text: Most bacteria have a single circular chromosome that can range in size from only 160,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Carsonella ruddii, to 12,200,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacteria Sorangium cellulosum. Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as Borrelia burgdorferi, the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single linear chromosome. The genes in bacterial genomes are usually a single continuous stretch of DNA and although several different types of introns do exist in bacteria, these are much rarer than in eukaryotes.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Most

text: bacteria

text: have

text: a

text: single

text: circular

text: chromosome

text: that

text: can

text: range

text: in

text: size

text: from

text: only

text: base

text: pairs

text: in

text: the

text: endosymbiotic

text: bacteria

text: Candidatus

text: Carsonella

text: ruddii

text: to

text: base

text: pairs

text: in

text: the

text: soil

text: dwelling

text: bacteria

text: Sorangium

text: cellulosum

text: Spirochaetes

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Borrelia

text: are

text: a

text: notable

text: exception

text: to

text: this

text: arrangement

text: with

text: bacteria

text: such

text: as

text: Borrelia

text: burgdorferi

text: the

text: cause

text: of

text: Lyme

text: disease

text: containing

text: a

text: single

text: linear

text: chromosome

text: The

text: genes

text: in

text: bacterial

text: genomes

text: are

text: usually

text: a

text: single

text: continuous

text: stretch

text: of

text: DNA

text: and

text: although

text: several

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: introns

text: do

text: exist

text: in

text: bacteria

text: these

text: are

text: much

text: rarer

text: than

text: in

text: eukaryotes

question: What shape is chromosome of bacteria?

answer: circular chromosome

text: circular chromosome

question: What bacteria is an exception to single circular chromosome rule?

answer: Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia

text: Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia

question: What bacteria is responsible for Lyme disease?

answer: Borrelia burgdorferi

text: Borrelia burgdorferi

question: How does chromosome of Borrelia burgdoferi look like?

answer: single linear chromosome

text: single linear chromosome


text: During the Pacific War Funafuti was used as a base to prepare for the subsequent seaborn attacks on the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati) that were occupied by Japanese forces. The United States Marine Corps landed on Funafuti on 2 October 1942 and on Nanumea and Nukufetau in August 1943. The Japanese had already occupied Tarawa and other islands in what is now Kiribati, but were delayed by the losses at the Battle of the Coral Sea. The islanders assisted the American forces to build airfields on Funafuti, Nanumea and Nukufetau and to unload supplies from ships. On Funafuti the islanders shifted to the smaller islets so as to allow the American forces to build the airfield and to build naval bases and port facilities on Fongafale. A Naval Construction Battalion (Seabees) built a sea plane ramp on the lagoon side of Fongafale islet for seaplane operations by both short and long range seaplanes and a compacted coral runway was also constructed on Fongafale, with runways also constructed to create Nanumea Airfield and Nukufetau Airfield. USN Patrol Torpedo Boats (PTs) were based at Funafuti from 2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: During

text: the

text: Pacific

text: War

text: Funafuti

text: was

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: base

text: to

text: prepare

text: for

text: the

text: subsequent

text: seaborn

text: attacks

text: on

text: the

text: Gilbert

text: Islands

text: Kiribati

text: that

text: were

text: occupied

text: by

text: Japanese

text: forces

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Marine

text: Corps

text: landed

text: on

text: Funafuti

text: on

text: October

text: and

text: on

text: Nanumea

text: and

text: Nukufetau

text: in

text: August

text: The

text: Japanese

text: had

text: already

text: occupied

text: Tarawa

text: and

text: other

text: islands

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Kiribati

text: but

text: were

text: delayed

text: by

text: the

text: losses

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Coral

text: Sea

text: The

text: islanders

text: assisted

text: the

text: American

text: forces

text: to

text: build

text: airfields

text: on

text: Funafuti

text: Nanumea

text: and

text: Nukufetau

text: and

text: to

text: unload

text: supplies

text: from

text: ships

text: On

text: Funafuti

text: the

text: islanders

text: shifted

text: to

text: the

text: smaller

text: islets

text: so

text: as

text: to

text: allow

text: the

text: American

text: forces

text: to

text: build

text: the

text: airfield

text: and

text: to

text: build

text: naval

text: bases

text: and

text: port

text: facilities

text: on

text: Fongafale

text: A

text: Naval

text: Construction

text: Battalion

text: Seabees

text: built

text: a

text: sea

text: plane

text: ramp

text: on

text: the

text: lagoon

text: side

text: of

text: Fongafale

text: islet

text: for

text: seaplane

text: operations

text: by

text: both

text: short

text: and

text: long

text: range

text: seaplanes

text: and

text: a

text: compacted

text: coral

text: runway

text: was

text: also

text: constructed

text: on

text: Fongafale

text: with

text: runways

text: also

text: constructed

text: to

text: create

text: Nanumea

text: Airfield

text: and

text: Nukufetau

text: Airfield

text: USN

text: Patrol

text: Torpedo

text: Boats

text: PTs

text: were

text: based

text: at

text: Funafuti

text: from

text: November

text: to

text: May

question: For what purpose was Funafuti used during the Pacific War?

answer: a base

text: a base

question: What group occupied the Gilbert Islands?

answer: Japanese forces

text: Japanese forces

question: What action delayed the Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands?

answer: Battle of the Coral Sea

text: Battle of the Coral Sea

question: From what time span were USN Torpedo Boats stationed at Funafuti?

answer: 2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944

text: 2 November 1942 to 11 May 1944

question: On what islet did US forces build a seaplane ramp?

answer: Fongafale

text: Fongafale


text: Most common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high refractive index and low dispersion and was formerly used in producing high-quality lenses, but due to its radioactivity has been replaced by lanthanum oxide in modern eyeglasses.[citation needed] Iron can be incorporated into glass to absorb infrared energy, for example in heat absorbing filters for movie projectors, while cerium(IV) oxide can be used for glass that absorbs UV wavelengths.

title: Glass

title: Glass

text: Most

text: common

text: glass

text: contains

text: other

text: ingredients

text: to

text: change

text: its

text: properties

text: Lead

text: glass

text: or

text: flint

text: glass

text: is

text: more

text: brilliant

text: because

text: the

text: increased

text: refractive

text: index

text: causes

text: noticeably

text: more

text: specular

text: reflection

text: and

text: increased

text: optical

text: dispersion

text: Adding

text: barium

text: also

text: increases

text: the

text: refractive

text: index

text: Thorium

text: oxide

text: gives

text: glass

text: a

text: high

text: refractive

text: index

text: and

text: low

text: dispersion

text: and

text: was

text: formerly

text: used

text: in

text: producing

text: high

text: quality

text: lenses

text: but

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: radioactivity

text: has

text: been

text: replaced

text: by

text: lanthanum

text: oxide

text: in

text: modern

text: eyeglasses.[citation

text: needed

text: Iron

text: can

text: be

text: incorporated

text: into

text: glass

text: to

text: absorb

text: infrared

text: energy

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: heat

text: absorbing

text: filters

text: for

text: movie

text: projectors

text: while

text: cerium(IV

text: oxide

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: glass

text: that

text: absorbs

text: UV

text: wavelengths

question: What element is used in glass to keep it from becoming too hot?

answer: Iron

text: Iron

question: How does barium affect glass?

answer: increases the refractive index

text: increases the refractive index

question: What property of thorium oxide has caused it to no longer be used in eyeglasses?

answer: radioactivity

text: radioactivity

question: What is another name for lead glass?

answer: flint glass

text: flint glass

question: What is the benefit of thorium oxide in addition to its refractive index?

answer: low dispersion

text: low dispersion

question: What element is used in glass to help it from becoming more reflective?

text: Iron

question: How does barium affect movie filters?

text: increases the refractive index

question: What property of thorium oxide has caused it to no longer be used in projectors?

text: radioactivity

question: What is another name for cerium oxide?

text: flint glass

question: What is the benefit of heat absorbing filters in addition to its refractive index?

text: low dispersion


text: Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song "Everybody" performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton. In 2002, Estonia hosted the event. Maarja-Liis Ilus has competed for Estonia on two occasions (1996 and 1997), while Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome and Evelin Samuel owe their popularity partly to the Eurovision Song Contest. Lenna Kuurmaa is a very popular singer in Europe[citation needed], with her band Vanilla Ninja. "Rändajad" by Urban Symphony, was the first ever song in Estonian to chart in the UK, Belgium, and Switzerland.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: Estonia

text: won

text: the

text: Eurovision

text: Song

text: Contest

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: song

text: Everybody

text: performed

text: by

text: Tanel

text: Padar

text: and

text: Dave

text: Benton

text: In

text: Estonia

text: hosted

text: the

text: event

text: Maarja

text: Liis

text: Ilus

text: has

text: competed

text: for

text: Estonia

text: on

text: two

text: occasions

text: and

text: while

text: Eda

text: Ines

text: Etti

text: Koit

text: Toome

text: and

text: Evelin

text: Samuel

text: owe

text: their

text: popularity

text: partly

text: to

text: the

text: Eurovision

text: Song

text: Contest

text: Lenna

text: Kuurmaa

text: is

text: a

text: very

text: popular

text: singer

text: in

text: Europe[citation

text: needed

text: with

text: her

text: band

text: Vanilla

text: Ninja

text: Rändajad

text: by

text: Urban

text: Symphony

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: ever

text: song

text: in

text: Estonian

text: to

text: chart

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: Belgium

text: and

text: Switzerland

question: What year did Estonia win the Eurovision Song Contest?

