text: Tennis player Marcos Baghdatis was ranked 8th in the world, was a finalist at the Australian Open, and reached the Wimbledon semi-final, all in 2006. High jumper Kyriakos Ioannou achieved a jump of 2.35 m at the 11th IAAF World Championships in Athletics in Osaka, Japan, in 2007, winning the bronze medal. He has been ranked third in the world. In motorsports, Tio Ellinas is a successful race car driver, currently racing in the GP3 Series for Marussia Manor Motorsport. There is also mixed martial artist Costas Philippou, who competes in the Ultimate Fighting Championship promotion's middleweight division. Costas holds a 6-3 record in UFC bouts, and recently defeated "The Monsoon" Lorenz Larkin with a Knockout in the 1st round.

title: Cyprus

title: Cyprus

text: Tennis

text: player

text: Marcos

text: Baghdatis

text: was

text: ranked

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: was

text: a

text: finalist

text: at

text: the

text: Australian

text: Open

text: and

text: reached

text: the

text: Wimbledon

text: semi

text: final

text: all

text: in

text: High

text: jumper

text: Kyriakos

text: Ioannou

text: achieved

text: a

text: jump

text: of

text: m

text: at

text: the

text: IAAF

text: World

text: Championships

text: in

text: Athletics

text: in

text: Osaka

text: Japan

text: in

text: winning

text: the

text: bronze

text: medal

text: He

text: has

text: been

text: ranked

text: third

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: motorsports

text: Tio

text: Ellinas

text: is

text: a

text: successful

text: race

text: car

text: driver

text: currently

text: racing

text: in

text: the

text: Series

text: for

text: Marussia

text: Manor

text: Motorsport

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: mixed

text: martial

text: artist

text: Costas

text: Philippou

text: who

text: competes

text: in

text: the

text: Ultimate

text: Fighting

text: Championship

text: promotion

text: 's

text: middleweight

text: division

text: Costas

text: holds

text: a

text: record

text: in

text: UFC

text: bouts

text: and

text: recently

text: defeated

text: The

text: Monsoon

text: Lorenz

text: Larkin

text: with

text: a

text: Knockout

text: in

text: the

text: round

question: Which Cypriot tennis player ranked 8th in the world?

answer: Marcos Baghdatis

text: Marcos Baghdatis

question: How high did Kyriakos Ioannou jump in Osaka in 2007?

answer: 2.35 m

text: 2.35 m

question: What organization does Costas Philippou participate in?

answer: Ultimate Fighting Championship

text: Ultimate Fighting Championship

question: Where does Tio Ellinas race?

answer: GP3 Series for Marussia Manor Motorsport

text: GP3 Series for Marussia Manor Motorsport


text: Kathmandu is located in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River and covers an area of 50.67 km2 (19.56 sq mi). The average elevation is 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level. The city is directly bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley: south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (Patan) with which it today forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road, to the southwest by Kirtipur Municipality and to the east by Madyapur Thimi Municipality. To the north the urban area extends into several Village Development Committees. However, the urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighboring municipalities, e. g. to Bhaktapur and just about covers the entire Kathmandu valley.

title: Kathmandu

title: Kathmandu

text: Kathmandu

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: northwestern

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Kathmandu

text: Valley

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Bagmati

text: River

text: and

text: covers

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: sq

text: mi

text: The

text: average

text: elevation

text: is

text: metres

text: ft

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: directly

text: bounded

text: by

text: several

text: other

text: municipalities

text: of

text: the

text: Kathmandu

text: valley

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Bagmati

text: by

text: Lalitpur

text: Sub

text: Metropolitan

text: City

text: Patan

text: with

text: which

text: it

text: today

text: forms

text: one

text: urban

text: area

text: surrounded

text: by

text: a

text: ring

text: road

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: by

text: Kirtipur

text: Municipality

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Madyapur

text: Thimi

text: Municipality

text: To

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: urban

text: area

text: extends

text: into

text: several

text: Village

text: Development

text: Committees

text: However

text: the

text: urban

text: agglomeration

text: extends

text: well

text: beyond

text: the

text: neighboring

text: municipalities

text: e.

text: g.

text: to

text: Bhaktapur

text: and

text: just

text: about

text: covers

text: the

text: entire

text: Kathmandu

text: valley

question: What river is south of Kathmandu?

answer: Bagmati

text: Bagmati

question: What geographic portion of the Kathmandu Valley houses Kathmandu?

answer: northwestern

text: northwestern

question: About how many feet above sea level is Kathmandu?

answer: 4,600

question: How large is Kathmandu in terms of square miles?

answer: 19.56

question: Where does the Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City stand in relation to the Bagmati River?

answer: south

text: south


text: There are three ways an existing treaty can be amended. First, formal amendment requires State parties to the treaty to go through the ratification process all over again. The re-negotiation of treaty provisions can be long and protracted, and often some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty. When determining the legal obligations of states, one party to the original treaty and one a party to the amended treaty, the states will only be bound by the terms they both agreed upon. Treaties can also be amended informally by the treaty executive council when the changes are only procedural, technical change in customary international law can also amend a treaty, where state behavior evinces a new interpretation of the legal obligations under the treaty. Minor corrections to a treaty may be adopted by a procès-verbal; but a procès-verbal is generally reserved for changes to rectify obvious errors in the text adopted, i.e. where the text adopted does not correctly reflect the intention of the parties adopting it.

title: Treaty

title: Treaty

text: There

text: are

text: three

text: ways

text: an

text: existing

text: treaty

text: can

text: be

text: amended

text: First

text: formal

text: amendment

text: requires

text: State

text: parties

text: to

text: the

text: treaty

text: to

text: go

text: through

text: the

text: ratification

text: process

text: all

text: over

text: again

text: The

text: re

text: negotiation

text: of

text: treaty

text: provisions

text: can

text: be

text: long

text: and

text: protracted

text: and

text: often

text: some

text: parties

text: to

text: the

text: original

text: treaty

text: will

text: not

text: become

text: parties

text: to

text: the

text: amended

text: treaty

text: When

text: determining

text: the

text: legal

text: obligations

text: of

text: states

text: one

text: party

text: to

text: the

text: original

text: treaty

text: and

text: one

text: a

text: party

text: to

text: the

text: amended

text: treaty

text: the

text: states

text: will

text: only

text: be

text: bound

text: by

text: the

text: terms

text: they

text: both

text: agreed

text: upon

text: Treaties

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: amended

text: informally

text: by

text: the

text: treaty

text: executive

text: council

text: when

text: the

text: changes

text: are

text: only

text: procedural

text: technical

text: change

text: in

text: customary

text: international

text: law

text: can

text: also

text: amend

text: a

text: treaty

text: where

text: state

text: behavior

text: evinces

text: a

text: new

text: interpretation

text: of

text: the

text: legal

text: obligations

text: under

text: the

text: treaty

text: Minor

text: corrections

text: to

text: a

text: treaty

text: may

text: be

text: adopted

text: by

text: a

text: procès

text: verbal

text: but

text: a

text: procès

text: verbal

text: is

text: generally

text: reserved

text: for

text: changes

text: to

text: rectify

text: obvious

text: errors

text: in

text: the

text: text

text: adopted

text: i.e.

text: where

text: the

text: text

text: adopted

text: does

text: not

text: correctly

text: reflect

text: the

text: intention

text: of

text: the

text: parties

text: adopting

text: it

question: How many ways are there to amend an existing treaty?

answer: three

text: three

question: What must state parties to a treaty repeat to adopt a formal amendment to the treaty?

answer: the ratification process

text: the ratification process

question: What amendment process is generally reserved for changes that rectify obvious errors in the text?

answer: a procès-verbal

text: a procès-verbal

question: Parties to an original treaty and an amended treaty are bound to what terms?

answer: the terms they both agreed upon

text: the terms they both agreed upon

question: In addition to the often long and protracted nature of treaty renegotiation, what negative outcome might result from the process?

answer: some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty

text: some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty


text: During the Cenozoic era, specifically about 25 million years ago during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new niche for mammals, including many ungulates and glires, that switched from browsing diets to grazing diets. Traditionally, the spread of grasslands and the development of grazers have been strongly linked. However, an examination of mammalian teeth suggests that it is the open, gritty habitat and not the grass itself which is linked to diet changes in mammals, giving rise to the "grit, not grass" hypothesis.

title: Great_Plains

title: Great_Plains

text: During

text: the

text: Cenozoic

text: era

text: specifically

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: during

text: the

text: Miocene

text: and

text: Pliocene

text: epochs

text: the

text: continental

text: climate

text: became

text: favorable

text: to

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: grasslands

text: Existing

text: forest

text: biomes

text: declined

text: and

text: grasslands

text: became

text: much

text: more

text: widespread

text: The

text: grasslands

text: provided

text: a

text: new

text: niche

text: for

text: mammals

text: including

text: many

text: ungulates

text: and

text: glires

text: that

text: switched

text: from

text: browsing

text: diets

text: to

text: grazing

text: diets

text: Traditionally

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: grasslands

text: and

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: grazers

text: have

text: been

text: strongly

text: linked

text: However

text: an

text: examination

text: of

text: mammalian

text: teeth

text: suggests

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: open

text: gritty

text: habitat

text: and

text: not

text: the

text: grass

text: itself

text: which

text: is

text: linked

text: to

text: diet

text: changes

text: in

text: mammals

text: giving

text: rise

text: to

text: the

text: grit

text: not

text: grass

text: hypothesis

question: about how long ago did the climate become favorable?

