text: In descending order of population, Oklahoma's largest cities in 2010 were: Oklahoma City (579,999, +14.6%), Tulsa (391,906, −0.3%), Norman (110,925, +15.9%), Broken Arrow (98,850, +32.0%), Lawton (96,867, +4.4%), Edmond (81,405, +19.2%), Moore (55,081, +33.9%), Midwest City (54,371, +0.5%), Enid (49,379, +5.0%), and Stillwater (45,688, +17.0%). Of the state's ten largest cities, three are outside the metropolitan areas of Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and only Lawton has a metropolitan statistical area of its own as designated by the United States Census Bureau, though the metropolitan statistical area of Fort Smith, Arkansas extends into the state.

title: Oklahoma

title: Oklahoma

text: In

text: descending

text: order

text: of

text: population

text: Oklahoma

text: 's

text: largest

text: cities

text: in

text: were

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: Tulsa

text: Norman

text: Broken

text: Arrow

text: Lawton

text: Edmond

text: Moore

text: Midwest

text: City

text: Enid

text: and

text: Stillwater

text: Of

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: ten

text: largest

text: cities

text: three

text: are

text: outside

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: areas

text: of

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: and

text: Tulsa

text: and

text: only

text: Lawton

text: has

text: a

text: metropolitan

text: statistical

text: area

text: of

text: its

text: own

text: as

text: designated

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: though

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: statistical

text: area

text: of

text: Fort

text: Smith

text: Arkansas

text: extends

text: into

text: the

text: state

question: What is Oklahoma's largest city?

answer: Oklahoma City

text: Oklahoma City

question: How much did Oklahoma City's population grow from 2000 to 2010?

answer: 14.6%

question: How many people lived in Lawton in 2010?

answer: 96,867

question: How many people lived in Stillwater in 2010?

answer: 45,688

question: What Arkansas city's metro area extends into Oklahoma?

answer: Fort Smith

text: Fort Smith


text: Two groups G and H are called isomorphic if there exist group homomorphisms a: G → H and b: H → G, such that applying the two functions one after another in each of the two possible orders gives the identity functions of G and H. That is, a(b(h)) = h and b(a(g)) = g for any g in G and h in H. From an abstract point of view, isomorphic groups carry the same information. For example, proving that g • g = 1G for some element g of G is equivalent to proving that a(g) ∗ a(g) = 1H, because applying a to the first equality yields the second, and applying b to the second gives back the first.

title: Group_(mathematics)

title: Group_(mathematics

text: Two

text: groups

text: G

text: and

text: H

text: are

text: called

text: isomorphic

text: if

text: there

text: exist

text: group

text: homomorphisms

text: a

text: G

text: H

text: and

text: b

text: H

text: G

text: such

text: that

text: applying

text: the

text: two

text: functions

text: one

text: after

text: another

text: in

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: possible

text: orders

text: gives

text: the

text: identity

text: functions

text: of

text: G

text: and

text: H.

text: That

text: is

text: a(b(h

text: h

text: and

text: b(a(g

text: g

text: for

text: any

text: g

text: in

text: G

text: and

text: h

text: in

text: H.

text: From

text: an

text: abstract

text: point

text: of

text: view

text: isomorphic

text: groups

text: carry

text: the

text: same

text: information

text: For

text: example

text: proving

text: that

text: g

text: g

text: G

text: for

text: some

text: element

text: g

text: of

text: G

text: is

text: equivalent

text: to

text: proving

text: that

text: a(g

text: a(g

text: because

text: applying

text: a

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: equality

text: yields

text: the

text: second

text: and

text: applying

text: b

text: to

text: the

text: second

text: gives

text: back

text: the

text: first

question: What are two groups called if they include homomorphisms?

answer: isomorphic

text: isomorphic

question: What similar element do isomorphic groups carry?

answer: isomorphic groups

text: isomorphic groups

question: How can showing the second equality yields the first prove the concept of isomorphic groups?

answer: applying a to the first equality yields the second

text: applying a to the first equality yields the second

question: What are two groups called if no group homomorphisms are found?

text: isomorphic

question: Isomorphic groups carry different what?

text: information

question: What gives the identity of a?

question: From what point of view do isomorphic groups have different information?

text: abstract

question: How does the second equality disprove the concept of isomorphic groups?


text: Prior to its UK release, Spectre mostly received positive reviews. Mark Kermode, writing in The Guardian, gave the film four out of five stars, observing that the film did not live up to the standard set by Skyfall, but was able to tap into audience expectations. Writing in the same publication, Peter Bradshaw gave the film a full five stars, calling it "inventive, intelligent and complex", and singling out Craig's performance as the film's highlight. In another five star review, The Daily Telegraph's Robbie Collin described Spectre as "a swaggering show of confidence'", lauding it as "a feat of pure cinematic necromancy." In an otherwise positive, but overall less enthusiastic review, IGN's Chris Tilly considered Spectre "solid if unspectacular", and gave the film a 7.2 score (out of a possible 10), saying that "the film falls frustratingly short of greatness."

title: Spectre_(2015_film)

title: Spectre_(2015_film

text: Prior

text: to

text: its

text: UK

text: release

text: Spectre

text: mostly

text: received

text: positive

text: reviews

text: Mark

text: Kermode

text: writing

text: in

text: The

text: Guardian

text: gave

text: the

text: film

text: four

text: out

text: of

text: five

text: stars

text: observing

text: that

text: the

text: film

text: did

text: not

text: live

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: standard

text: set

text: by

text: Skyfall

text: but

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: tap

text: into

text: audience

text: expectations

text: Writing

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: publication

text: Peter

text: Bradshaw

text: gave

text: the

text: film

text: a

text: full

text: five

text: stars

text: calling

text: it

text: inventive

text: intelligent

text: and

text: complex

text: and

text: singling

text: out

text: Craig

text: 's

text: performance

text: as

text: the

text: film

text: 's

text: highlight

text: In

text: another

text: five

text: star

text: review

text: The

text: Daily

text: Telegraph

text: 's

text: Robbie

text: Collin

text: described

text: Spectre

text: as

text: a

text: swaggering

text: show

text: of

text: confidence

text: lauding

text: it

text: as

text: a

text: feat

text: of

text: pure

text: cinematic

text: necromancy

text: In

text: an

text: otherwise

text: positive

text: but

text: overall

text: less

text: enthusiastic

text: review

text: IGN

text: 's

text: Chris

text: Tilly

text: considered

text: Spectre

text: solid

text: if

text: unspectacular

text: and

text: gave

text: the

text: film

text: a

text: score

text: out

text: of

text: a

text: possible

text: saying

text: that

text: the

text: film

text: falls

text: frustratingly

text: short

text: of

text: greatness

question: Who gave Spectre a perfect rating in The Daily Telegraph?

answer: Robbie Collin

text: Robbie Collin

question: A writer for which publication rated the film 7.2/10?

answer: IGN

text: IGN

question: What score did Mark Kermode give Spectre?

answer: four out of five stars

text: four out of five stars

question: How many stars did Mark Kermode of the Guardian aware Spectre prior to its release?

answer: four out of five

text: four out of five

question: Spectre received mostly positive reviews prior to its release in what country?

text: UK

question: John Kermode from the Guardian, gave the film how many out of five stars?

text: four

question: The Daily Mail's Robbie Collin described the film as what?

text: a swaggering show of confidence

question: GIN's Chris Tully said what about the film?

text: solid if unspectacular


text: The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to infer the 'I' as an object (Descartes' cogito ergo sum) purely from "the spontaneity of thought". Kant focused on ideas drawn from British philosophers such as Locke, Berkeley and Hume but distinguished his transcendental or critical idealism from previous varieties;

title: Idealism

title: Idealism

text: The

text: edition

text: contained

text: a

text: Refutation

text: of

text: Idealism

text: to

text: distinguish

text: his

text: transcendental

text: idealism

text: from

text: Descartes

text: 's

text: Sceptical

text: Idealism

text: and

text: Berkeley

text: 's

text: anti

text: realist

text: strain

text: of

text: Subjective

text: Idealism

text: The

text: section

text: Paralogisms

text: of

text: Pure

text: Reason

text: is

text: an

text: implicit

text: critique

text: of

text: Descartes

text: idealism

text: Kant

text: says

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: possible

text: to

text: infer

text: the

text: I

text: as

text: an

text: object

text: Descartes

text: cogito

text: ergo

text: sum

text: purely

text: from

text: the

text: spontaneity

text: of

text: thought

text: Kant

text: focused

text: on

text: ideas

text: drawn

text: from

text: British

text: philosophers

text: such

text: as

text: Locke

text: Berkeley

text: and

text: Hume

text: but

text: distinguished

text: his

text: transcendental

text: or

text: critical

text: idealism

text: from

text: previous

text: varieties

question: What school of thought did Berkeley belong to?

answer: Subjective Idealism

text: Subjective Idealism

question: What sort of idealist was Descartes?

answer: Sceptical

text: Sceptical

question: In what section was Descartes criticized?

answer: Paralogisms of Pure Reason

text: Paralogisms of Pure Reason

question: In what edition was there a Refutation of Idealism?

answer: 2nd

question: When was the second edition published?

answer: 1787

question: What does Descartes say is impossible?

text: to infer the 'I' as an object

question: What Latin phrase did Kant coin?

