text: Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: Toxocara

text: canis

text: dog

text: roundworm

text: eggs

text: in

text: dog

text: feces

text: can

text: cause

text: toxocariasis

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: about

text: cases

text: of

text: Toxocara

text: infection

text: are

text: reported

text: in

text: humans

text: each

text: year

text: and

text: almost

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: population

text: is

text: infected

text: In

text: Great

text: Britain

text: of

text: soil

text: samples

text: taken

text: from

text: public

text: parks

text: contained

text: T.

text: canis

text: eggs

text: Untreated

text: toxocariasis

text: can

text: cause

text: retinal

text: damage

text: and

text: decreased

text: vision

text: Dog

text: feces

text: can

text: also

text: contain

text: hookworms

text: that

text: cause

text: cutaneous

text: larva

text: migrans

text: in

text: humans

question: What is the common name of the species that causes Toxocariasis?

answer: dog roundworm

text: dog roundworm

question: How are Toxicara canis infections spread?

answer: dog feces

text: dog feces

question: About how many people get a Toxocara infection each year?

answer: 10,000

question: Toxocariasis can lead to what in humans?

answer: retinal damage and decreased vision.

text: retinal damage and decreased vision.

question: Toxocariasis is caused by what kind of eggs in dog feces?

answer: roundworm

text: roundworm

question: What percentage of people in America are infected with the Toxocara infection?

answer: 14

question: How many Toxocara infection cases are reported annually in the US?

answer: 10,000

question: What percentage of soil contained T. canis eggs in Great Britain public parks?

answer: 24

question: If toxocariasis is left untreated, what can happen to a person?

answer: retinal damage and decreased vision

text: retinal damage and decreased vision


text: Mexico City offers a variety of cuisines. Restaurants specializing in the regional cuisines of Mexico's 31 states are available in the city. Also available are an array of international cuisines, including Canadian, French, Italian, Croatian, Spanish (including many regional variations), Jewish, Lebanese, Chinese (again with regional variations), Indian, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Vietnamese; and of course fellow Latin American cuisines such as Argentine, Brazilian, and Peruvian. Haute, fusion, kosher, vegetarian and vegan cuisines are also available, as are restaurants solely based on the concepts of local food and slow Food.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: Mexico

text: City

text: offers

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: cuisines

text: Restaurants

text: specializing

text: in

text: the

text: regional

text: cuisines

text: of

text: Mexico

text: 's

text: states

text: are

text: available

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: Also

text: available

text: are

text: an

text: array

text: of

text: international

text: cuisines

text: including

text: Canadian

text: French

text: Italian

text: Croatian

text: Spanish

text: including

text: many

text: regional

text: variations

text: Jewish

text: Lebanese

text: Chinese

text: again

text: with

text: regional

text: variations

text: Indian

text: Japanese

text: Korean

text: Thai

text: Vietnamese

text: and

text: of

text: course

text: fellow

text: Latin

text: American

text: cuisines

text: such

text: as

text: Argentine

text: Brazilian

text: and

text: Peruvian

text: Haute

text: fusion

text: kosher

text: vegetarian

text: and

text: vegan

text: cuisines

text: are

text: also

text: available

text: as

text: are

text: restaurants

text: solely

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: concepts

text: of

text: local

text: food

text: and

text: slow

text: Food

question: How many states does Mexico have?

answer: 31

question: What are some international cuisines offered in Mexico City?

answer: Canadian, French, Italian,

text: Canadian, French, Italian,

question: What other specific types of food does the city offer?

answer: kosher, vegetarian and vegan

text: kosher, vegetarian and vegan


text: Seattle's foreign-born population grew 40% between the 1990 and 2000 censuses. The Chinese population in the Seattle area has origins in mainland China, Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, and Taiwan. The earliest Chinese-Americans that came in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were almost entirely from Guangdong province. The Seattle area is also home to a large Vietnamese population of more than 55,000 residents, as well as over 30,000 Somali immigrants. The Seattle-Tacoma area is also home to one of the largest Cambodian communities in the United States, numbering about 19,000 Cambodian Americans, and one of the largest Samoan communities in the mainland U.S., with over 15,000 people having Samoan ancestry. Additionally, the Seattle area had the highest percentage of self-identified mixed-race people of any large metropolitan area in the United States, according to the 2000 United States Census Bureau. According to a 2012 HistoryLink study, Seattle's 98118 ZIP code (in the Columbia City neighborhood) was one of the most diverse ZIP Code Tabulation Areas in the United States.

title: Seattle

title: Seattle

text: Seattle

text: 's

text: foreign

text: born

text: population

text: grew

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: censuses

text: The

text: Chinese

text: population

text: in

text: the

text: Seattle

text: area

text: has

text: origins

text: in

text: mainland

text: China

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: earliest

text: Chinese

text: Americans

text: that

text: came

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: were

text: almost

text: entirely

text: from

text: Guangdong

text: province

text: The

text: Seattle

text: area

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: a

text: large

text: Vietnamese

text: population

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: residents

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: over

text: Somali

text: immigrants

text: The

text: Seattle

text: Tacoma

text: area

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: Cambodian

text: communities

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: numbering

text: about

text: Cambodian

text: Americans

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: Samoan

text: communities

text: in

text: the

text: mainland

text: U.S.

text: with

text: over

text: people

text: having

text: Samoan

text: ancestry

text: Additionally

text: the

text: Seattle

text: area

text: had

text: the

text: highest

text: percentage

text: of

text: self

text: identified

text: mixed

text: race

text: people

text: of

text: any

text: large

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: HistoryLink

text: study

text: Seattle

text: 's

text: ZIP

text: code

text: in

text: the

text: Columbia

text: City

text: neighborhood

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: diverse

text: ZIP

text: Code

text: Tabulation

text: Areas

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: How much did Seattle's foreign born population expand between 1990-2000?

answer: 40%

question: From where in China did most of the first immigrants come?

answer: Guangdong province

text: Guangdong province

question: How many Vietnamese residents are there in Seattle?

answer: 55,000

question: What is the population of Cambodian immigrants in Seattle?

answer: 19,000

question: What other group of people does Seattle have the largest percentage of in the US?

answer: self-identified mixed-race

text: self-identified mixed-race


text: By 390 BC, several Gallic tribes were invading Italy from the north as their culture expanded throughout Europe. The Romans were alerted to this when a particularly warlike tribe invaded two Etruscan towns close to Rome's sphere of influence. These towns, overwhelmed by the enemy's numbers and ferocity, called on Rome for help. The Romans met the Gauls in pitched battle at the Battle of Allia River around 390–387 BC. The Gauls, led by chieftain Brennus, defeated the Roman army of approximately 15,000 troops, pursued the fleeing Romans back to Rome, and sacked the city before being either driven off or bought off. Romans and Gauls continued to war intermittently in Italy for more than two centuries.[relevant? – discuss]

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: By

text: BC

text: several

text: Gallic

text: tribes

text: were

text: invading

text: Italy

text: from

text: the

text: north

text: as

text: their

text: culture

text: expanded

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: The

text: Romans

text: were

text: alerted

text: to

text: this

text: when

text: a

text: particularly

text: warlike

text: tribe

text: invaded

text: two

text: Etruscan

text: towns

text: close

text: to

text: Rome

text: 's

text: sphere

text: of

text: influence

text: These

text: towns

text: overwhelmed

text: by

text: the

text: enemy

text: 's

text: numbers

text: and

text: ferocity

text: called

text: on

text: Rome

text: for

text: help

text: The

text: Romans

text: met

text: the

text: Gauls

text: in

text: pitched

text: battle

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Allia

text: River

text: around

text: BC

text: The

text: Gauls

text: led

text: by

text: chieftain

text: Brennus

text: defeated

text: the

text: Roman

text: army

text: of

text: approximately

text: troops

text: pursued

text: the

text: fleeing

text: Romans

text: back

text: to

text: Rome

text: and

text: sacked

text: the

text: city

text: before

text: being

text: either

text: driven

text: off

text: or

text: bought

text: off

text: Romans

text: and

text: Gauls

text: continued

text: to

text: war

text: intermittently

text: in

text: Italy

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: centuries.[relevant

text: discuss

question: When did the Battle of Allia River approximately end?

answer: 387 BC

text: 387 BC

question: How many of the Roman military were involved in the Battle of Allia River?

answer: 15,000 troops

text: 15,000 troops

question: Where did the Romans attempt to escape to after their loss against the Gauls?

answer: Rome

text: Rome

question: What is the name of the chieftan who led his army to victory in the Battle of Allia River?

answer: Brennus

text: Brennus

question: Who asked Rome for assistance after being overburdened by their enemies?

answer: two Etruscan towns

text: two Etruscan towns


text: With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865, the Reconstruction Era began. The United States abolished slavery without compensation to slaveholders or reparations to freedmen. A Republican Party coalition of black freedmen, northern carpetbaggers and local scalawags controlled state government for three years. The white conservative Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1870, in part by Ku Klux Klan violence and terrorism at the polls, to suppress black voting. Republicans were elected to the governorship until 1876, when the Red Shirts, a paramilitary organization that arose in 1874 and was allied with the Democratic Party, helped suppress black voting. More than 150 black Americans were murdered in electoral violence in 1876.