answer: about 25 million years ago

text: about 25 million years ago

question: what animals did the grasslands provide a new home for?

answer: mammals

text: mammals

question: what diet did the mammals switch to from browsing diets?

answer: grazing diets

text: grazing diets

question: the spread of grasslands and what have been strongly linked?

answer: development of grazers

text: development of grazers

question: How many years ago did the Cenozoic era start?

text: 25 million

question: In what era did ungulates start eating a browsing diet?

text: Cenozoic

question: In what era did mammals develop teeth?

text: Cenozoic

question: In what era did forest biomes start to grow?

text: Cenozoic

question: When did the Cenozoic era end?

text: 25 million years ago


text: Market strategist Phil Dow believes distinctions exist "between the current market malaise" and the Great Depression. He says the Dow Jones average's fall of more than 50% over a period of 17 months is similar to a 54.7% fall in the Great Depression, followed by a total drop of 89% over the following 16 months. "It's very troubling if you have a mirror image," said Dow. Floyd Norris, the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times, wrote in a blog entry in March 2009 that the decline has not been a mirror image of the Great Depression, explaining that although the decline amounts were nearly the same at the time, the rates of decline had started much faster in 2007, and that the past year had only ranked eighth among the worst recorded years of percentage drops in the Dow. The past two years ranked third, however.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: Market

text: strategist

text: Phil

text: Dow

text: believes

text: distinctions

text: exist

text: between

text: the

text: current

text: market

text: malaise

text: and

text: the

text: Great

text: Depression

text: He

text: says

text: the

text: Dow

text: Jones

text: average

text: 's

text: fall

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: over

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: months

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: a

text: fall

text: in

text: the

text: Great

text: Depression

text: followed

text: by

text: a

text: total

text: drop

text: of

text: over

text: the

text: following

text: months

text: It

text: 's

text: very

text: troubling

text: if

text: you

text: have

text: a

text: mirror

text: image

text: said

text: Dow

text: Floyd

text: Norris

text: the

text: chief

text: financial

text: correspondent

text: of

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: wrote

text: in

text: a

text: blog

text: entry

text: in

text: March

text: that

text: the

text: decline

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: a

text: mirror

text: image

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Depression

text: explaining

text: that

text: although

text: the

text: decline

text: amounts

text: were

text: nearly

text: the

text: same

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: the

text: rates

text: of

text: decline

text: had

text: started

text: much

text: faster

text: in

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: past

text: year

text: had

text: only

text: ranked

text: eighth

text: among

text: the

text: worst

text: recorded

text: years

text: of

text: percentage

text: drops

text: in

text: the

text: Dow

text: The

text: past

text: two

text: years

text: ranked

text: third

text: however

question: Who is the market strategist that believes distinctions exist between the current crisis and the Great Depression?

answer: Phil Dow

text: Phil Dow

question: How much did the Dow Jones average fall during a period of 17 months?

answer: 50%

question: What was the percentage the Dow Jones fell in the Great Depression?

answer: 54.7%

question: Who was the chief financial correspondent of The New York Times in March 2009?

answer: Floyd Norris

text: Floyd Norris


text: The Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment. Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euclidean geometry, group theory) and chemistry (organic chemistry). The decline of Romanticism occurred because a new movement, Positivism, began to take hold of the ideals of the intellectuals after 1840 and lasted until about 1880.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: The

text: Romantic

text: Movement

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: reshaped

text: science

text: by

text: opening

text: up

text: new

text: pursuits

text: unexpected

text: in

text: the

text: classical

text: approaches

text: of

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: Major

text: breakthroughs

text: came

text: in

text: biology

text: especially

text: in

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: theory

text: of

text: evolution

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: physics

text: electromagnetism

text: mathematics

text: non

text: Euclidean

text: geometry

text: group

text: theory

text: and

text: chemistry

text: organic

text: chemistry

text: The

text: decline

text: of

text: Romanticism

text: occurred

text: because

text: a

text: new

text: movement

text: Positivism

text: began

text: to

text: take

text: hold

text: of

text: the

text: ideals

text: of

text: the

text: intellectuals

text: after

text: and

text: lasted

text: until

text: about

question: Which movement took place during the 19th century?

answer: The Romantic Movement

text: The Romantic Movement

question: What theory did Darwin introduce?

answer: theory of evolution

text: theory of evolution

question: Which physics subject was affected by The Romantic Movement?

answer: electromagnetism

text: electromagnetism

question: What caused Romanticism to end?

answer: Positivism

text: Positivism

question: What year did Positivism end?

answer: 1880


text: A large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training in university departments named for the Near East. Similarly the journals associated with these fields of expertise include the words Near East or Near Eastern. The meaning of Near East in these numerous establishments and publications is Middle East. Expertise on the modern Middle East is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East, although often "Ancient Near East" is abbreviated to "Near East" without any implication of modern times. For example, "Near Eastern Languages" in the ancient sense includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian. In the modern sense, it is likely to mean any or all of the Arabic languages.

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: A

text: large

text: percentage

text: of

text: experts

text: on

text: the

text: modern

text: Middle

text: East

text: began

text: their

text: training

text: in

text: university

text: departments

text: named

text: for

text: the

text: Near

text: East

text: Similarly

text: the

text: journals

text: associated

text: with

text: these

text: fields

text: of

text: expertise

text: include

text: the

text: words

text: Near

text: East

text: or

text: Near

text: Eastern

text: The

text: meaning

text: of

text: Near

text: East

text: in

text: these

text: numerous

text: establishments

text: and

text: publications

text: is

text: Middle

text: East

text: Expertise

text: on

text: the

text: modern

text: Middle

text: East

text: is

text: almost

text: never

text: mixed

text: or

text: confused

text: with

text: studies

text: of

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Near

text: East

text: although

text: often

text: Ancient

text: Near

text: East

text: is

text: abbreviated

text: to

text: Near

text: East

text: without

text: any

text: implication

text: of

text: modern

text: times

text: For

text: example

text: Near

text: Eastern

text: Languages

text: in

text: the

text: ancient

text: sense

text: includes

text: such

text: languages

text: as

text: Sumerian

text: and

text: Akkadian

text: In

text: the

text: modern

text: sense

text: it

text: is

text: likely

text: to

text: mean

text: any

text: or

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: Arabic

text: languages

question: Where did a large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training?

answer: university departments named for the Near East

text: university departments named for the Near East

question: What is the meaning of Near East in numerous establishments and publications?

answer: Middle East

text: Middle East

question: What is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East?

answer: Expertise on the modern Middle East

text: Expertise on the modern Middle East

question: What includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian?

answer: Near Eastern Languages

text: Near Eastern Languages


text: The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for his or her party. The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Patrick McHenry. Within the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership. The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips, led by a Senior Chief Deputy Whip, which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus. The current senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991.

title: Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

text: The

text: Chief

text: Deputy

text: Whip

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: assistant

text: to

text: the

text: whip

text: who

text: is

text: the

text: chief

text: vote

text: counter

text: for

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: party

text: The

text: current

text: chief

text: deputy

text: majority

text: whip

text: is

text: Republican

text: Patrick

text: McHenry

text: Within

text: the

text: House

text: Republican

text: Conference

text: the

text: chief

text: deputy

text: whip

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: appointed

text: position

text: and

text: often

text: a

text: launching

text: pad

text: for

text: future

text: positions

text: in

text: the

text: House

text: Leadership

text: The

text: House

text: Democratic

text: Conference

text: has

text: multiple

text: chief

text: deputy

text: whips

text: led

text: by

text: a

text: Senior

text: Chief

text: Deputy

text: Whip

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: appointed

text: position

text: within

text: the

text: House

text: Democratic

text: Caucus

text: The

text: current

text: senior

text: chief

text: deputy

text: minority

text: whip

text: John

text: Lewis

text: has

text: held

text: his

text: post

text: since

question: Who is the chief vote counter for party?

answer: The Chief Deputy Whip

text: The Chief Deputy Whip

question: Who holds the highest appointed Republican position in House?

answer: Patrick McHenry.

text: Patrick McHenry.

question: Who is the leader of chief deputy whips in democratic conference?

answer: Senior Chief Deputy Whip

text: Senior Chief Deputy Whip

question: How long has democratic leader of whips held position?

answer: senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991

text: senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991

question: What is the House Republican Conference responsible for being?

text: vote counter

question: Who is the current Senior Chief Deputy Whip in the Republican conference?

text: Republican Patrick McHenry

question: Who is the Senior Chief Deputy Whip the assistant to?

text: the whip

question: How many chief deputy whips are in the House Republican Conference?

text: multiple

question: Since what year has Republican Patrick McHenry held his position?


text: Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust was formed on 1 October 2007 by the merger of Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust (Charing Cross Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital and Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital) and St Mary's NHS Trust (St. Mary's Hospital and Western Eye Hospital) with Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine. It is an academic health science centre and manages five hospitals: Charing Cross Hospital, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital, St Mary's Hospital, and Western Eye Hospital. The Trust is currently the largest in the UK and has an annual turnover of £800 million, treating more than a million patients a year.[citation needed]

title: Imperial_College_London

title: Imperial_College_London

text: Imperial

text: College

text: Healthcare

text: NHS

text: Trust

text: was

text: formed

text: on

text: October

text: by

text: the

text: merger

text: of

text: Hammersmith

text: Hospitals

text: NHS

text: Trust

text: Charing

text: Cross

text: Hospital

text: Hammersmith

text: Hospital

text: and

text: Queen

text: Charlotte

text: 's

text: and

text: Chelsea

text: Hospital

text: and

text: St

text: Mary

text: 's

text: NHS

text: Trust

text: St.