answer: 2001

question: Who performed the song "Everybody"?

answer: Tanel Padar and Dave Benton

text: Tanel Padar and Dave Benton

question: What year did Estonia host the Eurovision Song Contest?

answer: 2002

question: What performer has represented Estonia two different times?

answer: Maarja-Liis Ilus

text: Maarja-Liis Ilus

question: What was the first ever Estonian song to hit the popular European charts?

answer: "Rändajad" by Urban Symphony

text: "Rändajad" by Urban Symphony


text: Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Strauss and Ludwig Feuerbach. "The first is political, largely French in inspiration, and projects 'humanity as the hero of liberty'. The second is philosophical, German, seeks the totality and autonomy of knowledge, and stresses understanding rather than freedom as the key to human fulfilment and emancipation. The two themes converged and competed in complex ways in the 19th century and beyond, and between them set the boundaries of its various humanisms. Homo homini deus est ("The human being is a god to humanity" or "god is nothing [other than] the human being to himself"), Feuerbach had written.

title: Humanism

title: Humanism

text: Davies

text: identifies

text: Paine

text: 's

text: The

text: Age

text: of

text: Reason

text: as

text: the

text: link

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: major

text: narratives

text: of

text: what

text: Jean

text: François

text: Lyotard

text: calls

text: the

text: narrative

text: of

text: legitimation

text: the

text: rationalism

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Philosophes

text: and

text: the

text: radical

text: historically

text: based

text: German

text: century

text: Biblical

text: criticism

text: of

text: the

text: Hegelians

text: David

text: Friedrich

text: Strauss

text: and

text: Ludwig

text: Feuerbach

text: The

text: first

text: is

text: political

text: largely

text: French

text: in

text: inspiration

text: and

text: projects

text: humanity

text: as

text: the

text: hero

text: of

text: liberty

text: The

text: second

text: is

text: philosophical

text: German

text: seeks

text: the

text: totality

text: and

text: autonomy

text: of

text: knowledge

text: and

text: stresses

text: understanding

text: rather

text: than

text: freedom

text: as

text: the

text: key

text: to

text: human

text: fulfilment

text: and

text: emancipation

text: The

text: two

text: themes

text: converged

text: and

text: competed

text: in

text: complex

text: ways

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: beyond

text: and

text: between

text: them

text: set

text: the

text: boundaries

text: of

text: its

text: various

text: humanisms

text: Homo

text: homini

text: deus

text: est

text: The

text: human

text: being

text: is

text: a

text: god

text: to

text: humanity

text: or

text: god

text: is

text: nothing

text: other

text: than

text: the

text: human

text: being

text: to

text: himself

text: Feuerbach

text: had

text: written

question: What writing was considered a bridge between two other major writings?

answer: The Age of Reason

text: The Age of Reason

question: Which century was the first writing from?

answer: 18th-century

question: Who states imply that humans are their own Gods?

answer: Feuerbach

text: Feuerbach

question: What was the origin of the second writing?

answer: German

text: German

question: What writing was considered a barrier between two other major writings?

text: The Age of Reason

question: Which century was the only writing from?

question: What was the enemy of the second writing?

text: German

question: Who disagreed with the statement "Homo homini deus est"?

text: Feuerbach


text: Others argue that reason was generally held in high regard during the Middle Ages. Science historian Edward Grant writes, "If revolutionary rational thoughts were expressed [in the 18th century], they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities". Also, contrary to common belief, David Lindberg writes, "the late medieval scholar rarely experienced the coercive power of the church and would have regarded himself as free (particularly in the natural sciences) to follow reason and observation wherever they led".

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: Others

text: argue

text: that

text: reason

text: was

text: generally

text: held

text: in

text: high

text: regard

text: during

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Science

text: historian

text: Edward

text: Grant

text: writes

text: If

text: revolutionary

text: rational

text: thoughts

text: were

text: expressed

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: they

text: were

text: only

text: made

text: possible

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: long

text: medieval

text: tradition

text: that

text: established

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: reason

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: of

text: human

text: activities

text: Also

text: contrary

text: to

text: common

text: belief

text: David

text: Lindberg

text: writes

text: the

text: late

text: medieval

text: scholar

text: rarely

text: experienced

text: the

text: coercive

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: church

text: and

text: would

text: have

text: regarded

text: himself

text: as

text: free

text: particularly

text: in

text: the

text: natural

text: sciences

text: to

text: follow

text: reason

text: and

text: observation

text: wherever

text: they

text: led

question: What is Edward Grant a historian of?

answer: Science

text: Science

question: Who argued that scholars in the Middle Ages were rarely coerced by the Church?

answer: David Lindberg

text: David Lindberg

question: According to Grant, the medieval use of reason was the forerunner the revolutionary rationalism of what century?

answer: 18th


text: During the latter half of the 20th century, Washington University transitioned from a strong regional university to a national research institution. In 1957, planning began for the construction of the “South 40,” a complex of modern residential halls. With the additional on-campus housing, Washington University, which had been predominantly a “streetcar college” of commuter students, began to attract a more national pool of applicants. By 1964, over two-thirds of incoming students came from outside the St. Louis area.

title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis

title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis

text: During

text: the

text: latter

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Washington

text: University

text: transitioned

text: from

text: a

text: strong

text: regional

text: university

text: to

text: a

text: national

text: research

text: institution

text: In

text: planning

text: began

text: for

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: a

text: complex

text: of

text: modern

text: residential

text: halls

text: With

text: the

text: additional

text: on

text: campus

text: housing

text: Washington

text: University

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: predominantly

text: a

text: streetcar

text: college

text: of

text: commuter

text: students

text: began

text: to

text: attract

text: a

text: more

text: national

text: pool

text: of

text: applicants

text: By

text: over

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: incoming

text: students

text: came

text: from

text: outside

text: the

text: St.

text: Louis

text: area

question: When did Washington University begin construction of a complex of residential halls?

answer: 1957

question: What name was given to the new residential complex constructed at Washington University?

answer: South 40

text: South 40

question: How did the construction of the new residential complex at Washington University affect the student population?

answer: began to attract a more national pool of applicants

text: began to attract a more national pool of applicants

question: What proportion of students at Washington University came from outside the St. Louis area by 1964?

answer: over two-thirds

text: over two-thirds

question: When did Washington University transition to a national research institution?

answer: During the latter half of the 20th century,

text: During the latter half of the 20th century,

question: In what year did construction start on the "South 40"?

question: In what year was construction completed on the "South 40"?

question: What percentage of incoming students came from outside the St. Louis area in 1957?

text: over two-thirds

question: In what type of housing did the commuter students live in?

text: on-campus housing


text: Jim Foster, a promotions manager with the National Football League, conceived of indoor football while watching an indoor soccer match at Madison Square Garden in 1981. While at the game, he wrote his idea on a 9x12 envelope, with sketches of the field and notes on gameplay. He presented the idea to a few friends at the NFL offices, where he received praise and encouragement for his concept. After solidifying the rules and a business plan, and supplemented with sketches by a professional artist, Foster presented his idea to various television networks. He reached an agreement with NBC for a "test game".

title: Arena_Football_League

title: Arena_Football_League

text: Jim

text: Foster

text: a

text: promotions

text: manager

text: with

text: the

text: National

text: Football

text: League

text: conceived

text: of

text: indoor

text: football

text: while

text: watching

text: an

text: indoor

text: soccer

text: match

text: at

text: Madison

text: Square

text: Garden

text: in

text: While

text: at

text: the

text: game

text: he

text: wrote

text: his

text: idea

text: on

text: a

text: envelope

text: with

text: sketches

text: of

text: the

text: field

text: and

text: notes

text: on

text: gameplay

text: He

text: presented

text: the

text: idea

text: to

text: a

text: few

text: friends

text: at

text: the

text: NFL

text: offices

text: where

text: he

text: received

text: praise

text: and

text: encouragement

text: for

text: his

text: concept

text: After

text: solidifying

text: the

text: rules

text: and

text: a

text: business

text: plan

text: and

text: supplemented

text: with

text: sketches

text: by

text: a

text: professional

text: artist

text: Foster

text: presented

text: his

text: idea

text: to

text: various

text: television

text: networks

text: He

text: reached

text: an

text: agreement

text: with

text: NBC

text: for

text: a

text: test

text: game

question: Who was Jim Foster's employer prior to his founding the Arena Football League?

answer: the National Football League

text: the National Football League

question: What was Jim Foster viewing when he came up with the idea for arena football?

answer: an indoor soccer match

text: an indoor soccer match

question: Where was Jim Foster when he came up with the idea for arena football?

answer: Madison Square Garden

text: Madison Square Garden

question: In what year did Jim Foster conceive of the idea of arena football?

answer: 1981

question: What television network agreed to broadcast an arena football test game?

