text: The mosaics of St. Peter's often show lively Baroque compositions based on designs or canvases from like Ciro Ferri, Guido Reni, Domenichino, Carlo Maratta, and many others. Raphael is represented by a mosaic replica of this last painting, the Transfiguration. Many different artists contributed to the 17th- and 18th-century mosaics in St. Peter's, including Giovanni Battista Calandra, Fabio Cristofari (died 1689), and Pietro Paolo Cristofari (died 1743). Works of the Fabbrica were often used as papal gifts.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: The

text: mosaics

text: of

text: St.

text: Peter

text: 's

text: often

text: show

text: lively

text: Baroque

text: compositions

text: based

text: on

text: designs

text: or

text: canvases

text: from

text: like

text: Ciro

text: Ferri

text: Guido

text: Reni

text: Domenichino

text: Carlo

text: Maratta

text: and

text: many

text: others

text: Raphael

text: is

text: represented

text: by

text: a

text: mosaic

text: replica

text: of

text: this

text: last

text: painting

text: the

text: Transfiguration

text: Many

text: different

text: artists

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: and

text: century

text: mosaics

text: in

text: St.

text: Peter

text: 's

text: including

text: Giovanni

text: Battista

text: Calandra

text: Fabio

text: Cristofari

text: died

text: and

text: Pietro

text: Paolo

text: Cristofari

text: died

text: Works

text: of

text: the

text: Fabbrica

text: were

text: often

text: used

text: as

text: papal

text: gifts

question: How is Raphael portrayed in St. Peter's?

answer: by a mosaic replica of this last painting

text: by a mosaic replica of this last painting

question: What year did Pietro Paolo Cristofari die?

answer: 1743

question: What was the art of the Fabbrica usually used for?

answer: papal gifts

text: papal gifts

question: What was the name of the painting used to represent raphael in St. Peter's?

answer: Transfiguration

text: Transfiguration

question: The mosaics of St.Peter's are often based on what?

answer: designs or canvases

text: designs or canvases


text: On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature, would finally give the US parity with the Soviets in terms of lifting capability, was thus transferred to NASA.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: On

text: October

text: Eisenhower

text: approved

text: the

text: transfer

text: of

text: the

text: Army

text: 's

text: remaining

text: space

text: related

text: activities

text: to

text: NASA

text: On

text: July

text: the

text: Redstone

text: Arsenal

text: became

text: NASA

text: 's

text: George

text: C.

text: Marshall

text: Space

text: Flight

text: Center

text: with

text: von

text: Braun

text: as

text: its

text: first

text: director

text: Development

text: of

text: the

text: Saturn

text: rocket

text: family

text: which

text: when

text: mature

text: would

text: finally

text: give

text: the

text: US

text: parity

text: with

text: the

text: Soviets

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: lifting

text: capability

text: was

text: thus

text: transferred

text: to

text: NASA

question: The Redstone Arsenal became the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center when?

answer: July 1, 1960

text: July 1, 1960

question: Who was the first director in charge of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center?

answer: von Braun

text: von Braun


text: The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one.

title: Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

text: The

text: Chief

text: Justice

text: presides

text: in

text: the

text: Senate

text: during

text: a

text: president

text: 's

text: impeachment

text: trial

text: The

text: rules

text: of

text: the

text: Senate

text: however

text: generally

text: do

text: not

text: grant

text: much

text: authority

text: to

text: the

text: presiding

text: officer

text: Thus

text: the

text: Chief

text: Justice

text: 's

text: role

text: in

text: this

text: regard

text: is

text: a

text: limited

text: one

question: Who presides over an impeachment trial?

answer: The Chief Justice

text: The Chief Justice

question: Where does the Chief Justice preside during a Senate impeachment trial?

text: in the Senate

question: Which rules grant much authority to the presiding officer?

text: rules of the Senate

question: Who has an unlimited role in this regard?

text: Chief Justice

question: Where does the president preside during the Chief Justice impeachment trial?

text: in the Senate

question: Which rules do not grant authority to the President?

text: rules of the Senate


text: The "Radical Enlightenment" promoted the concept of separating church and state, an idea that often credited to English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). According to his principle of the social contract, Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rational people could not cede to the government for it or others to control. For Locke, this created a natural right in the liberty of conscience, which he said must therefore remain protected from any government authority.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: The

text: Radical

text: Enlightenment

text: promoted

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: separating

text: church

text: and

text: state

text: an

text: idea

text: that

text: often

text: credited

text: to

text: English

text: philosopher

text: John

text: Locke

text: According

text: to

text: his

text: principle

text: of

text: the

text: social

text: contract

text: Locke

text: said

text: that

text: the

text: government

text: lacked

text: authority

text: in

text: the

text: realm

text: of

text: individual

text: conscience

text: as

text: this

text: was

text: something

text: rational

text: people

text: could

text: not

text: cede

text: to

text: the

text: government

text: for

text: it

text: or

text: others

text: to

text: control

text: For

text: Locke

text: this

text: created

text: a

text: natural

text: right

text: in

text: the

text: liberty

text: of

text: conscience

text: which

text: he

text: said

text: must

text: therefore

text: remain

text: protected

text: from

text: any

text: government

text: authority

question: Who is credited with the concept of separating church and state?

answer: John Locke

text: John Locke

question: Which term describes John Locke's movement to seperate church and state?

answer: The "Radical Enlightenment"

text: The "Radical Enlightenment"

question: In what year was John Locke born?

answer: 1632

question: In what realm did John Locke feel the government lacked authority?

answer: the realm of individual conscience

text: the realm of individual conscience


text: Boundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for example, when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others. An inclusive boundary is created, by contrast, by the use of a marker with which other people are ready and able to associate. At the same time, however, an inclusive boundary will also impose restrictions on the people it has included by limiting their inclusion within other boundaries. An example of this is the use of a particular language by a newcomer in a room full of people speaking various languages. Some people may understand the language used by this person while others may not. Those who do not understand it might take the newcomer's use of this particular language merely as a neutral sign of identity. But they might also perceive it as imposing an exclusive boundary that is meant to mark them off from her. On the other hand, those who do understand the newcomer's language could take it as an inclusive boundary, through which the newcomer associates herself with them to the exclusion of the other people present. Equally, however, it is possible that people who do understand the newcomer but who also speak another language may not want to speak the newcomer's language and so see her marker as an imposition and a negative boundary. It is possible that the newcomer is either aware or unaware of this, depending on whether she herself knows other languages or is conscious of the plurilingual quality of the people there and is respectful of it or not.

title: Identity_(social_science)

title: Identity_(social_science

text: Boundaries

text: can

text: be

text: inclusive

text: or

text: exclusive

text: depending

text: on

text: how

text: they

text: are

text: perceived

text: by

text: other

text: people

text: An

text: exclusive

text: boundary

text: arises

text: for

text: example

text: when

text: a

text: person

text: adopts

text: a

text: marker

text: that

text: imposes

text: restrictions

text: on

text: the

text: behaviour

text: of

text: others

text: An

text: inclusive

text: boundary

text: is

text: created

text: by

text: contrast

text: by

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: marker

text: with

text: which

text: other

text: people

text: are

text: ready

text: and

text: able

text: to

text: associate

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: however

text: an

text: inclusive

text: boundary

text: will

text: also

text: impose

text: restrictions

text: on

text: the

text: people

text: it

text: has

text: included

text: by

text: limiting

text: their

text: inclusion

text: within

text: other

text: boundaries

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: this

text: is

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: particular

text: language

text: by

text: a

text: newcomer

text: in

text: a

text: room

text: full

text: of

text: people

text: speaking

text: various

text: languages

text: Some

text: people

text: may

text: understand

text: the

text: language

text: used

text: by

text: this

text: person

text: while

text: others

text: may

text: not

text: Those

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: understand

text: it

text: might

text: take

text: the

text: newcomer

text: 's

text: use

text: of

text: this

text: particular

text: language

text: merely

text: as

text: a

text: neutral

text: sign

text: of

text: identity

text: But

text: they

text: might

text: also

text: perceive

text: it

text: as

text: imposing

text: an

text: exclusive

text: boundary

text: that

text: is

text: meant

text: to

text: mark

text: them

text: off

text: from

text: her

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: those

text: who

text: do

text: understand

text: the

text: newcomer

text: 's

text: language

text: could

text: take

text: it

text: as

text: an

text: inclusive

text: boundary

text: through

text: which

text: the

text: newcomer

text: associates

text: herself

text: with

text: them

text: to

text: the

text: exclusion

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: people

text: present

text: Equally

text: however

text: it

text: is

text: possible

text: that

text: people

text: who

text: do

text: understand

text: the

text: newcomer

text: but

text: who

text: also

text: speak

text: another

text: language

text: may

text: not

text: want

text: to

text: speak

text: the

text: newcomer

text: 's

text: language

text: and

text: so

text: see

text: her

text: marker

text: as

text: an

text: imposition

text: and

text: a

text: negative

text: boundary

text: It

text: is

text: possible

text: that

text: the

text: newcomer

text: is

text: either

text: aware

text: or

text: unaware

text: of

text: this

text: depending

text: on

text: whether

text: she

text: herself

text: knows

text: other

text: languages

text: or

text: is

text: conscious

text: of

text: the

text: plurilingual

text: quality

text: of

text: the

text: people

text: there

text: and

text: is

text: respectful

text: of

text: it

text: or

text: not

question: What are the two types of group boundaries?