title: North_Carolina

title: North_Carolina

text: With

text: the

text: defeat

text: of

text: the

text: Confederacy

text: in

text: the

text: Reconstruction

text: Era

text: began

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: abolished

text: slavery

text: without

text: compensation

text: to

text: slaveholders

text: or

text: reparations

text: to

text: freedmen

text: A

text: Republican

text: Party

text: coalition

text: of

text: black

text: freedmen

text: northern

text: carpetbaggers

text: and

text: local

text: scalawags

text: controlled

text: state

text: government

text: for

text: three

text: years

text: The

text: white

text: conservative

text: Democrats

text: regained

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: legislature

text: in

text: in

text: part

text: by

text: Ku

text: Klux

text: Klan

text: violence

text: and

text: terrorism

text: at

text: the

text: polls

text: to

text: suppress

text: black

text: voting

text: Republicans

text: were

text: elected

text: to

text: the

text: governorship

text: until

text: when

text: the

text: Red

text: Shirts

text: a

text: paramilitary

text: organization

text: that

text: arose

text: in

text: and

text: was

text: allied

text: with

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Party

text: helped

text: suppress

text: black

text: voting

text: More

text: than

text: black

text: Americans

text: were

text: murdered

text: in

text: electoral

text: violence

text: in

question: What year was the confederacy defeated?

answer: 1865

question: What Era began following the defeat of the confederacy?

answer: Reconstruction Era

text: Reconstruction Era

question: The US abolished slavery without giving what to slave owners?

answer: compensation

text: compensation

question: When did white Democrats regain control of the state legislature?

answer: 1870

question: What did the KKK target with violence and terrorism at the polls?

answer: black voting

text: black voting


text: With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: With

text: the

text: union

text: of

text: the

text: crowns

text: of

text: Castille

text: and

text: Aragon

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: Spanish

text: gradually

text: became

text: more

text: prestigious

text: Starting

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Catalan

text: literature

text: experienced

text: a

text: decline

text: the

text: language

text: came

text: under

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: Spanish

text: and

text: the

text: urban

text: and

text: literary

text: classes

text: became

text: bilingual

question: When were Castille and Aragon united?

answer: 1479

question: After 1479, what language became more valued?

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

question: When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend?

answer: 16th century

text: 16th century

question: What language began to supersede Catalan?

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

question: At this time what classes became bilingual?

answer: urban and literary

text: urban and literary


text: In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: In

text: his

text: native

text: Poland

text: in

text: France

text: where

text: he

text: composed

text: most

text: of

text: his

text: works

text: and

text: beyond

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: music

text: his

text: status

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: music

text: 's

text: earliest

text: superstars

text: his

text: association

text: if

text: only

text: indirect

text: with

text: political

text: insurrection

text: his

text: love

text: life

text: and

text: his

text: early

text: death

text: have

text: made

text: him

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: consciousness

text: a

text: leading

text: symbol

text: of

text: the

text: Romantic

text: era

text: His

text: works

text: remain

text: popular

text: and

text: he

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: subject

text: of

text: numerous

text: films

text: and

text: biographies

text: of

text: varying

text: degrees

text: of

text: historical

text: accuracy

question: What was the degree of Frédéric's association with political insurrection?

answer: indirect

text: indirect

question: What parts of Frédéric's personal life influenced his legacy as a leading symbol of the era?

answer: his love life and his early death

text: his love life and his early death

question: In which era was Frédéric leave a legacy of as a leading symbol?

answer: Romantic era

text: Romantic era

question: In what forms of media has Frédéric been the subject of?

answer: films and biographies

text: films and biographies

question: Where did Chopin create the majority of his compositions?

answer: France

text: France

question: Chopin is a native of what country?

answer: Poland

text: Poland

question: He had a non-direct association with what?

answer: political insurrection

text: political insurrection

question: Chopin is closely associated with what era?

answer: Romantic era

text: Romantic era

question: Where did Chopin create most of his works?

answer: France

text: France

question: Chopin was indirectly related to what?

answer: political insurrection

text: political insurrection

question: Chopin is considered a prominent symbol of what?

answer: Romantic era

text: Romantic era


text: The climate in Southeast Alaska is a mid-latitude oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc) in the northern parts. On an annual basis, Southeast is both the wettest and warmest part of Alaska with milder temperatures in the winter and high precipitation throughout the year. Juneau averages over 50 in (130 cm) of precipitation a year, and Ketchikan averages over 150 in (380 cm). This is also the only region in Alaska in which the average daytime high temperature is above freezing during the winter months.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: The

text: climate

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Alaska

text: is

text: a

text: mid

text: latitude

text: oceanic

text: climate

text: Köppen

text: climate

text: classification

text: Cfb

text: in

text: the

text: southern

text: sections

text: and

text: a

text: subarctic

text: oceanic

text: climate

text: Köppen

text: Cfc

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: parts

text: On

text: an

text: annual

text: basis

text: Southeast

text: is

text: both

text: the

text: wettest

text: and

text: warmest

text: part

text: of

text: Alaska

text: with

text: milder

text: temperatures

text: in

text: the

text: winter

text: and

text: high

text: precipitation

text: throughout

text: the

text: year

text: Juneau

text: averages

text: over

text: in

text: cm

text: of

text: precipitation

text: a

text: year

text: and

text: Ketchikan

text: averages

text: over

text: in

text: cm

text: This

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: only

text: region

text: in

text: Alaska

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: average

text: daytime

text: high

text: temperature

text: is

text: above

text: freezing

text: during

text: the

text: winter

text: months

question: How much precipitation does Juno receive each year?

answer: over 50 in

text: over 50 in

question: In what region of Alaska is the daytime temperature above freezing during summer?

answer: Southeast

text: Southeast

question: Southern Alaska has what two Koppen climate classifications?

answer: mid-latitude oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc) in the northern parts

text: mid-latitude oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) in the southern sections and a subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc) in the northern parts

question: How much precipitation does Ketchikan receive each year?

answer: over 150 in (380 cm)

text: over 150 in (380 cm)

question: How much precipitation doesn't Juneau receive each year?

text: over 50 in

question: How much precipitation does Juneau receive each month?

text: over 50 in

question: In what region of Alaska is the nighttime temperature above freezing during summer?

text: Southeast

question: Southern Alaska has what three Koppen climate classifications?

question: How much precipitation does Ketchikan receive each month?

text: over 150 in (380 cm)


text: Leptons (the most famous being the electron), and quarks (of which baryons, such as protons and neutrons, are made) combine to form atoms, which in turn form molecules. Because atoms and molecules are said to be matter, it is natural to phrase the definition as: ordinary matter is anything that is made of the same things that atoms and molecules are made of. (However, notice that one also can make from these building blocks matter that is not atoms or molecules.) Then, because electrons are leptons, and protons, and neutrons are made of quarks, this definition in turn leads to the definition of matter as being quarks and leptons, which are the two types of elementary fermions. Carithers and Grannis state: Ordinary matter is composed entirely of first-generation particles, namely the [up] and [down] quarks, plus the electron and its neutrino. (Higher generations particles quickly decay into first-generation particles, and thus are not commonly encountered.)

title: Matter

title: Matter

text: Leptons

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: being

text: the

text: electron

text: and

text: quarks

text: of

text: which

text: baryons

text: such

text: as

text: protons

text: and

text: neutrons

text: are

text: made

text: combine

text: to

text: form

text: atoms

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: form

text: molecules

text: Because

text: atoms

text: and

text: molecules

text: are

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: matter

text: it

text: is

text: natural

text: to

text: phrase

text: the

text: definition

text: as

text: ordinary

text: matter

text: is

text: anything

text: that

text: is

text: made

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: things

text: that

text: atoms

text: and

text: molecules

text: are

text: made

text: of

text: However

text: notice

text: that

text: one

text: also

text: can

text: make

text: from

text: these

text: building

text: blocks

text: matter

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: atoms

text: or

text: molecules

text: Then

text: because

text: electrons

text: are

text: leptons

text: and

text: protons

text: and

text: neutrons

text: are

text: made

text: of

text: quarks

text: this

text: definition

text: in

text: turn

text: leads

text: to

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: matter

text: as

text: being

text: quarks

text: and

text: leptons

text: which

text: are

text: the

text: two

text: types

text: of

text: elementary

text: fermions

text: Carithers

text: and

text: Grannis

text: state

text: Ordinary

text: matter

text: is

text: composed

text: entirely

text: of

text: first

text: generation

text: particles

text: namely

text: the

text: up

text: and

text: down

text: quarks

text: plus

text: the

text: electron

text: and

text: its

text: neutrino

text: Higher

text: generations

text: particles

text: quickly

text: decay

text: into

text: first

text: generation

text: particles

text: and

text: thus

text: are

text: not

text: commonly

text: encountered

question: What is the most famous electron?

text: Leptons

question: What are quarks made from?

text: baryons

question: Who determined that electrons were leptons?

text: Carithers and Grannis

question: How many generation particles are there?

text: two

question: What type of fermions are protons and neutrons?

text: elementary


text: Over the course of the 20th century, the world's per-capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five, much more than all earlier centuries combined (including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution). Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth, as many of the goods and services consumed at the end of the 20th century, such as improved medicine (causing world life expectancy to increase by more than two decades) and communications technologies, were not available at any price at its beginning. However, the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider, and the majority of the global population remained in the poor side of the divide.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: Over