text: cogito ergo sum

question: When did Locke publish his ideas?

question: The 2nd edition merged its ideas with which two forms of thought?

question: What was Descartes' nationality?

text: British


text: Zhu Yousong, however, fared a lot worse than his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang three centuries earlier. Beset by factional conflicts, his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces, when the Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo approached Jiangnan the next spring. Days after Yangzhou fell to the Manchus in late May 1645, the Hongguang Emperor fled Nanjing, and the imperial Ming Palace was looted by local residents. On June 6, Dodo's troops approached Nanjing, and the commander of the city's garrison, Zhao the Earl of Xincheng, promptly surrendered the city to them. The Manchus soon ordered all male residents of the city to shave their heads in the Manchu queue way. They requisitioned a large section of the city for the bannermen's cantonment, and destroyed the former imperial Ming Palace, but otherwise the city was spared the mass murders and destruction that befell Yangzhou.

title: Nanjing

title: Nanjing

text: Zhu

text: Yousong

text: however

text: fared

text: a

text: lot

text: worse

text: than

text: his

text: ancestor

text: Zhu

text: Yuanzhang

text: three

text: centuries

text: earlier

text: Beset

text: by

text: factional

text: conflicts

text: his

text: regime

text: could

text: not

text: offer

text: effective

text: resistance

text: to

text: Qing

text: forces

text: when

text: the

text: Qing

text: army

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: Manchu

text: prince

text: Dodo

text: approached

text: Jiangnan

text: the

text: next

text: spring

text: Days

text: after

text: Yangzhou

text: fell

text: to

text: the

text: Manchus

text: in

text: late

text: May

text: the

text: Hongguang

text: Emperor

text: fled

text: Nanjing

text: and

text: the

text: imperial

text: Ming

text: Palace

text: was

text: looted

text: by

text: local

text: residents

text: On

text: June

text: Dodo

text: 's

text: troops

text: approached

text: Nanjing

text: and

text: the

text: commander

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: garrison

text: Zhao

text: the

text: Earl

text: of

text: Xincheng

text: promptly

text: surrendered

text: the

text: city

text: to

text: them

text: The

text: Manchus

text: soon

text: ordered

text: all

text: male

text: residents

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: to

text: shave

text: their

text: heads

text: in

text: the

text: Manchu

text: queue

text: way

text: They

text: requisitioned

text: a

text: large

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: for

text: the

text: bannermen

text: 's

text: cantonment

text: and

text: destroyed

text: the

text: former

text: imperial

text: Ming

text: Palace

text: but

text: otherwise

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: spared

text: the

text: mass

text: murders

text: and

text: destruction

text: that

text: befell

text: Yangzhou

question: When did the Hongguang Emperor leave Nanjing, having been defeated?

answer: late May 1645

text: late May 1645

question: Who surrendered Nanjing to invaders on June 6?

answer: Zhao the Earl of Xincheng

text: Zhao the Earl of Xincheng

question: What did the Manchu's make all the men in the city do?

answer: shave their heads

text: shave their heads


text: Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as "capitalist" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the "culture industry" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy.

title: Culture

title: Culture

text: Scholars

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: developed

text: somewhat

text: different

text: versions

text: of

text: cultural

text: studies

text: after

text: the

text: late

text: The

text: British

text: version

text: of

text: cultural

text: studies

text: had

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: mainly

text: under

text: the

text: influence

text: first

text: of

text: Richard

text: Hoggart

text: E.

text: P.

text: Thompson

text: and

text: Raymond

text: Williams

text: and

text: later

text: that

text: of

text: Stuart

text: Hall

text: and

text: others

text: at

text: the

text: Centre

text: for

text: Contemporary

text: Cultural

text: Studies

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Birmingham

text: This

text: included

text: overtly

text: political

text: left

text: wing

text: views

text: and

text: criticisms

text: of

text: popular

text: culture

text: as

text: capitalist

text: mass

text: culture

text: it

text: absorbed

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: ideas

text: of

text: the

text: Frankfurt

text: School

text: critique

text: of

text: the

text: culture

text: industry

text: i.e.

text: mass

text: culture

text: This

text: emerges

text: in

text: the

text: writings

text: of

text: early

text: British

text: cultural

text: studies

text: scholars

text: and

text: their

text: influences

text: see

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: for

text: example

text: Raymond

text: Williams

text: Stuart

text: Hall

text: Paul

text: Willis

text: and

text: Paul

text: Gilroy

question: Around when did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop different versions of cultural studies?

answer: late 1970s

text: late 1970s

question: When did the British version of cultural studies emerge?

answer: 1950s and 1960s

text: 1950s and 1960s

question: Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K?

answer: Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall

text: Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall

question: Which University did research of cultural studies take place under CCCS?

answer: the University of Birmingham

text: the University of Birmingham

question: When did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop similar versions of cultural studies?

text: late 1970s

question: When did the British version of cultural studies end?

text: 1950s and 1960s

question: Who had influenced cultural studies in the United States?

question: Which University was not allowed to do research of cultural studies?

text: the University of Birmingham


text: The MoD has been criticised for an ongoing fiasco, having spent £240m on eight Chinook HC3 helicopters which only started to enter service in 2010, years after they were ordered in 1995 and delivered in 2001. A National Audit Office report reveals that the helicopters have been stored in air conditioned hangars in Britain since their 2001[why?] delivery, while troops in Afghanistan have been forced to rely on helicopters which are flying with safety faults. By the time the Chinooks are airworthy, the total cost of the project could be as much as £500m.

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom

text: The

text: MoD

text: has

text: been

text: criticised

text: for

text: an

text: ongoing

text: fiasco

text: having

text: spent

text: m

text: on

text: eight

text: Chinook

text: helicopters

text: which

text: only

text: started

text: to

text: enter

text: service

text: in

text: years

text: after

text: they

text: were

text: ordered

text: in

text: and

text: delivered

text: in

text: A

text: National

text: Audit

text: Office

text: report

text: reveals

text: that

text: the

text: helicopters

text: have

text: been

text: stored

text: in

text: air

text: conditioned

text: hangars

text: in

text: Britain

text: since

text: their

text: delivery

text: while

text: troops

text: in

text: Afghanistan

text: have

text: been

text: forced

text: to

text: rely

text: on

text: helicopters

text: which

text: are

text: flying

text: with

text: safety

text: faults

text: By

text: the

text: time

text: the

text: Chinooks

text: are

text: airworthy

text: the

text: total

text: cost

text: of

text: the

text: project

text: could

text: be

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: m

question: How much did the MoD spend on Chinook helicopters?

answer: £240m

question: When were the helicopters ordered?

answer: 1995

question: Which office reported that the helicopters were being stored, rather than used?

answer: National Audit Office

text: National Audit Office

question: In what year were the helicopters brought into service?

answer: 2010

question: What is the estimated total cost of the Chinook helicopter project?

answer: £500m

question: In 1995 what did the National Audit Office order?

text: eight Chinook HC3 helicopters

question: When were the helicopters with safety faults ordered by the Audit Office?

text: in 1995

question: Since what year have the helicopters with safety faults been stored?

text: since their 2001[why?] delivery

question: How much did the helicopters with safety faults cost when ordered in 2010?

question: When were the helicopters flown with safety faults in Afghanistan put in service?

text: in 2010


text: From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he continued work on Law, Legislation and Liberty, teaching a graduate seminar by the same name and another on the philosophy of social science. Primary drafts of the book were completed by 1970, but Hayek chose to rework his drafts and finally brought the book to publication in three volumes in 1973, 1976 and 1979.

title: Friedrich_Hayek

title: Friedrich_Hayek

text: From

text: until

text: his

text: retirement

text: in

text: he

text: was

text: a

text: professor

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Freiburg

text: West

text: Germany

text: where

text: he

text: began

text: work

text: on

text: his

text: next

text: book

text: Law

text: Legislation

text: and

text: Liberty

text: Hayek

text: regarded

text: his

text: years

text: at

text: Freiburg

text: as

text: very

text: fruitful

text: Following

text: his

text: retirement

text: Hayek

text: spent

text: a

text: year

text: as

text: a

text: visiting

text: professor

text: of

text: philosophy

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: where

text: he

text: continued

text: work

text: on

text: Law

text: Legislation

text: and

text: Liberty

text: teaching

text: a

text: graduate

text: seminar

text: by

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: and

text: another

text: on

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: social

text: science

text: Primary

text: drafts

text: of

text: the

text: book

text: were

text: completed

text: by

text: but

text: Hayek

text: chose

text: to

text: rework

text: his

text: drafts

text: and

text: finally

text: brought

text: the

text: book

text: to

text: publication

text: in

text: three

text: volumes

text: in

text: and

question: What country did Hayek move to in 1962?

answer: West Germany

text: West Germany

question: What is the name of the book Hayek started upon his arrival in West Germany?

answer: Law, Legislation and Liberty

text: Law, Legislation and Liberty

question: Where did Hayek spend an entire year after his retirement?

answer: University of California, Los Angeles

text: University of California, Los Angeles

question: When was the final volume of Law, Legislation and Liberty released?

answer: 1979

question: During his time in Los Angeles, what was the topic of the seminars Hayek taught not related to his new book?

