text: The earliest mentions of Slavic raids across the lower River Danube may be dated to the first half of the 6th century, yet no archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before c. 600 AD.

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: The

text: earliest

text: mentions

text: of

text: Slavic

text: raids

text: across

text: the

text: lower

text: River

text: Danube

text: may

text: be

text: dated

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: yet

text: no

text: archaeological

text: evidence

text: of

text: a

text: Slavic

text: settlement

text: in

text: the

text: Balkans

text: could

text: be

text: securely

text: dated

text: before

text: c.

text: AD

question: The earliest mentions of Slavic raids are across what river?

answer: River Danube

text: River Danube

question: The earliest mentions of what may be dated to the first half of the 6th century?

answer: Slavic raids

text: Slavic raids

question: No archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before when?

answer: c. 600 AD

text: c. 600 AD

question: There is no evidence of a Slavic settlement where before c. 600 AD?

answer: the Balkans

text: the Balkans

question: When did the Slavics raid the River Danube?

text: the first half of the 6th century

question: When was archaeological evidence of Slavic settlements first discovered?

text: the 6th century

question: All archaeological evidence for the Slavics is dated after what year?

text: c. 600 AD

question: Who raided the Slavics?

text: the Balkans


text: The Hebrew Bible, a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews, established the first of the Abrahamic religions, which are now practiced by 54% of the world. Judaism guides its adherents in both practice and belief, and has been called not only a religion, but also a "way of life," which has made drawing a clear distinction between Judaism, Jewish culture, and Jewish identity rather difficult. Throughout history, in eras and places as diverse as the ancient Hellenic world, in Europe before and after The Age of Enlightenment (see Haskalah), in Islamic Spain and Portugal, in North Africa and the Middle East, India, China, or the contemporary United States and Israel, cultural phenomena have developed that are in some sense characteristically Jewish without being at all specifically religious. Some factors in this come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews or specific communities of Jews with their surroundings, others from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community, as opposed to from the religion itself. This phenomenon has led to considerably different Jewish cultures unique to their own communities, each as authentically Jewish as the next.

title: Jews

title: Jews

text: The

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: a

text: religious

text: interpretation

text: of

text: the

text: traditions

text: and

text: early

text: national

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: Jews

text: established

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: the

text: Abrahamic

text: religions

text: which

text: are

text: now

text: practiced

text: by

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Judaism

text: guides

text: its

text: adherents

text: in

text: both

text: practice

text: and

text: belief

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: not

text: only

text: a

text: religion

text: but

text: also

text: a

text: way

text: of

text: life

text: which

text: has

text: made

text: drawing

text: a

text: clear

text: distinction

text: between

text: Judaism

text: Jewish

text: culture

text: and

text: Jewish

text: identity

text: rather

text: difficult

text: Throughout

text: history

text: in

text: eras

text: and

text: places

text: as

text: diverse

text: as

text: the

text: ancient

text: Hellenic

text: world

text: in

text: Europe

text: before

text: and

text: after

text: The

text: Age

text: of

text: Enlightenment

text: see

text: Haskalah

text: in

text: Islamic

text: Spain

text: and

text: Portugal

text: in

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: India

text: China

text: or

text: the

text: contemporary

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Israel

text: cultural

text: phenomena

text: have

text: developed

text: that

text: are

text: in

text: some

text: sense

text: characteristically

text: Jewish

text: without

text: being

text: at

text: all

text: specifically

text: religious

text: Some

text: factors

text: in

text: this

text: come

text: from

text: within

text: Judaism

text: others

text: from

text: the

text: interaction

text: of

text: Jews

text: or

text: specific

text: communities

text: of

text: Jews

text: with

text: their

text: surroundings

text: others

text: from

text: the

text: inner

text: social

text: and

text: cultural

text: dynamics

text: of

text: the

text: community

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: from

text: the

text: religion

text: itself

text: This

text: phenomenon

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: considerably

text: different

text: Jewish

text: cultures

text: unique

text: to

text: their

text: own

text: communities

text: each

text: as

text: authentically

text: Jewish

text: as

text: the

text: next

question: What book is considered a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews?

answer: The Hebrew Bible

text: The Hebrew Bible

question: What religions are now practiced by 54% of the world?

answer: Abrahamic religions

text: Abrahamic religions

question: What is the Hebrew Bible?

answer: a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews

text: a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews

question: What is a religious interpretation of the traditions and history of Europe?

text: The Hebrew Bible

question: What is not practiced by 54% of the world?

text: Abrahamic religions

question: Where have Jewish culture phenomena never developed?

text: Islamic Spain

question: What percentage of the world does not follow an Abrahamic religion?

question: Where have specifically religious Jewish customs developed?

text: North Africa


text: In the 1970s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates. While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s. By the mid 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies, improving economic opportunities, gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: In

text: the

text: job

text: losses

text: due

text: to

text: industrial

text: restructuring

text: caused

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: to

text: suffer

text: from

text: economic

text: problems

text: and

text: rising

text: crime

text: rates

text: While

text: a

text: resurgence

text: in

text: the

text: financial

text: industry

text: greatly

text: improved

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: economic

text: health

text: in

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: 's

text: crime

text: rate

text: continued

text: to

text: increase

text: through

text: that

text: decade

text: and

text: into

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: By

text: the

text: mid

text: crime

text: rates

text: started

text: to

text: drop

text: dramatically

text: due

text: to

text: revised

text: police

text: strategies

text: improving

text: economic

text: opportunities

text: gentrification

text: and

text: new

text: residents

text: both

text: American

text: transplants

text: and

text: new

text: immigrants

text: from

text: Asia

text: and

text: Latin

text: America

text: Important

text: new

text: sectors

text: such

text: as

text: Silicon

text: Alley

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: economy

text: New

text: York

text: 's

text: population

text: reached

text: all

text: time

text: highs

text: in

text: the

text: Census

text: and

text: then

text: again

text: in

text: the

text: Census

question: In what year did the population of New York first reach an all-time high in this period?

answer: 2000

question: In what year did the population of New York reach an all-time high for the second time in this period?

answer: 2010

question: What was the name of a new sector of the New York economy that appeared in the 1990s?

answer: Silicon Alley

text: Silicon Alley

question: In what decade did the crime rate drop significantly?

answer: 1990s

question: In what decade was there a significant decline in industrial jobs?

answer: 1970s

question: Which decade did massive job losses happen in NYC due to industrial issues?

answer: 1970s


text: Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources. Each link contains the URI of a resource to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content to the user begins again.

title: Web_browser

title: Web_browser

text: Information

text: resources

text: may

text: contain

text: hyperlinks

text: to

text: other

text: information

text: resources

text: Each

text: link

text: contains

text: the

text: URI

text: of

text: a

text: resource

text: to

text: go

text: to

text: When

text: a

text: link

text: is

text: clicked

text: the

text: browser

text: navigates

text: to

text: the

text: resource

text: indicated

text: by

text: the

text: link

text: 's

text: target

text: URI

text: and

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: bringing

text: content

text: to

text: the

text: user

text: begins

text: again

question: What can resources have to connect to other resources?

answer: hyperlinks

text: hyperlinks

question: How does a user read URI?

question: Why does a computer create hyperlinks?

text: bringing content to the user

question: What happens when a hyperlink is created?

question: What makes a computer take longer to find information?

question: What happens when a user can't find information?


text: The torch was lit at a park outside at AT&T Park at about 1:17 pm PDT (20:17 UTC), briefly held aloft by American and Chinese Olympic officials. The relay descended into confusion as the first runner in the elaborately planned relay disappeared into a warehouse on a waterfront pier where it stayed for a half-an-hour. There were clashes between thousands of pro-China demonstrators, many of whom said they were bused in by the Chinese Consulate and other pro-China groups, and both pro-Tibet and Darfur protesters. The non-Chinese demonstrators were reported to have been swamped and trailed by angry crowds. Around 2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC), the torch resurfaced about 3 km (1.9 mi) away from the stadium along Van Ness Avenue, a heavily trafficked thoroughfare that was not on official route plans. Television reports showed the flame flanked by motorcycles and uniformed police officers. Two torchbearers carried the flame running slowly behind a truck and surrounded by Olympic security guards. During the torch relay, two torchbearers, Andrew Michael who uses a wheelchair and is the Vice President for Sustainable Development for the Bay Area Council and Director of Partnerships For Change, and an environmental advocate, Majora Carter, managed to display Tibetan flags in protest, resulting in their ejection from the relay. The closing ceremony at Justin Herman Plaza was canceled due to the presence of large numbers of protesters at the site. The torch run ended with a final stretch through San Francisco's Marina district and was then moved by bus to San Francisco International Airport for a makeshift closing ceremony at the terminal, from which the free media was excluded. San Jose Mercury News described the "deceiving" event as "a game of Where's Waldo, played against the landscape of a lovely city." International Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge said the San Francisco relay had "fortunately" avoided much of the disruptions that marred the legs in London and Paris, but "was, however, not the joyous party that we had wished it to be."

