text: Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. The Institute of technology implementation (IUT from Instituto universitario de tecnologia on Spanish) began with the creation of the first IUT at Caracas, capital city of Venezuela, called IUT. Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio adopted the French "Institut Universitaire de Technologie"s system, using French personnel and study system based on three-year periods, with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain French equivalent degrees. This IUT is the first and only one in Venezuela having French equivalent degrees accepted, implementing this system and observing the high-level degrees some other IUT's were created in Venezuela, regardless of this the term IUT was not used appropriately resulting in some institutions with mediocre quality and no equivalent degree in France. Later, some private institutions sprang up using IUT in their names, but they are not regulated by the original French system and award lower quality degrees.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: Most

text: of

text: these

text: institutes

text: award

text: diplomas

text: after

text: three

text: or

text: three

text: and

text: a

text: half

text: years

text: of

text: education

text: The

text: Institute

text: of

text: technology

text: implementation

text: IUT

text: from

text: Instituto

text: universitario

text: de

text: tecnologia

text: on

text: Spanish

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: IUT

text: at

text: Caracas

text: capital

text: city

text: of

text: Venezuela

text: called

text: IUT

text: Dr.

text: Federico

text: Rivero

text: Palacio

text: adopted

text: the

text: French

text: Institut

text: Universitaire

text: de

text: Technologie"s

text: system

text: using

text: French

text: personnel

text: and

text: study

text: system

text: based

text: on

text: three

text: year

text: periods

text: with

text: research

text: and

text: engineering

text: facilities

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: level

text: as

text: the

text: main

text: national

text: universities

text: to

text: obtain

text: French

text: equivalent

text: degrees

text: This

text: IUT

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: and

text: only

text: one

text: in

text: Venezuela

text: having

text: French

text: equivalent

text: degrees

text: accepted

text: implementing

text: this

text: system

text: and

text: observing

text: the

text: high

text: level

text: degrees

text: some

text: other

text: IUT

text: 's

text: were

text: created

text: in

text: Venezuela

text: regardless

text: of

text: this

text: the

text: term

text: IUT

text: was

text: not

text: used

text: appropriately

text: resulting

text: in

text: some

text: institutions

text: with

text: mediocre

text: quality

text: and

text: no

text: equivalent

text: degree

text: in

text: France

text: Later

text: some

text: private

text: institutions

text: sprang

text: up

text: using

text: IUT

text: in

text: their

text: names

text: but

text: they

text: are

text: not

text: regulated

text: by

text: the

text: original

text: French

text: system

text: and

text: award

text: lower

text: quality

text: degrees

question: What city in Venezuela had the first IUT?

answer: Caracas

text: Caracas

question: Who pioneered using the French system of technological education?

answer: Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio

text: Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio


text: Several bit rates are specified in the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s, with available sampling frequencies of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz. MPEG-2 Audio Layer III allows bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160 kbit/s with sampling frequencies of 16, 22.05 and 24 kHz. MPEG-2.5 Audio Layer III is restricted to bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56 and 64 kbit/s with sampling frequencies of 8, 11.025, and 12 kHz.[citation needed] Because of the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, frequency reproduction is always strictly less than half of the sampling frequency, and imperfect filters requires a larger margin for error (noise level versus sharpness of filter), so 8 kHz sampling rate limits the maximum frequency to 4 kHz, while 48 kHz maximum sampling rate limits an MP3 to 24 kHz sound reproduction.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: Several

text: bit

text: rates

text: are

text: specified

text: in

text: the

text: Audio

text: Layer

text: III

text: standard

text: and

text: kbit

text: s

text: with

text: available

text: sampling

text: frequencies

text: of

text: and

text: kHz

text: Audio

text: Layer

text: III

text: allows

text: bit

text: rates

text: of

text: kbit

text: s

text: with

text: sampling

text: frequencies

text: of

text: and

text: kHz

text: Audio

text: Layer

text: III

text: is

text: restricted

text: to

text: bit

text: rates

text: of

text: and

text: kbit

text: s

text: with

text: sampling

text: frequencies

text: of

text: and

text: kHz.[citation

text: needed

text: Because

text: of

text: the

text: Nyquist

text: Shannon

text: sampling

text: theorem

text: frequency

text: reproduction

text: is

text: always

text: strictly

text: less

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: sampling

text: frequency

text: and

text: imperfect

text: filters

text: requires

text: a

text: larger

text: margin

text: for

text: error

text: noise

text: level

text: versus

text: sharpness

text: of

text: filter

text: so

text: kHz

text: sampling

text: rate

text: limits

text: the

text: maximum

text: frequency

text: to

text: kHz

text: while

text: kHz

text: maximum

text: sampling

text: rate

text: limits

text: an

text: to

text: kHz

text: sound

text: reproduction

question: What is the name of the sampling theorem?

answer: Nyquist–Shannon

text: Nyquist–Shannon

question: In relation to the sampling frequency, the frequency reproduction is strictly how much less?

answer: less than half

text: less than half

question: What kind of filter requires a larger margin for error?

answer: imperfect filters

text: imperfect filters

question: Having an 8 kHz sampling rate would limit the maximum frequency to how much?

answer: 4 kHz

text: 4 kHz

question: A sound reproduction of 24 kHz would represent which value of a maximum sampling rate?

answer: 48


text: Houston is considered to be a politically divided city whose balance of power often sways between Republicans and Democrats. Much of the city's wealthier areas vote Republican while the city's working class and minority areas vote Democratic. According to the 2005 Houston Area Survey, 68 percent of non-Hispanic whites in Harris County are declared or favor Republicans while 89 percent of non-Hispanic blacks in the area are declared or favor Democrats. About 62 percent Hispanics (of any race) in the area are declared or favor Democrats. The city has often been known to be the most politically diverse city in Texas, a state known for being generally conservative. As a result, the city is often a contested area in statewide elections. In 2009, Houston became the first US city with a population over 1 million citizens to elect a gay mayor, by electing Annise Parker.

title: Houston

title: Houston

text: Houston

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: politically

text: divided

text: city

text: whose

text: balance

text: of

text: power

text: often

text: sways

text: between

text: Republicans

text: and

text: Democrats

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: wealthier

text: areas

text: vote

text: Republican

text: while

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: working

text: class

text: and

text: minority

text: areas

text: vote

text: Democratic

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Houston

text: Area

text: Survey

text: percent

text: of

text: non

text: Hispanic

text: whites

text: in

text: Harris

text: County

text: are

text: declared

text: or

text: favor

text: Republicans

text: while

text: percent

text: of

text: non

text: Hispanic

text: blacks

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: are

text: declared

text: or

text: favor

text: Democrats

text: About

text: percent

text: Hispanics

text: of

text: any

text: race

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: are

text: declared

text: or

text: favor

text: Democrats

text: The

text: city

text: has

text: often

text: been

text: known

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: most

text: politically

text: diverse

text: city

text: in

text: Texas

text: a

text: state

text: known

text: for

text: being

text: generally

text: conservative

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: often

text: a

text: contested

text: area

text: in

text: statewide

text: elections

text: In

text: Houston

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: US

text: city

text: with

text: a

text: population

text: over

text: million

text: citizens

text: to

text: elect

text: a

text: gay

text: mayor

text: by

text: electing

text: Annise

text: Parker

question: What is the political climate of Houston?

answer: divided

text: divided

question: Who in Houston tends to vote Republican?

answer: wealthier areas

text: wealthier areas

question: How do the working and minority areas vote in Houston?

answer: Democratic

text: Democratic

question: What percent of Hispanics vote Democrat?

answer: 62 percent

text: 62 percent

question: What percent of non-Hispanic whites vote Republican?

answer: 68 percent

text: 68 percent

question: What is the political climate of Texas?

text: divided


text: It is fairly clear that predators tend to lower the survival and fecundity of their prey, but on a higher level of organization, populations of predator and prey species also interact. It is obvious that predators depend on prey for survival, and this is reflected in predator populations being affected by changes in prey populations. It is not so obvious, however, that predators affect prey populations. Eating a prey organism may simply make room for another if the prey population is approaching its carrying capacity.

title: Predation

title: Predation

text: It

text: is

text: fairly

text: clear

text: that

text: predators

text: tend

text: to

text: lower

text: the

text: survival

text: and

text: fecundity

text: of

text: their

text: prey

text: but

text: on

text: a

text: higher

text: level

text: of

text: organization

text: populations

text: of

text: predator

text: and

text: prey

text: species

text: also

text: interact

text: It

text: is

text: obvious

text: that

text: predators

text: depend

text: on

text: prey

text: for

text: survival

text: and

text: this

text: is

text: reflected

text: in

text: predator

text: populations

text: being

text: affected

text: by

text: changes

text: in

text: prey

text: populations

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: so

text: obvious

text: however

text: that

text: predators

text: affect

text: prey

text: populations

text: Eating

text: a

text: prey

text: organism

text: may

text: simply

text: make

text: room

text: for

text: another

text: if

text: the

text: prey

text: population

text: is

text: approaching

text: its

text: carrying

text: capacity

question: What do predators depend on for survival?

answer: prey

text: prey

question: Prey that is eaten is simply replaced by anohter when the population is close to what?