answer: philosophy of social science

text: philosophy of social science


text: Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets).[citation needed] By 1885 Tajikistan's territory was either ruled by the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, nevertheless Tajiks felt little Russian influence.[citation needed]

title: Tajikistan

title: Tajikistan

text: Russian

text: Imperialism

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: 's

text: conquest

text: of

text: Central

text: Asia

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: 's

text: Imperial

text: Era

text: Between

text: and

text: Russia

text: gradually

text: took

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: entire

text: territory

text: of

text: Russian

text: Turkestan

text: the

text: Tajikistan

text: portion

text: of

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: Emirate

text: of

text: Bukhara

text: and

text: Khanate

text: of

text: Kokand

text: Russia

text: was

text: interested

text: in

text: gaining

text: access

text: to

text: a

text: supply

text: of

text: cotton

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: attempted

text: to

text: switch

text: cultivation

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: from

text: grain

text: to

text: cotton

text: a

text: strategy

text: later

text: copied

text: and

text: expanded

text: by

text: the

text: Soviets).[citation

text: needed

text: By

text: Tajikistan

text: 's

text: territory

text: was

text: either

text: ruled

text: by

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: or

text: its

text: vassal

text: state

text: the

text: Emirate

text: of

text: Bukhara

text: nevertheless

text: Tajiks

text: felt

text: little

text: Russian

text: influence.[citation

text: needed

question: When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia?

answer: during the late 19th century's Imperial Era

text: during the late 19th century's Imperial Era

question: What did Russia do between 1864-1885?

answer: Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan

text: Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan

question: Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan?

answer: the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand

text: the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand

question: What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for?

answer: gaining access to a supply of cotton

text: gaining access to a supply of cotton

question: In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area?

answer: the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara

text: the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara

question: Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Africa in what century?

question: Between 1964 and 1985 Russia gradually took control of what?

text: Russian Turkestan

question: What country attempted to switch from grain to cotton in the 1970s?

text: Russia

question: By 1985 Tajikistan's territory was what?

question: What people felt a great deal of Russian influence?

text: Tajiks


text: The last use of the firing squad between 1608 and the moratorium on judicial executions between 1967 and 1977 was when Utah shot James W. Rodgers on March 30, 1960. The last use of the gallows between 1608 and the moratorium was when Kansas hanged George York on June 22, 1965. The last use of the electric chair between the first electrocution on August 6, 1890 and the moratorium was when Oklahoma electrocuted James French on August 10, 1966. The last use of the gas chamber between the first gassing on February 8, 1924 and the moratorium was when Colorado gassed Luis Monge on June 2, 1967.

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

text: The

text: last

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: firing

text: squad

text: between

text: and

text: the

text: moratorium

text: on

text: judicial

text: executions

text: between

text: and

text: was

text: when

text: Utah

text: shot

text: James

text: W.

text: Rodgers

text: on

text: March

text: The

text: last

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: gallows

text: between

text: and

text: the

text: moratorium

text: was

text: when

text: Kansas

text: hanged

text: George

text: York

text: on

text: June

text: The

text: last

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: electric

text: chair

text: between

text: the

text: first

text: electrocution

text: on

text: August

text: and

text: the

text: moratorium

text: was

text: when

text: Oklahoma

text: electrocuted

text: James

text: French

text: on

text: August

text: The

text: last

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: gas

text: chamber

text: between

text: the

text: first

text: gassing

text: on

text: February

text: and

text: the

text: moratorium

text: was

text: when

text: Colorado

text: gassed

text: Luis

text: Monge

text: on

text: June

question: Who was executed on March 30, 1960?

answer: James W. Rodgers

text: James W. Rodgers

question: What method of execution was used on James W. Rodgers?

answer: firing squad

text: firing squad

question: In what state was Rodgers executed?

answer: Utah

text: Utah

question: On what date was George York executed?

answer: June 22, 1965

text: June 22, 1965

question: Which state executed James French?

answer: Oklahoma

text: Oklahoma

question: Who was executed on March 30, 1990?

text: James W. Rodgers

question: What method of execution was not used on James W. Rodgers?

text: firing squad

question: In what state was Rodgers born?

text: Utah

question: On what date was George York freed?

text: June 22, 1965

question: Which state freed James French?

text: Oklahoma


text: The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws, which are more frequently updated than the Charter. Any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the Privy Council's approval.

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

text: The

text: operational

text: framework

text: is

text: provided

text: by

text: the

text: Byelaws

text: which

text: are

text: more

text: frequently

text: updated

text: than

text: the

text: Charter

text: Any

text: revisions

text: to

text: the

text: Charter

text: or

text: Byelaws

text: require

text: the

text: Privy

text: Council

text: 's

text: approval

question: What sets forth the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?

answer: the Byelaws

text: the Byelaws

question: What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated most often?

answer: the Byelaws

text: the Byelaws

question: What is necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute?

answer: the Privy Council's approval

text: the Privy Council's approval

question: What removed the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?

text: the Byelaws

question: What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated least often?

text: Byelaws

question: What is never necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute?

text: the Privy Council's approval

question: What is updated more than the Byelaws?

text: the Charter


text: With the rise of disco in the US and punk rock in the UK, hard rock's mainstream dominance was rivalled toward the later part of the decade. Disco appealed to a more diverse group of people and punk seemed to take over the rebellious role that hard rock once held. Early punk bands like The Ramones explicitly rebelled against the drum solos and extended guitar solos that characterised stadium rock, with almost all of their songs clocking in around two minutes with no guitar solos. However, new rock acts continued to emerge and record sales remained high into the 1980s. 1977 saw the début and rise to stardom of Foreigner, who went on to release several platinum albums through to the mid-1980s. Midwestern groups like Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx helped further cement heavy rock in the Midwest as a form of stadium rock. In 1978, Van Halen emerged from the Los Angeles music scene with a sound based around the skills of lead guitarist Eddie Van Halen. He popularised a guitar-playing technique of two-handed hammer-ons and pull-offs called tapping, showcased on the song "Eruption" from the album Van Halen, which was highly influential in re-establishing hard rock as a popular genre after the punk and disco explosion, while also redefining and elevating the role of electric guitar.

title: Hard_rock

title: Hard_rock

text: With

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: disco

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: and

text: punk

text: rock

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: hard

text: rock

text: 's

text: mainstream

text: dominance

text: was

text: rivalled

text: toward

text: the

text: later

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: decade

text: Disco

text: appealed

text: to

text: a

text: more

text: diverse

text: group

text: of

text: people

text: and

text: punk

text: seemed

text: to

text: take

text: over

text: the

text: rebellious

text: role

text: that

text: hard

text: rock

text: once

text: held

text: Early

text: punk

text: bands

text: like

text: The

text: Ramones

text: explicitly

text: rebelled

text: against

text: the

text: drum

text: solos

text: and

text: extended

text: guitar

text: solos

text: that

text: characterised

text: stadium

text: rock

text: with

text: almost

text: all

text: of

text: their

text: songs

text: clocking

text: in

text: around

text: two

text: minutes

text: with

text: no

text: guitar

text: solos

text: However

text: new

text: rock

text: acts

text: continued

text: to

text: emerge

text: and

text: record

text: sales

text: remained

text: high

text: into

text: the

text: saw

text: the

text: début

text: and

text: rise

text: to

text: stardom

text: of

text: Foreigner

text: who

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: release

text: several

text: platinum

text: albums

text: through

text: to

text: the

text: Midwestern

text: groups

text: like

text: Kansas

text: REO

text: Speedwagon

text: and

text: Styx

text: helped

text: further

text: cement

text: heavy

text: rock

text: in

text: the

text: Midwest

text: as

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: stadium

text: rock

text: In

text: Van

text: Halen

text: emerged

text: from

text: the

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: music

text: scene

text: with

text: a

text: sound

text: based

text: around

text: the

text: skills

text: of

text: lead

text: guitarist

text: Eddie

text: Van

text: Halen

text: He

text: popularised

text: a

text: guitar

text: playing

text: technique

text: of

text: two

text: handed

text: hammer

text: ons

text: and

text: pull

text: offs

text: called

text: tapping

text: showcased

text: on

text: the

text: song

text: Eruption

text: from

text: the

text: album

text: Van

text: Halen

text: which

text: was

text: highly

text: influential

text: in

text: re

text: establishing

text: hard

text: rock

text: as

text: a

text: popular

text: genre

text: after

text: the

text: punk

text: and

text: disco

text: explosion

text: while

text: also

text: redefining

text: and

text: elevating

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: electric

text: guitar

question: What two genres made inroads on hard rock in the 1970s?

answer: disco in the US and punk rock in the UK

text: disco in the US and punk rock in the UK

question: What punk band's songs rarely exceeded two minutes in length?

answer: The Ramones

text: The Ramones

question: What were three midwestern hard rock bands?

answer: Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx

text: Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx

question: What city was Van Halen originally from?

answer: Los Angeles

text: Los Angeles

question: Which Van Halen instrumental showcased the guitar mastery of Eddie Van Halen?

answer: "Eruption"

text: "Eruption"

question: What did hard rock replace as a mainstream genre?

text: punk rock

question: What did the punk band The Ramones embrace as part of their music?

text: drum solos and extended guitar solos

question: What San Francisco band utilized the skills of guitarist Eddie Van Halen?

text: Van Halen

question: What album is the showcase song Van Halen from?

text: Eruption

question: Who was highly influential in creating the popularity of punk and disco music?