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: per

text: capita

text: gross

text: domestic

text: product

text: grew

text: by

text: a

text: factor

text: of

text: five

text: much

text: more

text: than

text: all

text: earlier

text: centuries

text: combined

text: including

text: the

text: with

text: its

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: Many

text: economists

text: make

text: the

text: case

text: that

text: this

text: understates

text: the

text: magnitude

text: of

text: growth

text: as

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: goods

text: and

text: services

text: consumed

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: such

text: as

text: improved

text: medicine

text: causing

text: world

text: life

text: expectancy

text: to

text: increase

text: by

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: decades

text: and

text: communications

text: technologies

text: were

text: not

text: available

text: at

text: any

text: price

text: at

text: its

text: beginning

text: However

text: the

text: gulf

text: between

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: rich

text: and

text: poor

text: grew

text: wider

text: and

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: population

text: remained

text: in

text: the

text: poor

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: divide

question: By what percentage did the world's per-capita gross domestic product grow by during the 20th century?

answer: a factor of five

text: a factor of five

question: What has Modern medicine increased the average life expectancy by?

answer: two decades

text: two decades

question: What happened to the income gap between the rich and the poor?

answer: the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider

text: the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider


text: Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles, which were renamed the British Overseas Territories in 2002. Some are uninhabited except for transient military or scientific personnel; the remainder are self-governing to varying degrees and are reliant on the UK for foreign relations and defence. The British government has stated its willingness to assist any Overseas Territory that wishes to proceed to independence, where that is an option. British sovereignty of several of the overseas territories is disputed by their geographical neighbours: Gibraltar is claimed by Spain, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are claimed by Argentina, and the British Indian Ocean Territory is claimed by Mauritius and Seychelles. The British Antarctic Territory is subject to overlapping claims by Argentina and Chile, while many countries do not recognise any territorial claims in Antarctica.

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: Britain

text: retains

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: territories

text: outside

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: which

text: were

text: renamed

text: the

text: British

text: Overseas

text: Territories

text: in

text: Some

text: are

text: uninhabited

text: except

text: for

text: transient

text: military

text: or

text: scientific

text: personnel

text: the

text: remainder

text: are

text: self

text: governing

text: to

text: varying

text: degrees

text: and

text: are

text: reliant

text: on

text: the

text: UK

text: for

text: foreign

text: relations

text: and

text: defence

text: The

text: British

text: government

text: has

text: stated

text: its

text: willingness

text: to

text: assist

text: any

text: Overseas

text: Territory

text: that

text: wishes

text: to

text: proceed

text: to

text: independence

text: where

text: that

text: is

text: an

text: option

text: British

text: sovereignty

text: of

text: several

text: of

text: the

text: overseas

text: territories

text: is

text: disputed

text: by

text: their

text: geographical

text: neighbours

text: Gibraltar

text: is

text: claimed

text: by

text: Spain

text: the

text: Falkland

text: Islands

text: and

text: South

text: Georgia

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Sandwich

text: Islands

text: are

text: claimed

text: by

text: Argentina

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: Indian

text: Ocean

text: Territory

text: is

text: claimed

text: by

text: Mauritius

text: and

text: Seychelles

text: The

text: British

text: Antarctic

text: Territory

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: overlapping

text: claims

text: by

text: Argentina

text: and

text: Chile

text: while

text: many

text: countries

text: do

text: not

text: recognise

text: any

text: territorial

text: claims

text: in

text: Antarctica

question: How many overseas territories does Britain still have?

answer: 14

question: When did Britain decide to call its territories the British Overseas Territories?

answer: 2002

question: Which country besides Britain claims Gibraltar?

answer: Spain

text: Spain

question: Which country besides Britain claims the Falkland Islands?

answer: Argentina

text: Argentina

question: Which country besides Britain claims the South Sandwich Islands?

answer: Argentina

text: Argentina


text: In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours. In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and changes in temperature. In the early 20th century, circadian rhythms were noticed in the rhythmic feeding times of bees. Extensive experiments were done by Auguste Forel, Ingeborg Beling, and Oskar Wahl to see whether this rhythm was due to an endogenous clock.[citation needed] Ron Konopka and Seymour Benzer isolated the first clock mutant in Drosophila in the early 1970s and mapped the "period" gene, the first discovered genetic determinant of behavioral rhythmicity. Joseph Takahashi discovered the first mammalian circadian clock mutation (clockΔ19) using mice in 1994. However, recent studies show that deletion of clock does not lead to a behavioral phenotype (the animals still have normal circadian rhythms), which questions its importance in rhythm generation.

title: Circadian_rhythm

title: Circadian_rhythm

text: In

text: Patrick

text: and

text: Gilbert

text: observed

text: that

text: during

text: a

text: prolonged

text: period

text: of

text: sleep

text: deprivation

text: sleepiness

text: increases

text: and

text: decreases

text: with

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: approximately

text: hours

text: In

text: J.S.

text: Szymanski

text: showed

text: that

text: animals

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: maintaining

text: activity

text: patterns

text: in

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: external

text: cues

text: such

text: as

text: light

text: and

text: changes

text: in

text: temperature

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: circadian

text: rhythms

text: were

text: noticed

text: in

text: the

text: rhythmic

text: feeding

text: times

text: of

text: bees

text: Extensive

text: experiments

text: were

text: done

text: by

text: Auguste

text: Forel

text: Ingeborg

text: Beling

text: and

text: Oskar

text: Wahl

text: to

text: see

text: whether

text: this

text: rhythm

text: was

text: due

text: to

text: an

text: endogenous

text: clock.[citation

text: needed

text: Ron

text: Konopka

text: and

text: Seymour

text: Benzer

text: isolated

text: the

text: first

text: clock

text: mutant

text: in

text: Drosophila

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: and

text: mapped

text: the

text: period

text: gene

text: the

text: first

text: discovered

text: genetic

text: determinant

text: of

text: behavioral

text: rhythmicity

text: Joseph

text: Takahashi

text: discovered

text: the

text: first

text: mammalian

text: circadian

text: clock

text: mutation

text: using

text: mice

text: in

text: However

text: recent

text: studies

text: show

text: that

text: deletion

text: of

text: clock

text: does

text: not

text: lead

text: to

text: a

text: behavioral

text: phenotype

text: the

text: animals

text: still

text: have

text: normal

text: circadian

text: rhythms

text: which

text: questions

text: its

text: importance

text: in

text: rhythm

text: generation

question: Who noticed that sleepiness increases and decreases in a 24 hour period?

answer: Patrick and Gilbert

text: Patrick and Gilbert

question: Who showed the animals could maintain activity in the absence of light and temperature changes?

answer: J.S. Szymanski

text: J.S. Szymanski

question: What animals rhythmic feeding times were studied in the early 20th century ?

answer: bees

text: bees

question: What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s?

answer: "period"

text: "period"

question: What mutation did Takahashi discover in 1994?

answer: circadian clock

text: circadian clock

question: Who observed that sleepiness remained steady over twenty-four hour period?

text: Patrick and Gilbert

question: What did Patrick and Gilbert show in 1918?

question: What was noticed in the rhythmic feeding time of birds in the early twentieth century?

text: circadian rhythms

question: What did Ingeborg Beling and Oskar Wahl isolate in the early 1970s?

text: first clock mutant in Drosophila


text: Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses: wingless insects, known as Apterygota, and winged insects, known as Pterygota. The Apterygota consist of the primitively wingless order of the silverfish (Thysanura). Archaeognatha make up the Monocondylia based on the shape of their mandibles, while Thysanura and Pterygota are grouped together as Dicondylia. The Thysanura themselves possibly are not monophyletic, with the family Lepidotrichidae being a sister group to the Dicondylia (Pterygota and the remaining Thysanura).

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: Insects

text: can

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: groups

text: historically

text: treated

text: as

text: subclasses

text: wingless

text: insects

text: known

text: as

text: Apterygota

text: and

text: winged

text: insects

text: known

text: as

text: Pterygota

text: The

text: Apterygota

text: consist

text: of

text: the

text: primitively

text: wingless

text: order

text: of

text: the

text: silverfish

text: Thysanura

text: Archaeognatha

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: Monocondylia

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: shape

text: of

text: their

text: mandibles

text: while

text: Thysanura

text: and

text: Pterygota

text: are

text: grouped

text: together

text: as

text: Dicondylia

text: The

text: Thysanura

text: themselves

text: possibly

text: are

text: not

text: monophyletic

text: with

text: the

text: family

text: Lepidotrichidae

text: being

text: a

text: sister

text: group

text: to

text: the

text: Dicondylia

text: Pterygota

text: and

text: the

text: remaining

text: Thysanura

question: What is the term for the class of insects with wings?

answer: Pterygota

text: Pterygota

question: What is the term for the class of insects without wings?

answer: Apterygota

text: Apterygota

question: What group of insects are inclusive within the Monocondylia primarily due to the shape of their mandible?

answer: Archaeognatha

text: Archaeognatha

question: What is the collective group to which Thysanura and Pterygota belong?

answer: Dicondylia

text: Dicondylia

question: Insects are historically divided into how many groups?

answer: two groups

text: two groups

question: Insects with wings are known as what?

answer: Pterygota

text: Pterygota

question: Does an Apterygots have wings or wingless?

answer: wingless

text: wingless

question: What is a Thysanura?

answer: silverfish

text: silverfish

question: Thysanura and Pterygota are what?

