text: The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as laid down in Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2%, “a year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area of below 2%” and added that price stability ”was to be maintained over the medium term”. (Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices) Unlike for example the United States Federal Reserve Bank, the ECB has only one primary objective but this objective has never been defined in statutory law, and the HICP target can be termed ad-hoc.

title: European_Central_Bank

title: European_Central_Bank

text: The

text: primary

text: objective

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Central

text: Bank

text: as

text: laid

text: down

text: in

text: Article

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: on

text: the

text: Functioning

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: is

text: to

text: maintain

text: price

text: stability

text: within

text: the

text: Eurozone

text: The

text: Governing

text: Council

text: in

text: October

text: defined

text: price

text: stability

text: as

text: inflation

text: of

text: under

text: a

text: year

text: on

text: year

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: Harmonised

text: Index

text: of

text: Consumer

text: Prices

text: HICP

text: for

text: the

text: euro

text: area

text: of

text: below

text: and

text: added

text: that

text: price

text: stability

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: maintained

text: over

text: the

text: medium

text: term

text: Harmonised

text: Index

text: of

text: Consumer

text: Prices

text: Unlike

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Federal

text: Reserve

text: Bank

text: the

text: ECB

text: has

text: only

text: one

text: primary

text: objective

text: but

text: this

text: objective

text: has

text: never

text: been

text: defined

text: in

text: statutory

text: law

text: and

text: the

text: HICP

text: target

text: can

text: be

text: termed

text: ad

text: hoc

question: What is price stability defined as?

answer: inflation of under 2%

text: inflation of under 2%

question: What did the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices state that price stability had to be maintained at?

answer: over the medium term

text: over the medium term

question: When did the Governing Council define price stability?

answer: October 1998

text: October 1998

question: What is the primary goal of the ECB?

answer: maintain price stability within the Eurozone

text: maintain price stability within the Eurozone

question: Where is the primary mission of the European Central Bank listed?

answer: Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

text: Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

question: What is price stability incorrectly defined as?

text: inflation of under 2%

question: What did the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices state that price stability had to be decreased from?

text: over the medium term

question: When did the Governing Council forbid price stability?

text: October 1998

question: What is the third goal of the ECB?

question: Where is the secondary mission of the European Central Bank banned?


text: From his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00. After communion, the pope suffered a massive heart attack, after which he continued to live for three hours. On 6 August 1978 at 21:41 Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo. According to his will, he was buried in the grottos of the Vatican not in an ornate tomb, but in a grave in the ground. He is buried beneath the floor of Saint Peter's Basilica with other popes. In his will, he requested to be buried in the "true earth" and therefore, he does not have an ornate sarcophagus but an in-ground grave.

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: From

text: his

text: bed

text: he

text: participated

text: in

text: Sunday

text: Mass

text: at

text: After

text: communion

text: the

text: pope

text: suffered

text: a

text: massive

text: heart

text: attack

text: after

text: which

text: he

text: continued

text: to

text: live

text: for

text: three

text: hours

text: On

text: August

text: at

text: Paul

text: VI

text: died

text: in

text: Castel

text: Gandolfo

text: According

text: to

text: his

text: will

text: he

text: was

text: buried

text: in

text: the

text: grottos

text: of

text: the

text: Vatican

text: not

text: in

text: an

text: ornate

text: tomb

text: but

text: in

text: a

text: grave

text: in

text: the

text: ground

text: He

text: is

text: buried

text: beneath

text: the

text: floor

text: of

text: Saint

text: Peter

text: 's

text: Basilica

text: with

text: other

text: popes

text: In

text: his

text: will

text: he

text: requested

text: to

text: be

text: buried

text: in

text: the

text: true

text: earth

text: and

text: therefore

text: he

text: does

text: not

text: have

text: an

text: ornate

text: sarcophagus

text: but

text: an

text: in

text: ground

text: grave

question: How long did Paul VI live for after experiencing a massive heart attack in 1978?