answer: NBC

text: NBC


text: The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a minimum capability (being Turing-complete) is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore, any type of computer (netbook, supercomputer, cellular automaton, etc.) is able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: The

text: ability

text: to

text: store

text: and

text: execute

text: lists

text: of

text: instructions

text: called

text: programs

text: makes

text: computers

text: extremely

text: versatile

text: distinguishing

text: them

text: from

text: calculators

text: The

text: Church

text: Turing

text: thesis

text: is

text: a

text: mathematical

text: statement

text: of

text: this

text: versatility

text: any

text: computer

text: with

text: a

text: minimum

text: capability

text: being

text: Turing

text: complete

text: is

text: in

text: principle

text: capable

text: of

text: performing

text: the

text: same

text: tasks

text: that

text: any

text: other

text: computer

text: can

text: perform

text: Therefore

text: any

text: type

text: of

text: computer

text: netbook

text: supercomputer

text: cellular

text: automaton

text: etc

text: is

text: able

text: to

text: perform

text: the

text: same

text: computational

text: tasks

text: given

text: enough

text: time

text: and

text: storage

text: capacity

question: The ability to store and execute lists of instructions are called what?

answer: programs

text: programs

question: The mathematical statement of computers versatility is known as what?

answer: The Church–Turing thesis

text: The Church–Turing thesis


text: The Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the mid-to-late 16th century. One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the Eucharist. Early Protestants rejected the Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation, which teaches that the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass lose their natural substance by being transformed into the body, blood, soul, and divinity of Christ. They disagreed with one another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: The

text: Protestant

text: movement

text: began

text: to

text: diverge

text: into

text: several

text: distinct

text: branches

text: in

text: the

text: mid

text: to

text: late

text: century

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: points

text: of

text: divergence

text: was

text: controversy

text: over

text: the

text: Eucharist

text: Early

text: Protestants

text: rejected

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: dogma

text: of

text: transubstantiation

text: which

text: teaches

text: that

text: the

text: bread

text: and

text: wine

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: sacrificial

text: rite

text: of

text: the

text: Mass

text: lose

text: their

text: natural

text: substance

text: by

text: being

text: transformed

text: into

text: the

text: body

text: blood

text: soul

text: and

text: divinity

text: of

text: Christ

text: They

text: disagreed

text: with

text: one

text: another

text: concerning

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: Christ

text: and

text: his

text: body

text: and

text: blood

text: in

text: Holy

text: Communion

question: When did Protestantism begin to split?

answer: the mid-to-late 16th century

text: the mid-to-late 16th century

question: What was one of the main causes of the split in Protestantism?

answer: controversy over the Eucharist

text: controversy over the Eucharist

question: What Catholic belief did early Protestants not agree with?

answer: transubstantiation

text: transubstantiation

question: What two substances are used in a Catholic Mass?

answer: bread and wine

text: bread and wine

question: Whose body and blood is considered present in Holy Communion?

answer: Christ

text: Christ


text: In July 2015, Eton accidentally sent emails to 400 prospective students, offering them conditional entrance to the school in September 2017. The email was intended for nine students, but an IT glitch caused the email to be sent to 400 additional families, who didn't necessarily have a place. In response, the school issued the following statement: "This error was discovered within minutes and each family was immediately contacted to notify them that it should be disregarded and to apologise. We take this type of incident very seriously indeed and so a thorough investigation, overseen by the headmaster Tony Little and led by the tutor for admissions, is being carried out to find out exactly what went wrong and ensure it cannot happen again. Eton College offers its sincere apologies to those boys concerned and their families. We deeply regret the confusion and upset this must have caused."

title: Eton_College

title: Eton_College

text: In

text: July

text: Eton

text: accidentally

text: sent

text: emails

text: to

text: prospective

text: students

text: offering

text: them

text: conditional

text: entrance

text: to

text: the

text: school

text: in

text: September

text: The

text: email

text: was

text: intended

text: for

text: nine

text: students

text: but

text: an

text: IT

text: glitch

text: caused

text: the

text: email

text: to

text: be

text: sent

text: to

text: additional

text: families

text: who

text: did

text: n't

text: necessarily

text: have

text: a

text: place

text: In

text: response

text: the

text: school

text: issued

text: the

text: following

text: statement

text: This

text: error

text: was

text: discovered

text: within

text: minutes

text: and

text: each

text: family

text: was

text: immediately

text: contacted

text: to

text: notify

text: them

text: that

text: it

text: should

text: be

text: disregarded

text: and

text: to

text: apologise

text: We

text: take

text: this

text: type

text: of

text: incident

text: very

text: seriously

text: indeed

text: and

text: so

text: a

text: thorough

text: investigation

text: overseen

text: by

text: the

text: headmaster

text: Tony

text: Little

text: and

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: tutor

text: for

text: admissions

text: is

text: being

text: carried

text: out

text: to

text: find

text: out

text: exactly

text: what

text: went

text: wrong

text: and

text: ensure

text: it

text: can

text: not

text: happen

text: again

text: Eton

text: College

text: offers

text: its

text: sincere

text: apologies

text: to

text: those

text: boys

text: concerned

text: and

text: their

text: families

text: We

text: deeply

text: regret

text: the

text: confusion

text: and

text: upset

text: this

text: must

text: have

text: caused

question: When was an accidental email sent to potential students of Eton that warranted a personal apology to each family?

answer: July 2015

text: July 2015

question: How many prospective students received a mistaken email in July 2015?

answer: 400

question: For how many students was the email mistake originally intended?

answer: nine

text: nine

question: Who was the tutor for admissions at Eton in 2015?

text: Tony Little

question: Who at Eton issued the statement about the erroneous emails?

text: the tutor for admissions

question: In what year did Tony Little become the Headmaster of Eton?

question: How many students does Eton accept each year?


text: The mascot of Northwestern Athletics is Willie the Wildcat. The first mascot, however, was a live, caged bear cub from the Lincoln Park Zoo named Furpaw who was brought to the playing field on the day of a game to greet the fans. But after a losing season, the team, deciding that Furpaw was to blame for its misfortune, banished him from campus forever. Willie the Wildcat made his debut in 1933 first as a logo, and then in three dimensions in 1947, when members of the Alpha Delta fraternity dressed as wildcats during a Homecoming Parade. The Northwestern University Marching Band (NUMB) performs at all home football games and leads cheers in the student section and performs the Alma Mater at the end of the game.

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: The

text: mascot

text: of

text: Northwestern

text: Athletics

text: is

text: Willie

text: the

text: Wildcat

text: The

text: first

text: mascot

text: however

text: was

text: a

text: live

text: caged

text: bear

text: cub

text: from

text: the

text: Lincoln

text: Park

text: Zoo

text: named

text: Furpaw

text: who

text: was

text: brought

text: to

text: the

text: playing

text: field

text: on

text: the

text: day

text: of

text: a

text: game

text: to

text: greet

text: the

text: fans

text: But

text: after

text: a

text: losing

text: season

text: the

text: team

text: deciding

text: that

text: Furpaw

text: was

text: to

text: blame

text: for

text: its

text: misfortune

text: banished

text: him

text: from

text: campus

text: forever

text: Willie

text: the

text: Wildcat

text: made

text: his

text: debut

text: in

text: first

text: as

text: a

text: logo

text: and

text: then

text: in

text: three

text: dimensions

text: in

text: when

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Alpha

text: Delta

text: fraternity

text: dressed

text: as

text: wildcats

text: during

text: a

text: Homecoming

text: Parade

text: The

text: Northwestern

text: University

text: Marching

text: Band

text: NUMB

text: performs

text: at

text: all

text: home

text: football

text: games

text: and

text: leads

text: cheers

text: in

text: the

text: student

text: section

text: and

text: performs

text: the

text: Alma

text: Mater

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: game

question: Who is the mascot of Northwestern Athletics?

answer: Willie the Wildcat

text: Willie the Wildcat

question: What was the first mascot of Northwestern Athletics?

answer: a live, caged bear cub from the Lincoln Park Zoo

text: a live, caged bear cub from the Lincoln Park Zoo

question: What was the name of Northwestern Athletics's bear cub mascot?

answer: Furpaw

text: Furpaw

question: Who did the athletic team blame for it's first losing season?

answer: Furpaw

text: Furpaw

question: What did the athletic team do with Furpaw after they lost the first season?

answer: banished him from campus forever

text: banished him from campus forever

question: Who is the mascot of Southwestern Athletics?

text: Willie the Wildcat

question: What was the second mascot of Northwestern Athletics?

text: live, caged bear cub

question: What was the name of Southwestern Athletics's bear cub mascot?

text: Furpaw

question: Who did the athletic team blame for it's first losing season?

text: Furpaw

question: What did the athletic team do with Furpaw after they lost the third season?

