text: melting

text: point

text: Such

text: a

text: lamp

text: may

text: achieve

text: up

text: to

text: lumens

text: per

text: watt

text: compared

text: with

text: for

text: a

text: general

text: service

text: lamp

question: At what temperature does a typical 50-hour-life projection bulb operate?

answer: 50 °C (122 °F)

text: 50 °C (122 °F)

question: Which metal has the highest melting point?

answer: Tungsten

text: Tungsten

question: What is the typical life of a P1 lamp?

answer: as short as two hours

text: as short as two hours

question: How does the color temperature differ for photographic lighting?

answer: higher color temperature

text: higher color temperature

question: What temperature does a typical 60-hour-life projection bulb operate?

text: 50 °C (122 °F)

question: What lamp can achieve up to 23 lumens per watt?

text: 50-hour-life projection bulb

question: What metal is used with the lowest melting point?

text: Tungsten

question: What is the atypical life of a P1 lamp?

text: as short as two hours


text: Physician Valerius Cordus (1515–1544) authored a botanically and pharmacologically important herbal Historia Plantarum in 1544 and a pharmacopoeia of lasting importance, the Dispensatorium in 1546. Naturalist Conrad von Gesner (1516–1565) and herbalist John Gerard (1545–c. 1611) published herbals covering the medicinal uses of plants. Naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605) was considered the father of natural history, which included the study of plants. In 1665, using an early microscope, Polymath Robert Hooke discovered cells, a term he coined, in cork, and a short time later in living plant tissue.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: Physician

text: Valerius

text: Cordus

text: authored

text: a

text: botanically

text: and

text: pharmacologically

text: important

text: herbal

text: Historia

text: Plantarum

text: in

text: and

text: a

text: pharmacopoeia

text: of

text: lasting

text: importance

text: the

text: Dispensatorium

text: in

text: Naturalist

text: Conrad

text: von

text: Gesner

text: and

text: herbalist

text: John

text: Gerard

text: published

text: herbals

text: covering

text: the

text: medicinal

text: uses

text: of

text: plants

text: Naturalist

text: Ulisse

text: Aldrovandi

text: was

text: considered

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: natural

text: history

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: plants

text: In

text: using

text: an

text: early

text: microscope

text: Polymath

text: Robert

text: Hooke

text: discovered

text: cells

text: a

text: term

text: he

text: coined

text: in

text: cork

text: and

text: a

text: short

text: time

text: later

text: in

text: living

text: plant

text: tissue

question: Who wrote Historia Plantarum in 1544?

answer: Physician Valerius Cordus

text: Physician Valerius Cordus

question: What herbalist wrote about medicinal plants in the 16th century?

answer: John Gerard

text: John Gerard

question: Who is considered the father of natural history?

answer: Ulisse Aldrovandi

text: Ulisse Aldrovandi

question: Who coined the term cells?

answer: Robert Hooke

text: Robert Hooke

question: In what plant were cells first discovered by microscope?

answer: cork

text: cork


text: The current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers will be followed into service (and in some cases replaced) by the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class. It is expected that the ships will be more automated in an effort to reduce the amount of funding required to staff, maintain and operate its supercarriers. The main new features are implementation of Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) (which replace the old steam catapults) and unmanned aerial vehicles. With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012 (decommissioning scheduled for 2016), the U.S. fleet comprises 10 active supercarriers. On 24 July 2007, the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommended seven or eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships able to deploy squadrons of F-35B of which one is already active, another is under construction and nine more are planned.

title: Aircraft_carrier

title: Aircraft_carrier

text: The

text: current

text: US

text: fleet

text: of

text: Nimitz

text: class

text: carriers

text: will

text: be

text: followed

text: into

text: service

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: replaced

text: by

text: the

text: ten

text: ship

text: Gerald

text: R.

text: Ford

text: class

text: It

text: is

text: expected

text: that

text: the

text: ships

text: will

text: be

text: more

text: automated

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: funding

text: required

text: to

text: staff

text: maintain

text: and

text: operate

text: its

text: supercarriers

text: The

text: main

text: new

text: features

text: are

text: implementation

text: of

text: Electromagnetic

text: Aircraft

text: Launch

text: System

text: EMALS

text: which

text: replace

text: the

text: old

text: steam

text: catapults

text: and

text: unmanned

text: aerial

text: vehicles

text: With

text: the

text: deactivation

text: of

text: USS

text: Enterprise

text: in

text: December

text: decommissioning

text: scheduled

text: for

text: the

text: U.S.