text: Mary

text: 's

text: Hospital

text: and

text: Western

text: Eye

text: Hospital

text: with

text: Imperial

text: College

text: London

text: Faculty

text: of

text: Medicine

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: academic

text: health

text: science

text: centre

text: and

text: manages

text: five

text: hospitals

text: Charing

text: Cross

text: Hospital

text: Queen

text: Charlotte

text: 's

text: and

text: Chelsea

text: Hospital

text: Hammersmith

text: Hospital

text: St

text: Mary

text: 's

text: Hospital

text: and

text: Western

text: Eye

text: Hospital

text: The

text: Trust

text: is

text: currently

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: has

text: an

text: annual

text: turnover

text: of

text: million

text: treating

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: million

text: patients

text: a

text: year.[citation

text: needed

question: What was formed on the 1st October 2007?

answer: Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust

text: Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust

question: How many hospitals does it manage?

answer: five

text: five

question: What is it considered to be?

answer: an academic health science centre

text: an academic health science centre

question: What is the annual turnover for the trust?

answer: £800 million

text: £800 million

question: How many patients a year does the trust treat?

answer: more than a million

text: more than a million

question: what  hospitals were formed from Imperial College Healthcare?

question: what trust has an annual income of $800 million/

text: Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust

question: How many hospitals teamed to form the NHS in 2006?

text: five


text: The literal meaning of Durbar Square is a "place of palaces". There are three preserved Durbar Squares in Kathmandu valley and one unpreserved in Kirtipur. The Durbar Square of Kathmandu is located in the old city and has heritage buildings representing four kingdoms (Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur); the earliest is the Licchavi dynasty. The complex has 50 temples and is distributed in two quadrangles of the Durbar Square. The outer quadrangle has the Kasthamandap, Kumari Ghar, and Shiva-Parvati Temple; the inner quadrangle has the Hanuman Dhoka palace. The squares were severely damaged in the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.

title: Kathmandu

title: Kathmandu

text: The

text: literal

text: meaning

text: of

text: Durbar

text: Square

text: is

text: a

text: place

text: of

text: palaces

text: There

text: are

text: three

text: preserved

text: Durbar

text: Squares

text: in

text: Kathmandu

text: valley

text: and

text: one

text: unpreserved

text: in

text: Kirtipur

text: The

text: Durbar

text: Square

text: of

text: Kathmandu

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: old

text: city

text: and

text: has

text: heritage

text: buildings

text: representing

text: four

text: kingdoms

text: Kantipur

text: Lalitpur

text: Bhaktapur

text: Kirtipur

text: the

text: earliest

text: is

text: the

text: Licchavi

text: dynasty

text: The

text: complex

text: has

text: temples

text: and

text: is

text: distributed

text: in

text: two

text: quadrangles

text: of

text: the

text: Durbar

text: Square

text: The

text: outer

text: quadrangle

text: has

text: the

text: Kasthamandap

text: Kumari

text: Ghar

text: and

text: Shiva

text: Parvati

text: Temple

text: the

text: inner

text: quadrangle

text: has

text: the

text: Hanuman

text: Dhoka

text: palace

text: The

text: squares

text: were

text: severely

text: damaged

text: in

text: the

text: April

text: Nepal

text: earthquake

question: Where is a Durban Square located that is not preserved?

answer: Kirtipur

text: Kirtipur

question: What is the oldest dynasty to be represented with buildings in Kathmandu's Durbar Square?

answer: Licchavi

text: Licchavi

question: How many temples are present in Kathmandu's Durbar Square?

answer: 50

question: When did a notable earthquake occur that damaged Kathmandu's Durbar Square?

answer: April 2015

text: April 2015

question: How many kingdoms have buildings present in the Durbar Square of Kathmandu?

answer: four

text: four


text: From circa 1932 until 1977, General Electric polluted the Housatonic River with PCBs discharges from the General Electric plant at Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260, made by Monsanto was the primary contaminant of the pollution. The highest concentrations of PCBs in the Housatonic River are found in Woods Pond in Lenox, Massachusetts, just south of Pittsfield, where they have been measured up to 110 mg/kg in the sediment. About 50% of all the PCBs currently in the river are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam. This is estimated to be about 11,000 pounds of PCBs. Former filled oxbows are also polluted. Waterfowl and fish who live in and around the river contain significant levels of PCBs and can present health risks if consumed.

title: General_Electric

title: General_Electric

text: From

text: circa

text: until

text: General

text: Electric

text: polluted

text: the

text: Housatonic

text: River

text: with

text: PCBs

text: discharges

text: from

text: the

text: General

text: Electric

text: plant

text: at

text: Pittsfield

text: Massachusetts

text: Aroclor

text: and

text: Aroclor

text: made

text: by

text: Monsanto

text: was

text: the

text: primary

text: contaminant

text: of

text: the

text: pollution

text: The

text: highest

text: concentrations

text: of

text: PCBs

text: in

text: the

text: Housatonic

text: River

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: Woods

text: Pond

text: in

text: Lenox

text: Massachusetts

text: just

text: south

text: of

text: Pittsfield

text: where

text: they

text: have

text: been

text: measured

text: up

text: to

text: mg

text: kg

text: in

text: the

text: sediment

text: About

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: PCBs

text: currently

text: in

text: the

text: river

text: are

text: estimated

text: to

text: be

text: retained

text: in

text: the

text: sediment

text: behind

text: Woods

text: Pond

text: dam

text: This

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: be

text: about

text: pounds

text: of

text: PCBs

text: Former

text: filled

text: oxbows

text: are

text: also

text: polluted

text: Waterfowl

text: and

text: fish

text: who

text: live

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: the

text: river

text: contain

text: significant

text: levels

text: of

text: PCBs

text: and

text: can

text: present

text: health

text: risks

text: if

text: consumed

question: Which river did GE pollute with PCBs from its plant in Pittsfield, MA?

answer: Housatonic River

text: Housatonic River

question: What were the primary contaminants contained in the pollution discharged into the Housatonic River?

answer: Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260

text: Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260

question: Which company produced the Aroctor 1254 and Aroctor 1260?

answer: Monsanto

text: Monsanto

question: How many pounds of PCBs are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam?

answer: 11,000

question: How high have the levels of PCBs in the sediments behind Woods Pond dam been measured at?

answer: 110 mg/kg

text: 110 mg/kg

question: In what year was Monsanto founded?

question: How much Aroclor 1254 was found in Pittsfield?

text: 110 mg/kg

question: In what year did Monsanto create Aroclor 1260?

question: How many pounds of PCBs are found in Pittsfield?

question: How much PCBs is found in waterfowl and fish in the Housatonic River?

text: 110 mg/kg


text: In May 1778, Burke supported a parliamentary motion revising restrictions on Irish trade. His constituents, citizens of the great trading city of Bristol, however urged Burke to oppose free trade with Ireland. Burke resisted their protestations and said: "If, from this conduct, I shall forfeit their suffrages at an ensuing election, it will stand on record an example to future representatives of the Commons of England, that one man at least had dared to resist the desires of his constituents when his judgment assured him they were wrong".

title: Edmund_Burke

title: Edmund_Burke

text: In

text: May

text: Burke

text: supported

text: a

text: parliamentary

text: motion

text: revising

text: restrictions

text: on

text: Irish

text: trade

text: His

text: constituents

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: great

text: trading

text: city

text: of

text: Bristol

text: however

text: urged

text: Burke

text: to

text: oppose

text: free

text: trade

text: with

text: Ireland

text: Burke

text: resisted

text: their

text: protestations

text: and

text: said

text: If

text: from

text: this

text: conduct

text: I

text: shall

text: forfeit

text: their

text: suffrages

text: at

text: an

text: ensuing

text: election

text: it

text: will

text: stand

text: on

text: record

text: an

text: example

text: to

text: future

text: representatives

text: of

text: the

text: Commons

text: of

text: England

text: that

text: one

text: man

text: at

text: least

text: had

text: dared

text: to

text: resist

text: the

text: desires

text: of

text: his

text: constituents

text: when

text: his

text: judgment

text: assured

text: him

text: they

text: were

text: wrong

question: What country did Burke propose restricting trade with?

answer: Ireland

text: Ireland

question: What city did Burke represent in parliament?

answer: Bristol

text: Bristol

question: When did Burke make a motion to restrict Irish trade?

answer: May 1778

text: May 1778

question: What was Bristol's most important industry?

answer: trading

text: trading

question: What country did Burke wish to decrease trade with?

text: Ireland

question: What city supported Burke's decisions?

text: Bristol

question: When was trade with Ireland originally restricted?

text: May 1778

question: Why did Burke say he acquiesced to his constituents?


text: In countries such as China and Vietnam, the transition to a market economy has been a major factor in a move toward the rule of law, because a rule of law is important to foreign investors and to economic development. It remains unclear whether the rule of law in countries like China and Vietnam will be limited to commercial matters or will spill into other areas as well, and if so whether that spillover will enhance prospects for related values such as democracy and human rights. The rule of law in China has been widely discussed and debated by both legal scholars and politicians in China.