text: banished him from campus forever


text: The early and mid-1980s saw economic trouble for Libya; from 1982 to 1986, the country's annual oil revenues dropped from $21 billion to $5.4 billion. Focusing on irrigation projects, 1983 saw construction start on "Gaddafi's Pet Project", the Great Man-Made River; although designed to be finished by the end of the decade, it remained incomplete at the start of the 21st century. Military spending increased, while other administrative budgets were cut back. Libya had long supported the FROLINAT militia in neighbouring Chad, and in December 1980, re-invaded Chad at the request of the Frolinat-controlled GUNT government to aid in the civil war; in January 1981, Gaddafi suggested a political merger. The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) rejected this, and called for a Libyan withdrawal, which came about in November 1981. The civil war resumed, and so Libya sent troops back in, clashing with French forces who supported the southern Chadian forces. Many African nations had tired of Libya's policies of interference in foreign affairs; by 1980, nine African states had cut off diplomatic relations with Libya, while in 1982 the OAU cancelled its scheduled conference in Tripoli in order to prevent Gaddafi gaining chairmanship. Proposing political unity with Morocco, in August 1984, Gaddafi and Moroccan monarch Hassan II signed the Oujda Treaty, forming the Arab-African Union; such a union was considered surprising due to the strong political differences and longstanding enmity that existed between the two governments. Relations remained strained, particularly due to Morocco's friendly relations with the U.S. and Israel; in August 1986, Hassan abolished the union. Domestic threats continued to plague Gaddafi; in May 1984, his Bab al-Azizia home was unsuccessfully attacked by a joint NFSL–Muslim Brotherhood militia, and in the aftermath 5000 dissidents were arrested.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: The

text: early

text: and

text: saw

text: economic

text: trouble

text: for

text: Libya

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: annual

text: oil

text: revenues

text: dropped

text: from

text: billion

text: to

text: billion

text: Focusing

text: on

text: irrigation

text: projects

text: saw

text: construction

text: start

text: on

text: Gaddafi

text: 's

text: Pet

text: Project

text: the

text: Great

text: Man

text: Made

text: River

text: although

text: designed

text: to

text: be

text: finished

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: decade

text: it

text: remained

text: incomplete

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Military

text: spending

text: increased

text: while

text: other

text: administrative

text: budgets

text: were

text: cut

text: back

text: Libya

text: had

text: long

text: supported

text: the

text: FROLINAT

text: militia

text: in

text: neighbouring

text: Chad

text: and

text: in

text: December

text: re

text: invaded

text: Chad

text: at

text: the

text: request

text: of

text: the

text: Frolinat

text: controlled

text: GUNT

text: government

text: to

text: aid

text: in

text: the

text: civil

text: war

text: in

text: January

text: Gaddafi

text: suggested

text: a

text: political

text: merger

text: The

text: Organisation

text: of

text: African

text: Unity

text: OAU

text: rejected

text: this

text: and

text: called

text: for

text: a

text: Libyan

text: withdrawal

text: which

text: came

text: about

text: in

text: November

text: The

text: civil

text: war

text: resumed

text: and

text: so

text: Libya

text: sent

text: troops

text: back

text: in

text: clashing

text: with

text: French

text: forces

text: who

text: supported

text: the

text: southern

text: Chadian

text: forces

text: Many

text: African

text: nations

text: had

text: tired

text: of

text: Libya

text: 's

text: policies

text: of

text: interference

text: in

text: foreign

text: affairs

text: by

text: nine

text: African

text: states

text: had

text: cut

text: off

text: diplomatic

text: relations

text: with

text: Libya

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: OAU

text: cancelled

text: its

text: scheduled

text: conference

text: in

text: Tripoli

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: prevent

text: Gaddafi

text: gaining

text: chairmanship

text: Proposing

text: political

text: unity

text: with

text: Morocco

text: in

text: August

text: Gaddafi

text: and

text: Moroccan

text: monarch

text: Hassan

text: II

text: signed

text: the

text: Oujda

text: Treaty

text: forming

text: the

text: Arab

text: African

text: Union

text: such

text: a

text: union

text: was

text: considered

text: surprising

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: strong

text: political

text: differences

text: and

text: longstanding

text: enmity

text: that

text: existed

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: governments

text: Relations

text: remained

text: strained

text: particularly

text: due

text: to

text: Morocco

text: 's

text: friendly

text: relations

text: with

text: the

text: U.S.

text: and

text: Israel

text: in

text: August

text: Hassan

text: abolished

text: the

text: union

text: Domestic

text: threats

text: continued

text: to

text: plague

text: Gaddafi

text: in

text: May

text: his

text: Bab

text: al

text: Azizia

text: home

text: was

text: unsuccessfully

text: attacked

text: by

text: a

text: joint

text: NFSL

text: Muslim

text: Brotherhood

text: militia

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: aftermath

text: dissidents

text: were

text: arrested

question: How much money did Libya earn from oil in 1986?

answer: $5.4 billion

text: $5.4 billion

question: What was another name for the Great Man-Made River?

answer: Gaddafi's Pet Project

text: Gaddafi's Pet Project

question: In what country did FROLINAT operate?

answer: Chad

text: Chad

question: In what year did the Libyan military pull out of Chad at the behest of the OAU?

answer: 1981

question: Who was the ruler of Morocco in 1984?

answer: Hassan II

text: Hassan II


text: John was incensed about what he perceived as an abrogation of his customary right as monarch to influence the election. He complained both about the choice of Langton as an individual, as John felt he was overly influenced by the Capetian court in Paris, and about the process as a whole. He barred Langton from entering England and seized the lands of the archbishopric and other papal possessions. Innocent set a commission in place to try to convince John to change his mind, but to no avail. Innocent then placed an interdict on England in March 1208, prohibiting clergy from conducting religious services, with the exception of baptisms for the young, and confessions and absolutions for the dying.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: John

text: was

text: incensed

text: about

text: what

text: he

text: perceived

text: as

text: an

text: abrogation

text: of

text: his

text: customary

text: right

text: as

text: monarch

text: to

text: influence

text: the

text: election

text: He

text: complained

text: both

text: about

text: the

text: choice

text: of

text: Langton

text: as

text: an

text: individual

text: as

text: John

text: felt

text: he

text: was

text: overly

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: Capetian

text: court

text: in

text: Paris

text: and

text: about

text: the

text: process

text: as

text: a

text: whole

text: He

text: barred

text: Langton

text: from

text: entering

text: England

text: and

text: seized

text: the

text: lands

text: of

text: the

text: archbishopric

text: and

text: other

text: papal

text: possessions

text: Innocent

text: set

text: a

text: commission

text: in

text: place

text: to

text: try

text: to

text: convince

text: John

text: to

text: change

text: his

text: mind

text: but

text: to

text: no

text: avail

text: Innocent

text: then

text: placed

text: an

text: interdict

text: on

text: England

text: in

text: March

text: prohibiting

text: clergy

text: from

text: conducting

text: religious

text: services

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: baptisms

text: for

text: the

text: young

text: and

text: confessions

text: and

text: absolutions

text: for

text: the

text: dying

question: John felt Langton was overly influenced by what?

answer: the Capetian court in Paris

text: the Capetian court in Paris

question: Who was barred Langton from entering England?

answer: England

text: England

question: when did Innocent place an interdict on England?

answer: March 1208

text: March 1208


text: The Arena Football League (AFL) is the highest level of professional indoor American football in the United States. It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League. It is played indoors on a 68-yard field (about half the distance of an NFL field), resulting in a faster-paced and higher-scoring game. The sport was invented in the early 1980s and patented by Foster, a former executive of the United States Football League and the National Football League.

title: Arena_Football_League

title: Arena_Football_League

text: The

text: Arena

text: Football

text: League

text: AFL

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: level

text: of

text: professional

text: indoor

text: American

text: football

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Jim

text: Foster

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: third

text: longest

text: running

text: professional

text: football

text: league

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: after

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Football

text: League

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Football

text: League

text: It

text: is

text: played

text: indoors

text: on

text: a

text: field

text: about

text: half

text: the

text: distance

text: of

text: an

text: NFL

text: field

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: faster

text: paced

text: and

text: higher

text: scoring

text: game

text: The

text: sport

text: was

text: invented

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: and

text: patented

text: by

text: Foster

text: a

text: former

text: executive

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Football

text: League

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Football

text: League

question: Who was the founder of the Arena Football League?

answer: Jim Foster

text: Jim Foster

question: What was the inaugural year of the AFL?

answer: 1987

question: Where does the Arena Football League rank amongst professional football leagues in North America by longevity?

answer: third

text: third

question: In yards, how large is an arena football field?

answer: 68

question: What fraction of the size of an NFL football field is an arena football field?

answer: half

text: half


text: Napoleon knew that the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head-to-head battle, so he planned to lure it away from the English Channel through diversionary tactics. The main strategic idea involved the French Navy escaping from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threatening to attack the West Indies. In the face of this attack, it was hoped, the British would weaken their defense of the Western Approaches by sending ships to the Caribbean, allowing a combined Franco-Spanish fleet to take control of the channel long enough for French armies to cross and invade. However, the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to Cádiz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

text: knew

text: that

text: the

text: French

text: fleet

text: could

text: not

text: defeat

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: in

text: a

text: head

text: to

text: head

text: battle

text: so

text: he

text: planned

text: to

text: lure

text: it

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

text: through

text: diversionary

text: tactics

text: The

text: main

text: strategic

text: idea

text: involved

text: the

text: French

text: Navy

text: escaping

text: from

text: the

text: British

text: blockades

text: of

text: Toulon

text: and

text: Brest

text: and

text: threatening

text: to

text: attack

text: the

text: West

text: Indies

text: In

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: this

text: attack

text: it

text: was

text: hoped

text: the

text: British

text: would

text: weaken

text: their

text: defense

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Approaches

text: by

text: sending

text: ships

text: to

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: allowing

text: a

text: combined

text: Franco

text: Spanish

text: fleet

text: to

text: take

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: channel

text: long

text: enough

text: for

text: French

text: armies

text: to

text: cross

text: and

text: invade

text: However

text: the

text: plan

text: unraveled

text: after

text: the

text: British

text: victory

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Cape

text: Finisterre

text: in

text: July

text: French

text: Admiral

text: Villeneuve

text: then

text: retreated

text: to

text: Cádiz

text: instead

text: of

text: linking

text: up

text: with

text: French

text: naval

text: forces

text: at

text: Brest

text: for

text: an

text: attack

text: on

text: the

text: English

text: Channel

question: Napoleon acknowledged that the fleet of France was no match for what rival fleet in direct combat?