text: Eddie Van Halen


text: Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are located in the Boston area. Four members of the Association of American Universities are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, and Brandeis University. Hospitals, universities, and research institutions in Greater Boston received more than $1.77 billion in National Institutes of Health grants in 2013, more money than any other American metropolitan area. Greater Boston has more than 100 colleges and universities, with 250,000 students enrolled in Boston and Cambridge alone. Its largest private universities include Boston University (the city's fourth-largest employer) with its main campus along Commonwealth Avenue and a medical campus in the South End; Northeastern University in the Fenway area; Suffolk University near Beacon Hill, which includes law school and business school; and Boston College, which straddles the Boston (Brighton)–Newton border. Boston's only public university is the University of Massachusetts Boston, on Columbia Point in Dorchester. Roxbury Community College and Bunker Hill Community College are the city's two public community colleges. Altogether, Boston's colleges and universities employ over 42,600 people, accounting for nearly 7 percent of the city's workforce.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: renowned

text: and

text: highly

text: ranked

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Boston

text: area

text: Four

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Association

text: of

text: American

text: Universities

text: are

text: in

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: more

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: Harvard

text: University

text: the

text: Massachusetts

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: Boston

text: University

text: and

text: Brandeis

text: University

text: Hospitals

text: universities

text: and

text: research

text: institutions

text: in

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: received

text: more

text: than

text: billion

text: in

text: National

text: Institutes

text: of

text: Health

text: grants

text: in

text: more

text: money

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: American

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: Greater

text: Boston

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: with

text: students

text: enrolled

text: in

text: Boston

text: and

text: Cambridge

text: alone

text: Its

text: largest

text: private

text: universities

text: include

text: Boston

text: University

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: fourth

text: largest

text: employer

text: with

text: its

text: main

text: campus

text: along

text: Commonwealth

text: Avenue

text: and

text: a

text: medical

text: campus

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: End

text: Northeastern

text: University

text: in

text: the

text: Fenway

text: area

text: Suffolk

text: University

text: near

text: Beacon

text: Hill

text: which

text: includes

text: law

text: school

text: and

text: business

text: school

text: and

text: Boston

text: College

text: which

text: straddles

text: the

text: Boston

text: Brighton)–Newton

text: border

text: Boston

text: 's

text: only

text: public

text: university

text: is

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Massachusetts

text: Boston

text: on

text: Columbia

text: Point

text: in

text: Dorchester

text: Roxbury

text: Community

text: College

text: and

text: Bunker

text: Hill

text: Community

text: College

text: are

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: two

text: public

text: community

text: colleges

text: Altogether

text: Boston

text: 's

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: employ

text: over

text: people

text: accounting

text: for

text: nearly

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: workforce

question: How many member of the Association of American Universities are in Boston?

answer: four

text: four

question: How many students are enrolled in boston and Cambridge?

answer: 250,000

question: Who is the citys fourth largest employer?

answer: Boston University

text: Boston University


text: Dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve.

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: Dogs

text: bear

text: their

text: litters

text: roughly

text: to

text: days

text: after

text: fertilization

text: with

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: days

text: although

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: gestation

text: can

text: vary

text: An

text: average

text: litter

text: consists

text: of

text: about

text: six

text: puppies

text: though

text: this

text: number

text: may

text: vary

text: widely

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: breed

text: of

text: dog

text: In

text: general

text: toy

text: dogs

text: produce

text: from

text: one

text: to

text: four

text: puppies

text: in

text: each

text: litter

text: while

text: much

text: larger

text: breeds

text: may

text: average

text: as

text: many

text: as

text: twelve

question: How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies?

answer: 58 to 68 days

text: 58 to 68 days

question: What is the average length of dog pregnancy?

answer: 63 days

text: 63 days

question: What is the average number of pups in a litter?

answer: about six

text: about six

question: For small dogs, what is the average number of pups in a litter?

answer: one to four

text: one to four

question: What is the average for a dog to bear her litter?

answer: 63 days

text: 63 days

question: What is the average number of pups per litter?

answer: six

text: six

question: Smaller dogs tend to have how many pups per litter?

answer: one to four

text: one to four


text: Occasional severe flooding is experienced. There was the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, the Great Flood of 1993, and widespread flooding and mudslides caused by the 1982-1983 El Niño event in the western United States. Localized flooding can, however, occur anywhere, and mudslides from heavy rain can cause problems in any mountainous area, particularly the Southwest. Large stretches of desert shrub in the west can fuel the spread of wildfires. The narrow canyons of many mountain areas in the west and severe thunderstorm activity during the summer lead to sometimes devastating flash floods as well, while Nor'Easter snowstorms can bring activity to a halt throughout the Northeast (although heavy snowstorms can occur almost anywhere).

title: Geography_of_the_United_States

title: Geography_of_the_United_States

text: Occasional

text: severe

text: flooding

text: is

text: experienced

text: There

text: was

text: the

text: Great

text: Mississippi

text: Flood

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Flood

text: of

text: and

text: widespread

text: flooding

text: and

text: mudslides

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: El

text: Niño

text: event

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: United

text: States

text: Localized

text: flooding

text: can

text: however

text: occur

text: anywhere

text: and

text: mudslides

text: from

text: heavy

text: rain

text: can

text: cause

text: problems

text: in

text: any

text: mountainous

text: area

text: particularly

text: the

text: Southwest

text: Large

text: stretches

text: of

text: desert

text: shrub

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: can

text: fuel

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: wildfires

text: The

text: narrow

text: canyons

text: of

text: many

text: mountain

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: severe

text: thunderstorm

text: activity

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: lead

text: to

text: sometimes

text: devastating

text: flash

text: floods

text: as

text: well

text: while

text: Nor'Easter

text: snowstorms

text: can

text: bring

text: activity

text: to

text: a

text: halt

text: throughout

text: the

text: Northeast

text: although

text: heavy

text: snowstorms

text: can

text: occur

text: almost

text: anywhere

question: The Great Mississippi occurred during what year?

answer: 1927

question: What fuels wildfires and causes them to spread in the west?

answer: desert shrub

text: desert shrub

question: What type of storms can cause most activity to stop?

answer: Nor'Easter snowstorms

text: Nor'Easter snowstorms

question: What is the name of the event that caused major flooding in the western US?

answer: El Niño

text: El Niño

question: What is the name of the major event that caused flooding in the eastern United States?

text: El Niño

question: The Mississippi did not flood during what year?

question: The narrow canyons of many mounds can lead to what?

text: flash floods

question: What type of storms occur all over the East Coast?

text: Nor'Easter


text: There are also open compression formats like Opus and Vorbis that are available free of charge and without any known patent restrictions. Some of the newer audio compression formats, such as AAC, WMA Pro and Vorbis, are free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format that cannot be overcome by any MP3 encoder.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: open

text: compression

text: formats

text: like

text: Opus

text: and

text: Vorbis

text: that

text: are

text: available

text: free

text: of

text: charge

text: and

text: without

text: any

text: known

text: patent

text: restrictions

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: newer

text: audio

text: compression

text: formats

text: such

text: as

text: AAC

text: WMA

text: Pro

text: and

text: Vorbis

text: are

text: free

text: of

text: some

text: limitations

text: inherent

text: to

text: the

text: format

text: that

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: overcome

text: by

text: any

text: encoder

question: Opus and Vorbis are two explans of what kind of compression format?

answer: open

text: open

question: Being open formats means that Opus and Vorbis can be used without what?

answer: any known patent restrictions

text: any known patent restrictions

question: What are some benefits to some of the newer audio compression formats when compared to MP3?

answer: free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format

text: free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format

question: How can one obtain an open compression format such as Opus or Vorbis?

answer: available free of charge

text: available free of charge


text: This dissociation aims to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. In addition, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to the decision maker to obtain a favorable decision. A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): For the purpose of this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper performance of any duty or behavior required of the recipient of the bribe, the undue advantage or the prospect thereof.