answer: carrying capacity

text: carrying capacity

question: Predators lower what aspects of their prey?

answer: survival and fecundity

text: survival and fecundity

question: What does one predator species do for another if its reaching carrying capacity?

text: make room

question: What is reduced in a predator species if it reaches carrying capacity?

text: survival and fecundity

question: What do different species of predators do when they encounter each other?

text: interact

question: What do different predators sometimes need each other for?

text: survival

question: What helps more than one group of predators interact?

text: a higher level of organization


text: Santa Bárbara became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico by Spanish conquistadors like: Antonio de Espejo, Gaspar Castaño, Antonio Gutiérrez de Umaña, Francisco Leyba de Bonilla, and Vicente de Zaldívar. Several expeditions were led to find a shorter route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico. In April 1598, Juan de Oñate finally found a short route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico which came to be called El Paso del Norte (The Northern Pass). The discovery of El Paso Del Norte was important for the expansion of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (The Inner Land Royal Road) to link Spanish settlements in New Mexico to Mexico City; El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro facilitated transport of settlers and supplies to New Mexico.

title: Chihuahua_(state)

title: Chihuahua_(state

text: Santa

text: Bárbara

text: became

text: the

text: launching

text: place

text: for

text: expeditions

text: into

text: New

text: Mexico

text: by

text: Spanish

text: conquistadors

text: like

text: Antonio

text: de

text: Espejo

text: Gaspar

text: Castaño

text: Antonio

text: Gutiérrez

text: de

text: Umaña

text: Francisco

text: Leyba

text: de

text: Bonilla

text: and

text: Vicente

text: de

text: Zaldívar

text: Several

text: expeditions

text: were

text: led

text: to

text: find

text: a

text: shorter

text: route

text: from

text: Santa

text: Barbara

text: to

text: New

text: Mexico

text: In

text: April

text: Juan

text: de

text: Oñate

text: finally

text: found

text: a

text: short

text: route

text: from

text: Santa

text: Barbara

text: to

text: New

text: Mexico

text: which

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: called

text: El

text: Paso

text: del

text: Norte

text: The

text: Northern

text: Pass

text: The

text: discovery

text: of

text: El

text: Paso

text: Del

text: Norte

text: was

text: important

text: for

text: the

text: expansion

text: of

text: El

text: Camino

text: Real

text: de

text: Tierra

text: Adentro

text: The

text: Inner

text: Land

text: Royal

text: Road

text: to

text: link

text: Spanish

text: settlements

text: in

text: New

text: Mexico

text: to

text: Mexico

text: City

text: El

text: Camino

text: Real

text: de

text: Tierra

text: Adentro

text: facilitated

text: transport

text: of

text: settlers

text: and

text: supplies

text: to

text: New

text: Mexico

question: Which city became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico?

answer: Santa Bárbara

text: Santa Bárbara

question: In which year was El Paso del Norte found?

answer: 1598

question: The path was important for the expansion of which road?

answer: El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro

text: El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro

question: Which U.S. state benefited from this road?

answer: New Mexico

text: New Mexico


text: Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host. An example of how antibiotics produce selective toxicity are chloramphenicol and puromycin, which inhibit the bacterial ribosome, but not the structurally different eukaryotic ribosome. Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth, where they may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations. Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures such as sterilizing the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe, and by proper care of indwelling catheters. Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilized to prevent contamination by bacteria. Disinfectants such as bleach are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and further reduce the risk of infection.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Bacterial

text: infections

text: may

text: be

text: treated

text: with

text: antibiotics

text: which

text: are

text: classified

text: as

text: bacteriocidal

text: if

text: they

text: kill

text: bacteria

text: or

text: bacteriostatic

text: if

text: they

text: just

text: prevent

text: bacterial

text: growth

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: types

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: and

text: each

text: class

text: inhibits

text: a

text: process

text: that

text: is

text: different

text: in

text: the

text: pathogen

text: from

text: that

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: host

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: how

text: antibiotics

text: produce

text: selective

text: toxicity

text: are

text: chloramphenicol

text: and

text: puromycin

text: which

text: inhibit

text: the

text: bacterial

text: ribosome

text: but

text: not

text: the

text: structurally

text: different

text: eukaryotic

text: ribosome

text: Antibiotics

text: are

text: used

text: both

text: in

text: treating

text: human

text: disease

text: and

text: in

text: intensive

text: farming

text: to

text: promote

text: animal

text: growth

text: where

text: they

text: may

text: be

text: contributing

text: to

text: the

text: rapid

text: development

text: of

text: antibiotic

text: resistance

text: in

text: bacterial

text: populations

text: Infections

text: can

text: be

text: prevented

text: by

text: antiseptic

text: measures

text: such

text: as

text: sterilizing

text: the

text: skin

text: prior

text: to

text: piercing

text: it

text: with

text: the

text: needle

text: of

text: a

text: syringe

text: and

text: by

text: proper

text: care

text: of

text: indwelling

text: catheters

text: Surgical

text: and

text: dental

text: instruments

text: are

text: also

text: sterilized

text: to

text: prevent

text: contamination

text: by

text: bacteria

text: Disinfectants

text: such

text: as

text: bleach

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: kill

text: bacteria

text: or

text: other

text: pathogens

text: on

text: surfaces

text: to

text: prevent

text: contamination

text: and

text: further

text: reduce

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: infection

question: What type of antibiotics called bacterocidal?

answer: if they kill bacteria

text: if they kill bacteria

question: What kind of antibiotics are used for prevention of bacterial growth

answer: bacteriostatic

text: bacteriostatic

question: Besides in treating human disease where else are antibiotics used?

answer: in intensive farming to promote animal growth

text: in intensive farming to promote animal growth

question: What is the drawback of using antibiotics if agriculture?

answer: rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations

text: rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations

question: What is common prevention method of infections in medicine?

answer: sterilizing

text: sterilizing


text: The nation's canonical folk songs, known as "Songs of the Land of Israel," deal with the experiences of the pioneers in building the Jewish homeland. The Hora circle dance introduced by early Jewish settlers was originally popular in the Kibbutzim and outlying communities. It became a symbol of the Zionist reconstruction and of the ability to experience joy amidst austerity. It now plays a significant role in modern Israeli folk dancing and is regularly performed at weddings and other celebrations, and in group dances throughout Israel.[citation needed] Modern dance in Israel is a flourishing field, and several Israeli choreographers such as Ohad Naharin, Rami Beer, Barak Marshall and many others, are considered[by whom?] to be among the most versatile and original international creators working today. Famous Israeli companies include the Batsheva Dance Company and the Kibbutz Contemporary Dance Company.[citation needed]

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: The

text: nation

text: 's

text: canonical

text: folk

text: songs

text: known

text: as

text: Songs

text: of

text: the

text: Land

text: of

text: Israel

text: deal

text: with

text: the

text: experiences

text: of

text: the

text: pioneers

text: in

text: building

text: the

text: Jewish

text: homeland

text: The

text: Hora

text: circle

text: dance

text: introduced

text: by

text: early

text: Jewish

text: settlers

text: was

text: originally

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: Kibbutzim

text: and

text: outlying

text: communities

text: It

text: became

text: a

text: symbol

text: of

text: the

text: Zionist

text: reconstruction

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: experience

text: joy

text: amidst

text: austerity

text: It

text: now

text: plays

text: a

text: significant

text: role

text: in

text: modern

text: Israeli

text: folk

text: dancing

text: and

text: is

text: regularly

text: performed

text: at

text: weddings

text: and

text: other

text: celebrations

text: and

text: in

text: group

text: dances

text: throughout

text: Israel.[citation

text: needed

text: Modern

text: dance

text: in

text: Israel

text: is

text: a

text: flourishing

text: field

text: and

text: several

text: Israeli

text: choreographers

text: such

text: as

text: Ohad

text: Naharin

text: Rami

text: Beer

text: Barak

text: Marshall

text: and

text: many

text: others

text: are

text: considered[by

text: whom

text: to

text: be

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: versatile

text: and

text: original

text: international

text: creators

text: working

text: today

text: Famous

text: Israeli

text: companies

text: include

text: the

text: Batsheva

text: Dance

text: Company

text: and

text: the

text: Kibbutz

text: Contemporary

text: Dance

text: Company.[citation

text: needed

question: What the nation's canonical folk songs known as?

answer: Songs of the Land of Israel

text: Songs of the Land of Israel

question: What became a symbol of the Zionist reconstruction?

answer: Hora circle dance

text: Hora circle dance

question: What's a flourishing field in Israel?

answer: Modern dance

text: Modern dance


text: In 1997, OMB issued a Federal Register notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity. OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide "consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the Federal Government. The development of the data standards stem in large measure from new responsibilities to enforce civil rights laws." Among the changes, OMB issued the instruction to "mark one or more races" after noting evidence of increasing numbers of interracial children and wanting to capture the diversity in a measurable way and having received requests by people who wanted to be able to acknowledge their or their children's full ancestry rather than identifying with only one group. Prior to this decision, the Census and other government data collections asked people to report only one race.

