text: When a molten metal is mixed with another substance, there are two mechanisms that can cause an alloy to form, called atom exchange and the interstitial mechanism. The relative size of each element in the mix plays a primary role in determining which mechanism will occur. When the atoms are relatively similar in size, the atom exchange method usually happens, where some of the atoms composing the metallic crystals are substituted with atoms of the other constituent. This is called a substitutional alloy. Examples of substitutional alloys include bronze and brass, in which some of the copper atoms are substituted with either tin or zinc atoms. With the interstitial mechanism, one atom is usually much smaller than the other, so cannot successfully replace an atom in the crystals of the base metal. The smaller atoms become trapped in the spaces between the atoms in the crystal matrix, called the interstices. This is referred to as an interstitial alloy. Steel is an example of an interstitial alloy, because the very small carbon atoms fit into interstices of the iron matrix. Stainless steel is an example of a combination of interstitial and substitutional alloys, because the carbon atoms fit into the interstices, but some of the iron atoms are replaced with nickel and chromium atoms.

title: Alloy

title: Alloy

text: When

text: a

text: molten

text: metal

text: is

text: mixed

text: with

text: another

text: substance

text: there

text: are

text: two

text: mechanisms

text: that

text: can

text: cause

text: an

text: alloy

text: to

text: form

text: called

text: atom

text: exchange

text: and

text: the

text: interstitial

text: mechanism

text: The

text: relative

text: size

text: of

text: each

text: element

text: in

text: the

text: mix

text: plays

text: a

text: primary

text: role

text: in

text: determining

text: which

text: mechanism

text: will

text: occur

text: When

text: the

text: atoms

text: are

text: relatively

text: similar

text: in

text: size

text: the

text: atom

text: exchange

text: method

text: usually

text: happens

text: where

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: atoms

text: composing

text: the

text: metallic

text: crystals

text: are

text: substituted

text: with

text: atoms

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: constituent

text: This

text: is

text: called

text: a

text: substitutional

text: alloy

text: Examples

text: of

text: substitutional

text: alloys

text: include

text: bronze

text: and

text: brass

text: in

text: which

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: copper

text: atoms

text: are

text: substituted

text: with

text: either

text: tin

text: or

text: zinc

text: atoms

text: With

text: the

text: interstitial

text: mechanism

text: one

text: atom

text: is

text: usually

text: much

text: smaller

text: than

text: the

text: other

text: so

text: can

text: not

text: successfully

text: replace

text: an

text: atom

text: in

text: the

text: crystals

text: of

text: the

text: base

text: metal

text: The

text: smaller

text: atoms

text: become

text: trapped

text: in

text: the

text: spaces

text: between

text: the

text: atoms

text: in

text: the

text: crystal

text: matrix

text: called

text: the

text: interstices

text: This

text: is

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: an

text: interstitial

text: alloy

text: Steel

text: is

text: an

text: example

text: of

text: an

text: interstitial

text: alloy

text: because

text: the

text: very

text: small

text: carbon

text: atoms

text: fit

text: into

text: interstices

text: of

text: the

text: iron

text: matrix

text: Stainless

text: steel

text: is

text: an

text: example

text: of

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: interstitial

text: and

text: substitutional

text: alloys

text: because

text: the

text: carbon

text: atoms

text: fit

text: into

text: the

text: interstices

text: but

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: iron

text: atoms

text: are

text: replaced

text: with

text: nickel

text: and

text: chromium

text: atoms

question: Bronze and brass are examples of what?

answer: substitutional alloys

text: substitutional alloys

question: Tin or zinc atoms in place of copper atoms create?

answer: substitutional alloys

text: substitutional alloys

question: What is the name of one interstitial alloy?

answer: Steel

text: Steel

question: Stainless steel is an example of what two alloys?

answer: interstitial and substitutional

text: interstitial and substitutional

question: What is formed when molten metal is separated from other substances?

text: an alloy

question: What is it called when the atoms of the other constituent are substituted with metallic crystals?

text: substitutional alloy

question: What is formed by substituting tin or zinc atoms with copper?

text: bronze and brass

question: What two alloys is still a combination of?

text: interstitial and substitutional allo


text: Hiberni (Ireland), Pictish (northern Britain) and Britons (southern Britain) tribes, all speaking Insular Celtic, inhabited the islands at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. Much of Brittonic-controlled Britain was conquered by the Roman Empire from AD 43. The first Anglo-Saxons arrived as Roman power waned in the 5th century and eventually dominated the bulk of what is now England. Viking invasions began in the 9th century, followed by more permanent settlements and political change—particularly in England. The subsequent Norman conquest of England in 1066 and the later Angevin partial conquest of Ireland from 1169 led to the imposition of a new Norman ruling elite across much of Britain and parts of Ireland. By the Late Middle Ages, Great Britain was separated into the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, while control in Ireland fluxed between Gaelic kingdoms, Hiberno-Norman lords and the English-dominated Lordship of Ireland, soon restricted only to The Pale. The 1603 Union of the Crowns, Acts of Union 1707 and Acts of Union 1800 attempted to consolidate Britain and Ireland into a single political unit, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands remaining as Crown Dependencies. The expansion of the British Empire and migrations following the Irish Famine and Highland Clearances resulted in the distribution of the islands' population and culture throughout the world and a rapid de-population of Ireland in the second half of the 19th century. Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty (1919–1922), with six counties remaining in the UK as Northern Ireland.

title: British_Isles

title: British_Isles

text: Hiberni

text: Ireland

text: Pictish

text: northern

text: Britain

text: and

text: Britons

text: southern

text: Britain

text: tribes

text: all

text: speaking

text: Insular

text: Celtic

text: inhabited

text: the

text: islands

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: millennium

text: AD

text: Much

text: of

text: Brittonic

text: controlled

text: Britain

text: was

text: conquered

text: by

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: from

text: AD

text: The

text: first

text: Anglo

text: Saxons

text: arrived

text: as

text: Roman

text: power

text: waned

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: eventually

text: dominated

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: England

text: Viking

text: invasions

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: followed

text: by

text: more

text: permanent

text: settlements

text: and

text: political

text: change

text: particularly

text: in

text: England

text: The

text: subsequent

text: Norman

text: conquest

text: of

text: England

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: later

text: Angevin

text: partial

text: conquest

text: of

text: Ireland

text: from

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: imposition

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: Norman

text: ruling

text: elite

text: across

text: much

text: of

text: Britain

text: and

text: parts

text: of

text: Ireland

text: By

text: the

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Great

text: Britain

text: was

text: separated

text: into

text: the

text: Kingdoms

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: Scotland

text: while

text: control

text: in

text: Ireland

text: fluxed

text: between

text: Gaelic

text: kingdoms

text: Hiberno

text: Norman

text: lords

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: dominated

text: Lordship

text: of

text: Ireland

text: soon

text: restricted

text: only

text: to

text: The

text: Pale

text: The

text: Union

text: of

text: the

text: Crowns

text: Acts

text: of

text: Union

text: and

text: Acts

text: of

text: Union

text: attempted

text: to

text: consolidate

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: into

text: a

text: single

text: political

text: unit

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: with

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Man

text: and

text: the

text: Channel

text: Islands

text: remaining

text: as

text: Crown

text: Dependencies

text: The

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: and

text: migrations

text: following

text: the

text: Irish

text: Famine

text: and

text: Highland

text: Clearances

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: the

text: islands

text: population

text: and

text: culture

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: a

text: rapid

text: de

text: population

text: of

text: Ireland

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Most

text: of

text: Ireland

text: seceded

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: after

text: the

text: Irish

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: and

text: the

text: subsequent

text: Anglo

text: Irish

text: Treaty

text: with

text: six

text: counties

text: remaining

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: as

text: Northern

text: Ireland

question: Which is one of the tribes that spoke Insular Celtic?

answer: Pictish (northern Britain)

text: Pictish (northern Britain)

question: When did the Pictish tribe start to inhabit the islands?

answer: beginning of the 1st millennium AD

text: beginning of the 1st millennium AD

question: Who foreign group conquered Britain around AD 43?

answer: Roman Empire

text: Roman Empire

question: When did the Vikings invade Britain?

answer: 9th century

text: 9th century

question: What are the six counties in Ireland called that are still part of the United Kingdom?

answer: Northern Ireland

text: Northern Ireland

question: Wich was the first tribe to speak Insular Celtic?

text: Pictish

question: Whaen did Britian conquer the Roman Empire?

text: AD 43

question: What group arrived with the Romans?

text: Anglo-Saxons

question: Where did the Romans invade in the 9th century?

text: Britain

question: How many counties fought with the UK during the Irish War of Independence?

text: six counties

question: The Hiberni tribes of northern Britain speak which language?

text: Insular Celtic

question: The Pictish tribe of Southern Ireland inhabited the islands when?

text: beginning of the 1st millennium AD

question: The Anglo-Saxon empire was conquered by the Roman Empire from when?

text: AD 43

question: The Anglo Saxons arrived in the 3rd century and would end up dominated what is modernly known as what country?

text: England.

question: The Anglo-Viking treaty is associated with which time frame?


text: Modern adult contemporary can be a variation of hot AC, and includes modern rock titles in its presentation. In 1997, Mike Marino of KMXB in Las Vegas described the format as reaching "an audience that has outgrown the edgier hip-hop or alternative music but hasn't gotten old and sappy enough for the soft ACs." The format's artists included Alanis Morissette, Counting Crows, Gin Blossoms, Bon Jovi, Train, No Doubt, The Script, The Cranberries, Lifehouse, Sarah McLachlan, Sara Bareilles, John Mayer, Jewel, and Ingrid Michaelson. Unlike modern rock, which went after 18-34 men, this format appealed to women.