answer: three hours

text: three hours

question: At what time did Paul VI die?

answer: 21:41

question: On what day did Paul VI die?

answer: 6 August

text: 6 August

question: From where did Paul VI conduct mass on the day of his death?

answer: bed

text: bed

question: What residence was the Paul VI staying in on the day of his death?

answer: Castel Gandolfo

text: Castel Gandolfo


text: The prevalence of HIV-infection among the adult population is 1.8%. Only 20% of infected pregnant women receive anti retroviral coverage to prevent transmission to newborns.

title: Guinea-Bissau

title: Guinea

title: Bissau

text: The

text: prevalence

text: of

text: HIV

text: infection

text: among

text: the

text: adult

text: population

text: is

text: Only

text: of

text: infected

text: pregnant

text: women

text: receive

text: anti

text: retroviral

text: coverage

text: to

text: prevent

text: transmission

text: to

text: newborns

question: What infection has a very small prevalence in Guinea-Bissau?

answer: HIV

text: HIV

question: What percentage of the adult population has an HIV-infection?

answer: 1.8%

question: How many HIV-infected pregnant women receive retroviral coverage?

answer: 20%

question: What does retroviral coverage help prevent?

answer: transmission to newborns

text: transmission to newborns

question: Who receives retroviral coverage?

answer: infected pregnant women

text: infected pregnant women


text: The Order of Preachers (Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum, hence the abbreviation OP used by members), more commonly known after the 15th century as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Saint Dominic de Guzman in France and approved by Pope Honorius III (1216–27) on 22 December 1216. Membership in this "mendicant" order includes friars, nuns, active sisters, and lay or secular Dominicans (formerly known as tertiaries, though recently there has been a growing number of Associates, who are unrelated to the tertiaries) affiliated with the order.

title: Dominican_Order

title: Dominican_Order

text: The

text: Order

text: of

text: Preachers

text: Latin

text: Ordo

text: Praedicatorum

text: hence

text: the

text: abbreviation

text: OP

text: used

text: by

text: members

text: more

text: commonly

text: known

text: after

text: the

text: century

text: as

text: the

text: Dominican

text: Order

text: or

text: Dominicans

text: is

text: a

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: religious

text: order

text: founded

text: by

text: the

text: Spanish

text: priest

text: Saint

text: Dominic

text: de

text: Guzman

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: approved

text: by

text: Pope

text: Honorius

text: III

text: on

text: December

text: Membership

text: in

text: this

text: mendicant

text: order

text: includes

text: friars

text: nuns

text: active

text: sisters

text: and

text: lay

text: or

text: secular

text: Dominicans

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: tertiaries

text: though

text: recently

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: growing

text: number

text: of

text: Associates

text: who

text: are

text: unrelated

text: to

text: the

text: tertiaries

text: affiliated

text: with

text: the

text: order

question: What is the Latin for Order of Preachers?

answer: Ordo Praedicatorum

text: Ordo Praedicatorum

question: What Pope approved of the Order of Preachers?

answer: Pope Honorius III

text: Pope Honorius III

question: After the 15th century, what was the Order of Preachers known as?

answer: the Dominican Order

text: the Dominican Order

question: What religion does the Dominican Order belong to?

answer: Roman Catholic

text: Roman Catholic

question: What Spanish Priest founded the Order of Preachers?

answer: Saint Dominic de Guzman

text: Saint Dominic de Guzman

question: What was the Order of Preachers more commonly known as after the 16th century?

text: Dominican Order or Dominicans

question: What is not the Latin term for the Order of Preachers?

text: Ordo Praedicatorum

question: What religious order was founded by French priest Saint Dominic de Guzman?

text: Dominican Order or Dominicans

question: Which pope did not approve the Dominican order?

text: Honorius III

question: What did the Dominican Order's membership not include?


text: Madonna embarked on the Confessions Tour in May 2006, which had a global audience of 1.2 million and grossed over $193.7 million, becoming the highest-grossing tour to that date for a female artist. Madonna used religious symbols, such as the crucifix and Crown of Thorns, in the performance of "Live to Tell". It caused the Russian Orthodox Church and the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia to urge all their members to boycott her concert. At the same time, the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) announced officially that Madonna had sold over 200 million copies for her albums alone worldwide.