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: This

text: dissociation

text: aims

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: early

text: steps

text: offering

text: promising

text: requesting

text: an

text: advantage

text: of

text: a

text: corrupt

text: deal

text: already

text: an

text: offence

text: and

text: thus

text: to

text: give

text: a

text: clear

text: signal

text: from

text: a

text: criminal

text: policy

text: point

text: of

text: view

text: that

text: bribery

text: is

text: not

text: acceptable.[citation

text: needed

text: Furthermore

text: such

text: a

text: dissociation

text: makes

text: the

text: prosecution

text: of

text: bribery

text: offences

text: easier

text: since

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: very

text: difficult

text: to

text: prove

text: that

text: two

text: parties

text: the

text: bribe

text: giver

text: and

text: the

text: bribe

text: taker

text: have

text: formally

text: agreed

text: upon

text: a

text: corrupt

text: deal

text: In

text: addition

text: there

text: is

text: often

text: no

text: such

text: formal

text: deal

text: but

text: only

text: a

text: mutual

text: understanding

text: for

text: instance

text: when

text: it

text: is

text: common

text: knowledge

text: in

text: a

text: municipality

text: that

text: to

text: obtain

text: a

text: building

text: permit

text: one

text: has

text: to

text: pay

text: a

text: fee

text: to

text: the

text: decision

text: maker

text: to

text: obtain

text: a

text: favorable

text: decision

text: A

text: working

text: definition

text: of

text: corruption

text: is

text: also

text: provided

text: as

text: follows

text: in

text: article

text: of

text: the

text: Civil

text: Law

text: Convention

text: on

text: Corruption

text: ETS

text: For

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: this

text: Convention

text: corruption

text: means

text: requesting

text: offering

text: giving

text: or

text: accepting

text: directly

text: or

text: indirectly

text: a

text: bribe

text: or

text: any

text: other

text: undue

text: advantage

text: or

text: prospect

text: thereof

text: which

text: distorts

text: the

text: proper

text: performance

text: of

text: any

text: duty

text: or

text: behavior

text: required

text: of

text: the

text: recipient

text: of

text: the

text: bribe

text: the

text: undue

text: advantage

text: or

text: the

text: prospect

text: thereof

question: In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult?

answer: mutual understanding

text: mutual understanding

question: A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money?

answer: accepting

text: accepting

question: Bribes can be direct or what?

answer: indirect

text: indirect


text: In May 2013, the club launched a new crest to improve the reproducibility of the design in print and broadcast media, particularly on a small scale. Critics[who?] suggested that it was external pressure from sports manufacturers Nike, Inc. that evoked the redesign as the number of colours has been reduced and the radial effect have been removed, making the kit more cost efficient to reproduce.[citation needed] The redesign was poorly received by supporters, with a poll on an Everton fan site registering a 91% negative response to the crest. A protest petition reached over 22,000 signatures before the club offered an apology and announced a new crest would be created for the 2014–15 season with an emphasis on fan consultation. Shortly afterwards, the Head of Marketing left the club.

title: Everton_F.C.

title: Everton_F.C.

text: In

text: May

text: the

text: club

text: launched

text: a

text: new

text: crest

text: to

text: improve

text: the

text: reproducibility

text: of

text: the

text: design

text: in

text: print

text: and

text: broadcast

text: media

text: particularly

text: on

text: a

text: small

text: scale

text: Critics[who

text: suggested

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: external

text: pressure

text: from

text: sports

text: manufacturers

text: Nike

text: Inc.

text: that

text: evoked

text: the

text: redesign

text: as

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: colours

text: has

text: been

text: reduced

text: and

text: the

text: radial

text: effect

text: have

text: been

text: removed

text: making

text: the

text: kit

text: more

text: cost

text: efficient

text: to

text: reproduce.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: redesign

text: was

text: poorly

text: received

text: by

text: supporters

text: with

text: a

text: poll

text: on

text: an

text: Everton

text: fan

text: site

text: registering

text: a

text: negative

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: crest

text: A

text: protest

text: petition

text: reached

text: over

text: signatures

text: before

text: the

text: club

text: offered

text: an

text: apology

text: and

text: announced

text: a

text: new

text: crest

text: would

text: be

text: created

text: for

text: the

text: season

text: with

text: an

text: emphasis

text: on

text: fan

text: consultation

text: Shortly

text: afterwards

text: the

text: Head

text: of

text: Marketing

text: left

text: the

text: club

question: When did Everton FC launch their new crest?

answer: 2013

question: What company did critics suggest pressured Everton FC to change their crest?

answer: Nike

text: Nike

question: How was the Everton FC's crest redesign received by fans?

answer: poorly

text: poorly

question: What percentage of fans had a negative reaction to Everton FC's crest redesign in 2013?

answer: 91

question: How many people signed a petition in protest of Everton FC's crest redesign in 2013?

answer: over 22,000

text: over 22,000

question: What was the approval rating of the original Everton crest?

question: In what month did the 2014-15 season begin for Everton?

text: May

question: What percentage of people had a positive response to the new crest, as opposed to those who were negative or indifferent?

question: How many votes were there in total on the Everton fan site about the new crest?

question: What executive issued the apology for Everton?

text: Head of Marketing


text: In addition to school sixth forms at St Anne's and King Edward's there are two sixth form colleges: Itchen College and Richard Taunton Sixth Form College. A number of Southampton pupils will travel outside the city, for example to Barton Peveril College. Southampton City College is a further education college serving the city. The college offers a range of vocational courses for school leavers, as well as ESOL programmes and Access courses for adult learners.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: school

text: sixth

text: forms

text: at

text: St

text: Anne

text: 's

text: and

text: King

text: Edward

text: 's

text: there

text: are

text: two

text: sixth

text: form

text: colleges

text: Itchen

text: College

text: and

text: Richard

text: Taunton

text: Sixth

text: Form

text: College

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: Southampton

text: pupils

text: will

text: travel

text: outside

text: the

text: city

text: for

text: example

text: to

text: Barton

text: Peveril

text: College

text: Southampton

text: City

text: College

text: is

text: a

text: further

text: education

text: college

text: serving

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: college

text: offers

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: vocational

text: courses

text: for

text: school

text: leavers

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: ESOL

text: programmes

text: and

text: Access

text: courses

text: for

text: adult

text: learners

question: How many standalone sixth form colleges are there in Southampton?

answer: two

text: two

question: What college of further education offers vocational courses and ESOL programs?

answer: Southampton City College

text: Southampton City College

question: What courses does Southampton City College offer to adult students?

answer: Access courses

text: Access courses

question: What college with the initials BPC is outside of the city but still popular with students from Southampton?

answer: Barton Peveril College

text: Barton Peveril College

question: What's the sixth form college named after a person?

answer: Richard Taunton Sixth Form College

text: Richard Taunton Sixth Form College


text: A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: A

text: similar

text: situation

text: occurs

text: with

text: waders

text: called

text: shorebirds

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: Many

text: species

text: such

text: as

text: dunlin

text: Calidris

text: alpina

text: and

text: western

text: sandpiper

text: Calidris

text: mauri

text: undertake

text: long

text: movements

text: from

text: their

text: Arctic

text: breeding

text: grounds

text: to

text: warmer

text: locations

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: hemisphere

text: but

text: others

text: such

text: as

text: semipalmated

text: sandpiper

text: C.

text: pusilla

text: travel

text: longer

text: distances

text: to

text: the

text: tropics

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: Hemisphere

question: What are waders called in North America?

answer: shorebirds

text: shorebirds

question: Where do dunlin Calidris alpina migrate to?

answer: warmer locations in the same hemisphere

text: warmer locations in the same hemisphere

question: Where do semiplamated sandpiper C. pusilla migrate to?

answer: the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere

text: the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere

question: Where do western sandpiper Calidris migrate from?

answer: Arctic breeding grounds

text: Arctic breeding grounds


text: Having sold more than 300 million records worldwide, Madonna is recognized as the best-selling female recording artist of all time by Guinness World Records. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed her as the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second best-selling female artist in the United States, with 64.5 million certified albums. According to Billboard, Madonna is the highest-grossing solo touring artist of all time, earning US $1.31 billion from her concerts since 1990. She was ranked at number two, behind only The Beatles, on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, making her the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart. Madonna became one of the five founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in her first year of eligibility.

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Having

text: sold

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: records

text: worldwide

text: Madonna

text: is

text: recognized

text: as

text: the

text: best

text: selling

text: female

text: recording

text: artist

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: by

text: Guinness

text: World

text: Records

text: The

text: Recording

text: Industry

text: Association

text: of

text: America

text: RIAA

text: listed

text: her

text: as

text: the

text: best

text: selling

text: female

text: rock

text: artist

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: second

text: best

text: selling

text: female

text: artist

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: million

text: certified

text: albums

text: According

text: to

text: Billboard

text: Madonna

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: grossing

text: solo

text: touring

text: artist

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: earning

text: US

text: billion

text: from

text: her

text: concerts

text: since

text: She

text: was

text: ranked

text: at

text: number

text: two

text: behind

text: only

text: The

text: Beatles

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: All

text: Time

text: Top

text: Artists

text: making

text: her

text: the

text: most

text: successful

text: solo

text: artist

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: American

text: singles

text: chart

text: Madonna

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: founding

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: Music

text: Hall

text: of

text: Fame

text: and

text: was

text: inducted

text: into

text: the

text: Rock

text: and

text: Roll

text: Hall

text: of

text: Fame

text: in

text: her

text: first

text: year

text: of

text: eligibility

question: How many records did Madonna sell worldwide?

answer: more than 300 million

text: more than 300 million

question: Madonna is recognize as the best selling female music artiste by who?

answer: Guinness World Records

text: Guinness World Records

question: How many certified albums does Madonna have?

answer: 64.5 million

text: 64.5 million

question: Since 1990, how much did Madonna make in her concerts?

answer: $1.31 billion

text: $1.31 billion

question: Who is one of the founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame?

answer: Madonna

text: Madonna


text: From 1525 to 1917 14,503 titles were published in Estonian, as opposed to the 23,868 titles which were published between 1918 and 1940.[citation needed]

title: Estonian_language

title: Estonian_language

text: From

text: to

text: titles

text: were

text: published

text: in

text: Estonian

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: titles

text: which

text: were

text: published

text: between

text: and

text: needed

question: In the years between 1918 and 1940 how many Estonian language books were printed?

answer: 23,868

question: In the roughly four centuries previous to 1918 how many Estonian language books were printed?

answer: 14,503

question: In what language were 14,503 books published prior to 1918?

answer: Estonian

text: Estonian

question: How many books were published in Etonian before 1525?

