text: After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research. Founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university.

title: Education

title: Education

text: After

text: the

text: Fall

text: of

text: Rome

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: became

text: the

text: sole

text: preserver

text: of

text: literate

text: scholarship

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: The

text: church

text: established

text: cathedral

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: Early

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: as

text: centers

text: of

text: advanced

text: education

text: Some

text: of

text: these

text: establishments

text: ultimately

text: evolved

text: into

text: medieval

text: universities

text: and

text: forebears

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: Europe

text: 's

text: modern

text: universities

text: During

text: the

text: High

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Chartres

text: Cathedral

text: operated

text: the

text: famous

text: and

text: influential

text: Chartres

text: Cathedral

text: School

text: The

text: medieval

text: universities

text: of

text: Western

text: Christendom

text: were

text: well

text: integrated

text: across

text: all

text: of

text: Western

text: Europe

text: encouraged

text: freedom

text: of

text: inquiry

text: and

text: produced

text: a

text: great

text: variety

text: of

text: fine

text: scholars

text: and

text: natural

text: philosophers

text: including

text: Thomas

text: Aquinas

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Naples

text: Robert

text: Grosseteste

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Oxford

text: an

text: early

text: expositor

text: of

text: a

text: systematic

text: method

text: of

text: scientific

text: experimentation

text: and

text: Saint

text: Albert

text: the

text: Great

text: a

text: pioneer

text: of

text: biological

text: field

text: research

text: Founded

text: in

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Bologne

text: is

text: considered

text: the

text: first

text: and

text: the

text: oldest

text: continually

text: operating

text: university

question: What occurred after the Fall of Rome with literature?

answer: Catholic Church became the sole preserver

text: Catholic Church became the sole preserver

question: What happened with education  during the Early Middle Ages?

answer: church established cathedral schools

text: church established cathedral schools

question: What did these early schools during the Middle Ages evolve into?

answer: medieval universities

text: medieval universities

question: What was the name of the famous school during the high middle ages?

answer: Chartres Cathedral School

text: Chartres Cathedral School

question: What occurred before the Fall of Rome with literature?

question: What happened with education during the Late Middle Ages?

question: What did these early schools during the Middle Ages evolve from?

text: medieval universities

question: What was the name of the famous school during the low middle ages?

text: Chartres Cathedral School

question: What was founded in 1089?

text: University of Bologne


text: In 1899, a Doncaster member of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants, Thomas R. Steels, proposed in his union branch that the Trade Union Congress call a special conference to bring together all left-wing organisations and form them into a single body that would sponsor Parliamentary candidates. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, and the proposed conference was held at the Memorial Hall on Farringdon Street on 26 and 27 February 1900. The meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations — trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates.

title: Labour_Party_(UK)

title: Labour_Party_(UK

text: In

text: a

text: Doncaster

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Amalgamated

text: Society

text: of

text: Railway

text: Servants

text: Thomas

text: R.

text: Steels

text: proposed

text: in

text: his

text: union

text: branch

text: that

text: the

text: Trade

text: Union

text: Congress

text: call

text: a

text: special

text: conference

text: to

text: bring

text: together

text: all

text: left

text: wing

text: organisations

text: and

text: form

text: them

text: into

text: a

text: single

text: body

text: that

text: would

text: sponsor

text: Parliamentary

text: candidates

text: The

text: motion

text: was

text: passed

text: at

text: all

text: stages

text: by

text: the

text: TUC

text: and

text: the

text: proposed

text: conference

text: was

text: held

text: at

text: the

text: Memorial

text: Hall

text: on

text: Farringdon

text: Street

text: on

text: and

text: February

text: The

text: meeting

text: was

text: attended

text: by

text: a

text: broad

text: spectrum

text: of

text: working

text: class

text: and

text: left

text: wing

text: organisations

text: trades

text: unions

text: represented

text: about

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: membership

text: of

text: the

text: TUC

text: delegates

question: What year did Thomas R. Steels propose the single body union branch?

answer: 1899

question: Where was Thomas R. Steels a member?

answer: Doncaster

text: Doncaster

question: WHere was the proposed conference held?

answer: Memorial Hall

text: Memorial Hall

question: Who proposed a special conference to bring all right-wing organisations together?

text: Thomas R. Steels

question: What group did not pass the motion?

text: TUC

question: Where was the conference help before 1900?

text: Memorial Hall on Farringdon Street

question: What was attended by only a narrow spectrum of organizations?

text: meeting

question: What represented two thirds of the TUC delegates?

text: trades unions


text: The Crimean campaign opened in September 1854. 360 ships sailed in seven columns, each steamer towing two sailing ships.:422 Anchoring on 13 September in the bay of Eupatoria, the town surrendered and 500 Marines landed to occupy it. This town and bay would provide a fall back position in case of disaster.:201 The ships then sailed east to make the landing of the allied expeditionary force on the sandy beaches of Calamita Bay on the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula. The landing surprised the Russians, as they had been expecting a landing at Katcha; the last minute change proving that Russia had known the original battle plan. There was no sign of the enemy and the men were all landed on 14 September. It took another four days to land all the stores, equipment, horses and artillery.

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: The

text: Crimean

text: campaign

text: opened

text: in

text: September

text: ships

text: sailed

text: in

text: seven

text: columns

text: each

text: steamer

text: towing

text: two

text: sailing

text: Anchoring

text: on

text: September

text: in

text: the

text: bay

text: of

text: Eupatoria

text: the

text: town

text: surrendered

text: and

text: Marines

text: landed

text: to

text: occupy

text: it

text: This

text: town

text: and

text: bay

text: would

text: provide

text: a

text: fall

text: back

text: position

text: in

text: case

text: of

text: The

text: ships

text: then

text: sailed

text: east

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: landing

text: of

text: the

text: allied

text: expeditionary

text: force

text: on

text: the

text: sandy

text: beaches

text: of

text: Calamita

text: Bay

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: west

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Crimean

text: Peninsula

text: The

text: landing

text: surprised

text: the

text: Russians

text: as

text: they

text: had

text: been

text: expecting

text: a

text: landing

text: at

text: Katcha

text: the

text: last

text: minute

text: change

text: proving

text: that

text: Russia

text: had

text: known

text: the

text: original

text: battle

text: plan

text: There

text: was

text: no

text: sign

text: of

text: the

text: enemy

text: and

text: the

text: men

text: were

text: all

text: landed

text: on

text: September

text: It

text: took

text: another

text: four

text: days

text: to

text: land

text: all

text: the

text: stores

text: equipment

text: horses

text: and

text: artillery

question: In what year did the Crimean campaign open?

answer: 1854

question: 360 ships landed in what bay?

answer: bay of Eupatoria

text: bay of Eupatoria

question: How many Marines cause Eupatoria to surrender?

answer: 500 Marines

text: 500 Marines

question: What is the name of the bay located at the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula?

answer: Calamita Bay

text: Calamita Bay

question: The Russians were surprised because they were expecting the fleet to land where?

answer: Katcha

text: Katcha


text: The Jurassic Period extends from about 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma. During the early Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea broke up into the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana; the Gulf of Mexico opened in the new rift between North America and what is now Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. The Jurassic North Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow, while the South Atlantic did not open until the following Cretaceous Period, when Gondwana itself rifted apart. The Tethys Sea closed, and the Neotethys basin appeared. Climates were warm, with no evidence of glaciation. As in the Triassic, there was apparently no land near either pole, and no extensive ice caps existed. The Jurassic geological record is good in western Europe, where extensive marine sequences indicate a time when much of the continent was submerged under shallow tropical seas; famous locales include the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site and the renowned late Jurassic lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen. In contrast, the North American Jurassic record is the poorest of the Mesozoic, with few outcrops at the surface. Though the epicontinental Sundance Sea left marine deposits in parts of the northern plains of the United States and Canada during the late Jurassic, most exposed sediments from this period are continental, such as the alluvial deposits of the Morrison Formation. The first of several massive batholiths were emplaced in the northern Cordillera beginning in the mid-Jurassic, marking the Nevadan orogeny. Important Jurassic exposures are also found in Russia, India, South America, Japan, Australasia and the United Kingdom.