answer: Dicondylia

text: Dicondylia


text: Southampton as a Port and city has had a long history of administrative independence of the surrounding County; as far back as the reign of King John the town and its port were removed from the writ of the King's Sheriff in Hampshire and the rights of custom and toll were granted by the King to the burgesses of Southampton over the port of Southampton and the Port of Portsmouth; this tax farm was granted for an annual fee of £200 in the charter dated at Orival on 29 June 1199. The definition of the port of Southampton was apparently broader than today and embraced all of the area between Lymington and Langstone. The corporation had resident representatives in Newport, Lymington and Portsmouth. By a charter of Henry VI, granted on 9 March 1446/7 (25+26 Hen. VI, m. 32), the mayor, bailiffs and burgesses of the towns and ports of Southampton and Portsmouth became a County incorporate and separate from Hampshire.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: Southampton

text: as

text: a

text: Port

text: and

text: city

text: has

text: had

text: a

text: long

text: history

text: of

text: administrative

text: independence

text: of

text: the

text: surrounding

text: County

text: as

text: far

text: back

text: as

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: King

text: John

text: the

text: town

text: and

text: its

text: port

text: were

text: removed

text: from

text: the

text: writ

text: of

text: the

text: King

text: 's

text: Sheriff

text: in

text: Hampshire

text: and

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: custom

text: and

text: toll

text: were

text: granted

text: by

text: the

text: King

text: to

text: the

text: burgesses

text: of

text: Southampton

text: over

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: Southampton

text: and

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: Portsmouth

text: this

text: tax

text: farm

text: was

text: granted

text: for

text: an

text: annual

text: fee

text: of

text: in

text: the

text: charter

text: dated

text: at

text: Orival

text: on

text: June

text: The

text: definition

text: of

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: Southampton

text: was

text: apparently

text: broader

text: than

text: today

text: and

text: embraced

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: area

text: between

text: Lymington

text: and

text: Langstone

text: The

text: corporation

text: had

text: resident

text: representatives

text: in

text: Newport

text: Lymington

text: and

text: Portsmouth

text: By

text: a

text: charter

text: of

text: Henry

text: VI

text: granted

text: on

text: March

text: Hen

text: VI

text: m.

text: the

text: mayor

text: bailiffs

text: and

text: burgesses

text: of

text: the

text: towns

text: and

text: ports

text: of

text: Southampton

text: and

text: Portsmouth

text: became

text: a

text: County

text: incorporate

text: and

text: separate

text: from

text: Hampshire

question: Southampton's history of administrative independence dates back to the reign of which king?

answer: King John

text: King John

question: What was the annual fee paid by the burgesses of Southampton for the rights of custom and toll laid out in the charter of 1199?

answer: £200

question: In the 1100s, the port of Southampton included everything between Lymington and what area?

answer: Langstone

text: Langstone

question: Under what king was a charter granted in 1446/7 that separated Southampton and Portsmouth from Hampshire?

answer: Henry VI

text: Henry VI

question: What date was the charter regarding Southampton's tax farm signed at Orival?

answer: 29 June 1199

text: 29 June 1199


text: Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees. His other contribution was the concept of preventive policing; his police were to act as a highly visible deterrent to crime by their permanent presence on the Thames. Colquhoun's innovations were a critical development leading up to Robert Peel's "new" police three decades later.

title: Police

title: Police

text: Colquhoun

text: 's

text: utilitarian

text: approach

text: to

text: the

text: problem

text: using

text: a

text: cost

text: benefit

text: argument

text: to

text: obtain

text: support

text: from

text: businesses

text: standing

text: to

text: benefit

text: allowed

text: him

text: to

text: achieve

text: what

text: Henry

text: and

text: John

text: Fielding

text: failed

text: for

text: their

text: Bow

text: Street

text: detectives

text: Unlike

text: the

text: stipendiary

text: system

text: at

text: Bow

text: Street

text: the

text: river

text: police

text: were

text: full

text: time

text: salaried

text: officers

text: prohibited

text: from

text: taking

text: private

text: fees

text: His

text: other

text: contribution

text: was

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: preventive

text: policing

text: his

text: police

text: were

text: to

text: act

text: as

text: a

text: highly

text: visible

text: deterrent

text: to

text: crime

text: by

text: their

text: permanent

text: presence

text: on

text: the

text: Thames

text: Colquhoun

text: 's

text: innovations

text: were

text: a

text: critical

text: development

text: leading

text: up

text: to

text: Robert

text: Peel

text: 's

text: new

text: police

text: three

text: decades

text: later

question: Who started the Bow Street detectives?

answer: Henry and John Fielding

text: Henry and John Fielding

question: How did the Bow Street group pay their employees?

answer: stipendiary system

text: stipendiary system

question: How did the Thames River Police pay their employees?

answer: full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees

text: full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees

question: Who came up with the concept of the 'new' police?

answer: Robert Peel

text: Robert Peel

question: What schedule did the Thames River Police employees work?

answer: full-time

text: full-time

question: Who fired the Bow Street detectives?

text: Henry and John Fielding

question: How did the Bow Street group get paid by their employees?

text: stipendiary system

question: How did the James River Police pay their employees?

question: Who rejected the concept of the 'new' police?

text: Robert Peel

question: What schedule did the Thames River Police employees not work?

text: full-time


text: Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his "one worthy successor" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937). Edvard Grieg, Antonín Dvořák, Isaac Albéniz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin's use of national modes and idioms. Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas, as well as numerous études and preludes; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer. In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martinů, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Polish

text: composers

text: of

text: the

text: following

text: generation

text: included

text: virtuosi

text: such

text: as

text: Moritz

text: Moszkowski

text: but

text: in

text: the

text: opinion

text: of

text: J.

text: Barrie

text: Jones

text: his

text: one

text: worthy

text: successor

text: among

text: his

text: compatriots

text: was

text: Karol

text: Szymanowski

text: Edvard

text: Grieg

text: Antonín

text: Dvořák

text: Isaac

text: Albéniz

text: Pyotr

text: Ilyich

text: Tchaikovsky

text: and

text: Sergei

text: Rachmaninoff

text: among

text: others

text: are

text: regarded

text: by

text: critics

text: as

text: having

text: been

text: influenced

text: by

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: use

text: of

text: national

text: modes

text: and

text: idioms

text: Alexander

text: Scriabin

text: was

text: devoted

text: to

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: Chopin

text: and

text: his

text: early

text: published

text: works

text: include

text: nineteen

text: mazurkas

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: numerous

text: études

text: and

text: preludes

text: his

text: teacher

text: Nikolai

text: Zverev

text: drilled

text: him

text: in

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: works

text: to

text: improve

text: his

text: virtuosity

text: as

text: a

text: performer

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: composers

text: who

text: paid

text: homage

text: to

text: or

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: parodied

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: Chopin

text: included

text: George

text: Crumb

text: Bohuslav

text: Martinů

text: Darius

text: Milhaud

text: Igor

text: Stravinsky

text: and

text: Heitor

text: Villa

text: Lobos

question: According to J. Barrie Jones who was the only true successor to Chopin?

answer: Karol Szymanowski

text: Karol Szymanowski

question: Many people were considered influenced by Chopin's what?

answer: national modes and idioms

text: national modes and idioms

question: Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?

answer: Nikolai Zverev

text: Nikolai Zverev

question: Who was Chopin's worthy successor according to Jones?

answer: Karol Szymanowski

text: Karol Szymanowski

question: Who was devoted to the music of Chopin?

answer: Alexander Scriabin

text: Alexander Scriabin

question: Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?

answer: Nikolai Zverev

text: Nikolai Zverev


text: The Hortensian Law deprived the patricians of their last weapon against the plebeians, and thus resolved the last great political question of the era. No such important political changes occurred between 287 BC and 133 BC. The important laws of this era were still enacted by the senate. In effect, the plebeians were satisfied with the possession of power, but did not care to use it. The senate was supreme during this era because the era was dominated by questions of foreign and military policy. This was the most militarily active era of the Roman Republic.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: The

text: Hortensian

text: Law

text: deprived

text: the

text: patricians

text: of

text: their

text: last

text: weapon

text: against

text: the

text: plebeians

text: and

text: thus

text: resolved

text: the

text: last

text: great

text: political

text: question

text: of

text: the

text: era

text: No

text: such

text: important

text: political

text: changes

text: occurred

text: between

text: BC

text: and

text: BC

text: The

text: important

text: laws

text: of

text: this

text: era

text: were

text: still

text: enacted

text: by

text: the

text: senate

text: In

text: effect

text: the

text: plebeians

text: were

text: satisfied

text: with

text: the

text: possession

text: of

text: power

text: but

text: did

text: not

text: care

text: to

text: use

text: it

text: The

text: senate

text: was

text: supreme

text: during

text: this

text: era

text: because

text: the

text: era

text: was

text: dominated

text: by

text: questions

text: of

text: foreign

text: and

text: military

text: policy

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: militarily

text: active

text: era

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

question: Why was the senate considered to be supreme during this time?

answer: because the era was dominated by questions of foreign and military policy

text: because the era was dominated by questions of foreign and military policy

question: What years did no important political changes happen during?

answer: 287 BC and 133 BC

text: 287 BC and 133 BC

question: What group of people often failed to use the power that was given to them?

answer: the plebeians

text: the plebeians

question: Who enacted crucial laws during this period of time?

answer: the senate

text: the senate

question: What was a political element that satiated the plebeians?

answer: the possession of power

text: the possession of power


text: Nintendo of America took the same stance against the distribution of SNES ROM image files and the use of emulators as it did with the NES, insisting that they represented flagrant software piracy. Proponents of SNES emulation cite discontinued production of the SNES constituting abandonware status, the right of the owner of the respective game to make a personal backup via devices such as the Retrode, space shifting for private use, the desire to develop homebrew games for the system, the frailty of SNES ROM cartridges and consoles, and the lack of certain foreign imports.