question: How many Estonian books were published after 1917 through today?

question: How many books were published before 1918?

question: How many books were published after 1940?


text: In his 2003 paper, "Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy", A. W. F. Edwards argued that rather than using a locus-by-locus analysis of variation to derive taxonomy, it is possible to construct a human classification system based on characteristic genetic patterns, or clusters inferred from multilocus genetic data. Geographically based human studies since have shown that such genetic clusters can be derived from analyzing of a large number of loci which can assort individuals sampled into groups analogous to traditional continental racial groups. Joanna Mountain and Neil Risch cautioned that while genetic clusters may one day be shown to correspond to phenotypic variations between groups, such assumptions were premature as the relationship between genes and complex traits remains poorly understood. However, Risch denied such limitations render the analysis useless: "Perhaps just using someone's actual birth year is not a very good way of measuring age. Does that mean we should throw it out? ... Any category you come up with is going to be imperfect, but that doesn't preclude you from using it or the fact that it has utility."

title: Race_(human_categorization)

title: Race_(human_categorization

text: In

text: his

text: paper

text: Human

text: Genetic

text: Diversity

text: Lewontin

text: 's

text: Fallacy

text: A.

text: W.

text: F.

text: Edwards

text: argued

text: that

text: rather

text: than

text: using

text: a

text: locus

text: by

text: locus

text: analysis

text: of

text: variation

text: to

text: derive

text: taxonomy

text: it

text: is

text: possible

text: to

text: construct

text: a

text: human

text: classification

text: system

text: based

text: on

text: characteristic

text: genetic

text: patterns

text: or

text: clusters

text: inferred

text: from

text: multilocus

text: genetic

text: data

text: Geographically

text: based

text: human

text: studies

text: since

text: have

text: shown

text: that

text: such

text: genetic

text: clusters

text: can

text: be

text: derived

text: from

text: analyzing

text: of

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: loci

text: which

text: can

text: assort

text: individuals

text: sampled

text: into

text: groups

text: analogous

text: to

text: traditional

text: continental

text: racial

text: groups

text: Joanna

text: Mountain

text: and

text: Neil

text: Risch

text: cautioned

text: that

text: while

text: genetic

text: clusters

text: may

text: one

text: day

text: be

text: shown

text: to

text: correspond

text: to

text: phenotypic

text: variations

text: between

text: groups

text: such

text: assumptions

text: were

text: premature

text: as

text: the

text: relationship

text: between

text: genes

text: and

text: complex

text: traits

text: remains

text: poorly

text: understood

text: However

text: Risch

text: denied

text: such

text: limitations

text: render

text: the

text: analysis

text: useless

text: Perhaps

text: just

text: using

text: someone

text: 's

text: actual

text: birth

text: year

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: very

text: good

text: way

text: of

text: measuring

text: age

text: Does

text: that

text: mean

text: we

text: should

text: throw

text: it

text: out

text: Any

text: category

text: you

text: come

text: up

text: with

text: is

text: going

text: to

text: be

text: imperfect

text: but

text: that

text: does

text: n't

text: preclude

text: you

text: from

text: using

text: it

text: or

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: it

text: has

text: utility

question: What type of classification system for humans did A.W.F. Edwards argue for?

answer: characteristic genetic patterns

text: characteristic genetic patterns

question: What might genetic clusters be shown to correspond to one day?

answer: phenotypic variations between groups

text: phenotypic variations between groups

question: How is the relationship between genes and complex traits understood?

answer: poorly

text: poorly

question: Risch feels any category someone comes up with will be what?

answer: imperfect

text: imperfect

question: Risch thinks imperfect categories still have what?

answer: utility

text: utility


text: Ninety-five percent of bird species are socially monogamous. These species pair for at least the length of the breeding season or—in some cases—for several years or until the death of one mate. Monogamy allows for both paternal care and biparental care, which is especially important for species in which females require males' assistance for successful brood-rearing. Among many socially monogamous species, extra-pair copulation (infidelity) is common. Such behaviour typically occurs between dominant males and females paired with subordinate males, but may also be the result of forced copulation in ducks and other anatids. Female birds have sperm storage mechanisms that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation, a hundred days in some species. Sperm from multiple males may compete through this mechanism. For females, possible benefits of extra-pair copulation include getting better genes for her offspring and insuring against the possibility of infertility in her mate. Males of species that engage in extra-pair copulations will closely guard their mates to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: Ninety

text: five

text: percent

text: of

text: bird

text: species

text: are

text: socially

text: monogamous

text: These

text: species

text: pair

text: for

text: at

text: least

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: breeding

text: season

text: or

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: for

text: several

text: years

text: or

text: until

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: one

text: mate

text: Monogamy

text: allows

text: for

text: both

text: paternal

text: care

text: and

text: biparental

text: care

text: which

text: is

text: especially

text: important

text: for

text: species

text: in

text: which

text: females

text: require

text: males

text: assistance

text: for

text: successful

text: brood

text: rearing

text: Among

text: many

text: socially

text: monogamous

text: species

text: extra

text: pair

text: copulation

text: infidelity

text: is

text: common

text: Such

text: behaviour

text: typically

text: occurs

text: between

text: dominant

text: males

text: and

text: females

text: paired

text: with

text: subordinate

text: males

text: but

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: forced

text: copulation

text: in

text: ducks

text: and

text: other

text: anatids

text: Female

text: birds

text: have

text: sperm

text: storage

text: mechanisms

text: that

text: allow

text: sperm

text: from

text: males

text: to

text: remain

text: viable

text: long

text: after

text: copulation

text: a

text: hundred

text: days

text: in

text: some

text: species

text: Sperm

text: from

text: multiple

text: males

text: may

text: compete

text: through

text: this

text: mechanism

text: For

text: females

text: possible

text: benefits

text: of

text: extra

text: pair

text: copulation

text: include

text: getting

text: better

text: genes

text: for

text: her

text: offspring

text: and

text: insuring

text: against

text: the

text: possibility

text: of

text: infertility

text: in

text: her

text: mate

text: Males

text: of

text: species

text: that

text: engage

text: in

text: extra

text: pair

text: copulations

text: will

text: closely

text: guard

text: their

text: mates

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: parentage

text: of

text: the

text: offspring

text: that

text: they

text: raise

question: What percent of bird species are socially monogamous?

answer: Ninety-five percent

text: Ninety-five percent

question: What is extra-pair copulation?

answer: infidelity

text: infidelity

question: What do female birds have that allow sperm from males to remain viable long after copulation?

answer: sperm storage mechanisms

text: sperm storage mechanisms

question: Why do males that engage in extra-pair copulation closely guard their mates?

answer: to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise

text: to ensure the parentage of the offspring that they raise


text: The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest extant texts in India. The Vedic period, lasting from about 1750 to 500 BCE, and contributed the foundations of several cultural aspects of Indian subcontinent. In terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age in this period.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: The

text: Vedic

text: period

text: is

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: Indo

text: Aryan

text: culture

text: of

text: north

text: west

text: India

text: although

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: India

text: had

text: a

text: distinct

text: cultural

text: identity

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: The

text: Vedic

text: culture

text: is

text: described

text: in

text: the

text: texts

text: of

text: Vedas

text: still

text: sacred

text: to

text: Hindus

text: which

text: were

text: orally

text: composed

text: in

text: Vedic

text: Sanskrit

text: The

text: Vedas

text: are

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: extant

text: texts

text: in

text: India

text: The

text: Vedic

text: period

text: lasting

text: from

text: about

text: to

text: BCE

text: and

text: contributed

text: the

text: foundations

text: of

text: several

text: cultural

text: aspects

text: of

text: Indian

text: subcontinent

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: culture

text: many

text: regions

text: of

text: the

text: subcontinent

text: transitioned

text: from

text: the

text: Chalcolithic

text: to

text: the

text: Iron

text: Age

text: in

text: this

text: period

question: For what culture is the Vedic period named?

answer: Indo-Aryan

text: Indo-Aryan

question: Where was the Indo-Aryan culture located?

answer: north-west India

text: north-west India

question: In what language did  the Vedic culture speak?

answer: Vedic Sanskrit

text: Vedic Sanskrit

question: What sacred texts are some of the oldest in India?

answer: The Vedas

text: The Vedas

question: What was the duration of the Vedic culture?

answer: 1750 to 500 BCE

text: 1750 to 500 BCE


text: Saint Helena produces what is said to be the most expensive coffee in the world. It also produces and exports Tungi Spirit, made from the fruit of the prickly or cactus pears, Opuntia ficus-indica ("Tungi" is the local St Helenian name for the plant). Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own postage stamps which provide a significant income.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: produces

text: what

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: most

text: expensive

text: coffee

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: also

text: produces

text: and

text: exports

text: Tungi

text: Spirit

text: made

text: from

text: the

text: fruit

text: of

text: the

text: prickly

text: or

text: cactus

text: pears

text: Opuntia

text: ficus

text: indica

text: Tungi

text: is

text: the

text: local

text: St

text: Helenian

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: plant

text: Ascension

text: Island

text: Tristan

text: da

text: Cunha

text: and

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: all

text: issue

text: their

text: own

text: postage

text: stamps

text: which

text: provide

text: a

text: significant

text: income

question: What does Saint Helena have the most expensive of?

answer: coffee

text: coffee

question: What is Tungi Spirit made out of?