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

text: The

text: Jurassic

text: Period

text: extends

text: from

text: about

text: to

text: Ma

text: During

text: the

text: early

text: Jurassic

text: the

text: supercontinent

text: Pangaea

text: broke

text: up

text: into

text: the

text: northern

text: supercontinent

text: Laurasia

text: and

text: the

text: southern

text: supercontinent

text: Gondwana

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: opened

text: in

text: the

text: new

text: rift

text: between

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Mexico

text: 's

text: Yucatan

text: Peninsula

text: The

text: Jurassic

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: was

text: relatively

text: narrow

text: while

text: the

text: South

text: Atlantic

text: did

text: not

text: open

text: until

text: the

text: following

text: Cretaceous

text: Period

text: when

text: Gondwana

text: itself

text: rifted

text: apart

text: The

text: Tethys

text: Sea

text: closed

text: and

text: the

text: Neotethys

text: basin

text: appeared

text: Climates

text: were

text: warm

text: with

text: no

text: evidence

text: of

text: glaciation

text: As

text: in

text: the

text: Triassic

text: there

text: was

text: apparently

text: no

text: land

text: near

text: either

text: pole

text: and

text: no

text: extensive

text: ice

text: caps

text: existed

text: The

text: Jurassic

text: geological

text: record

text: is

text: good

text: in

text: western

text: Europe

text: where

text: extensive

text: marine

text: sequences

text: indicate

text: a

text: time

text: when

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: was

text: submerged

text: under

text: shallow

text: tropical

text: seas

text: famous

text: locales

text: include

text: the

text: Jurassic

text: Coast

text: World

text: Heritage

text: Site

text: and

text: the

text: renowned

text: late

text: Jurassic

text: lagerstätten

text: of

text: Holzmaden

text: and

text: Solnhofen

text: In

text: contrast

text: the

text: North

text: American

text: Jurassic

text: record

text: is

text: the

text: poorest

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: with

text: few

text: outcrops

text: at

text: the

text: surface

text: Though

text: the

text: epicontinental

text: Sundance

text: Sea

text: left

text: marine

text: deposits

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: northern

text: plains

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Canada

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: Jurassic

text: most

text: exposed

text: sediments

text: from

text: this

text: period

text: are

text: continental

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: alluvial

text: deposits

text: of

text: the

text: Morrison

text: Formation

text: The

text: first

text: of

text: several

text: massive

text: batholiths

text: were

text: emplaced

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: Cordillera

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: mid

text: Jurassic

text: marking

text: the

text: Nevadan

text: orogeny

text: Important

text: Jurassic

text: exposures

text: are

text: also

text: found

text: in

text: Russia

text: India

text: South

text: America

text: Japan

text: Australasia

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

question: During what years was the Jurassic period?

answer: 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma.

text: 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma.

question: Which supercontinent came apart in the Jurassic period?

answer: Pangaea

text: Pangaea

question: The Gulf of Mexico formed in the rift between North America and what other land mass?

answer: Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula

text: Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula

question: At what point did the South Atlantic ocean begin to open?

answer: Cretaceous Period

text: Cretaceous Period

question: Which late Jurassic cultural sites are famous in Europe?

answer: lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen

text: lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen

question: What did Laurasia and Gondwana  form during the Jurassic Period?

text: Pangaea

question: What North Ocean was broad in the Jurassic Period?

text: North Atlantic Ocean

question: What ocean closed during the Cretaceous?

text: South Atlantic

question: What left marine deposits in the plains of south America?

text: Sundance Sea

question: What geological record is poot in Europe?

text: The Jurassic


text: English is the official language in the state of Montana, as it is in many U.S. states. English is also the language of the majority. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, 94.8 percent of the population aged 5 and older speak English at home. Spanish is the language most commonly spoken at home other than English. There were about 13,040 Spanish-language speakers in the state (1.4 percent of the population) in 2011. There were also 15,438 (1.7 percent of the state population) speakers of Indo-European languages other than English or Spanish, 10,154 (1.1 percent) speakers of a Native American language, and 4,052 (0.4 percent) speakers of an Asian or Pacific Islander language. Other languages spoken in Montana (as of 2013) include Assiniboine (about 150 speakers in the Montana and Canada), Blackfoot (about 100 speakers), Cheyenne (about 1,700 speakers), Plains Cree (about 100 speakers), Crow (about 3,000 speakers), Dakota (about 18,800 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota), German Hutterite (about 5,600 speakers), Gros Ventre (about 10 speakers), Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille (about 64 speakers), Kutenai (about 6 speakers), and Lakota (about 6,000 speakers in Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota). The United States Department of Education estimated in 2009 that 5,274 students in Montana spoke a language at home other than English. These included a Native American language (64 percent), German (4 percent), Spanish (3 percent), Russian (1 percent), and Chinese (less than 0.5 percent).

title: Montana

title: Montana

text: English

text: is

text: the

text: official

text: language

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Montana

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: in

text: many

text: U.S.

text: states

text: English

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: majority

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Census

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: aged

text: and

text: older

text: speak

text: English

text: at

text: home

text: Spanish

text: is

text: the

text: language

text: most

text: commonly

text: spoken

text: at

text: home

text: other

text: than

text: English

text: There

text: were

text: about

text: Spanish

text: language

text: speakers

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: in

text: There

text: were

text: also

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: population

text: speakers

text: of

text: Indo

text: European

text: languages

text: other

text: than

text: English

text: or

text: Spanish

text: percent

text: speakers

text: of

text: a

text: Native

text: American

text: language

text: and

text: percent

text: speakers

text: of

text: an

text: Asian

text: or

text: Pacific

text: Islander

text: language

text: Other

text: languages

text: spoken

text: in

text: Montana

text: as

text: of

text: include

text: Assiniboine

text: about

text: speakers

text: in

text: the

text: Montana

text: and

text: Canada

text: Blackfoot

text: about

text: speakers

text: Cheyenne

text: about

text: speakers

text: Plains

text: Cree

text: about

text: speakers

text: Crow

text: about

text: speakers

text: Dakota

text: about

text: speakers

text: in

text: Minnesota

text: Montana

text: Nebraska

text: North

text: Dakota

text: and

text: South

text: Dakota

text: German

text: Hutterite

text: about

text: speakers

text: Gros

text: Ventre

text: about

text: speakers

text: Kalispel

text: Pend

text: d'Oreille

text: about

text: speakers

text: Kutenai

text: about

text: speakers

text: and

text: Lakota

text: about

text: speakers

text: in

text: Minnesota

text: Montana

text: Nebraska

text: North

text: Dakota

text: South

text: Dakota

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Department

text: of

text: Education

text: estimated

text: in

text: that

text: students

text: in

text: Montana

text: spoke

text: a

text: language

text: at

text: home

text: other

text: than

text: English

text: These

text: included

text: a

text: Native

text: American

text: language

text: percent

text: German

text: percent

text: Spanish

text: percent

text: Russian

text: percent

text: and

text: Chinese

text: less

text: than

text: percent

question: What is the official language of Montana?

answer: English

text: English

question: What percentage of the population in Montana speak English?

answer: 94.8 percent

text: 94.8 percent

question: What is the second most common language spoken in Montana?

answer: Spanish

text: Spanish

question: How about many Spanish speakers are there in the state?

answer: 13,040

question: ABout how many people in the state of Montana speak Cheyenne?

answer: about 1,700

text: about 1,700


text: At present, plans are being considered for building a new dual carriageway west of Strasbourg, which would reduce the buildup of traffic in that area by picking up north and southbound vehicles and getting rid of the buildup outside Strasbourg. The line plans to link up the interchange of Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest. The opening is envisaged at the end of 2011, with an average usage of 41,000 vehicles a day. Estimates of the French Works Commissioner however, raised some doubts over the interest of such a project, since it would pick up only about 10% of the traffic of the A35 at Strasbourg. Paradoxically, this reversed the situation of the 1950s. At that time, the French trunk road left of the Rhine not been built, so that traffic would cross into Germany to use the Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn.

title: Alsace

title: Alsace

text: At

text: present

text: plans

text: are

text: being

text: considered

text: for

text: building

text: a

text: new

text: dual

text: carriageway

text: west

text: of

text: Strasbourg

text: which

text: would

text: reduce

text: the

text: buildup

text: of

text: traffic

text: in

text: that

text: area

text: by

text: picking

text: up

text: north

text: and

text: southbound

text: vehicles

text: and

text: getting

text: rid

text: of

text: the

text: buildup

text: outside

text: Strasbourg

text: The

text: line

text: plans

text: to

text: link

text: up

text: the

text: interchange

text: of

text: Hœrdt

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: Strasbourg

text: with

text: Innenheim

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: The

text: opening

text: is

text: envisaged

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: usage

text: of

text: vehicles

text: a

text: day

text: Estimates

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Works

text: Commissioner

text: however

text: raised

text: some

text: doubts

text: over

text: the

text: interest

text: of

text: such

text: a

text: project

text: since

text: it

text: would

text: pick

text: up

text: only

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: traffic

text: of

text: the

text: at

text: Strasbourg

text: Paradoxically

text: this

text: reversed

text: the

text: situation

text: of

text: the

text: At

text: that

text: time

text: the

text: French

text: trunk

text: road

text: left

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: not

text: been

text: built

text: so

text: that

text: traffic

text: would

text: cross

text: into

text: Germany

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: Karlsruhe

text: Basel

text: Autobahn

question: What is currently being planed west of Strasbourg?

answer: new dual carriageway

text: new dual carriageway

question: What would the use of a new carriageway do in Alsace?

answer: reduce the buildup of traffic in that area

text: reduce the buildup of traffic in that area

question: What is the name the German Highway  that would of been crossed with the French Truck road?

answer: Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn

text: Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn

question: The new line is (carriageway) would link which other intersections?

answer: Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest

text: Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest

question: What plans have been canceled?

question: The dual carriageway would link what interchange to the left of the Rhine?

text: Hœrdt

question: What is the name of the new carriageway?

text: Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn

question: What percentage of traffic used the Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn?

question: How many vehicles crossed teh Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn per day in 1950?


text: If any boy produces an outstanding piece of work, it may be "Sent Up For Good", storing the effort in the College Archives for posterity. This award has been around since the 18th century. As Sending Up For Good is fairly infrequent, the process is rather mysterious to many of Eton's boys. First, the master wishing to Send Up For Good must gain the permission of the relevant Head of Department. Upon receiving his or her approval, the piece of work will be marked with Sent Up For Good and the student will receive a card to be signed by House Master, tutor and division master.