answer: the Royal Navy

text: the Royal Navy

question: Napoleon's plan to divert the British involved a French Navy attack on what islands?

answer: the West Indies.

text: the West Indies.

question: Napoleon hoped an attack on the West Indies would cause the British to lessen their defenses where?

answer: the Western Approaches

text: the Western Approaches

question: Napoleon's naval plan came apart after British triumph at which Battle?

answer: the Battle of Cape Finisterre

text: the Battle of Cape Finisterre

question: When did the Battle of Cape Finisterre occur?

answer: July 1805

text: July 1805


text: Chopin took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by the Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. He was the first to write ballades and scherzi as individual concert pieces. He essentially established a new genre with his own set of free-standing preludes (Op. 28, published 1839). He exploited the poetic potential of the concept of the concert étude, already being developed in the 1820s and 1830s by Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles, in his two sets of studies (Op. 10 published in 1833, Op. 25 in 1837).

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Chopin

text: took

text: the

text: new

text: salon

text: genre

text: of

text: the

text: nocturne

text: invented

text: by

text: the

text: Irish

text: composer

text: John

text: Field

text: to

text: a

text: deeper

text: level

text: of

text: sophistication

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: write

text: ballades

text: and

text: scherzi

text: as

text: individual

text: concert

text: pieces

text: He

text: essentially

text: established

text: a

text: new

text: genre

text: with

text: his

text: own

text: set

text: of

text: free

text: standing

text: preludes

text: Op

text: published

text: He

text: exploited

text: the

text: poetic

text: potential

text: of

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: the

text: concert

text: étude

text: already

text: being

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: by

text: Liszt

text: Clementi

text: and

text: Moscheles

text: in

text: his

text: two

text: sets

text: of

text: studies

text: Op

text: published

text: in

text: Op

text: in

question: Who is credited with creating the nocturne?

answer: John Field

text: John Field

question: Chopin was the first person to create what as singular concert pieces?

answer: ballades and scherzi

text: ballades and scherzi

question: What new genre di John Field invent?

answer: nocturne

text: nocturne

question: Chopin was first in writing what for concerts?

answer: ballades and scherzi

text: ballades and scherzi

question: What musical concept did Chopin exploit?

answer: concert étude

text: concert étude

question: What three other musicians were developing the new genre?

answer: Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles

text: Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles


text: Surviving remains of 12th century merchants' houses such as King John's House and Canute's Palace are evidence of the wealth that existed in the town at this time. In 1348, the Black Death reached England via merchant vessels calling at Southampton.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: Surviving

text: remains

text: of

text: century

text: merchants

text: houses

text: such

text: as

text: King

text: John

text: 's

text: House

text: and

text: Canute

text: 's

text: Palace

text: are

text: evidence

text: of

text: the

text: wealth

text: that

text: existed

text: in

text: the

text: town

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: In

text: the

text: Black

text: Death

text: reached

text: England

text: via

text: merchant

text: vessels

text: calling

text: at

text: Southampton

question: Ruins of merchants' homes that survive today are evidence that Southampton had rich people in what century?

answer: 12th

question: What plague made it to England because of all the ships visiting Southampton in the 14th century?

answer: Black Death

text: Black Death

question: What year did the Black Death arrive in England for the first time?

answer: 1348

question: In addition to King John's House, what's the name of another rich merchant's dwelling that still partly remains?

answer: Canute's Palace

text: Canute's Palace


text: Universities of Technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc.(Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and Åbo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: Universities

text: of

text: Technology

text: are

text: categorised

text: as

text: universities

text: are

text: allowed

text: to

text: grant

text: B.Sc

text: Tech

text: M.Sc

text: Tech

text: Lic

text: Sc

text: Tech

text: Ph.D.

text: and

text: D.Sc.(Tech

text: degrees

text: and

text: roughly

text: correspond

text: to

text: Instituts

text: de

text: technologie

text: of

text: French

text: speaking

text: areas

text: and

text: Technische

text: Universität

text: of

text: Germany

text: in

text: prestige

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: universities

text: of

text: technology

text: some

text: universities

text: e.g.

text: University

text: of

text: Oulu

text: and

text: Åbo

text: Akademi

text: University

text: are

text: allowed

text: to

text: grant

text: the

text: B.Sc

text: tech

text: M.Sc

text: tech

text: and

text: D.Sc

text: Tech

text: degrees

question: What's the equivalent of Universities of Technology in French-speaking areas?

answer: Instituts de technologie

text: Instituts de technologie


text: John Keate, Head Master from 1809 to 1834, took over at a time when discipline was poor. Anthony Chenevix-Trench, Head Master from 1964 to 1970, abolished the birch and replaced it with caning, also applied to the bare posterior, which he administered privately in his office. Chenevix-Trench also abolished corporal punishment administered by senior boys. Previously, House Captains were permitted to cane miscreants over the seat of the trousers. This was a routine occurrence, carried out privately with the boy bending over with his head under the edge of a table. Less common but more severe were the canings administered by Pop (see Eton Society below) in the form of a "Pop-Tanning", in which a large number of hard strokes were inflicted by the President of Pop in the presence of all Pop members (or, in earlier times, each member of Pop took it in turns to inflict a stroke). The culprit was summoned to appear in a pair of old trousers, as the caning would cut the cloth to shreds. This was the most severe form of physical punishment at Eton.

title: Eton_College

title: Eton_College

text: John

text: Keate

text: Head

text: Master

text: from

text: to

text: took

text: over

text: at

text: a

text: time

text: when

text: discipline

text: was

text: poor

text: Anthony

text: Chenevix

text: Trench

text: Head

text: Master

text: from

text: to

text: abolished

text: the

text: birch

text: and

text: replaced

text: it

text: with

text: caning

text: also

text: applied

text: to

text: the

text: bare

text: posterior

text: which

text: he

text: administered

text: privately

text: in

text: his

text: office

text: Chenevix

text: Trench

text: also

text: abolished

text: corporal

text: punishment

text: administered

text: by

text: senior

text: boys

text: Previously

text: House

text: Captains

text: were

text: permitted

text: to

text: cane

text: miscreants

text: over

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: the

text: trousers

text: This

text: was

text: a

text: routine

text: occurrence

text: carried

text: out

text: privately

text: with

text: the

text: boy

text: bending

text: over

text: with

text: his

text: head

text: under

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: a

text: table

text: Less

text: common

text: but

text: more

text: severe

text: were

text: the

text: canings

text: administered

text: by

text: Pop

text: see

text: Eton

text: Society

text: below

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: a

text: Pop

text: Tanning

text: in

text: which

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: hard

text: strokes

text: were

text: inflicted

text: by

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: Pop

text: in

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: all

text: Pop

text: members

text: or

text: in

text: earlier

text: times

text: each

text: member

text: of

text: Pop

text: took

text: it

text: in

text: turns

text: to

text: inflict

text: a

text: stroke

text: The

text: culprit

text: was

text: summoned

text: to

text: appear

text: in

text: a

text: pair

text: of

text: old

text: trousers

text: as

text: the

text: caning

text: would

text: cut

text: the

text: cloth

text: to

text: shreds

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: severe

text: form

text: of

text: physical

text: punishment

text: at

text: Eton

question: The birch was abolished and replaced with what?

answer: caning

text: caning

question: What was the most severe form of physical punishment at Eton referred to as?

answer: "Pop-Tanning"

text: "Pop-Tanning"

question: Why was a subject ordered to appear to Pop-Tanning in old trousers?

answer: the caning would cut the cloth to shreds

text: the caning would cut the cloth to shreds

question: Which Head Master abolished corporal punishment by peers?

answer: Chenevix-Trench

text: Chenevix-Trench

question: Who administered caning privately in his office?

answer: Anthony Chenevix-Trench

text: Anthony Chenevix-Trench

question: Who started the practice of using a birch to discipline students?

text: John Keate

question: Who started allowing senior boys to apply corporal punishment?

text: John Keate

question: How were students hit with the birch by Head Masters?

text: over the seat of the trousers

question: Who was one of the President's of Pop?

text: Anthony Chenevix-Trench

question: Who came up with the term "Pop-Tanning"?

text: John Keate


text: Rawski writes that Altan Khan's conversion to the Gelug "can be interpreted as an attempt to expand his authority in his conflict with his nominal superior, Tümen Khan." To further cement the Mongol-Tibetan alliance, the great-grandson of Altan Khan—the 4th Dalai Lama (1589–1616)—was made the fourth Dalai Lama. In 1642, the 5th Dalai Lama (1617–1682) became the first to wield effective political control over Tibet.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Rawski

text: writes

text: that

text: Altan

text: Khan

text: 's

text: conversion

text: to

text: the

text: Gelug

text: can

text: be

text: interpreted

text: as

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: expand

text: his

text: authority

text: in

text: his

text: conflict

text: with

text: his

text: nominal

text: superior

text: Tümen

text: Khan

text: To

text: further

text: cement

text: the

text: Mongol

text: Tibetan

text: alliance

text: the

text: great

text: grandson

text: of

text: Altan

text: Khan

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: made

text: the

text: fourth

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: In

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: wield

text: effective

text: political

text: control

text: over

text: Tibet

question: Who was Altan Khan's nominal superior?