text: fleet

text: comprises

text: active

text: supercarriers

text: On

text: July

text: the

text: House

text: Armed

text: Services

text: Seapower

text: subcommittee

text: recommended

text: seven

text: or

text: eight

text: new

text: carriers

text: one

text: every

text: four

text: years

text: However

text: the

text: debate

text: has

text: deepened

text: over

text: budgeting

text: for

text: the

text: billion

text: plus

text: billion

text: for

text: development

text: and

text: research

text: for

text: the

text: ton

text: Gerald

text: R.

text: Ford

text: class

text: carrier

text: estimated

text: service

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: smaller

text: billion

text: ton

text: America

text: class

text: amphibious

text: assault

text: ships

text: able

text: to

text: deploy

text: squadrons

text: of

text: of

text: which

text: one

text: is

text: already

text: active

text: another

text: is

text: under

text: construction

text: and

text: nine

text: more

text: are

text: planned

question: What will some of the current US fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with?

answer: the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class

text: the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class

question: Which feature of the new ships will replace the old steam catapults?

answer: Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)

text: Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS)

question: When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be decommissioned?

answer: 2016

question: How much does the Gerald R. Ford-class carrier weigh?

answer: 100,000 ton

text: 100,000 ton

question: How much does the America-class amphibious assault ship weigh?

answer: 45,000 ton

text: 45,000 ton

question: What will some of the current UN fleet of Nimitz-class carriers be replaced with?

text: the ten-ship Gerald R. Ford class

question: Which feature of the new ships will replace the old nuclear catapults?

question: When is the USS Enterprise scheduled to be commissioned?

question: How much does the Harrison R. Ford-class carrier weigh?

text: 100,000 ton

question: How much does the America-class amphibious peace ship weigh?


text: Interracial relationships, common-law marriages, and marriages occurred since the earliest colonial years, especially before slavery hardened as a racial caste associated with people of African descent in the British colonies. Virginia and other English colonies passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the principle in English common law by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the American Revolution. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in French and Spanish colonies, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed-race children and their mothers to slavery.

title: Multiracial_American

title: Multiracial_American

text: Interracial

text: relationships

text: common

text: law

text: marriages

text: and

text: marriages

text: occurred

text: since

text: the

text: earliest

text: colonial

text: years

text: especially

text: before

text: slavery

text: hardened

text: as

text: a

text: racial

text: caste

text: associated

text: with

text: people

text: of

text: African

text: descent

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: colonies

text: Virginia

text: and

text: other

text: English

text: colonies

text: passed

text: laws

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: that

text: gave

text: children

text: the

text: social

text: status

text: of

text: their

text: mother

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: partus

text: sequitur

text: ventrem

text: regardless

text: of

text: the

text: father

text: 's

text: race

text: or

text: citizenship

text: This

text: overturned

text: the

text: principle

text: in

text: English

text: common

text: law

text: by

text: which

text: a

text: man

text: gave

text: his

text: status

text: to

text: his

text: children

text: this

text: had

text: enabled

text: communities

text: to

text: demand

text: that

text: fathers

text: support

text: their

text: children

text: whether

text: legitimate

text: or

text: not

text: The

text: change

text: increased

text: white

text: men

text: 's

text: ability

text: to

text: use

text: slave

text: women

text: sexually

text: as

text: they

text: had

text: no

text: responsibility

text: for

text: the

text: children

text: As

text: master

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: father

text: of

text: mixed

text: race

text: children

text: born

text: into

text: slavery

text: the

text: men

text: could

text: use

text: these

text: people

text: as

text: servants

text: or

text: laborers

text: or

text: sell

text: them

text: as

text: slaves

text: In

text: some

text: cases

text: white

text: fathers

text: provided

text: for

text: their

text: multiracial

text: children

text: paying

text: or

text: arranging

text: for

text: education

text: or

text: apprenticeships

text: and

text: freeing

text: them

text: particularly

text: during

text: the

text: two

text: decades

text: following

text: the

text: American

text: Revolution

text: The

text: practice

text: of

text: providing

text: for

text: the

text: children

text: was

text: more

text: common

text: in

text: French

text: and

text: Spanish

text: colonies

text: where

text: a

text: class

text: of

text: free

text: people

text: of

text: color

text: developed

text: who

text: became

text: educated

text: and

text: property

text: owners

text: Many

text: other

text: white

text: fathers

text: abandoned

text: the

text: mixed

text: race

text: children

text: and

text: their

text: mothers

text: to

text: slavery

question: What did the laws passed in the 17th century do?