title: Eton_College

title: Eton_College

text: If

text: any

text: boy

text: produces

text: an

text: outstanding

text: piece

text: of

text: work

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: Sent

text: Up

text: For

text: Good

text: storing

text: the

text: effort

text: in

text: the

text: College

text: Archives

text: for

text: posterity

text: This

text: award

text: has

text: been

text: around

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: As

text: Sending

text: Up

text: For

text: Good

text: is

text: fairly

text: infrequent

text: the

text: process

text: is

text: rather

text: mysterious

text: to

text: many

text: of

text: Eton

text: 's

text: boys

text: First

text: the

text: master

text: wishing

text: to

text: Send

text: Up

text: For

text: Good

text: must

text: gain

text: the

text: permission

text: of

text: the

text: relevant

text: Head

text: of

text: Department

text: Upon

text: receiving

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: approval

text: the

text: piece

text: of

text: work

text: will

text: be

text: marked

text: with

text: Sent

text: Up

text: For

text: Good

text: and

text: the

text: student

text: will

text: receive

text: a

text: card

text: to

text: be

text: signed

text: by

text: House

text: Master

text: tutor

text: and

text: division

text: master

question: What action results in something being "Sent Up For Good?"

answer: If any boy produces an outstanding piece of work

text: If any boy produces an outstanding piece of work

question: What does a student receive when work is Sent Up For Good?

answer: a card

text: a card

question: When a student has work Sent Up For Good, who signs the card that they receive?

answer: House Master, tutor and division master

text: House Master, tutor and division master

question: Where is work that has been Sent Up For Good stored?

answer: College Archives

text: College Archives

question: How many pieces of work are Sent Up For Good each decade on average?

question: How many Head of Department are there at Eton?

question: What process at Eton is as clear as day to most Eton boys?

text: Sent Up For Good

question: Who takes the Sending Up For Good piece of work to the College Archives?

text: House Master


text: In 1996–1997, a research study was conducted on a large population of middle age students in the Cherry Creek School District in Denver, Colorado, USA. The study showed that students who actively listen to classical music before studying had higher academic scores. The research further indicated that students who listened to the music prior to an examination also had positively elevated achievement scores. Students who listened to rock-and-roll or country had moderately lower scores. The study further indicated that students who used classical during the course of study had a significant leap in their academic performance; whereas, those who listened to other types of music had significantly lowered academic scores. The research was conducted over several schools within the Cherry Creek School District and was conducted through University of Colorado. This study is reflective of several recent studies (i.e. Mike Manthei and Steve N. Kelly of the University of Nebraska at Omaha; Donald A. Hodges and Debra S. O'Connell of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro; etc.) and others who had significant results through the discourse of their work.

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: In

text: a

text: research

text: study

text: was

text: conducted

text: on

text: a

text: large

text: population

text: of

text: middle

text: age

text: students

text: in

text: the

text: Cherry

text: Creek

text: School

text: District

text: in

text: Denver

text: Colorado

text: USA

text: The

text: study

text: showed

text: that

text: students

text: who

text: actively

text: listen

text: to

text: classical

text: music

text: before

text: studying

text: had

text: higher

text: academic

text: scores

text: The

text: research

text: further

text: indicated

text: that

text: students

text: who

text: listened

text: to

text: the

text: music

text: prior

text: to

text: an

text: examination

text: also

text: had

text: positively

text: elevated

text: achievement

text: scores

text: Students

text: who

text: listened

text: to

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

text: or

text: country

text: had

text: moderately

text: lower

text: scores

text: The

text: study

text: further

text: indicated

text: that

text: students

text: who

text: used

text: classical

text: during

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: study

text: had

text: a

text: significant

text: leap

text: in

text: their

text: academic

text: performance

text: whereas

text: those

text: who

text: listened

text: to

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: music

text: had

text: significantly

text: lowered

text: academic

text: scores

text: The

text: research

text: was

text: conducted

text: over

text: several

text: schools

text: within

text: the

text: Cherry

text: Creek

text: School

text: District

text: and

text: was

text: conducted

text: through

text: University

text: of

text: Colorado

text: This

text: study

text: is

text: reflective

text: of

text: several

text: recent

text: studies

text: i.e.

text: Mike

text: Manthei

text: and

text: Steve

text: N.

text: Kelly

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Nebraska

text: at

text: Omaha

text: Donald

text: A.

text: Hodges

text: and

text: Debra

text: S.

text: O'Connell

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: North

text: Carolina

text: at

text: Greensboro

text: etc

text: and

text: others

text: who

text: had

text: significant

text: results

text: through

text: the

text: discourse

text: of

text: their

text: work

question: Did student who actively listen to classical music before studying have higher or lower scores?

answer: higher

text: higher

question: What happened to the scores of students who listened to rock and roll or country?

answer: moderately lower

text: moderately lower

question: Who experience a significant leap in their academic performance?

answer: students who used classical during the course of study

text: students who used classical during the course of study

question: Who conducted the research study?

answer: University of Colorado

text: University of Colorado

question: What years was the study conducted in?

answer: 1996–1997


text: Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910, with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved beneficial for both employers and employees, since the improved human capital lowered costs for the employer, while skilled employees received a higher wages.

title: Education

title: Education

text: Secondary

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: did

text: not

text: emerge

text: until

text: with

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: large

text: corporations

text: and

text: advancing

text: technology

text: in

text: factories

text: which

text: required

text: skilled

text: workers

text: In

text: order

text: to

text: meet

text: this

text: new

text: job

text: demand

text: high

text: schools

text: were

text: created

text: with

text: a

text: curriculum

text: focused

text: on

text: practical

text: job

text: skills

text: that

text: would

text: better

text: prepare

text: students

text: for

text: white

text: collar

text: or

text: skilled

text: blue

text: collar

text: work

text: This

text: proved

text: beneficial

text: for

text: both

text: employers

text: and

text: employees

text: since

text: the

text: improved

text: human

text: capital

text: lowered

text: costs

text: for

text: the

text: employer

text: while

text: skilled

text: employees

text: received

text: a

text: higher

text: wages

question: When did secondary education emerge in the United States?

answer: 1910

question: Why was secondary school introduced in the U.S?

answer: rise of large corporations and advancing technology

text: rise of large corporations and advancing technology

question: Who benefited from secondary schools?

answer: employers and employees

text: employers and employees

question: What emerged in 1912?

text: Secondary education

question: Why wasn't secondary school introduced in the U.S?

text: rise of large corporations

question: Who didn't benefit from secondary schools?

text: employers and employees

question: Why were high schools not created?

text: meet this new job demand


text: Funafuti is the largest atoll of the nine low reef islands and atolls that form the Tuvalu volcanic island chain. It comprises numerous islets around a central lagoon that is approximately 25.1 kilometres (15.6 miles) (N–S) by 18.4 kilometres (11.4 miles) (W-E), centred on 179°7'E and 8°30'S. On the atolls, an annular reef rim surrounds the lagoon with several natural reef channels. Surveys were carried out in May 2010 of the reef habitats of Nanumea, Nukulaelae and Funafuti and a total of 317 fish species were recorded during this Tuvalu Marine Life study. The surveys identified 66 species that had not previously been recorded in Tuvalu, which brings the total number of identified species to 607.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: Funafuti

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: atoll

text: of

text: the

text: nine

text: low

text: reef

text: islands

text: and

text: atolls

text: that

text: form

text: the

text: Tuvalu

text: volcanic

text: island

text: chain

text: It

text: comprises

text: numerous

text: islets

text: around

text: a

text: central

text: lagoon

text: that

text: is

text: approximately

text: kilometres

text: miles

text: N

text: S

text: by

text: kilometres

text: miles

text: W

text: E

text: centred

text: on

text: and

text: On

text: the

text: atolls

text: an

text: annular

text: reef

text: rim

text: surrounds

text: the

text: lagoon

text: with

text: several

text: natural

text: reef

text: channels

text: Surveys

text: were

text: carried

text: out

text: in

text: May

text: of

text: the

text: reef

text: habitats

text: of

text: Nanumea

text: Nukulaelae

text: and

text: Funafuti

text: and

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: fish

text: species

text: were

text: recorded

text: during

text: this

text: Tuvalu

text: Marine

text: Life

text: study

text: The

text: surveys

text: identified

text: species

text: that

text: had

text: not

text: previously

text: been

text: recorded

text: in

text: Tuvalu

text: which

text: brings

text: the

text: total

text: number

text: of

text: identified

text: species

text: to

question: Which of Tuvalu's atolls is largest?

answer: Funafuti

text: Funafuti

question: What type of island grouping is Tuvalu?

answer: volcanic island chain

text: volcanic island chain

question: What are the map coordinates fro Tuvalu?

answer: 179°7'E and 8°30'S

text: 179°7'E and 8°30'S

question: How species of creatures inhabit the Tuvalu lagoon?

answer: 607

question: How many new species were were found in the Tuvalu area that had not been previously recorded?