title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System

title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System

text: Nintendo

text: of

text: America

text: took

text: the

text: same

text: stance

text: against

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: SNES

text: ROM

text: image

text: files

text: and

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: emulators

text: as

text: it

text: did

text: with

text: the

text: NES

text: insisting

text: that

text: they

text: represented

text: flagrant

text: software

text: piracy

text: Proponents

text: of

text: SNES

text: emulation

text: cite

text: discontinued

text: production

text: of

text: the

text: SNES

text: constituting

text: abandonware

text: status

text: the

text: right

text: of

text: the

text: owner

text: of

text: the

text: respective

text: game

text: to

text: make

text: a

text: personal

text: backup

text: via

text: devices

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Retrode

text: space

text: shifting

text: for

text: private

text: use

text: the

text: desire

text: to

text: develop

text: homebrew

text: games

text: for

text: the

text: system

text: the

text: frailty

text: of

text: SNES

text: ROM

text: cartridges

text: and

text: consoles

text: and

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: certain

text: foreign

text: imports

question: What did Nintendo consider emulators?

answer: flagrant software piracy

text: flagrant software piracy

question: What is the term for a software product abandoned by its owners?

answer: abandonware

text: abandonware

question: What device allows backing up SNES games?

answer: Retrode

text: Retrode

question: What is the term for homemade software?

answer: homebrew

text: homebrew

question: What did owners of the respective game consider emulators?

text: flagrant software piracy

question: What status did discontinued image files have?

text: abandonware status

question: What did Nintendo do under abandonware status via the Retrode?

text: make a personal backup

question: What were emulation supporters against regarding files?

question: What other system did supporters of SNES emulation also take the same stance with?

text: the NES


text: In 1718, at the behest of either Rector Samuel Andrew or the colony's Governor Gurdon Saltonstall, Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman named Elihu Yale, who lived in Wales but had been born in Boston and whose father, David, had been one of the original settlers in New Haven, to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Through the persuasion of Jeremiah Dummer, Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in Madras as a representative of the East India Company, donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560, a substantial sum at the time. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College. Meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and theology. It had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Locke's works and developed his original theology known as the "new divinity." In 1722 the Rector and six of his friends, who had a study group to discuss the new ideas, announced that they had given up Calvinism, become Arminians, and joined the Church of England. They were ordained in England and returned to the colonies as missionaries for the Anglican faith. Thomas Clapp became president in 1745, and struggled to return the college to Calvinist orthodoxy; but he did not close the library. Other students found Deist books in the library.

title: Yale_University

title: Yale_University

text: In

text: at

text: the

text: behest

text: of

text: either

text: Rector

text: Samuel

text: Andrew

text: or

text: the

text: colony

text: 's

text: Governor

text: Gurdon

text: Saltonstall

text: Cotton

text: Mather

text: contacted

text: a

text: successful

text: businessman

text: named

text: Elihu

text: Yale

text: who

text: lived

text: in

text: Wales

text: but

text: had

text: been

text: born

text: in

text: Boston

text: and

text: whose

text: father

text: David

text: had

text: been

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: settlers

text: in

text: New

text: Haven

text: to

text: ask

text: him

text: for

text: financial

text: help

text: in

text: constructing

text: a

text: new

text: building

text: for

text: the

text: college

text: Through

text: the

text: persuasion

text: of

text: Jeremiah

text: Dummer

text: Yale

text: who

text: had

text: made

text: a

text: fortune

text: through

text: trade

text: while

text: living

text: in

text: Madras

text: as

text: a

text: representative

text: of

text: the

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: donated

text: nine

text: bales

text: of

text: goods

text: which

text: were

text: sold

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: substantial

text: sum

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: Cotton

text: Mather

text: suggested

text: that

text: the

text: school

text: change

text: its

text: name

text: to

text: Yale

text: College

text: Meanwhile

text: a

text: Harvard

text: graduate

text: working

text: in

text: England

text: convinced

text: some

text: prominent

text: intellectuals

text: that

text: they

text: should

text: donate

text: books

text: to

text: Yale

text: The

text: shipment

text: of

text: books

text: represented

text: the

text: best

text: of

text: modern

text: English

text: literature

text: science

text: philosophy

text: and

text: theology

text: It

text: had

text: a

text: profound

text: effect

text: on

text: intellectuals

text: at

text: Yale

text: Undergraduate

text: Jonathan

text: Edwards

text: discovered

text: John

text: Locke

text: 's

text: works

text: and

text: developed

text: his

text: original

text: theology

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: new

text: divinity

text: In

text: the

text: Rector

text: and

text: six

text: of

text: his

text: friends

text: who

text: had

text: a

text: study

text: group

text: to

text: discuss

text: the

text: new

text: ideas

text: announced

text: that

text: they

text: had

text: given

text: up

text: Calvinism

text: become

text: Arminians

text: and

text: joined

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: They

text: were

text: ordained

text: in

text: England

text: and

text: returned

text: to

text: the

text: colonies

text: as

text: missionaries

text: for

text: the

text: Anglican

text: faith

text: Thomas

text: Clapp

text: became

text: president

text: in

text: and

text: struggled

text: to

text: return

text: the

text: college

text: to

text: Calvinist

text: orthodoxy

text: but

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: close

text: the

text: library

text: Other

text: students

text: found

text: Deist

text: books

text: in

text: the

text: library

question: Where did Elihu Yale grow up?

answer: Wales

text: Wales

question: Where was Elihu Yale born?

answer: Boston

text: Boston

question: What was Elihu Yale's father's name?

answer: David

text: David

question: Who suggested the new name of Yale?

answer: Cotton Mather

text: Cotton Mather

question: How many books were in the 1714 shipment to Yale?

answer: 500

question: Where did Elihu Yale die?

text: Wales

question: Where wasn't Elihu Yale born?

text: Boston

question: What was Elihu Yale's father's nickname?

text: David

question: Who suggested the old name of Yale?

text: Cotton Mather

question: How many books were in the 1741 shipment to Yale?


text: Ibn Sina's first appointment was that of physician to the emir, Nuh II, who owed him his recovery from a dangerous illness (997). Ibn Sina's chief reward for this service was access to the royal library of the Samanids, well-known patrons of scholarship and scholars. When the library was destroyed by fire not long after, the enemies of Ibn Sina accused him of burning it, in order for ever to conceal the sources of his knowledge. Meanwhile, he assisted his father in his financial labors, but still found time to write some of his earliest works.

title: Avicenna

title: Avicenna

text: Ibn

text: Sina

text: 's

text: first

text: appointment

text: was

text: that

text: of

text: physician

text: to

text: the

text: emir

text: Nuh

text: II

text: who

text: owed

text: him

text: his

text: recovery

text: from

text: a

text: dangerous

text: illness

text: Ibn

text: Sina

text: 's

text: chief

text: reward

text: for

text: this

text: service

text: was

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: royal

text: library

text: of

text: the

text: Samanids

text: well

text: known

text: patrons

text: of

text: scholarship

text: and

text: scholars

text: When

text: the

text: library

text: was

text: destroyed

text: by

text: fire

text: not

text: long

text: after

text: the

text: enemies

text: of

text: Ibn

text: Sina

text: accused

text: him

text: of

text: burning

text: it

text: in

text: order

text: for

text: ever

text: to

text: conceal

text: the

text: sources

text: of

text: his

text: knowledge

text: Meanwhile

text: he

text: assisted

text: his

text: father

text: in

text: his

text: financial

text: labors

text: but

text: still

text: found

text: time

text: to

text: write

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: earliest

text: works

question: Who was Ibn Sina's first appontment?

answer: the emir, Nuh II

text: the emir, Nuh II

question: What did Ibn Sina receive as payment for helping the emir?

answer: access to the royal library of the Samanids

text: access to the royal library of the Samanids

question: Why did some accuse Ibn Sina of burning down the royal library?

answer: to conceal the sources of his knowledge

text: to conceal the sources of his knowledge

question: Who did Ibn Sina assist in his financial labors?

answer: his father

text: his father

question: What year did the emir Null II recover from his illness?

answer: 997

question: Who helped Ibn Sina recover from an illness?

text: emir, Nuh II

question: who dit Ibn Sina treat in the 9th century?

text: emir, Nuh II

question: What library did Ibn Sina found?

text: the royal library of the Samanids

question: Why did Ibn Sina burn the library?

question: Who did Ibn Sina help to write some of their earliest work.

text: his father

question: Who was Ibn Sina's last appontment?

text: the emir, Nuh II

question: What did Ibn Sina receive as payment for hurting the emir?

question: Why did some accuse Ibn Sina of burning down the royal church?

text: to conceal the sources of his knowledge

question: Who did Ibn Sina assist in his physical labors?

text: his father

question: What year did the emir Null II die from his illness?


text: In sheer numbers, Kerry had fewer endorsements than Howard Dean, who was far ahead in the superdelegate race going into the Iowa caucuses in January 2004, although Kerry led the endorsement race in Iowa, New Hampshire, Arizona, South Carolina, New Mexico and Nevada. Kerry's main perceived weakness was in his neighboring state of New Hampshire and nearly all national polls. Most other states did not have updated polling numbers to give an accurate placing for the Kerry campaign before Iowa. Heading into the primaries, Kerry's campaign was largely seen as in trouble, particularly after he fired campaign manager Jim Jordan. The key factors enabling it to survive were when fellow Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy assigned Mary Beth Cahill to be the campaign manager, as well as Kerry's mortgaging his own home to lend the money to his campaign (while his wife was a billionaire, campaign finance rules prohibited using one's personal fortune). He also brought on the "magical" Michael Whouley who would be credited with helping bring home the Iowa victory the same as he did in New Hampshire for Al Gore in 2000 against Bill Bradley.