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: The

text: torch

text: was

text: lit

text: at

text: a

text: park

text: outside

text: at

text: AT&T

text: Park

text: at

text: about

text: pm

text: PDT

text: UTC

text: briefly

text: held

text: aloft

text: by

text: American

text: and

text: Chinese

text: Olympic

text: officials

text: The

text: relay

text: descended

text: into

text: confusion

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: runner

text: in

text: the

text: elaborately

text: planned

text: relay

text: disappeared

text: into

text: a

text: warehouse

text: on

text: a

text: waterfront

text: pier

text: where

text: it

text: stayed

text: for

text: a

text: half

text: an

text: hour

text: There

text: were

text: clashes

text: between

text: thousands

text: of

text: pro

text: China

text: demonstrators

text: many

text: of

text: whom

text: said

text: they

text: were

text: bused

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Consulate

text: and

text: other

text: pro

text: China

text: groups

text: and

text: both

text: pro

text: Tibet

text: and

text: Darfur

text: protesters

text: The

text: non

text: Chinese

text: demonstrators

text: were

text: reported

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: swamped

text: and

text: trailed

text: by

text: angry

text: crowds

text: Around

text: pm

text: PDT

text: UTC

text: the

text: torch

text: resurfaced

text: about

text: km

text: mi

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: stadium

text: along

text: Van

text: Ness

text: Avenue

text: a

text: heavily

text: trafficked

text: thoroughfare

text: that

text: was

text: not

text: on

text: official

text: route

text: plans

text: Television

text: reports

text: showed

text: the

text: flame

text: flanked

text: by

text: motorcycles

text: and

text: uniformed

text: police

text: officers

text: Two

text: torchbearers

text: carried

text: the

text: flame

text: running

text: slowly

text: behind

text: a

text: truck

text: and

text: surrounded

text: by

text: Olympic

text: security

text: guards

text: During

text: the

text: torch

text: relay

text: two

text: torchbearers

text: Andrew

text: Michael

text: who

text: uses

text: a

text: wheelchair

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: Vice

text: President

text: for

text: Sustainable

text: Development

text: for

text: the

text: Bay

text: Area

text: Council

text: and

text: Director

text: of

text: Partnerships

text: For

text: Change

text: and

text: an

text: environmental

text: advocate

text: Majora

text: Carter

text: managed

text: to

text: display

text: Tibetan

text: flags

text: in

text: protest

text: resulting

text: in

text: their

text: ejection

text: from

text: the

text: relay

text: The

text: closing

text: ceremony

text: at

text: Justin

text: Herman

text: Plaza

text: was

text: canceled

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: protesters

text: at

text: the

text: site

text: The

text: torch

text: run

text: ended

text: with

text: a

text: final

text: stretch

text: through

text: San

text: Francisco

text: 's

text: Marina

text: district

text: and

text: was

text: then

text: moved

text: by

text: bus

text: to

text: San

text: Francisco

text: International

text: Airport

text: for

text: a

text: makeshift

text: closing

text: ceremony

text: at

text: the

text: terminal

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: free

text: media

text: was

text: excluded

text: San

text: Jose

text: Mercury

text: News

text: described

text: the

text: deceiving

text: event

text: as

text: a

text: game

text: of

text: Where

text: 's

text: Waldo

text: played

text: against

text: the

text: landscape

text: of

text: a

text: lovely

text: city

text: International

text: Olympic

text: Committee

text: President

text: Jacques

text: Rogge

text: said

text: the

text: San

text: Francisco

text: relay

text: had

text: fortunately

text: avoided

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: disruptions

text: that

text: marred

text: the

text: legs

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: Paris

text: but

text: was

text: however

text: not

text: the

text: joyous

text: party

text: that

text: we

text: had

text: wished

text: it

text: to

text: be

question: Where did the first relay runner disappear to with the torch??

answer: a warehouse

text: a warehouse

question: Which wheelchair-bound torchbearer was ejected from the relay for showing a Tibetan flag?

answer: Andrew Michael

text: Andrew Michael

question: What wheelchair-bound bearer of the Olympic torch displayed a Tibetan flag?

answer: Andrew Michael

text: Andrew Michael

question: Where was the last part of the San Francisco torch relay carried through before getting on a bus?

answer: Marina district

text: Marina district

question: Where was a makeshift closing ceremony held for the torch relay in San Francisco?

answer: San Francisco International Airport

text: San Francisco International Airport

question: After the bearer of the torch disappeared into a warehouse, what road did the relay reappear on?

answer: Van Ness Avenue

text: Van Ness Avenue


text: The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters varies greatly, and can depend on both the local customs and the medium. Before the official reform, character simplifications were not officially sanctioned and generally adopted vulgar variants and idiosyncratic substitutions. Orthodox variants were mandatory in printed works, while the (unofficial) simplified characters would be used in everyday writing or quick notes. Since the 1950s, and especially with the publication of the 1964 list, the People's Republic of China has officially adopted simplified Chinese characters for use in mainland China, while Hong Kong, Macau, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) were not affected by the reform. There is no absolute rule for using either system, and often it is determined by what the target audience understands, as well as the upbringing of the writer.

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: The

text: use

text: of

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: characters

text: versus

text: simplified

text: Chinese

text: characters

text: varies

text: greatly

text: and

text: can

text: depend

text: on

text: both

text: the

text: local

text: customs

text: and

text: the

text: medium

text: Before

text: the

text: official

text: reform

text: character

text: simplifications

text: were

text: not

text: officially

text: sanctioned

text: and

text: generally

text: adopted

text: vulgar

text: variants

text: and

text: idiosyncratic

text: substitutions

text: Orthodox

text: variants

text: were

text: mandatory

text: in

text: printed

text: works

text: while

text: the

text: unofficial

text: simplified

text: characters

text: would

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: everyday

text: writing

text: or

text: quick

text: notes

text: Since

text: the

text: and

text: especially

text: with

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: the

text: list

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: has

text: officially

text: adopted

text: simplified

text: Chinese

text: characters

text: for

text: use

text: in

text: mainland

text: China

text: while

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Macau

text: and

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: Taiwan

text: were

text: not

text: affected

text: by

text: the

text: reform

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: absolute

text: rule

text: for

text: using

text: either

text: system

text: and

text: often

text: it

text: is

text: determined

text: by

text: what

text: the

text: target

text: audience

text: understands

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: upbringing

text: of

text: the

text: writer

question: What varies greatly?

answer: The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters

text: The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters

question: What were mandatory in printed works?

answer: Orthodox variants

text: Orthodox variants

question: What were adopted for use in mainland China?

answer: Chinese characters

text: Chinese characters


text: In the period before German colonisation, Samoa produced mostly copra. German merchants and settlers were active in introducing large scale plantation operations and developing new industries, notably cocoa bean and rubber, relying on imported labourers from China and Melanesia. When the value of natural rubber fell drastically, about the end of the Great War (World War I), the New Zealand government encouraged the production of bananas, for which there is a large market in New Zealand.[citation needed]

title: Samoa

title: Samoa

text: In

text: the

text: period

text: before

text: German

text: colonisation

text: Samoa

text: produced

text: mostly

text: copra

text: German

text: merchants

text: and

text: settlers

text: were

text: active

text: in

text: introducing

text: large

text: scale

text: plantation

text: operations

text: and

text: developing

text: new

text: industries

text: notably

text: cocoa

text: bean

text: and

text: rubber

text: relying

text: on

text: imported

text: labourers

text: from

text: China

text: and

text: Melanesia

text: When

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: natural

text: rubber

text: fell

text: drastically

text: about

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: War

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: the

text: New

text: Zealand

text: government

text: encouraged

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: bananas

text: for

text: which

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: large

text: market

text: in

text: New

text: Zealand.[citation

text: needed

question: What was Samoa's major production product before the Germans arrived?

answer: copra

text: copra

question: What product significantly dropped in price at the end of World War I?

answer: natural rubber

text: natural rubber

question: What did Samoa start growing more of to make up for the lost value of rubber?

answer: bananas

text: bananas

question: Which country's government wanted Samoa to grow bananas for them?

answer: New Zealand

text: New Zealand

question: Besides Melanesia, which country sent many workers for the cocoa and rubber plantations in Samoa?

answer: China

text: China

question: What did China produce before Melanesian colonization?

text: mostly copra

question: What new industries were produced by China in Somoa?

text: cocoa bean and rubber

question: What happened when the price of cocoa beans fell?

question: What is there a large market for in Melanesia?

text: bananas

question: What groups were developing new industries and plantations in Melanesia?

text: German merchants and settlers


text: In mid-June 1940, when international attention was focused on the German invasion of France, Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. State administrations were liquidated and replaced by Soviet cadres, in which 34,250 Latvians, 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deported or killed. Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates listed for many positions, with resulting peoples assemblies immediately requesting admission into the USSR, which was granted by the Soviet Union. The USSR annexed the whole of Lithuania, including the Scheschupe area, which was to be given to Germany.