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Madonna

text: embarked

text: on

text: the

text: Confessions

text: Tour

text: in

text: May

text: which

text: had

text: a

text: global

text: audience

text: of

text: million

text: and

text: grossed

text: over

text: million

text: becoming

text: the

text: highest

text: grossing

text: tour

text: to

text: that

text: date

text: for

text: a

text: female

text: artist

text: Madonna

text: used

text: religious

text: symbols

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: crucifix

text: and

text: Crown

text: of

text: Thorns

text: in

text: the

text: performance

text: of

text: Live

text: to

text: Tell

text: It

text: caused

text: the

text: Russian

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: and

text: the

text: Federation

text: of

text: Jewish

text: Communities

text: of

text: Russia

text: to

text: urge

text: all

text: their

text: members

text: to

text: boycott

text: her

text: concert

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: International

text: Federation

text: of

text: the

text: Phonographic

text: Industry

text: IFPI

text: announced

text: officially

text: that

text: Madonna

text: had

text: sold

text: over

text: million

text: copies

text: for

text: her

text: albums

text: alone

text: worldwide

question: When did the Confessions Tour start?

answer: May 2006

text: May 2006

question: How much did the Confessions Tour make?

answer: over $193.7 million

text: over $193.7 million

question: Why did the Russian Orthodox Church and Federation of Jewish Communities of Russian asked members to boycott the concert?

answer: used religious symbols

text: used religious symbols

question: It was confirmed by IFPI that Madonna officially sold how many albums worldwide?

answer: over 200 million

text: over 200 million


text: With respect to Pakistan's territories (i.e. FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)) the Supreme Court's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from FATA and Northern Areas, while ICT generally functions the same as provinces. Azad Kashmir has its own courts system and the constitution of Pakistan does not apply to it as such; appeals from Azad Kashmir relate to its relationship with Pakistan.

title: Supreme_court

title: Supreme_court

text: With

text: respect

text: to

text: Pakistan

text: 's

text: territories

text: i.e.

text: FATA

text: Azad

text: Kashmir

text: Northern

text: Areas

text: and

text: Islamabad

text: Capital

text: Territory

text: ICT

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: 's

text: jurisdiction

text: is

text: rather

text: limited

text: and

text: varies

text: from

text: territory

text: to

text: territory

text: it

text: can

text: hear

text: appeals

text: only

text: of

text: a

text: constitutional

text: nature

text: from

text: FATA

text: and

text: Northern

text: Areas

text: while

text: ICT

text: generally

text: functions

text: the

text: same

text: as

text: provinces

text: Azad

text: Kashmir

text: has

text: its

text: own

text: courts

text: system

text: and

text: the

text: constitution

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: does

text: not

text: apply

text: to

text: it

text: as

text: such

text: appeals

text: from

text: Azad

text: Kashmir

text: relate

text: to

text: its

text: relationship

text: with

text: Pakistan

question: What are some of the territories within Pakistan?

answer: FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)

text: FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)

question: What type of cases may Pakistan's Supreme Court hear from FATA?

answer: appeals only of a constitutional nature

text: appeals only of a constitutional nature

question: What Pakistani territory's own courts retain supremacy?

answer: Azad Kashmir

text: Azad Kashmir

question: What is the relationship between Pakistan's Constitution and Azad Kashmir?

answer: does not apply to it

text: does not apply to it

question: What is the Islamabad Territory Capital also known as?

text: ICT

question: What are FATA, Azad Northern, Kashmir Areas, and ICT?

text: Pakistan's territories

question: Which province has its own courts system?