answer: gave children the social status of their mother

text: gave children the social status of their mother

question: What is the rule called that causes a father's race to not matter?

answer: partus sequitur ventrem

text: partus sequitur ventrem

question: What did white fathers do after the American Revolution to provide for mixed children?

answer: paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them

text: paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them

question: English common law generally said what?

answer: a man gave his status to his children

text: a man gave his status to his children

question: What did not occur during the earliest colonial years?

text: Interracial relationships

question: What was a racial caste associated with people of British descent in African colonies?

text: slavery

question: What English colony passed laws that gave children the social status of the father?

text: Virginia

question: Who did many white mothers abandon?

text: mixed-race children

question: Where was the practice of providing for the children less common?

text: French and Spanish colonies


text: Politically, The Sun in the early Murdoch years, remained nominally Labour. It supported the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson in the 1970 General Election, with the headline "Why It Must Be Labour" but by February 1974 it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led by Edward Heath while suggesting that it might support a Labour Party led by James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins. In the October election an editorial asserted: "ALL our instincts are left rather than right and we would vote for any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat."

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom

text: Politically

text: The

text: Sun

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: Murdoch

text: years

text: remained

text: nominally

text: Labour

text: It

text: supported

text: the

text: Labour

text: Party

text: led

text: by

text: Harold

text: Wilson

text: in

text: the

text: General

text: Election

text: with

text: the

text: headline

text: Why

text: It

text: Must

text: Be

text: Labour

text: but

text: by

text: February

text: it

text: was

text: calling

text: for

text: a

text: vote

text: for

text: the

text: Conservative

text: Party

text: led

text: by

text: Edward

text: Heath

text: while

text: suggesting

text: that

text: it

text: might

text: support

text: a

text: Labour

text: Party

text: led

text: by

text: James

text: Callaghan

text: or

text: Roy

text: Jenkins

text: In

text: the

text: October

text: election

text: an

text: editorial

text: asserted

text: ALL

text: our

text: instincts

text: are

text: left

text: rather

text: than

text: right

text: and

text: we

text: would

text: vote

text: for

text: any

text: able

text: politician

text: who

text: would

text: describe

text: himself

text: as

text: a

text: Social

text: Democrat

question: What were the Sun's political leanings early on under Murdoch?

answer: nominally Labour

text: nominally Labour

question: Who led the Labour Party in the 1970 General Election?

answer: Harold Wilson

text: Harold Wilson

question: Who did the Sun support in 1974?

answer: Edward Heath

text: Edward Heath

question: Who would the Sun consider supporting from the Labour Party in 1974?

answer: James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins

text: James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins

question: What type of politician did a Sun editorial state that it would support in October 1974?

answer: any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat

text: any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat


text: At a certain temperature, (usually between 1,500 °F (820 °C) and 1,600 °F (870 °C), depending on carbon content), the base metal of steel undergoes a change in the arrangement of the atoms in its crystal matrix, called allotropy. This allows the small carbon atoms to enter the interstices of the iron crystal, diffusing into the iron matrix. When this happens, the carbon atoms are said to be in solution, or mixed with the iron, forming a single, homogeneous, crystalline phase called austenite. If the steel is cooled slowly, the iron will gradually change into its low temperature allotrope. When this happens the carbon atoms will no longer be soluble with the iron, and will be forced to precipitate out of solution, nucleating into the spaces between the crystals. The steel then becomes heterogeneous, being formed of two phases; the carbon (carbide) phase cementite, and ferrite. This type of heat treatment produces steel that is rather soft and bendable. However, if the steel is cooled quickly the carbon atoms will not have time to precipitate. When rapidly cooled, a diffusionless (martensite) transformation occurs, in which the carbon atoms become trapped in solution. This causes the iron crystals to deform intrinsically when the crystal structure tries to change to its low temperature state, making it very hard and brittle.