title: Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census

text: In

text: OMB

text: issued

text: a

text: Federal

text: Register

text: notice

text: regarding

text: revisions

text: to

text: the

text: standards

text: for

text: the

text: classification

text: of

text: federal

text: data

text: on

text: race

text: and

text: ethnicity

text: OMB

text: developed

text: race

text: and

text: ethnic

text: standards

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: provide

text: consistent

text: data

text: on

text: race

text: and

text: ethnicity

text: throughout

text: the

text: Federal

text: Government

text: The

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: data

text: standards

text: stem

text: in

text: large

text: measure

text: from

text: new

text: responsibilities

text: to

text: enforce

text: civil

text: rights

text: laws

text: Among

text: the

text: changes

text: OMB

text: issued

text: the

text: instruction

text: to

text: mark

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: races

text: after

text: noting

text: evidence

text: of

text: increasing

text: numbers

text: of

text: interracial

text: children

text: and

text: wanting

text: to

text: capture

text: the

text: diversity

text: in

text: a

text: measurable

text: way

text: and

text: having

text: received

text: requests

text: by

text: people

text: who

text: wanted

text: to

text: be

text: able

text: to

text: acknowledge

text: their

text: or

text: their

text: children

text: 's

text: full

text: ancestry

text: rather

text: than

text: identifying

text: with

text: only

text: one

text: group

text: Prior

text: to

text: this

text: decision

text: the

text: Census

text: and

text: other

text: government

text: data

text: collections

text: asked

text: people

text: to

text: report

text: only

text: one

text: race

question: Who decided on the standards for the classification of race and ethnicity and federal data?

answer: OMB

text: OMB

question: In what year did OMB revise the standards for race and ethnicity classifications?

answer: 1997

question: What did OMB hope to provide with their revision on race and ethnicity in 1997?

answer: consistent data

text: consistent data

question: How many races were people asked to mark on the US Census after OMB revised their standards in 1997?

answer: one or more

text: one or more

question: How many races were people asked to report in the US census prior to 1997?

answer: one

text: one


text: Topographically, a remarkable feature of Galicia is the presence of many firth-like inlets along the coast, estuaries that were drowned with rising sea levels after the ice age. These are called rías and are divided into the smaller Rías Altas ("High Rías"), and the larger Rías Baixas ("Low Rías"). The Rías Altas include Ribadeo, Foz, Viveiro, Barqueiro, Ortigueira, Cedeira, Ferrol, Betanzos, A Coruña, Corme e Laxe and Camariñas. The Rías Baixas, found south of Fisterra, include Corcubión, Muros e Noia, Arousa, Pontevedra and Vigo. The Rías Altas can sometimes refer only to those east of Estaca de Bares, with the others being called Rías Medias ("Intermediate Rías").

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: Topographically

text: a

text: remarkable

text: feature

text: of

text: Galicia

text: is

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: many

text: firth

text: like

text: inlets

text: along

text: the

text: coast

text: estuaries

text: that

text: were

text: drowned

text: with

text: rising

text: sea

text: levels

text: after

text: the

text: ice

text: age

text: These

text: are

text: called

text: rías

text: and

text: are

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: smaller

text: Rías

text: Altas

text: High

text: Rías

text: and

text: the

text: larger

text: Rías

text: Baixas

text: Low

text: Rías

text: The

text: Rías

text: Altas

text: include

text: Ribadeo

text: Foz

text: Viveiro

text: Barqueiro

text: Ortigueira

text: Cedeira

text: Ferrol

text: Betanzos

text: A

text: Coruña

text: Corme

text: e

text: Laxe

text: and

text: Camariñas

text: The

text: Rías

text: Baixas

text: found

text: south

text: of

text: Fisterra

text: include

text: Corcubión

text: Muros

text: e

text: Noia

text: Arousa

text: Pontevedra

text: and

text: Vigo

text: The

text: Rías

text: Altas

text: can

text: sometimes

text: refer

text: only

text: to

text: those

text: east

text: of

text: Estaca

text: de

text: Bares

text: with

text: the

text: others

text: being

text: called

text: Rías

text: Medias

text: Intermediate

text: Rías

question: What are estuaries called in Galicia?

answer: rías

text: rías

question: What does Rías Altas mean?

answer: High Rías

text: High Rías

question: WWhat does Rías Baixas mean?

answer: Low Rías

text: Low Rías


text: In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government. On September 27, Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, effectively the Soviet prime minister, and on October 14, Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairman of the State Planning Committee (GOSPLAN). At the next Central Committee meeting on October 15, Tikhonov retired from the Politburo and Talyzin became a candidate. Finally, on December 23, 1985, Gorbachev appointed Yeltsin First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party replacing Viktor Grishin.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: In

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Gorbachev

text: continued

text: to

text: bring

text: younger

text: and

text: more

text: energetic

text: men

text: into

text: government

text: On

text: September

text: Nikolai

text: Ryzhkov

text: replaced

text: old

text: Nikolai

text: Tikhonov

text: as

text: Chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Ministers

text: effectively

text: the

text: Soviet

text: prime

text: minister

text: and

text: on

text: October

text: Nikolai

text: Talyzin

text: replaced

text: Nikolai

text: Baibakov

text: as

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: State

text: Planning

text: Committee

text: GOSPLAN

text: At

text: the

text: next

text: Central

text: Committee

text: meeting

text: on

text: October

text: Tikhonov

text: retired

text: from

text: the

text: Politburo

text: and

text: Talyzin

text: became

text: a

text: candidate

text: Finally

text: on

text: December

text: Gorbachev

text: appointed

text: Yeltsin

text: First

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Moscow

text: Communist

text: Party

text: replacing

text: Viktor

text: Grishin

question: Who became Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1985?

answer: Nikolai Ryzhkov

text: Nikolai Ryzhkov

question: Who was Chairman of the Council of Ministers prior to Ryzhkov?

answer: Nikolai Tikhonov

text: Nikolai Tikhonov

question: How old was Tikhonov when he stopped being Chairman?

answer: 79-year-old

question: What is an analogous office to Chairman of the Council of Ministers?

answer: chairman of the State Planning Committee

text: chairman of the State Planning Committee

question: Who was the new chairman of the State Planning Committee in 1985?

answer: Nikolai Talyzin

text: Nikolai Talyzin


text: Coronis, was daughter of Phlegyas, King of the Lapiths. Pregnant with Asclepius, Coronis fell in love with Ischys, son of Elatus. A crow informed Apollo of the affair. When first informed he disbelieved the crow and turned all crows black (where they were previously white) as a punishment for spreading untruths. When he found out the truth he sent his sister, Artemis, to kill Coronis (in other stories, Apollo himself had killed Coronis). As a result, he also made the crow sacred and gave them the task of announcing important deaths. Apollo rescued the baby and gave it to the centaur Chiron to raise. Phlegyas was irate after the death of his daughter and burned the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. Apollo then killed him for what he did.

title: Apollo

title: Apollo

text: Coronis

text: was

text: daughter

text: of

text: Phlegyas

text: King

text: of

text: the

text: Lapiths

text: Pregnant

text: with

text: Asclepius

text: Coronis

text: fell

text: in

text: love

text: with

text: Ischys

text: son

text: of

text: Elatus

text: A

text: crow

text: informed

text: Apollo

text: of

text: the

text: affair

text: When

text: first

text: informed

text: he

text: disbelieved

text: the

text: crow

text: and

text: turned

text: all

text: crows

text: black

text: where

text: they

text: were

text: previously

text: white

text: as

text: a

text: punishment

text: for

text: spreading

text: untruths

text: When

text: he

text: found

text: out

text: the

text: truth

text: he

text: sent

text: his

text: sister

text: Artemis

text: to

text: kill

text: Coronis

text: in

text: other

text: stories

text: Apollo

text: himself

text: had

text: killed

text: Coronis

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: he

text: also

text: made

text: the

text: crow

text: sacred

text: and

text: gave

text: them

text: the

text: task

text: of

text: announcing

text: important

text: deaths

text: Apollo

text: rescued

text: the

text: baby

text: and

text: gave

text: it

text: to

text: the

text: centaur

text: Chiron

text: to

text: raise

text: Phlegyas

text: was

text: irate

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: his

text: daughter

text: and

text: burned

text: the

text: Temple

text: of

text: Apollo

text: at

text: Delphi

text: Apollo

text: then

text: killed

text: him

text: for

text: what

text: he

text: did

question: Who was the daughter of Phlegyas?

answer: Coronis

text: Coronis

question: Who owas King of the Lapiths?

answer: Phlegyas

text: Phlegyas

question: How was Apollo informed of the affair between Coronis and Ischys?

answer: A crow

text: A crow

question: Who was the son of Elatus?

answer: Ischys

text: Ischys


text: Because rebroadcast transmitters were not planned to be converted to digital, many markets stood to lose over-the-air coverage from CBC or Radio-Canada, or both. As a result, only seven of the markets subject to the August 31, 2011 transition deadline were planned to have both CBC and Radio-Canada in digital, and 13 other markets were planned to have either CBC or Radio-Canada in digital. In mid-August 2011, the CRTC granted the CBC an extension, until August 31, 2012, to continue operating its analogue transmitters in markets subject to the August 31, 2011 transition deadline. This CRTC decision prevented many markets subject to the transition deadline from losing signals for CBC or Radio-Canada, or both at the transition deadline. At the transition deadline, Barrie, Ontario lost both CBC and Radio-Canada signals as the CBC did not request that the CRTC allow these transmitters to continue operating.