answer: inclusive or exclusive

text: inclusive or exclusive

question: A marker that imposes restriction on the behavior of others is what kind of boundary?

answer: exclusive

text: exclusive

question: A marker that people are ready and willing to associate with is what kind of boundary?

answer: inclusive

text: inclusive

question: What boundary is given as an example that can be inclusive or exclusive?

answer: language

text: language

question: What are two types of individual boundaries?

text: inclusive or exclusive

question: What does an inclusive boundary impose restrictions on?

text: the behaviour of others

question: What are people not ready and willing to do within inclusive boundary?

text: associate

question: What foundry is neither inclusive or exclusive?

text: language


text: Based on experience with German strategic bombing during World War I against the United Kingdom, the British government estimated after the war that 50 casualties— with about one third killed— would result for every tonne of bombs dropped on London. The estimate of tonnes of bombs an enemy could drop per day grew as aircraft technology advanced, from 75 in 1922, to 150 in 1934, to 644 in 1937. That year the Committee on Imperial Defence estimated that an attack of 60 days would result in 600,000 dead and 1,200,000 wounded. News reports of the Spanish Civil War, such as the bombing of Barcelona, supported the 50-casualties-per-tonne estimate. By 1938 experts generally expected that Germany would attempt to drop as much as 3,500 tonnes in the first 24 hours of war and average 700 tonnes a day for several weeks. In addition to high explosive and incendiary bombs the enemy would possibly use poison gas and even bacteriological warfare, all with a high degree of accuracy. In 1939 military theorist Basil Liddell-Hart predicted that 250,000 deaths and injuries in Britain could occur in the first week of war.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: Based

text: on

text: experience

text: with

text: German

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: against

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: the

text: British

text: government

text: estimated

text: after

text: the

text: war

text: that

text: casualties—

text: with

text: about

text: one

text: third

text: killed—

text: would

text: result

text: for

text: every

text: tonne

text: of

text: bombs

text: dropped

text: on

text: London

text: The

text: estimate

text: of

text: tonnes

text: of

text: bombs

text: an

text: enemy

text: could

text: drop

text: per

text: day

text: grew

text: as

text: aircraft

text: technology

text: advanced

text: from

text: in

text: to

text: in

text: to

text: in

text: That

text: year

text: the

text: Committee

text: on

text: Imperial

text: Defence

text: estimated

text: that

text: an

text: attack

text: of

text: days

text: would

text: result

text: in

text: dead

text: and

text: wounded

text: News

text: reports

text: of

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Civil

text: War

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: bombing

text: of

text: Barcelona

text: supported

text: the

text: per

text: tonne

text: estimate

text: By

text: experts

text: generally

text: expected

text: that

text: Germany

text: would

text: attempt

text: to

text: drop

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: tonnes

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: hours

text: of

text: war

text: and

text: average

text: tonnes

text: a

text: day

text: for

text: several

text: weeks

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: high

text: explosive

text: and

text: incendiary

text: bombs

text: the

text: enemy

text: would

text: possibly

text: use

text: poison

text: gas

text: and

text: even

text: bacteriological

text: warfare

text: all

text: with

text: a

text: high

text: degree

text: of

text: accuracy

text: In

text: military

text: theorist

text: Basil

text: Liddell

text: Hart

text: predicted

text: that

text: deaths

text: and

text: injuries

text: in

text: Britain

text: could

text: occur

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: week

text: of

text: war

question: How many casualties did the British government estimate for every ton of bombs dropped?

answer: 50

question: As technology increased what was the amount of bombs that could be dropped in 1937 per day?

answer: 644

question: What committee estimated that 60 days of attacks would result in 600,000 deaths?

answer: Imperial Defence

text: Imperial Defence

question: How many tons did experts expect Germany to drop in the first 24 hours of the war?

answer: 3,500

question: Who was the military theorist in 1939 who said 250,000 deaths and injury could occur in the first week of war in Britian?

answer: Basil Liddell-Hart

text: Basil Liddell-Hart


text: The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal.

title: Southern_Europe

title: Southern_Europe

text: The

text: Nazi

text: regime

text: under

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: came

text: to

text: power

text: in

text: and

text: along

text: with

text: Mussolini

text: 's

text: Italy

text: sought

text: to

text: gain

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: continent

text: by

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: Following

text: the

text: Allied

text: victory

text: in

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: Europe

text: was

text: divided

text: by

text: the

text: Iron

text: Curtain

text: The

text: countries

text: in

text: Southeastern

text: Europe

text: were

text: dominated

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: and

text: became

text: communist

text: states

text: The

text: major

text: non

text: communist

text: Southern

text: European

text: countries

text: joined

text: a

text: US

text: led

text: military

text: alliance

text: NATO

text: and

text: formed

text: the

text: European

text: Economic

text: Community

text: amongst

text: themselves

text: The

text: countries

text: in

text: the

text: Soviet

text: sphere

text: of

text: influence

text: joined

text: the

text: military

text: alliance

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: Pact

text: and

text: the

text: economic

text: bloc

text: called

text: Comecon

text: Yugoslavia

text: was

text: neutal

question: Which group took control in 1933?

answer: The Nazi regime

text: The Nazi regime

question: Who led the Nazis?

answer: Adolf Hitler

text: Adolf Hitler

question: Which country did Hitler align Germany with?

answer: Italy

text: Italy

question: Who was the leader of Italy when World War II started?

answer: Mussolini

text: Mussolini

question: What was the military partnership between countries aligned with the Soviet Union called?

answer: the Warsaw Pact

text: the Warsaw Pact

question: Which group was dominated by the Soviet Unioin in 1933?

text: The Nazi regime

question: Which country did Hitler form the European Economic Community with?

text: Italy

question: Who was the leader of the continent when World War II started?

text: Mussolini

question: What was the military partnership between countries aligned with Yugoslavia called?

text: the Warsaw Pact

question: What divided the Nazi regime?

text: the Iron Curtain


text: Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pressure of blood vessels ensures that this boiling point remains above the internal body temperature of 37 °C. Although the blood will not boil, the formation of gas bubbles in bodily fluids at reduced pressures, known as ebullism, is still a concern. The gas may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation, but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture. Swelling and ebullism can be restrained by containment in a flight suit. Shuttle astronauts wore a fitted elastic garment called the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS) which prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 2 kPa (15 Torr). Rapid boiling will cool the skin and create frost, particularly in the mouth, but this is not a significant hazard.

title: Vacuum

title: Vacuum

text: Humans

text: and

text: animals

text: exposed

text: to

text: vacuum

text: will

text: lose

text: consciousness

text: after

text: a

text: few

text: seconds

text: and

text: die

text: of

text: hypoxia

text: within

text: minutes

text: but

text: the

text: symptoms

text: are

text: not

text: nearly

text: as

text: graphic

text: as

text: commonly

text: depicted

text: in

text: media

text: and

text: popular

text: culture

text: The

text: reduction

text: in

text: pressure

text: lowers

text: the

text: temperature

text: at

text: which

text: blood

text: and

text: other

text: body

text: fluids

text: boil

text: but

text: the

text: elastic

text: pressure

text: of

text: blood

text: vessels

text: ensures

text: that

text: this

text: boiling

text: point

text: remains

text: above

text: the

text: internal

text: body

text: temperature

text: of

text: C

text: Although

text: the

text: blood

text: will

text: not

text: boil

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: gas

text: bubbles

text: in

text: bodily

text: fluids

text: at

text: reduced

text: pressures

text: known

text: as

text: ebullism

text: is

text: still

text: a

text: concern

text: The

text: gas

text: may

text: bloat

text: the

text: body

text: to

text: twice

text: its

text: normal

text: size

text: and

text: slow

text: circulation

text: but

text: tissues

text: are

text: elastic

text: and

text: porous

text: enough

text: to

text: prevent

text: rupture

text: Swelling

text: and

text: ebullism

text: can

text: be

text: restrained

text: by

text: containment

text: in

text: a

text: flight

text: suit

text: Shuttle

text: astronauts

text: wore

text: a

text: fitted

text: elastic

text: garment

text: called

text: the

text: Crew

text: Altitude

text: Protection

text: Suit

text: CAPS

text: which

text: prevents

text: ebullism

text: at

text: pressures

text: as

text: low

text: as

text: kPa

text: Torr

text: Rapid

text: boiling

text: will

text: cool

text: the

text: skin

text: and

text: create

text: frost

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: mouth

text: but

text: this

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: significant

text: hazard

question: When will a person or animal lose consciousness  when exposed to a vacuum?

answer: after a few seconds

text: after a few seconds

question: A shuttle astronauts prevents ebullism at 2 kPa with what item?

answer: the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS)

text: the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS)

question: What is the forming of gas bubbles in body fluids at a lowered pressure called?

answer: ebullism

text: ebullism

question: What prevents body rupture at low altitude when human body is bloated by gas bubbles?

answer: tissues are elastic and porous

text: tissues are elastic and porous

question: At what temperature does frost usually occur in space?

text: 37 °C

question: When exposed to frost who will die from ebullism within minutes?

text: Humans and animals

question: What will frost cause in body fluids at reduced pressures?