title: Adult_contemporary_music

title: Adult_contemporary_music

text: Modern

text: adult

text: contemporary

text: can

text: be

text: a

text: variation

text: of

text: hot

text: AC

text: and

text: includes

text: modern

text: rock

text: titles

text: in

text: its

text: presentation

text: In

text: Mike

text: Marino

text: of

text: KMXB

text: in

text: Las

text: Vegas

text: described

text: the

text: format

text: as

text: reaching

text: an

text: audience

text: that

text: has

text: outgrown

text: the

text: edgier

text: hip

text: hop

text: or

text: alternative

text: music

text: but

text: has

text: n't

text: gotten

text: old

text: and

text: sappy

text: enough

text: for

text: the

text: soft

text: ACs

text: The

text: format

text: 's

text: artists

text: included

text: Alanis

text: Morissette

text: Counting

text: Crows

text: Gin

text: Blossoms

text: Bon

text: Jovi

text: Train

text: No

text: Doubt

text: The

text: Script

text: The

text: Cranberries

text: Lifehouse

text: Sarah

text: McLachlan

text: Sara

text: Bareilles

text: John

text: Mayer

text: Jewel

text: and

text: Ingrid

text: Michaelson

text: Unlike

text: modern

text: rock

text: which

text: went

text: after

text: men

text: this

text: format

text: appealed

text: to

text: women

question: What station did Mike Marino work for in 1997?

answer: KMXB

text: KMXB

question: Where was the radio station KMXB based in 1997?

answer: Las Vegas

text: Las Vegas

question: What age demographic is modern rock radio focused on?

answer: 18-34

question: What is the sex of the listeners modern rock radio is geared towards?

answer: men

text: men

question: Unlike modern rock radio, what sex is adult contemporary radio said to appeal to?

answer: women

text: women


text: The 19th-century Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone considered Burke "a magazine of wisdom on Ireland and America" and in his diary recorded: "Made many extracts from Burke—sometimes almost divine". The Radical MP and anti-Corn Law activist Richard Cobden often praised Burke's Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. The Liberal historian Lord Acton considered Burke one of the three greatest Liberals, along with William Gladstone and Thomas Babington Macaulay. Lord Macaulay recorded in his diary: "I have now finished reading again most of Burke's works. Admirable! The greatest man since Milton". The Gladstonian Liberal MP John Morley published two books on Burke (including a biography) and was influenced by Burke, including his views on prejudice. The Cobdenite Radical Francis Hirst thought Burke deserved "a place among English libertarians, even though of all lovers of liberty and of all reformers he was the most conservative, the least abstract, always anxious to preserve and renovate rather than to innovate. In politics he resembled the modern architect who would restore an old house instead of pulling it down to construct a new one on the site". Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France was controversial at the time of its publication, but after his death, it was to become his best known and most influential work, and a manifesto for Conservative thinking.

title: Edmund_Burke

title: Edmund_Burke

text: The

text: century

text: Liberal

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: William

text: Ewart

text: Gladstone

text: considered

text: Burke

text: a

text: magazine

text: of

text: wisdom

text: on

text: Ireland

text: and

text: America

text: and

text: in

text: his

text: diary

text: recorded

text: Made

text: many

text: extracts

text: from

text: Burke

text: sometimes

text: almost

text: divine

text: The

text: Radical

text: MP

text: and

text: anti

text: Corn

text: Law

text: activist

text: Richard

text: Cobden

text: often

text: praised

text: Burke

text: 's

text: Thoughts

text: and

text: Details

text: on

text: Scarcity

text: The

text: Liberal

text: historian

text: Lord

text: Acton

text: considered

text: Burke

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: greatest

text: Liberals

text: along

text: with

text: William

text: Gladstone

text: and

text: Thomas

text: Babington

text: Macaulay

text: Lord

text: Macaulay

text: recorded

text: in

text: his

text: diary

text: I

text: have

text: now

text: finished

text: reading

text: again

text: most

text: of

text: Burke

text: 's

text: works

text: Admirable

text: The

text: greatest

text: man

text: since

text: Milton

text: The

text: Gladstonian

text: Liberal

text: MP

text: John

text: Morley

text: published

text: two

text: books

text: on

text: Burke

text: including

text: a

text: biography

text: and

text: was

text: influenced

text: by

text: Burke

text: including

text: his

text: views

text: on

text: prejudice

text: The

text: Cobdenite

text: Radical

text: Francis

text: Hirst

text: thought

text: Burke

text: deserved

text: a

text: place

text: among

text: English

text: libertarians

text: even

text: though

text: of

text: all

text: lovers

text: of

text: liberty

text: and

text: of

text: all

text: reformers

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: conservative

text: the

text: least

text: abstract

text: always

text: anxious

text: to

text: preserve

text: and

text: renovate

text: rather

text: than

text: to

text: innovate

text: In

text: politics

text: he

text: resembled

text: the

text: modern

text: architect

text: who

text: would

text: restore

text: an

text: old

text: house

text: instead

text: of

text: pulling

text: it

text: down

text: to

text: construct

text: a

text: new

text: one

text: on

text: the

text: site

text: Burke

text: 's

text: Reflections

text: on

text: the

text: Revolution

text: in

text: France

text: was

text: controversial

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: its

text: publication

text: but

text: after

text: his

text: death

text: it

text: was

text: to

text: become

text: his

text: best

text: known

text: and

text: most

text: influential

text: work

text: and

text: a

text: manifesto

text: for

text: Conservative

text: thinking

question: What political party was Gladstone in?

answer: Liberal

text: Liberal

question: What countries did Gladstone think Burke was wise about?

answer: Ireland and America

text: Ireland and America

question: What was Cobden an activist against?

answer: Corn Law

text: Corn Law

question: Lord Macaulay thought Burke was the best author since whom?

answer: Milton

text: Milton

question: Who thought Burke was like an architect remodeling an old house instead of tearing it down?

answer: Francis Hirst

text: Francis Hirst

question: What law was William Ewart Gladstone against?

text: Corn Law

question: Which pamphlet did Lord Acton praise?

text: Thoughts and Details on Scarcity

question: Who did Macaulay say was the best man since Burke?

text: Milton

question: How many books did Lord Acton publish on Burke?

text: two

question: What architect admired Burke?

text: Francis Hirst


text: Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemate punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war. The stalemate led the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to take action on Ethiopia with the Eleven Letters penned by the President to the United Nations Security Council. The situation has been further escalated by the continued efforts of the Eritrean and Ethiopian leaders in supporting opposition in one another's countries.[citation needed] In 2011, Ethiopia accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit in Addis Ababa, which was later supported by a UN report. Eritrea denied the claims.

title: Eritrea

title: Eritrea

text: Disagreements

text: following

text: the

text: war

text: have

text: resulted

text: in

text: stalemate

text: punctuated

text: by

text: periods

text: of

text: elevated

text: tension

text: and

text: renewed

text: threats

text: of

text: war

text: The

text: stalemate

text: led

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: Eritrea

text: to

text: urge

text: the

text: UN

text: to

text: take

text: action

text: on

text: Ethiopia

text: with

text: the

text: Eleven

text: Letters

text: penned

text: by

text: the

text: President

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Security

text: Council

text: The

text: situation

text: has

text: been

text: further

text: escalated

text: by

text: the

text: continued

text: efforts

text: of

text: the

text: Eritrean

text: and

text: Ethiopian

text: leaders

text: in

text: supporting

text: opposition

text: in

text: one

text: another

text: 's

text: countries.[citation

text: needed

text: In

text: Ethiopia

text: accused

text: Eritrea

text: of

text: planting

text: bombs

text: at

text: an

text: African

text: Union

text: summit

text: in

text: Addis

text: Ababa

text: which

text: was

text: later

text: supported

text: by

text: a

text: UN

text: report

text: Eritrea

text: denied

text: the

text: claims

question: What did disagreements following the Eritrean War result in?

answer: stalemate

text: stalemate

question: What did the stalemate lead the President of Eritrea to urge the UN to do?

answer: take action on Ethiopia

text: take action on Ethiopia

question: Who accused Eritrea of planting bombs at an African Union summit?

answer: Ethiopia

text: Ethiopia

question: What supported the accusation that Eritrea planted bombs at the African Union summit?

answer: a UN report

text: a UN report

question: What did Eritrea do when it was accused of planting bombs at the African Union summit?

answer: denied the claims

text: denied the claims

question: In what year did the war technically end?

question: In what year was the Eleven Letters sent to United Nations Security Council?

question: What is the capital of Eritrea?

text: Addis Ababa

question: In what city is the UN based?

text: Addis Ababa

question: Where was the African Union summit held in 2010?

text: Eritrea


text: Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings intended for broadcast are typically recorded either in 720p or 1080i format as determined by the broadcaster. 720p is commonly used for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because most computer monitors operate in progressive-scan mode. 720p also imposes less strenuous storage and decoding requirements compared to both 1080i and 1080p. 1080p/24, 1080i/30, 1080i/25, and 720p/30 is most often used on Blu-ray Disc.