title: Rule_of_law

title: Rule_of_law

text: In

text: countries

text: such

text: as

text: China

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: the

text: transition

text: to

text: a

text: market

text: economy

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: major

text: factor

text: in

text: a

text: move

text: toward

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: because

text: a

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: is

text: important

text: to

text: foreign

text: investors

text: and

text: to

text: economic

text: development

text: It

text: remains

text: unclear

text: whether

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: in

text: countries

text: like

text: China

text: and

text: Vietnam

text: will

text: be

text: limited

text: to

text: commercial

text: matters

text: or

text: will

text: spill

text: into

text: other

text: areas

text: as

text: well

text: and

text: if

text: so

text: whether

text: that

text: spillover

text: will

text: enhance

text: prospects

text: for

text: related

text: values

text: such

text: as

text: democracy

text: and

text: human

text: rights

text: The

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: in

text: China

text: has

text: been

text: widely

text: discussed

text: and

text: debated

text: by

text: both

text: legal

text: scholars

text: and

text: politicians

text: in

text: China

question: Which two Asian countries have started to adopt the rule of law?

answer: China and Vietnam

text: China and Vietnam

question: What has influenced China and Vietnam to conform to the rule of law?

answer: the transition to a market economy

text: the transition to a market economy

question: Who is debating the reliance on the rule of law in China?

answer: legal scholars and politicians

text: legal scholars and politicians

question: To whom is the rule of law important to in China's trade deals?

answer: foreign investors

text: foreign investors

question: What values might adherence to the rule of law subsequently influence in China?

answer: democracy and human rights

text: democracy and human rights

question: What type of economy has rule of law help China and Vietnam move towards?

text: market economy

question: What is rule of law not important for?

question: What has already spilled over to other areas in China and Vietnam?

text: the rule of law

question: What two Asian countries have refused to adopt the rule of law?

text: China and Vietnam


text: There is a large body of evidence for fortified settlements at Linearbandkeramik sites along the Rhine, as at least some villages were fortified for some time with a palisade and an outer ditch. Settlements with palisades and weapon-traumatized bones have been discovered, such as at the Talheim Death Pit demonstrates "...systematic violence between groups" and warfare was probably much more common during the Neolithic than in the preceding Paleolithic period. This supplanted an earlier view of the Linear Pottery Culture as living a "peaceful, unfortified lifestyle".

title: Neolithic

title: Neolithic

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: large

text: body

text: of

text: evidence

text: for

text: fortified

text: settlements

text: at

text: Linearbandkeramik

text: sites

text: along

text: the

text: Rhine

text: as

text: at

text: least

text: some

text: villages

text: were

text: fortified

text: for

text: some

text: time

text: with

text: a

text: palisade

text: and

text: an

text: outer

text: ditch

text: Settlements

text: with

text: palisades

text: and

text: weapon

text: traumatized

text: bones

text: have

text: been

text: discovered

text: such

text: as

text: at

text: the

text: Talheim

text: Death

text: Pit

text: demonstrates

text: systematic

text: violence

text: between

text: groups

text: and

text: warfare

text: was

text: probably

text: much

text: more

text: common

text: during

text: the

text: Neolithic

text: than

text: in

text: the

text: preceding

text: Paleolithic

text: period

text: This

text: supplanted

text: an

text: earlier

text: view

text: of

text: the

text: Linear

text: Pottery

text: Culture

text: as

text: living

text: a

text: peaceful

text: unfortified

text: lifestyle

question: Where was evidence of fortified settlements found?

answer: Linearbandkeramik

text: Linearbandkeramik

question: What did some villages fortify their settlements with?

answer: a palisade and an outer ditch

text: a palisade and an outer ditch

question: What tools were seen as evidence of violence among settlements?

answer: weapon-traumatized bones

text: weapon-traumatized bones

question: What site in Talheim suggests violent warfare in the Neolithic era?

answer: the Talheim Death Pit

text: the Talheim Death Pit

question: Where was evidence of fortified lifestyles found?

text: Linearbandkeramik

question: What did some villages fortify their lifestyles with?

text: a palisade and an outer ditch

question: What tools were seen as evidence of ditches among settlements?

text: weapon-traumatized bones

question: What site in Talheim suggests violent warfare in the Paleolithic era?

text: the Talheim Death Pit

question: What did Neollithic people have?

text: a "peaceful, unfortified lifestyle


text: Alexander Graham Bell was ranked 57th among the 100 Greatest Britons (2002) in an official BBC nationwide poll, and among the Top Ten Greatest Canadians (2004), and the 100 Greatest Americans (2005). In 2006 Bell was also named as one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history after having been listed in the National Library of Scotland's 'Scottish Science Hall of Fame'. Bell's name is still widely known and used as part of the names of dozens of educational institutes, corporate namesakes, street and place names around the world.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: Alexander

text: Graham

text: Bell

text: was

text: ranked

text: among

text: the

text: Greatest

text: Britons

text: in

text: an

text: official

text: BBC

text: nationwide

text: poll

text: and

text: among

text: the

text: Top

text: Ten

text: Greatest

text: Canadians

text: and

text: the

text: Greatest

text: Americans

text: In

text: Bell

text: was

text: also

text: named

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: greatest

text: Scottish

text: scientists

text: in

text: history

text: after

text: having

text: been

text: listed

text: in

text: the

text: National

text: Library

text: of

text: Scotland

text: 's

text: Scottish

text: Science

text: Hall

text: of

text: Fame

text: Bell

text: 's

text: name

text: is

text: still

text: widely

text: known

text: and

text: used

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: names

text: of

text: dozens

text: of

text: educational

text: institutes

text: corporate

text: namesakes

text: street

text: and

text: place

text: names

text: around

text: the

text: world

question: In 2002, where did Bell place in a list of the Greatest Britons?

answer: 57th

question: In 2004 Bell was listed in the top how many Greatest Canadians?

answer: 10

question: In what Scottish Hall of Fame is Bell listed?

answer: Scottish Science Hall of Fame

text: Scottish Science Hall of Fame

question: Which institution listed Bell in their Hall of Fame?

answer: National Library of Scotland

text: National Library of Scotland


text: The library is based at two public sites: the Reading Room at the RIBA's headquarters, 66 Portland Place, London; and the RIBA Architecture Study Rooms in the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A. The Reading Room, designed by the building's architect George Grey Wornum and his wife Miriam, retains its original 1934 Art Deco interior with open bookshelves, original furniture and double-height central space. The study rooms, opened in 2004, were designed by Wright & Wright. The library is funded entirely by the RIBA but it is open to the public without charge. It operates a free education programme aimed at students, education groups and families, and an information service for RIBA members and the public through the RIBA Information Centre.

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

text: The

text: library

text: is

text: based

text: at

text: two

text: public

text: sites

text: the

text: Reading

text: Room

text: at

text: the

text: RIBA

text: 's

text: headquarters

text: Portland

text: Place

text: London

text: and

text: the

text: RIBA

text: Architecture

text: Study

text: Rooms

text: in

text: the

text: Henry

text: Cole

text: Wing

text: of

text: the

text: V&A.

text: The

text: Reading

text: Room

text: designed

text: by

text: the

text: building

text: 's

text: architect

text: George

text: Grey

text: Wornum

text: and

text: his

text: wife

text: Miriam

text: retains

text: its

text: original

text: Art

text: Deco

text: interior

text: with

text: open

text: bookshelves

text: original

text: furniture

text: and

text: double

text: height

text: central

text: space

text: The

text: study

text: rooms

text: opened

text: in

text: were

text: designed

text: by

text: Wright

text: Wright

text: The

text: library

text: is

text: funded

text: entirely

text: by

text: the

text: RIBA

text: but

text: it

text: is

text: open

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: without

text: charge

text: It

text: operates

text: a

text: free

text: education

text: programme

text: aimed

text: at

text: students

text: education

text: groups

text: and

text: families

text: and

text: an

text: information

text: service

text: for

text: RIBA

text: members

text: and

text: the

text: public

text: through

text: the

text: RIBA

text: Information

text: Centre

question: Where is the Royal Institute Library's Reading Room located?

answer: 66 Portland Place

text: 66 Portland Place

question: Where are RIBA's Study Rooms located?

answer: the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A

text: the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A

question: What art style was used inthe design of the Reading Room?

answer: Art Deco

text: Art Deco

question: In what year did the Royal Institute's Reading Rooms open?

answer: 2004

question: Who is meant to benefit from teaching provided by the RIBA library?

answer: students, education groups and families

text: students, education groups and families

question: Where is the Royal Institute Library's Reading Room formerly located?

text: 66 Portland Place, London

question: Where are RIBA's Study Rooms not located?

text: the Henry Cole Wing of the V&A

question: What art style was not used in the design of the Reading Room?

text: Art Deco

question: What year did the Royal Institute's Reading Rooms close?

question: Who is not meant to benefit from the teaching provided by the RIBA library?