answer: 66


text: Most Israelis are drafted into the military at the age of 18. Men serve two years and eight months and women two years. Following mandatory service, Israeli men join the reserve forces and usually do up to several weeks of reserve duty every year until their forties. Most women are exempt from reserve duty. Arab citizens of Israel (except the Druze) and those engaged in full-time religious studies are exempt from military service, although the exemption of yeshiva students has been a source of contention in Israeli society for many years. An alternative for those who receive exemptions on various grounds is Sherut Leumi, or national service, which involves a program of service in hospitals, schools and other social welfare frameworks. As a result of its conscription program, the IDF maintains approximately 176,500 active troops and an additional 445,000 reservists.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Most

text: Israelis

text: are

text: drafted

text: into

text: the

text: military

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: Men

text: serve

text: two

text: years

text: and

text: eight

text: months

text: and

text: women

text: two

text: years

text: Following

text: mandatory

text: service

text: Israeli

text: men

text: join

text: the

text: reserve

text: forces

text: and

text: usually

text: do

text: up

text: to

text: several

text: weeks

text: of

text: reserve

text: duty

text: every

text: year

text: until

text: their

text: forties

text: Most

text: women

text: are

text: exempt

text: from

text: reserve

text: duty

text: Arab

text: citizens

text: of

text: Israel

text: except

text: the

text: Druze

text: and

text: those

text: engaged

text: in

text: full

text: time

text: religious

text: studies

text: are

text: exempt

text: from

text: military

text: service

text: although

text: the

text: exemption

text: of

text: yeshiva

text: students

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: source

text: of

text: contention

text: in

text: Israeli

text: society

text: for

text: many

text: years

text: An

text: alternative

text: for

text: those

text: who

text: receive

text: exemptions

text: on

text: various

text: grounds

text: is

text: Sherut

text: Leumi

text: or

text: national

text: service

text: which

text: involves

text: a

text: program

text: of

text: service

text: in

text: hospitals

text: schools

text: and

text: other

text: social

text: welfare

text: frameworks

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: its

text: conscription

text: program

text: the

text: IDF

text: maintains

text: approximately

text: active

text: troops

text: and

text: an

text: additional

text: reservists

question: What age are most Israelis drafted into the military?

answer: 18

question: How long do women serve in the military?

answer: two years

text: two years

question: What citizens are exempt from military service?

answer: Arab citizens

text: Arab citizens


text: By the late 1950s, the motion picture business was again changing. The combination of the studio/theater-chain break-up and the rise of television saw the reduced audience size for cinema productions. The Music Corporation of America (MCA), then predominately a talent agency, had also become a powerful television producer, renting space at Republic Studios for its Revue Productions subsidiary. After a period of complete shutdown, a moribund Universal agreed to sell its 360-acre (1.5 km²) studio lot to MCA in 1958, for $11 million, renamed Revue Studios. MCA owned the studio lot, but not Universal Pictures, yet was increasingly influential on Universal's product. The studio lot was upgraded and modernized, while MCA clients like Doris Day, Lana Turner, Cary Grant, and director Alfred Hitchcock were signed to Universal Pictures contracts.

title: Universal_Studios

title: Universal_Studios

text: By

text: the

text: late

text: the

text: motion

text: picture

text: business

text: was

text: again

text: changing

text: The

text: combination

text: of

text: the

text: studio

text: theater

text: chain

text: break

text: up

text: and

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: television

text: saw

text: the

text: reduced

text: audience

text: size

text: for

text: cinema

text: productions

text: The

text: Music

text: Corporation

text: of

text: America

text: MCA

text: then

text: predominately

text: a

text: talent

text: agency

text: had

text: also

text: become

text: a

text: powerful

text: television

text: producer

text: renting

text: space

text: at

text: Republic

text: Studios

text: for

text: its

text: Revue

text: Productions

text: subsidiary

text: After

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: complete

text: shutdown

text: a

text: moribund

text: Universal

text: agreed

text: to

text: sell

text: its

text: studio

text: lot

text: to

text: MCA

text: in

text: for

text: million

text: renamed

text: Revue

text: Studios

text: MCA

text: owned

text: the

text: studio

text: lot

text: but

text: not

text: Universal

text: Pictures

text: yet

text: was

text: increasingly

text: influential

text: on

text: Universal

text: 's

text: product

text: The

text: studio

text: lot

text: was

text: upgraded

text: and

text: modernized

text: while

text: MCA

text: clients

text: like

text: Doris

text: Day

text: Lana

text: Turner

text: Cary

text: Grant

text: and

text: director

text: Alfred

text: Hitchcock

text: were

text: signed

text: to

text: Universal

text: Pictures

text: contracts

question: What acronym was the Music Corporation of America known by?

answer: MCA

text: MCA

question: Where did MCA's Revue Productions subsidiary rent space?

answer: Republic Studios

text: Republic Studios

question: In square kilometers, how large was the lot Universal sold to MCA?

answer: 1.5

question: In what year did Universal sell its 360-acre lot to MCA?

answer: 1958

question: How much did MCA pay for Universal's 360-acre lot?

answer: $11 million

text: $11 million

question: What was responsible for a rise in audience for cinema productions?

question: What does MAC stand for?

text: The Music Corporation of America

question: When did Universal sell its 1.5-acre studio lot?

question: How much did Universal sell its lot to MAC for?

text: $11 million

question: What did MAC not own after the lot purchase?

text: Universal Pictures


text: The Lancashire economy relies strongly on the M6 motorway which runs from north to south, past Lancaster and Preston. The M55 connects Preston to Blackpool and is 11.5 miles (18.3 km) long. The M65 motorway from Colne, connects Burnley, Accrington, Blackburn to Preston. The M61 from Preston via Chorley and the M66 starting 500 metres (0.3 mi) inside the county boundary near Edenfield, provide links between Lancashire and Manchester] and the trans-Pennine M62. The M58 crosses the southernmost part of the county from the M6 near Wigan to Liverpool via Skelmersdale.

title: Lancashire

title: Lancashire

text: The

text: Lancashire

text: economy

text: relies

text: strongly

text: on

text: the

text: motorway

text: which

text: runs

text: from

text: north

text: to

text: south

text: past

text: Lancaster

text: and

text: Preston

text: The

text: connects

text: Preston

text: to

text: Blackpool

text: and

text: is

text: miles

text: km

text: long

text: The

text: motorway

text: from

text: Colne

text: connects

text: Burnley

text: Accrington

text: Blackburn

text: to

text: Preston

text: The

text: from

text: Preston

text: via

text: Chorley

text: and

text: the

text: starting

text: metres

text: mi

text: inside

text: the

text: county

text: boundary

text: near

text: Edenfield

text: provide

text: links

text: between

text: Lancashire

text: and

text: Manchester

text: and

text: the

text: trans

text: Pennine

text: The

text: crosses

text: the

text: southernmost

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: county

text: from

text: the

text: near

text: Wigan

text: to

text: Liverpool

text: via

text: Skelmersdale

question: What does the Lancashire economy rely on?

answer: the M6 motorway

text: the M6 motorway

question: Which direction does the M6 motorway run?

answer: north to south

text: north to south

question: What road connects Preston to Blackpool?

answer: The M55

text: The M55

question: Which road crosses the part of the county furthest south?

answer: M58

question: How many miles is it from Lancaster to Preston?

question: How far is it in miles from Blackburn to Preston?

question: In what geographic region of Lancashire does Blackpool lay?

text: southernmost part

question: How far is Chorley away from the nearest county boundary?

text: 500 metres

question: What is the length of the M6 motorway?

text: 18.3 km


text: There are certain characteristics of adolescent development that are more rooted in culture than in human biology or cognitive structures. Culture has been defined as the "symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued". Culture is learned and socially shared, and it affects all aspects of an individual's life. Social responsibilities, sexual expression, and belief system development, for instance, are all things that are likely to vary by culture. Furthermore, distinguishing characteristics of youth, including dress, music and other uses of media, employment, art, food and beverage choices, recreation, and language, all constitute a youth culture. For these reasons, culture is a prevalent and powerful presence in the lives of adolescents, and therefore we cannot fully understand today's adolescents without studying and understanding their culture. However, "culture" should not be seen as synonymous with nation or ethnicity. Many cultures are present within any given country and racial or socioeconomic group. Furthermore, to avoid ethnocentrism, researchers must be careful not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: There

text: are

text: certain

text: characteristics

text: of

text: adolescent

text: development

text: that

text: are

text: more

text: rooted

text: in

text: culture

text: than

text: in

text: human

text: biology

text: or

text: cognitive

text: structures

text: Culture

text: has

text: been

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: symbolic

text: and

text: behavioral

text: inheritance

text: received

text: from

text: the

text: past

text: that

text: provides

text: a

text: community

text: framework

text: for

text: what

text: is

text: valued

text: Culture

text: is

text: learned

text: and

text: socially

text: shared

text: and

text: it

text: affects

text: all

text: aspects

text: of

text: an

text: individual

text: 's

text: life

text: Social

text: responsibilities

text: sexual

text: expression

text: and

text: belief

text: system

text: development

text: for

text: instance

text: are

text: all

text: things

text: that

text: are

text: likely

text: to

text: vary

text: by

text: culture

text: Furthermore

text: distinguishing

text: characteristics

text: of

text: youth

text: including

text: dress

text: music

text: and

text: other

text: uses

text: of

text: media

text: employment

text: art

text: food

text: and

text: beverage

text: choices

text: recreation

text: and

text: language

text: all

text: constitute

text: a

text: youth

text: culture

text: For

text: these

text: reasons

text: culture

text: is

text: a

text: prevalent

text: and

text: powerful

text: presence

text: in

text: the

text: lives

text: of

text: adolescents

text: and

text: therefore

text: we

text: can

text: not

text: fully

text: understand

text: today

text: 's

text: adolescents

text: without

text: studying

text: and

text: understanding

text: their

text: culture

text: However

text: culture

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: synonymous

text: with

text: nation

text: or

text: ethnicity

text: Many

text: cultures

text: are

text: present

text: within

text: any

text: given

text: country

text: and

text: racial

text: or

text: socioeconomic

text: group

text: Furthermore

text: to

text: avoid

text: ethnocentrism

text: researchers

text: must

text: be

text: careful

text: not

text: to

text: define

text: the

text: culture

text: 's

text: role

text: in

text: adolescence

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: cultural

text: beliefs

question: How is culture defined?