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: Non

text: cinematic

text: HDTV

text: video

text: recordings

text: intended

text: for

text: broadcast

text: are

text: typically

text: recorded

text: either

text: in

text: or

text: format

text: as

text: determined

text: by

text: the

text: broadcaster

text: is

text: commonly

text: used

text: for

text: Internet

text: distribution

text: of

text: high

text: definition

text: video

text: because

text: most

text: computer

text: monitors

text: operate

text: in

text: progressive

text: scan

text: mode

text: also

text: imposes

text: less

text: strenuous

text: storage

text: and

text: decoding

text: requirements

text: compared

text: to

text: both

text: and

text: and

text: is

text: most

text: often

text: used

text: on

text: Blu

text: ray

text: Disc

question: What two formats are typically used to recorde non-cinematic HDTV video intended for broadcast?

answer: 720p or 1080i

text: 720p or 1080i

question: Which format is typically used for internet distribution of HD video?

answer: 720p

question: Most computer monitors operate in what mode?

answer: progressive-scan

text: progressive-scan

question: 1080i, 1080p, and 720p are often used on what kind of disc.

answer: Blu-ray

text: Blu-ray

question: What two formats are typically used to record cinematic HDTV video intended for broadcast?

text: 720p or 1080i

question: Which format is typically used for internet distribution of SD video?

question: No computer monitors operate in what mode?

text: progressive-scan

question: 1080i, 1080p, and 720p are never used on what kind of disc.

text: Blu-ray


text: Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul").[dubious – discuss] Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the "flying man" argument in the Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defense of the argument that the soul is without quantitative extension, which has an affinity with Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of an "epoche").

title: Avicenna

title: Avicenna

text: Avicenna

text: 's

text: legacy

text: in

text: classical

text: psychology

text: is

text: primarily

text: embodied

text: in

text: the

text: Kitab

text: al

text: nafs

text: parts

text: of

text: his

text: Kitab

text: al

text: shifa

text: The

text: Book

text: of

text: Healing

text: and

text: Kitab

text: al

text: najat

text: The

text: Book

text: of

text: Deliverance

text: These

text: were

text: known

text: in

text: Latin

text: under

text: the

text: title

text: De

text: Anima

text: treatises

text: on

text: the

text: soul").[dubious

text: discuss

text: Notably

text: Avicenna

text: develops

text: what

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: flying

text: man

text: argument

text: in

text: the

text: Psychology

text: of

text: The

text: Cure

text: as

text: defense

text: of

text: the

text: argument

text: that

text: the

text: soul

text: is

text: without

text: quantitative

text: extension

text: which

text: has

text: an

text: affinity

text: with

text: Descartes

text: 's

text: cogito

text: argument

text: or

text: what

text: phenomenology

text: designates

text: as

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: an

text: epoche

question: What is Avicenna's Book of Healing referred to in Arabic?

answer: Kitab al-shifa

text: Kitab al-shifa

question: What subject is seen throughout Avicenna's Book of Healing?

answer: classical psychology

text: classical psychology

question: In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is without what?

answer: quantitative extension

text: quantitative extension

question: Whose argument is similar to Avicenna's that the soul is without quantitative extension?

answer: Descartes

text: Descartes

question: What is the Latin for Avicenna's psychology parts in his Book of Healing?

answer: De Anima

text: De Anima

question: What text embodies Avicenna's legacy in philosophy?

text: Kitab al-nafs

question: What kind of extension does Avicenna say the soul has?

text: quantitative

question: Who's agrument disagrees with Avicenna's argument on the soul?

text: Descartes's

question: What is Avicenna's Book of Healing referred to in Muslim?

text: Kitab al-shifa

question: What subject is never seen throughout Avicenna's Book of Healing?

text: classical psychology

question: In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is with what?

text: quantitative extension

question: Whose argument is similar to Avicenna's that the soul is with quantitative extension?

text: Descartes

question: What is the Latin for Avicenna's philosophy parts in his Book of Healing?

text: De Anima


text: Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of electric light, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL), high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED). Some jurisdictions, such as the European Union, China, Canada and United States, are in the process of phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs while others, including Colombia, Mexico, Cuba, Argentina, Brazil and Australia, have prohibited them already.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: Incandescent

text: bulbs

text: have

text: been

text: replaced

text: in

text: many

text: applications

text: by

text: other

text: types

text: of

text: electric

text: light

text: such

text: as

text: fluorescent

text: lamps

text: compact

text: fluorescent

text: lamps

text: CFL

text: cold

text: cathode

text: fluorescent

text: lamps

text: CCFL

text: high

text: intensity

text: discharge

text: lamps

text: and

text: light

text: emitting

text: diode

text: lamps

text: LED

text: Some

text: jurisdictions

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: China

text: Canada

text: and

text: United

text: States

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: phasing

text: out

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: incandescent

text: light

text: bulbs

text: while

text: others

text: including

text: Colombia

text: Mexico

text: Cuba

text: Argentina

text: Brazil

text: and

text: Australia

text: have

text: prohibited

text: them

text: already

question: What law did Australia make about incandescent light bulbs?

answer: prohibited them already

text: prohibited them already

question: How is the United States treating incandescent light bulbs?

answer: phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs

text: phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs

question: What does the acronym CCFL refer to?

answer: cold cathode fluorescent lamps

text: cold cathode fluorescent lamps

question: What does the acronym CFL refer to?

answer: compact fluorescent lamps

text: compact fluorescent lamps

question: What does the acronym LED refer to?

answer: light-emitting diode

text: light-emitting diode

question: What type of bulb has not been replaced in many application by other types of electric light?

text: Incandescent bulbs

question: How is India treating incandescent light bulbs?

question: What does the acronym CCFL not refer to?

text: cold cathode fluorescent lamps

question: What does the acronym LED not refer to?

text: light-emitting diode lamps

question: What does the acronym CFL not refer to?

text: compact fluorescent lamps


text: Between 1945 and 1989, the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within the currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61%, caused primarily by the Soviet programme promoting mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, as well as by wartime emigration and Joseph Stalin's mass deportations and executions.[citation needed] By 1989, minorities constituted more than one-third of the population, as the number of non-Estonians had grown almost fivefold.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: share

text: of

text: ethnic

text: Estonians

text: in

text: the

text: population

text: resident

text: within

text: the

text: currently

text: defined

text: boundaries

text: of

text: Estonia

text: dropped

text: to

text: caused

text: primarily

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: programme

text: promoting

text: mass

text: immigration

text: of

text: urban

text: industrial

text: workers

text: from

text: Russia

text: Ukraine

text: and

text: Belarus

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: by

text: wartime

text: emigration

text: and

text: Joseph

text: Stalin

text: 's

text: mass

text: deportations

text: and

text: executions.[citation

text: needed

text: By

text: minorities

text: constituted

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: as

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: non

text: Estonians

text: had

text: grown

text: almost

text: fivefold

question: What period did the amount of ethnic Estonians drop by 61%?

answer: Between 1945 and 1989

text: Between 1945 and 1989

question: What trend caused the drop of ethnic Estonians?

answer: mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus

text: mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus

question: Who ordered large scales of deportations and executions?

answer: Joseph Stalin

text: Joseph Stalin

question: What year did minorities in Estonia make up more than a third of the country?

answer: 1989


text: Commentaries dealing with the zahir (outward aspects) of the text are called tafsir, and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the batin are called ta'wil ("interpretation" or "explanation"), which involves taking the text back to its beginning. Commentators with an esoteric slant believe that the ultimate meaning of the Quran is known only to God. In contrast, Quranic literalism, followed by Salafis and Zahiris, is the belief that the Quran should only be taken at its apparent meaning.[citation needed]

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: Commentaries

text: dealing

text: with

text: the

text: zahir

text: outward

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: text

text: are

text: called

text: tafsir

text: and

text: hermeneutic

text: and

text: esoteric

text: commentaries

text: dealing

text: with

text: the

text: batin

text: are

text: called

text: ta'wil

text: interpretation

text: or

text: explanation

text: which

text: involves

text: taking

text: the

text: text

text: back

text: to

text: its

text: beginning

text: Commentators

text: with

text: an

text: esoteric

text: slant

text: believe

text: that

text: the

text: ultimate

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: is

text: known

text: only

text: to

text: God

text: In

text: contrast

text: Quranic

text: literalism

text: followed

text: by

text: Salafis

text: and

text: Zahiris

text: is

text: the

text: belief

text: that

text: the

text: Quran

text: should

text: only

text: be

text: taken

text: at

text: its

text: apparent

text: meaning.[citation

text: needed

question: What is the Arabic term for the surface-level aspects of a text?

answer: zahir

text: zahir

question: What Arabic term applies to interpretations aimed at the deeper, esoteric meanings of a text?

answer: ta'wil

text: ta'wil

question: Who is the only one who ever knows the full meaning of Quranic verses in the esoteric view?

answer: God

text: God

question: Which two groups are examples of Muslims who advocate a very literal reading of the Quran?

answer: Salafis and Zahiris

text: Salafis and Zahiris

question: What is the Jewish term for the surface-level aspects of a text?

text: zahir

question: What is the Arabic term for the surface-level aspects of a song?

text: zahir

question: What Arabic term applies to misinterpretations aimed at the deeper, esoteric meanings of a text?

text: ta'wil

question: Who is the only one who ever knows the partial meaning of Quranic verses in the esoteric view?

text: God

question: Which two groups are examples of Muslims who advocate a very unliteral reading of the Quran?

text: Salafis and Zahiris


text: The province is traditionally known as the "Land of Fish and Rice". True to its name, rice is the main crop, followed by wheat; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China, and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country. The main cash crops include jute and cotton, and the province also leads the provinces of China in tea production. (The renowned Longjing tea is a product of Hangzhou.) Zhejiang's towns have been known for handicraft production of goods such as silk, for which it is ranked second among the provinces. Its many market towns connect the cities with the countryside.