text: gas bubbles

question: What can a person wear to prevent frost on the skin?

text: a flight suit

question: What does a CAPS suit prevent frost at pressures as low as?

text: 2 kPa (15 Torr)


text: The earliest occurrences of the term in non-Christian literature include Josephus, referring to "the tribe of Christians, so named from him;" Pliny the Younger in correspondence with Trajan; and Tacitus, writing near the end of the 1st century. In the Annals he relates that "by vulgar appellation [they were] commonly called Christians" and identifies Christians as Nero's scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome.

title: Christian

title: Christian

text: The

text: earliest

text: occurrences

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: in

text: non

text: Christian

text: literature

text: include

text: Josephus

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: tribe

text: of

text: Christians

text: so

text: named

text: from

text: him

text: Pliny

text: the

text: Younger

text: in

text: correspondence

text: with

text: Trajan

text: and

text: Tacitus

text: writing

text: near

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: In

text: the

text: Annals

text: he

text: relates

text: that

text: by

text: vulgar

text: appellation

text: they

text: were

text: commonly

text: called

text: Christians

text: and

text: identifies

text: Christians

text: as

text: Nero

text: 's

text: scapegoats

text: for

text: the

text: Great

text: Fire

text: of

text: Rome

question: What is one of the first mentions of the term Christian in a non-religious work, referring to a tribe of Christians?

answer: Josephus

text: Josephus

question: Which non-religious piece of literature had the term Christian in it towards the end of the first century?

answer: Tacitus

text: Tacitus

question: Christians were said to be the scapegoat of who?

answer: Nero

text: Nero

question: Which group is identified as Tacitus scapegoat for the Great Fire of Rome?

text: Christians

question: Which group is identified as Nero's scapegoats for the Great Fire of Pliny the Younger?

text: Christians

question: What term refers to the tribe of Trajan and so it is named from him?

text: Josephus

question: Trajan was said to be the scapegoat of who?

text: Nero

question: Pliny the Younger was said to be the scapegoat of who?

text: Nero


text: Guest judges may occasionally be introduced. In season two, guest judges such as Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb were used, and in season three Donna Summer, Quentin Tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds. Guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four, six, nine, and fourteen such as Gene Simmons and LL Cool J in season four, Jewel and Olivia Newton-John in season six, Shania Twain in season eight, Neil Patrick Harris, Avril Lavigne and Katy Perry in season nine, and season eight runner-up, Adam Lambert, in season fourteen.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Guest

text: judges

text: may

text: occasionally

text: be

text: introduced

text: In

text: season

text: two

text: guest

text: judges

text: such

text: as

text: Lionel

text: Richie

text: and

text: Robin

text: Gibb

text: were

text: used

text: and

text: in

text: season

text: three

text: Donna

text: Summer

text: Quentin

text: Tarantino

text: and

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: mentors

text: also

text: joined

text: as

text: judges

text: to

text: critique

text: the

text: performances

text: in

text: the

text: final

text: rounds

text: Guest

text: judges

text: were

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: audition

text: rounds

text: for

text: seasons

text: four

text: six

text: nine

text: and

text: fourteen

text: such

text: as

text: Gene

text: Simmons

text: and

text: LL

text: Cool

text: J

text: in

text: season

text: four

text: Jewel

text: and

text: Olivia

text: Newton

text: John

text: in

text: season

text: six

text: Shania

text: Twain

text: in

text: season

text: eight

text: Neil

text: Patrick

text: Harris

text: Avril

text: Lavigne

text: and

text: Katy

text: Perry

text: in

text: season

text: nine

text: and

text: season

text: eight

text: runner

text: up

text: Adam

text: Lambert

text: in

text: season

text: fourteen

question: In what season was Lionel Richie a guest judge on American Idol?

answer: season two

text: season two

question: Which season eight contestant was a guest judge in season fourteen?

answer: Adam Lambert

text: Adam Lambert

question: In what season was Donna Summer a guest judge on American Idol?

answer: season three

text: season three

question: In which season was Shania Twain a guest judge on American Idol?

answer: season six

text: season six

question: Which season of American Idol featured Katy Perry as a guest judge?

answer: season nine

text: season nine

question: Who were the guest judges in season two?

answer: Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb

text: Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb

question: When was Shania Twain a guest judge for auditions?

answer: season eight

text: season eight

question: When did Donna Summer help the contestants during the final rounds?

answer: season three

text: season three


text: The British recognised the need for anti-aircraft capability a few weeks before World War I broke out; on 8 July 1914, the New York Times reported that the British government had decided to 'dot the coasts of the British Isles with a series of towers, each armed with two quick-firing guns of special design,' while 'a complete circle of towers' was to be built around 'naval installations' and 'at other especially vulnerable points.' By December 1914 the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) was manning AA guns and searchlights assembled from various sources at some nine ports. The Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) was given responsibility for AA defence in the field, using motorised two-gun sections. The first were formally formed in November 1914. Initially they used QF 1-pounder "pom-pom" (a 37 mm version of the Maxim Gun).

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: The

text: British

text: recognised

text: the

text: need

text: for

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: capability

text: a

text: few

text: weeks

text: before

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: broke

text: out

text: on

text: July

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: reported

text: that

text: the

text: British

text: government

text: had

text: decided

text: to

text: dot

text: the

text: coasts

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: with

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: towers

text: each

text: armed

text: with

text: two

text: quick

text: firing

text: guns

text: of

text: special

text: design

text: while

text: a

text: complete

text: circle

text: of

text: towers

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: built

text: around

text: naval

text: installations

text: and

text: at

text: other

text: especially

text: vulnerable

text: points

text: By

text: December

text: the

text: Royal

text: Naval

text: Volunteer

text: Reserve

text: RNVR

text: was

text: manning

text: AA

text: guns

text: and

text: searchlights

text: assembled

text: from

text: various

text: sources

text: at

text: some

text: nine

text: ports

text: The

text: Royal

text: Garrison

text: Artillery

text: RGA

text: was

text: given

text: responsibility

text: for

text: AA

text: defence

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: using

text: motorised

text: two

text: gun

text: sections

text: The

text: first

text: were

text: formally

text: formed

text: in

text: November

text: Initially

text: they

text: used

text: QF

text: pom

text: pom

text: a

text: mm

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: Maxim

text: Gun

question: When did the British see the need to add anti-aircraft capability?

answer: 8 July 1914

text: 8 July 1914

question: Where did the New York times report say towers with guns should go?

answer: the coasts of the British Isles

text: the coasts of the British Isles

question: What was built around naval installations?

answer: complete circle of towers

text: complete circle of towers

question: Who manned AA guns and searchlights?

answer: Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR)

text: Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR)

question: Who used motorised two-gun sections?

answer: Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA)

text: Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA)


text: The Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الكبرى, aṣ-ṣaḥrāʾ al-kubrā , 'the Greatest Desert') is the largest hot desert in the world. It is the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its surface area of 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)[citation needed]—including the Libyan Desert—is comparable to the respective land areas of China or the United States. The desert comprises much of the land found within North Africa, excluding the fertile coastal region situated against the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley of Egypt and Sudan. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north, to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually transitions to a coastal plain. To the south, it is delimited by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara can be divided into several regions, including the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Aïr Mountains, the Ténéré desert, and the Libyan Desert. Its name is derived from the plural Arabic language word for desert (صحارى ṣaḥārā  [ˈsˤɑħɑːrɑː]).

title: Sahara

title: Sahara

text: The

text: Sahara

text: Arabic

text: الصحراء

text: الكبرى

text: aṣ

text: ṣaḥrāʾ

text: al

text: kubrā

text: the

text: Greatest

text: Desert

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: hot

text: desert

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: desert

text: after

text: Antarctica

text: and

text: the

text: Arctic

text: Its

text: surface

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi)[citation

text: needed]—including

text: the

text: Libyan

text: Desert

text: is

text: comparable

text: to

text: the

text: respective

text: land

text: areas

text: of

text: China

text: or

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: desert

text: comprises

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: found

text: within

text: North

text: Africa

text: excluding

text: the

text: fertile

text: coastal

text: region

text: situated

text: against

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: the

text: Atlas

text: Mountains

text: of

text: the

text: Maghreb

text: and

text: the

text: Nile

text: Valley

text: of

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Sudan

text: The

text: Sahara

text: stretches

text: from

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: where

text: the

text: landscape

text: gradually

text: transitions

text: to

text: a

text: coastal

text: plain

text: To

text: the

text: south

text: it

text: is

text: delimited

text: by

text: the

text: Sahel

text: a

text: belt

text: of

text: semi

text: arid

text: tropical

text: savanna

text: around

text: the

text: Niger

text: River

text: valley

text: and

text: Sudan

text: Region

text: of

text: Sub

text: Saharan

text: Africa

text: The

text: Sahara

text: can

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: several

text: regions

text: including

text: the

text: western

text: Sahara

text: the

text: central

text: Ahaggar

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Tibesti

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Aïr

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Ténéré

text: desert

text: and

text: the

text: Libyan

text: Desert

text: Its

text: name

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: plural

text: Arabic

text: language

text: word

text: for

text: desert

text: صحارى

text: ṣaḥārā

text: ˈsˤɑħɑːrɑː

question: What is the third hottest desert in the world?