answer: symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued

text: symbolic and behavioral inheritance received from the past that provides a community framework for what is valued

question: Does culture affect all, some, or none of the aspects of an individual's life?

answer: all

text: all

question: What is a challenge researchers face when studying culture and adolescents?

answer: not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs

text: not to define the culture's role in adolescence in terms of their own cultural beliefs

question: Should culture be directly connected to a nation or ethnicity?

answer: not

text: not


text: The first generation iPod Nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk. Affected iPod Nanos were sold between September 2005 and December 2006. This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer. Apple recommended that owners of affected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Apple product replacement program, affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: The

text: first

text: generation

text: iPod

text: Nano

text: may

text: overheat

text: and

text: pose

text: a

text: health

text: and

text: safety

text: risk

text: Affected

text: iPod

text: Nanos

text: were

text: sold

text: between

text: September

text: and

text: December

text: This

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: a

text: flawed

text: battery

text: used

text: by

text: Apple

text: from

text: a

text: single

text: battery

text: manufacturer

text: Apple

text: recommended

text: that

text: owners

text: of

text: affected

text: iPod

text: Nanos

text: stop

text: using

text: them

text: Under

text: an

text: Apple

text: product

text: replacement

text: program

text: affected

text: Nanos

text: were

text: replaced

text: with

text: current

text: generation

text: Nanos

text: free

text: of

text: charge

question: What part of the iPod Nano was the cause of the overheating issue?

answer: battery

text: battery

question: What program allowed users to exchange iPod Nanos which suffered from overheating problems with new safe models?

answer: Apple product replacement program

text: Apple product replacement program


text: Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of wheezing. The narrowing is typically reversible with or without treatment. Occasionally the airways themselves change. Typical changes in the airways include an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis. Chronically the airways' smooth muscle may increase in size along with an increase in the numbers of mucous glands. Other cell types involved include: T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. There may also be involvement of other components of the immune system including: cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others.

title: Asthma

title: Asthma

text: Asthma

text: is

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: chronic

text: inflammation

text: of

text: the

text: conducting

text: zone

text: of

text: the

text: airways

text: most

text: especially

text: the

text: bronchi

text: and

text: bronchioles

text: which

text: subsequently

text: results

text: in

text: increased

text: contractability

text: of

text: the

text: surrounding

text: smooth

text: muscles

text: This

text: among

text: other

text: factors

text: leads

text: to

text: bouts

text: of

text: narrowing

text: of

text: the

text: airway

text: and

text: the

text: classic

text: symptoms

text: of

text: wheezing

text: The

text: narrowing

text: is

text: typically

text: reversible

text: with

text: or

text: without

text: treatment

text: Occasionally

text: the

text: airways

text: themselves

text: change

text: Typical

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: airways

text: include

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: eosinophils

text: and

text: thickening

text: of

text: the

text: lamina

text: reticularis

text: Chronically

text: the

text: airways

text: smooth

text: muscle

text: may

text: increase

text: in

text: size

text: along

text: with

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: numbers

text: of

text: mucous

text: glands

text: Other

text: cell

text: types

text: involved

text: include

text: T

text: lymphocytes

text: macrophages

text: and

text: neutrophils

text: There

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: involvement

text: of

text: other

text: components

text: of

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: including

text: cytokines

text: chemokines

text: histamine

text: and

text: leukotrienes

text: among

text: others

question: What is asthma the result of?

answer: chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways

text: chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways

question: What two airways are most effected by asthma?

answer: the bronchi and bronchioles

text: the bronchi and bronchioles

question: In what ways do airways change?

answer: an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis

text: an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis

question: What other cell types are involced with the changing of airways?

answer: T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils

text: T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils

question: What other components of the immune systems are included?

answer: cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others

text: cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others

question: What is neutrophils the result of?

question: What part of the airway is especially effected by neutrophils?

text: the bronchi and bronchioles

question: How do macrophages change?

question: What chronic changes happen to the macrophages?

question: What other parts of the immune system are changed due to thickening of the neutrophils?


text: Flower ontogeny uses a combination of genes normally responsible for forming new shoots. The most primitive flowers probably had a variable number of flower parts, often separate from (but in contact with) each other. The flowers tended to grow in a spiral pattern, to be bisexual (in plants, this means both male and female parts on the same flower), and to be dominated by the ovary (female part). As flowers evolved, some variations developed parts fused together, with a much more specific number and design, and with either specific sexes per flower or plant or at least "ovary-inferior".

title: Flowering_plant

title: Flowering_plant

text: Flower

text: ontogeny

text: uses

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: genes

text: normally

text: responsible

text: for

text: forming

text: new

text: shoots

text: The

text: most

text: primitive

text: flowers

text: probably

text: had

text: a

text: variable

text: number

text: of

text: flower

text: parts

text: often

text: separate

text: from

text: but

text: in

text: contact

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: The

text: flowers

text: tended

text: to

text: grow

text: in

text: a

text: spiral

text: pattern

text: to

text: be

text: bisexual

text: in

text: plants

text: this

text: means

text: both

text: male

text: and

text: female

text: parts

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: flower

text: and

text: to

text: be

text: dominated

text: by

text: the

text: ovary

text: female

text: part

text: As

text: flowers

text: evolved

text: some

text: variations

text: developed

text: parts

text: fused

text: together

text: with

text: a

text: much

text: more

text: specific

text: number

text: and

text: design

text: and

text: with

text: either

text: specific

text: sexes

text: per

text: flower

text: or

text: plant

text: or

text: at

text: least

text: ovary

text: inferior

question: What uses a combination of genes to form new shoots?

answer: Flower ontogeny

text: Flower ontogeny

question: What were plant parts like in their primitive days?

answer: separate from (but in contact with) each other

text: separate from (but in contact with) each other

question: How did flowers become bixsexual?

answer: grow in a spiral pattern

text: grow in a spiral pattern

question: What did some plant parts do as they evolved?

answer: fused together

text: fused together

question: What is a term for a plant with a specific sex per flower?

answer: "ovary-inferior"

text: "ovary-inferior"

question: What was dominated by the male parts?

text: flowers

question: How did flowers tend to grow when they were male dominant?

text: in a spiral pattern

question: What did some plant parts do when the flower had only male parts?

text: fused together

question: During flower ontogeny, what was a plant of a specific sex called?

text: "ovary-inferior"

question: What do ovary inferior plants use to form new shoots?

text: a combination of genes


text: On 27 April 1944 Sir Patrick Abercrombie's Plan for Plymouth to rebuild the bomb-damaged city was published; it called for demolition of the few remaining pre-War buildings in the city centre to make way for their replacement with wide, parallel, modern boulevards aligned east–west linked by a north–south avenue (Armada Way) linking the railway station with the vista of Plymouth Hoe. A peripheral road system connecting the historic Barbican on the east and Union Street to the west determines the principal form of the city centre, even following pedestrianisation of the shopping centre in the late 1980s, and continues to inform the present 'Vision for Plymouth' developed by a team led by Barcelona-based architect David MacKay in 2003 which calls for revivification of the city centre with mixed-use and residential. In suburban areas, post-War prefabs had already begun to appear by 1946, and over 1,000 permanent council houses were built each year from 1951–57 according to the Modernist zoned low-density garden city model advocated by Abercrombie. By 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built, more than 13,500 of them permanent council homes and 853 built by the Admiralty. Plymouth is home to 28 parks with an average size of 45,638 square metres (491,240 sq ft). Its largest park is Central Park, with other sizeable green spaces including Victoria Park, Freedom Fields Park, Alexandra Park, Devonport Park and the Hoe.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: On

text: April

text: Sir

text: Patrick

text: Abercrombie

text: 's

text: Plan

text: for

text: Plymouth

text: to

text: rebuild

text: the

text: bomb

text: damaged

text: city

text: was

text: published

text: it

text: called

text: for

text: demolition

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: remaining

text: pre

text: War

text: buildings

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: to

text: make

text: way

text: for

text: their

text: replacement

text: with

text: wide

text: parallel

text: modern

text: boulevards

text: aligned

text: east

text: west

text: linked

text: by

text: a

text: north

text: south

text: avenue

text: Armada

text: Way

text: linking

text: the

text: railway

text: station

text: with

text: the

text: vista

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: Hoe

text: A

text: peripheral

text: road

text: system

text: connecting

text: the

text: historic

text: Barbican

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: Union

text: Street

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: determines

text: the

text: principal

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: even

text: following

text: pedestrianisation

text: of

text: the

text: shopping

text: centre

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: continues

text: to

text: inform

text: the

text: present

text: Vision

text: for

text: Plymouth

text: developed

text: by

text: a

text: team

text: led

text: by

text: Barcelona

text: based

text: architect

text: David

text: MacKay

text: in

text: which

text: calls

text: for

text: revivification

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: with

text: mixed

text: use

text: and

text: residential

text: In

text: suburban

text: areas

text: post

text: War

text: prefabs

text: had

text: already

text: begun

text: to

text: appear

text: by

text: and

text: over

text: permanent

text: council

text: houses

text: were

text: built

text: each

text: year

text: from

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Modernist

text: zoned

text: low

text: density

text: garden

text: city

text: model

text: advocated

text: by

text: Abercrombie

text: By

text: over

text: new

text: homes

text: had

text: been

text: built

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: them

text: permanent

text: council

text: homes

text: and

text: built

text: by

text: the

text: Admiralty

text: Plymouth

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: parks

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: size

text: of

text: square

text: metres

text: sq

text: ft

text: Its

text: largest

text: park

text: is

text: Central

text: Park

text: with

text: other

text: sizeable

text: green

text: spaces

text: including

text: Victoria

text: Park

text: Freedom

text: Fields

text: Park

text: Alexandra

text: Park

text: Devonport

text: Park

text: and

text: the

text: Hoe

question: On what date was the publication of the Plan for Plymouth?