title: Alloy

title: Alloy

text: At

text: a

text: certain

text: temperature

text: usually

text: between

text: F

text: C

text: and

text: F

text: C

text: depending

text: on

text: carbon

text: content

text: the

text: base

text: metal

text: of

text: steel

text: undergoes

text: a

text: change

text: in

text: the

text: arrangement

text: of

text: the

text: atoms

text: in

text: its

text: crystal

text: matrix

text: called

text: allotropy

text: This

text: allows

text: the

text: small

text: carbon

text: atoms

text: to

text: enter

text: the

text: interstices

text: of

text: the

text: iron

text: crystal

text: diffusing

text: into

text: the

text: iron

text: matrix

text: When

text: this

text: happens

text: the

text: carbon

text: atoms

text: are

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: solution

text: or

text: mixed

text: with

text: the

text: iron

text: forming

text: a

text: single

text: homogeneous

text: crystalline

text: phase

text: called

text: austenite

text: If

text: the

text: steel

text: is

text: cooled

text: slowly

text: the

text: iron

text: will

text: gradually

text: change

text: into

text: its

text: low

text: temperature

text: allotrope

text: When

text: this

text: happens

text: the

text: carbon

text: atoms

text: will

text: no

text: longer

text: be

text: soluble

text: with

text: the

text: iron

text: and

text: will

text: be

text: forced

text: to

text: precipitate

text: out

text: of

text: solution

text: nucleating

text: into

text: the

text: spaces

text: between

text: the

text: crystals

text: The

text: steel

text: then

text: becomes

text: heterogeneous

text: being

text: formed

text: of

text: two

text: phases

text: the

text: carbon

text: carbide

text: phase

text: cementite

text: and

text: ferrite

text: This

text: type

text: of

text: heat

text: treatment

text: produces

text: steel

text: that

text: is

text: rather

text: soft

text: and

text: bendable

text: However

text: if

text: the

text: steel

text: is

text: cooled

text: quickly

text: the

text: carbon

text: atoms

text: will

text: not

text: have

text: time

text: to

text: precipitate

text: When

text: rapidly

text: cooled

text: a

text: diffusionless

text: martensite

text: transformation

text: occurs

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: carbon

text: atoms

text: become

text: trapped

text: in

text: solution

text: This

text: causes

text: the

text: iron

text: crystals

text: to

text: deform

text: intrinsically

text: when

text: the

text: crystal

text: structure

text: tries

text: to

text: change

text: to

text: its

text: low

text: temperature

text: state

text: making

text: it

text: very

text: hard

text: and

text: brittle

question: What is the name of steel when it is being formed of two phases?

answer: heterogeneous

text: heterogeneous

question: What are the two phases when steel becomes heterogenous?

answer: carbon (carbide) phase cementite, and ferrite

text: carbon (carbide) phase cementite, and ferrite

question: What are the characteristics of steel if it is cooled to quickly?

answer: very hard and brittle

text: very hard and brittle

question: Soft and bendable steel is caused by what?

answer: If the steel is cooled slowly

text: If the steel is cooled slowly

question: Allotrophy happens between what temperatures?

answer: 1,500 °F (820 °C) and 1,600 °F (870 °C)

text: 1,500 °F (820 °C) and 1,600 °F (870 °C)

question: What changes when steel reaches 870°F?

question: What is it called iron crystals enter carbon atoms?

text: allotropy

question: What becomes brittle if it's cool too slowly?

text: steel

question: Steel that is cool too quickly is soft and what?

text: bendable

question: Where's the carbon atom trapped when steel is called slowly?

text: in solution


text: The members of The Beatles were made MBEs in 1965. John Lennon justified the comparative merits of his investiture by comparing military membership in the Order: "Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE [status] received theirs for heroism in the war – for killing people… We received ours for entertaining other people. I'd say we deserve ours more." Lennon later returned his MBE insignia on 25 November 1969 as part of his ongoing peace protests. Other criticism centres on the claim that many recipients of the Order are being rewarded with honours for simply doing their jobs; critics claim that the civil service and judiciary receive far more orders and honours than leaders of other professions.