title: CBC_Television

title: CBC_Television

text: Because

text: rebroadcast

text: transmitters

text: were

text: not

text: planned

text: to

text: be

text: converted

text: to

text: digital

text: many

text: markets

text: stood

text: to

text: lose

text: over

text: the

text: air

text: coverage

text: from

text: CBC

text: or

text: Radio

text: Canada

text: or

text: both

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: only

text: seven

text: of

text: the

text: markets

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: August

text: transition

text: deadline

text: were

text: planned

text: to

text: have

text: both

text: CBC

text: and

text: Radio

text: Canada

text: in

text: digital

text: and

text: other

text: markets

text: were

text: planned

text: to

text: have

text: either

text: CBC

text: or

text: Radio

text: Canada

text: in

text: digital

text: In

text: mid

text: August

text: the

text: CRTC

text: granted

text: the

text: CBC

text: an

text: extension

text: until

text: August

text: to

text: continue

text: operating

text: its

text: analogue

text: transmitters

text: in

text: markets

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: August

text: transition

text: deadline

text: This

text: CRTC

text: decision

text: prevented

text: many

text: markets

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: transition

text: deadline

text: from

text: losing

text: signals

text: for

text: CBC

text: or

text: Radio

text: Canada

text: or

text: both

text: at

text: the

text: transition

text: deadline

text: At

text: the

text: transition

text: deadline

text: Barrie

text: Ontario

text: lost

text: both

text: CBC

text: and

text: Radio

text: Canada

text: signals

text: as

text: the

text: CBC

text: did

text: not

text: request

text: that

text: the

text: CRTC

text: allow

text: these

text: transmitters

text: to

text: continue

text: operating

question: When was CBC's anologue upgrade extension set to expire?

answer: August 31, 2012

text: August 31, 2012

question: At the deadline, which area lost broadcast entirely?

answer: Barrie, Ontario

text: Barrie, Ontario

question: Did Barrie, Ontario lose signal for CBC, Radio-Canada, or both?

answer: both

text: both

question: How many of the transmitters were purchased by the CRTC in order to be converted to digial?

text: seven

question: What did the complete loss of service prompt the CRTC to grant?

text: an extension

question: What city in Canada started a new network after losing all coverage from the CBC and Radio-Canada?

text: Barrie, Ontario

question: The CRTC realized that it needed to break up the CBC's monopoly after it extended the deadline in order to prevent what?


text: As of 2015, Universal is the only studio to have released three billion-dollar films in one year; this distinction was achieved in 2015 with Furious 7, Jurassic World and Minions.

title: Universal_Studios

title: Universal_Studios

text: As

text: of

text: Universal

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: studio

text: to

text: have

text: released

text: three

text: billion

text: dollar

text: films

text: in

text: one

text: year

text: this

text: distinction

text: was

text: achieved

text: in

text: with

text: Furious

text: Jurassic

text: World

text: and

text: Minions

question: In what year did Universal release three billion-dollar films?

answer: 2015

question: Along with Jurassic World and Furious 7, what billion-dollar film was released by Universal in 2015?

answer: Minions

text: Minions

question: How many studios have released three billion-dollar films in one year?

answer: Universal is the only studio

text: Universal is the only studio

question: Who released three billion-dollar films in 2017?

text: Universal

question: What movies made three billion dollars?

text: Furious 7, Jurassic World and Minions.


text: The Legislature is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The House, led by a speaker, has 73 members apportioned among the 15 counties on the basis of the national census, with each county receiving a minimum of two members. Each House member represents an electoral district within a county as drawn by the National Elections Commission and is elected by a plurality of the popular vote of their district into a six-year term. The Senate is made up of two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators. Senators serve nine-year terms and are elected at-large by a plurality of the popular vote. The vice president serves as the President of the Senate, with a President pro tempore serving in their absence.

title: Liberia

title: Liberia

text: The

text: Legislature

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: the

text: Senate

text: and

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Representatives

text: The

text: House

text: led

text: by

text: a

text: speaker

text: has

text: members

text: apportioned

text: among

text: the

text: counties

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: national

text: census

text: with

text: each

text: county

text: receiving

text: a

text: minimum

text: of

text: two

text: members

text: Each

text: House

text: member

text: represents

text: an

text: electoral

text: district

text: within

text: a

text: county

text: as

text: drawn

text: by

text: the

text: National

text: Elections

text: Commission

text: and

text: is

text: elected

text: by

text: a

text: plurality

text: of

text: the

text: popular

text: vote

text: of

text: their

text: district

text: into

text: a

text: six

text: year

text: term

text: The

text: Senate

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: two

text: senators

text: from

text: each

text: county

text: for

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: senators

text: Senators

text: serve

text: nine

text: year

text: terms

text: and

text: are

text: elected

text: at

text: large

text: by

text: a

text: plurality

text: of

text: the

text: popular

text: vote

text: The

text: vice

text: president

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Senate

text: with

text: a

text: President

text: pro

text: tempore

text: serving

text: in

text: their

text: absence

question: What is the legislature composed of?

answer: the Senate and the House of Representatives

text: the Senate and the House of Representatives

question: Who is the house led by?

answer: a speaker

text: a speaker

question: How many members are in a house?

answer: 73

question: What are the 73 members of the house are appropriated among?

answer: the 15 counties on the basis of the national census

text: the 15 counties on the basis of the national census

question: What is the senate made up of?

answer: two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators.

text: two senators from each county for a total of 30 senators.

question: What is the minimum number of members in a Legislature session?

text: two members

question: What is a speaker elected by?

question: Who serves also serves as the speaker?

text: The vice president

question: Who takes the place of the speaker when he or she is absent?

text: a President pro tempore

question: How many members are in a county?


text: Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised the Chinese rescue effort as "swift and very efficient" in Beijing on Tuesday. But he added the scale of the disaster was such that "we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs". The Economist noted that China reacted to the disaster "rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness", contrasting it with Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake.

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

text: Francis

text: Marcus

text: of

text: the

text: International

text: Federation

text: of

text: the

text: Red

text: Cross

text: praised

text: the

text: Chinese

text: rescue

text: effort

text: as

text: swift

text: and

text: very

text: efficient

text: in

text: Beijing

text: on

text: Tuesday

text: But

text: he

text: added

text: the

text: scale

text: of

text: the

text: disaster

text: was

text: such

text: that

text: we

text: ca

text: n't

text: expect

text: that

text: the

text: government

text: can

text: do

text: everything

text: and

text: handle

text: every

text: aspect

text: of

text: the

text: needs

text: The

text: Economist

text: noted

text: that

text: China

text: reacted

text: to

text: the

text: disaster

text: rapidly

text: and

text: with

text: uncharacteristic

text: openness

text: contrasting

text: it

text: with

text: Burma

text: 's

text: secretive

text: response

text: to

text: Cyclone

text: Nargis

text: which

text: devastated

text: that

text: country

text: days

text: before

text: the

text: earthquake

question: What did Francis Marcus say of the Chinese relief effort?

answer: swift and very efficient

text: swift and very efficient

question: What uncharacteristic attitude did China display?

answer: openness

text: openness

question: What kind of attitude did Burma display in response to a cyclone a few days earlier?

answer: secretive

text: secretive

question: How long before the quake did Cyclone Nargis strike Burma?

answer: 10 days

text: 10 days

question: What organization did Francis Marcus represent?

answer: International Federation of the Red Cross

text: International Federation of the Red Cross


text: Patience Latting was elected Mayor of Oklahoma City in 1971, becoming the city's first female mayor. Latting was also the first woman to serve as mayor of a U.S. city with over 350,000 residents.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: Patience

text: Latting

text: was

text: elected

text: Mayor

text: of

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: in

text: becoming

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: first

text: female

text: mayor

text: Latting

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: first

text: woman

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: mayor

text: of

text: a

text: U.S.

text: city

text: with

text: over

text: residents

question: Who was the Oklahoma Cities  first female mayor?

answer: Patience Latting

text: Patience Latting

question: When was Patience Latting elected?

answer: 1971


text: Israel is served by two international airports, Ben Gurion International Airport, the country's main hub for international air travel near Tel Aviv-Yafo, Ovda Airport in the south, as well as several small domestic airports. Ben Gurion, Israel's largest airport, handled over 12.1 million passengers in 2010. On the Mediterranean coast, Haifa Port is the country's oldest and largest port, while Ashdod Port is one of the few deep water ports in the world built on the open sea. In addition to these, the smaller Port of Eilat is situated on the Red Sea, and is used mainly for trading with Far East countries.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Israel

text: is

text: served

text: by

text: two

text: international

text: airports

text: Ben

text: Gurion

text: International

text: Airport

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: main

text: hub

text: for

text: international

text: air

text: travel

text: near

text: Tel

text: Aviv

text: Yafo

text: Ovda

text: Airport

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: several

text: small

text: domestic

text: airports

text: Ben

text: Gurion

text: Israel

text: 's

text: largest

text: airport

text: handled

text: over

text: million

text: passengers

text: in

text: On

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: coast

text: Haifa

text: Port

text: is

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: oldest

text: and

text: largest

text: port

text: while

text: Ashdod

text: Port

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: deep

text: water

text: ports

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: built

text: on

text: the

text: open

text: sea

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: these

text: the

text: smaller

text: Port

text: of

text: Eilat

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: and

text: is

text: used

text: mainly

text: for

text: trading

text: with

text: Far

text: East

text: countries

question: What is the country's main hub for international air travel?