text: Azad Kashmir


text: Other less likely contenders are Guam and the United States Virgin Islands, both of which are unincorporated organized territories of the United States. Also, the Northern Mariana Islands and American Samoa, an unorganized, unincorporated territory, could both attempt to gain statehood. Some proposals call for the Virgin Islands to be admitted with Puerto Rico as one state (often known as the proposed "Commonwealth of Prusvi", for Puerto Rico/U.S. Virgin Islands, or as "Puerto Virgo"), and for the amalgamation of U.S. territories or former territories in the Pacific Ocean, in the manner of the "Greater Hawaii" concept of the 1960s. Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands would be admitted as one state, along with Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands (although these latter three entities are now separate sovereign nations, which have Compact of Free Association relationships with the United States). Such a state would have a population of 412,381 (slightly lower than Wyoming's population) and a land area of 911.82 square miles (2,361.6 km2) (slightly smaller than Rhode Island). American Samoa could possibly be part of such a state, increasing the population to 467,900 and the area to 988.65 square miles (2,560.6 km2). Radio Australia, in late May 2008, issued signs of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again and becoming the 51st state.

title: 51st_state

title: 51st_state

text: Other

text: less

text: likely

text: contenders

text: are

text: Guam

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Virgin

text: Islands

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: unincorporated

text: organized

text: territories

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Also

text: the

text: Northern

text: Mariana

text: Islands

text: and

text: American

text: Samoa

text: an

text: unorganized

text: unincorporated

text: territory

text: could

text: both

text: attempt

text: to

text: gain

text: statehood

text: Some

text: proposals

text: call

text: for

text: the

text: Virgin

text: Islands

text: to

text: be

text: admitted

text: with

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: as

text: one

text: state

text: often

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: proposed

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Prusvi

text: for

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: U.S.

text: Virgin

text: Islands

text: or

text: as

text: Puerto

text: Virgo

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: amalgamation

text: of

text: U.S.

text: territories

text: or

text: former

text: territories

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: in

text: the

text: manner

text: of

text: the

text: Greater

text: Hawaii

text: concept

text: of

text: the

text: Guam

text: and

text: the

text: Northern

text: Mariana

text: Islands

text: would

text: be

text: admitted

text: as

text: one

text: state

text: along

text: with

text: Palau

text: the

text: Federated

text: States

text: of

text: Micronesia

text: and

text: the

text: Marshall

text: Islands

text: although

text: these

text: latter

text: three

text: entities

text: are

text: now

text: separate

text: sovereign

text: nations

text: which

text: have

text: Compact

text: of

text: Free

text: Association

text: relationships

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Such

text: a

text: state

text: would

text: have

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: slightly

text: lower

text: than

text: Wyoming

text: 's

text: population

text: and

text: a

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: miles

text: slightly

text: smaller

text: than

text: Rhode

text: Island

text: American

text: Samoa

text: could

text: possibly

text: be

text: part

text: of

text: such

text: a

text: state

text: increasing

text: the

text: population

text: to

text: and

text: the

text: area

text: to

text: square

text: miles

text: Radio

text: Australia

text: in

text: late

text: May

text: issued

text: signs

text: of

text: Guam

text: and

text: the

text: Northern

text: Mariana

text: Islands

text: becoming

text: one

text: again

text: and

text: becoming

text: the

text: state

question: What is another likely country for statehood?

answer: United States Virgin Islands

text: United States Virgin Islands

question: What entity reported on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again?

answer: Radio Australia

text: Radio Australia

question: What is another likely country for free association?

text: United States Virgin Islands

question: What entity reported on Guam and the Virgin Islands becoming one again?

text: Radio Australia

question: What would have a slightly larger population than Wyoming?

text: state

question: When did Radio Australia report on Guam and the Virgin Islands becoming one again?