title: United_States_presidential_election,_2004

text: In

text: sheer

text: numbers

text: Kerry

text: had

text: fewer

text: endorsements

text: than

text: Howard

text: Dean

text: who

text: was

text: far

text: ahead

text: in

text: the

text: superdelegate

text: race

text: going

text: into

text: the

text: Iowa

text: caucuses

text: in

text: January

text: although

text: Kerry

text: led

text: the

text: endorsement

text: race

text: in

text: Iowa

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: Arizona

text: South

text: Carolina

text: New

text: Mexico

text: and

text: Nevada

text: Kerry

text: 's

text: main

text: perceived

text: weakness

text: was

text: in

text: his

text: neighboring

text: state

text: of

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: and

text: nearly

text: all

text: national

text: polls

text: Most

text: other

text: states

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: updated

text: polling

text: numbers

text: to

text: give

text: an

text: accurate

text: placing

text: for

text: the

text: Kerry

text: campaign

text: before

text: Iowa

text: Heading

text: into

text: the

text: primaries

text: Kerry

text: 's

text: campaign

text: was

text: largely

text: seen

text: as

text: in

text: trouble

text: particularly

text: after

text: he

text: fired

text: campaign

text: manager

text: Jim

text: Jordan

text: The

text: key

text: factors

text: enabling

text: it

text: to

text: survive

text: were

text: when

text: fellow

text: Massachusetts

text: Senator

text: Ted

text: Kennedy

text: assigned

text: Mary

text: Beth

text: Cahill

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: campaign

text: manager

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Kerry

text: 's

text: mortgaging

text: his

text: own

text: home

text: to

text: lend

text: the

text: money

text: to

text: his

text: campaign

text: while

text: his

text: wife

text: was

text: a

text: billionaire

text: campaign

text: finance

text: rules

text: prohibited

text: using

text: one

text: 's

text: personal

text: fortune

text: He

text: also

text: brought

text: on

text: the

text: magical

text: Michael

text: Whouley

text: who

text: would

text: be

text: credited

text: with

text: helping

text: bring

text: home

text: the

text: Iowa

text: victory

text: the

text: same

text: as

text: he

text: did

text: in

text: New

text: Hampshire

text: for

text: Al

text: Gore

text: in

text: against

text: Bill

text: Bradley

question: Who had the least amount of backers, between Kerry and Dean?

answer: Kerry

text: Kerry

question: Which state was expected to show the least amount of support for Kerry going into the caucuses, before Iowa?

answer: New Hampshire

text: New Hampshire

question: What act showed that Kerry's fight for the White House was in trouble?

answer: he fired campaign manager Jim Jordan

text: he fired campaign manager Jim Jordan

question: Who took over for Jim Jordon, when he was fired?

answer: Mary Beth Cahill

text: Mary Beth Cahill

question: What regulation did Kerry not follow to try to save his campaign?

answer: mortgaging his own home to lend the money to his campaign

text: mortgaging his own home to lend the money to his campaign

question: What did Ted Kennedy have fewer of than Kerry in 2004?

text: endorsements

question: What was Ted Kennedy's position in the superdelegate race in 2004?

text: far ahead

question: What states did Ted Kennedy lead in in 2004?

question: What was one area that Kennedy was seen as being weak in?

text: all national polls

question: What position was held by Jim Jordan when he was fired by Bill Bradley?

text: campaign manager


text: Apple introduced a new 8-pin dock connector, named Lightning, on September 12, 2012 with their announcement of the iPhone 5, the fifth generation iPod Touch, and the seventh generation iPod Nano, which all feature it. The new connector replaces the older 30-pin dock connector used by older iPods, iPhones, and iPads. Apple Lightning cables have pins on both sides of the plug so it can be inserted with either side facing up.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: Apple

text: introduced

text: a

text: new

text: dock

text: connector

text: named

text: Lightning

text: on

text: September

text: with

text: their

text: announcement

text: of

text: the

text: iPhone

text: the

text: fifth

text: generation

text: iPod

text: Touch

text: and

text: the

text: seventh

text: generation

text: iPod

text: Nano

text: which

text: all

text: feature

text: it

text: The

text: new

text: connector

text: replaces

text: the

text: older

text: dock

text: connector

text: used

text: by

text: older

text: iPods

text: iPhones

text: and

text: iPads

text: Apple

text: Lightning

text: cables

text: have

text: pins

text: on

text: both

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: plug

text: so

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: inserted

text: with

text: either

text: side

text: facing

text: up

question: What new connector did Apple unveil on September 12, 2012?

answer: Lightning

text: Lightning

question: What other Apple product was unveiled on September 12, 2012?

answer: seventh generation iPod Nano

text: seventh generation iPod Nano

question: How man pins did the pre-Lightning dock connecter use?

answer: 30

question: How many pins did the Lightning connector have?

answer: 8

question: On how many sides of the Lightning connector are the pins located?

answer: both sides

text: both sides

question: What's Apple's code name for the newer 8-pin dock connector?

answer: Lightning

text: Lightning

question: What was the first iPod Touch generation to feature the Lightning connector?

answer: fifth generation

text: fifth generation


text: Figures obtained by The Daily Telegraph had revealed that, in 2010, 37 applicants from Eton were accepted by Oxford whilst state schools had difficulty obtaining entry even for pupils with the country's most impressive exam results. According to The Economist, Oxford and Cambridge admit more Etonians each year than applicants from the whole country who qualify for free school meals. In April 2011 the Labour MP David Lammy described as unfair and 'indefensible' the fact that Oxford University had organised nine 'outreach events' at Eton in 2010, although he admitted that it had, in fact, held fewer such events for Eton than for another independent school, Wellington College.

title: Eton_College

title: Eton_College

text: Figures

text: obtained

text: by

text: The

text: Daily

text: Telegraph

text: had

text: revealed

text: that

text: in

text: applicants

text: from

text: Eton

text: were

text: accepted

text: by

text: Oxford

text: whilst

text: state

text: schools

text: had

text: difficulty

text: obtaining

text: entry

text: even

text: for

text: pupils

text: with

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: most

text: impressive

text: exam

text: results

text: According

text: to

text: The

text: Economist

text: Oxford

text: and

text: Cambridge

text: admit

text: more

text: Etonians

text: each

text: year

text: than

text: applicants

text: from

text: the

text: whole

text: country

text: who

text: qualify

text: for

text: free

text: school

text: meals

text: In

text: April

text: the

text: Labour

text: MP

text: David

text: Lammy

text: described

text: as

text: unfair

text: and

text: indefensible

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: Oxford

text: University

text: had

text: organised

text: nine

text: outreach

text: events

text: at

text: Eton

text: in

text: although

text: he

text: admitted

text: that

text: it

text: had

text: in

text: fact

text: held

text: fewer

text: such

text: events

text: for

text: Eton

text: than

text: for

text: another

text: independent

text: school

text: Wellington

text: College

question: How many outreach events were held at Eton by Oxford University in 2010?

answer: nine

text: nine

question: Which independent school had more hosted outreach events than Eton?

answer: Wellington College

text: Wellington College

question: Who described outreach events at Eton as "unfair and indefensible?"

answer: Labour MP David Lammy

text: Labour MP David Lammy

question: In 2010, how many applicants from Eton were accepted to Oxford?

answer: 37

question: How many Eton "outreach events" were held at Wellington College in 2010?

text: nine

question: In what year did David Lammy become a Labour MP?

question: In what year did The Economist print an article about how Oxford accepted more students from Eton than all the UK's students who qualify for free school meals?

question: In what month in 2010 did The Daily Telegraph publish a report about Oxford's acceptance standards?

text: April


text: During the Middle Ages Aristotle's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi, developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail. For Avicenna (Ibn Sina), for example, the tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized through education, and knowledge is attained through "empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts" developed through a "syllogistic method of reasoning in which observations lead to propositional statements which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts". The intellect itself develops from a material intellect (al-'aql al-hayulani), which is a potentiality "that can acquire knowledge to the active intellect (al-'aql al-fa'il), the state of the human intellect in conjunction with the perfect source of knowledge". So the immaterial "active intellect", separate from any individual person, is still essential for understanding to occur.

title: Empiricism

title: Empiricism

text: During

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: theory

text: of

text: tabula

text: rasa

text: was

text: developed

text: by

text: Islamic

text: philosophers

text: starting

text: with

text: Al

text: Farabi

text: developing

text: into

text: an

text: elaborate

text: theory

text: by

text: Avicenna

text: and

text: demonstrated

text: as

text: a

text: thought

text: experiment

text: by

text: Ibn

text: Tufail

text: For

text: Avicenna

text: Ibn

text: Sina

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: tabula

text: rasa

text: is

text: a

text: pure

text: potentiality

text: that

text: is

text: actualized

text: through

text: education

text: and

text: knowledge

text: is

text: attained

text: through

text: empirical

text: familiarity

text: with

text: objects

text: in

text: this

text: world

text: from

text: which

text: one

text: abstracts

text: universal

text: concepts

text: developed

text: through

text: a

text: syllogistic

text: method

text: of

text: reasoning

text: in

text: which

text: observations

text: lead

text: to

text: propositional

text: statements

text: which

text: when

text: compounded

text: lead

text: to

text: further

text: abstract

text: concepts

text: The

text: intellect

text: itself

text: develops

text: from

text: a

text: material

text: intellect

text: al-'aql

text: al

text: hayulani

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: potentiality

text: that

text: can

text: acquire

text: knowledge

text: to

text: the

text: active

text: intellect

text: al-'aql

text: al

text: fa'il

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: intellect

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: the

text: perfect

text: source

text: of

text: knowledge

text: So

text: the

text: immaterial

text: active

text: intellect

text: separate

text: from

text: any

text: individual

text: person

text: is

text: still

text: essential

text: for

text: understanding

text: to

text: occur

question: Whose idea was 'tabula rasa'?