answer: Tümen Khan

text: Tümen Khan

question: To make the Mongol-Tibetan alliance stronger who became the 4th Dalai Lama?

answer: the great-grandson of Altan Khan

text: the great-grandson of Altan Khan

question: Who was the first Dalai Lama to have political control over Tibet?

answer: the 5th Dalai Lama

text: the 5th Dalai Lama

question: When did the 5th Dalai Lama gain political control over Tibet?

answer: In 1642

text: In 1642


text: Approximately 10,000 years ago, desertification forced hunter-gatherer societies south into the Sahel regions of northern Central Africa, where some groups settled and began farming as part of the Neolithic Revolution. Initial farming of white yam progressed into millet and sorghum, and before 3000 BC the domestication of African oil palm improved the groups' nutrition and allowed for expansion of the local populations. Bananas arrived in the region and added an important source of carbohydrates to the diet; they were also used in the production of alcoholic beverages.[when?] This Agricultural Revolution, combined with a "Fish-stew Revolution", in which fishing began to take place, and the use of boats, allowed for the transportation of goods. Products were often moved in ceramic pots, which are the first known examples of artistic expression from the region's inhabitants.

title: Central_African_Republic

title: Central_African_Republic

text: Approximately

text: years

text: ago

text: desertification

text: forced

text: hunter

text: gatherer

text: societies

text: south

text: into

text: the

text: Sahel

text: regions

text: of

text: northern

text: Central

text: Africa

text: where

text: some

text: groups

text: settled

text: and

text: began

text: farming

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Neolithic

text: Revolution

text: Initial

text: farming

text: of

text: white

text: yam

text: progressed

text: into

text: millet

text: and

text: sorghum

text: and

text: before

text: BC

text: the

text: domestication

text: of

text: African

text: oil

text: palm

text: improved

text: the

text: groups

text: nutrition

text: and

text: allowed

text: for

text: expansion

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: populations

text: Bananas

text: arrived

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: and

text: added

text: an

text: important

text: source

text: of

text: carbohydrates

text: to

text: the

text: diet

text: they

text: were

text: also

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: alcoholic

text: beverages.[when

text: This

text: Agricultural

text: Revolution

text: combined

text: with

text: a

text: Fish

text: stew

text: Revolution

text: in

text: which

text: fishing

text: began

text: to

text: take

text: place

text: and

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: boats

text: allowed

text: for

text: the

text: transportation

text: of

text: goods

text: Products

text: were

text: often

text: moved

text: in

text: ceramic

text: pots

text: which

text: are

text: the

text: first

text: known

text: examples

text: of

text: artistic

text: expression

text: from

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: inhabitants

question: How long ago did people start living in the area?

answer: Approximately 10,000 years ago

text: Approximately 10,000 years ago

question: What agricultural job did people settling in the area perform?

answer: farming

text: farming

question: What vegetation helped populations expand?

answer: African oil palm

text: African oil palm

question: What was an imported food that provided most of the carbohydrates?

answer: Bananas

text: Bananas

question: What important protein helped with expansion of the inhabitants?

answer: Fish

text: Fish

question: How long ago did farming force hunter-gatherer societies south?

text: Approximately 10,000 years ago

question: What did dedertification allow for the expansion of?

text: the local populations

question: What is production of alcoholic beverages an example of?

text: artistic expression

question: What did a Fish-stew revolution do to the group's eating habits?

text: improved the groups' nutrition

question: What did farming of white yam allow for the transportation of?

text: goods


text: Hydrogen is sometimes produced and consumed in the same industrial process, without being separated. In the Haber process for the production of ammonia, hydrogen is generated from natural gas. Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine also produces hydrogen as a co-product.

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: Hydrogen

text: is

text: sometimes

text: produced

text: and

text: consumed

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: industrial

text: process

text: without

text: being

text: separated

text: In

text: the

text: Haber

text: process

text: for

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: ammonia

text: hydrogen

text: is

text: generated

text: from

text: natural

text: gas

text: Electrolysis

text: of

text: brine

text: to

text: yield

text: chlorine

text: also

text: produces

text: hydrogen

text: as

text: a

text: co

text: product

question: When hydrogen is generated from natural gas, what des it produce?

answer: ammonia

text: ammonia

question: How is hydrogen produced as a co product?

answer: Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine

text: Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine


text: The Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics, a school for some of the state's most gifted math and science pupils, is also located in Oklahoma City.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: The

text: Oklahoma

text: School

text: of

text: Science

text: and

text: Mathematics

text: a

text: school

text: for

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: most

text: gifted

text: math

text: and

text: science

text: pupils

text: is

text: also

text: located

text: in

text: Oklahoma

text: City

question: Where is The Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics located?

answer: Oklahoma City

text: Oklahoma City


text: In the US Air Force, the distinction between bombers, fighters that are actually fighter-bombers, and attack aircraft has become blurred. Many attack aircraft, even ones that look like fighters, are optimized to drop bombs, with very little ability to engage in aerial combat. Many fighter aircraft, such as the F-16, are often used as 'bomb trucks', despite being designed for aerial combat. Perhaps the one meaningful distinction at present is the question of range: a bomber is generally a long-range aircraft capable of striking targets deep within enemy territory, whereas fighter bombers and attack aircraft are limited to 'theater' missions in and around the immediate area of battlefield combat. Even that distinction is muddied by the availability of aerial refueling, which greatly increases the potential radius of combat operations. The US, Russia, and the People's Republic of China operate strategic bombers.

title: United_States_Air_Force

title: United_States_Air_Force

text: In

text: the

text: US

text: Air

text: Force

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: bombers

text: fighters

text: that

text: are

text: actually

text: fighter

text: bombers

text: and

text: attack

text: aircraft

text: has

text: become

text: blurred

text: Many

text: attack

text: aircraft

text: even

text: ones

text: that

text: look

text: like

text: fighters

text: are

text: optimized

text: to

text: drop

text: bombs

text: with

text: very

text: little

text: ability

text: to

text: engage

text: in

text: aerial

text: combat

text: Many

text: fighter

text: aircraft

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: are

text: often

text: used

text: as

text: bomb

text: trucks

text: despite

text: being

text: designed

text: for

text: aerial

text: combat

text: Perhaps

text: the

text: one

text: meaningful

text: distinction

text: at

text: present

text: is

text: the

text: question

text: of

text: range

text: a

text: bomber

text: is

text: generally

text: a

text: long

text: range

text: aircraft

text: capable

text: of

text: striking

text: targets

text: deep

text: within

text: enemy

text: territory

text: whereas

text: fighter

text: bombers

text: and

text: attack

text: aircraft

text: are

text: limited

text: to

text: theater

text: missions

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: the

text: immediate

text: area

text: of

text: battlefield

text: combat

text: Even

text: that

text: distinction

text: is

text: muddied

text: by

text: the

text: availability

text: of

text: aerial

text: refueling

text: which

text: greatly

text: increases

text: the

text: potential

text: radius

text: of

text: combat

text: operations

text: The

text: US

text: Russia

text: and

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: operate

text: strategic

text: bombers

question: What are most attack aircraft in the US Air Force designed to do?

answer: drop bombs

text: drop bombs

question: What type of USAF aircraft is designed for long range airstrike attacks?

answer: bomber

text: bomber

question: What types of aircraft are typically limited to close proximity of battlefield conflict by the USAF?

answer: fighter bombers and attack aircraft

text: fighter bombers and attack aircraft

question: What increases the radius of combat missions by the US Air Force?

answer: aerial refueling

text: aerial refueling

question: What countries utilize strategic bomber aircraft in their missions?

answer: US, Russia, and the People's Republic of China

text: US, Russia, and the People's Republic of China


text: Filming temporarily returned to England to shoot scenes at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, which stood in for a location in Rome, before moving on to the city itself for a five-week shoot across the city, with locations including the Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum. The production faced opposition from a variety of special interest groups and city authorities, who were concerned about the potential for damage to historical sites around the city, and problems with graffiti and rubbish appearing in the film. A car chase scene set along the banks of the Tiber River and through the streets of Rome featured an Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75. The C-X75 was originally developed as a hybrid electric vehicle with four independent electric engines powered by two jet turbines, before the project was cancelled. The version used for filming was converted to use a conventional internal combustion engine, to minimise the potential for disruption from mechanical problems with the complex hybrid system. The C-X75s used for filming were developed by the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams, who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar.