title: Zhejiang

title: Zhejiang

text: The

text: province

text: is

text: traditionally

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Land

text: of

text: Fish

text: and

text: Rice

text: True

text: to

text: its

text: name

text: rice

text: is

text: the

text: main

text: crop

text: followed

text: by

text: wheat

text: north

text: Zhejiang

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: center

text: of

text: aquaculture

text: in

text: China

text: and

text: the

text: Zhoushan

text: fishery

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: fishery

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: The

text: main

text: cash

text: crops

text: include

text: jute

text: and

text: cotton

text: and

text: the

text: province

text: also

text: leads

text: the

text: provinces

text: of

text: China

text: in

text: tea

text: production

text: The

text: renowned

text: Longjing

text: tea

text: is

text: a

text: product

text: of

text: Hangzhou

text: Zhejiang

text: 's

text: towns

text: have

text: been

text: known

text: for

text: handicraft

text: production

text: of

text: goods

text: such

text: as

text: silk

text: for

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: ranked

text: second

text: among

text: the

text: provinces

text: Its

text: many

text: market

text: towns

text: connect

text: the

text: cities

text: with

text: the

text: countryside

question: What is the province traditionally known as?

answer: Land of Fish and Rice

text: Land of Fish and Rice

question: What is the main crop of the province?

answer: rice

text: rice

question: What is the second main crop of the province?

answer: wheat

text: wheat

question: What part of Zhejiang is a center of aquaculture in China?

answer: north Zhejiang

text: north Zhejiang

question: What is the largest fishery in the country?

answer: Zhoushan fishery

text: Zhoushan fishery

question: What is the province never known as?

text: Land of Fish and Rice

question: What isn't the main crop of the province?

text: rice

question: What is the least main crop of the province?

text: wheat

question: What part of Zhejiang is not a center of aquaculture in China?

text: north Zhejiang

question: What is the smallest fishery in the country?

text: Zhoushan fishery


text: The first major model for communication was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories in 1949 The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise.

title: Communication

title: Communication

text: The

text: first

text: major

text: model

text: for

text: communication

text: was

text: introduced

text: by

text: Claude

text: Shannon

text: and

text: Warren

text: Weaver

text: for

text: Bell

text: Laboratories

text: in

text: The

text: original

text: model

text: was

text: designed

text: to

text: mirror

text: the

text: functioning

text: of

text: radio

text: and

text: telephone

text: technologies

text: Their

text: initial

text: model

text: consisted

text: of

text: three

text: primary

text: parts

text: sender

text: channel

text: and

text: receiver

text: The

text: sender

text: was

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: telephone

text: a

text: person

text: spoke

text: into

text: the

text: channel

text: was

text: the

text: telephone

text: itself

text: and

text: the

text: receiver

text: was

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: phone

text: where

text: one

text: could

text: hear

text: the

text: other

text: person

text: Shannon

text: and

text: Weaver

text: also

text: recognized

text: that

text: often

text: there

text: is

text: static

text: that

text: interferes

text: with

text: one

text: listening

text: to

text: a

text: telephone

text: conversation

text: which

text: they

text: deemed

text: noise

question: Who introduced the first major model for communication in 1949?

answer: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver

text: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver

question: What did the first model for communication consist of?

answer: sender, channel, and receiver

text: sender, channel, and receiver

question: What was the sender in the initial model?

answer: the part of a telephone a person spoke into

text: the part of a telephone a person spoke into

question: What was the channel in the initial model?

answer: the telephone itself

text: the telephone itself

question: What was the receiver in the initial model?

answer: the part of the phone where one could hear the other person

text: the part of the phone where one could hear the other person

question: In 1945 the first communication model was introduced for what company?

text: Bell Laboratories

question: What had two primary parts of a sender and a receiver?

text: initial model

question: The channel was where one could hear what?

text: the other person

question: Shannon and Bell recognized that what interfered with listening to a telephone conversation?

text: static

question: Warren Shannon and Claude Weaver worked for whom?

text: Bell Laboratories


text: In Indian philosophy, Yoga is among other things, the name of one of the six āstika philosophical schools. The Yoga philosophical system is closely allied with the dualism premises of Samkhya school. The Yoga school accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is considered theistic because it accepts the concept of "personal god", unlike Samkhya. The epistemology of the Yoga school, like the Sāmkhya school, relies on three of six prāmaṇas as the means of gaining reliable knowledge: pratyakṣa (perception), anumāṇa (inference) and śabda (āptavacana, word/testimony of reliable sources).

title: Hindu_philosophy

title: Hindu_philosophy

text: In

text: Indian

text: philosophy

text: Yoga

text: is

text: among

text: other

text: things

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: six

text: āstika

text: philosophical

text: schools

text: The

text: Yoga

text: philosophical

text: system

text: is

text: closely

text: allied

text: with

text: the

text: dualism

text: premises

text: of

text: Samkhya

text: school

text: The

text: Yoga

text: school

text: accepts

text: the

text: Samkhya

text: psychology

text: and

text: metaphysics

text: but

text: is

text: considered

text: theistic

text: because

text: it

text: accepts

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: personal

text: god

text: unlike

text: Samkhya

text: The

text: epistemology

text: of

text: the

text: Yoga

text: school

text: like

text: the

text: Sāmkhya

text: school

text: relies

text: on

text: three

text: of

text: six

text: prāmaṇas

text: as

text: the

text: means

text: of

text: gaining

text: reliable

text: knowledge

text: pratyakṣa

text: perception

text: anumāṇa

text: inference

text: and

text: śabda

text: āptavacana

text: word

text: testimony

text: of

text: reliable

text: sources

question: Of what is yoga a part  in Indian philosophy?

answer: philosophical schools

text: philosophical schools

question: To what school of Hindu philosophy is yoga aligned?

answer: Samkhya

text: Samkhya

question: What concept does yoga accept the differentiates it from Samkhya?

answer: personal god

text: personal god

question: How many of the six pramanas does yoga accept?

answer: three

text: three

question: Unlike other schools of Samkhya, what attitude makes yoga different?

answer: theistic

text: theistic

question: What philosophy is Yoga antithetical to?

text: Samkhya

question: What does Samkhya accept that yoga does not?

text: the concept of "personal god"

question: Which parts of Samkhya does Yoga reject?

text: the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics

question: Which pramana does Yoga reject?

text: pratyakṣa

question: What does Yoga mean?

text: personal god


text: Lamps designed for different voltages have different luminous efficacy. For example, a 100-watt, 120-volt lamp will produce about 17.1 lumens per watt. A lamp with the same rated lifetime but designed for 230 V would produce only around 12.8 lumens per watt, and a similar lamp designed for 30 volts (train lighting) would produce as much as 19.8 lumens per watt. Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament, for the same power rating. They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: Lamps

text: designed

text: for

text: different

text: voltages

text: have

text: different

text: luminous

text: efficacy

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: lamp

text: will

text: produce

text: about

text: lumens

text: per

text: watt

text: A

text: lamp

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: rated

text: lifetime

text: but

text: designed

text: for

text: V

text: would

text: produce

text: only

text: around

text: lumens

text: per

text: watt

text: and

text: a

text: similar

text: lamp

text: designed

text: for

text: volts

text: train

text: lighting

text: would

text: produce

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: lumens

text: per

text: watt

text: Lower

text: voltage

text: lamps

text: have

text: a

text: thicker

text: filament

text: for

text: the

text: same

text: power

text: rating

text: They

text: can

text: run

text: hotter

text: for

text: the

text: same

text: lifetime

text: before

text: the

text: filament

text: evaporates

question: How many lumens per watt does a typical 100-watt, 120-volt lamp produce?

answer: 17.1 lumens per watt

text: 17.1 lumens per watt

question: How does filament size relate to voltage level?

answer: Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament

text: Lower voltage lamps have a thicker filament

question: What is the effect of a thicker filament on bulb temperature?

answer: They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates.

text: They can run hotter for the same lifetime before the filament evaporates.

question: How many lumens per watt does a typical train light produce?

answer: as much as 19.8 lumens per watt

text: as much as 19.8 lumens per watt

question: What watt lamp can produce 17.3 lumens per watt?

text: a 100-watt

question: How does a filament size not relate to voltage level?

question: What is not effect of a thicker filament on bulb temperature?

question: How many lumens per watt does an atypical train light produce?

text: as much as 19.8 lumens per watt


text: In 1274, the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casualties. The Yuan army was eventually recalled and the invasion was called off. The Mongol invaders used small bombs, which was likely the first appearance of bombs and gunpowder in Japan.