answer: The Sahara

text: The Sahara

question: What is the third largest desert in the world?

answer: The Sahara

text: The Sahara

question: What is the surface area of the Sahara Desert?

answer: 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)

text: 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)

question: What is the hottest desert in the world?

answer: Sahara

text: Sahara

question: What is the largest desert in the world?

text: The Sahara

question: What desert is larger than the Antarcti and Arctic desert?

text: The Sahara

question: What desert is 9,400,000 sq mi?

text: The Sahara

question: What continant does the Sahara cover most of?

text: Africa

question: What is the next largeast African desert?

text: Libyan Desert

question: What is the surface area of the Arctic?

question: What does Antarctica mean in Arabic?

text: the Greatest Desert

question: What desert is part of the United States?

text: the Libyan Desert

question: What does the name Sahel come from?

question: What valley is located in the Sahara?

text: the Nile Valley


text: The Quran assumes familiarity with major narratives recounted in the Biblical scriptures. It summarizes some, dwells at length on others and, in some cases, presents alternative accounts and interpretations of events. The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance. It sometimes offers detailed accounts of specific historical events, and it often emphasizes the moral significance of an event over its narrative sequence. The Quran is used along with the hadith to interpret sharia law. During prayers, the Quran is recited only in Arabic.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: The

text: Quran

text: assumes

text: familiarity

text: with

text: major

text: narratives

text: recounted

text: in

text: the

text: Biblical

text: scriptures

text: It

text: summarizes

text: some

text: dwells

text: at

text: length

text: on

text: others

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: presents

text: alternative

text: accounts

text: and

text: interpretations

text: of

text: events

text: The

text: Quran

text: describes

text: itself

text: as

text: a

text: book

text: of

text: guidance

text: It

text: sometimes

text: offers

text: detailed

text: accounts

text: of

text: specific

text: historical

text: events

text: and

text: it

text: often

text: emphasizes

text: the

text: moral

text: significance

text: of

text: an

text: event

text: over

text: its

text: narrative

text: sequence

text: The

text: Quran

text: is

text: used

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: hadith

text: to

text: interpret

text: sharia

text: law

text: During

text: prayers

text: the

text: Quran

text: is

text: recited

text: only

text: in

text: Arabic

question: In which language is the Quran spoken during prayer?

answer: Arabic

text: Arabic

question: The Quran is used in the interpretation of which form of law?

answer: sharia

text: sharia

question: What accounts are form the basis of much of the accounts in the Quran?

answer: Biblical scriptures

text: Biblical scriptures

question: Which religious text calls itself a book of guidance?

answer: Quran

text: Quran

question: In which language is the Quran unspoken during prayer?

text: Arabic

question: The Quran isn't used in the interpretation of which form of law?

text: sharia

question: The Quran is unused in the interpretation of which form of law?

text: sharia

question: What accounts are form the basis of none of the accounts in the Quran?

text: Biblical scriptures

question: Which scientific text calls itself a book of guidance?

text: Quran


text: Historically, the name Armenian has come to internationally designate this group of people. It was first used by neighbouring countries of ancient Armenia. The earliest attestations of the exonym Armenia date around the 6th century BC. In his trilingual Behistun Inscription dated to 517 BC, Darius I the Great of Persia refers to Urashtu (in Babylonian) as Armina (in Old Persian; Armina (    ) and Harminuya (in Elamite). In Greek, Αρμένιοι "Armenians" is attested from about the same time, perhaps the earliest reference being a fragment attributed to Hecataeus of Miletus (476 BC). Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians.

title: Armenians

title: Armenians

text: Historically

text: the

text: name

text: Armenian

text: has

text: come

text: to

text: internationally

text: designate

text: this

text: group

text: of

text: people

text: It

text: was

text: first

text: used

text: by

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: of

text: ancient

text: Armenia

text: The

text: earliest

text: attestations

text: of

text: the

text: exonym

text: Armenia

text: date

text: around

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: In

text: his

text: trilingual

text: Behistun

text: Inscription

text: dated

text: to

text: BC

text: Darius

text: I

text: the

text: Great

text: of

text: Persia

text: refers

text: to

text: Urashtu

text: in

text: Babylonian

text: as

text: Armina

text: in

text: Old

text: Persian

text: Armina

text: and

text: Harminuya

text: in

text: Elamite

text: In

text: Greek

text: Αρμένιοι

text: Armenians

text: is

text: attested

text: from

text: about

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: perhaps

text: the

text: earliest

text: reference

text: being

text: a

text: fragment

text: attributed

text: to

text: Hecataeus

text: of

text: Miletus

text: BC

text: Xenophon

text: a

text: Greek

text: general

text: serving

text: in

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: Persian

text: expeditions

text: describes

text: many

text: aspects

text: of

text: Armenian

text: village

text: life

text: and

text: hospitality

text: in

text: around

text: BC

text: He

text: relates

text: that

text: the

text: people

text: spoke

text: a

text: language

text: that

text: to

text: his

text: ear

text: sounded

text: like

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: Persians

question: How long ago has the term 'Armenia' been used?

answer: around the 6th century BC

text: around the 6th century BC

question: What is the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?

answer: 476 BC

text: 476 BC

question: Who wrote the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?

answer: Hecataeus of Miletus

text: Hecataeus of Miletus

question: Who described Armenian life in 401 BC?

answer: Xenophon

text: Xenophon

question: What did Xenophon say Armenian language sounded like?

answer: Persians

text: Persians

question: How long has the term Xenophon been used?

text: around the 6th century BC

question: Who was first to use the term Xenophon?

question: What did Hecateus of Miletus refer to in his trillingual Behistun Inscription in 517 BC?

question: When does Darius I of Persia talk about Armenian village life and hospitality?

text: around 401 BC

question: What did Hecateus of Miletus believe the people's language sounded like?

text: the language of the Persians


text: While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "Floating Man" – literally falling man – thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Because it is conceivable that a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense experience, would still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance. The conceivability of this "Floating Man" indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from the body. Avicenna referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Following is an English translation of the argument:

title: Avicenna

title: Avicenna

text: While

text: he

text: was

text: imprisoned

text: in

text: the

text: castle

text: of

text: Fardajan

text: near

text: Hamadhan

text: Avicenna

text: wrote

text: his

text: famous

text: Floating

text: Man

text: literally

text: falling

text: man

text: thought

text: experiment

text: to

text: demonstrate

text: human

text: self

text: awareness

text: and

text: the

text: substantiality

text: and

text: immateriality

text: of

text: the

text: soul

text: Avicenna

text: believed

text: his

text: Floating

text: Man

text: thought

text: experiment

text: demonstrated

text: that

text: the

text: soul

text: is

text: a

text: substance

text: and

text: claimed

text: humans

text: can

text: not

text: doubt

text: their

text: own

text: consciousness

text: even

text: in

text: a

text: situation

text: that

text: prevents

text: all

text: sensory

text: data

text: input

text: The

text: thought

text: experiment

text: told

text: its

text: readers

text: to

text: imagine

text: themselves

text: created

text: all

text: at

text: once

text: while

text: suspended

text: in

text: the

text: air

text: isolated

text: from

text: all

text: sensations

text: which

text: includes

text: no

text: sensory

text: contact

text: with

text: even

text: their

text: own

text: bodies

text: He

text: argued

text: that

text: in

text: this

text: scenario

text: one

text: would

text: still

text: have

text: self

text: consciousness

text: Because

text: it

text: is

text: conceivable

text: that

text: a

text: person

text: suspended

text: in

text: air

text: while

text: cut

text: off

text: from

text: sense

text: experience

text: would

text: still

text: be

text: capable

text: of

text: determining

text: his

text: own

text: existence

text: the

text: thought

text: experiment

text: points

text: to

text: the

text: conclusions

text: that

text: the

text: soul

text: is

text: a

text: perfection

text: independent

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: and

text: an

text: immaterial

text: substance

text: The

text: conceivability

text: of

text: this

text: Floating

text: Man

text: indicates

text: that

text: the

text: soul

text: is

text: perceived

text: intellectually

text: which

text: entails

text: the

text: soul

text: 's

text: separateness

text: from

text: the

text: body

text: Avicenna

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: living

text: human

text: intelligence

text: particularly

text: the

text: active

text: intellect

text: which

text: he

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: hypostasis

text: by

text: which

text: God

text: communicates

text: truth

text: to

text: the

text: human

text: mind

text: and

text: imparts

text: order

text: and

text: intelligibility

text: to

text: nature

text: Following

text: is

text: an

text: English

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: argument

question: Where was Avicenna once imprisoned?

answer: the castle of Fardajan

text: the castle of Fardajan

question: What did Avicenna write while he was imprisoned?

answer: "Floating Man"

text: "Floating Man"

question: What was the soul according to Avicenna?

answer: a substance

text: a substance

question: How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna's work "Floating Man"?

answer: intellectually

text: intellectually

question: How did Avicenna want man to think of themselves as?

answer: suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations

text: suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations

question: What did Avicenna write after being released from a castle near Hamahhan?

text: "Floating Man"

question: What did Avicenna believe proved the soal had no substance?

text: Floating Man"

question: Who believe existance required sensory data input?

text: Avicenna

question: What is dependant on the body?

text: the soul

question: How did Avicenna believe humans communicated with God?