answer: 27 April 1944

text: 27 April 1944

question: Who wrote the Plan for Plymouth?

answer: Sir Patrick Abercrombie

text: Sir Patrick Abercrombie

question: What street was intended to connect Plymouth Hoe to the railroad station?

answer: Armada Way

text: Armada Way

question: Who headed the team that created the 'Vision for Plymouth'?

answer: David MacKay

text: David MacKay

question: How many parks exist in Plymouth?

answer: 28


text: There are several major exceptions on tuition fees. In many European countries, it is possible to study without tuition fees. Public universities in Nordic countries were entirely without tuition fees until around 2005. Denmark, Sweden and Finland then moved to put in place tuition fees for foreign students. Citizens of EU and EEA member states and citizens from Switzerland remain exempted from tuition fees, and the amounts of public grants granted to promising foreign students were increased to offset some of the impact.

title: University

title: University

text: There

text: are

text: several

text: major

text: exceptions

text: on

text: tuition

text: fees

text: In

text: many

text: European

text: countries

text: it

text: is

text: possible

text: to

text: study

text: without

text: tuition

text: fees

text: Public

text: universities

text: in

text: Nordic

text: countries

text: were

text: entirely

text: without

text: tuition

text: fees

text: until

text: around

text: Denmark

text: Sweden

text: and

text: Finland

text: then

text: moved

text: to

text: put

text: in

text: place

text: tuition

text: fees

text: for

text: foreign

text: students

text: Citizens

text: of

text: EU

text: and

text: EEA

text: member

text: states

text: and

text: citizens

text: from

text: Switzerland

text: remain

text: exempted

text: from

text: tuition

text: fees

text: and

text: the

text: amounts

text: of

text: public

text: grants

text: granted

text: to

text: promising

text: foreign

text: students

text: were

text: increased

text: to

text: offset

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: impact

question: In multiple countries in Europe students can attend a university with what kind if financial burden?

answer: without tuition fees

text: without tuition fees

question: Until what year were public universities in nordic nation free of tuition?

answer: around 2005

text: around 2005

question: What kind of students pay fees in public universities in Denmark?

answer: foreign students

text: foreign students

question: In terms of Universities in Denmark what is the fee status for citizens of EFA states?

answer: exempted from tuition fees

text: exempted from tuition fees

question: What happened to public grants in nordic universities that continued to allow foreign students?

answer: increased

text: increased

question: Until what year were public universities in the UK free of tuition?

text: around 2005

question: What kind of students pay fees in public universities in the UK?

text: foreign students

question: What happened to public grants in nordic universities that continued to allow domestic students?

text: increased

question: What three countries moved to put in place tuition fees for domestic students?

text: Denmark, Sweden and Finland

question: What were decreased to offset some of the impact?


text: For instance, if a transmitter delivers 100 W into an antenna having an efficiency of 80%, then the antenna will radiate 80 W as radio waves and produce 20 W of heat. In order to radiate 100 W of power, one would need to use a transmitter capable of supplying 125 W to the antenna. Note that antenna efficiency is a separate issue from impedance matching, which may also reduce the amount of power radiated using a given transmitter. If an SWR meter reads 150 W of incident power and 50 W of reflected power, that means that 100 W have actually been absorbed by the antenna (ignoring transmission line losses). How much of that power has actually been radiated cannot be directly determined through electrical measurements at (or before) the antenna terminals, but would require (for instance) careful measurement of field strength. Fortunately the loss resistance of antenna conductors such as aluminum rods can be calculated and the efficiency of an antenna using such materials predicted.

title: Antenna_(radio)

title: Antenna_(radio

text: For

text: instance

text: if

text: a

text: transmitter

text: delivers

text: W

text: into

text: an

text: antenna

text: having

text: an

text: efficiency

text: of

text: then

text: the

text: antenna

text: will

text: radiate

text: W

text: as

text: radio

text: waves

text: and

text: produce

text: W

text: of

text: heat

text: In

text: order

text: to

text: radiate

text: W

text: of

text: power

text: one

text: would

text: need

text: to

text: use

text: a

text: transmitter

text: capable

text: of

text: supplying

text: W

text: to

text: the

text: antenna

text: Note

text: that

text: antenna

text: efficiency

text: is

text: a

text: separate

text: issue

text: from

text: impedance

text: matching

text: which

text: may

text: also

text: reduce

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: power

text: radiated

text: using

text: a

text: given

text: transmitter

text: If

text: an

text: SWR

text: meter

text: reads

text: W

text: of

text: incident

text: power

text: and

text: W

text: of

text: reflected

text: power

text: that

text: means

text: that

text: W

text: have

text: actually

text: been

text: absorbed

text: by

text: the

text: antenna

text: ignoring

text: transmission

text: line

text: losses

text: How

text: much

text: of

text: that

text: power

text: has

text: actually

text: been

text: radiated

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: directly

text: determined

text: through

text: electrical

text: measurements

text: at

text: or

text: before

text: the

text: antenna

text: terminals

text: but

text: would

text: require

text: for

text: instance

text: careful

text: measurement

text: of

text: field

text: strength

text: Fortunately

text: the

text: loss

text: resistance

text: of

text: antenna

text: conductors

text: such

text: as

text: aluminum

text: rods

text: can

text: be

text: calculated

text: and

text: the

text: efficiency

text: of

text: an

text: antenna

text: using

text: such

text: materials

text: predicted

question: What would need to be placed into the transmitter to create ten W oh warmth?

answer: 100 W

text: 100 W

question: What factor may play a hand in lessened power from a transmitter?

answer: impedance matching

text: impedance matching

question: What would need to be investigated to determine how much power was radiated?

answer: electrical measurements

text: electrical measurements


text: Insect respiration is accomplished without lungs. Instead, the insect respiratory system uses a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases either diffuse or are actively pumped, delivering oxygen directly to tissues that need it via their trachea (element 8 in numbered diagram). Since oxygen is delivered directly, the circulatory system is not used to carry oxygen, and is therefore greatly reduced. The insect circulatory system has no veins or arteries, and instead consists of little more than a single, perforated dorsal tube which pulses peristaltically. Toward the thorax, the dorsal tube (element 14) divides into chambers and acts like the insect's heart. The opposite end of the dorsal tube is like the aorta of the insect circulating the hemolymph, arthropods' fluid analog of blood, inside the body cavity.:61–65 Air is taken in through openings on the sides of the abdomen called spiracles.

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: Insect

text: respiration

text: is

text: accomplished

text: without

text: lungs

text: Instead

text: the

text: insect

text: respiratory

text: system

text: uses

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: internal

text: tubes

text: and

text: sacs

text: through

text: which

text: gases

text: either

text: diffuse

text: or

text: are

text: actively

text: pumped

text: delivering

text: oxygen

text: directly

text: to

text: tissues

text: that

text: need

text: it

text: via

text: their

text: trachea

text: element

text: in

text: numbered

text: diagram

text: Since

text: oxygen

text: is

text: delivered

text: directly

text: the

text: circulatory

text: system

text: is

text: not

text: used

text: to

text: carry

text: oxygen

text: and

text: is

text: therefore

text: greatly

text: reduced

text: The

text: insect

text: circulatory

text: system

text: has

text: no

text: veins

text: or

text: arteries

text: and

text: instead

text: consists

text: of

text: little

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: single

text: perforated

text: dorsal

text: tube

text: which

text: pulses

text: peristaltically

text: Toward

text: the

text: thorax

text: the

text: dorsal

text: tube

text: element

text: divides

text: into

text: chambers

text: and

text: acts

text: like

text: the

text: insect

text: 's

text: heart

text: The

text: opposite

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: dorsal

text: tube

text: is

text: like

text: the

text: aorta

text: of

text: the

text: insect

text: circulating

text: the

text: hemolymph

text: arthropods

text: fluid

text: analog

text: of

text: blood

text: inside

text: the

text: body

text: Air

text: is

text: taken

text: in

text: through

text: openings

text: on

text: the

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: abdomen

text: called

text: spiracles

question: Respiration for insects happens without what?

answer: lungs

text: lungs

question: Insect's respiratory system contains sacs, and what else?

answer: internal tubes

text: internal tubes

question: What gets diffused or actively pumped through an insect's respiratory system?

answer: gases

text: gases

question: What gets delivered to tissues in an insect's respiratory system?

answer: oxygen

text: oxygen

question: Which system inside an insect's respiratory system does not carry oxygen?