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

text: In

text: mid

text: June

text: when

text: international

text: attention

text: was

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: German

text: invasion

text: of

text: France

text: Soviet

text: NKVD

text: troops

text: raided

text: border

text: posts

text: in

text: Lithuania

text: Estonia

text: and

text: Latvia

text: State

text: administrations

text: were

text: liquidated

text: and

text: replaced

text: by

text: Soviet

text: cadres

text: in

text: which

text: Latvians

text: Lithuanians

text: and

text: almost

text: Estonians

text: were

text: deported

text: or

text: killed

text: Elections

text: were

text: held

text: with

text: single

text: pro

text: Soviet

text: candidates

text: listed

text: for

text: many

text: positions

text: with

text: resulting

text: peoples

text: assemblies

text: immediately

text: requesting

text: admission

text: into

text: the

text: USSR

text: which

text: was

text: granted

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: The

text: USSR

text: annexed

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: Lithuania

text: including

text: the

text: Scheschupe

text: area

text: which

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: given

text: to

text: Germany

question: Who invaded the countries of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia?

answer: Soviet NKVD

text: Soviet NKVD

question: What region of Lithuania was to be turned over to the Nazis?

answer: Scheschupe area

text: Scheschupe area

question: Of the three countries invaded, which lost the least amount of people through deportation or loss of life?

answer: Latvia

text: Latvia

question: How did these countries become part of the USSR?

answer: Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates

text: Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates

question: Who left the countries of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia?

text: Soviet NKVD

question: What region of Lithuania wasn't to be turned over to the Nazis?

text: Scheschupe area

question: What region of Lithuania was to be turned over to the French?

text: Scheschupe area

question: Of the three countries invaded, which lost the most amount of people through deportation or loss of life?

text: Latvia

question: How didn't these countries become part of the USSR?


text: On May 10, 1962, Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly on December 1962, which not only urged member nations to "extend the rules of international law to outer space," but to also cooperate in its exploration. Following the passing of this resolution, Kennedy commenced his communications proposing a cooperative American/Soviet space program.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: On

text: May

text: Vice

text: President

text: Johnson

text: addressed

text: the

text: Second

text: National

text: Conference

text: on

text: the

text: Peaceful

text: Uses

text: of

text: Space

text: revealing

text: that

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: USSR

text: both

text: supported

text: a

text: resolution

text: passed

text: by

text: the

text: Political

text: Committee

text: of

text: the

text: UN

text: General

text: Assembly

text: on

text: December

text: which

text: not

text: only

text: urged

text: member

text: nations

text: to

text: extend

text: the

text: rules

text: of

text: international

text: law

text: to

text: outer

text: space

text: but

text: to

text: also

text: cooperate

text: in

text: its

text: exploration

text: Following

text: the

text: passing

text: of

text: this

text: resolution

text: Kennedy

text: commenced

text: his

text: communications

text: proposing

text: a

text: cooperative

text: American

text: Soviet

text: space

text: program

question: A problem was resolved by whom when both the US and the USSR supported a cooperative space program?

answer: Political Committee of the UN General Assembly

text: Political Committee of the UN General Assembly

question: The cooperative space program was passed on what date?

answer: December 1962

text: December 1962


text: On April 4, 2008, Beyoncé married Jay Z. She publicly revealed their marriage in a video montage at the listening party for her third studio album, I Am... Sasha Fierce, in Manhattan's Sony Club on October 22, 2008. I Am... Sasha Fierce was released on November 18, 2008 in the United States. The album formally introduces Beyoncé's alter ego Sasha Fierce, conceived during the making of her 2003 single "Crazy in Love", selling 482,000 copies in its first week, debuting atop the Billboard 200, and giving Beyoncé her third consecutive number-one album in the US. The album featured the number-one song "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" and the top-five songs "If I Were a Boy" and "Halo". Achieving the accomplishment of becoming her longest-running Hot 100 single in her career, "Halo"'s success in the US helped Beyoncé attain more top-ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s. It also included the successful "Sweet Dreams", and singles "Diva", "Ego", "Broken-Hearted Girl" and "Video Phone". The music video for "Single Ladies" has been parodied and imitated around the world, spawning the "first major dance craze" of the Internet age according to the Toronto Star. The video has won several awards, including Best Video at the 2009 MTV Europe Music Awards, the 2009 Scottish MOBO Awards, and the 2009 BET Awards. At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, the video was nominated for nine awards, ultimately winning three including Video of the Year. Its failure to win the Best Female Video category, which went to American country pop singer Taylor Swift's "You Belong with Me", led to Kanye West interrupting the ceremony and Beyoncé improvising a re-presentation of Swift's award during her own acceptance speech. In March 2009, Beyoncé embarked on the I Am... World Tour, her second headlining worldwide concert tour, consisting of 108 shows, grossing $119.5 million.

title: Beyoncé

title: Beyoncé

text: On

text: April

text: Beyoncé

text: married

text: Jay

text: Z.

text: She

text: publicly

text: revealed

text: their

text: marriage

text: in

text: a

text: video

text: montage

text: at

text: the

text: listening

text: party

text: for

text: her

text: third

text: studio

text: album

text: I

text: Am

text: Sasha

text: Fierce

text: in

text: Manhattan

text: 's

text: Sony

text: Club

text: on

text: October

text: I

text: Am

text: Sasha

text: Fierce

text: was

text: released

text: on

text: November

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: album

text: formally

text: introduces

text: Beyoncé

text: 's

text: alter

text: ego

text: Sasha

text: Fierce

text: conceived

text: during

text: the

text: making

text: of

text: her

text: single

text: Crazy

text: in

text: Love

text: selling

text: copies

text: in

text: its

text: first

text: week

text: debuting

text: atop

text: the

text: Billboard

text: and

text: giving

text: Beyoncé

text: her

text: third

text: consecutive

text: number

text: one

text: album

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: The

text: album

text: featured

text: the

text: number

text: one

text: song

text: Single

text: Ladies

text: Put

text: a

text: Ring

text: on

text: It

text: and

text: the

text: top

text: five

text: songs

text: If

text: I

text: Were

text: a

text: Boy

text: and

text: Halo

text: Achieving

text: the

text: accomplishment

text: of

text: becoming

text: her

text: longest

text: running

text: Hot

text: single

text: in

text: her

text: career

text: Halo

text: 's

text: success

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: helped

text: Beyoncé

text: attain

text: more

text: top

text: ten

text: singles

text: on

text: the

text: list

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: woman

text: during

text: the

text: It

text: also

text: included

text: the

text: successful

text: Sweet

text: Dreams

text: and

text: singles

text: Diva

text: Ego

text: Broken

text: Hearted

text: Girl

text: and

text: Video

text: Phone

text: The

text: music

text: video

text: for

text: Single

text: Ladies

text: has

text: been

text: parodied

text: and

text: imitated

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: spawning

text: the

text: first

text: major

text: dance

text: craze

text: of

text: the

text: Internet

text: age

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Toronto

text: Star

text: The

text: video

text: has

text: won

text: several

text: awards

text: including

text: Best

text: Video

text: at

text: the

text: MTV

text: Europe

text: Music

text: Awards

text: the

text: Scottish

text: MOBO

text: Awards

text: and

text: the

text: BET

text: Awards

text: At

text: the

text: MTV

text: Video

text: Music

text: Awards

text: the

text: video

text: was

text: nominated

text: for

text: nine

text: awards

text: ultimately

text: winning

text: three

text: including

text: Video

text: of

text: the

text: Year

text: Its

text: failure

text: to

text: win

text: the

text: Best

text: Female

text: Video

text: category

text: which

text: went

text: to

text: American

text: country

text: pop

text: singer

text: Taylor

text: Swift

text: 's

text: You

text: Belong

text: with

text: Me

text: led

text: to

text: Kanye

text: West

text: interrupting

text: the

text: ceremony

text: and

text: Beyoncé

text: improvising

text: a

text: re

text: presentation

text: of

text: Swift

text: 's

text: award

text: during

text: her

text: own

text: acceptance

text: speech

text: In

text: March

text: Beyoncé

text: embarked

text: on

text: the

text: I

text: Am

text: World

text: Tour

text: her

text: second

text: headlining

text: worldwide

text: concert

text: tour

text: consisting

text: of

text: shows

text: grossing

text: million

question: Beyonce got married in 2008 to whom?

answer: Jay Z

text: Jay Z

question: Her third album, "I am...Sasha Fierce" was released when?

answer: November 18, 2008

text: November 18, 2008

question: For which decade, did Beyonce have more top ten songs than any other woman?