text: active intellect

question: Where was Avicenna twice imprisoned?

text: the castle of Fardajan

question: What did Avicenna read while he was imprisoned?

text: "Floating Man"

question: How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna's work "Floating Woman"?

text: intellectually

question: How did Avicenna want woman to think of themselves as?


text: The most powerful used method works by comparing each frame in the video with the previous one. If the frame contains areas where nothing has moved, the system simply issues a short command that copies that part of the previous frame, bit-for-bit, into the next one. If sections of the frame move in a simple manner, the compressor emits a (slightly longer) command that tells the decompressor to shift, rotate, lighten, or darken the copy. This longer command still remains much shorter than intraframe compression. Interframe compression works well for programs that will simply be played back by the viewer, but can cause problems if the video sequence needs to be edited.

title: Data_compression

title: Data_compression

text: The

text: most

text: powerful

text: used

text: method

text: works

text: by

text: comparing

text: each

text: frame

text: in

text: the

text: video

text: with

text: the

text: previous

text: one

text: If

text: the

text: frame

text: contains

text: areas

text: where

text: nothing

text: has

text: moved

text: the

text: system

text: simply

text: issues

text: a

text: short

text: command

text: that

text: copies

text: that

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: frame

text: bit

text: for

text: bit

text: into

text: the

text: next

text: one

text: If

text: sections

text: of

text: the

text: frame

text: move

text: in

text: a

text: simple

text: manner

text: the

text: compressor

text: emits

text: a

text: slightly

text: longer

text: command

text: that

text: tells

text: the

text: decompressor

text: to

text: shift

text: rotate

text: lighten

text: or

text: darken

text: the

text: copy

text: This

text: longer

text: command

text: still

text: remains

text: much

text: shorter

text: than

text: intraframe

text: compression

text: Interframe

text: compression

text: works

text: well

text: for

text: programs

text: that

text: will

text: simply

text: be

text: played

text: back

text: by

text: the

text: viewer

text: but

text: can

text: cause

text: problems

text: if

text: the

text: video

text: sequence

text: needs

text: to

text: be

text: edited

question: What still remains much shorter than intraframe compression?

answer: longer command

text: longer command

question: What happens when a frame contains areas where nothing has moved?

answer: the system simply issues a short command

text: the system simply issues a short command

question: What is a sequence that can be edited?

answer: video

text: video

question: What still remains much shorter than video?

text: longer command

question: What happens when a frame contains areas that can be compared?

question: What is a sequence that can cause rotate?

text: video

question: What tells the decompressor to shift, rotate, or copy?

text: a (slightly longer) command

question: What happens if sections of the frame move in a powerful method?


text: A Science Hall was built in 1883 under the direction of Fr. Zahm, but in 1950 it was converted to a student union building and named LaFortune Center, after Joseph LaFortune, an oil executive from Tulsa, Oklahoma. Commonly known as "LaFortune" or "LaFun," it is a 4-story building of 83,000 square feet that provides the Notre Dame community with a meeting place for social, recreational, cultural, and educational activities. LaFortune employs 35 part-time student staff and 29 full-time non-student staff and has an annual budget of $1.2 million. Many businesses, services, and divisions of The Office of Student Affairs are found within. The building also houses restaurants from national restaurant chains.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: A

text: Science

text: Hall

text: was

text: built

text: in

text: under

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: Fr

text: Zahm

text: but

text: in

text: it

text: was

text: converted

text: to

text: a

text: student

text: union

text: building

text: and

text: named

text: LaFortune

text: Center

text: after

text: Joseph

text: LaFortune

text: an

text: oil

text: executive

text: from

text: Tulsa

text: Oklahoma

text: Commonly

text: known

text: as

text: LaFortune

text: or

text: LaFun

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: building

text: of

text: square

text: feet

text: that

text: provides

text: the

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: community

text: with

text: a

text: meeting

text: place

text: for

text: social

text: recreational

text: cultural

text: and

text: educational

text: activities

text: LaFortune

text: employs

text: part

text: time

text: student

text: staff

text: and

text: full

text: time

text: non

text: student

text: staff

text: and

text: has

text: an

text: annual

text: budget

text: of

text: million

text: Many

text: businesses

text: services

text: and

text: divisions

text: of

text: The

text: Office

text: of

text: Student

text: Affairs

text: are

text: found

text: within

text: The

text: building

text: also

text: houses

text: restaurants

text: from

text: national

text: restaurant

text: chains

question: Which person oversaw the creation of a science hall at Notre Dame in 1883?

answer: Fr. Zahm

text: Fr. Zahm

question: In what year did the student union building at Notre Dame get renamed to LaFortune Center?

answer: 1950

question: After which individual was the LaFortune Center Notre Dame named?

answer: Joseph LaFortune

text: Joseph LaFortune

question: How large in square feet is the LaFortune Center at Notre Dame?

answer: 83,000 square feet

text: 83,000 square feet

question: What is the annual budget of Notre Dame's LaFortune Center?

answer: $1.2 million

text: $1.2 million


text: The Semitic Akkadian language is first attested in proper names of the kings of Kish c. 2800 BC, preserved in later king lists. There are texts written entirely in Old Akkadian dating from c. 2500 BC. Use of Old Akkadian was at its peak during the rule of Sargon the Great (c. 2270–2215 BC), but even then most administrative tablets continued to be written in Sumerian, the language used by the scribes. Gelb and Westenholz differentiate three stages of Old Akkadian: that of the pre-Sargonic era, that of the Akkadian empire, and that of the "Neo-Sumerian Renaissance" that followed it. Akkadian and Sumerian coexisted as vernacular languages for about one thousand years, but by around 1800 BC, Sumerian was becoming more of a literary language familiar mainly only to scholars and scribes. Thorkild Jacobsen has argued that there is little break in historical continuity between the pre- and post-Sargon periods, and that too much emphasis has been placed on the perception of a "Semitic vs. Sumerian" conflict. However, it is certain that Akkadian was also briefly imposed on neighboring parts of Elam that were previously conquered by Sargon.

title: Sumer

title: Sumer

text: The

text: Semitic

text: Akkadian

text: language

text: is

text: first

text: attested

text: in

text: proper

text: names

text: of

text: the

text: kings

text: of

text: Kish

text: c.

text: BC

text: preserved

text: in

text: later

text: king

text: lists

text: There

text: are

text: texts

text: written

text: entirely

text: in

text: Old

text: Akkadian

text: dating

text: from

text: c.

text: BC

text: Use

text: of

text: Old

text: Akkadian

text: was

text: at

text: its

text: peak

text: during

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: Sargon

text: the

text: Great

text: c.

text: BC

text: but

text: even

text: then

text: most

text: administrative

text: tablets

text: continued

text: to

text: be

text: written

text: in

text: Sumerian

text: the

text: language

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: scribes

text: Gelb

text: and

text: Westenholz

text: differentiate

text: three

text: stages

text: of

text: Old

text: Akkadian

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: pre

text: Sargonic

text: era

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Akkadian

text: empire

text: and

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Neo

text: Sumerian

text: Renaissance

text: that

text: followed

text: it

text: Akkadian

text: and

text: Sumerian

text: coexisted

text: as

text: vernacular

text: languages

text: for

text: about

text: one

text: thousand

text: years

text: but

text: by

text: around

text: BC

text: Sumerian

text: was

text: becoming

text: more

text: of

text: a

text: literary

text: language

text: familiar

text: mainly

text: only

text: to

text: scholars

text: and

text: scribes

text: Thorkild

text: Jacobsen

text: has

text: argued

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: little

text: break

text: in

text: historical

text: continuity

text: between

text: the

text: pre-

text: and

text: post

text: Sargon

text: periods

text: and

text: that

text: too

text: much

text: emphasis

text: has

text: been

text: placed

text: on

text: the

text: perception

text: of

text: a

text: Semitic

text: vs.

text: Sumerian

text: conflict

text: However

text: it

text: is

text: certain

text: that

text: Akkadian

text: was

text: also

text: briefly

text: imposed

text: on

text: neighboring

text: parts

text: of

text: Elam

text: that

text: were

text: previously

text: conquered

text: by

text: Sargon

question: Where is the Semetic Akkadian language first found?

answer: proper names of the kings of Kish

text: proper names of the kings of Kish

question: Where is the Semetic Akkadian language found preserved after 2800 BC?

answer: king lists

text: king lists

question: During whose rule was the use of Old Akkadian at its peak?

answer: Sargon the Great

text: Sargon the Great

question: What language did scribes use over Akkadian?

answer: Sumerian

text: Sumerian

question: How long did Akkadian and Sumerian coexist as spoken languages?

answer: about one thousand years

text: about one thousand years

question: What language was used only to make the king lists?

text: Semitic Akkadian language

question: What language was used for the kings list in the 28th century BC?

text: Akkadian language

question: What was written in the 25th century BC?

text: texts written entirely in Old Akkadian

question: Who's reign ended in the 22nd century BC?

text: Sargon the Great

question: What was a literary language by the 18th century BC?