answer: Ben Gurion International Airport

text: Ben Gurion International Airport

question: What is the country's oldest and largest port?

answer: Haifa Port

text: Haifa Port

question: How many international airports are in Israel?

answer: two

text: two


text: Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war. British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system. The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers. The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain. The costs of administration were to be met by the company. The Company initially welcomed these provisions, but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances.

title: East_India_Company

title: East_India_Company

text: Hastings

text: was

text: entrusted

text: with

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: peace

text: and

text: war

text: British

text: judges

text: and

text: magistrates

text: would

text: also

text: be

text: sent

text: to

text: India

text: to

text: administer

text: the

text: legal

text: system

text: The

text: Governor

text: General

text: and

text: the

text: council

text: would

text: have

text: complete

text: legislative

text: powers

text: The

text: company

text: was

text: allowed

text: to

text: maintain

text: its

text: virtual

text: monopoly

text: over

text: trade

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: the

text: biennial

text: sum

text: and

text: was

text: obligated

text: to

text: export

text: a

text: minimum

text: quantity

text: of

text: goods

text: yearly

text: to

text: Britain

text: The

text: costs

text: of

text: administration

text: were

text: to

text: be

text: met

text: by

text: the

text: company

text: The

text: Company

text: initially

text: welcomed

text: these

text: provisions

text: but

text: the

text: annual

text: burden

text: of

text: the

text: payment

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: steady

text: decline

text: of

text: its

text: finances

question: The highest ranking persons title in British india is?

answer: The Governor General

text: The Governor General

question: in British indian a jugde had to come from where to oversee the  legal system?

answer: British

text: British

question: The highest ranking person's title in British india is?

answer: Governor General

text: Governor General

question: Did EIC have a monopoly over the governement or trade in british india

answer: trade

text: trade

question: Other then money what did it cost the EIC to have the control in trade the had in British India

answer: export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain

text: export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain

question: Who is the lowest ranking person in British India?

text: The Governor General

question: Who couldn't be trusted with the power of peace and war?

text: Hastings

question: Who were removed from India to administer the legal system?

text: British judges and magistrates

question: Who had only limited legislative powers?

text: The Governor General and the council

question: Who was eventually bankrupt due to their virtual monopoly?

text: The company


text: Universal could seldom afford its own stable of stars, and often borrowed talent from other studios, or hired freelance actors. In addition to Stewart and Dietrich, Margaret Sullavan, and Bing Crosby were two of the major names that made a couple of pictures for Universal during this period. Some stars came from radio, including Edgar Bergen, W. C. Fields, and the comedy team of Abbott and Costello (Bud Abbott and Lou Costello). Abbott and Costello's military comedy Buck Privates (1941) gave the former burlesque comedians a national and international profile.

title: Universal_Studios

title: Universal_Studios

text: Universal

text: could

text: seldom

text: afford

text: its

text: own

text: stable

text: of

text: stars

text: and

text: often

text: borrowed

text: talent

text: from

text: other

text: studios

text: or

text: hired

text: freelance

text: actors

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: Stewart

text: and

text: Dietrich

text: Margaret

text: Sullavan

text: and

text: Bing

text: Crosby

text: were

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: names

text: that

text: made

text: a

text: couple

text: of

text: pictures

text: for

text: Universal

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: Some

text: stars

text: came

text: from

text: radio

text: including

text: Edgar

text: Bergen

text: W.

text: C.

text: Fields

text: and

text: the

text: comedy

text: team

text: of

text: Abbott

text: and

text: Costello

text: Bud

text: Abbott

text: and

text: Lou

text: Costello

text: Abbott

text: and

text: Costello

text: 's

text: military

text: comedy

text: Buck

text: Privates

text: gave

text: the

text: former

text: burlesque

text: comedians

text: a

text: national

text: and

text: international

text: profile

question: What two performers were known as the team Abbott and Costello?

answer: Bud Abbott and Lou Costello

text: Bud Abbott and Lou Costello

question: What military comedy did Bud Abbott and Lou Costello star in?

answer: Buck Privates

text: Buck Privates

question: Along with Abbott and Costello and Edgar Bergen, what radio star appeared in Universal films?

answer: W. C. Fields

text: W. C. Fields

question: What entertainment medium did Edgar Fields and W.C. Bergen come from?

text: radio

question: What comedy came out in 1914?

text: Buck Privates

question: Who starred in the 1914 Buck Privates comedy?

text: Abbott and Costello


text: Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.

title: Multiracial_American

title: Multiracial_American

text: Laws

text: dating

text: from

text: century

text: colonial

text: America

text: defined

text: children

text: of

text: African

text: slave

text: mothers

text: as

text: taking

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: their

text: mothers

text: and

text: born

text: into

text: slavery

text: regardless

text: of

text: the

text: race

text: or

text: status

text: of

text: the

text: father

text: under

text: partus

text: sequitur

text: ventrem

text: The

text: association

text: of

text: slavery

text: with

text: a

text: race

text: led

text: to

text: slavery

text: as

text: a

text: racial

text: caste

text: But

text: most

text: families

text: of

text: free

text: people

text: of

text: color

text: formed

text: in

text: Virginia

text: before

text: the

text: American

text: Revolution

text: were

text: the

text: descendants

text: of

text: unions

text: between

text: white

text: women

text: and

text: African

text: men

text: who

text: frequently

text: worked

text: and

text: lived

text: together

text: in

text: the

text: looser

text: conditions

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: colonial

text: period

text: While

text: interracial

text: marriage

text: was

text: later

text: prohibited

text: white

text: men

text: frequently

text: took

text: sexual

text: advantage

text: of

text: slave

text: women

text: and

text: numerous

text: generations

text: of

text: multiracial

text: children

text: were

text: born

text: By

text: the

text: late

text: it

text: had

text: become

text: common

text: among

text: African

text: Americans

text: to

text: use

text: passing

text: to

text: gain

text: educational

text: opportunities

text: as

text: did

text: the

text: first

text: African

text: American

text: graduate

text: of

text: Vassar

text: College

text: Anita

text: Florence

text: Hemmings

text: Some

text: century

text: categorization

text: schemes

text: defined

text: people

text: by

text: proportion

text: of

text: African

text: ancestry

text: a

text: person

text: whose

text: parents

text: were

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: was

text: classified

text: as

text: mulatto

text: with

text: one

text: black

text: grandparent

text: and

text: three

text: white

text: as

text: quadroon

text: and

text: with

text: one

text: black

text: great

text: grandparent

text: and

text: the

text: remainder

text: white

text: as

text: octoroon

text: The

text: latter

text: categories

text: remained

text: within

text: an

text: overall

text: black

text: or

text: colored

text: category

text: but

text: before

text: the

text: Civil

text: War

text: in

text: Virginia

text: and

text: some

text: other

text: states

text: a

text: person

text: of

text: one

text: eighth

text: or

text: less

text: black

text: ancestry

text: was

text: legally

text: white

text: Some

text: members

text: of

text: these

text: categories

text: passed

text: temporarily

text: or

text: permanently

text: as

text: white

question: What was the result of a child having an African mother?

answer: born into slavery

text: born into slavery

question: What is the rule that allows children with white fathers to be slaves?

answer: partus sequitur ventrem

text: partus sequitur ventrem

question: Who was the first African American to gradute from Vassar College?

answer: Anita Florence Hemmings

text: Anita Florence Hemmings

question: What makes a person mulatto?

answer: parents were black and white

text: parents were black and white

question: What does a person have to have to be an octoroon?

answer: one black great-grandparent and the remainder white

text: one black great-grandparent and the remainder white

question: What did laws from the 16th century define children of African slave mothers as?

text: taking the status of their mothers

question: Who was not born into slavery?

text: children of African slave mothers

question: Who were free people of color in New York descended from?

text: white women and African men

question: Who took advantage of slave men?

text: white men

question: What did African Americans not use passing to do?

text: gain educational opportunities


text: The geologic record of the Proterozoic (2,500 to 541 million years ago) is more complete than that for the preceding Archean. In contrast to the deep-water deposits of the Archean, the Proterozoic features many strata that were laid down in extensive shallow epicontinental seas; furthermore, many of these rocks are less metamorphosed than Archean-age ones, and plenty are unaltered. Study of these rocks show that the eon featured massive, rapid continental accretion (unique to the Proterozoic), supercontinent cycles, and wholly modern orogenic activity. Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest-known supercontinent Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia, 600–540 Ma.