text: students, education groups and families


text: Immediately after the War The Saint-Germain-des-Pres quarter and the nearby Saint-Michel quarter became home to many small jazz clubs, mostly found in cellars because of a lack of space; these included the Caveau des Lorientais, the Club Saint-Germain, the Rose Rouge, the Vieux-Colombier, and the most famous, Le Tabou. They introduced Parisians to the music of Claude Luter, Boris Vian, Sydney Bechet Mezz Mezzrow, and Henri Salvador. Most of the clubs closed by the early 1960s, as musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: Immediately

text: after

text: the

text: War

text: The

text: Saint

text: Germain

text: des

text: Pres

text: quarter

text: and

text: the

text: nearby

text: Saint

text: Michel

text: quarter

text: became

text: home

text: to

text: many

text: small

text: jazz

text: clubs

text: mostly

text: found

text: in

text: cellars

text: because

text: of

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: space

text: these

text: included

text: the

text: Caveau

text: des

text: Lorientais

text: the

text: Club

text: Saint

text: Germain

text: the

text: Rose

text: Rouge

text: the

text: Vieux

text: Colombier

text: and

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: Le

text: Tabou

text: They

text: introduced

text: Parisians

text: to

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: Claude

text: Luter

text: Boris

text: Vian

text: Sydney

text: Bechet

text: Mezz

text: Mezzrow

text: and

text: Henri

text: Salvador

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: clubs

text: closed

text: by

text: the

text: early

text: as

text: musical

text: tastes

text: shifted

text: toward

text: rock

text: and

text: roll

question: When did most of the jazz clubs close down?

answer: 1960s

question: Why did the jazz clubs close down?

answer: musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll

text: musical tastes shifted toward rock and roll

question: Where were most jazz clubs located?

answer: cellars

text: cellars


text: Vietnam: The event was held in Ho Chi Minh City on April 29. Some 60 torchbearers carried the torch from the downtown Opera House to the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium near Tan Son Nhat International Airport along an undisclosed route. Vietnam is involved in a territorial dispute with China (and other countries) for sovereignty of the Spratly and Paracel Islands; tensions have risen recently[when?] following reports that the Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. However to sustain its relationship with China the Vietnamese government has actively sought to head off protests during the torch relay, with Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng warning government agencies that "hostile forces" may try to disrupt the torch relay.

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: Vietnam

text: The

text: event

text: was

text: held

text: in

text: Ho

text: Chi

text: Minh

text: City

text: on

text: April

text: Some

text: torchbearers

text: carried

text: the

text: torch

text: from

text: the

text: downtown

text: Opera

text: House

text: to

text: the

text: Military

text: Zone

text: Competition

text: Hall

text: stadium

text: near

text: Tan

text: Son

text: Nhat

text: International

text: Airport

text: along

text: an

text: undisclosed

text: route

text: Vietnam

text: is

text: involved

text: in

text: a

text: territorial

text: dispute

text: with

text: China

text: and

text: other

text: countries

text: for

text: sovereignty

text: of

text: the

text: Spratly

text: and

text: Paracel

text: Islands

text: tensions

text: have

text: risen

text: recently[when

text: following

text: reports

text: that

text: the

text: Chinese

text: government

text: had

text: established

text: a

text: county

text: level

text: city

text: named

text: Sansha

text: in

text: the

text: disputed

text: territories

text: resulting

text: in

text: anti

text: Chinese

text: demonstrations

text: in

text: December

text: in

text: Hanoi

text: and

text: Ho

text: Chi

text: Minh

text: City

text: However

text: to

text: sustain

text: its

text: relationship

text: with

text: China

text: the

text: Vietnamese

text: government

text: has

text: actively

text: sought

text: to

text: head

text: off

text: protests

text: during

text: the

text: torch

text: relay

text: with

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Nguyễn

text: Tấn

text: Dũng

text: warning

text: government

text: agencies

text: that

text: hostile

text: forces

text: may

text: try

text: to

text: disrupt

text: the

text: torch

text: relay

question: When did the torch arrive in Vietnam?

answer: April 29

text: April 29

question: Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?

answer: Ho Chi Minh City

text: Ho Chi Minh City

question: How many torchbearers carried the torch in Vietnam?

answer: 60

question: Where did the torch event begin in Vietnam?

answer: the downtown Opera House

text: the downtown Opera House

question: Where did the torch event end?

answer: the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium

text: the Military Zone 7 Competition Hall stadium

question: Where was the torch event held in Vietnam?

answer: Ho Chi Minh City.

text: Ho Chi Minh City.

question: What areas are involved in the dispute between Vietnam and China?

answer: the Spratly and Paracel Islands

text: the Spratly and Paracel Islands

question: The Chinese government established what city in this disputed area?

answer: Sansha

text: Sansha

question: As a result, demonstrations were held in what two cities in December 2007?

answer: Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.

text: Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.

question: Who was the Prime Minister of Vietnam?

answer: Nguyễn Tấn Dũng

text: Nguyễn Tấn Dũng


text: Nanjing, with a total land area of 6,598 square kilometres (2,548 sq mi), is situated in the heartland of drainage area of lower reaches of Yangtze River, and in Yangtze River Delta, one of the largest economic zones of China. The Yangtze River flows past the west side and then north side of Nanjing City, while the Ningzheng Ridge surrounds the north, east and south side of the city. The city is 300 kilometres (190 mi) west-northwest of Shanghai, 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) south-southeast of Beijing, and 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) east-northeast of Chongqing. The downstream Yangtze River flows from Jiujiang, Jiangxi, through Anhui and Jiangsu to East Sea, north to drainage basin of downstream Yangtze is Huai River basin and south to it is Zhe River basin, and they are connected by the Grand Canal east to Nanjing. The area around Nanjing is called Hsiajiang (下江, Downstream River) region, with Jianghuai (江淮) stressing northern part and Jiangzhe (江浙) stressing southern part. The region is also known as Dongnan (東南, South East, the Southeast) and Jiangnan (江南, River South, south of Yangtze).

title: Nanjing

title: Nanjing

text: Nanjing

text: with

text: a

text: total

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: heartland

text: of

text: drainage

text: area

text: of

text: lower

text: reaches

text: of

text: Yangtze

text: River

text: and

text: in

text: Yangtze

text: River

text: Delta

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: economic

text: zones

text: of

text: China

text: The

text: Yangtze

text: River

text: flows

text: past

text: the

text: west

text: side

text: and

text: then

text: north

text: side

text: of

text: Nanjing

text: City

text: while

text: the

text: Ningzheng

text: Ridge

text: surrounds

text: the

text: north

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: west

text: northwest

text: of

text: Shanghai

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: south

text: southeast

text: of

text: Beijing

text: and

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: east

text: northeast

text: of

text: Chongqing

text: The

text: downstream

text: Yangtze

text: River

text: flows

text: from

text: Jiujiang

text: Jiangxi

text: through

text: Anhui

text: and

text: Jiangsu

text: to

text: East

text: Sea

text: north

text: to

text: drainage

text: basin

text: of

text: downstream

text: Yangtze

text: is

text: Huai

text: River

text: basin

text: and

text: south

text: to

text: it

text: is

text: Zhe

text: River

text: basin

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: connected

text: by

text: the

text: Grand

text: Canal

text: east

text: to

text: Nanjing

text: The

text: area

text: around

text: Nanjing

text: is

text: called

text: Hsiajiang

text: 下江

text: Downstream

text: River

text: region

text: with

text: Jianghuai

text: 江淮

text: stressing

text: northern

text: part

text: and

text: Jiangzhe

text: 江浙

text: stressing

text: southern

text: part

text: The

text: region

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Dongnan

text: 東南

text: South

text: East

text: the

text: Southeast

text: and

text: Jiangnan

text: 江南

text: River

text: South

text: south

text: of

text: Yangtze

question: How large is Nanjing, in miles?

answer: 2,548 sq mi

text: 2,548 sq mi

question: Where does the Yangtze River flow in Nanjing?

answer: past the west side and then north side

text: past the west side and then north side

question: How far is Nanjing from Shanghai, in miles?

answer: 190 mi

text: 190 mi

question: How far is Nanjing from Beijing?

answer: 750 mi

text: 750 mi

question: What is the name of the area of land around Nanjing?

answer: Hsiajiang (下江, Downstream River) region

text: Hsiajiang (下江, Downstream River) region


text: Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway.