title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

title: Order_of_the_British_Empire

text: The

text: members

text: of

text: The

text: Beatles

text: were

text: made

text: MBEs

text: in

text: John

text: Lennon

text: justified

text: the

text: comparative

text: merits

text: of

text: his

text: investiture

text: by

text: comparing

text: military

text: membership

text: in

text: the

text: Order

text: Lots

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: complained

text: about

text: us

text: receiving

text: the

text: MBE

text: status

text: received

text: theirs

text: for

text: heroism

text: in

text: the

text: war

text: for

text: killing

text: people

text: We

text: received

text: ours

text: for

text: entertaining

text: other

text: people

text: I

text: 'd

text: say

text: we

text: deserve

text: ours

text: more

text: Lennon

text: later

text: returned

text: his

text: MBE

text: insignia

text: on

text: November

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: his

text: ongoing

text: peace

text: protests

text: Other

text: criticism

text: centres

text: on

text: the

text: claim

text: that

text: many

text: recipients

text: of

text: the

text: Order

text: are

text: being

text: rewarded

text: with

text: honours

text: for

text: simply

text: doing

text: their

text: jobs

text: critics

text: claim

text: that

text: the

text: civil

text: service

text: and

text: judiciary

text: receive

text: far

text: more

text: orders

text: and

text: honours

text: than

text: leaders

text: of

text: other

text: professions

question: Who were MBE'S?

answer: The members of The Beatles

text: The members of The Beatles

question: In what year was the Beatles made MBE's?

answer: 1965

question: Who compared military membership in the Order?

answer: John Lennon

text: John Lennon

question: Who said "lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE received thris for heroism in the war.

answer: John Lennon

text: John Lennon

question: When did John Lennon return his MBE insignia?

answer: 25 November 1969

text: 25 November 1969


text: In 1661 another Jesuit, Johann Grueber, crossed Tibet from Sining to Lhasa (where he spent a month), before heading on to Nepal. He was followed by others who actually built a church in Lhasa. These included the Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri, 1716–1721, who gained a deep knowledge of Tibetan culture, language and Buddhism, and various Capuchins in 1707–1711, 1716–1733 and 1741–1745, Christianity was used by some Tibetan monarchs and their courts and the Karmapa sect lamas to counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect in the 17th century until in 1745 when all the missionaries were expelled at the lama's insistence.

title: Tibet

title: Tibet

text: In

text: another

text: Jesuit

text: Johann

text: Grueber

text: crossed

text: Tibet

text: from

text: Sining

text: to

text: Lhasa

text: where

text: he

text: spent

text: a

text: month

text: before

text: heading

text: on

text: to

text: Nepal

text: He

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: others

text: who

text: actually

text: built

text: a

text: church

text: in

text: Lhasa

text: These

text: included

text: the

text: Jesuit

text: Father

text: Ippolito

text: Desideri

text: who

text: gained

text: a

text: deep

text: knowledge

text: of

text: Tibetan

text: culture

text: language

text: and

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: various

text: Capuchins

text: in

text: and

text: Christianity

text: was

text: used

text: by

text: some

text: Tibetan

text: monarchs

text: and

text: their

text: courts

text: and

text: the

text: Karmapa

text: sect

text: lamas

text: to

text: counterbalance

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Gelugpa

text: sect

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: until

text: in

text: when

text: all

text: the

text: missionaries

text: were

text: expelled

text: at

text: the

text: lama

text: 's

text: insistence

question: When did Johann Grueber cross Tibet on the way to Nepal?

answer: 1661

question: When did Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri spend time in Tibet?

answer: 1716–1721

question: How was Christianity used by some Tibetan monarchs?

answer: counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect

text: counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect

question: Who crossed Nepal before heading to Tibet in 1661?

text: Johann Grueber

question: Who remained in Tibet after building a church in Sining from 1716-1721?

text: Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri

question: What happened in 1754?

text: all the missionaries were expelled

question: Who expelled the missionaries in 1754?

text: the lama


text: The fighting within the town had become extremely intense, becoming a door to door battle of survival. Despite a never-ending attack of Prussian infantry, the soldiers of the 2nd Division kept to their positions. The people of the town of Wissembourg finally surrendered to the Germans. The French troops who did not surrender retreated westward, leaving behind 1,000 dead and wounded and another 1,000 prisoners and all of their remaining ammunition. The final attack by the Prussian troops also cost c. 1,000 casualties. The German cavalry then failed to pursue the French and lost touch with them. The attackers had an initial superiority of numbers, a broad deployment which made envelopment highly likely but the effectiveness of French Chassepot rifle-fire inflicted costly repulses on infantry attacks, until the French infantry had been extensively bombarded by the Prussian artillery.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: The