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

question: What religion was Al Farabi?

answer: Islamic

text: Islamic

question: What does al-'aql al-hayulani mean?

answer: material intellect

text: material intellect

question: What does al-'aql al-fa'il mean?

answer: active intellect

text: active intellect

question: What is crucial for understanding?

answer: the immaterial "active intellect"

text: the immaterial "active intellect"

question: What was Aristotle's religion?

text: Islamic

question: What did Al Farabi say tabula rasa was?

question: Who developed the syllogistic method?

text: Avicenna

question: What did Aristotle call the active intellect?

text: al-'aql al-fa'il

question: What does tabula rasa mean?

text: material intellect


text: Imperial submitted a total of 1,257 staff across 14 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) assessment. In the REF results 46% of Imperial's submitted research was classified as 4*, 44% as 3*, 9% as 2* and 1% as 1*, giving an overall GPA of 3.36. In rankings produced by Times Higher Education based upon the REF results Imperial was ranked 2nd overall for GPA and 8th for "research power" (compared to 6th and 7th respectively in the equivalent rankings for the RAE 2008).

title: Imperial_College_London

title: Imperial_College_London

text: Imperial

text: submitted

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: staff

text: across

text: units

text: of

text: assessment

text: to

text: the

text: Research

text: Excellence

text: Framework

text: REF

text: assessment

text: In

text: the

text: REF

text: results

text: of

text: Imperial

text: 's

text: submitted

text: research

text: was

text: classified

text: as

text: as

text: as

text: and

text: as

text: giving

text: an

text: overall

text: GPA

text: of

text: In

text: rankings

text: produced

text: by

text: Times

text: Higher

text: Education

text: based

text: upon

text: the

text: REF

text: results

text: Imperial

text: was

text: ranked

text: overall

text: for

text: GPA

text: and

text: for

text: research

text: power

text: compared

text: to

text: and

text: respectively

text: in

text: the

text: equivalent

text: rankings

text: for

text: the

text: RAE

question: How many staff members did Imperial submit assessments of for the REF assessment?

answer: 1,257

question: In the 2014 rankings produced by Times Higher Education, what position was Imperial ranked for GPA?

answer: 2nd

question: How many units of assessment did Imperial submit?

answer: 14

question: How highly was Imperial ranked in "research power" in 2014?

answer: 8th

question: How many staff members did Imperial claim to have in 2014?

answer: 1,257

question: What does REF stand for?

answer: Research Excellence Framework

text: Research Excellence Framework

question: What was the percentage of Imperials research that was seemed to be 3*?

answer: 44%

question: What did the REF give Imperial as an overall GPA?

answer: 3.36

question: What was Imperial's overall GPA rank according to the Times Higher Education?

answer: 2nd

question: How many staff were submitted over the 16 units of assessment?

question: What percentage of Imperials research was declassified?

question: Who was ranked 2nd overall in test scores?

text: Imperial

question: Who was ranked 6th and 7th in research power?

text: Imperial


text: The Red Lion in Parliament Square is close to the Palace of Westminster and is consequently used by political journalists and members of parliament. The pub is equipped with a Division bell that summons MPs back to the chamber when they are required to take part in a vote. The Punch Bowl, Mayfair was at one time jointly owned by Madonna and Guy Ritchie. The Coleherne public house in Earls Court was a well-known gay pub from the 1950s. It attracted many well-known patrons, such as Freddie Mercury, Kenny Everett and Rudolph Nureyev. It was used by the serial-killer Colin Ireland to pick up victims.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: The

text: Red

text: Lion

text: in

text: Parliament

text: Square

text: is

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: Palace

text: of

text: Westminster

text: and

text: is

text: consequently

text: used

text: by

text: political

text: journalists

text: and

text: members

text: of

text: parliament

text: The

text: pub

text: is

text: equipped

text: with

text: a

text: Division

text: bell

text: that

text: summons

text: MPs

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: chamber

text: when

text: they

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: take

text: part

text: in

text: a

text: vote

text: The

text: Punch

text: Bowl

text: Mayfair

text: was

text: at

text: one

text: time

text: jointly

text: owned

text: by

text: Madonna

text: and

text: Guy

text: Ritchie

text: The

text: Coleherne

text: public

text: house

text: in

text: Earls

text: Court

text: was

text: a

text: well

text: known

text: gay

text: pub

text: from

text: the

text: It

text: attracted

text: many

text: well

text: known

text: patrons

text: such

text: as

text: Freddie

text: Mercury

text: Kenny

text: Everett

text: and

text: Rudolph

text: Nureyev

text: It

text: was

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: serial

text: killer

text: Colin

text: Ireland

text: to

text: pick

text: up

text: victims

question: Where is the Red Lion located?

answer: Parliament Square

text: Parliament Square

question: What notable feature of the Red Lion reflects its parliamentary connection?

answer: a Division bell

text: a Division bell

question: Who owned the Punch Bowl with Guy Ritchie?

answer: Madonna

text: Madonna

question: In what district of London was the Punch Bowl located?

answer: Mayfair

text: Mayfair

question: What pub was visited by Freddie Mercury?

answer: The Coleherne

text: The Coleherne


text: Among predators there is a large degree of specialization. Many predators specialize in hunting only one species of prey. Others are more opportunistic and will kill and eat almost anything (examples: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators). The specialists are usually particularly well suited to capturing their preferred prey. The prey in turn, are often equally suited to escape that predator. This is called an evolutionary arms race and tends to keep the populations of both species in equilibrium. Some predators specialize in certain classes of prey, not just single species. Some will switch to other prey (with varying degrees of success) when the preferred target is extremely scarce, and they may also resort to scavenging or a herbivorous diet if possible.[citation needed]

title: Predation

title: Predation

text: Among

text: predators

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: large

text: degree

text: of

text: specialization

text: Many

text: predators

text: specialize

text: in

text: hunting

text: only

text: one

text: species

text: of

text: prey

text: Others

text: are

text: more

text: opportunistic

text: and

text: will

text: kill

text: and

text: eat

text: almost

text: anything

text: examples

text: humans

text: leopards

text: dogs

text: and

text: alligators

text: The

text: specialists

text: are

text: usually

text: particularly

text: well

text: suited

text: to

text: capturing

text: their

text: preferred

text: prey

text: The

text: prey

text: in

text: turn

text: are

text: often

text: equally

text: suited

text: to

text: escape

text: that

text: predator

text: This

text: is

text: called

text: an

text: evolutionary

text: arms

text: race

text: and

text: tends

text: to

text: keep

text: the

text: populations

text: of

text: both

text: species

text: in

text: equilibrium

text: Some

text: predators

text: specialize

text: in

text: certain

text: classes

text: of

text: prey

text: not

text: just

text: single

text: species

text: Some

text: will

text: switch

text: to

text: other

text: prey

text: with

text: varying

text: degrees

text: of

text: success

text: when

text: the

text: preferred

text: target

text: is

text: extremely

text: scarce

text: and

text: they

text: may

text: also

text: resort

text: to

text: scavenging

text: or

text: a

text: herbivorous

text: diet

text: if

text: possible.[citation

text: needed

question: Species that aren't considered specialized are called what?

answer: opportunistic

text: opportunistic

question: Predator and prey interactions that involve specialization result in a balance called?

answer: equilibrium

text: equilibrium

question: When a specialized species resorts to foraging and eating other diets, it's like because it's primary food source is?

answer: scarce

text: scarce

question: What do specialized predators and prey rely on to get the upper hand?

answer: evolution

text: evolution

question: What are some predators that will kill and eat nearly anything?

answer: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators

text: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators

question: What term is used for predators and prey being well suited to hunt and evade each other?

answer: evolutionary arms race

text: evolutionary arms race

question: What is the purpose of an evolutionary arms race?

answer: keep the populations of both species in equilibrium

text: keep the populations of both species in equilibrium

question: If scavengers' food becomes scarce, they may turn to what type of diet?

answer: herbivorous

text: herbivorous

question: What is there a large degree of among herbivores?

text: specialization

question: What is an example of a predator that eat only certain prey classes?

text: alligators

question: What are single prey species always well suited for?

text: capturing their preferred prey

question: What term describes how predators occasionally switch to a scavenging or herbivorous diet?

text: evolutionary arms race

question: When alligators turn to an herbivorous diet what does this action maintain in their habitat?