answer: 2000s

question: Which singer beat out Beyonce for best video performance?

answer: Taylor Swift

text: Taylor Swift

question: In 2009, Beyonce started her second world tour and grossed how much money?

answer: 119.5 million

text: 119.5 million

question: How did she reveal the marriage?

answer: in a video montage

text: in a video montage

question: When did Beyonce begin her second world tour?

answer: March 2009

text: March 2009

question: Who beat out Beyonce for Best Female Video ?

answer: Taylor Swift

text: Taylor Swift

question: How much did the second world tour make in dollars?

answer: 119.5 million

text: 119.5 million

question: When did Beyoncé get married?

answer: April 4, 2008

text: April 4, 2008

question: Who did Beyoncé marry?

answer: Jay Z.

text: Jay Z.

question: Who is Beyoncé's alter ego?

answer: Sasha Fierce

text: Sasha Fierce

question: The video for what song won Beyoncé the 2009 MTV Video of the Year award?

answer: Single Ladies

text: Single Ladies

question: Which prominent star felt the 2009 Female Video of the Year award should have went to Beyoncé instead of Taylor Swift?

answer: Kanye West

text: Kanye West


text: Another limitation of current U.S. Intellectual Property legislation is its focus on individual and joint works; thus, copyright protection can only be obtained in 'original' works of authorship. This definition excludes any works that are the result of community creativity, for example Native American songs and stories; current legislation does not recognize the uniqueness of indigenous cultural "property" and its ever-changing nature. Simply asking native cultures to 'write down' their cultural artifacts on tangible mediums ignores their necessary orality and enforces a Western bias of the written form as more authoritative.

title: Intellectual_property

title: Intellectual_property

text: Another

text: limitation

text: of

text: current

text: U.S.

text: Intellectual

text: Property

text: legislation

text: is

text: its

text: focus

text: on

text: individual

text: and

text: joint

text: works

text: thus

text: copyright

text: protection

text: can

text: only

text: be

text: obtained

text: in

text: original

text: works

text: of

text: authorship

text: This

text: definition

text: excludes

text: any

text: works

text: that

text: are

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: community

text: creativity

text: for

text: example

text: Native

text: American

text: songs

text: and

text: stories

text: current

text: legislation

text: does

text: not

text: recognize

text: the

text: uniqueness

text: of

text: indigenous

text: cultural

text: property

text: and

text: its

text: ever

text: changing

text: nature

text: Simply

text: asking

text: native

text: cultures

text: to

text: write

text: down

text: their

text: cultural

text: artifacts

text: on

text: tangible

text: mediums

text: ignores

text: their

text: necessary

text: orality

text: and

text: enforces

text: a

text: Western

text: bias

text: of

text: the

text: written

text: form

text: as

text: more

text: authoritative

question: What type of creativity is excluded from the US definition of IP?

answer: community creativity

text: community creativity

question: What doesn't current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of?

answer: indigenous cultural "property"

text: indigenous cultural "property"

question: Requiring written records enforces what kind of bias?

answer: Western

text: Western

question: The Western bias is that what form is more authoritative?

answer: written

text: written

question: Who includes common creativity in their definition of intellectual property?

text: U.S.

question: What does current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of?

text: indigenous cultural "property"

question: What bias is eliminated by asking native cultures to write down their cultural artifacts?

text: Western

question: What definition includes any works that are result of community creativity?

text: Intellectual Property


text: Some of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny. In Emosson in Valais, Switzerland, dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s, dating probably from the Triassic Period.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: species

text: of

text: moths

text: and

text: insects

text: show

text: evidence

text: of

text: having

text: been

text: indigenous

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: from

text: as

text: long

text: ago

text: as

text: the

text: Alpine

text: orogeny

text: In

text: Emosson

text: in

text: Valais

text: Switzerland

text: dinosaur

text: tracks

text: were

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: dating

text: probably

text: from

text: the

text: Triassic

text: Period

question: Some species of moths and insects show evidence of what?

answer: having been indigenous to the area

text: having been indigenous to the area

question: How long ago does the evidence show moths and insects to have been indigenous?

answer: the Alpine orogeny

text: the Alpine orogeny

question: Where is Emosson located?

answer: Valais, Switzerland

text: Valais, Switzerland

question: When were dinosaur tracks found in Emosson?

answer: the 1970s

text: the 1970s


text: Alpine symbolism has played an essential role in shaping the history of the country and the Swiss national identity. Nowadays some concentrated mountain areas have a strong highly energetic ski resort culture in winter, and a hiking (ger: das Wandern) or Mountain biking culture in summer. Other areas throughout the year have a recreational culture that caters to tourism, yet the quieter seasons are spring and autumn when there are fewer visitors. A traditional farmer and herder culture also predominates in many areas and small farms are omnipresent outside the cities. Folk art is kept alive in organisations all over the country. In Switzerland it is mostly expressed in music, dance, poetry, wood carving and embroidery. The alphorn, a trumpet-like musical instrument made of wood, has become alongside yodeling and the accordion an epitome of traditional Swiss music.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: Alpine

text: symbolism

text: has

text: played

text: an

text: essential

text: role

text: in

text: shaping

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: Swiss

text: national

text: identity

text: Nowadays

text: some

text: concentrated

text: mountain

text: areas

text: have

text: a

text: strong

text: highly

text: energetic

text: ski

text: resort

text: culture

text: in

text: winter

text: and

text: a

text: hiking

text: ger

text: das

text: Wandern

text: or

text: Mountain

text: biking

text: culture

text: in

text: summer

text: Other

text: areas

text: throughout

text: the

text: year

text: have

text: a

text: recreational

text: culture

text: that

text: caters

text: to

text: tourism

text: yet

text: the

text: quieter

text: seasons

text: are

text: spring

text: and

text: autumn

text: when

text: there

text: are

text: fewer

text: visitors

text: A

text: traditional

text: farmer

text: and

text: herder

text: culture

text: also

text: predominates

text: in

text: many

text: areas

text: and

text: small

text: farms

text: are

text: omnipresent

text: outside

text: the

text: cities

text: Folk

text: art

text: is

text: kept

text: alive

text: in

text: organisations

text: all

text: over

text: the

text: country

text: In

text: Switzerland

text: it

text: is

text: mostly

text: expressed

text: in

text: music

text: dance

text: poetry

text: wood

text: carving

text: and

text: embroidery

text: The

text: alphorn

text: a

text: trumpet

text: like

text: musical

text: instrument

text: made

text: of

text: wood

text: has

text: become

text: alongside

text: yodeling

text: and

text: the

text: accordion

text: an

text: epitome

text: of

text: traditional

text: Swiss

text: music

question: What symbolism has played an important role in shaping the history of Switzerland?

answer: Alpine

text: Alpine

question: What highly energetic culture is in some concentrated mountain areas in the winter?

answer: ski resort culture

text: ski resort culture

question: What is the name of the trumpet like musical instrument made of wood has become the epitome of traditional Swiss music?

answer: alphorn

text: alphorn

question: What traditional culture predominates in many areas of small farms?

answer: farmer and herder culture

text: farmer and herder culture


text: Mary's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium. Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision (Luke 2:22) prompted him to consider the primary meaning of "purification" in Christology (and by extension in Mariology) to refer to a perfectly sinless nature that manifested itself in glory in a moment of grace (e.g., Jesus at his Baptism). St. Gregory Nazianzen designated Mary as "prokathartheisa (prepurified)." Gregory likely attempted to solve the riddle of the Purification of Jesus and Mary in the Temple through considering the human natures of Jesus and Mary as equally holy and therefore both purified in this manner of grace and glory. Gregory's doctrines surrounding Mary's purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas. Nazianzen's title of Mary at the Annunciation as "prepurified" was subsequently adopted by all theologians interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception. This is especially apparent in the Fathers St. Sophronios of Jerusalem and St. John Damascene, who will be treated below in this article at the section on Church Fathers. About the time of Damascene, the public celebration of the "Conception of St. Ann [i.e., of the Theotokos in her womb]" was becoming popular. After this period, the "purification" of the perfect natures of Jesus and Mary would not only mean moments of grace and glory at the Incarnation and Baptism and other public Byzantine liturgical feasts, but purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception (along with her Presentation in the Temple as a toddler) by Orthodox authors of the 2nd millennium (e.g., St. Nicholas Cabasilas and Joseph Bryennius).

title: Immaculate_Conception

title: Immaculate_Conception

text: Mary

text: 's

text: complete

text: sinlessness

text: and

text: concomitant

text: exemption

text: from

text: any

text: taint

text: from

text: the

text: first

text: moment

text: of

text: her

text: existence

text: was

text: a

text: doctrine

text: familiar

text: to

text: Greek

text: theologians

text: of

text: Byzantium

text: Beginning

text: with

text: St.