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: In

text: the

text: Mongol

text: founded

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

text: in

text: China

text: sent

text: a

text: force

text: of

text: some

text: men

text: and

text: ships

text: to

text: invade

text: Japan

text: in

text: northern

text: Kyūshū

text: Japan

text: mustered

text: a

text: mere

text: samurai

text: to

text: meet

text: this

text: threat

text: The

text: invading

text: army

text: was

text: harassed

text: by

text: major

text: thunderstorms

text: throughout

text: the

text: invasion

text: which

text: aided

text: the

text: defenders

text: by

text: inflicting

text: heavy

text: casualties

text: The

text: Yuan

text: army

text: was

text: eventually

text: recalled

text: and

text: the

text: invasion

text: was

text: called

text: off

text: The

text: Mongol

text: invaders

text: used

text: small

text: bombs

text: which

text: was

text: likely

text: the

text: first

text: appearance

text: of

text: bombs

text: and

text: gunpowder

text: in

text: Japan

question: Which Chinese dynasty was founded by Mongols?

answer: Yuan

text: Yuan

question: How many troops did the Yuan send to invade Japan?

answer: 40,000

question: How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan?

answer: 900

question: Where did the Yuan invade Japan?

answer: northern Kyūshū

text: northern Kyūshū

question: How many samurai did Japan defeat the Yuan invasion with?

answer: 10,000


text: Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century. Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms free people of color and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states.

title: Multiracial_American

title: Multiracial_American

text: Colonial

text: records

text: of

text: French

text: and

text: Spanish

text: slave

text: ships

text: and

text: sales

text: and

text: plantation

text: records

text: in

text: all

text: the

text: former

text: colonies

text: often

text: have

text: much

text: more

text: information

text: about

text: slaves

text: from

text: which

text: researchers

text: are

text: reconstructing

text: slave

text: family

text: histories

text: Genealogists

text: have

text: begun

text: to

text: find

text: plantation

text: records

text: court

text: records

text: land

text: deeds

text: and

text: other

text: sources

text: to

text: trace

text: African

text: American

text: families

text: and

text: individuals

text: before

text: As

text: slaves

text: were

text: generally

text: forbidden

text: to

text: learn

text: to

text: read

text: and

text: write

text: black

text: families

text: passed

text: along

text: oral

text: histories

text: which

text: have

text: had

text: great

text: persistence

text: Similarly

text: Native

text: Americans

text: did

text: not

text: generally

text: learn

text: to

text: read

text: and

text: write

text: English

text: although

text: some

text: did

text: in

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: Until

text: census

text: enumerators

text: used

text: the

text: terms

text: free

text: people

text: of

text: color

text: and

text: mulatto

text: to

text: classify

text: people

text: of

text: apparent

text: mixed

text: race

text: When

text: those

text: terms

text: were

text: dropped

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: lobbying

text: by

text: the

text: Southern

text: Congressional

text: bloc

text: the

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: used

text: only

text: the

text: binary

text: classifications

text: of

text: black

text: or

text: white

text: as

text: was

text: typical

text: in

text: segregated

text: southern

text: states

question: What has helped geneologists researching slaves?

answer: Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies

text: Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales, and plantation records in all the former colonies

question: What were slaves usually not allowed to do?

answer: learn to read and write

text: learn to read and write

question: What replaced written records for black families?

answer: oral histories

text: oral histories

question: Who caused the Census Burea to drop the terms free people of color and mulatto?

answer: Southern Congressional bloc

text: Southern Congressional bloc

question: When were the terms mulatto and free people of color taken off the census?

answer: 1930

question: What do colonial records of German slave ships often have?

text: much more information about slaves

question: What do genealogists use to trace African American families after 1870?

text: court records

question: What did Asians generally not learn to read and write?

text: English

question: When did the Census Bureau drop the binary classifications of black and white?


text: In agriculture, the increased usage of sheep with long-fibred wool allowed a stronger thread to be spun. In addition, the spinning wheel replaced the traditional distaff for spinning wool, tripling production.[AI] A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures for garments, which allowed for better fitting without having to lace clothing on the wearer. Windmills were refined with the creation of the tower mill, allowing the upper part of the windmill to be spun around to face the direction from which the wind was blowing. The blast furnace appeared around 1350 in Sweden, increasing the quantity of iron produced and improving its quality. The first patent law in 1447 in Venice protected the rights of inventors to their inventions.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: In

text: agriculture

text: the

text: increased

text: usage

text: of

text: sheep

text: with

text: long

text: fibred

text: wool

text: allowed

text: a

text: stronger

text: thread

text: to

text: be

text: spun

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: spinning

text: wheel

text: replaced

text: the

text: traditional

text: distaff

text: for

text: spinning

text: wool

text: tripling

text: production.[AI

text: A

text: less

text: technological

text: refinement

text: that

text: still

text: greatly

text: affected

text: daily

text: life

text: was

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: buttons

text: as

text: closures

text: for

text: garments

text: which

text: allowed

text: for

text: better

text: fitting

text: without

text: having

text: to

text: lace

text: clothing

text: on

text: the

text: wearer

text: Windmills

text: were

text: refined

text: with

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: tower

text: mill

text: allowing

text: the

text: upper

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: windmill

text: to

text: be

text: spun

text: around

text: to

text: face

text: the

text: direction

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: wind

text: was

text: blowing

text: The

text: blast

text: furnace

text: appeared

text: around

text: in

text: Sweden

text: increasing

text: the

text: quantity

text: of

text: iron

text: produced

text: and

text: improving

text: its

text: quality

text: The

text: first

text: patent

text: law

text: in

text: in

text: Venice

text: protected

text: the

text: rights

text: of

text: inventors

text: to

text: their

text: inventions

question: What was replaced by the spinning wheel?

answer: the traditional distaff

text: the traditional distaff

question: What invention replaced laces on clothing?

answer: buttons

text: buttons

question: What new type of windmill was invented in this period?

answer: the tower mill

text: the tower mill

question: In what country did the blast furnace first appear?

answer: Sweden

text: Sweden

question: Where did patent law originate?

answer: Venice

text: Venice


text: The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, [f] and [v], two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were allophones of the same phoneme in English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in historical linguistics.

title: Phonology

title: Phonology

text: The

text: particular

text: contrasts

text: which

text: are

text: phonemic

text: in

text: a

text: language

text: can

text: change

text: over

text: time

text: At

text: one

text: time

text: f

text: and

text: v

text: two

text: sounds

text: that

text: have

text: the

text: same

text: place

text: and

text: manner

text: of

text: articulation

text: and

text: differ

text: in

text: voicing

text: only

text: were

text: allophones

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: phoneme

text: in

text: English

text: but

text: later

text: came

text: to

text: belong

text: to

text: separate

text: phonemes

text: This

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: factors

text: of

text: historical

text: change

text: of

text: languages

text: as

text: described

text: in

text: historical

text: linguistics

question: What kind of linguistics describes how factors of languages change in history?

answer: historical

text: historical

question: With the passage of time what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change?

answer: contrasts

text: contrasts

question: In the past sounds that now belong to separate phonemes were allophones of what kind of phoneme in English?

answer: the same phoneme

text: the same phoneme

question: What kind of linguistics describes how factors of phenomes change in history?

text: historical

question: With the passage of phenomes what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change?

text: contrasts

question: In the past sounds that now belong to separate phenomes were allophones of what kind  of change in English?

text: the same phoneme

question: What cannot change over time?

question: Where is historical change of time described?

text: historical linguistics


text: The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582. The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church. Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day, it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria (see Easter for the issues which arose).

title: Gregorian_calendar

title: Gregorian_calendar

text: The

text: Gregorian

text: calendar

text: was

text: a

text: reform

text: of

text: the

text: Julian

text: calendar

text: instituted

text: in

text: by

text: Pope

text: Gregory

text: XIII

text: after

text: whom

text: the

text: calendar

text: was

text: named

text: by

text: papal

text: bull

text: Inter

text: gravissimas

text: dated

text: February

text: The

text: motivation

text: for

text: the

text: adjustment

text: was

text: to

text: bring

text: the

text: date

text: for

text: the

text: celebration

text: of

text: Easter

text: to

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: year

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: was

text: celebrated

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: introduced

text: by

text: the

text: early

text: Church

text: Although

text: a

text: recommendation

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: Council

text: of

text: Nicaea

text: in

text: specified

text: that

text: all

text: Christians

text: should

text: celebrate

text: Easter

text: on

text: the

text: same

text: day

text: it

text: took

text: almost

text: five

text: centuries

text: before

text: virtually

text: all

text: Christians

text: achieved

text: that

text: objective

text: by

text: adopting

text: the

text: rules

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: see

text: Easter

text: for

text: the

text: issues

text: which

text: arose

question: Who revised the Julian calendar?

answer: Pope Gregory XIII

text: Pope Gregory XIII

question: When was the Gregorian Calendar introduced?

answer: 1582

question: What calendar was used in the reform to create the Gregorian calendar?

answer: Julian calendar

text: Julian calendar

question: What holiday was the inducement to revise the Julian calendar?

answer: Easter

text: Easter

question: When did the First Council of Nicaea rule that Easter be celebrated by all Christians?

answer: on the same day

text: on the same day

question: What was the Julian calendar a reform of?

text: The Gregorian calendar

question: What calendar was started in the fifteenth century?

text: The Gregorian calendar

question: Which Pope started the Julian calendar?

text: Pope Gregory XIII

question: What holiday led to the revision of the Gregorian calendar

text: Easter

question: Who suggested that all Christians celebrate Easter on the same day during the third century?

text: the First Council of Nicaea


text: The sensors are primarily single cells that detect light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact, and are present on the head, appendages (if any) and other parts of the body. Nuchal ("on the neck") organs are paired, ciliated structures found only in polychaetes, and are thought to be chemosensors. Some polychaetes also have various combinations of ocelli ("little eyes") that detect the direction from which light is coming and camera eyes or compound eyes that can probably form images. The compound eyes probably evolved independently of arthropods' eyes. Some tube-worms use ocelli widely spread over their bodies to detect the shadows of fish, so that they can quickly withdraw into their tubes. Some burrowing and tube-dwelling polychaetes have statocysts (tilt and balance sensors) that tell them which way is down. A few polychaete genera have on the undersides of their heads palps that are used both in feeding and as "feelers", and some of these also have antennae that are structurally similar but probably are used mainly as "feelers".