text: May 2008


text: Israel is a leading country in the development of solar energy. Israel is a global leader in water conservation and geothermal energy, and its development of cutting-edge technologies in software, communications and the life sciences have evoked comparisons with Silicon Valley. According to the OECD, Israel is also ranked 1st in the world in expenditure on Research and Development (R&D) as a percentage of GDP. Intel and Microsoft built their first overseas research and development centers in Israel, and other high-tech multi-national corporations, such as IBM, Google, Apple, HP, Cisco Systems, and Motorola, have opened R&D facilities in the country.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Israel

text: is

text: a

text: leading

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: solar

text: energy

text: Israel

text: is

text: a

text: global

text: leader

text: in

text: water

text: conservation

text: and

text: geothermal

text: energy

text: and

text: its

text: development

text: of

text: cutting

text: edge

text: technologies

text: in

text: software

text: communications

text: and

text: the

text: life

text: sciences

text: have

text: evoked

text: comparisons

text: with

text: Silicon

text: Valley

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: OECD

text: Israel

text: is

text: also

text: ranked

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: expenditure

text: on

text: Research

text: and

text: Development

text: R&D

text: as

text: a

text: percentage

text: of

text: GDP

text: Intel

text: and

text: Microsoft

text: built

text: their

text: first

text: overseas

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: centers

text: in

text: Israel

text: and

text: other

text: high

text: tech

text: multi

text: national

text: corporations

text: such

text: as

text: IBM

text: Google

text: Apple

text: HP

text: Cisco

text: Systems

text: and

text: Motorola

text: have

text: opened

text: R&D

text: facilities

text: in

text: the

text: country

question: Israel is a leading country of what development?

answer: solar energy

text: solar energy

question: Israel is ranked 1st in the world in what?

answer: expenditure on Research and Development

text: expenditure on Research and Development

question: What companies built their first overseas research and development centers in Israel?

answer: Intel and Microsoft

text: Intel and Microsoft


text: The most obvious difference between the brains of mammals and other vertebrates is in terms of size. On average, a mammal has a brain roughly twice as large as that of a bird of the same body size, and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: The

text: most

text: obvious

text: difference

text: between

text: the

text: brains

text: of

text: mammals

text: and

text: other

text: vertebrates

text: is

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: size

text: On

text: average

text: a

text: mammal

text: has

text: a

text: brain

text: roughly

text: twice

text: as

text: large

text: as

text: that

text: of

text: a

text: bird

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: body

text: size

text: and

text: ten

text: times

text: as

text: large

text: as

text: that

text: of

text: a

text: reptile

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: body

text: size

question: A mammal's brain is how many times larger than a birds relative to body size?

answer: twice as large

text: twice as large

question: A mammal's brain is how many times larger than a reptiles relative to body size?

answer: ten times

text: ten times

question: The biggest difference between brains of mammals and other vertebrates is what?

answer: size.

text: size.


text: In Australia, Presbyterianism is the fourth largest denomination of Christianity, with nearly 600,000 Australians claiming to be Presbyterian in the 2006 Commonwealth Census. Presbyterian churches were founded in each colony, some with links to the Church of Scotland and others to the Free Church. There were also congregations originating from United Presbyterian Church of Scotland as well as a number founded by John Dunmore Lang. Most of these bodies merged between 1859 and 1870, and in 1901 formed a federal union called the Presbyterian Church of Australia but retaining their state assemblies. The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia representing the Free Church of Scotland tradition, and congregations in Victoria of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, originally from Ireland, are the other existing denominations dating from colonial times.