text: Gregory

text: Nazianzen

text: his

text: explanation

text: of

text: the

text: purification

text: of

text: Jesus

text: and

text: Mary

text: at

text: the

text: circumcision

text: Luke

text: prompted

text: him

text: to

text: consider

text: the

text: primary

text: meaning

text: of

text: purification

text: in

text: Christology

text: and

text: by

text: extension

text: in

text: Mariology

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: a

text: perfectly

text: sinless

text: nature

text: that

text: manifested

text: itself

text: in

text: glory

text: in

text: a

text: moment

text: of

text: grace

text: e.g.

text: Jesus

text: at

text: his

text: Baptism

text: St.

text: Gregory

text: Nazianzen

text: designated

text: Mary

text: as

text: prokathartheisa

text: prepurified

text: Gregory

text: likely

text: attempted

text: to

text: solve

text: the

text: riddle

text: of

text: the

text: Purification

text: of

text: Jesus

text: and

text: Mary

text: in

text: the

text: Temple

text: through

text: considering

text: the

text: human

text: natures

text: of

text: Jesus

text: and

text: Mary

text: as

text: equally

text: holy

text: and

text: therefore

text: both

text: purified

text: in

text: this

text: manner

text: of

text: grace

text: and

text: glory

text: Gregory

text: 's

text: doctrines

text: surrounding

text: Mary

text: 's

text: purification

text: were

text: likely

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: burgeoning

text: commemoration

text: of

text: the

text: Mother

text: of

text: God

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: Constantinople

text: very

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: date

text: of

text: Christmas

text: Nazianzen

text: 's

text: title

text: of

text: Mary

text: at

text: the

text: Annunciation

text: as

text: prepurified

text: was

text: subsequently

text: adopted

text: by

text: all

text: theologians

text: interested

text: in

text: his

text: Mariology

text: to

text: justify

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: equivalent

text: of

text: the

text: Immaculate

text: Conception

text: This

text: is

text: especially

text: apparent

text: in

text: the

text: Fathers

text: St.

text: Sophronios

text: of

text: Jerusalem

text: and

text: St.

text: John

text: Damascene

text: who

text: will

text: be

text: treated

text: below

text: in

text: this

text: article

text: at

text: the

text: section

text: on

text: Church

text: Fathers

text: About

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: Damascene

text: the

text: public

text: celebration

text: of

text: the

text: Conception

text: of

text: St.

text: Ann

text: i.e.

text: of

text: the

text: Theotokos

text: in

text: her

text: womb

text: was

text: becoming

text: popular

text: After

text: this

text: period

text: the

text: purification

text: of

text: the

text: perfect

text: natures

text: of

text: Jesus

text: and

text: Mary

text: would

text: not

text: only

text: mean

text: moments

text: of

text: grace

text: and

text: glory

text: at

text: the

text: Incarnation

text: and

text: Baptism

text: and

text: other

text: public

text: Byzantine

text: liturgical

text: feasts

text: but

text: purification

text: was

text: eventually

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: feast

text: of

text: Mary

text: 's

text: very

text: conception

text: along

text: with

text: her

text: Presentation

text: in

text: the

text: Temple

text: as

text: a

text: toddler

text: by

text: Orthodox

text: authors

text: of

text: the

text: millennium

text: e.g.

text: St.

text: Nicholas

text: Cabasilas

text: and

text: Joseph

text: Bryennius

question: What Empire held  Grecian teachers of the virginity of Mary's conception ?

answer: Greek theologians of Byzantium

text: Greek theologians of Byzantium

question: Who gave a reason for the purging of evil for the Blessed Virgin and her first child ?

answer: St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary

text: St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary

question: What procedure was being performed while he gave his reasoning ?

answer: the circumcision

text: the circumcision

question: Who was compelled to write of this instance that was also an author of one of the book of the Bible ?

answer: Luke

text: Luke

question: What became associated with the celebration of Mary's inception in the womb ?

answer: purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception

text: purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception

question: To what theologians was the concept of Mary's complete sinlessness unknown?

text: Greek theologians of Byzantium

question: What is a sinless nature cleansed in a moment of grace?

text: "purification"

question: Who did not see the human nature of Jesus and Mary as equally holy?

text: St. Gregory Nazianzen

question: When was Jesus presented in a temple?

text: as a toddler

question: The commemoration of what was growing around by Byzantium?

text: the Mother of God


text: In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen". After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age". Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism. In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales. In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd.

title: Elizabeth_II

title: Elizabeth_II

text: In

text: the

text: as

text: a

text: young

text: woman

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: her

text: reign

text: Elizabeth

text: was

text: depicted

text: as

text: a

text: glamorous

text: fairytale

text: Queen

text: After

text: the

text: trauma

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: it

text: was

text: a

text: time

text: of

text: hope

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: progress

text: and

text: achievement

text: heralding

text: a

text: new

text: Elizabethan

text: age

text: Lord

text: Altrincham

text: 's

text: accusation

text: in

text: that

text: her

text: speeches

text: sounded

text: like

text: those

text: of

text: a

text: priggish

text: schoolgirl

text: was

text: an

text: extremely

text: rare

text: criticism

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: attempts

text: to

text: portray

text: a

text: more

text: modern

text: image

text: of

text: the

text: monarchy

text: were

text: made

text: in

text: the

text: television

text: documentary

text: Royal

text: Family

text: and

text: by

text: televising

text: Prince

text: Charles

text: 's

text: investiture

text: as

text: Prince

text: of

text: Wales

text: In

text: public

text: she

text: took

text: to

text: wearing

text: mostly

text: solid

text: colour

text: overcoats

text: and

text: decorative

text: hats

text: which

text: allow

text: her

text: to

text: be

text: seen

text: easily

text: in

text: a

text: crowd

question: As what was Elizabeth portrayed in the 1950s?

answer: "fairytale Queen"

text: "fairytale Queen"

question: What was the time after WWII heralded as?

answer: "new Elizabethan age"

text: "new Elizabethan age"

question: Of what did Lord Altrincham say Elizabeth's speeches resembled?

answer: "priggish schoolgirl"

text: "priggish schoolgirl"

question: What investiture featuring Prince Charles was televised in the late 1960s?

answer: Prince of Wales

text: Prince of Wales

question: In the 1960s, what did Elizabeth begin wearing to events ?

answer: solid-colour overcoats

text: solid-colour overcoats

question: In what year did Lord Altrincham receive his lordship?

question: What does Prince Charles tend to wear out in public?

text: solid-colour overcoats

question: Who directed the television documentary Royal Family in the late 1960s?

text: Lord Altrincham

question: who first called it a "new Elizabethan age"?

text: Lord Altrincham

question: What has Prince Charles been accused of by one of his critics?


text: Initially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain created an integrated system for ADGB that linked the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command, although field-deployed air defence relied on less sophisticated arrangements. NATO later called these arrangements an "air defence ground environment", defined as "the network of ground radar sites and command and control centres within a specific theatre of operations which are used for the tactical control of air defence operations".

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: Initially

text: sensors

text: were

text: optical

text: and

text: acoustic

text: devices

text: developed

text: during

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: and

text: continued

text: into

text: the

text: but

text: were

text: quickly

text: superseded

text: by

text: radar

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: was

text: supplemented

text: by

text: optronics

text: in

text: the

text: Command

text: and

text: control

text: remained

text: primitive

text: until

text: the

text: late

text: when

text: Britain

text: created

text: an

text: integrated

text: system

text: for

text: ADGB

text: that

text: linked

text: the

text: ground

text: based

text: air

text: defence

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: 's

text: AA

text: Command

text: although

text: field

text: deployed

text: air

text: defence

text: relied

text: on

text: less

text: sophisticated

text: arrangements

text: NATO

text: later

text: called

text: these

text: arrangements

text: an

text: air

text: defence

text: ground

text: environment

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: network

text: of

text: ground

text: radar

text: sites

text: and

text: command

text: and

text: control

text: centres

text: within

text: a

text: specific

text: theatre

text: of

text: operations

text: which

text: are

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: tactical

text: control

text: of

text: air

text: defence

text: operations

question: When were sensors initially developed?

answer: during the First World War

text: during the First World War

question: Radar was supplemented by what in the 1980s?

answer: optronics

text: optronics

question: What country created an integrated system for ADGB?

answer: Britain

text: Britain

question: What did the integrated system for ADGB link?

answer: the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command

text: the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command

question: What agency stated that the arrangements were an air defence ground environment?

answer: NATO

text: NATO


text: Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant. Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design. Early support for Darwin's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862. Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection. Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research, including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line.