title: Annelid

title: Annelid

text: The

text: sensors

text: are

text: primarily

text: single

text: cells

text: that

text: detect

text: light

text: chemicals

text: pressure

text: waves

text: and

text: contact

text: and

text: are

text: present

text: on

text: the

text: head

text: appendages

text: if

text: any

text: and

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: Nuchal

text: on

text: the

text: neck

text: organs

text: are

text: paired

text: ciliated

text: structures

text: found

text: only

text: in

text: polychaetes

text: and

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: chemosensors

text: Some

text: polychaetes

text: also

text: have

text: various

text: combinations

text: of

text: ocelli

text: little

text: eyes

text: that

text: detect

text: the

text: direction

text: from

text: which

text: light

text: is

text: coming

text: and

text: camera

text: eyes

text: or

text: compound

text: eyes

text: that

text: can

text: probably

text: form

text: images

text: The

text: compound

text: eyes

text: probably

text: evolved

text: independently

text: of

text: arthropods

text: eyes

text: Some

text: tube

text: worms

text: use

text: ocelli

text: widely

text: spread

text: over

text: their

text: bodies

text: to

text: detect

text: the

text: shadows

text: of

text: fish

text: so

text: that

text: they

text: can

text: quickly

text: withdraw

text: into

text: their

text: tubes

text: Some

text: burrowing

text: and

text: tube

text: dwelling

text: polychaetes

text: have

text: statocysts

text: tilt

text: and

text: balance

text: sensors

text: that

text: tell

text: them

text: which

text: way

text: is

text: down

text: A

text: few

text: polychaete

text: genera

text: have

text: on

text: the

text: undersides

text: of

text: their

text: heads

text: palps

text: that

text: are

text: used

text: both

text: in

text: feeding

text: and

text: as

text: feelers

text: and

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: also

text: have

text: antennae

text: that

text: are

text: structurally

text: similar

text: but

text: probably

text: are

text: used

text: mainly

text: as

text: feelers

question: What kind of things can annelids' sensors detect?

answer: light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact

text: light, chemicals, pressure waves and contact

question: What does 'nuchal' mean?

answer: on the neck

text: on the neck

question: What type of annelids have nuchal organs?

answer: polychaetes

text: polychaetes

question: What are the nuchal organs thought to do?

answer: chemosensors

text: chemosensors

question: What term means 'little eyes'?

answer: ocelli

text: ocelli

question: What kind of things can annelids' sensors remove?

question: What type of annelids have human organs?

text: polychaetes

question: What are nuchal organs thought to kill?

text: chemosensors

question: What term means 'massive eyes'?

text: ocelli


text: In literature and journalism, BYU has produced several best-selling authors, including Orson Scott Card '75, Brandon Sanderson '00 & '05, Ben English '98, and Stephenie Meyer '95. BYU also graduated American activist and contributor for ABC News Elizabeth Smart-Gilmour. Other media personalities include former CBS News correspondent Art Rascon, award-winning ESPN sportscaster and former Miss America Sharlene Wells Hawkes '86 and former co-host of CBS's The Early Show Jane Clayson Johnson '90. In entertainment and television, BYU is represented by Jon Heder '02 (best known for his role as Napoleon Dynamite), writer-director Daryn Tufts '98, Golden Globe-nominated Aaron Eckhart '94, animator and filmmaker Don Bluth '54, Jeopardy! all-time champion Ken Jennings '00, and Richard Dutcher, the "Father of Mormon Cinema." In the music industry BYU is represented by lead singer of the Grammy Award winning band Imagine Dragons Dan Reynolds, multi-platinum selling drummer Elaine Bradley from the band Neon Trees, crossover dubstep violinist Lindsey Stirling, former American Idol contestant Carmen Rasmusen, Mormon Tabernacle Choir director Mack Wilberg and pianist Massimiliano Frani.

title: Brigham_Young_University

title: Brigham_Young_University

text: In

text: literature

text: and

text: journalism

text: BYU

text: has

text: produced

text: several

text: best

text: selling

text: authors

text: including

text: Orson

text: Scott

text: Card

text: Brandon

text: Sanderson

text: Ben

text: English

text: and

text: Stephenie

text: Meyer

text: BYU

text: also

text: graduated

text: American

text: activist

text: and

text: contributor

text: for

text: ABC

text: News

text: Elizabeth

text: Smart

text: Gilmour

text: Other

text: media

text: personalities

text: include

text: former

text: CBS

text: News

text: correspondent

text: Art

text: Rascon

text: award

text: winning

text: ESPN

text: sportscaster

text: and

text: former

text: Miss

text: America

text: Sharlene

text: Wells

text: Hawkes

text: and

text: former

text: co

text: host

text: of

text: CBS

text: 's

text: The

text: Early

text: Show

text: Jane

text: Clayson

text: Johnson

text: In

text: entertainment

text: and

text: television

text: BYU

text: is

text: represented

text: by

text: Jon

text: Heder

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: role

text: as

text: Napoleon

text: Dynamite

text: writer

text: director

text: Daryn

text: Tufts

text: Golden

text: Globe

text: nominated

text: Aaron

text: Eckhart

text: animator

text: and

text: filmmaker

text: Don

text: Bluth

text: Jeopardy

text: all

text: time

text: champion

text: Ken

text: Jennings

text: and

text: Richard

text: Dutcher

text: the

text: Father

text: of

text: Mormon

text: Cinema

text: In

text: the

text: music

text: industry

text: BYU

text: is

text: represented

text: by

text: lead

text: singer

text: of

text: the

text: Grammy

text: Award

text: winning

text: band

text: Imagine

text: Dragons

text: Dan

text: Reynolds

text: multi

text: platinum

text: selling

text: drummer

text: Elaine

text: Bradley

text: from

text: the

text: band

text: Neon

text: Trees

text: crossover

text: dubstep

text: violinist

text: Lindsey

text: Stirling

text: former

text: American

text: Idol

text: contestant

text: Carmen

text: Rasmusen

text: Mormon

text: Tabernacle

text: Choir

text: director

text: Mack

text: Wilberg

text: and

text: pianist

text: Massimiliano

text: Frani

question: Where did best selling author Stephenie Meyer graduate from in 1995?

answer: BYU

text: BYU

question: Which former Miss America graduated from BYU?

answer: Sharlene Wells Hawkes

text: Sharlene Wells Hawkes

question: Which former co-host of CBS's The Early Show graduated from BYU?

answer: Jane Clayson Johnson

text: Jane Clayson Johnson

question: Which award winning ESPN sports writer graduated form BYU?

answer: Sharlene Wells Hawkes

text: Sharlene Wells Hawkes

question: Which former CBS News correspondent graduated from BYU?

answer: Art Rascon

text: Art Rascon

question: What best selling author graduated from BYU in 1957?

text: Orson Scott Card

question: What best selling author graduated from BYU in 1989?

text: Ben English

question: What best selling author graduated from BYU in 1959?

text: Stephenie Meyer

question: When did Miss America Sharlene Johnson graduate?

question: What is Ken Dutcher considered to be?

text: Father of Mormon Cinema.


text: Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Starting in the pontificate of Pope John XXIII, that limit has been exceeded. At the start of 1971, Pope Paul VI set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120, but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally. He also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors. His action deprived twenty-five living cardinals, including the three living cardinals elevated by Pope Pius XI, of the right to participate in a conclave.[citation needed] Popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120. Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches.

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism

text: Pope

text: Sixtus

text: V

text: limited

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: cardinals

text: to

text: comprising

text: six

text: cardinal

text: bishops

text: cardinal

text: priests

text: and

text: cardinal

text: deacons

text: Starting

text: in

text: the

text: pontificate

text: of

text: Pope

text: John

text: XXIII

text: that

text: limit

text: has

text: been

text: exceeded

text: At

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: Pope

text: Paul

text: VI

text: set

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: cardinal

text: electors

text: at

text: a

text: maximum

text: of

text: but

text: set

text: no

text: limit

text: on

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: cardinals

text: generally

text: He

text: also

text: established

text: a

text: maximum

text: age

text: of

text: eighty

text: years

text: for

text: electors

text: His

text: action

text: deprived

text: twenty

text: five

text: living

text: cardinals

text: including

text: the

text: three

text: living

text: cardinals

text: elevated

text: by

text: Pope

text: Pius

text: XI

text: of

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: a

text: conclave.[citation

text: needed

text: Popes

text: can

text: dispense

text: from

text: church

text: laws

text: and

text: have

text: sometimes

text: brought

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: cardinals

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: to

text: more

text: than

text: Pope

text: Paul

text: VI

text: also

text: increased

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: cardinal

text: bishops

text: by

text: giving

text: that

text: rank

text: to

text: patriarchs

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Catholic

text: Churches

question: Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to?

answer: 70

question: What did the composition of the cardinals consist of?

answer: comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.

text: comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.

question: During who's term did the ruling exceed?

answer: Pope John XXIII

text: Pope John XXIII

question: Pope Paul VI increse the number of cardinal electors to?

answer: 120

question: What is the maximum age for electors?

answer: 80

question: Pope Paul VI raised the cap on cardinal electors from 70 to what?

answer: 120

question: Pope Paul VI had no cap on what?

answer: the number of cardinals generally

text: the number of cardinals generally

question: What was the limit of cardinals that Pope Pius implemented?

question: What did the composition of popes consist of?

question: Who implemented the maximum age of 60 years for electors?

text: Pope Paul VI

question: Who gave a rank to patriarchs of the Western Catholic Churches?

text: Pope Paul VI

question: What can popes not dispense from?


text: While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Islands, which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797, then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864.[page needed]

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: While

text: most

text: of

text: mainland

text: Greece

text: and

text: the

text: Aegean

text: islands

text: was

text: under

text: Ottoman

text: control

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Cyprus

text: and

text: Crete

text: remained

text: Venetian

text: territory

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: fall

text: to

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: until

text: and

text: respectively

text: The

text: only

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: speaking

text: world

text: that

text: escaped

text: long

text: term

text: Ottoman

text: rule

text: was

text: the

text: Ionian

text: Islands

text: which

text: remained

text: Venetian

text: until

text: their

text: capture

text: by

text: the

text: First

text: French

text: Republic

text: in

text: then

text: passed

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: in

text: until

text: their

text: unification

text: with

text: Greece

text: in

text: needed

question: The Ottomans controlled what islands b y the end of the 15th century?