text: fighting

text: within

text: the

text: town

text: had

text: become

text: extremely

text: intense

text: becoming

text: a

text: door

text: to

text: door

text: battle

text: of

text: survival

text: Despite

text: a

text: never

text: ending

text: attack

text: of

text: Prussian

text: infantry

text: the

text: soldiers

text: of

text: the

text: Division

text: kept

text: to

text: their

text: positions

text: The

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Wissembourg

text: finally

text: surrendered

text: to

text: the

text: Germans

text: The

text: French

text: troops

text: who

text: did

text: not

text: surrender

text: retreated

text: westward

text: leaving

text: behind

text: dead

text: and

text: wounded

text: and

text: another

text: prisoners

text: and

text: all

text: of

text: their

text: remaining

text: ammunition

text: The

text: final

text: attack

text: by

text: the

text: Prussian

text: troops

text: also

text: cost

text: c.

text: casualties

text: The

text: German

text: cavalry

text: then

text: failed

text: to

text: pursue

text: the

text: French

text: and

text: lost

text: touch

text: with

text: them

text: The

text: attackers

text: had

text: an

text: initial

text: superiority

text: of

text: numbers

text: a

text: broad

text: deployment

text: which

text: made

text: envelopment

text: highly

text: likely

text: but

text: the

text: effectiveness

text: of

text: French

text: Chassepot

text: rifle

text: fire

text: inflicted

text: costly

text: repulses

text: on

text: infantry

text: attacks

text: until

text: the

text: French

text: infantry

text: had

text: been

text: extensively

text: bombarded

text: by

text: the

text: Prussian

text: artillery

question: Which town's people surrendered to the Germans?

answer: Wissembourg

text: Wissembourg

question: In which direction did the French troops who did not surrender head?

answer: westward

text: westward

question: How many dead troops leave behind?

answer: 1,000 dead

text: 1,000 dead

question: How many prisoners did the French leave behind?

answer: 1,000 prisoners

text: 1,000 prisoners

question: What weapon once again increased the effectiveness of the infantry attacks?

answer: French Chassepot

text: French Chassepot


text: The Victorian era in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed. Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous, often fatal, working conditions. In coal mines, children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks.

title: Child_labour

title: Child_labour

text: The

text: Victorian

text: era

text: in

text: particular

text: became

text: notorious

text: for

text: the

text: conditions

text: under

text: which

text: children

text: were

text: employed

text: Children

text: as

text: young

text: as

text: four

text: were

text: employed

text: in

text: production

text: factories

text: and

text: mines

text: working

text: long

text: hours

text: in

text: dangerous

text: often

text: fatal

text: working

text: conditions

text: In

text: coal

text: mines

text: children

text: would

text: crawl

text: through

text: tunnels

text: too

text: narrow

text: and

text: low

text: for

text: adults

text: Children

text: also

text: worked

text: as

text: errand

text: boys

text: crossing

text: sweepers

text: shoe

text: blacks

text: or

text: selling

text: matches

text: flowers

text: and

text: other

text: cheap

text: goods

text: Some

text: children

text: undertook

text: work

text: as

text: apprentices

text: to

text: respectable

text: trades

text: such

text: as

text: building

text: or

text: as

text: domestic

text: servants

text: there

text: were

text: over

text: domestic

text: servants

text: in

text: London

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Working

text: hours

text: were

text: long

text: builders

text: worked

text: hours

text: a

text: week

text: in

text: summer

text: and

text: in

text: winter

text: while

text: domestic

text: servants

text: worked

text: hour

text: weeks

question: On average how many weekly hours did a domestic servant put in?

answer: 80

question: Mid-18th century London had how many domestic servants?

answer: over 120,000

text: over 120,000

question: What was the youngest age of a child working in a factory?

answer: four

text: four

question: How many hours did builders work in the winter?

answer: 52

question: Were children able to take on apprenticeships?

answer: Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades

text: Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades


text: Czech distinguishes three genders—masculine, feminine, and neuter—and the masculine gender is subdivided into animate and inanimate. With few exceptions, feminine nouns in the nominative case end in -a, -e, or -ost; neuter nouns in -o, -e, or -í, and masculine nouns in a consonant. Adjectives agree in gender and animacy (for masculine nouns in the accusative or genitive singular and the nominative plural) with the nouns they modify. The main effect of gender in Czech is the difference in noun and adjective declension, but other effects include past-tense verb endings: for example, dělal (he did, or made); dělala (she did, or made) and dělalo (it did, or made).