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: Scientific

text: readers

text: were

text: already

text: aware

text: of

text: arguments

text: that

text: species

text: changed

text: through

text: processes

text: that

text: were

text: subject

text: to

text: laws

text: of

text: nature

text: but

text: the

text: transmutational

text: ideas

text: of

text: Lamarck

text: and

text: the

text: vague

text: law

text: of

text: development

text: of

text: Vestiges

text: had

text: not

text: found

text: scientific

text: favour

text: Darwin

text: presented

text: natural

text: selection

text: as

text: a

text: scientifically

text: testable

text: mechanism

text: while

text: accepting

text: that

text: other

text: mechanisms

text: such

text: as

text: inheritance

text: of

text: acquired

text: characters

text: were

text: possible

text: His

text: strategy

text: established

text: that

text: evolution

text: through

text: natural

text: laws

text: was

text: worthy

text: of

text: scientific

text: study

text: and

text: by

text: most

text: scientists

text: accepted

text: that

text: evolution

text: occurred

text: but

text: few

text: thought

text: natural

text: selection

text: was

text: significant

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: scientific

text: method

text: was

text: also

text: disputed

text: with

text: his

text: proponents

text: favouring

text: the

text: empiricism

text: of

text: John

text: Stuart

text: Mill

text: 's

text: A

text: System

text: of

text: Logic

text: while

text: opponents

text: held

text: to

text: the

text: idealist

text: school

text: of

text: William

text: Whewell

text: 's

text: Philosophy

text: of

text: the

text: Inductive

text: Sciences

text: in

text: which

text: investigation

text: could

text: begin

text: with

text: the

text: intuitive

text: truth

text: that

text: species

text: were

text: fixed

text: objects

text: created

text: by

text: design

text: Early

text: support

text: for

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: ideas

text: came

text: from

text: the

text: findings

text: of

text: field

text: naturalists

text: studying

text: biogeography

text: and

text: ecology

text: including

text: Joseph

text: Dalton

text: Hooker

text: in

text: and

text: Asa

text: Gray

text: in

text: Henry

text: Walter

text: Bates

text: presented

text: research

text: in

text: that

text: explained

text: insect

text: mimicry

text: using

text: natural

text: selection

text: Alfred

text: Russel

text: Wallace

text: discussed

text: evidence

text: from

text: his

text: Malay

text: archipelago

text: research

text: including

text: an

text: paper

text: with

text: an

text: evolutionary

text: explanation

text: for

text: the

text: Wallace

text: line

question: What was the general response from scientific readers to Lamarck's written work?

answer: the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour

text: the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour

question: What was the likely reason that Darwin's ideas were accepted more readily than Lamarck's?

answer: natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible.

text: natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible.

question: Which school did opponents to Darwin's method support?

answer: the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences

text: the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences

question: Where did early support for Darwin's findings come from?

answer: the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862

text: the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862

question: Who authored research supporting insect mimicry  using natural selection?

answer: Henry Walter Bates

text: Henry Walter Bates


text: A special case is that of El Colegio Nacional, created during the district's governmental period of Miguel Alemán Valdés to have, in Mexico, an institution similar to the College of France. The select and privileged group of Mexican scientists and artists belonging to this institution—membership is for life—include, among many, Mario Lavista, Ruy Pérez Tamayo, José Emilio Pacheco, Marcos Moshinsky (d.2009), Guillermo Soberón Acevedo. Members are obligated to publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events such as concerts and recitals.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: A

text: special

text: case

text: is

text: that

text: of

text: El

text: Colegio

text: Nacional

text: created

text: during

text: the

text: district

text: 's

text: governmental

text: period

text: of

text: Miguel

text: Alemán

text: Valdés

text: to

text: have

text: in

text: Mexico

text: an

text: institution

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: France

text: The

text: select

text: and

text: privileged

text: group

text: of

text: Mexican

text: scientists

text: and

text: artists

text: belonging

text: to

text: this

text: institution

text: membership

text: is

text: for

text: life

text: include

text: among

text: many

text: Mario

text: Lavista

text: Ruy

text: Pérez

text: Tamayo

text: José

text: Emilio

text: Pacheco

text: Marcos

text: Moshinsky

text: Guillermo

text: Soberón

text: Acevedo

text: Members

text: are

text: obligated

text: to

text: publicly

text: disclose

text: their

text: works

text: through

text: conferences

text: and

text: public

text: events

text: such

text: as

text: concerts

text: and

text: recitals

question: Who created El Colegio Nacional?

answer: Miguel Alemán Valdés

text: Miguel Alemán Valdés

question: Where do the superior artists and scientists of Mexico City have the option to attend?

answer: El Colegio Nacional

text: El Colegio Nacional

question: What must members of El Colegio Nacional do?

answer: publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events

text: publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events

question: What is El Colegio Nacional modeled after?

answer: College of France

text: College of France


text: Migrating birds can lose their way and appear outside their normal ranges. This can be due to flying past their destinations as in the "spring overshoot" in which birds returning to their breeding areas overshoot and end up further north than intended. Certain areas, because of their location, have become famous as watchpoints for such birds. Examples are the Point Pelee National Park in Canada, and Spurn in England.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Migrating

text: birds

text: can

text: lose

text: their

text: way

text: and

text: appear

text: outside

text: their

text: normal

text: ranges

text: This

text: can

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: flying

text: past

text: their

text: destinations

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: spring

text: overshoot

text: in

text: which

text: birds

text: returning

text: to

text: their

text: breeding

text: areas

text: overshoot

text: and

text: end

text: up

text: further

text: north

text: than

text: intended

text: Certain

text: areas

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: location

text: have

text: become

text: famous

text: as

text: watchpoints

text: for

text: such

text: birds

text: Examples

text: are

text: the

text: Point

text: Pelee

text: National

text: Park

text: in

text: Canada

text: and

text: Spurn

text: in

text: England

question: How can migrating birds lose their way?

answer: flying past their destinations

text: flying past their destinations

question: What is flying past their destinations called?

answer: spring overshoot

text: spring overshoot

question: What location has become famous for bird overshooters?

answer: Point Pelee National Park

text: Point Pelee National Park

question: What other location is famous for spring overshoot?

answer: Spurn in England

text: Spurn in England

question: Where do bird overshooters end up?

answer: further north than intended

text: further north than intended


text: Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism. Therefore, the first four chapters lay out his case that selection in nature, caused by the struggle for existence, is analogous to the selection of variations under domestication, and that the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation.

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: aims

text: were

text: twofold

text: to

text: show

text: that

text: species

text: had

text: not

text: been

text: separately

text: created

text: and

text: to

text: show

text: that

text: natural

text: selection

text: had

text: been

text: the

text: chief

text: agent

text: of

text: change

text: He

text: knew

text: that

text: his

text: readers

text: were

text: already

text: familiar

text: with

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: transmutation

text: of

text: species

text: from

text: Vestiges

text: and

text: his

text: introduction

text: ridicules

text: that

text: work

text: as

text: failing

text: to

text: provide

text: a

text: viable

text: mechanism

text: Therefore

text: the

text: first

text: four

text: chapters

text: lay

text: out

text: his

text: case

text: that

text: selection

text: in

text: nature

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: struggle

text: for

text: existence

text: is

text: analogous

text: to

text: the

text: selection

text: of

text: variations

text: under

text: domestication

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: accumulation

text: of

text: adaptive

text: variations

text: provides

text: a

text: scientifically

text: testable

text: mechanism

text: for

text: evolutionary

text: speciation

question: What were Darwin's two important aims about evolution?

answer: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change

text: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change

question: What did heknow his readers were already familiar with from Vestiges?

answer: the concept of transmutation of species

text: the concept of transmutation of species

question: How did Darwin view Vestiges in the introduction to On the Origin of Species?

answer: his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism.

text: his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism.

question: What is Darwin's belief about the accumulation of adaptive variations?

answer: the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation.

text: the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation.


text: In The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology (1952), Hayek independently developed a "Hebbian learning" model of learning and memory – an idea which he first conceived in 1920, prior to his study of economics. Hayek's expansion of the "Hebbian synapse" construction into a global brain theory has received continued attention in neuroscience, cognitive science, computer science, behavioural science, and evolutionary psychology, by scientists such as Gerald Edelman, and Joaquin Fuster.

title: Friedrich_Hayek

title: Friedrich_Hayek

text: In

text: The

text: Sensory

text: Order

text: An

text: Inquiry

text: into

text: the

text: Foundations

text: of

text: Theoretical

text: Psychology

text: Hayek

text: independently

text: developed

text: a

text: Hebbian

text: learning

text: model

text: of

text: learning

text: and

text: memory

text: an

text: idea

text: which

text: he

text: first

text: conceived

text: in

text: prior

text: to

text: his

text: study

text: of

text: economics

text: Hayek

text: 's

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: Hebbian

text: synapse

text: construction

text: into

text: a

text: global

text: brain

text: theory

text: has

text: received

text: continued

text: attention

text: in

text: neuroscience

text: cognitive

text: science

text: computer

text: science

text: behavioural

text: science

text: and

text: evolutionary

text: psychology

text: by

text: scientists

text: such

text: as

text: Gerald

text: Edelman

text: and

text: Joaquin

text: Fuster

question: In what year was the book published in which Hayek developed Hebbian learning?