answer: circulatory system

text: circulatory system


text: Houston (i/ˈhjuːstən/ HYOO-stən) is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States, located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million people, within a land area of 599.6 square miles (1,553 km2), it also is the largest city in the Southern United States, as well as the seat of Harris County. It is the principal city of Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land, which is the fifth most populated metropolitan area in the United States.

title: Houston

title: Houston

text: Houston

text: i/ˈhjuːstən/

text: HYOO

text: stən

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: Texas

text: and

text: the

text: fourth

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: located

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Texas

text: near

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: With

text: a

text: census

text: estimated

text: population

text: of

text: million

text: people

text: within

text: a

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: miles

text: it

text: also

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: United

text: States

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: Harris

text: County

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: principal

text: city

text: of

text: Houston

text: The

text: Woodlands

text: Sugar

text: Land

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: most

text: populated

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: Where is Houston located?

answer: in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico

text: in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico

question: Where is Houston ranked among the most populous cities in the US?

answer: fourth

text: fourth

question: What was the population of Houston in 2014?

answer: 2.239 million people

text: 2.239 million people

question: What is Houston the principle city of?

answer: Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land

text: Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land

question: What is the fifth most populated metropolitan area in the US?

answer: Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land

text: Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land

question: What is the most populous city in Texas?

answer: Houston

text: Houston

question: How does Houston rank as to population in the U.S.?

answer: fourth

text: fourth

question: According to the 2014 census, how many people live in Houston?

answer: 2.239 million

text: 2.239 million

question: What is the land are of the City of Houston?

answer: 599.6 square miles

text: 599.6 square miles

question: Houston is located in which Texas county?

answer: Harris County

text: Harris County

question: Where is Texas located?

text: Gulf of Mexico

question: Where is Houston ranked among the least populous cities in the US?

text: fourth

question: What was the population of Houston in 2012?

text: 2.239 million

question: What is Houston the non-principle city of?

text: Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land

question: What is the sixth most populated metropolitan area in the US?

text: Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land


text: In 1976 Montini became the first pontiff in modern history to deny the accusation of homosexuality. Published by his order in January 1976 was a homily Persona Humana: Declaration on Certain Questions concerning Sexual Ethics, which outlawed pre or extra-marital sex, condemned homosexuality, and forbade masturbation. It provoked French author and former diplomat Roger Peyrefitte, in an interview published by the magazine Tempo, to accuse Montini of hypocrisy, and of having a longtime lover who was a movie actor. According to rumors prevalent both inside the Curia and in Italian society, this was Paolo Carlini, who had a bit part as a hairdresser in the Audrey Hepburn film Roman Holiday. Peyrefitte had previously published the accusation in two books, but the interview (previously published in a French gay magazine) brought the rumors to a wider public and caused an uproar. In a brief address to a crowd of approximately 20,000 in St. Peters Square on April 18, Montini called the charges "horrible and slanderous insinuations" and appealed for prayers on his behalf. Special prayers for Montini were said in all Italian Roman Catholic churches in "a day of consolation". In 1984 a New York Times correspondent repeated the allegations.

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: In

text: Montini

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: pontiff

text: in

text: modern

text: history

text: to

text: deny

text: the

text: accusation

text: of

text: homosexuality

text: Published

text: by

text: his

text: order

text: in

text: January

text: was

text: a

text: homily

text: Persona

text: Humana

text: Declaration

text: on

text: Certain

text: Questions

text: concerning

text: Sexual

text: Ethics

text: which

text: outlawed

text: pre

text: or

text: extra

text: marital

text: sex

text: condemned

text: homosexuality

text: and

text: forbade

text: masturbation

text: It

text: provoked

text: French

text: author

text: and

text: former

text: diplomat

text: Roger

text: Peyrefitte

text: in

text: an

text: interview

text: published

text: by

text: the

text: magazine

text: Tempo

text: to

text: accuse

text: Montini

text: of

text: hypocrisy

text: and

text: of

text: having

text: a

text: longtime

text: lover

text: who

text: was

text: a

text: movie

text: actor

text: According

text: to

text: rumors

text: prevalent

text: both

text: inside

text: the

text: Curia

text: and

text: in

text: Italian

text: society

text: this

text: was

text: Paolo

text: Carlini

text: who

text: had

text: a

text: bit

text: part

text: as

text: a

text: hairdresser

text: in

text: the

text: Audrey

text: Hepburn

text: film

text: Roman

text: Holiday

text: Peyrefitte

text: had

text: previously

text: published

text: the

text: accusation

text: in

text: two

text: books

text: but

text: the

text: interview

text: previously

text: published

text: in

text: a

text: French

text: gay

text: magazine

text: brought

text: the

text: rumors

text: to

text: a

text: wider

text: public

text: and

text: caused

text: an

text: uproar

text: In

text: a

text: brief

text: address

text: to

text: a

text: crowd

text: of

text: approximately

text: in

text: St.

text: Peters

text: Square

text: on

text: April

text: Montini

text: called

text: the

text: charges

text: horrible

text: and

text: slanderous

text: insinuations

text: and

text: appealed

text: for

text: prayers

text: on

text: his

text: behalf

text: Special

text: prayers

text: for

text: Montini

text: were

text: said

text: in

text: all

text: Italian

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: churches

text: in

text: a

text: day

text: of

text: consolation

text: In

text: a

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: correspondent

text: repeated

text: the

text: allegations

question: In what year was pre and extra marital sex outlawed by the Catholic church?

answer: 1976

question: Who was accused of being a homosexual in 1976?

answer: Montini

text: Montini

question: Who brought allegations of Montini's homosexuality?

answer: Roger Peyrefitte

text: Roger Peyrefitte

question: Who was Montini's alleged lover?

answer: Paolo Carlini

text: Paolo Carlini

question: On what date did Montini publicly address charges of homosexuality?

answer: April 18

text: April 18


text: Pesticides can be classified based upon their biological mechanism function or application method. Most pesticides work by poisoning pests. A systemic pesticide moves inside a plant following absorption by the plant. With insecticides and most fungicides, this movement is usually upward (through the xylem) and outward. Increased efficiency may be a result. Systemic insecticides, which poison pollen and nectar in the flowers[citation needed], may kill bees and other needed pollinators[citation needed].

title: Pesticide

title: Pesticide

text: Pesticides

text: can

text: be

text: classified

text: based

text: upon

text: their

text: biological

text: mechanism

text: function

text: or

text: application

text: method

text: Most

text: pesticides

text: work

text: by

text: poisoning

text: pests

text: A

text: systemic

text: pesticide

text: moves

text: inside

text: a

text: plant

text: following

text: absorption

text: by

text: the

text: plant

text: With

text: insecticides

text: and

text: most

text: fungicides

text: this

text: movement

text: is

text: usually

text: upward

text: through

text: the

text: xylem

text: and

text: outward

text: Increased

text: efficiency

text: may

text: be

text: a

text: result

text: Systemic

text: insecticides

text: which

text: poison

text: pollen

text: and

text: nectar

text: in

text: the

text: flowers[citation

text: needed

text: may

text: kill

text: bees

text: and

text: other

text: needed

text: pollinators[citation

text: needed

question: What is one way you could group pesticides?

answer: application method

text: application method

question: What is the main way that peticides perform their function?

answer: by poisoning pests

text: by poisoning pests

question: In which direction do systemic pesticide generally travel through a plant?

answer: movement is usually upward

text: movement is usually upward

question: Which parts of a plant do systemic pesticides generally attack?

answer: pollen and nectar in the flowers

text: pollen and nectar in the flowers

question: What traits are used to classify types of flower nectar?

question: How does nectar move up through a plant?

question: Why does a plant move nectar through the xylem?

text: Increased efficiency

question: How do some flowers protect themselves from harm?

text: poisoning

question: What does a plant use to attract pollinators?

text: flowers


text: The system's launch represented not only a new product, but also a reframing of the severely damaged home video game market segment as a whole. The video game market crash of 1983 had occurred in significant part due to a lack of consumer and retailer confidence in video games, which had in turn been due partially to confusion and misrepresentation in the marketing of video games. Prior to the NES, the packaging of many video games presented bombastic artwork which exaggerated the graphics of the actual game. In terms of product identity, a single game such as Pac-Man would appear in many versions on many different game consoles and computers, with large variations in graphics, sound, and general quality between the versions. By stark contrast, Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed to regain consumer and retailer confidence, by delivering a singular platform whose technology was not in need of heavy exaggeration and whose qualities were clearly defined.