answer: Opuntia ficus-indica

text: Opuntia ficus-indica

question: Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own what?

answer: postage stamps

text: postage stamps


text: The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free land to settlers who could claim and "prove-up" 160 acres (0.65 km2) of federal land in the midwest and western United States. Montana did not see a large influx of immigrants from this act because 160 acres was usually insufficient to support a family in the arid territory. The first homestead claim under the act in Montana was made by David Carpenter near Helena in 1868. The first claim by a woman was made near Warm Springs Creek by Miss Gwenllian Evans, the daughter of Deer Lodge Montana Pioneer, Morgan Evans. By 1880, there were farms in the more verdant valleys of central and western Montana, but few on the eastern plains.

title: Montana

title: Montana

text: The

text: Homestead

text: Act

text: of

text: provided

text: free

text: land

text: to

text: settlers

text: who

text: could

text: claim

text: and

text: prove

text: up

text: acres

text: of

text: federal

text: land

text: in

text: the

text: midwest

text: and

text: western

text: United

text: States

text: Montana

text: did

text: not

text: see

text: a

text: large

text: influx

text: of

text: immigrants

text: from

text: this

text: act

text: because

text: acres

text: was

text: usually

text: insufficient

text: to

text: support

text: a

text: family

text: in

text: the

text: arid

text: territory

text: The

text: first

text: homestead

text: claim

text: under

text: the

text: act

text: in

text: Montana

text: was

text: made

text: by

text: David

text: Carpenter

text: near

text: Helena

text: in

text: The

text: first

text: claim

text: by

text: a

text: woman

text: was

text: made

text: near

text: Warm

text: Springs

text: Creek

text: by

text: Miss

text: Gwenllian

text: Evans

text: the

text: daughter

text: of

text: Deer

text: Lodge

text: Montana

text: Pioneer

text: Morgan

text: Evans

text: By

text: there

text: were

text: farms

text: in

text: the

text: more

text: verdant

text: valleys

text: of

text: central

text: and

text: western

text: Montana

text: but

text: few

text: on

text: the

text: eastern

text: plains

question: What year did the Homestead Act provide land to settlers?

answer: 1862

question: How much land did the Homestead Act allow?

answer: 160 acres

text: 160 acres

question: What year was the first homestead claim claimed?

answer: 1868


text: Although Dominic and the early brethren had instituted female Dominican houses at Prouille and other places by 1227, some of the brethren of the order had misgivings about the necessity of female religious establishments in an order whose major purpose was preaching, a duty in which women could not traditionally engage. In spite of these doubts, women's houses dotted the countryside throughout Europe. There were seventy-four Dominican female houses in Germany, forty-two in Italy, nine in France, eight in Spain, six in Bohemia, three in Hungary, and three in Poland. Many of the German religious houses that lodged women had been home to communities of women, such as Beguines, that became Dominican once they were taught by the traveling preachers and put under the jurisdiction of the Dominican authoritative structure. A number of these houses became centers of study and mystical spirituality in the 14th century. There were one hundred and fifty-seven nunneries in the order by 1358. In that year, the number lessened due to disasters like the Black Death.

title: Dominican_Order

title: Dominican_Order

text: Although

text: Dominic

text: and

text: the

text: early

text: brethren

text: had

text: instituted

text: female

text: Dominican

text: houses

text: at

text: Prouille

text: and

text: other

text: places

text: by

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: brethren

text: of

text: the

text: order

text: had

text: misgivings

text: about

text: the

text: necessity

text: of

text: female

text: religious

text: establishments

text: in

text: an

text: order

text: whose

text: major

text: purpose

text: was

text: preaching

text: a

text: duty

text: in

text: which

text: women

text: could

text: not

text: traditionally

text: engage

text: In

text: spite

text: of

text: these

text: doubts

text: women

text: 's

text: houses

text: dotted

text: the

text: countryside

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: There

text: were

text: seventy

text: four

text: Dominican

text: female

text: houses

text: in

text: Germany

text: forty

text: two

text: in

text: Italy

text: nine

text: in

text: France

text: eight

text: in

text: Spain

text: six

text: in

text: Bohemia

text: three

text: in

text: Hungary

text: and

text: three

text: in

text: Poland

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: religious

text: houses

text: that

text: lodged

text: women

text: had

text: been

text: home

text: to

text: communities

text: of

text: women

text: such

text: as

text: Beguines

text: that

text: became

text: Dominican

text: once

text: they

text: were

text: taught

text: by

text: the

text: traveling

text: preachers

text: and

text: put

text: under

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: Dominican

text: authoritative

text: structure

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: these

text: houses

text: became

text: centers

text: of

text: study

text: and

text: mystical

text: spirituality

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: There

text: were

text: one

text: hundred

text: and

text: fifty

text: seven

text: nunneries

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: by

text: In

text: that

text: year

text: the

text: number

text: lessened

text: due

text: to

text: disasters

text: like

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

question: Who did some early Dominican followers have trouble reconciling?

answer: female Dominican houses

text: female Dominican houses

question: Where was one female Dominican house located?

answer: Prouille

text: Prouille

question: How many female Dominican houses were there in Germany?

answer: seventy-four

text: seventy-four

question: Who were an order of religious women who later converted to Dominican?

answer: Beguines

text: Beguines

question: How many Dominican nunneries were there by 1358?

answer: one hundred and fifty-seven

text: one hundred and fifty-seven

question: Who did some early Dominican followers not have trouble reconciling?

text: female Dominican houses

question: What did some of the brethren not have issues with?

question: Where in England was one female Dominican house located?

text: Prouille

question: What dotted the countryside throughout Asia?

text: women's houses

question: How many female Benedictine houses  were in France?

text: nine


text: Osmotic diarrhea occurs when too much water is drawn into the bowels. If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel and cause osmotic diarrhea. Osmotic diarrhea can also be the result of maldigestion (e.g., pancreatic disease or Coeliac disease), in which the nutrients are left in the lumen to pull in water. Or it can be caused by osmotic laxatives (which work to alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels). In healthy individuals, too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose can produce osmotic diarrhea and distention of the bowel. A person who has lactose intolerance can have difficulty absorbing lactose after an extraordinarily high intake of dairy products. In persons who have fructose malabsorption, excess fructose intake can also cause diarrhea. High-fructose foods that also have a high glucose content are more absorbable and less likely to cause diarrhea. Sugar alcohols such as sorbitol (often found in sugar-free foods) are difficult for the body to absorb and, in large amounts, may lead to osmotic diarrhea. In most of these cases, osmotic diarrhea stops when offending agent (e.g. milk, sorbitol) is stopped.

title: Diarrhea

title: Diarrhea

text: Osmotic

text: diarrhea

text: occurs

text: when

text: too

text: much

text: water

text: is

text: drawn

text: into

text: the

text: bowels

text: If

text: a

text: person

text: drinks

text: solutions

text: with

text: excessive

text: sugar

text: or

text: excessive

text: salt

text: these

text: can

text: draw

text: water

text: from

text: the

text: body

text: into

text: the

text: bowel

text: and

text: cause

text: osmotic

text: diarrhea

text: Osmotic

text: diarrhea

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: maldigestion

text: e.g.

text: pancreatic

text: disease

text: or

text: Coeliac

text: disease

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: nutrients

text: are

text: left

text: in

text: the

text: lumen

text: to

text: pull

text: in

text: water

text: Or

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: osmotic

text: laxatives

text: which

text: work

text: to

text: alleviate

text: constipation

text: by

text: drawing

text: water

text: into

text: the

text: bowels

text: In

text: healthy

text: individuals

text: too

text: much

text: magnesium

text: or

text: vitamin

text: C

text: or

text: undigested

text: lactose

text: can

text: produce

text: osmotic

text: diarrhea

text: and

text: distention

text: of

text: the

text: bowel

text: A

text: person

text: who

text: has

text: lactose

text: intolerance

text: can

text: have

text: difficulty

text: absorbing

text: lactose

text: after

text: an

text: extraordinarily

text: high

text: intake

text: of

text: dairy

text: products

text: In

text: persons

text: who

text: have

text: fructose

text: malabsorption

text: excess

text: fructose

text: intake

text: can

text: also

text: cause

text: diarrhea

text: High

text: fructose

text: foods

text: that

text: also

text: have

text: a

text: high

text: glucose

text: content

text: are

text: more

text: absorbable

text: and

text: less

text: likely

text: to

text: cause

text: diarrhea

text: Sugar

text: alcohols

text: such

text: as

text: sorbitol

text: often

text: found

text: in

text: sugar

text: free

text: foods

text: are

text: difficult

text: for

text: the

text: body

text: to

text: absorb

text: and

text: in

text: large

text: amounts

text: may

text: lead

text: to

text: osmotic

text: diarrhea

text: In

text: most

text: of

text: these

text: cases

text: osmotic

text: diarrhea

text: stops

text: when

text: offending

text: agent

text: e.g.

text: milk

text: sorbitol

text: is

text: stopped

question: What occures with osmotic diarrhea?

answer: s when too much water is drawn into the bowels

text: s when too much water is drawn into the bowels

question: What causes osmotic diarrhea?

answer: If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel

text: If a person drinks solutions with excessive sugar or excessive salt, these can draw water from the body into the bowel

question: How do osmotic lazatives work?