answer: Aegean islands

text: Aegean islands

question: The Venetians had control of which two islands in the 15th century?

answer: Cyprus and Crete

text: Cyprus and Crete

question: The Ottomans took which islands from the Venetians?

answer: Cyprus and Crete

text: Cyprus and Crete

question: In what year were the Ionian Islands captured by the French?

answer: 1797

question: Who gained control of the Ionian Islands in 1809?

answer: United Kingdom

text: United Kingdom


text: Public priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religious law was collegial and traditional; it informed political decisions, could overturn them, and was difficult to exploit for personal gain. Priesthood was a costly honour: in traditional Roman practice, a priest drew no stipend. Cult donations were the property of the deity, whose priest must provide cult regardless of shortfalls in public funding – this could mean subsidy of acolytes and all other cult maintenance from personal funds. For those who had reached their goal in the Cursus honorum, permanent priesthood was best sought or granted after a lifetime's service in military or political life, or preferably both: it was a particularly honourable and active form of retirement which fulfilled an essential public duty. For a freedman or slave, promotion as one of the Compitalia seviri offered a high local profile, and opportunities in local politics; and therefore business. During the Imperial era, priesthood of the Imperial cult offered provincial elites full Roman citizenship and public prominence beyond their single year in religious office; in effect, it was the first step in a provincial cursus honorum. In Rome, the same Imperial cult role was performed by the Arval Brethren, once an obscure Republican priesthood dedicated to several deities, then co-opted by Augustus as part of his religious reforms. The Arvals offered prayer and sacrifice to Roman state gods at various temples for the continued welfare of the Imperial family on their birthdays, accession anniversaries and to mark extraordinary events such as the quashing of conspiracy or revolt. Every January 3 they consecrated the annual vows and rendered any sacrifice promised in the previous year, provided the gods had kept the Imperial family safe for the contracted time.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: Public

text: priests

text: were

text: appointed

text: by

text: the

text: collegia

text: Once

text: elected

text: a

text: priest

text: held

text: permanent

text: religious

text: authority

text: from

text: the

text: eternal

text: divine

text: which

text: offered

text: him

text: lifetime

text: influence

text: privilege

text: and

text: immunity

text: Therefore

text: civil

text: and

text: religious

text: law

text: limited

text: the

text: number

text: and

text: kind

text: of

text: religious

text: offices

text: allowed

text: an

text: individual

text: and

text: his

text: family

text: Religious

text: law

text: was

text: collegial

text: and

text: traditional

text: it

text: informed

text: political

text: decisions

text: could

text: overturn

text: them

text: and

text: was

text: difficult

text: to

text: exploit

text: for

text: personal

text: gain

text: Priesthood

text: was

text: a

text: costly

text: honour

text: in

text: traditional

text: Roman

text: practice

text: a

text: priest

text: drew

text: no

text: stipend

text: Cult

text: donations

text: were

text: the

text: property

text: of

text: the

text: deity

text: whose

text: priest

text: must

text: provide

text: cult

text: regardless

text: of

text: shortfalls

text: in

text: public

text: funding

text: this

text: could

text: mean

text: subsidy

text: of

text: acolytes

text: and

text: all

text: other

text: cult

text: maintenance

text: from

text: personal

text: funds

text: For

text: those

text: who

text: had

text: reached

text: their

text: goal

text: in

text: the

text: Cursus

text: honorum

text: permanent

text: priesthood

text: was

text: best

text: sought

text: or

text: granted

text: after

text: a

text: lifetime

text: 's

text: service

text: in

text: military

text: or

text: political

text: life

text: or

text: preferably

text: both

text: it

text: was

text: a

text: particularly

text: honourable

text: and

text: active

text: form

text: of

text: retirement

text: which

text: fulfilled

text: an

text: essential

text: public

text: duty

text: For

text: a

text: freedman

text: or

text: slave

text: promotion

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Compitalia

text: seviri

text: offered

text: a

text: high

text: local

text: profile

text: and

text: opportunities

text: in

text: local

text: politics

text: and

text: therefore

text: business

text: During

text: the

text: Imperial

text: era

text: priesthood

text: of

text: the

text: Imperial

text: cult

text: offered

text: provincial

text: elites

text: full

text: Roman

text: citizenship

text: and

text: public

text: prominence

text: beyond

text: their

text: single

text: year

text: in

text: religious

text: office

text: in

text: effect

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: step

text: in

text: a

text: provincial

text: cursus

text: honorum

text: In

text: Rome

text: the

text: same

text: Imperial

text: cult

text: role

text: was

text: performed

text: by

text: the

text: Arval

text: Brethren

text: once

text: an

text: obscure

text: Republican

text: priesthood

text: dedicated

text: to

text: several

text: deities

text: then

text: co

text: opted

text: by

text: Augustus

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: his

text: religious

text: reforms

text: The

text: Arvals

text: offered

text: prayer

text: and

text: sacrifice

text: to

text: Roman

text: state

text: gods

text: at

text: various

text: temples

text: for

text: the

text: continued

text: welfare

text: of

text: the

text: Imperial

text: family

text: on

text: their

text: birthdays

text: accession

text: anniversaries

text: and

text: to

text: mark

text: extraordinary

text: events

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: quashing

text: of

text: conspiracy

text: or

text: revolt

text: Every

text: January

text: they

text: consecrated

text: the

text: annual

text: vows

text: and

text: rendered

text: any

text: sacrifice

text: promised

text: in

text: the

text: previous

text: year

text: provided

text: the

text: gods

text: had

text: kept

text: the

text: Imperial

text: family

text: safe

text: for

text: the

text: contracted

text: time

question: What group selected public priests in Rome?

answer: collegia

text: collegia

question: What was the term of office for a priest in Rome?

answer: lifetime

text: lifetime

question: What limited an individual's access to religious offices?

answer: law

text: law

question: Because of the lack of pay, what was the type of honor in being a priest?

answer: costly

text: costly

question: What did a priesthood in the Imperial cult gain a provencial?

answer: Roman citizenship

text: Roman citizenship


text: In 1795, the First Russian Orthodox Church was established in Kodiak. Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives helped the Russian immigrants integrate into society. As a result, an increasing number of Russian Orthodox churches gradually became established within Alaska. Alaska also has the largest Quaker population (by percentage) of any state. In 2009 there were 6,000 Jews in Alaska (for whom observance of halakha may pose special problems). Alaskan Hindus often share venues and celebrations with members of other Asian religious communities, including Sikhs and Jains.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: In

text: the

text: First

text: Russian

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: Kodiak

text: Intermarriage

text: with

text: Alaskan

text: Natives

text: helped

text: the

text: Russian

text: immigrants

text: integrate

text: into

text: society

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: an

text: increasing

text: number

text: of

text: Russian

text: Orthodox

text: churches

text: gradually

text: became

text: established

text: within

text: Alaska

text: Alaska

text: also

text: has

text: the

text: largest

text: Quaker

text: population

text: by

text: percentage

text: of

text: any

text: state

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: Jews

text: in

text: Alaska

text: for

text: whom

text: observance

text: of

text: halakha

text: may

text: pose

text: special

text: problems

text: Alaskan

text: Hindus

text: often

text: share

text: venues

text: and

text: celebrations

text: with

text: members

text: of

text: other

text: Asian

text: religious

text: communities

text: including

text: Sikhs

text: and

text: Jains

question: Which church was established in Kodiak in 1795?

answer: First Russian Orthodox Church

text: First Russian Orthodox Church

question: What was one way in which Russian immigrants integrated into Alaskan society?

answer: Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives

text: Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives

question: Alaska has the largest population of what religious lifestyle of any state?

answer: Quaker population

text: Quaker population

question: What religious tradition may be a problem for Alaskan Jews?

answer: observance of halakha

text: observance of halakha

question: Which church was established in Kodiak in 1759?

text: First Russian Orthodox Church

question: Which church wasn't established in Kodiak in 1795?

text: First Russian Orthodox Church

question: What was one way in which Russian immigrants never integrated into Alaskan society?

text: Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives

question: Alaska has the smallest population of what religious lifestyle of any state?

text: Quaker population

question: What religious tradition is never a problem for Alaskan Jews?

text: observance of halakha


text: Another big impetus for the evolution of the AC radio format was the popularity of easy listening or "beautiful music" stations, stations with music specifically designed to be purely ambient. Whereas most easy listening music was instrumental, created by relatively unknown artists, and rarely purchased, AC was an attempt to create a similar "lite" format by choosing certain tracks (both hit singles and album cuts) of popular artists.

title: Adult_contemporary_music

title: Adult_contemporary_music

text: Another

text: big

text: impetus

text: for

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: the

text: AC

text: radio

text: format

text: was

text: the

text: popularity

text: of

text: easy

text: listening

text: or

text: beautiful

text: music

text: stations

text: stations

text: with

text: music

text: specifically

text: designed

text: to

text: be

text: purely

text: ambient

text: Whereas

text: most

text: easy

text: listening

text: music

text: was

text: instrumental

text: created

text: by

text: relatively

text: unknown

text: artists

text: and

text: rarely

text: purchased

text: AC

text: was

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: create

text: a

text: similar

text: lite

text: format

text: by

text: choosing

text: certain

text: tracks

text: both

text: hit

text: singles

text: and

text: album

text: cuts

text: of

text: popular

text: artists

question: What was another term for easy listening stations?

answer: beautiful music

text: beautiful music

question: Easy listening was predominately what type of music?

answer: instrumental

text: instrumental

question: What types of tracks from popular artists did adult contemporary radio play?

answer: hit singles and album cuts

text: hit singles and album cuts

question: What type of format were adult contemporary and easy listening stations meant to share?

answer: lite

text: lite


text: World-renowned (and city-born) architect Santiago Calatrava produced the futuristic City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), which contains an opera house/performing arts centre, a science museum, an IMAX cinema/planetarium, an oceanographic park and other structures such as a long covered walkway and restaurants. Calatrava is also responsible for the bridge named after him in the centre of the city. The Music Palace (Palau De La Música) is another noteworthy example of modern architecture in Valencia.