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

text: The

text: geologic

text: record

text: of

text: the

text: Proterozoic

text: to

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: is

text: more

text: complete

text: than

text: that

text: for

text: the

text: preceding

text: Archean

text: In

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: deep

text: water

text: deposits

text: of

text: the

text: Archean

text: the

text: Proterozoic

text: features

text: many

text: strata

text: that

text: were

text: laid

text: down

text: in

text: extensive

text: shallow

text: epicontinental

text: seas

text: furthermore

text: many

text: of

text: these

text: rocks

text: are

text: less

text: metamorphosed

text: than

text: Archean

text: age

text: ones

text: and

text: plenty

text: are

text: unaltered

text: Study

text: of

text: these

text: rocks

text: show

text: that

text: the

text: eon

text: featured

text: massive

text: rapid

text: continental

text: accretion

text: unique

text: to

text: the

text: Proterozoic

text: supercontinent

text: cycles

text: and

text: wholly

text: modern

text: orogenic

text: activity

text: Roughly

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: the

text: earliest

text: known

text: supercontinent

text: Rodinia

text: began

text: to

text: break

text: apart

text: The

text: continents

text: later

text: recombined

text: to

text: form

text: Pannotia

text: Ma

question: During what time period did the Proterozoic era occur?

answer: 2,500 to 541 million years ago

text: 2,500 to 541 million years ago

question: What era came before the Proterozoic era?

answer: Archean

text: Archean

question: In what type of sea did typical Proterozoic geology come to be?

answer: shallow epicontinental seas

text: shallow epicontinental seas

question: What type of continental behavior was unique to the Proterozoic?

answer: rapid continental accretion

text: rapid continental accretion

question: What is the name for the large super continent that broke apart 750 million years ago?

answer: Rodinia

text: Rodinia

question: What period has a more complete geological record than the Proterozoic?

text: Archean

question: what was layed down in deep seas during the Proterozoic period?

text: deposits

question: What was made in shallow seas during the Archean period?

text: strata

question: What type of continental behavior was a unique to the Archean period?

text: rapid continental accretion

question: What broke apart 750 million years ago and was called Pannotia?

text: supercontinent


text: During this period Boston flourished culturally as well, admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage, with members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins—coming to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: Boston

text: flourished

text: culturally

text: as

text: well

text: admired

text: for

text: its

text: rarefied

text: literary

text: life

text: and

text: generous

text: artistic

text: patronage

text: with

text: members

text: of

text: old

text: Boston

text: families

text: eventually

text: dubbed

text: Boston

text: Brahmins

text: coming

text: to

text: be

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: social

text: and

text: cultural

text: elites

question: What was the name given to old Boston families?

answer: Boston Brahmins

text: Boston Brahmins

question: Who came to be known as the nation's social elites?

answer: Boston Brahmins

text: Boston Brahmins

question: Boston was admired for what kind of life?

answer: literary life

text: literary life

question: Boston improved culturally because of its generous what?

answer: artistic patronage

text: artistic patronage


text: Several commentators have suggested that if the liquidity crisis continues, an extended recession or worse could occur. The continuing development of the crisis has prompted fears of a global economic collapse although there are now many cautiously optimistic forecasters in addition to some prominent sources who remain negative. The financial crisis is likely to yield the biggest banking shakeout since the savings-and-loan meltdown. Investment bank UBS stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a clear global recession, with recovery unlikely for at least two years. Three days later UBS economists announced that the "beginning of the end" of the crisis had begun, with the world starting to make the necessary actions to fix the crisis: capital injection by governments; injection made systemically; interest rate cuts to help borrowers. The United Kingdom had started systemic injection, and the world's central banks were now cutting interest rates. UBS emphasized the United States needed to implement systemic injection. UBS further emphasized that this fixes only the financial crisis, but that in economic terms "the worst is still to come". UBS quantified their expected recession durations on October 16: the Eurozone's would last two quarters, the United States' would last three quarters, and the United Kingdom's would last four quarters. The economic crisis in Iceland involved all three of the country's major banks. Relative to the size of its economy, Iceland’s banking collapse is the largest suffered by any country in economic history.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: Several

text: commentators

text: have

text: suggested

text: that

text: if

text: the

text: liquidity

text: crisis

text: continues

text: an

text: extended

text: recession

text: or

text: worse

text: could

text: occur

text: The

text: continuing

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: crisis

text: has

text: prompted

text: fears

text: of

text: a

text: global

text: economic

text: collapse

text: although

text: there

text: are

text: now

text: many

text: cautiously

text: optimistic

text: forecasters

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: some

text: prominent

text: sources

text: who

text: remain

text: negative

text: The

text: financial

text: crisis

text: is

text: likely

text: to

text: yield

text: the

text: biggest

text: banking

text: shakeout

text: since

text: the

text: savings

text: and

text: loan

text: meltdown

text: Investment

text: bank

text: UBS

text: stated

text: on

text: October

text: that

text: would

text: see

text: a

text: clear

text: global

text: recession

text: with

text: recovery

text: unlikely

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: two

text: years

text: Three

text: days

text: later

text: UBS

text: economists

text: announced

text: that

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: crisis

text: had

text: begun

text: with

text: the

text: world

text: starting

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: necessary

text: actions

text: to

text: fix

text: the

text: crisis

text: capital

text: injection

text: by

text: governments

text: injection

text: made

text: systemically

text: interest

text: rate

text: cuts

text: to

text: help

text: borrowers

text: The

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: had

text: started

text: systemic

text: injection

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: central

text: banks

text: were

text: now

text: cutting

text: interest

text: rates

text: UBS

text: emphasized

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: needed

text: to

text: implement

text: systemic

text: injection

text: UBS

text: further

text: emphasized

text: that

text: this

text: fixes

text: only

text: the

text: financial

text: crisis

text: but

text: that

text: in

text: economic

text: terms

text: the

text: worst

text: is

text: still

text: to

text: come

text: UBS

text: quantified

text: their

text: expected

text: recession

text: durations

text: on

text: October

text: the

text: Eurozone

text: 's

text: would

text: last

text: two

text: quarters

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: would

text: last

text: three

text: quarters

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: 's

text: would

text: last

text: four

text: quarters

text: The

text: economic

text: crisis

text: in

text: Iceland

text: involved

text: all

text: three

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: major

text: banks

text: Relative

text: to

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: its

text: economy

text: Iceland

text: ’s

text: banking

text: collapse

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: suffered

text: by

text: any

text: country

text: in

text: economic

text: history

question: In 2008, what type collapse was feared?

answer: global economic collapse

text: global economic collapse

question: What investment bank stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a global recession lasting for at least two years?

answer: UBS

text: UBS

question: On October 16, 2008, how long did UBS predict the United States' recession would last?

answer: three quarters

text: three quarters

question: Relative to the size of its economy, what country's banking collapse was the largest experienced by any country in economic history?

answer: Iceland

text: Iceland

question: What was one of the actions taken by government to fix the financial crisis?

answer: capital injection

text: capital injection


text: The Quran most likely existed in scattered written form during Muhammad's lifetime. Several sources indicate that during Muhammad's lifetime a large number of his companions had memorized the revelations. Early commentaries and Islamic historical sources support the above-mentioned understanding of the Quran's early development. The Quran in its present form is generally considered by academic scholars to record the words spoken by Muhammad because the search for variants has not yielded any differences of great significance.[page needed] University of Chicago professor Fred Donner states that "...there was a very early attempt to establish a uniform consonantal text of the Qurʾān from what was probably a wider and more varied group of related texts in early transmission. [...] After the creation of this standardized canonical text, earlier authoritative texts were suppressed, and all extant manuscripts—despite their numerous variants—seem to date to a time after this standard consonantal text was established." Although most variant readings of the text of the Quran have ceased to be transmitted, some still are. There has been no critical text produced on which a scholarly reconstruction of the Quranic text could be based. Historically, controversy over the Quran's content has rarely become an issue, although debates continue on the subject.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: The

text: Quran

text: most

text: likely

text: existed

text: in

text: scattered

text: written

text: form

text: during

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: lifetime

text: Several

text: sources

text: indicate

text: that

text: during

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: lifetime

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: his

text: companions

text: had

text: memorized

text: the

text: revelations

text: Early

text: commentaries

text: and

text: Islamic

text: historical

text: sources

text: support

text: the

text: above

text: mentioned

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: 's

text: early

text: development

text: The

text: Quran

text: in

text: its

text: present

text: form

text: is

text: generally

text: considered

text: by

text: academic

text: scholars

text: to

text: record

text: the

text: words

text: spoken

text: by

text: Muhammad

text: because

text: the

text: search

text: for

text: variants

text: has

text: not

text: yielded

text: any

text: differences

text: of

text: great

text: significance.[page

text: needed

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: professor

text: Fred

text: Donner

text: states

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: very

text: early

text: attempt

text: to

text: establish

text: a

text: uniform

text: consonantal

text: text

text: of

text: the

text: Qurʾān

text: from

text: what

text: was

text: probably

text: a

text: wider

text: and

text: more

text: varied

text: group

text: of

text: related

text: texts

text: in

text: early

text: transmission

text: After

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: this

text: standardized

text: canonical

text: text

text: earlier

text: authoritative

text: texts

text: were

text: suppressed

text: and

text: all

text: extant

text: manuscripts

text: despite

text: their

text: numerous

text: variants

text: seem

text: to

text: date

text: to

text: a

text: time

text: after

text: this

text: standard

text: consonantal

text: text

text: was

text: established

text: Although

text: most

text: variant

text: readings

text: of

text: the

text: text

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: have

text: ceased

text: to

text: be

text: transmitted

text: some

text: still

text: are

text: There

text: has

text: been

text: no

text: critical

text: text

text: produced

text: on

text: which

text: a

text: scholarly

text: reconstruction

text: of

text: the

text: Quranic

text: text

text: could

text: be

text: based

text: Historically

text: controversy

text: over

text: the

text: Quran

text: 's

text: content

text: has

text: rarely

text: become

text: an

text: issue

text: although

text: debates

text: continue

text: on

text: the

text: subject

question: Who had begun memorizing Muhammad's revelations in his lifetime?