title: Spectre_(2015_film)

title: Spectre_(2015_film

text: Filming

text: temporarily

text: returned

text: to

text: England

text: to

text: shoot

text: scenes

text: at

text: Blenheim

text: Palace

text: in

text: Oxfordshire

text: which

text: stood

text: in

text: for

text: a

text: location

text: in

text: Rome

text: before

text: moving

text: on

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: itself

text: for

text: a

text: five

text: week

text: shoot

text: across

text: the

text: city

text: with

text: locations

text: including

text: the

text: Ponte

text: Sisto

text: bridge

text: and

text: the

text: Roman

text: Forum

text: The

text: production

text: faced

text: opposition

text: from

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: special

text: interest

text: groups

text: and

text: city

text: authorities

text: who

text: were

text: concerned

text: about

text: the

text: potential

text: for

text: damage

text: to

text: historical

text: sites

text: around

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: problems

text: with

text: graffiti

text: and

text: rubbish

text: appearing

text: in

text: the

text: film

text: A

text: car

text: chase

text: scene

text: set

text: along

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: Tiber

text: River

text: and

text: through

text: the

text: streets

text: of

text: Rome

text: featured

text: an

text: Aston

text: Martin

text: and

text: a

text: Jaguar

text: C

text: The

text: C

text: was

text: originally

text: developed

text: as

text: a

text: hybrid

text: electric

text: vehicle

text: with

text: four

text: independent

text: electric

text: engines

text: powered

text: by

text: two

text: jet

text: turbines

text: before

text: the

text: project

text: was

text: cancelled

text: The

text: version

text: used

text: for

text: filming

text: was

text: converted

text: to

text: use

text: a

text: conventional

text: internal

text: combustion

text: engine

text: to

text: minimise

text: the

text: potential

text: for

text: disruption

text: from

text: mechanical

text: problems

text: with

text: the

text: complex

text: hybrid

text: system

text: The

text: C

text: used

text: for

text: filming

text: were

text: developed

text: by

text: the

text: engineering

text: division

text: of

text: Formula

text: One

text: racing

text: team

text: Williams

text: who

text: built

text: the

text: original

text: C

text: prototype

text: for

text: Jaguar

question: What are two landmarks in Rome used in filming Spectre?

answer: Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum

text: Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum

question: Which group was responsible for the C-X75s featured in Spectre?

answer: Williams

text: Williams

question: For which auto maker did Williams first develop the C-X75?

answer: Jaguar

text: Jaguar

question: How many engines did the C-X75 originally have?

answer: four

text: four

question: Where in England were scenes shot that represented a location in Rome?

answer: Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire

text: Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire

question: What bridge in Rome was a filming location?

answer: the Ponte Sisto bridge

text: the Ponte Sisto bridge

question: What two cars were featured in a chase scene along the banks of the Tiber River?

answer: Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75

text: Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75

question: Which Formula One racing team developed the C-X75's used for filming.

answer: Williams

text: Williams

question: What company did the Williams Formula One team originally build the C-X75 prototype for?

answer: Jaguar.

text: Jaguar.

question: The production faced support from a variety of what groups?

text: special interest

question: The production faced support from a variety of what authorities?

text: city

question: A car crash was set along which river?

text: Tiber

question: What palace in France was used for filming?

text: Blenheim


text: Von Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the "implosion" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly".

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: Von

text: Neumann

text: 's

text: principal

text: contribution

text: to

text: the

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: concept

text: and

text: design

text: of

text: the

text: explosive

text: lenses

text: needed

text: to

text: compress

text: the

text: plutonium

text: core

text: of

text: the

text: Fat

text: Man

text: weapon

text: that

text: was

text: later

text: dropped

text: on

text: Nagasaki

text: While

text: von

text: Neumann

text: did

text: not

text: originate

text: the

text: implosion

text: concept

text: he

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: most

text: persistent

text: proponents

text: encouraging

text: its

text: continued

text: development

text: against

text: the

text: instincts

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: his

text: colleagues

text: who

text: felt

text: such

text: a

text: design

text: to

text: be

text: unworkable

text: He

text: also

text: eventually

text: came

text: up

text: with

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: using

text: more

text: powerful

text: shaped

text: charges

text: and

text: less

text: fissionable

text: material

text: to

text: greatly

text: increase

text: the

text: speed

text: of

text: assembly

question: What principal contribution did von Neumann make to atomic bomb?

answer: concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core

text: concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core

question: Did von Nemann think that the atomic bomb design was not workable?

answer: he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development

text: he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development

question: What additional ideas did von Neumann contribute to Atomic bomb?

answer: more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly"

text: more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly"


text: The Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of "worldwide extinction" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act's ban on interstate commerce to include mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans. Reptiles were added mainly to reduce the rampant poaching of alligators and crocodiles. This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection.

title: Endangered_Species_Act

title: Endangered_Species_Act

text: The

text: Endangered

text: Species

text: Conservation

text: Act

text: P.

text: L.

text: passed

text: in

text: December

text: amended

text: the

text: original

text: law

text: to

text: provide

text: additional

text: protection

text: to

text: species

text: in

text: danger

text: of

text: worldwide

text: extinction

text: by

text: prohibiting

text: their

text: importation

text: and

text: subsequent

text: sale

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: It

text: expanded

text: the

text: Lacey

text: Act

text: 's

text: ban

text: on

text: interstate

text: commerce

text: to

text: include

text: mammals

text: reptiles

text: amphibians

text: mollusks

text: and

text: crustaceans

text: Reptiles

text: were

text: added

text: mainly

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: rampant

text: poaching

text: of

text: alligators

text: and

text: crocodiles

text: This

text: law

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: that

text: invertebrates

text: were

text: included

text: for

text: protection

question: When was the Endangered Species Conservation Act passed?

answer: December, 1969

text: December, 1969

question: How did the Endangered Species Conservation Act benefit endangered species?

answer: by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States

text: by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States

question: What did the Endangered Species Conservation Act add to the wildlife definition of the Lacey Act?

answer: mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans

text: mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans

question: What two reptiles were particularly of interest for the inclusion of "reptiles" in the Endangered Species Conservation Act?

answer: alligators and crocodiles

text: alligators and crocodiles

question: What important precedent did this set for invertebrates?

answer: This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection

text: This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection

question: What repealed the Lacey Act?

text: Endangered Species Conservation Act

question: What is the identification number for the Lacey Act?

text: P. L. 91-135

question: Why were mammals added to the protected species list?

question: When was the Lacey Act passed?

text: December, 1969

question: What was excluded in the 1969 law?


text: A further limitation of the gramophone record is that fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses; there is more vinyl per second available for fine reproduction of high frequencies at the large-diameter beginning of the groove than exist at the smaller-diameters close to the end of the side. At the start of a groove on an LP there are 510 mm of vinyl per second traveling past the stylus while the ending of the groove gives 200–210 mm of vinyl per second — less than half the linear resolution. Distortion towards the end of the side is likely to become more apparent as record wear increases.*

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: A

text: further

text: limitation

text: of

text: the

text: gramophone

text: record

text: is

text: that

text: fidelity

text: steadily

text: declines

text: as

text: playback

text: progresses

text: there

text: is

text: more

text: vinyl

text: per

text: second

text: available

text: for

text: fine

text: reproduction

text: of

text: high

text: frequencies

text: at

text: the

text: large

text: diameter

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: groove

text: than

text: exist

text: at

text: the

text: smaller

text: diameters

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: side

text: At

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: a

text: groove

text: on

text: an

text: LP

text: there

text: are

text: mm

text: of

text: vinyl

text: per

text: second

text: traveling

text: past

text: the

text: stylus

text: while

text: the

text: ending

text: of

text: the

text: groove

text: gives

text: mm

text: of

text: vinyl

text: per

text: second

text: less

text: than

text: half

text: the

text: linear

text: resolution

text: Distortion

text: towards

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: side

text: is

text: likely

text: to

text: become

text: more

text: apparent

text: as

text: record

text: wear

text: increases

question: When is distortion most common on a gramophone record?

answer: Distortion towards the end of the side

text: Distortion towards the end of the side

question: What happens as a record wears?

answer: Distortion

text: Distortion

question: What is a drawback of using gramophones?

answer: fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses

text: fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses

question: How much vinyl can be found at the start of an LP?

answer: 510 mm

text: 510 mm

question: Where can you find only 200-210mm of vinyl?

answer: ending of the groove

text: ending of the groove


text: Śīla refers to overall principles of ethical behavior. There are several levels of sīla, which correspond to "basic morality" (five precepts), "basic morality with asceticism" (eight precepts), "novice monkhood" (ten precepts) and "monkhood" (Vinaya or Patimokkha). Lay people generally undertake to live by the five precepts, which are common to all Buddhist schools. If they wish, they can choose to undertake the eight precepts, which add basic asceticism.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Śīla

text: refers

text: to

text: overall

text: principles

text: of

text: ethical

text: behavior

text: There

text: are

text: several

text: levels

text: of

text: sīla

text: which

text: correspond

text: to

text: basic

text: morality

text: five

text: precepts

text: basic

text: morality

text: with

text: asceticism

text: eight

text: precepts

text: novice

text: monkhood

text: ten

text: precepts

text: and

text: monkhood

text: Vinaya

text: or

text: Patimokkha

text: Lay

text: people

text: generally

text: undertake

text: to

text: live

text: by

text: the

text: five

text: precepts

text: which

text: are

text: common

text: to

text: all

text: Buddhist

text: schools

text: If

text: they

text: wish

text: they

text: can

text: choose

text: to

text: undertake

text: the

text: eight

text: precepts

text: which

text: add

text: basic

text: asceticism

question: What does sila refer to?

answer: overall principles of ethical behavior

text: overall principles of ethical behavior

question: Lay people tend to live by the five what?