text: Sumerian


text: This meant that nearly one-third of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen and continued to be frozen into June 2009. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: "It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume". The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are "likely to vanish forever, having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions". While traditional banks have raised their lending standards, it was the collapse of the shadow banking system that is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: This

text: meant

text: that

text: nearly

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: lending

text: mechanism

text: was

text: frozen

text: and

text: continued

text: to

text: be

text: frozen

text: into

text: June

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Brookings

text: Institution

text: the

text: traditional

text: banking

text: system

text: does

text: not

text: have

text: the

text: capital

text: to

text: close

text: this

text: gap

text: as

text: of

text: June

text: It

text: would

text: take

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: years

text: of

text: strong

text: profits

text: to

text: generate

text: sufficient

text: capital

text: to

text: support

text: that

text: additional

text: lending

text: volume

text: The

text: authors

text: also

text: indicate

text: that

text: some

text: forms

text: of

text: securitization

text: are

text: likely

text: to

text: vanish

text: forever

text: having

text: been

text: an

text: artifact

text: of

text: excessively

text: loose

text: credit

text: conditions

text: While

text: traditional

text: banks

text: have

text: raised

text: their

text: lending

text: standards

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: shadow

text: banking

text: system

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: primary

text: cause

text: of

text: the

text: reduction

text: in

text: funds

text: available

text: for

text: borrowing

question: How much of the U.S. lending mechanism was frozen until June 2009?

answer: nearly one-third

text: nearly one-third

question: What is the primary cause of the reduction in funds available for borrowing?

answer: the collapse of the shadow banking system

text: the collapse of the shadow banking system

question: What institution reported that the traditional banking systems does not have the capital to close the gap in the lending mechanism?

answer: Brookings Institution

text: Brookings Institution

question: What is likely to vanish forever, as a result of excessively loose credit conditions?

answer: some forms of securitization

text: some forms of securitization

question: As of June 2009, the Brookings Institution reports that traditional banking system does not have enough of what to close the lending gap?

answer: capital

text: capital


text: Shortly before 312 BCE, the Plebeian Council enacted the Plebiscitum Ovinium. During the early republic, only consuls could appoint new senators. This initiative, however, transferred this power to the censors. It also required the censor to appoint any newly elected magistrate to the senate. By this point, plebeians were already holding a significant number of magisterial offices. Thus, the number of plebeian senators probably increased quickly. However, it remained difficult for a plebeian to enter the senate if he was not from a well-known political family, as a new patrician-like plebeian aristocracy emerged. The old nobility existed through the force of law, because only patricians were allowed to stand for high office. The new nobility existed due to the organization of society. As such, only a revolution could overthrow this new structure.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Shortly

text: before

text: BCE

text: the

text: Plebeian

text: Council

text: enacted

text: the

text: Plebiscitum

text: Ovinium

text: During

text: the

text: early

text: republic

text: only

text: consuls

text: could

text: appoint

text: new

text: senators

text: This

text: initiative

text: however

text: transferred

text: this

text: power

text: to

text: the

text: censors

text: It

text: also

text: required

text: the

text: censor

text: to

text: appoint

text: any

text: newly

text: elected

text: magistrate

text: to

text: the

text: senate

text: By

text: this

text: point

text: plebeians

text: were

text: already

text: holding

text: a

text: significant

text: number

text: of

text: magisterial

text: offices

text: Thus

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: plebeian

text: senators

text: probably

text: increased

text: quickly

text: However

text: it

text: remained

text: difficult

text: for

text: a

text: plebeian

text: to

text: enter

text: the

text: senate

text: if

text: he

text: was

text: not

text: from

text: a

text: well

text: known

text: political

text: family

text: as

text: a

text: new

text: patrician

text: like

text: plebeian

text: aristocracy

text: emerged

text: The

text: old

text: nobility

text: existed

text: through

text: the

text: force

text: of

text: law

text: because

text: only

text: patricians

text: were

text: allowed

text: to

text: stand

text: for

text: high

text: office

text: The

text: new

text: nobility

text: existed

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: organization

text: of

text: society

text: As

text: such

text: only

text: a

text: revolution

text: could

text: overthrow

text: this

text: new

text: structure

question: In what year was the Plebiscitum Ovinium initiative enacted?

answer: before 312 BCE

text: before 312 BCE

question: Who had already held a large amount of magisterial offices?

answer: plebeians

text: plebeians

question: Who was allowed to be elected to high office positions?

answer: only patricians

text: only patricians

question: What initiative provided censors with the abillity to appoint new senators?

answer: Plebiscitum Ovinium

text: Plebiscitum Ovinium

question: Who could a newly elected magistrate expect to be appointed by?

answer: the censor

text: the censor


text: Because of the magnitude of the quake, and the media attention on China, foreign nations and organizations immediately responded to the disaster by offering condolences and assistance. On May 14, UNICEF reported that China formally requested the support of the international community to respond to the needs of affected families.

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

text: Because

text: of

text: the

text: magnitude

text: of

text: the

text: quake

text: and

text: the

text: media

text: attention

text: on

text: China

text: foreign

text: nations

text: and

text: organizations

text: immediately

text: responded

text: to

text: the

text: disaster

text: by

text: offering

text: condolences

text: and

text: assistance

text: On

text: May

text: UNICEF

text: reported

text: that

text: China

text: formally

text: requested

text: the

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: international

text: community

text: to

text: respond

text: to

text: the

text: needs

text: of

text: affected

text: families

question: What did UNICEF report?

answer: that China formally requested the support of the international community

text: that China formally requested the support of the international community

question: What did foreign nations offer China because of the severity of the quake?

answer: condolences and assistance

text: condolences and assistance

question: When did China formally ask for help from the international community?

answer: May 14

text: May 14

question: What organization reported that China asked for help?

answer: UNICEF

text: UNICEF

question: Why did the world community notice the need for help?

answer: magnitude of the quake

text: magnitude of the quake


text: A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure. Selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance, and capital cost compared to the revenue obtained for freight and passenger traffic. Different systems are used for urban and intercity areas; some electric locomotives can switch to different supply voltages to allow flexibility in operation.

title: Railway_electrification_system

title: Railway_electrification_system

text: A

text: railway

text: electrification

text: system

text: supplies

text: electric

text: power

text: to

text: railway

text: trains

text: and

text: trams

text: without

text: an

text: on

text: board

text: prime

text: mover

text: or

text: local

text: fuel

text: supply

text: Electrification

text: has

text: many

text: advantages

text: but

text: requires

text: significant

text: capital

text: expenditure

text: Selection

text: of

text: an

text: electrification

text: system

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: economics

text: of

text: energy

text: supply

text: maintenance

text: and

text: capital

text: cost

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: revenue

text: obtained

text: for

text: freight

text: and

text: passenger

text: traffic

text: Different

text: systems

text: are

text: used

text: for

text: urban

text: and

text: intercity

text: areas

text: some

text: electric

text: locomotives

text: can

text: switch

text: to

text: different

text: supply

text: voltages

text: to

text: allow

text: flexibility

text: in

text: operation

question: What is of the factors the capital cost of electrification system depends on?

answer: maintenance

text: maintenance

question: How do some locomotives function in order to be more flexible in operation?

answer: can switch to different supply voltages

text: can switch to different supply voltages

question: What is the main disadvantage of railway electrification?

answer: significant capital expenditure

text: significant capital expenditure

question: What are two types of revenue obtained through railway transportation?

answer: freight and passenger traffic

text: freight and passenger traffic

question: What system supplies nuclear power to railway trains?

text: railway electrification

question: What requires insignificant capital expenditure?

text: Electrification

question: The same systems are used for both urban and intercity what?

text: areas

question: All electric locomotives can switch to different supply voltages to allow for what?

text: flexibility in operation

question: A railway electrification system supplies power to trains and trams with an on-board what?

text: prime mover


text: Proto-Slavic, sometimes referred to as Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic, is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages. That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects, suggesting a comparatively compact homeland. Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: Proto

text: Slavic

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Common

text: Slavic

text: or

text: Late

text: Proto

text: Slavic

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: the

text: last

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: language

text: preceding

text: the

text: geographical

text: split

text: of

text: the

text: historical

text: Slavic

text: languages

text: That

text: language

text: was

text: uniform

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: borrowings

text: from

text: foreign

text: languages

text: and

text: Slavic

text: borrowings

text: into

text: other

text: languages

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: any

text: recognizable

text: dialects

text: suggesting

text: a

text: comparatively

text: compact

text: homeland

text: Slavic

text: linguistic

text: unity

text: was

text: to

text: some

text: extent

text: visible

text: as

text: late

text: as

text: Old

text: Church

text: Slavonic

text: manuscripts

text: which

text: though

text: based

text: on

text: local

text: Slavic

text: speech

text: of

text: Thessaloniki

text: could

text: still

text: serve

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: common

text: Slavic

text: literary

text: language

question: Proto-Slavic is sometimes referred to as what?

answer: Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic

text: Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic

question: What is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages?

answer: Proto-Slavic

text: Proto-Slavic

question: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were based on the local Slavic speech of what?

answer: Thessaloniki

text: Thessaloniki

question: What could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language?

answer: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts

text: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts

question: What is another term for Old Church Slavonic?

text: Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic

question: What was the name of the language after the geographical split?

text: Proto-Slavic

question: What did the Proto-slavic language have in multiple recognizable variations?

text: dialects

question: What speech did Old Church Slavonic influence?

text: Thessaloniki

question: What is Thessaloniki the first example of?