answer: 1952

question: Before he began studying economics, what concept did Hayek come up with that was later featured in his 1952 book?

answer: Hebbian learning

text: Hebbian learning

question: What did Hayek present in his 1952 book that affected multiple areas of science?

answer: "Hebbian synapse"

text: "Hebbian synapse"

question: What is the name of the book in which Hayek presented the Hebbian Synapse?

answer: The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology

text: The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology


text: After World War I the US Army started developing a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon, designed by John M. Browning. It was standardised in 1927 as the T9 AA cannon, but trials quickly revealed that it was worthless in the ground role. However, while the shell was a bit light (well under 2 lbs) it had a good effective ceiling and fired 125 rounds per minute; an AA carriage was developed and it entered service in 1939. The Browning 37mm proved prone to jamming, and was eventually replaced in AA units by the Bofors 40 mm. The Bofors had attracted attention from the US Navy, but none were acquired before 1939. Also, in 1931 the US Army worked on a mobile anti-aircraft machine mount on the back of a heavy truck having four .30 caliber water-cooled machine guns and an optical director. It proved unsuccessful and was abandoned.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: After

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: the

text: US

text: Army

text: started

text: developing

text: a

text: dual

text: role

text: AA

text: ground

text: automatic

text: mm

text: cannon

text: designed

text: by

text: John

text: M.

text: Browning

text: It

text: was

text: standardised

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: AA

text: cannon

text: but

text: trials

text: quickly

text: revealed

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: worthless

text: in

text: the

text: ground

text: role

text: However

text: while

text: the

text: shell

text: was

text: a

text: bit

text: light

text: well

text: under

text: lbs

text: it

text: had

text: a

text: good

text: effective

text: ceiling

text: and

text: fired

text: rounds

text: per

text: minute

text: an

text: AA

text: carriage

text: was

text: developed

text: and

text: it

text: entered

text: service

text: in

text: The

text: Browning

text: mm

text: proved

text: prone

text: to

text: jamming

text: and

text: was

text: eventually

text: replaced

text: in

text: AA

text: units

text: by

text: the

text: Bofors

text: mm

text: The

text: Bofors

text: had

text: attracted

text: attention

text: from

text: the

text: US

text: Navy

text: but

text: were

text: acquired

text: before

text: Also

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: Army

text: worked

text: on

text: a

text: mobile

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: machine

text: mount

text: on

text: the

text: back

text: of

text: a

text: heavy

text: truck

text: having

text: four

text: caliber

text: water

text: cooled

text: machine

text: guns

text: and

text: an

text: optical

text: director

text: It

text: proved

text: unsuccessful

text: and

text: was

text: abandoned

question: What did the United States Army begin to develop after the first World War?

answer: a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon

text: a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon

question: Who designed this cannon?

answer: John M. Browning

text: John M. Browning

question: How many rounds did this cannon fire per second?

answer: 125

question: What replaced the Browning 37nn because of jamming issues?

answer: Bofors 40 mm

text: Bofors 40 mm

question: What other US group was interested in the Bofors?

answer: US Navy

text: US Navy


text: A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state.

title: Federalism

title: Federalism

text: A

text: distinguishing

text: aspect

text: of

text: Indian

text: federalism

text: is

text: that

text: unlike

text: many

text: other

text: forms

text: of

text: federalism

text: it

text: is

text: asymmetric

text: Article

text: makes

text: special

text: provisions

text: for

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Jammu

text: and

text: Kashmir

text: as

text: per

text: its

text: Instrument

text: of

text: Accession

text: Article

text: makes

text: special

text: provisions

text: for

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Andhra

text: Pradesh

text: Arunachal

text: Pradesh

text: Assam

text: Goa

text: Mizoram

text: Manipur

text: Nagaland

text: and

text: Sikkim

text: as

text: per

text: their

text: accession

text: or

text: state

text: hood

text: deals

text: Also

text: one

text: more

text: aspect

text: of

text: Indian

text: federalism

text: is

text: system

text: of

text: President

text: 's

text: Rule

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: central

text: government

text: through

text: its

text: appointed

text: Governor

text: takes

text: control

text: of

text: state

text: 's

text: administration

text: for

text: certain

text: months

text: when

text: no

text: party

text: can

text: form

text: a

text: government

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: or

text: there

text: is

text: violent

text: disturbance

text: in

text: the

text: state

question: What is a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism?

answer: asymmetric

text: asymmetric

question: What does Article 370 say?

answer: special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession

text: special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession

question: What does Article 371 say?

answer: special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim

text: special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim

question: What happens with President's Rule?

answer: the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months

text: the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months

question: What isn't a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism?

text: asymmetric

question: What does Article 307 say?

question: What does Article 317 say?

question: What never happens with President's Rule?

question: What happens with Prime Minister's Rule?


text: Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.

title: Multiracial_American

title: Multiracial_American

text: Interracial

text: relations

text: between

text: Indigenous

text: Americans

text: and

text: African

text: Americans

text: is

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: American

text: history

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: neglected

text: The

text: earliest

text: record

text: of

text: African

text: and

text: Indigenous

text: American

text: relations

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: occurred

text: in

text: April

text: when

text: the

text: first

text: Africans

text: kidnapped

text: were

text: brought

text: to

text: Hispaniola

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: slaves

text: Some

text: escaped

text: and

text: somewhere

text: inland

text: on

text: Santo

text: Domingo

text: the

text: first

text: Black

text: Indians

text: were

text: born

text: In

text: addition

text: an

text: example

text: of

text: African

text: slaves

text: escaping

text: from

text: European

text: colonists

text: and

text: being

text: absorbed

text: by

text: Indigenous

text: Americans

text: occurred

text: as

text: far

text: back

text: as

text: In

text: June

text: of

text: that

text: year

text: Lucas

text: Vasquez

text: de

text: Ayllon

text: established

text: a

text: Spanish

text: colony

text: near

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: the

text: Pee

text: Dee

text: River

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: eastern

text: South

text: Carolina

text: The

text: Spanish

text: settlement

text: was

text: named

text: San

text: Miguel

text: de

text: Gualdape

text: Amongst

text: the

text: settlement

text: were

text: enslaved

text: Africans

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: African

text: slaves

text: fled

text: the

text: colony

text: and

text: took

text: refuge

text: with

text: local

text: Indigenous

text: Americans

question: What is considered to be neglected in American history?

answer: Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans

text: Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans

question: When is it recorded that Africans and natives interacted earliest?

answer: April 1502

text: April 1502

question: Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves?

answer: Santo Domingo

text: Santo Domingo

question: Where did Ayllon lay down a Spanish colony?

answer: near the mouth of the Pee Dee River

text: near the mouth of the Pee Dee River

question: How many slaves were at San Miguel de Gualdape at its inception?

answer: 100 enslaved Africans

text: 100 enslaved Africans

question: What is a part of American history that has been paid a lot of attention?

question: What is the latest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas?

text: April 1502

question: Where were the last Black Indians born?

text: Santo Domingo

question: When was the latest year that African slaves were absorbed into Indigenous Americans?

question: How many free Africans lived in San Miguel de Gualdape?


text: Hannover 96 (nickname Die Roten or 'The Reds') is the top local football team that plays in the Bundesliga top division. Home games are played at the HDI-Arena, which hosted matches in the 1974 and 2006 World Cups and the Euro 1988. Their reserve team Hannover 96 II plays in the fourth league. Their home games were played in the traditional Eilenriedestadium till they moved to the HDI Arena due to DFL directives. Arminia Hannover is another very traditional soccer team in Hanover that has played in the first league for years and plays now in the Niedersachsen-West Liga (Lower Saxony League West). Home matches are played in the Rudolf-Kalweit-Stadium.

title: Hanover

title: Hanover

text: Hannover

text: nickname

text: Die

text: Roten

text: or

text: The

text: Reds

text: is

text: the

text: top

text: local

text: football

text: team

text: that

text: plays

text: in

text: the

text: Bundesliga

text: top

text: division

text: Home

text: games

text: are

text: played

text: at

text: the

text: HDI

text: Arena

text: which

text: hosted

text: matches

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: World

text: Cups

text: and

text: the

text: Euro

text: Their

text: reserve

text: team

text: Hannover

text: II

text: plays

text: in

text: the

text: fourth

text: league

text: Their

text: home

text: games

text: were

text: played

text: in

text: the

text: traditional

text: Eilenriedestadium

text: till

text: they

text: moved

text: to

text: the

text: HDI

text: Arena

text: due

text: to

text: DFL

text: directives

text: Arminia

text: Hannover

text: is

text: another

text: very

text: traditional

text: soccer

text: team

text: in

text: Hanover

text: that

text: has

text: played

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: league

text: for

text: years

text: and

text: plays

text: now

text: in

text: the

text: Niedersachsen

text: West

text: Liga

text: Lower

text: Saxony

text: League

text: West

text: Home

text: matches

text: are

text: played

text: in

text: the

text: Rudolf

text: Kalweit

text: Stadium

question: Who does the nicname "Die Roten" belong to?