title: Presbyterianism

title: Presbyterianism

text: In

text: Australia

text: Presbyterianism

text: is

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: denomination

text: of

text: Christianity

text: with

text: nearly

text: Australians

text: claiming

text: to

text: be

text: Presbyterian

text: in

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: Census

text: Presbyterian

text: churches

text: were

text: founded

text: in

text: each

text: colony

text: some

text: with

text: links

text: to

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Scotland

text: and

text: others

text: to

text: the

text: Free

text: Church

text: There

text: were

text: also

text: congregations

text: originating

text: from

text: United

text: Presbyterian

text: Church

text: of

text: Scotland

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: number

text: founded

text: by

text: John

text: Dunmore

text: Lang

text: Most

text: of

text: these

text: bodies

text: merged

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: in

text: formed

text: a

text: federal

text: union

text: called

text: the

text: Presbyterian

text: Church

text: of

text: Australia

text: but

text: retaining

text: their

text: state

text: assemblies

text: The

text: Presbyterian

text: Church

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Australia

text: representing

text: the

text: Free

text: Church

text: of

text: Scotland

text: tradition

text: and

text: congregations

text: in

text: Victoria

text: of

text: the

text: Reformed

text: Presbyterian

text: Church

text: originally

text: from

text: Ireland

text: are

text: the

text: other

text: existing

text: denominations

text: dating

text: from

text: colonial

text: times

question: How many members make up the Presbyterian church in Australia?

answer: 600,000

question: Which Australian church follows the traditions of Scotland Presbyterians?

answer: The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia

text: The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia

question: Most of the churches in Australia merged in which years?

answer: 1859 and 1870, and in 1901

text: 1859 and 1870, and in 1901

question: In what country is Presbyterianism the third largest denomination?

text: Australia

question: According to the 1901 census, how many Australians claim to be Presbyterian?

question: In the 1901 census, 600,000 Australians claimed to be what?

text: Presbyterian

question: In which years did most of the state assemblies merge?

text: 1859 and 1870, and in 1901

question: According to the 1859 census, how many Australians claim to be Presbyterian?


text: Both private individuals and large production companies have used YouTube to grow audiences. Independent content creators have built grassroots followings numbering in the thousands at very little cost or effort, while mass retail and radio promotion proved problematic. Concurrently, old media celebrities moved into the website at the invitation of a YouTube management that witnessed early content creators accruing substantial followings, and perceived audience sizes potentially larger than that attainable by television. While YouTube's revenue-sharing "Partner Program" made it possible to earn a substantial living as a video producer—its top five hundred partners each earning more than $100,000 annually and its ten highest-earning channels grossing from $2.5 million to $12 million—in 2012 CMU business editor characterized YouTube as "a free-to-use... promotional platform for the music labels". In 2013 Forbes' Katheryn Thayer asserted that digital-era artists' work must not only be of high quality, but must elicit reactions on the YouTube platform and social media. In 2013, videos of the 2.5% of artists categorized as "mega", "mainstream" and "mid-sized" received 90.3% of the relevant views on YouTube and Vevo. By early 2013 Billboard had announced that it was factoring YouTube streaming data into calculation of the Billboard Hot 100 and related genre charts.