title: Czech_language

title: Czech_language

text: Czech

text: distinguishes

text: three

text: genders

text: masculine

text: feminine

text: and

text: neuter

text: and

text: the

text: masculine

text: gender

text: is

text: subdivided

text: into

text: animate

text: and

text: inanimate

text: With

text: few

text: exceptions

text: feminine

text: nouns

text: in

text: the

text: nominative

text: case

text: end

text: in

text: -a

text: -e

text: or

text: -ost

text: neuter

text: nouns

text: in

text: -o

text: -e

text: or

text: -í

text: and

text: masculine

text: nouns

text: in

text: a

text: consonant

text: Adjectives

text: agree

text: in

text: gender

text: and

text: animacy

text: for

text: masculine

text: nouns

text: in

text: the

text: accusative

text: or

text: genitive

text: singular

text: and

text: the

text: nominative

text: plural

text: with

text: the

text: nouns

text: they

text: modify

text: The

text: main

text: effect

text: of

text: gender

text: in

text: Czech

text: is

text: the

text: difference

text: in

text: noun

text: and

text: adjective

text: declension

text: but

text: other

text: effects

text: include

text: past

text: tense

text: verb

text: endings

text: for

text: example

text: dělal

text: he

text: did

text: or

text: made

text: dělala

text: she

text: did

text: or

text: made

text: and

text: dělalo

text: it

text: did

text: or

text: made

question: How many genders does Czech distinguish?

answer: three

text: three

question: What categories is the masculine gender in Czech divided into?

answer: animate and inanimate

text: animate and inanimate

question: What do Czech adjectives agree with in the nouns they modify?

answer: gender and animacy

text: gender and animacy

question: What is the main effect of gender in Czech?

answer: difference in noun and adjective declension

text: difference in noun and adjective declension

question: What does gender also affect in Czech?

answer: past-tense verb endings

text: past-tense verb endings

question: What are the three adjective types in Czech?

text: masculine, feminine, and neuter

question: How is the feminine gender divided?

text: animate and inanimate

question: What do Czech consonants usually describe?

text: gender and animacy

question: What is the main effect of consonants in Czech?

question: What do consonants also affect in Czech?

text: past-tense verb endings


text: Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: ⟨ʰp⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop.

title: Aspirated_consonant

title: Aspirated_consonant

text: Preaspirated

text: consonants

text: are

text: marked

text: by

text: placing

text: the

text: aspiration

text: modifier

text: letter

text: before

text: the

text: consonant

text: symbol

text: ⟨ʰp⟩

text: represents

text: the

text: preaspirated

text: bilabial

text: stop

question: A preaspirated consonant is marked how?

answer: placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol

text: placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol

question: What represents a preaspirated bilabial stop?

answer: ⟨ʰp⟩

text: ⟨ʰp⟩

question: Preaspirated symbols are marked how?

question: What represents the unaspirated bilabial stop?

text: ⟨ʰp⟩

question: What represents the aspiration modifier letter?

text: ⟨ʰp⟩

question: What represents the preaspirated bilabial start?

text: ⟨ʰp⟩

question: Unaspirated consonants are marked how?


text: The shape and size of the brain varies greatly in different species, and identifying common features is often difficult. Nevertheless, there are a number of principles of brain architecture that apply across a wide range of species. Some aspects of brain structure are common to almost the entire range of animal species; others distinguish "advanced" brains from more primitive ones, or distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: The

text: shape

text: and

text: size

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: varies

text: greatly

text: in

text: different

text: species

text: and

text: identifying

text: common

text: features

text: is

text: often

text: difficult

text: Nevertheless

text: there

text: are

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: principles

text: of

text: brain

text: architecture

text: that

text: apply

text: across

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: species

text: Some

text: aspects

text: of

text: brain

text: structure

text: are

text: common

text: to

text: almost

text: the

text: entire

text: range

text: of

text: animal

text: species

text: others

text: distinguish

text: advanced

text: brains

text: from

text: more

text: primitive

text: ones

text: or

text: distinguish

text: vertebrates

text: from

text: invertebrates

question: Animals without a spine are called what?

answer: invertebrates

text: invertebrates