answer: alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels

text: alleviate constipation by drawing water into the bowels

question: What can cause osmotic diarrhea in healthy people?

answer: too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose

text: too much magnesium or vitamin C or undigested lactose

question: What causes osmotic intolerance?

question: What can cause excess fructose in healthy individuals?

question: How does fructose malabsorption work?

text: by drawing water into the bowels

question: What does a person with Coeliac disease have difficulty absorbing after eating dairy products?

text: lactose

question: What foods that have a high dairy content are less likely to cause diarrhea?

text: High-fructose foods


text: Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York University Langone Medical Center, University at Albany (SUNY), University at Buffalo (SUNY), University of Rochester Medical Center and Upstate Medical University (SUNY). The AAI immunology courses include an Introductory Course and an Advance Course. The Introductory Course is a course that gives students an overview of the basics of immunology.

title: Immunology

title: Immunology

text: Most

text: graduate

text: immunology

text: schools

text: follow

text: the

text: AAI

text: courses

text: immunology

text: which

text: are

text: offered

text: throughout

text: numerous

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: State

text: there

text: are

text: several

text: universities

text: that

text: offer

text: the

text: AAI

text: courses

text: immunology

text: Albany

text: Medical

text: College

text: Cornell

text: University

text: Icahn

text: School

text: of

text: Medicine

text: at

text: Mount

text: Sinai

text: New

text: York

text: University

text: Langone

text: Medical

text: Center

text: University

text: at

text: Albany

text: SUNY

text: University

text: at

text: Buffalo

text: SUNY

text: University

text: of

text: Rochester

text: Medical

text: Center

text: and

text: Upstate

text: Medical

text: University

text: SUNY

text: The

text: AAI

text: immunology

text: courses

text: include

text: an

text: Introductory

text: Course

text: and

text: an

text: Advance

text: Course

text: The

text: Introductory

text: Course

text: is

text: a

text: course

text: that

text: gives

text: students

text: an

text: overview

text: of

text: the

text: basics

text: of

text: immunology

question: Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization's parameters?

answer: AAI courses

text: AAI courses

question: What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai?

answer: Icahn School of Medicine

text: Icahn School of Medicine

question: AAI immunology courses include what two components?

answer: Introductory Course and an Advance Course

text: Introductory Course and an Advance Course

question: What does the introductory AAI immunology course do?

answer: gives students an overview of the basics of immunology

text: gives students an overview of the basics of immunology

question: The Langone Medical Center is part of what college?

answer: New York University

text: New York University


text: The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee").

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: The

text: process

text: of

text: morphological

text: derivation

text: in

text: Catalan

text: follows

text: the

text: same

text: principles

text: as

text: the

text: other

text: Romance

text: languages

text: where

text: agglutination

text: is

text: common

text: Many

text: times

text: several

text: affixes

text: are

text: appended

text: to

text: a

text: preexisting

text: lexeme

text: and

text: some

text: sound

text: alternations

text: can

text: occur

text: for

text: example

text: elèctric

text: əˈlɛktrik

text: electrical

text: vs.

text: electricitat

text: ələktrisiˈtat

text: Prefixes

text: are

text: usually

text: appended

text: to

text: verbs

text: for

text: as

text: in

text: preveure

text: foresee

question: What is common in Romance languages?

answer: agglutination

text: agglutination

question: What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages?

answer: morphological

text: morphological

question: What word additive is usually added to verbs?

answer: Prefixes

text: Prefixes

question: What other word changes can occur in derivations?

answer: sound alternations

text: sound alternations

question: What word supplement  can be put on an already existing word base?

answer: affixes

text: affixes


text: Another major way to distinguish different memory functions is whether the content to be remembered is in the past, retrospective memory, or in the future, prospective memory. Thus, retrospective memory as a category includes semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory. In contrast, prospective memory is memory for future intentions, or remembering to remember (Winograd, 1988). Prospective memory can be further broken down into event- and time-based prospective remembering. Time-based prospective memories are triggered by a time-cue, such as going to the doctor (action) at 4pm (cue). Event-based prospective memories are intentions triggered by cues, such as remembering to post a letter (action) after seeing a mailbox (cue). Cues do not need to be related to the action (as the mailbox/letter example), and lists, sticky-notes, knotted handkerchiefs, or string around the finger all exemplify cues that people use as strategies to enhance prospective memory.

title: Memory

title: Memory

text: Another

text: major

text: way

text: to

text: distinguish

text: different

text: memory

text: functions

text: is

text: whether

text: the

text: content

text: to

text: be

text: remembered

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: retrospective

text: memory

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: future

text: prospective

text: memory

text: Thus

text: retrospective

text: memory

text: as

text: a

text: category

text: includes

text: semantic

text: episodic

text: and

text: autobiographical

text: memory

text: In

text: contrast

text: prospective

text: memory

text: is

text: memory

text: for

text: future

text: intentions

text: or

text: remembering

text: to

text: remember

text: Winograd

text: Prospective

text: memory

text: can

text: be

text: further

text: broken

text: down

text: into

text: event-

text: and

text: time

text: based

text: prospective

text: remembering

text: Time

text: based

text: prospective

text: memories

text: are

text: triggered

text: by

text: a

text: time

text: cue

text: such

text: as

text: going

text: to

text: the

text: doctor

text: action

text: at

text: pm

text: cue

text: Event

text: based

text: prospective

text: memories

text: are

text: intentions

text: triggered

text: by

text: cues

text: such

text: as

text: remembering

text: to

text: post

text: a

text: letter

text: action

text: after

text: seeing

text: a

text: mailbox

text: cue

text: Cues

text: do

text: not

text: need

text: to

text: be

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: action

text: as

text: the

text: mailbox

text: letter

text: example

text: and

text: lists

text: sticky

text: notes

text: knotted

text: handkerchiefs

text: or

text: string

text: around

text: the

text: finger

text: all

text: exemplify

text: cues

text: that

text: people

text: use

text: as

text: strategies

text: to

text: enhance

text: prospective

text: memory

question: What are some catgories of retrospective memory?

answer: semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory

text: semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory

question: If a memory is triggered by a time, which kind of memory is this?

answer: Time-based prospective memories

text: Time-based prospective memories

question: What is something somebody can use to remember something?

answer: Cues

text: Cues

question: If Bob realized he needed to mail his mother a letter after seeing the postal office, which kind of memory did he trigger?

answer: Event-based prospective memories

text: Event-based prospective memories

question: What are some catgories of respective memory?

question: If a memory is triggered by a time, which kind of memory is this not?

text: Time-based prospective memories

question: What is something somebody can use to forget something?

text: Cues

question: What did Winograd conclude in 1989?

question: What is a inor way to distinguish different memory functions?


text: METRO began light rail service on January 1, 2004, with the inaugural track ("Red Line") running about 8 miles (13 km) from the University of Houston–Downtown (UHD), which traverses through the Texas Medical Center and terminates at NRG Park. METRO is currently in the design phase of a 10-year expansion plan that will add five more lines. and expand the current Red Line. Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service three times a week to Houston via the Sunset Limited (Los Angeles–New Orleans), which stops at a train station on the north side of the downtown area. The station saw 14,891 boardings and alightings in fiscal year 2008. In 2012, there was a 25 percent increase in ridership to 20,327 passengers embarking from the Houston Amtrak station.

title: Houston

title: Houston

text: METRO

text: began

text: light

text: rail

text: service

text: on

text: January

text: with

text: the

text: inaugural

text: track

text: Red

text: Line

text: running

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: from

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Houston

text: Downtown

text: UHD

text: which

text: traverses

text: through

text: the

text: Texas

text: Medical

text: Center

text: and

text: terminates

text: at

text: NRG

text: Park

text: METRO

text: is

text: currently

text: in

text: the

text: design

text: phase

text: of

text: a

text: expansion

text: plan

text: that

text: will

text: add

text: five

text: more

text: lines

text: and

text: expand

text: the

text: current

text: Red

text: Line

text: Amtrak

text: the

text: national

text: passenger

text: rail

text: system

text: provides

text: service

text: three

text: times

text: a

text: week

text: to

text: Houston

text: via

text: the

text: Sunset

text: Limited

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: New

text: Orleans

text: which

text: stops

text: at

text: a

text: train

text: station

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: downtown

text: area

text: The

text: station

text: saw

text: boardings

text: and

text: alightings

text: in

text: fiscal

text: year

text: In

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: percent

text: increase

text: in

text: ridership

text: to

text: passengers

text: embarking

text: from

text: the

text: Houston

text: Amtrak

text: station

question: When did Houston start using light rail lines?

answer: January 1, 2004

text: January 1, 2004

question: How long was the first light rail line in Houston?

answer: about 8 miles

text: about 8 miles

question: Where did the Red Line rail track terminate?

answer: NRG Park

text: NRG Park

question: How many new rail lines are planned for the future in Houston light rail?

answer: five

text: five

question: How many passengers used Amtrak to embark at Houston?

answer: 20,327

question: When did Texas start using light rail lines?

text: January 1, 2004

question: How wide was the first light rail line in Houston?

text: 8 miles

question: Where did the Blue Line rail track terminate?

text: NRG Park.

question: How many new rail lines are planned for the future in Texas light rail?

text: five

question: How many passengers used Amtrak to embark at Texas?

text: 20,327 passengers