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

text: Rear

text: Admiral

text: Bradley

text: A.

text: Fiske

text: was

text: at

text: the

text: vanguard

text: of

text: new

text: technology

text: in

text: naval

text: guns

text: and

text: gunnery

text: thanks

text: to

text: his

text: innovations

text: in

text: fire

text: control

text: He

text: immediately

text: grasped

text: the

text: potential

text: for

text: air

text: power

text: and

text: called

text: for

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: a

text: torpedo

text: plane

text: Fiske

text: as

text: aide

text: for

text: operations

text: in

text: to

text: Assistant

text: Secretary

text: Franklin

text: D.

text: Roosevelt

text: proposed

text: a

text: radical

text: reorganization

text: of

text: the

text: Navy

text: to

text: make

text: it

text: a

text: war

text: fighting

text: instrument

text: Fiske

text: wanted

text: to

text: centralize

text: authority

text: in

text: a

text: chief

text: of

text: naval

text: operations

text: and

text: an

text: expert

text: staff

text: that

text: would

text: develop

text: new

text: strategies

text: oversee

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: a

text: larger

text: fleet

text: coordinate

text: war

text: planning

text: including

text: force

text: structure

text: mobilization

text: plans

text: and

text: industrial

text: base

text: and

text: ensure

text: that

text: the

text: US

text: Navy

text: possessed

text: the

text: best

text: possible

text: war

text: machines

text: Eventually

text: the

text: Navy

text: adopted

text: his

text: reforms

text: and

text: by

text: started

text: to

text: reorganize

text: for

text: possible

text: involvement

text: in

text: the

text: World

text: War

text: then

text: underway

question: What naval officer developed new doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 20th Century?

answer: Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske

text: Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske

question: What aircraft did Fiske call for the development of?

answer: torpedo plane

text: torpedo plane

question: What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve under?

answer: Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt

question: When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Navy operated?

answer: 1913–15

question: What naval officer developed old doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 21st Century?

text: Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske

question: What aircraft did Fiske call for the dissolvement of?

text: torpedo plane

question: What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve over?

text: Franklin D. Roosevelt

question: When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Army operated?


text: In the 12th century CE the Andalusian Muslim philosopher and novelist Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail (known as "Abubacer" or "Ebn Tophail" in the West) included the theory of tabula rasa as a thought experiment in his Arabic philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan in which he depicted the development of the mind of a feral child "from a tabula rasa to that of an adult, in complete isolation from society" on a desert island, through experience alone. The Latin translation of his philosophical novel, entitled Philosophus Autodidactus, published by Edward Pococke the Younger in 1671, had an influence on John Locke's formulation of tabula rasa in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.

title: Empiricism

title: Empiricism

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: CE

text: the

text: Andalusian

text: Muslim

text: philosopher

text: and

text: novelist

text: Abu

text: Bakr

text: Ibn

text: Tufail

text: known

text: as

text: Abubacer

text: or

text: Ebn

text: Tophail

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: included

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: tabula

text: rasa

text: as

text: a

text: thought

text: experiment

text: in

text: his

text: Arabic

text: philosophical

text: novel

text: Hayy

text: ibn

text: Yaqdhan

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: depicted

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: mind

text: of

text: a

text: feral

text: child

text: from

text: a

text: tabula

text: rasa

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: an

text: adult

text: in

text: complete

text: isolation

text: from

text: society

text: on

text: a

text: desert

text: island

text: through

text: experience

text: alone

text: The

text: Latin

text: translation

text: of

text: his

text: philosophical

text: novel

text: entitled

text: Philosophus

text: Autodidactus

text: published

text: by

text: Edward

text: Pococke

text: the

text: Younger

text: in

text: had

text: an

text: influence

text: on

text: John

text: Locke

text: 's

text: formulation

text: of

text: tabula

text: rasa

text: in

text: An

text: Essay

text: Concerning

text: Human

text: Understanding

question: What was 'Abubacer' normally called?

answer: Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail

text: Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail

question: What was 'Ebn Topnail' normally called?

answer: Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail

text: Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail

question: What was Ibn Tufail's religion?

answer: Muslim

text: Muslim

question: What was Ibn Tufail's ethnicity?

answer: Andalusian

text: Andalusian

question: When did Ibn Tufail live?

answer: 12th century CE

text: 12th century CE

question: When was John Locke's essay written?

question: What was Edward Pococke the Younger's religion?

text: Muslim

question: Where was John Locke from?

text: Andalusian

question: What did Ibn Tufail publish in 1671?

text: Hayy ibn Yaqdhan

question: What does Hayy ibn Yaqdhan mean?

text: Philosophus Autodidactus


text: The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches were conducted in 1947. In 1950, von Braun began testing the Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family at Cape Canaveral. In 1951, the Air Force began a new ICBM program called MX-1593, and by 1955 this program was receiving top-priority funding. The MX-1593 program evolved to become the Atlas-A, with its maiden launch occurring June 11, 1957, becoming the first successful American ICBM. Its upgraded version, the Atlas-D rocket, would later serve as an operational nuclear ICBM and as the orbital launch vehicle for Project Mercury and the remote-controlled Agena Target Vehicle used in Project Gemini.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: had

text: multiple

text: rocket

text: programs

text: divided

text: among

text: the

text: different

text: branches

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: armed

text: services

text: which

text: meant

text: that

text: each

text: force

text: developed

text: its

text: own

text: ICBM

text: program

text: The

text: Air

text: Force

text: initiated

text: ICBM

text: research

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: However

text: its

text: funding

text: was

text: cancelled

text: and

text: only

text: three

text: partially

text: successful

text: launches

text: were

text: conducted

text: in

text: In

text: von

text: Braun

text: began

text: testing

text: the

text: Air

text: Force

text: Redstone

text: rocket

text: family

text: at

text: Cape

text: Canaveral

text: In

text: the

text: Air

text: Force

text: began

text: a

text: new

text: ICBM

text: program

text: called

text: and

text: by

text: this

text: program

text: was

text: receiving

text: top

text: priority

text: funding

text: The

text: program

text: evolved

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: Atlas

text: A

text: with

text: its

text: maiden

text: launch

text: occurring

text: June

text: becoming

text: the

text: first

text: successful

text: American

text: ICBM

text: Its

text: upgraded

text: version

text: the

text: Atlas

text: D

text: rocket

text: would

text: later

text: serve

text: as

text: an

text: operational

text: nuclear

text: ICBM

text: and

text: as

text: the

text: orbital

text: launch

text: vehicle

text: for

text: Project

text: Mercury

text: and

text: the

text: remote

text: controlled

text: Agena

text: Target

text: Vehicle

text: used

text: in

text: Project

text: Gemini

question: The US Air Force began research of ICBMs in what year?

answer: 1945

question: What type of rocket was first researched by the Air Force?

answer: MX-774

question: The MX-774 was tested in what year?

answer: 1947

question: The Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family was tested where?

answer: Cape Canaveral

text: Cape Canaveral

question: The Atlas-A first launched on what date?

answer: June 11, 1957

text: June 11, 1957


text: Classical India refers to the period when much of the Indian subcontinent was reunited under the Gupta Empire (c. 320–550 CE). This period has been called the Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive achievements in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture. The Hindu-Arabic numerals, a positional numeral system, originated in India and was later transmitted to the West through the Arabs. Early Hindu numerals had only nine symbols, until 600 to 800 CE, when a symbol for zero was developed for the numeral system. The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors in India.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: Classical

text: India

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: period

text: when

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: was

text: reunited

text: under

text: the

text: Gupta

text: Empire

text: c.

text: CE

text: This

text: period

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: Golden

text: Age

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: was

text: marked

text: by

text: extensive

text: achievements

text: in

text: science

text: technology

text: engineering

text: art

text: dialectic

text: literature

text: logic

text: mathematics

text: astronomy

text: religion

text: and

text: philosophy

text: that

text: crystallized

text: the

text: elements

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: generally

text: known

text: as

text: Hindu

text: culture

text: The

text: Hindu

text: Arabic

text: numerals

text: a

text: positional

text: numeral

text: system

text: originated

text: in

text: India

text: and

text: was

text: later

text: transmitted

text: to

text: the

text: West

text: through

text: the

text: Arabs

text: Early

text: Hindu

text: numerals

text: had

text: only

text: nine

text: symbols

text: until

text: to

text: CE

text: when

text: a

text: symbol

text: for

text: zero

text: was

text: developed

text: for

text: the

text: numeral

text: system

text: The

text: peace

text: and

text: prosperity

text: created

text: under

text: leadership

text: of

text: Guptas

text: enabled

text: the

text: pursuit

text: of

text: scientific

text: and

text: artistic

text: endeavors

text: in

text: India

question: By what is India under the Gupta Empire referered?

answer: Classical India

text: Classical India

question: What was the time span of the Gupta Empire?

answer: c. 320–550 CE

text: c. 320–550 CE

question: What is the period of the Gupta Empire called?

answer: Golden Age of India

text: Golden Age of India

question: What philosophy  formed at the time of the Gupta Empire?

answer: Hindu culture

text: Hindu culture

question: What numeral system originated in India?

answer: Hindu-Arabic

text: Hindu-Arabic


text: Astronomy: The first textual mention of astronomical concepts comes from the Vedas, religious literature of India. According to Sarma (2008): "One finds in the Rigveda intelligent speculations about the genesis of the universe from nonexistence, the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting earth, and the year of 360 days divided into 12 equal parts of 30 days each with a periodical intercalary month.". The first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani, written by Bhāskara in the 12th century, cover topics such as: mean longitudes of the planets; true longitudes of the planets; the three problems of diurnal rotation; syzygies; lunar eclipses; solar eclipses; latitudes of the planets; risings and settings; the moon's crescent; conjunctions of the planets with each other; conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars; and the patas of the sun and moon. The 13 chapters of the second part cover the nature of the sphere, as well as significant astronomical and trigonometric calculations based on it.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: Astronomy

text: The

text: first

text: textual

text: mention

text: of

text: astronomical

text: concepts

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Vedas

text: religious

text: literature

text: of

text: India

text: According

text: to

text: Sarma

text: One

text: finds

text: in

text: the

text: Rigveda

text: intelligent

text: speculations

text: about

text: the

text: genesis

text: of

text: the

text: universe

text: from

text: nonexistence

text: the

text: configuration

text: of

text: the

text: universe

text: the

text: spherical

text: self

text: supporting

text: earth

text: and

text: the

text: year

text: of

text: days

text: divided

text: into

text: equal

text: parts

text: of

text: days

text: each

text: with

text: a

text: periodical

text: intercalary

text: month

text: The

text: first

text: chapters

text: of

text: the

text: Siddhanta

text: Shiromani

text: written

text: by

text: Bhāskara

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: cover

text: topics

text: such

text: as

text: mean

text: longitudes

text: of

text: the

text: planets

text: true

text: longitudes

text: of

text: the

text: planets

text: the

text: three

text: problems

text: of

text: diurnal

text: rotation

text: syzygies

text: lunar

text: eclipses

text: solar

text: eclipses

text: latitudes

text: of

text: the

text: planets

text: risings

text: and

text: settings

text: the

text: moon

text: 's

text: crescent

text: conjunctions

text: of

text: the

text: planets

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: conjunctions

text: of

text: the

text: planets

text: with

text: the

text: fixed

text: stars

text: and

text: the

text: patas

text: of

text: the

text: sun

text: and

text: moon

text: The

text: chapters

text: of

text: the

text: second

text: part

text: cover

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: sphere

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: significant

text: astronomical

text: and

text: trigonometric

text: calculations

text: based

text: on

text: it

question: Which text was the first to have concepts of astronomy in it?