text: equilibrium


text: The first practical ICs were invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. Kilby recorded his initial ideas concerning the integrated circuit in July 1958, successfully demonstrating the first working integrated example on 12 September 1958. In his patent application of 6 February 1959, Kilby described his new device as "a body of semiconductor material ... wherein all the components of the electronic circuit are completely integrated". Noyce also came up with his own idea of an integrated circuit half a year later than Kilby. His chip solved many practical problems that Kilby's had not. Produced at Fairchild Semiconductor, it was made of silicon, whereas Kilby's chip was made of germanium.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: The

text: first

text: practical

text: ICs

text: were

text: invented

text: by

text: Jack

text: Kilby

text: at

text: Texas

text: Instruments

text: and

text: Robert

text: Noyce

text: at

text: Fairchild

text: Semiconductor

text: Kilby

text: recorded

text: his

text: initial

text: ideas

text: concerning

text: the

text: integrated

text: circuit

text: in

text: July

text: successfully

text: demonstrating

text: the

text: first

text: working

text: integrated

text: example

text: on

text: September

text: In

text: his

text: patent

text: application

text: of

text: February

text: Kilby

text: described

text: his

text: new

text: device

text: as

text: a

text: body

text: of

text: semiconductor

text: material

text: wherein

text: all

text: the

text: components

text: of

text: the

text: electronic

text: circuit

text: are

text: completely

text: integrated

text: Noyce

text: also

text: came

text: up

text: with

text: his

text: own

text: idea

text: of

text: an

text: integrated

text: circuit

text: half

text: a

text: year

text: later

text: than

text: Kilby

text: His

text: chip

text: solved

text: many

text: practical

text: problems

text: that

text: Kilby

text: 's

text: had

text: not

text: Produced

text: at

text: Fairchild

text: Semiconductor

text: it

text: was

text: made

text: of

text: silicon

text: whereas

text: Kilby

text: 's

text: chip

text: was

text: made

text: of

text: germanium

question: Where created the first practical integrated circuits?

answer: Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor.

text: Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor.

question: Where did Jack Kilby work at when he created the first IC?

answer: Texas Instruments

text: Texas Instruments

question: When was the first functional IC demonstrated?

answer: 12 September 1958.

text: 12 September 1958.

question: What was Kilby's IC made of?

answer: germanium

text: germanium

question: Noyce's IC was made up of what material?

answer: silicon

text: silicon


text: Paraplegia, the loss of sensation and voluntary motor control after serious spinal cord damage, may be accompanied by girdle pain at the level of the spinal cord damage, visceral pain evoked by a filling bladder or bowel, or, in five to ten per cent of paraplegics, phantom body pain in areas of complete sensory loss. This phantom body pain is initially described as burning or tingling but may evolve into severe crushing or pinching pain, or the sensation of fire running down the legs or of a knife twisting in the flesh. Onset may be immediate or may not occur until years after the disabling injury. Surgical treatment rarely provides lasting relief.

title: Pain

title: Pain

text: Paraplegia

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: sensation

text: and

text: voluntary

text: motor

text: control

text: after

text: serious

text: spinal

text: cord

text: damage

text: may

text: be

text: accompanied

text: by

text: girdle

text: pain

text: at

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: the

text: spinal

text: cord

text: damage

text: visceral

text: pain

text: evoked

text: by

text: a

text: filling

text: bladder

text: or

text: bowel

text: or

text: in

text: five

text: to

text: ten

text: per

text: cent

text: of

text: paraplegics

text: phantom

text: body

text: pain

text: in

text: areas

text: of

text: complete

text: sensory

text: loss

text: This

text: phantom

text: body

text: pain

text: is

text: initially

text: described

text: as

text: burning

text: or

text: tingling

text: but

text: may

text: evolve

text: into

text: severe

text: crushing

text: or

text: pinching

text: pain

text: or

text: the

text: sensation

text: of

text: fire

text: running

text: down

text: the

text: legs

text: or

text: of

text: a

text: knife

text: twisting

text: in

text: the

text: flesh

text: Onset

text: may

text: be

text: immediate

text: or

text: may

text: not

text: occur

text: until

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: disabling

text: injury

text: Surgical

text: treatment

text: rarely

text: provides

text: lasting

text: relief

question: What is paraplegia?

answer: loss of sensation and voluntary motor control

text: loss of sensation and voluntary motor control

question: What can cause paraplegia?

answer: serious spinal cord damage,

text: serious spinal cord damage,

question: What is the initial phantom body pain sensation experienced by people with spinal cord damage?

answer: burning or tingling

text: burning or tingling

question: The sensation of a knife twisting in the flesh is an example of what type of pain?

answer: phantom body

text: phantom body

question: What is an inefficient treatment for chronic pain which rarely provides any sort of true relief?

answer: Surgical

text: Surgical

question: What is the loss of voluntary sensation?

text: Paraplegia

question: How is phantom spinal pain initially described?

text: burning or tingling

question: What treatment provides lasting relief?

text: Surgical treatment


text: In the latter part of the second revolution, Thomas Alva Edison developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world and is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. In 1882, Edison switched on the world's first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan. Also toward the end of the second industrial revolution, Nikola Tesla made many contributions in the field of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: In

text: the

text: latter

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: second

text: revolution

text: Thomas

text: Alva

text: Edison

text: developed

text: many

text: devices

text: that

text: greatly

text: influenced

text: life

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: is

text: often

text: credited

text: with

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: industrial

text: research

text: laboratory

text: In

text: Edison

text: switched

text: on

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: first

text: large

text: scale

text: electrical

text: supply

text: network

text: that

text: provided

text: volts

text: direct

text: current

text: to

text: fifty

text: nine

text: customers

text: in

text: lower

text: Manhattan

text: Also

text: toward

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: second

text: industrial

text: revolution

text: Nikola

text: Tesla

text: made

text: many

text: contributions

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: electricity

text: and

text: magnetism

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

question: Thomas Edison is credited with?

answer: the creation of the first industrial research laboratory

text: the creation of the first industrial research laboratory

question: What Did Thomas Edison switch to in 1882?

answer: the world's first large-scale electrical supply network

text: the world's first large-scale electrical supply network

question: How many volts did Thomas Edison's electrical supply provide?

answer: 110 volts

text: 110 volts

question: How many customers were supplied by Thomas Edison's electrical supply network?

answer: fifty-nine

text: fifty-nine

question: Where was Thomas Edison's electrical supply network located?

answer: lower Manhattan

text: lower Manhattan


text: In 1729, Nader Shah, a chieftain and military genius from Khorasan, successfully drove out and conquered the Pashtun invaders. He subsequently took back the annexed Caucasian territories which were divided among the Ottoman and Russian authorities by the ongoing chaos in Iran. During the reign of Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sassanid Empire, reestablishing the Iranian hegemony all over the Caucasus, as well as other major parts of the west and central Asia, and briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time.

title: Iran

title: Iran

text: In

text: Nader

text: Shah

text: a

text: chieftain

text: and

text: military

text: genius

text: from

text: Khorasan

text: successfully

text: drove

text: out

text: and

text: conquered

text: the

text: Pashtun

text: invaders

text: He

text: subsequently

text: took

text: back

text: the

text: annexed

text: Caucasian

text: territories

text: which

text: were

text: divided

text: among

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: and

text: Russian

text: authorities

text: by

text: the

text: ongoing

text: chaos

text: in

text: Iran

text: During

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Nader

text: Shah

text: Iran

text: reached

text: its

text: greatest

text: extent

text: since

text: the

text: Sassanid

text: Empire

text: reestablishing

text: the

text: Iranian

text: hegemony

text: all

text: over

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: major

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: central

text: Asia

text: and

text: briefly

text: possessing

text: what

text: was

text: arguably

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: empire

text: at

text: the

text: time

question: In what year were the Pashtuns defeated and driven out of Iran?

answer: 1729

question: Who drove out the Pashtuns from Iran in 1729?

answer: Nader Shah

text: Nader Shah

question: Where was Nader Shan from?

answer: Khorasan

text: Khorasan

question: Nader Shah expanded Iranian power to its highest peak since what Empire?

answer: the Sassanid Empire

text: the Sassanid Empire

question: Nader Shah took back what territories that were annexed by the Ottomans and the Russians?

answer: Caucasian territories

text: Caucasian territories


text: The first step toward Indian self-rule was the appointment of councillors to advise the British viceroy in 1861 and the first Indian was appointed in 1909. Provincial Councils with Indian members were also set up. The councillors' participation was subsequently widened into legislative councils. The British built a large British Indian Army, with the senior officers all British and many of the troops from small minority groups such as Gurkhas from Nepal and Sikhs. The civil service was increasingly filled with natives at the lower levels, with the British holding the more senior positions.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: The

text: first

text: step

text: toward

text: Indian

text: self

text: rule

text: was

text: the

text: appointment

text: of

text: councillors

text: to

text: advise

text: the

text: British

text: viceroy

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: Indian

text: was

text: appointed

text: in

text: Provincial

text: Councils

text: with

text: Indian

text: members

text: were

text: also

text: set

text: up

text: The

text: councillors

text: participation

text: was

text: subsequently

text: widened

text: into

text: legislative

text: councils

text: The

text: British

text: built

text: a

text: large

text: British

text: Indian

text: Army

text: with

text: the

text: senior

text: officers

text: all

text: British

text: and

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: troops

text: from

text: small

text: minority

text: groups

text: such

text: as

text: Gurkhas

text: from

text: Nepal

text: and

text: Sikhs

text: The

text: civil

text: service

text: was

text: increasingly

text: filled

text: with

text: natives

text: at

text: the

text: lower

text: levels

text: with

text: the

text: British

text: holding

text: the

text: more

text: senior

text: positions

question: What appointments were  the first step in Indian self-rule?

answer: councillors

text: councillors

question: When was the first Indian appointed as a Councillor?

answer: 1909

question: What more local councils were set up?

answer: Provincial Councils

text: Provincial Councils

question: Of what nationality were the officers in the Indian Army?

answer: British

text: British

question: What were the troops in the British Indian Army?

answer: minority groups

text: minority groups