answer: his companions

text: his companions

question: What was done to the Quranic text early in its history leaving few markedly different variants?

answer: standardized

text: standardized

question: Which which university is Fred Donner affiliated?

answer: University of Chicago

text: University of Chicago

question: The Quran is widely accepted by historians to contain a relatively accurate record of whose words?

answer: Muhammad

text: Muhammad

question: Who had begun forgetting Muhammad's revelations in his lifetime?

text: his companions

question: What was done to the Quranic text late in its history leaving few markedly different variants?

text: standardized

question: What was done to the Quranic text early in its history leaving few markedly same variants?

text: standardized

question: Which which university isn't Fred Donner affiliated?

text: University of Chicago

question: The Quran is widely rejected by historians to contain a relatively accurate record of whose words?

text: Muhammad


text: In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-products of adaptive changes to other features, and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown, as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects. Much of the chapter responds to George Jackson Mivart's criticisms, including his claim that features such as baleen filters in whales, flatfish with both eyes on one side and the camouflage of stick insects could not have evolved through natural selection because intermediate stages would not have been adaptive. Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature.

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: In

text: the

text: sixth

text: edition

text: Darwin

text: inserted

text: a

text: new

text: chapter

text: VII

text: renumbering

text: the

text: subsequent

text: chapters

text: to

text: respond

text: to

text: criticisms

text: of

text: earlier

text: editions

text: including

text: the

text: objection

text: that

text: many

text: features

text: of

text: organisms

text: were

text: not

text: adaptive

text: and

text: could

text: not

text: have

text: been

text: produced

text: by

text: natural

text: selection

text: He

text: said

text: some

text: such

text: features

text: could

text: have

text: been

text: by

text: products

text: of

text: adaptive

text: changes

text: to

text: other

text: features

text: and

text: that

text: often

text: features

text: seemed

text: non

text: adaptive

text: because

text: their

text: function

text: was

text: unknown

text: as

text: shown

text: by

text: his

text: book

text: on

text: Fertilisation

text: of

text: Orchids

text: that

text: explained

text: how

text: their

text: elaborate

text: structures

text: facilitated

text: pollination

text: by

text: insects

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: chapter

text: responds

text: to

text: George

text: Jackson

text: Mivart

text: 's

text: criticisms

text: including

text: his

text: claim

text: that

text: features

text: such

text: as

text: baleen

text: filters

text: in

text: whales

text: flatfish

text: with

text: both

text: eyes

text: on

text: one

text: side

text: and

text: the

text: camouflage

text: of

text: stick

text: insects

text: could

text: not

text: have

text: evolved

text: through

text: natural

text: selection

text: because

text: intermediate

text: stages

text: would

text: not

text: have

text: been

text: adaptive

text: Darwin

text: proposed

text: scenarios

text: for

text: the

text: incremental

text: evolution

text: of

text: each

text: feature

question: Why did Darwin introduce a new chapter in On the Origin of Species in the sixth edition?

answer: to respond to criticisms of earlier editions

text: to respond to criticisms of earlier editions

question: What was one of the objections that Darwin addressed in his new chapter in On the Origin of Species?

answer: that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection

text: that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection

question: Which of Darwin's books featured a plant whose elaborate structure aided with fertilization by insects?

answer: Fertilisation of Orchids

text: Fertilisation of Orchids

question: Which scientist was addressed the most often in the new chapter of On the Origin of Species?

answer: George Jackson Mivart

text: George Jackson Mivart

question: What was Darwin's response to the claims that certain animals could not have evolved through natural selection?

answer: Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature.

text: Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature.


text: This Main Building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in April 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. The university founder, Fr. Sorin and the president at the time, the Rev. William Corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire University. Construction was started on the 17th of May and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. The library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building for years afterwards. Around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. Eventually becoming known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall (today LaFortune Student Center) was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: This

text: Main

text: Building

text: and

text: the

text: library

text: collection

text: was

text: entirely

text: destroyed

text: by

text: a

text: fire

text: in

text: April

text: and

text: the

text: school

text: closed

text: immediately

text: and

text: students

text: were

text: sent

text: home

text: The

text: university

text: founder

text: Fr

text: Sorin

text: and

text: the

text: president

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: the

text: Rev.

text: William

text: Corby

text: immediately

text: planned

text: for

text: the

text: rebuilding

text: of

text: the

text: structure

text: that

text: had

text: housed

text: virtually

text: the

text: entire

text: University

text: Construction

text: was

text: started

text: on

text: the

text: of

text: May

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: incredible

text: zeal

text: of

text: administrator

text: and

text: workers

text: the

text: building

text: was

text: completed

text: before

text: the

text: fall

text: semester

text: of

text: The

text: library

text: collection

text: was

text: also

text: rebuilt

text: and

text: stayed

text: housed

text: in

text: the

text: new

text: Main

text: Building

text: for

text: years

text: afterwards

text: Around

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: fire

text: a

text: music

text: hall

text: was

text: opened

text: Eventually

text: becoming

text: known

text: as

text: Washington

text: Hall

text: it

text: hosted

text: plays

text: and

text: musical

text: acts

text: put

text: on

text: by

text: the

text: school

text: By

text: a

text: science

text: program

text: was

text: established

text: at

text: the

text: university

text: and

text: a

text: Science

text: Hall

text: today

text: LaFortune

text: Student

text: Center

text: was

text: built

text: in

text: The

text: hall

text: housed

text: multiple

text: classrooms

text: and

text: science

text: labs

text: needed

text: for

text: early

text: research

text: at

text: the

text: university

question: In what year was the Main Building at Notre Dame razed in a fire?

answer: 1879

question: Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1879?

answer: Rev. William Corby

text: Rev. William Corby

question: On what date was the rebuilding of The Main Building begun at Notre Dame after the fire that claimed the previous?

answer: 17th of May

text: 17th of May

question: What was the music hall at Notre Dame called?

answer: Washington Hall

text: Washington Hall

question: What did the Science Hall at Notre Dame come to be known as?

answer: LaFortune Student Center

text: LaFortune Student Center


text: A virtual ISP (VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a wholesale ISP in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble mobile virtual network operators and competitive local exchange carriers for voice communications.

title: Internet_service_provider

title: Internet_service_provider

text: A

text: virtual

text: ISP

text: VISP

text: is

text: an

text: operation

text: that

text: purchases

text: services

text: from

text: another

text: ISP

text: sometimes

text: called

text: a

text: wholesale

text: ISP

text: in

text: this

text: context

text: which

text: allow

text: the

text: VISP

text: 's

text: customers

text: to

text: access

text: the

text: Internet

text: using

text: services

text: and

text: infrastructure

text: owned

text: and

text: operated

text: by

text: the

text: wholesale

text: ISP

text: VISPs

text: resemble

text: mobile

text: virtual

text: network

text: operators

text: and

text: competitive

text: local

text: exchange

text: carriers

text: for

text: voice

text: communications

question: What is a VISP?

answer: virtual ISP

text: virtual ISP

question: What do VISPs resemble?

answer: mobile virtual network operators

text: mobile virtual network operators

question: What do visps purchase services from?

answer: a wholesale ISP

text: a wholesale ISP

question: Who does an ISP purchase services from?

text: A virtual ISP

question: Who do wholesale ISP purchased services from?

text: VISP

question: What do virtual network operators resemble?

text: VISPs

question: How do VISP's customers access the Internet?


text: Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures.

title: Lighting

title: Lighting

text: Street

text: Lights

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: light

text: roadways

text: and

text: walkways

text: at

text: night

text: Some

text: manufacturers

text: are

text: designing

text: LED

text: and

text: photovoltaic

text: luminaires

text: to

text: provide

text: an

text: energy

text: efficient

text: alternative

text: to

text: traditional

text: street

text: light

text: fixtures

question: What is used to light walkways at night?

answer: Street Lights

text: Street Lights

question: What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency?

answer: photovoltaic luminaires

text: photovoltaic luminaires


text: In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus.