answer: the Vedas

text: the Vedas

question: Who wrote the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani?

answer: Bhāskara

text: Bhāskara

question: In what time period was the Siddhanta Shiromani written?

answer: 12th century

text: 12th century

question: The second section of the Siddhanta Shiromani has how many chapters?

answer: 13

question: What topic does the second part of the Siddhanta Shiromani contain?

answer: the nature of the sphere

text: the nature of the sphere


text: Dominic inspired his followers with loyalty to learning and virtue, a deep recognition of the spiritual power of worldly deprivation and the religious state, and a highly developed governmental structure. At the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a "mixed" spirituality. They were both active in preaching, and contemplative in study, prayer and meditation. The brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned, as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality. While these traits had an impact on the women of the order, the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics and made those characteristics their own. In England, the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart.

title: Dominican_Order

title: Dominican_Order

text: Dominic

text: inspired

text: his

text: followers

text: with

text: loyalty

text: to

text: learning

text: and

text: virtue

text: a

text: deep

text: recognition

text: of

text: the

text: spiritual

text: power

text: of

text: worldly

text: deprivation

text: and

text: the

text: religious

text: state

text: and

text: a

text: highly

text: developed

text: governmental

text: structure

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: Dominic

text: inspired

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: his

text: order

text: to

text: develop

text: a

text: mixed

text: spirituality

text: They

text: were

text: both

text: active

text: in

text: preaching

text: and

text: contemplative

text: in

text: study

text: prayer

text: and

text: meditation

text: The

text: brethren

text: of

text: the

text: Dominican

text: Order

text: were

text: urban

text: and

text: learned

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: contemplative

text: and

text: mystical

text: in

text: their

text: spirituality

text: While

text: these

text: traits

text: had

text: an

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: women

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: the

text: nuns

text: especially

text: absorbed

text: the

text: latter

text: characteristics

text: and

text: made

text: those

text: characteristics

text: their

text: own

text: In

text: England

text: the

text: Dominican

text: nuns

text: blended

text: these

text: elements

text: with

text: the

text: defining

text: characteristics

text: of

text: English

text: Dominican

text: spirituality

text: and

text: created

text: a

text: spirituality

text: and

text: collective

text: personality

text: that

text: set

text: them

text: apart

question: How did Dominic inspire his followers?

answer: with loyalty to learning and virtue

text: with loyalty to learning and virtue

question: What group especially benefited from the Dominican Order's mystical spirituality?

answer: nuns

text: nuns

question: In what country did Dominican Order nuns thrive in?

answer: England

text: England

question: What type of spirituality did Dominic want his followers to learn?

answer: a "mixed" spirituality

text: a "mixed" spirituality

question: How did Dominic not inspire his followers?

text: with loyalty to learning and virtue

question: What type of governmental structure did Dominic not inspire his followers to form?

text: highly developed

question: Who developed an order where its members had a homogeneous spirituality?

text: Dominic

question: What order was rural and ignorant?

text: Dominican Order

question: What country did Benedictine Order nuns thrive?

text: England


text: Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal used of human social interaction. The word derives from the medieval Latin word, formed from com- and mensa, meaning "sharing a table".

title: Symbiosis

title: Symbiosis

text: Commensalism

text: describes

text: a

text: relationship

text: between

text: two

text: living

text: organisms

text: where

text: one

text: benefits

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: is

text: not

text: significantly

text: harmed

text: or

text: helped

text: It

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: English

text: word

text: commensal

text: used

text: of

text: human

text: social

text: interaction

text: The

text: word

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: medieval

text: Latin

text: word

text: formed

text: from

text: com-

text: and

text: mensa

text: meaning

text: sharing

text: a

text: table

question: What language do the roots of "commensal" come from?

answer: Latin

text: Latin

question: What type of symbiotic relationship helps one organism and doesn't have a major affect on the other?

answer: Commensalism

text: Commensalism

question: What type of symbiotic relationship happens when there is a major affect on the other organism?

text: Commensalism

question: What takes place when the organisms are neither significantly harmed or helped?

text: sharing a table

question: Commensalism explains a relationship between how many organisms when one gains most of the benefits?

text: two

question: What word is derived from the medieval English word?

text: Commensalism

question: Who is actually sharing a table?

text: two living organisms


text: Oklahoma City is home to several professional sports teams, including the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association. The Thunder is the city's second "permanent" major professional sports franchise after the now-defunct AFL Oklahoma Wranglers and is the third major-league team to call the city home when considering the temporary hosting of the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets for the 2005–06 and 2006–07 NBA seasons.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: several

text: professional

text: sports

text: teams

text: including

text: the

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: Thunder

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Basketball

text: Association

text: The

text: Thunder

text: is

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: second

text: permanent

text: major

text: professional

text: sports

text: franchise

text: after

text: the

text: now

text: defunct

text: AFL

text: Oklahoma

text: Wranglers

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: major

text: league

text: team

text: to

text: call

text: the

text: city

text: home

text: when

text: considering

text: the

text: temporary

text: hosting

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: Orleans

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: Hornets

text: for

text: the

text: and

text: NBA

text: seasons

question: What NBA team hails from Oklahoma City?

answer: Thunder

text: Thunder


text: From 1966, Witness publications and convention talks built anticipation of the possibility that Christ's thousand-year reign might begin in late 1975 or shortly thereafter. The number of baptisms increased significantly, from about 59,000 in 1966 to more than 297,000 in 1974. By 1975, the number of active members exceeded two million. Membership declined during the late 1970s after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong. Watch Tower Society literature did not state dogmatically that 1975 would definitely mark the end, but in 1980 the Watch Tower Society admitted its responsibility in building up hope regarding that year.

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

text: From

text: Witness

text: publications

text: and

text: convention

text: talks

text: built

text: anticipation

text: of

text: the

text: possibility

text: that

text: Christ

text: 's

text: thousand

text: year

text: reign

text: might

text: begin

text: in

text: late

text: or

text: shortly

text: thereafter

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: baptisms

text: increased

text: significantly

text: from

text: about

text: in

text: to

text: more

text: than

text: in

text: By

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: active

text: members

text: exceeded

text: two

text: million

text: Membership

text: declined

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: after

text: expectations

text: for

text: were

text: proved

text: wrong

text: Watch

text: Tower

text: Society

text: literature

text: did

text: not

text: state

text: dogmatically

text: that

text: would

text: definitely

text: mark

text: the

text: end

text: but

text: in

text: the

text: Watch

text: Tower

text: Society

text: admitted

text: its

text: responsibility

text: in

text: building

text: up

text: hope

text: regarding

text: that

text: year

question: From 1966, what did Witness publications and conventions think would happen in late 1975?

answer: Christ's thousand-year reign

text: Christ's thousand-year reign

question: How many baptisms were there in 1974?

answer: more than 297,000

text: more than 297,000

question: How many active members were there in 1975?

answer: two million

text: two million

question: Why did membership decline in the late 1970s?

answer: after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong

text: after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong

question: What did the Watch Tower Society admit in 1980?

answer: its responsibility in building up hope

text: its responsibility in building up hope

question: In what year did Witnesses decide to put off Armageddon until late 1975 instead of their earlier year?

question: How many Witnesses were baptized in 1975?

question: How many Witnesses were there in the United States in 1966?

text: two million

question: What was one of the major changes that occurred in 1975?

text: Christ's thousand-year reign

question: How many Witnesses were there in 1980?


text: Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible by means of a Multipoint Control Unit (MCU). This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources (in a similar way to the audio conference call). All parties call the MCU, or the MCU can also call the parties which are going to participate, in sequence. There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing. There are MCUs which are pure software, and others which are a combination of hardware and software. An MCU is characterised according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle, its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols, and features such as Continuous Presence, in which multiple parties can be seen on-screen at once. MCUs can be stand-alone hardware devices, or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units.