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: World

text: renowned

text: and

text: city

text: born

text: architect

text: Santiago

text: Calatrava

text: produced

text: the

text: futuristic

text: City

text: of

text: Arts

text: and

text: Sciences

text: Ciutat

text: de

text: les

text: Arts

text: i

text: les

text: Ciències

text: which

text: contains

text: an

text: opera

text: house

text: performing

text: arts

text: centre

text: a

text: science

text: museum

text: an

text: IMAX

text: cinema

text: planetarium

text: an

text: oceanographic

text: park

text: and

text: other

text: structures

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: long

text: covered

text: walkway

text: and

text: restaurants

text: Calatrava

text: is

text: also

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: bridge

text: named

text: after

text: him

text: in

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: Music

text: Palace

text: Palau

text: De

text: La

text: Música

text: is

text: another

text: noteworthy

text: example

text: of

text: modern

text: architecture

text: in

text: Valencia

question: Who designed the City of Arts and Sciences?

answer: Santiago Calatrava

text: Santiago Calatrava

question: Where is the bridge named for Calatrava located?

answer: centre of the city

text: centre of the city

question: What type of architecture does the Music Palace have?

answer: modern

text: modern

question: Which of Calatrava's creations contains an IMAX theater?

answer: City of Arts and Sciences

text: City of Arts and Sciences


text: After the Civil War began, Governor Zebulon Baird Vance ordered the construction of breastworks around the city as protection from Union troops. During General Sherman's Carolinas Campaign, Raleigh was captured by Union cavalry under the command of General Hugh Judson Kilpatrick on April 13, 1865. As the Confederate cavalry retreated west, the Union soldiers followed, leading to the nearby Battle of Morrisville. The city was spared significant destruction during the War, but due to the economic problems of the post-war period and Reconstruction, with a state economy based on agriculture, it grew little over the next several decades.

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

text: After

text: the

text: Civil

text: War

text: began

text: Governor

text: Zebulon

text: Baird

text: Vance

text: ordered

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: breastworks

text: around

text: the

text: city

text: as

text: protection

text: from

text: Union

text: troops

text: During

text: General

text: Sherman

text: 's

text: Carolinas

text: Campaign

text: Raleigh

text: was

text: captured

text: by

text: Union

text: cavalry

text: under

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: General

text: Hugh

text: Judson

text: Kilpatrick

text: on

text: April

text: As

text: the

text: Confederate

text: cavalry

text: retreated

text: west

text: the

text: Union

text: soldiers

text: followed

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: nearby

text: Battle

text: of

text: Morrisville

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: spared

text: significant

text: destruction

text: during

text: the

text: War

text: but

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: economic

text: problems

text: of

text: the

text: post

text: war

text: period

text: and

text: Reconstruction

text: with

text: a

text: state

text: economy

text: based

text: on

text: agriculture

text: it

text: grew

text: little

text: over

text: the

text: next

text: several

text: decades

question: Who was the governor during the Civil War?

answer: Zebulon Baird Vance

text: Zebulon Baird Vance

question: What did the governor order constructed?

answer: breastworks

text: breastworks

question: What was Raleigh captured by in the Civil War?

answer: Union cavalry

text: Union cavalry

question: Who led the cavalry in the capture?

answer: Hugh Judson Kilpatrick

text: Hugh Judson Kilpatrick

question: Why did the city not grow during the Civil War?

answer: a state economy based on agriculture,

text: a state economy based on agriculture,

question: Who was the governor during World War II?

text: Zebulon Baird Vance

question: Why did the city boom in growth during the Civil War?

text: state economy based on agriculture

question: Who died in the capture?

text: Hugh Judson Kilpatrick

question: When did Hugh Judson Kilpatrick die?

text: April 13, 1865

question: What was built to protect the city from Confederates?

text: breastworks


text: A common application of a torque motor would be the supply- and take-up reel motors in a tape drive. In this application, driven from a low voltage, the characteristics of these motors allow a relatively constant light tension to be applied to the tape whether or not the capstan is feeding tape past the tape heads. Driven from a higher voltage, (and so delivering a higher torque), the torque motors can also achieve fast-forward and rewind operation without requiring any additional mechanics such as gears or clutches. In the computer gaming world, torque motors are used in force feedback steering wheels.

title: Electric_motor

title: Electric_motor

text: A

text: common

text: application

text: of

text: a

text: torque

text: motor

text: would

text: be

text: the

text: supply-

text: and

text: take

text: up

text: reel

text: motors

text: in

text: a

text: tape

text: drive

text: In

text: this

text: application

text: driven

text: from

text: a

text: low

text: voltage

text: the

text: characteristics

text: of

text: these

text: motors

text: allow

text: a

text: relatively

text: constant

text: light

text: tension

text: to

text: be

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: tape

text: whether

text: or

text: not

text: the

text: capstan

text: is

text: feeding

text: tape

text: past

text: the

text: tape

text: heads

text: Driven

text: from

text: a

text: higher

text: voltage

text: and

text: so

text: delivering

text: a

text: higher

text: torque

text: the

text: torque

text: motors

text: can

text: also

text: achieve

text: fast

text: forward

text: and

text: rewind

text: operation

text: without

text: requiring

text: any

text: additional

text: mechanics

text: such

text: as

text: gears

text: or

text: clutches

text: In

text: the

text: computer

text: gaming

text: world

text: torque

text: motors

text: are

text: used

text: in

text: force

text: feedback

text: steering

text: wheels

question: How are torque motors used in computer gaming?

answer: feedback steering wheels

text: feedback steering wheels

question: A torque motor at low voltage provides what?

answer: constant light tension

text: constant light tension

question: A torque motor at high voltage provides what?

answer: higher torque

text: higher torque

question: In a tape drive, what is not needed if a torque motor is used?

answer: gears or clutches

text: gears or clutches

question: How aren't torque motors used in computer gaming?

text: feedback steering wheels

question: A torque motor at high voltage provides what?

text: constant light tension

question: A torque motor at low voltage provides what?

text: gaming

question: In a tape drive, what is needed if a torque motor is used?

text: gears or clutches


text: Bermuda has developed a proud Rugby Union community. The Bermuda Rugby Union team won the 2011 Caribbean championships, defeating Guyana in the final. They previously beat The Bahamas and Mexico to take the crown. Rugby 7's is also played, with four rounds scheduled to take place in the 2011–2012 season. The Bermuda 7's team competed in the 2011 Las Vegas 7's, defeating the Mexican team. There are four clubs on the island: (1) Police (2) Mariners (3) Teachers (4) Renegades. There is a men's and women's competition–current league champions are Police (Men) (winning the title for the first time since the 1990s) and Renegades (women's). Games are currently played at Warwick Academy. Bermuda u/19 team won the 2010 Caribbean Championships.

title: Bermuda

title: Bermuda

text: Bermuda

text: has

text: developed

text: a

text: proud

text: Rugby

text: Union

text: community

text: The

text: Bermuda

text: Rugby

text: Union

text: team

text: won

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: championships

text: defeating

text: Guyana

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: They

text: previously

text: beat

text: The

text: Bahamas

text: and

text: Mexico

text: to

text: take

text: the

text: crown

text: Rugby

text: 's

text: is

text: also

text: played

text: with

text: four

text: rounds

text: scheduled

text: to

text: take

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: season

text: The

text: Bermuda

text: 's

text: team

text: competed

text: in

text: the

text: Las

text: Vegas

text: 's

text: defeating

text: the

text: Mexican

text: team

text: There

text: are

text: four

text: clubs

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: Police

text: Mariners

text: Teachers

text: Renegades

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: men

text: 's

text: and

text: women

text: 's

text: competition

text: current

text: league

text: champions

text: are

text: Police

text: Men

text: winning

text: the

text: title

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: since

text: the

text: and

text: Renegades

text: women

text: 's

text: Games

text: are

text: currently

text: played

text: at

text: Warwick

text: Academy

text: Bermuda

text: team

text: won

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Championships

question: Who won the 2011 Caribbean championships?

answer: The Bermuda Rugby Union team

text: The Bermuda Rugby Union team

question: How many clubs are on the island?

answer: There are four clubs on the island

text: There are four clubs on the island

question: Who are the reigning league champions?

answer: Police (Men)

text: Police (Men)

question: Where are the Women's games played?

answer: Warwick Academy.

text: Warwick Academy.

question: What did the Bermuda u/19 team win?

answer: 2010 Caribbean Championships

text: 2010 Caribbean Championships

question: What country has a proud Union Rugby community?

text: Bermuda

question: Who won the 2011 Guyana Championships?

text: The Bermuda Rugby Union team

question: Who did Bermuda 7's team defeat in 2010?

text: the Mexican team

question: What are played at the Academy of Warwick?

text: Games

question: Who won the 1990 Caribbean Championships?

text: Bermuda u/19