text: For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left few traces; but one was dedicated in Ostia around the mid-1st century BC and several more are attested during the Imperial period. Judaea's enrollment as a client kingdom in 63 BC increased the Jewish diaspora; in Rome, this led to closer official scrutiny of their religion. Their synagogues were recognised as legitimate collegia by Julius Caesar. By the Augustan era, the city of Rome was home to several thousand Jews. In some periods under Roman rule, Jews were legally exempt from official sacrifice, under certain conditions. Judaism was a superstitio to Cicero, but the Church Father Tertullian described it as religio licita (an officially permitted religion) in contrast to Christianity.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: For

text: at

text: least

text: a

text: century

text: before

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Augustan

text: principate

text: Jews

text: and

text: Judaism

text: were

text: tolerated

text: in

text: Rome

text: by

text: diplomatic

text: treaty

text: with

text: Judaea

text: 's

text: Hellenised

text: elite

text: Diaspora

text: Jews

text: had

text: much

text: in

text: common

text: with

text: the

text: overwhelmingly

text: Hellenic

text: or

text: Hellenised

text: communities

text: that

text: surrounded

text: them

text: Early

text: Italian

text: synagogues

text: have

text: left

text: few

text: traces

text: but

text: one

text: was

text: dedicated

text: in

text: Ostia

text: around

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: and

text: several

text: more

text: are

text: attested

text: during

text: the

text: Imperial

text: period

text: Judaea

text: 's

text: enrollment

text: as

text: a

text: client

text: kingdom

text: in

text: BC

text: increased

text: the

text: Jewish

text: diaspora

text: in

text: Rome

text: this

text: led

text: to

text: closer

text: official

text: scrutiny

text: of

text: their

text: religion

text: Their

text: synagogues

text: were

text: recognised

text: as

text: legitimate

text: collegia

text: by

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: By

text: the

text: Augustan

text: era

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Rome

text: was

text: home

text: to

text: several

text: thousand

text: Jews

text: In

text: some

text: periods

text: under

text: Roman

text: rule

text: Jews

text: were

text: legally

text: exempt

text: from

text: official

text: sacrifice

text: under

text: certain

text: conditions

text: Judaism

text: was

text: a

text: superstitio

text: to

text: Cicero

text: but

text: the

text: Church

text: Father

text: Tertullian

text: described

text: it

text: as

text: religio

text: licita

text: an

text: officially

text: permitted

text: religion

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: Christianity

question: What means guaranteed the Jews and Judaism in Rome?

answer: treaty

text: treaty

question: What religious buildings were established in Rome in the imperial period?

answer: synagogues

text: synagogues

question: When did Judea become an allied kingdom to Rome?

answer: 63 BC

text: 63 BC

question: Who recognized the Jewish synagogues as being legitimate in Rome?

answer: Julius Caesar

text: Julius Caesar

question: In contrast to what religion was Judaism acceptable in Rome?

answer: Christianity

text: Christianity


text: The innovative production techniques devised by post-punk producers such as Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell during this period would become an important element of the emerging music, with studio experimentation taking a central role. A variety of groups that predated punk, such as Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle, experimented with crude production techniques and electronic instruments in tandem with performance art methods and influence from transgressive literature, ultimately helping to pioneer industrial music. Throbbing Gristle's independent label Industrial Records would become a hub for this scene and provide it with its namesake.

title: Post-punk

title: Post

title: punk

text: The

text: innovative

text: production

text: techniques

text: devised

text: by

text: post

text: punk

text: producers

text: such

text: as

text: Martin

text: Hannett

text: and

text: Dennis

text: Bovell

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: would

text: become

text: an

text: important

text: element

text: of

text: the

text: emerging

text: music

text: with

text: studio

text: experimentation

text: taking

text: a

text: central

text: role

text: A

text: variety

text: of

text: groups

text: that

text: predated

text: punk

text: such

text: as

text: Cabaret

text: Voltaire

text: and

text: Throbbing

text: Gristle

text: experimented

text: with

text: crude

text: production

text: techniques

text: and

text: electronic

text: instruments

text: in

text: tandem

text: with

text: performance

text: art

text: methods

text: and

text: influence

text: from

text: transgressive

text: literature

text: ultimately

text: helping

text: to

text: pioneer

text: industrial

text: music

text: Throbbing

text: Gristle

text: 's

text: independent

text: label

text: Industrial

text: Records

text: would

text: become

text: a

text: hub

text: for

text: this

text: scene

text: and

text: provide

text: it

text: with

text: its

text: namesake

question: What type of production techniques did Dennis Bovell develop?

answer: innovative

text: innovative

question: What type of producer was Martin Hannett?

answer: post-punk

text: post-punk

question: What took a central roll for the emerging post-punk music?

answer: studio experimentation

text: studio experimentation

question: What eventually resulted in the pioneering of industrial music?

answer: crude production techniques

text: crude production techniques

question: Whose independent label became a hub for the industrial scene?

answer: Throbbing Gristle's

text: Throbbing Gristle's

question: Who were producers that led the way with emerging the post-punk culture?

answer: Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell

text: Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell

question: Which bands were on the forefront of industrial music?

answer: Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle

text: Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle

question: What was the name of Throbbing Gristle's record label?

answer: Industrial Records

text: Industrial Records

question: Where did industrial music get it's name?

answer: Industrial Records

text: Industrial Records

question: What was one of the most important ways that post-punk artists created their new sound?

answer: studio experimentation

text: studio experimentation

question: Who avoided post-punk production?

text: Martin Hannett and Dennis Bovell

question: Who did not predate punk?

text: Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle

question: Who did not help to pioneer industrial music?

text: Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle

question: What label avoided this scene?

text: Industrial Records


text: In British English, the word 'asphalt' is used to refer to a mixture of mineral aggregate and asphalt/bitumen (also called tarmac in common parlance). When bitumen is mixed with clay it is usually called asphaltum. The earlier word 'asphaltum' is now archaic and not commonly used.[citation needed] In American English, 'asphalt' is equivalent to the British 'bitumen'. However, 'asphalt' is also commonly used as a shortened form of 'asphalt concrete' (therefore equivalent to the British 'asphalt' or 'tarmac'). In Australian English, bitumen is often used as the generic term for road surfaces. In Canadian English, the word bitumen is used to refer to the vast Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil, while asphalt is used for the oil refinery product used to pave roads and manufacture roof shingles and various waterproofing products. Diluted bitumen (diluted with naphtha to make it flow in pipelines) is known as dilbit in the Canadian petroleum industry, while bitumen "upgraded" to synthetic crude oil is known as syncrude and syncrude blended with bitumen as synbit. Bitumen is still the preferred geological term for naturally occurring deposits of the solid or semi-solid form of petroleum. Bituminous rock is a form of sandstone impregnated with bitumen. The tar sands of Alberta, Canada are a similar material.

title: Asphalt

title: Asphalt

text: In

text: British

text: English

text: the

text: word

text: asphalt

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: a

text: mixture

text: of

text: mineral

text: aggregate

text: and

text: asphalt

text: bitumen

text: also

text: called

text: tarmac

text: in

text: common

text: parlance

text: When

text: bitumen

text: is

text: mixed

text: with

text: clay

text: it

text: is

text: usually

text: called

text: asphaltum

text: The

text: earlier

text: word

text: asphaltum

text: is

text: now

text: archaic

text: and

text: not

text: commonly

text: used.[citation

text: needed

text: In

text: American

text: English

text: asphalt

text: is

text: equivalent

text: to

text: the

text: British

text: bitumen

text: However

text: asphalt

text: is

text: also

text: commonly

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: shortened

text: form

text: of

text: asphalt

text: concrete

text: therefore

text: equivalent

text: to

text: the

text: British

text: asphalt

text: or

text: tarmac

text: In

text: Australian

text: English

text: bitumen

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: generic

text: term

text: for

text: road

text: surfaces

text: In

text: Canadian

text: English

text: the

text: word

text: bitumen

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: vast

text: Canadian

text: deposits

text: of

text: extremely

text: heavy

text: crude

text: oil

text: while

text: asphalt

text: is

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: oil

text: refinery

text: product

text: used

text: to

text: pave

text: roads

text: and

text: manufacture

text: roof

text: shingles

text: and

text: various

text: waterproofing

text: products

text: Diluted

text: bitumen

text: diluted

text: with

text: naphtha

text: to

text: make

text: it

text: flow

text: in

text: pipelines

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: dilbit

text: in

text: the

text: Canadian

text: petroleum

text: industry

text: while

text: bitumen

text: upgraded

text: to

text: synthetic

text: crude

text: oil

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: syncrude

text: and

text: syncrude

text: blended

text: with

text: bitumen

text: as

text: synbit

text: Bitumen

text: is

text: still

text: the

text: preferred

text: geological

text: term

text: for

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: deposits

text: of

text: the

text: solid

text: or

text: semi

text: solid

text: form

text: of

text: petroleum

text: Bituminous

text: rock

text: is

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: sandstone

text: impregnated

text: with

text: bitumen

text: The

text: tar

text: sands

text: of

text: Alberta

text: Canada

text: are

text: a

text: similar

text: material

question: To what type of aggregate did asphalt used to refer?

answer: mixture

text: mixture

question: What is the mixture of bitumen and minerals called?

answer: tarmac

text: tarmac

question: When mixed wit clay, what is bitumen called?