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System

text: The

text: system

text: 's

text: launch

text: represented

text: not

text: only

text: a

text: new

text: product

text: but

text: also

text: a

text: reframing

text: of

text: the

text: severely

text: damaged

text: home

text: video

text: game

text: market

text: segment

text: as

text: a

text: whole

text: The

text: video

text: game

text: market

text: crash

text: of

text: had

text: occurred

text: in

text: significant

text: part

text: due

text: to

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: consumer

text: and

text: retailer

text: confidence

text: in

text: video

text: games

text: which

text: had

text: in

text: turn

text: been

text: due

text: partially

text: to

text: confusion

text: and

text: misrepresentation

text: in

text: the

text: marketing

text: of

text: video

text: games

text: Prior

text: to

text: the

text: NES

text: the

text: packaging

text: of

text: many

text: video

text: games

text: presented

text: bombastic

text: artwork

text: which

text: exaggerated

text: the

text: graphics

text: of

text: the

text: actual

text: game

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: product

text: identity

text: a

text: single

text: game

text: such

text: as

text: Pac

text: Man

text: would

text: appear

text: in

text: many

text: versions

text: on

text: many

text: different

text: game

text: consoles

text: and

text: computers

text: with

text: large

text: variations

text: in

text: graphics

text: sound

text: and

text: general

text: quality

text: between

text: the

text: versions

text: By

text: stark

text: contrast

text: Nintendo

text: 's

text: marketing

text: strategy

text: aimed

text: to

text: regain

text: consumer

text: and

text: retailer

text: confidence

text: by

text: delivering

text: a

text: singular

text: platform

text: whose

text: technology

text: was

text: not

text: in

text: need

text: of

text: heavy

text: exaggeration

text: and

text: whose

text: qualities

text: were

text: clearly

text: defined

question: What year did the video game market crash?

answer: 1983

question: The crash was caused in part by the confusion and misrepresentation of what in video games?

answer: marketing

text: marketing

question: What specifically was misrepresented on game products?

answer: artwork

text: artwork

question: Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed at what aspect of the consumer via realism?

answer: confidence

text: confidence

question: What year did the video game market boom?

question: The crash wasn't caused in part by the confusion and misrepresentation of what in video games?

text: marketing

question: What specifically was represented on game products?

text: artwork

question: Nintendo's marketing strategy wasn't aimed at what aspect of the consumer via realism?

text: confidence


text: The maximum energy is a function of dielectric volume, permittivity, and dielectric strength. Changing the plate area and the separation between the plates while maintaining the same volume causes no change of the maximum amount of energy that the capacitor can store, so long as the distance between plates remains much smaller than both the length and width of the plates. In addition, these equations assume that the electric field is entirely concentrated in the dielectric between the plates. In reality there are fringing fields outside the dielectric, for example between the sides of the capacitor plates, which will increase the effective capacitance of the capacitor. This is sometimes called parasitic capacitance. For some simple capacitor geometries this additional capacitance term can be calculated analytically. It becomes negligibly small when the ratios of plate width to separation and length to separation are large.

title: Capacitor

title: Capacitor

text: The

text: maximum

text: energy

text: is

text: a

text: function

text: of

text: dielectric

text: volume

text: permittivity

text: and

text: dielectric

text: strength

text: Changing

text: the

text: plate

text: area

text: and

text: the

text: separation

text: between

text: the

text: plates

text: while

text: maintaining

text: the

text: same

text: volume

text: causes

text: no

text: change

text: of

text: the

text: maximum

text: amount

text: of

text: energy

text: that

text: the

text: capacitor

text: can

text: store

text: so

text: long

text: as

text: the

text: distance

text: between

text: plates

text: remains

text: much

text: smaller

text: than

text: both

text: the

text: length

text: and

text: width

text: of

text: the

text: plates

text: In

text: addition

text: these

text: equations

text: assume

text: that

text: the

text: electric

text: field

text: is

text: entirely

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: dielectric

text: between

text: the

text: plates

text: In

text: reality

text: there

text: are

text: fringing

text: fields

text: outside

text: the

text: dielectric

text: for

text: example

text: between

text: the

text: sides

text: of

text: the

text: capacitor

text: plates

text: which

text: will

text: increase

text: the

text: effective

text: capacitance

text: of

text: the

text: capacitor

text: This

text: is

text: sometimes

text: called

text: parasitic

text: capacitance

text: For

text: some

text: simple

text: capacitor

text: geometries

text: this

text: additional

text: capacitance

text: term

text: can

text: be

text: calculated

text: analytically

text: It

text: becomes

text: negligibly

text: small

text: when

text: the

text: ratios

text: of

text: plate

text: width

text: to

text: separation

text: and

text: length

text: to

text: separation

text: are

text: large

question: What is a function of the amount of dielectric, the strength of dielectric and its permittivity?

answer: The maximum energy

text: The maximum energy

question: If the plate area and separation distance are altered while keeping the amount of dielectric the same, what effect is had on the maximum energy of the capacitor?

answer: no change of the maximum amount of energy

text: no change of the maximum amount of energy

question: In a realistic model of a capacitor, where else besides between the dielectric between the conductors might an electric field be found?

answer: fringing fields outside the dielectric

text: fringing fields outside the dielectric

question: When an electric field exists between the sides of the plates as well as in within the dielectric, what effect is had on the effective capacitance of the capacitor?

answer: will increase the effective capacitance

text: will increase the effective capacitance

question: When the ratios of plate length and width to separation distance are large, what size is the parasitic capacitance?

answer: negligibly small

text: negligibly small

question: What is a function of the amount of dielectric, the strength of dielectric and its permittivity?

text: The maximum energy

question: What happens when there is a change of the maximum amount of energy

question: In a realistic model of a capacitor, where else besides between the dielectric between the conductors will an electric field never be found?

text: fringing fields outside the dielectric

question: When an electric field exists between the sides of the plates as well as in within the dielectric, what effect is had on the lack of effective capacitance of the capacitor?

text: will increase the effective capacitance

question: When the ratios of plate length and width to separation distance are small, what size is the parasitic capacitance?

text: negligibly small


text: During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded most of the former western colonies. The Shōwa occupation regime committed violent actions against civilians such as the Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour, such as the one involving 4 to 10 million romusha in Indonesia. A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation. The Allied powers who defeated Japan in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence.

title: Southeast_Asia

title: Southeast_Asia

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Imperial

text: Japan

text: invaded

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: western

text: colonies

text: The

text: Shōwa

text: occupation

text: regime

text: committed

text: violent

text: actions

text: against

text: civilians

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Manila

text: massacre

text: and

text: the

text: implementation

text: of

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: forced

text: labour

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: one

text: involving

text: to

text: million

text: romusha

text: in

text: Indonesia

text: A

text: later

text: UN

text: report

text: stated

text: that

text: four

text: million

text: people

text: died

text: in

text: Indonesia

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: famine

text: and

text: forced

text: labour

text: during

text: the

text: Japanese

text: occupation

text: The

text: Allied

text: powers

text: who

text: defeated

text: Japan

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: East

text: Asian

text: theatre

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: then

text: contended

text: with

text: nationalists

text: to

text: whom

text: the

text: occupation

text: authorities

text: had

text: granted

text: independence

question: The western colonies were invaded by whom during World War II?

answer: Imperial Japan

text: Imperial Japan

question: According to the UN report, what was the count of people who perished due to famine?

answer: 4 to 10 million

text: 4 to 10 million

question: What violent acts did the Showa regime commit?

answer: Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour

text: Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour

question: Who defeated Japan during the World War II?

answer: The Allied powers

text: The Allied powers

question: What colonies were attacked during WW I?

text: western colonies

question: Who invaded the western colonies during WW I?

text: Imperial Japan

question: Who reported that 4  thousand people died do to famine and forced labour?

text: UN

question: Who did Japan defeat in the South-East Asian theater?

text: The Allied powers


text: Another significant change undergone by many of these newly agrarian communities was one of diet. Pre-agrarian diets varied by region, season, available local plant and animal resources and degree of pastoralism and hunting. Post-agrarian diet was restricted to a limited package of successfully cultivated cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products. Supplementation of diet by hunting and gathering was to variable degrees precluded by the increase in population above the carrying capacity of the land and a high sedentary local population concentration. In some cultures, there would have been a significant shift toward increased starch and plant protein. The relative nutritional benefits and drawbacks of these dietary changes and their overall impact on early societal development is still debated.

title: Neolithic

title: Neolithic

text: Another

text: significant

text: change

text: undergone

text: by

text: many

text: of

text: these

text: newly

text: agrarian

text: communities

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: diet

text: Pre

text: agrarian

text: diets

text: varied

text: by

text: region

text: season

text: available

text: local

text: plant

text: and

text: animal

text: resources

text: and

text: degree

text: of

text: pastoralism

text: and

text: hunting

text: Post

text: agrarian

text: diet

text: was

text: restricted

text: to

text: a

text: limited

text: package

text: of

text: successfully

text: cultivated

text: cereal

text: grains

text: plants

text: and

text: to

text: a

text: variable

text: extent

text: domesticated

text: animals

text: and

text: animal

text: products

text: Supplementation

text: of

text: diet

text: by

text: hunting

text: and

text: gathering

text: was

text: to

text: variable

text: degrees

text: precluded

text: by

text: the

text: increase

text: in

text: population

text: above

text: the

text: carrying

text: capacity

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: and

text: a

text: high

text: sedentary

text: local

text: population

text: concentration

text: In

text: some

text: cultures

text: there

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: a

text: significant

text: shift

text: toward

text: increased

text: starch

text: and

text: plant

text: protein

text: The

text: relative

text: nutritional

text: benefits

text: and

text: drawbacks

text: of

text: these

text: dietary

text: changes

text: and

text: their

text: overall

text: impact

text: on

text: early

text: societal

text: development

text: is

text: still

text: debated

question: What food related trend was significant in the new agrarian societies?

answer: diet

text: diet

question: What forms of availability dictated Pre-agrarian diets?

answer: local plant and animal resources

text: local plant and animal resources

question: What was included in the Post-agrarian diet?

answer: cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products.

text: cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products.

question: What forced the need to supplement food supply with hunting and gathering?

answer: the increase in population

text: the increase in population

question: What food related trend was significant in restricted societies?

text: diet

question: What forms of availability dictated local diets?

text: local plant and animal resources

question: What was included in the local diet?

question: What forced the need to supplement food supply with nutrition?

text: increase in population

question: What did local diets vary by?