title: Wayback_Machine

title: Wayback_Machine

text: In

text: the

text: Internet

text: Archive

text: migrated

text: its

text: customized

text: storage

text: architecture

text: to

text: Sun

text: Open

text: Storage

text: and

text: hosts

text: a

text: new

text: data

text: center

text: in

text: a

text: Sun

text: Modular

text: Datacenter

text: on

text: Sun

text: Microsystems

text: California

text: campus

question: When did Internet Archive chance its platform for data storage?

answer: 2009

question: Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009?

answer: Sun Open Storage

text: Sun Open Storage

question: Where does Internet archive run a datacenter?

answer: Sun Microsystems' California campus

text: Sun Microsystems' California campus

question: When did Internet Archive chance its platform for California?

question: Which campus did Internet Archive adopt 2009?

text: Sun Open Storage,

question: Where does Internet archive run a sun storage center?

text: Sun Microsystems' California campus

question: When did the Internet Archive leave California?

question: What state is home to the first data center?

text: California


text: A related phenomenon called "abmigration" involves birds from one region joining similar birds from a different breeding region in the common winter grounds and then migrating back along with the new population. This is especially common in some waterfowl, which shift from one flyway to another.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: A

text: related

text: phenomenon

text: called

text: abmigration

text: involves

text: birds

text: from

text: one

text: region

text: joining

text: similar

text: birds

text: from

text: a

text: different

text: breeding

text: region

text: in

text: the

text: common

text: winter

text: grounds

text: and

text: then

text: migrating

text: back

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: new

text: population

text: This

text: is

text: especially

text: common

text: in

text: some

text: waterfowl

text: which

text: shift

text: from

text: one

text: flyway

text: to

text: another

question: What is it called when birds from one region join birds from a different region?

answer: abmigration

text: abmigration

question: What kind of bird is most likely to abmigrate?

answer: waterfowl

text: waterfowl

question: Who do abmigrating birds return with?

answer: the new population

text: the new population


text: The Chalukya Empire (Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು [tʃaːɭukjə]) was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties. The earliest dynasty, known as the "Badami Chalukyas", ruled from Vatapi (modern Badami) from the middle of the 6th century. The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the Kadamba kingdom of Banavasi and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of Pulakeshin II. The rule of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of South India and a golden age in the history of Karnataka. The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the ascendancy of Badami Chalukyas. A Southern India-based kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the Kaveri and the Narmada rivers. The rise of this empire saw the birth of efficient administration, overseas trade and commerce and the development of new style of architecture called "Chalukyan architecture". The Chalukya dynasty ruled parts of southern and central India from Badami in Karnataka between 550 and 750, and then again from Kalyani between 970 and 1190.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: The

text: Chalukya

text: Empire

text: Kannada

text: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು

text: tʃaːɭukjə

text: was

text: an

text: Indian

text: royal

text: dynasty

text: that

text: ruled

text: large

text: parts

text: of

text: southern

text: and

text: central

text: India

text: between

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: centuries

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: they

text: ruled

text: as

text: three

text: related

text: yet

text: individual

text: dynasties

text: The

text: earliest

text: dynasty

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Badami

text: Chalukyas

text: ruled

text: from

text: Vatapi

text: modern

text: Badami

text: from

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: Badami

text: Chalukyas

text: began

text: to

text: assert

text: their

text: independence

text: at

text: the

text: decline

text: of

text: the

text: Kadamba

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Banavasi

text: and

text: rapidly

text: rose

text: to

text: prominence

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Pulakeshin

text: II

text: The

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: Chalukyas

text: marks

text: an

text: important

text: milestone

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: South

text: India

text: and

text: a

text: golden

text: age

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Karnataka

text: The

text: political

text: atmosphere

text: in

text: South

text: India

text: shifted

text: from

text: smaller

text: kingdoms

text: to

text: large

text: empires

text: with

text: the

text: ascendancy

text: of

text: Badami

text: Chalukyas

text: A

text: Southern

text: India

text: based

text: kingdom

text: took

text: control

text: and

text: consolidated

text: the

text: entire

text: region

text: between

text: the

text: Kaveri

text: and

text: the

text: Narmada

text: rivers

text: The

text: rise

text: of

text: this

text: empire

text: saw

text: the

text: birth

text: of

text: efficient

text: administration

text: overseas

text: trade

text: and

text: commerce

text: and

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: new

text: style

text: of

text: architecture

text: called

text: Chalukyan

text: architecture

text: The

text: Chalukya

text: dynasty

text: ruled

text: parts

text: of

text: southern

text: and

text: central

text: India

text: from

text: Badami

text: in

text: Karnataka

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: then

text: again

text: from

text: Kalyani

text: between

text: and

question: When did the Chalukya Empire rule?

answer: 6th and the 12th centuries

text: 6th and the 12th centuries

question: What portion of India did the Chalukya Empire rule?

answer: southern and central

text: southern and central

question: What style of architecture developed during the Chaluka reigns?

answer: Chalukyan architecture

text: Chalukyan architecture

question: When did the Chalukyans rule from Badami?

answer: 550 and 750

text: 550 and 750

question: When was the second reign of Chalukyans?

answer: 970 and 1190

text: 970 and 1190


text: In 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison), allowed power from electric motors to be returned to the electric grid, provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole, and provided controls systems for electric operations. This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887–88 in Richmond VA, the electric elevator and control system in 1892, and the electric subway with independently powered centrally controlled cars, which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the "L". Sprague's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry, while almost simultaneously another great inventor was developing its primary competitor, which would become much more widespread. The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap between rotor and stator. Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap. [a] The St. Louis motor, long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles, is extremely inefficient for the same reason, as well as appearing nothing like a modern motor.

title: Electric_motor

title: Electric_motor

text: In

text: Frank

text: Julian

text: Sprague

text: invented

text: the

text: first

text: practical

text: DC

text: motor

text: a

text: non

text: sparking

text: motor

text: that

text: maintained

text: relatively

text: constant

text: speed

text: under

text: variable

text: loads

text: Other

text: Sprague

text: electric

text: inventions

text: about

text: this

text: time

text: greatly

text: improved

text: grid

text: electric

text: distribution

text: prior

text: work

text: done

text: while

text: employed

text: by

text: Thomas

text: Edison

text: allowed

text: power

text: from

text: electric

text: motors

text: to

text: be

text: returned

text: to

text: the

text: electric

text: grid

text: provided

text: for

text: electric

text: distribution

text: to

text: trolleys

text: via

text: overhead

text: wires

text: and

text: the

text: trolley

text: pole

text: and

text: provided

text: controls

text: systems

text: for

text: electric

text: operations

text: This

text: allowed

text: Sprague

text: to

text: use

text: electric

text: motors

text: to

text: invent

text: the

text: first

text: electric

text: trolley

text: system

text: in

text: in

text: Richmond

text: VA

text: the

text: electric

text: elevator

text: and

text: control

text: system

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: electric

text: subway

text: with

text: independently

text: powered

text: centrally

text: controlled

text: cars

text: which

text: were

text: first

text: installed

text: in

text: in

text: Chicago

text: by

text: the

text: South

text: Side

text: Elevated

text: Railway

text: where

text: it

text: became

text: popularly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: L

text: Sprague

text: 's

text: motor

text: and

text: related

text: inventions

text: led

text: to

text: an

text: explosion

text: of

text: interest

text: and

text: use

text: in

text: electric

text: motors

text: for

text: industry

text: while

text: almost

text: simultaneously

text: another

text: great

text: inventor

text: was

text: developing

text: its

text: primary

text: competitor

text: which

text: would

text: become

text: much

text: more

text: widespread

text: The

text: development

text: of

text: electric

text: motors

text: of

text: acceptable

text: efficiency

text: was

text: delayed

text: for

text: several

text: decades

text: by

text: failure

text: to

text: recognize

text: the

text: extreme

text: importance

text: of

text: a

text: relatively

text: small

text: air

text: gap

text: between

text: rotor

text: and

text: stator

text: Efficient

text: designs

text: have

text: a

text: comparatively

text: small

text: air

text: gap

text: a

text: The

text: St.

text: Louis

text: motor

text: long

text: used

text: in

text: classrooms

text: to

text: illustrate

text: motor

text: principles

text: is

text: extremely

text: inefficient

text: for

text: the

text: same

text: reason

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: appearing

text: nothing

text: like

text: a

text: modern

text: motor

question: What needs to exist between the rotor and stator for increased efficiency?

answer: small air gap

text: small air gap

question: Which inventor created the first useful DC motor?

answer: Frank Julian Sprague

text: Frank Julian Sprague

question: What was the transportation advancement made possible by Sprague's designs?

answer: electric trolley system

text: electric trolley system

question: What was the name of Chicago's first electric trolley system?

answer: South Side Elevated Railway

text: South Side Elevated Railway

question: Who did Sprague work for early in his career?

answer: Thomas Edison

text: Thomas Edison

question: What can't exist between the rotor and stator for increased efficiency?

text: small air gap

question: Which inventor created the first useful DC motor?

text: Frank Julian Sprague

question: What was the transportation advancement made impossible by Sprague's designs?

text: electric trolley system

question: What was the name of Chicago's last electric trolley system?

text: South Side Elevated Railway

question: Who did Sprague not work for early in his career?

text: Thomas Edison