title: Videoconferencing

title: Videoconferencing

text: Simultaneous

text: videoconferencing

text: among

text: three

text: or

text: more

text: remote

text: points

text: is

text: possible

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: a

text: Multipoint

text: Control

text: Unit

text: MCU

text: This

text: is

text: a

text: bridge

text: that

text: interconnects

text: calls

text: from

text: several

text: sources

text: in

text: a

text: similar

text: way

text: to

text: the

text: audio

text: conference

text: call

text: All

text: parties

text: call

text: the

text: MCU

text: or

text: the

text: MCU

text: can

text: also

text: call

text: the

text: parties

text: which

text: are

text: going

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: sequence

text: There

text: are

text: MCU

text: bridges

text: for

text: IP

text: and

text: ISDN

text: based

text: videoconferencing

text: There

text: are

text: MCUs

text: which

text: are

text: pure

text: software

text: and

text: others

text: which

text: are

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: hardware

text: and

text: software

text: An

text: MCU

text: is

text: characterised

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: simultaneous

text: calls

text: it

text: can

text: handle

text: its

text: ability

text: to

text: conduct

text: transposing

text: of

text: data

text: rates

text: and

text: protocols

text: and

text: features

text: such

text: as

text: Continuous

text: Presence

text: in

text: which

text: multiple

text: parties

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: on

text: screen

text: at

text: once

text: MCUs

text: can

text: be

text: stand

text: alone

text: hardware

text: devices

text: or

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: embedded

text: into

text: dedicated

text: videoconferencing

text: units

question: What enables videoconferencing to connect three or more remote points?

answer: Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)

text: Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)

question: What is one type of MCU bridge?

answer: IP

text: IP

question: In what way can an MCU be characterized?

answer: the number of simultaneous calls it can handle

text: the number of simultaneous calls it can handle

question: What feature enables an MCU to allow for multiple parties to be seen on screen at the same time?

answer: Continuous Presence

text: Continuous Presence

question: Where can an MCU be embedded?

answer: dedicated videoconferencing units

text: dedicated videoconferencing units

question: What makes videoconferencing between Continuous Presence possible?

question: What is one thing that characterizes an ISDN?

question: What feature lets more than one person participate in sequence?

text: Continuous Presence

question: What are remote points made of?

question: What is one type of simultaneous call that acts as a bridge?

text: IP


text: In turn, according to Kozinski's analysis, the contemporary rule of binding precedent became possible in the U.S. in the nineteenth century only after the creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing. The rule gradually developed, case-by-case, as an extension of the judiciary's public policy of effective judicial administration (that is, in order to efficiently exercise the judicial power). The rule of precedent is generally justified today as a matter of public policy, first, as a matter of fundamental fairness, and second, because in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided from first principles (such as relevant statutes, constitutional provisions, and underlying public policies), which in turn would create hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability, and thereby undermine the rule of law.

title: Law_of_the_United_States

title: Law_of_the_United_States

text: In

text: turn

text: according

text: to

text: Kozinski

text: 's

text: analysis

text: the

text: contemporary

text: rule

text: of

text: binding

text: precedent

text: became

text: possible

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: in

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: only

text: after

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: a

text: clear

text: court

text: hierarchy

text: under

text: the

text: Judiciary

text: Acts

text: and

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: regular

text: verbatim

text: publication

text: of

text: U.S.

text: appellate

text: decisions

text: by

text: West

text: Publishing

text: The

text: rule

text: gradually

text: developed

text: case

text: by

text: case

text: as

text: an

text: extension

text: of

text: the

text: judiciary

text: 's

text: public

text: policy

text: of

text: effective

text: judicial

text: administration

text: that

text: is

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: efficiently

text: exercise

text: the

text: judicial

text: power

text: The

text: rule

text: of

text: precedent

text: is

text: generally

text: justified

text: today

text: as

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: public

text: policy

text: first

text: as

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: fundamental

text: fairness

text: and

text: second

text: because

text: in

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: case

text: law

text: it

text: would

text: be

text: completely

text: unworkable

text: for

text: every

text: minor

text: issue

text: in

text: every

text: legal

text: case

text: to

text: be

text: briefed

text: argued

text: and

text: decided

text: from

text: first

text: principles

text: such

text: as

text: relevant

text: statutes

text: constitutional

text: provisions

text: and

text: underlying

text: public

text: policies

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: would

text: create

text: hopeless

text: inefficiency

text: instability

text: and

text: unpredictability

text: and

text: thereby

text: undermine

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

question: When did binding precedent become possible in the United States?

answer: nineteenth century

text: nineteenth century

question: What made binding precedent a possibility?

answer: creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing

text: creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing

question: What can invalidate the rule of law?

answer: hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability

text: hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability

question: Why was the rule of precedent allowed?

answer: in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided

text: in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided

question: How is a court hierarchy established?

answer: the Judiciary Acts

text: the Judiciary Acts

question: What did Kozinski make possible?

text: binding precedent

question: When was West Publishing created?

text: the nineteenth century

question: What company published the Judiciary Acts?

text: West Publishing

question: What public policy has been ruled as an undermining of the rule of law?

text: precedent

question: What is the name of the writer of the rule of binding precedent?

text: Kozinski


text: In the 1940s, Detroit blues artist John Lee Hooker became a long-term resident in the city's southwest Delray neighborhood. Hooker, among other important blues musicians migrated from his home in Mississippi bringing the Delta blues to northern cities like Detroit. Hooker recorded for Fortune Records, the biggest pre-Motown blues/soul label. During the 1950s, the city became a center for jazz, with stars performing in the Black Bottom neighborhood. Prominent emerging Jazz musicians of the 1960s included: trumpet player Donald Byrd who attended Cass Tech and performed with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers early in his career and Saxophonist Pepper Adams who enjoyed a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums. The Graystone International Jazz Museum documents jazz in Detroit.

title: Detroit

title: Detroit

text: In

text: the

text: Detroit

text: blues

text: artist

text: John

text: Lee

text: Hooker

text: became

text: a

text: long

text: term

text: resident

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: southwest

text: Delray

text: neighborhood

text: Hooker

text: among

text: other

text: important

text: blues

text: musicians

text: migrated

text: from

text: his

text: home

text: in

text: Mississippi

text: bringing

text: the

text: Delta

text: blues

text: to

text: northern

text: cities

text: like

text: Detroit

text: Hooker

text: recorded

text: for

text: Fortune

text: Records

text: the

text: biggest

text: pre

text: Motown

text: blues

text: soul

text: label

text: During

text: the

text: the

text: city

text: became

text: a

text: center

text: for

text: jazz

text: with

text: stars

text: performing

text: in

text: the

text: Black

text: Bottom

text: neighborhood

text: Prominent

text: emerging

text: Jazz

text: musicians

text: of

text: the

text: included

text: trumpet

text: player

text: Donald

text: Byrd

text: who

text: attended

text: Cass

text: Tech

text: and

text: performed

text: with

text: Art

text: Blakey

text: and

text: the

text: Jazz

text: Messengers

text: early

text: in

text: his

text: career

text: and

text: Saxophonist

text: Pepper

text: Adams

text: who

text: enjoyed

text: a

text: solo

text: career

text: and

text: accompanied

text: Byrd

text: on

text: several

text: albums

text: The

text: Graystone

text: International

text: Jazz

text: Museum

text: documents

text: jazz

text: in

text: Detroit

question: Which artist resided in Delray?

answer: John Lee Hooker

text: John Lee Hooker

question: Which musician attended Cass Tech?

answer: Donald Byrd

text: Donald Byrd

question: Which musician accompanied Donald Byrd on several albums?

answer: Pepper Adams

text: Pepper Adams

question: What is the name of the jazz museum in Detroit?

answer: Graystone International Jazz Museum

text: Graystone International Jazz Museum

question: What type of music is John Lee Hooker known for?

answer: blues

text: blues


text: The islands are located about halfway between Hawaii and Australia, north of Nauru and Kiribati, east of the Federated States of Micronesia, and south of the U.S. territory of Wake Island, to which it lays claim. The atolls and islands form two groups: the Ratak (sunrise) and the Ralik (sunset). The two island chains lie approximately parallel to one another, running northwest to southeast, comprising about 750,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) of ocean but only about 70 square miles (180 km2) of land mass. Each includes 15 to 18 islands and atolls. The country consists of a total of 29 atolls and five isolated islands.

title: Marshall_Islands

title: Marshall_Islands

text: The

text: islands

text: are

text: located

text: about

text: halfway

text: between

text: Hawaii

text: and

text: Australia

text: north

text: of

text: Nauru

text: and

text: Kiribati

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Federated

text: States

text: of

text: Micronesia

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: territory

text: of

text: Wake

text: Island

text: to

text: which

text: it

text: lays

text: claim

text: The

text: atolls

text: and

text: islands

text: form

text: two

text: groups

text: the

text: Ratak

text: sunrise

text: and

text: the

text: Ralik

text: sunset

text: The

text: two

text: island

text: chains

text: lie

text: approximately

text: parallel

text: to

text: one

text: another

text: running

text: northwest

text: to

text: southeast

text: comprising

text: about

text: square

text: miles

text: of

text: ocean

text: but

text: only

text: about

text: square

text: miles

text: of

text: land

text: mass

text: Each

text: includes

text: to

text: islands

text: and

text: atolls

text: The

text: country

text: consists

text: of

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: atolls

text: and

text: five

text: isolated

text: islands

question: What nation lies to the west of the Marshall Islands?

answer: the Federated States of Micronesia

text: the Federated States of Micronesia

question: What United States territory does the Marshall Islands claim?

answer: Wake Island

text: Wake Island

question: How many square kilometers of ocean do the Marshall Islands cover?

answer: 1,900,000

question: How many square kilometers of land do the Marshall Islands cover?

answer: 180

question: How many atolls are part of the Marshall Islands?

answer: 29