answer: Hannover 96

text: Hannover 96

question: What is another name for the top football division?

answer: Bundesliga

text: Bundesliga

question: What is the name of the stadium that the Hanover football team plays in?

answer: HDI-Arena

text: HDI-Arena

question: Where did the reserve team for the main Hanover team used to play?

answer: Eilenriedestadium

text: Eilenriedestadium

question: Which league does the reserve team Hanover 96 II play in?

answer: fourth league

text: fourth league

question: What is the nickname of the Reds?

text: Hannover 96

question: What division does the top national football team play in?

text: the Bundesliga top division

question: Where does the national football team play?

text: the HDI-Arena,

question: Where did the main Hanover team use to play?

text: Eilenriedestadium

question: In what years to the Hanover reserve team host World Cup matches?

text: 1974 and 2006


text: At her Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic, but in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny. Elizabeth's popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public. Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, though Elizabeth's personal popularity and support for the monarchy rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.

title: Elizabeth_II

title: Elizabeth_II

text: At

text: her

text: Silver

text: Jubilee

text: in

text: the

text: crowds

text: and

text: celebrations

text: were

text: genuinely

text: enthusiastic

text: but

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: criticism

text: of

text: the

text: royal

text: family

text: increased

text: as

text: the

text: personal

text: and

text: working

text: lives

text: of

text: Elizabeth

text: 's

text: children

text: came

text: under

text: media

text: scrutiny

text: Elizabeth

text: 's

text: popularity

text: sank

text: to

text: a

text: low

text: point

text: in

text: the

text: Under

text: pressure

text: from

text: public

text: opinion

text: she

text: began

text: to

text: pay

text: income

text: tax

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: and

text: Buckingham

text: Palace

text: was

text: opened

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: Discontent

text: with

text: the

text: monarchy

text: reached

text: its

text: peak

text: on

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Diana

text: Princess

text: of

text: Wales

text: though

text: Elizabeth

text: 's

text: personal

text: popularity

text: and

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: monarchy

text: rebounded

text: after

text: her

text: live

text: television

text: broadcast

text: to

text: the

text: world

text: five

text: days

text: after

text: Diana

text: 's

text: death

question: When was Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee?

answer: 1977

question: What increased in the 1980s?

answer: public criticism

text: public criticism

question: What was the main subject of public criticism in the 80's?

answer: royal family

text: royal family

question: What attribute of Elizabeth fell to  low in the 1990s?

answer: popularity

text: popularity

question: What did Elizabeth start paying in the 1990 s?

answer: income tax

text: income tax

question: What decade between now and the 1970s has been the high point for Elizabeth's popularity?

question: When was Elizabeth's Golden Jubilee?

question: In what year did Diana become the Princess of Wales?

question: What happened after Elizabeth started to pay income taxes?

text: support for the monarchy rebounded


text: A format called quiet storm is often included in urban adult contemporary, and is often played during the evening, blending the urban AC and soft AC styles of music. The music that is played is strictly ballads and slow jams, mostly but not limited to Black and Latino artists. Popular artists in the quiet storm format are Teena Marie, Freddie Jackson, Johnny Gill, Lalah Hathaway, Vanessa L. Williams, Toni Braxton, and En Vogue among others.

title: Adult_contemporary_music

title: Adult_contemporary_music

text: A

text: format

text: called

text: quiet

text: storm

text: is

text: often

text: included

text: in

text: urban

text: adult

text: contemporary

text: and

text: is

text: often

text: played

text: during

text: the

text: evening

text: blending

text: the

text: urban

text: AC

text: and

text: soft

text: AC

text: styles

text: of

text: music

text: The

text: music

text: that

text: is

text: played

text: is

text: strictly

text: ballads

text: and

text: slow

text: jams

text: mostly

text: but

text: not

text: limited

text: to

text: Black

text: and

text: Latino

text: artists

text: Popular

text: artists

text: in

text: the

text: quiet

text: storm

text: format

text: are

text: Teena

text: Marie

text: Freddie

text: Jackson

text: Johnny

text: Gill

text: Lalah

text: Hathaway

text: Vanessa

text: L.

text: Williams

text: Toni

text: Braxton

text: and

text: En

text: Vogue

text: among

text: others

question: What radio format consists of ballads and slow jams?

answer: quiet storm

text: quiet storm

question: What is the name of the radio format that is a mixture of urban and soft adult contemporary?

answer: quiet storm

text: quiet storm

question: At what time of day is the quiet storm format played?

answer: the evening

text: the evening

question: What is the typical ethnicity of artists played on quiet storm stations?

answer: Black and Latino

text: Black and Latino

question: Along with Freddie Jackson, Johnny Gill, Teena Marie, Lalah Hathaway, Toni Braxton, and En Vogue, what artist is popular on quiet storm stations?

answer: Vanessa L. Williams

text: Vanessa L. Williams


text: Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 1827, at Cambridge University, Darwin learnt science as natural theology from botanist John Stevens Henslow, and read Paley, John Herschel and Alexander von Humboldt. Filled with zeal for science, he studied catastrophist geology with Adam Sedgwick.

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: Darwin

text: went

text: to

text: Edinburgh

text: University

text: in

text: to

text: study

text: medicine

text: In

text: his

text: second

text: year

text: he

text: neglected

text: his

text: medical

text: studies

text: for

text: natural

text: history

text: and

text: spent

text: four

text: months

text: assisting

text: Robert

text: Grant

text: 's

text: research

text: into

text: marine

text: invertebrates

text: Grant

text: revealed

text: his

text: enthusiasm

text: for

text: the

text: transmutation

text: of

text: species

text: but

text: Darwin

text: rejected

text: it

text: Starting

text: in

text: at

text: Cambridge

text: University

text: Darwin

text: learnt

text: science

text: as

text: natural

text: theology

text: from

text: botanist

text: John

text: Stevens

text: Henslow

text: and

text: read

text: Paley

text: John

text: Herschel

text: and

text: Alexander

text: von

text: Humboldt

text: Filled

text: with

text: zeal

text: for

text: science

text: he

text: studied

text: catastrophist

text: geology

text: with

text: Adam

text: Sedgwick

question: When did Darwin begin attending university?

answer: 1825

question: What university did Darwin attend?

answer: Edinburgh University

text: Edinburgh University

question: What was Darwin originally studying at university?

answer: medicine

text: medicine

question: Who did Darwin assist in researching marine invertebrates?

answer: Robert Grant

text: Robert Grant

question: With whom did Darwin study about catastrophic geology?

answer: Adam Sedgwick

text: Adam Sedgwick


text: Bertrand Russell saw the Enlightenment as a phase in a progressive development, which began in antiquity, and that reason and challenges to the established order were constant ideals throughout that time. Russell said that the Enlightenment was ultimately born out of the Protestant reaction against the Catholic counter-reformation, and that philosophical views such as affinity for democracy against monarchy originated among 16th-century Protestants to justify their desire to break away from the Catholic Church. Though many of these philosophical ideals were picked up by Catholics, Russell argues, by the 18th century the Enlightenment was the principal manifestation of the schism that began with Martin Luther.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: Bertrand

text: Russell

text: saw

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: as

text: a

text: phase

text: in

text: a

text: progressive

text: development

text: which

text: began

text: in

text: antiquity

text: and

text: that

text: reason

text: and

text: challenges

text: to

text: the

text: established

text: order

text: were

text: constant

text: ideals

text: throughout

text: that

text: time

text: Russell

text: said

text: that

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: was

text: ultimately

text: born

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: Protestant

text: reaction

text: against

text: the

text: Catholic

text: counter

text: reformation

text: and

text: that

text: philosophical

text: views

text: such

text: as

text: affinity

text: for

text: democracy

text: against

text: monarchy

text: originated

text: among

text: century

text: Protestants

text: to

text: justify

text: their

text: desire

text: to

text: break

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: Though

text: many

text: of

text: these

text: philosophical

text: ideals

text: were

text: picked

text: up

text: by

text: Catholics

text: Russell

text: argues

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: was

text: the

text: principal

text: manifestation

text: of

text: the

text: schism

text: that

text: began

text: with

text: Martin

text: Luther

question: Which philosopher believed that the Enlightenment was ultimately born out of Protestant reaction against the Catholic counter-reformation?

answer: Bertrand Russell

text: Bertrand Russell

question: Where did Betrand Russell believe views such as affinity for democracy against monarachy originated from?

answer: 16th-century Protestants

text: 16th-century Protestants

question: Who does Betrand Russell started the schism that lead to the Enlightenment?

answer: Martin Luther

text: Martin Luther