answer: asphaltum

text: asphaltum

question: With what word in America, is bitumen used interchangeably?

answer: 'asphalt

text: 'asphalt

question: What is the geological term for asphalt?

answer: Bitumen

text: Bitumen

question: What is the shortened form of asphalt tarmac?

text: asphalt

question: Bitumen is often used as a generic word for roof shingles in which language?

text: Australian English

question: in which industry is concentrated bitumen known as dilbit?

text: Canadian petroleum industry

question: Which is the preferred geographical term for natural deposits?

text: Bitumen

question: What type of rock forms from limestone mixed with bitumen?

text: Bituminous rock


text: In Europe, there has been a general move away from religious observance and belief in Christian teachings and a move towards secularism. The Enlightenment is largely responsible for the spread of secularism. Several scholars have argued for a link between the rise of secularism and Protestantism, attributing it to the wide-ranging freedom in the Protestant countries. In North America, South America and Australia Christian religious observance is much higher than in Europe. United States remains particularly religious in comparison to other developed countries. South America, historically Roman Catholic, has experienced a large Evangelical and Pentecostal infusion in the 20th and 21st centuries.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: In

text: Europe

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: general

text: move

text: away

text: from

text: religious

text: observance

text: and

text: belief

text: in

text: Christian

text: teachings

text: and

text: a

text: move

text: towards

text: secularism

text: The

text: Enlightenment

text: is

text: largely

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: secularism

text: Several

text: scholars

text: have

text: argued

text: for

text: a

text: link

text: between

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: secularism

text: and

text: Protestantism

text: attributing

text: it

text: to

text: the

text: wide

text: ranging

text: freedom

text: in

text: the

text: Protestant

text: countries

text: In

text: North

text: America

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: Australia

text: Christian

text: religious

text: observance

text: is

text: much

text: higher

text: than

text: in

text: Europe

text: United

text: States

text: remains

text: particularly

text: religious

text: in

text: comparison

text: to

text: other

text: developed

text: countries

text: South

text: America

text: historically

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: has

text: experienced

text: a

text: large

text: Evangelical

text: and

text: Pentecostal

text: infusion

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

question: What direction has Europe moved towards?

answer: secularism

text: secularism

question: What caused the spread of secularism?

answer: The Enlightenment

text: The Enlightenment

question: What areas have a higher rate of Christian observance?

answer: North America, South America and Australia

text: North America, South America and Australia

question: What country is more religious than other developed nations?

answer: United States

text: United States

question: When did South America show an increase in Evangelicals?

answer: the 20th and 21st centuries

text: the 20th and 21st centuries


text: Oklahoma City has several public career and technology education schools associated with the Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education, the largest of which are Metro Technology Center and Francis Tuttle Technology Center.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: has

text: several

text: public

text: career

text: and

text: technology

text: education

text: schools

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: Oklahoma

text: Department

text: of

text: Career

text: and

text: Technology

text: Education

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: Metro

text: Technology

text: Center

text: and

text: Francis

text: Tuttle

text: Technology

text: Center

question: What are the two largest technology education schools in Oklahoma City?

answer: Metro Technology Center and Francis Tuttle Technology Center

text: Metro Technology Center and Francis Tuttle Technology Center


text: The Hanoverian king George II of Great Britain was passionately devoted to his family’s continental holdings, but his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas. If war against France for colonial expansion was to be resumed, then Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack. France was very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain, but it had no desire to divert forces to central Europe for Prussia's interest.

title: Seven_Years%27_War

title: Seven_Years%27_War

text: The

text: Hanoverian

text: king

text: George

text: II

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: was

text: passionately

text: devoted

text: to

text: his

text: family

text: ’s

text: continental

text: holdings

text: but

text: his

text: commitments

text: in

text: Germany

text: were

text: counterbalanced

text: by

text: the

text: demands

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: colonies

text: overseas

text: If

text: war

text: against

text: France

text: for

text: colonial

text: expansion

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: resumed

text: then

text: Hanover

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: secured

text: against

text: Franco

text: Prussian

text: attack

text: France

text: was

text: very

text: much

text: interested

text: in

text: colonial

text: expansion

text: and

text: was

text: willing

text: to

text: exploit

text: the

text: vulnerability

text: of

text: Hanover

text: in

text: war

text: against

text: Great

text: Britain

text: but

text: it

text: had

text: no

text: desire

text: to

text: divert

text: forces

text: to

text: central

text: Europe

text: for

text: Prussia

text: 's

text: interest

question: What was the house of king George II?

answer: Hanover

text: Hanover

question: Name two diverse geographies that king George II had to protect.

answer: his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas

text: his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas

question: How anxious was France to assist Prussia to take over Hanover?

answer: it had no desire to divert forces to central Europe for Prussia's interest.

text: it had no desire to divert forces to central Europe for Prussia's interest.

question: Why would France want to invade Hanover?

answer: France was very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain

text: France was very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain

question: What was Britain's obligation to Hanover if colonial expansion via war with France was to be resumed?

answer: Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack

text: Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack


text: The spectrum emitted by a blackbody radiator at temperatures of incandescent bulbs does not match the sensitivity characteristics of the human eye; the light emitted does not appear white, and most is not in the range of wavelengths at which the eye is most sensitive. Tungsten filaments radiate mostly infrared radiation at temperatures where they remain solid – below 3,695 K (3,422 °C; 6,191 °F). Donald L. Klipstein explains it this way: "An ideal thermal radiator produces visible light most efficiently at temperatures around 6,300 °C (6,600 K; 11,400 °F). Even at this high temperature, a lot of the radiation is either infrared or ultraviolet, and the theoretical luminous efficacy (LER) is 95 lumens per watt." No known material can be used as a filament at this ideal temperature, which is hotter than the sun's surface. An upper limit for incandescent lamp luminous efficacy (LER) is around 52 lumens per watt, the theoretical value emitted by tungsten at its melting point.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: The

text: spectrum

text: emitted

text: by

text: a

text: blackbody

text: radiator

text: at

text: temperatures

text: of

text: incandescent

text: bulbs

text: does

text: not

text: match

text: the

text: sensitivity

text: characteristics

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: eye

text: the

text: light

text: emitted

text: does

text: not

text: appear

text: white

text: and

text: most

text: is

text: not

text: in

text: the

text: range

text: of

text: wavelengths

text: at

text: which

text: the

text: eye

text: is

text: most

text: sensitive

text: Tungsten

text: filaments

text: radiate

text: mostly

text: infrared

text: radiation

text: at

text: temperatures

text: where

text: they

text: remain

text: solid

text: below

text: K

text: C

text: F

text: Donald

text: L.

text: Klipstein

text: explains

text: it

text: this

text: way

text: An

text: ideal

text: thermal

text: radiator

text: produces

text: visible

text: light

text: most

text: efficiently

text: at

text: temperatures

text: around

text: C

text: K

text: F

text: Even

text: at

text: this

text: high

text: temperature

text: a

text: lot

text: of

text: the

text: radiation

text: is

text: either

text: infrared

text: or

text: ultraviolet

text: and

text: the

text: theoretical

text: luminous

text: efficacy

text: LER

text: is

text: lumens

text: per

text: watt

text: No

text: known

text: material

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: filament

text: at

text: this

text: ideal

text: temperature

text: which

text: is

text: hotter

text: than

text: the

text: sun

text: 's

text: surface

text: An

text: upper

text: limit

text: for

text: incandescent

text: lamp

text: luminous

text: efficacy

text: LER

text: is

text: around

text: lumens

text: per

text: watt

text: the

text: theoretical

text: value

text: emitted

text: by

text: tungsten

text: at

text: its

text: melting

text: point

question: At what temperature does a thermal radiator most efficiently produce light?

answer: 6,300 °C

text: 6,300 °C

question: What is the upper limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?

answer: 52 lumens per watt

text: 52 lumens per watt

question: What type of radiation makes up the majority of tungsten filament emissions?

answer: infrared radiation

text: infrared radiation

question: What is the flaw in the color of light produced by an incandescent bulb?

answer: the light emitted does not appear white,

text: the light emitted does not appear white,

question: What is the theoretical LER value of tungsten at its melting point?

answer: 52 lumens per watt

text: 52 lumens per watt

question: What appears white to the human eye when it is emitted?

question: What is the lower limit for LER of an incandescent lamp?

text: 6,300 °C

question: What does not radiate mostly infrared radiation at temperatures where they remain solid?

text: Tungsten filaments

question: What is not infrared or ultraviolet?

text: radiation

question: What known material can be used as a filament at 95 lumens per watt?

text: No known material


text: According to figures from Britain's Radio Manufacturers Association, 18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936 to September 1939, when production was halted by the war.

title: BBC_Television

title: BBC_Television

text: According

text: to

text: figures

text: from

text: Britain

text: 's

text: Radio

text: Manufacturers

text: Association

text: television

text: sets

text: had

text: been

text: manufactured

text: from

text: to

text: September

text: when

text: production

text: was

text: halted

text: by

text: the

text: war

question: How many TVs were made between 1936 and the start of the war in 1939?

answer: 18,999

question: How many television sets had been manufactured by 1939?

question: When did production of radio sets end?

text: September 1939

question: What caused the halt in production of radio sets?

text: the war