answer: precepts

text: precepts

question: Schools can undertake eight precepts, which add basic what?

answer: asceticism.

text: asceticism.


text: Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world. Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown, which was designed by Norman Hartnell. In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding. The Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, was not invited either.

title: Elizabeth_II

title: Elizabeth_II

text: Elizabeth

text: and

text: Philip

text: were

text: married

text: on

text: November

text: at

text: Westminster

text: Abbey

text: They

text: received

text: wedding

text: gifts

text: from

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: Because

text: Britain

text: had

text: not

text: yet

text: completely

text: recovered

text: from

text: the

text: devastation

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: Elizabeth

text: required

text: ration

text: coupons

text: to

text: buy

text: the

text: material

text: for

text: her

text: gown

text: which

text: was

text: designed

text: by

text: Norman

text: Hartnell

text: In

text: post

text: war

text: Britain

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: acceptable

text: for

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Edinburgh

text: 's

text: German

text: relations

text: including

text: his

text: three

text: surviving

text: sisters

text: to

text: be

text: invited

text: to

text: the

text: wedding

text: The

text: Duke

text: of

text: Windsor

text: formerly

text: King

text: Edward

text: VIII

text: was

text: not

text: invited

text: either

question: When were Elizabeth and Philip married?

answer: 20 November 1947

text: 20 November 1947

question: At what famous cathedral was Elizabeth married?

answer: Westminster Abbey

text: Westminster Abbey

question: How many wedding gifts did Elizabeth and Philip receive?

answer: 2500

question: Who designed Elizabeth's wedding gown?

answer: Norman Hartnell

text: Norman Hartnell

question: What former King was not invited to the wedding?

answer: Duke of Windsor

text: Duke of Windsor

question: How many gifts did Elizabeth and Philip receive from British citizens?

question: How many people attended Elizabeth and Philip's wedding?

question: How many sisters did Philip have in all?

text: three

question: In what year did King Edward VIII abdicate the throne?

question: How many ration coupons did Elizabeth need to buy for her gown?


text: The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."

title: Human_Development_Index

title: Human_Development_Index

text: The

text: Inequality

text: adjusted

text: Human

text: Development

text: Index

text: IHDI

text: is

text: a

text: measure

text: of

text: the

text: average

text: level

text: of

text: human

text: development

text: of

text: people

text: in

text: a

text: society

text: once

text: inequality

text: is

text: taken

text: into

text: account

question: Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development?

answer: the average level

text: the average level

question: Does the IHDI measure the "abnormal" or the "lack of potential" level of human development?

text: average level of human

question: What does the HIDI stand for?


text: In ordinary circumstances, transduction, conjugation, and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species, but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences, such as the transfer of antibiotic resistance. In such cases, gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment is called horizontal gene transfer and may be common under natural conditions. Gene transfer is particularly important in antibiotic resistance as it allows the rapid transfer of resistance genes between different pathogens.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: In

text: ordinary

text: circumstances

text: transduction

text: conjugation

text: and

text: transformation

text: involve

text: transfer

text: of

text: DNA

text: between

text: individual

text: bacteria

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: species

text: but

text: occasionally

text: transfer

text: may

text: occur

text: between

text: individuals

text: of

text: different

text: bacterial

text: species

text: and

text: this

text: may

text: have

text: significant

text: consequences

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: transfer

text: of

text: antibiotic

text: resistance

text: In

text: such

text: cases

text: gene

text: acquisition

text: from

text: other

text: bacteria

text: or

text: the

text: environment

text: is

text: called

text: horizontal

text: gene

text: transfer

text: and

text: may

text: be

text: common

text: under

text: natural

text: conditions

text: Gene

text: transfer

text: is

text: particularly

text: important

text: in

text: antibiotic

text: resistance

text: as

text: it

text: allows

text: the

text: rapid

text: transfer

text: of

text: resistance

text: genes

text: between

text: different

text: pathogens

question: Between what species do usually transduction, conjugation and transformation take place?

answer: the same species

text: the same species

question: What are the consequences of transfer between different species of bacteria?

answer: transfer of antibiotic resistance

text: transfer of antibiotic resistance

question: What is horizontal gene transfer?

answer: gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment

text: gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment


text: There is a strong relationship between the properties of wood and the properties of the particular tree that yielded it. The density of wood varies with species. The density of a wood correlates with its strength (mechanical properties). For example, mahogany is a medium-dense hardwood that is excellent for fine furniture crafting, whereas balsa is light, making it useful for model building. One of the densest woods is black ironwood.

title: Wood

title: Wood

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: strong

text: relationship

text: between

text: the

text: properties

text: of

text: wood

text: and

text: the

text: properties

text: of

text: the

text: particular

text: tree

text: that

text: yielded

text: it

text: The

text: density

text: of

text: wood

text: varies

text: with

text: species

text: The

text: density

text: of

text: a

text: wood

text: correlates

text: with

text: its

text: strength

text: mechanical

text: properties

text: For

text: example

text: mahogany

text: is

text: a

text: medium

text: dense

text: hardwood

text: that

text: is

text: excellent

text: for

text: fine

text: furniture

text: crafting

text: whereas

text: balsa

text: is

text: light

text: making

text: it

text: useful

text: for

text: model

text: building

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: densest

text: woods

text: is

text: black

text: ironwood

question: What kind of relationship exists between a tree's properties and its wood's properties?

answer: strong

text: strong

question: What property of wood varies according to species?

answer: density

text: density

question: What property of wood has a correlation to its density?

answer: strength

text: strength

question: Is mahogany a hardwood or a softwood?

answer: hardwood

text: hardwood

question: What hobby is balsa wood often used for?

answer: model building

text: model building


text: As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage.

title: Late_Middle_Ages

title: Late_Middle_Ages

text: As

text: the

text: European

text: population

text: was

text: severely

text: reduced

text: land

text: became

text: more

text: plentiful

text: for

text: the

text: survivors

text: and

text: labour

text: consequently

text: more

text: expensive

text: Attempts

text: by

text: landowners

text: to

text: forcibly

text: reduce

text: wages

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: English

text: Statute

text: of

text: Laborers

text: were

text: doomed

text: to

text: fail

text: These

text: efforts

text: resulted

text: in

text: nothing

text: more

text: than

text: fostering

text: resentment

text: among

text: the

text: peasantry

text: leading

text: to

text: rebellions

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: French

text: Jacquerie

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: English

text: Peasants

text: Revolt

text: in

text: The

text: long

text: term

text: effect

text: was

text: the

text: virtual

text: end

text: of

text: serfdom

text: in

text: Western

text: Europe

text: In

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: landowners

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: exploit

text: the

text: situation

text: to

text: force

text: the

text: peasantry

text: into

text: even

text: more

text: repressive

text: bondage

question: When did the French Jacquerie take place?

answer: 1358

question: What English law was enacted in order to forcibly reduce wages?

answer: Statute of Laborers

text: Statute of Laborers

question: In what year was the Statute of Laborers enacted?

answer: 1351

question: In what year did the English Peasants' Revolt occur?

answer: 1381

question: Which economic system was ultimately ended by the upheavals of the 14th century?

answer: serfdom

text: serfdom

question: When didn't the French Jacquerie take place?

question: What English law was scrapped in order to forcibly reduce wages?

text: Statute of Laborers

question: In what year was the Statute of Laborers rejected?

question: In what year didn't the English Peasants' Revolt occur?

question: Which economic system was ultimately started by the upheavals of the 14th century?

text: serfdom


text: Philadelphia's two major daily newspapers are The Philadelphia Inquirer, which is the eighteenth largest newspaper and third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the country, and the Philadelphia Daily News. Both newspapers were purchased from The McClatchy Company (after buying out Knight Ridder) in 2006 by Philadelphia Media Holdings and operated by the group until the organization declared bankruptcy in 2010. After two years of financial struggle, the two newspapers were sold to Interstate General Media in 2012. The two newspapers have a combined circulation of about 500,000 readers.

title: Philadelphia

title: Philadelphia

text: Philadelphia

text: 's

text: two

text: major

text: daily

text: newspapers

text: are

text: The

text: Philadelphia

text: Inquirer

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: eighteenth

text: largest

text: newspaper

text: and

text: third

text: oldest

text: surviving

text: daily

text: newspaper

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: Philadelphia

text: Daily

text: News

text: Both

text: newspapers

text: were

text: purchased

text: from

text: The

text: McClatchy

text: Company

text: after

text: buying

text: out

text: Knight

text: Ridder

text: in

text: by

text: Philadelphia

text: Media

text: Holdings

text: and

text: operated

text: by

text: the

text: group

text: until

text: the

text: organization

text: declared

text: bankruptcy

text: in

text: After

text: two

text: years

text: of

text: financial

text: struggle

text: the

text: two

text: newspapers

text: were

text: sold

text: to

text: Interstate

text: General

text: Media

text: in

text: The

text: two

text: newspapers

text: have

text: a

text: combined

text: circulation

text: of

text: about

text: readers

question: How many major papers are published?

answer: two

text: two

question: What is the 3rd oldest paper in the nation?

answer: Philadelphia Inquirer

text: Philadelphia Inquirer

question: Who owns the major papers in the city?

answer: Interstate General Media

text: Interstate General Media