title: YouTube

title: YouTube

text: Both

text: private

text: individuals

text: and

text: large

text: production

text: companies

text: have

text: used

text: YouTube

text: to

text: grow

text: audiences

text: Independent

text: content

text: creators

text: have

text: built

text: grassroots

text: followings

text: numbering

text: in

text: the

text: thousands

text: at

text: very

text: little

text: cost

text: or

text: effort

text: while

text: mass

text: retail

text: and

text: radio

text: promotion

text: proved

text: problematic

text: Concurrently

text: old

text: media

text: celebrities

text: moved

text: into

text: the

text: website

text: at

text: the

text: invitation

text: of

text: a

text: YouTube

text: management

text: that

text: witnessed

text: early

text: content

text: creators

text: accruing

text: substantial

text: followings

text: and

text: perceived

text: audience

text: sizes

text: potentially

text: larger

text: than

text: that

text: attainable

text: by

text: television

text: While

text: YouTube

text: 's

text: revenue

text: sharing

text: Partner

text: Program

text: made

text: it

text: possible

text: to

text: earn

text: a

text: substantial

text: living

text: as

text: a

text: video

text: producer

text: its

text: top

text: five

text: hundred

text: partners

text: each

text: earning

text: more

text: than

text: annually

text: and

text: its

text: ten

text: highest

text: earning

text: channels

text: grossing

text: from

text: million

text: to

text: million

text: in

text: CMU

text: business

text: editor

text: characterized

text: YouTube

text: as

text: a

text: free

text: to

text: use

text: promotional

text: platform

text: for

text: the

text: music

text: labels

text: In

text: Forbes

text: Katheryn

text: Thayer

text: asserted

text: that

text: digital

text: era

text: artists

text: work

text: must

text: not

text: only

text: be

text: of

text: high

text: quality

text: but

text: must

text: elicit

text: reactions

text: on

text: the

text: YouTube

text: platform

text: and

text: social

text: media

text: In

text: videos

text: of

text: the

text: of

text: artists

text: categorized

text: as

text: mega

text: mainstream

text: and

text: mid

text: sized

text: received

text: of

text: the

text: relevant

text: views

text: on

text: YouTube

text: and

text: Vevo

text: By

text: early

text: Billboard

text: had

text: announced

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: factoring

text: YouTube

text: streaming

text: data

text: into

text: calculation

text: of

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: and

text: related

text: genre

text: charts

question: Other than private individuals, who has used youtube to grow their audience?

answer: large production companies

text: large production companies

question: What is the name of youtube's revenue-sharing program?

answer: Partner Program

text: Partner Program

question: What was the highest earning youtube partner video producer?

answer: $12 million

text: $12 million

question: Big pop artists account for how what percentage of the views on youtube?

answer: 90.3%

question: Which music chart said in 2013 it would start taking youtube data into account for its ratings?

answer: Billboard

text: Billboard

question: How did a 2012 MCU business editor characterize YouTube?

question: What did Katheryn Thayer say in 2012 about YouTube videos?

question: What were 2.5% of artists categorized as in 2012?

text: "mega", "mainstream" and "mid-sized"

question: How many views did the 2.5% of artists receive in 2012?

question: What did Billboard do in early 2012?


text: The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), headed by the Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy, includes 33 warships and submarines deployed in two fleets: Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt on the west coast, and Maritime Forces Atlantic (MARLANT) at Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard in Halifax on the east coast, as well as one formation: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) at Quebec City, Quebec. The fleet is augmented by various aircraft and supply vessels. The RCN participates in NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments.

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

text: The

text: Royal

text: Canadian

text: Navy

text: RCN

text: headed

text: by

text: the

text: Commander

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Canadian

text: Navy

text: includes

text: warships

text: and

text: submarines

text: deployed

text: in

text: two

text: fleets

text: Maritime

text: Forces

text: Pacific

text: MARPAC

text: at

text: CFB

text: Esquimalt

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: coast

text: and

text: Maritime

text: Forces

text: Atlantic

text: MARLANT

text: at

text: Her

text: Majesty

text: 's

text: Canadian

text: Dockyard

text: in

text: Halifax

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: coast

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: one

text: formation

text: the

text: Naval

text: Reserve

text: Headquarters

text: NAVRESHQ

text: at

text: Quebec

text: City

text: Quebec

text: The

text: fleet

text: is

text: augmented

text: by

text: various

text: aircraft

text: and

text: supply

text: vessels

text: The

text: RCN

text: participates

text: in

text: NATO

text: exercises

text: and

text: operations

text: and

text: ships

text: are

text: deployed

text: all

text: over

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: multinational

text: deployments

question: How many warships does the Royal Canadian Navy have?

answer: 33

question: Where are the Maritime Forces Atlantic located?

answer: Halifax

text: Halifax

question: What formation is located in Quebec?

answer: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ)

text: the Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ)

question: What international exercises does the RCN partake in?

answer: NATO exercises

text: NATO exercises

question: How many warships does the Non-Canadian Navy have?

question: Where are the Maritime Forces Pacific located?

text: Halifax

question: What formation is located in Ottawa?

text: Naval Reserve Headquarters

question: What international exercises does the RNN partake in?

text: NATO exercises


text: There are a multitude of supporters as well as opponents to the policy of affirmative action. Many presidents throughout the last century have failed to take a very firm stance on the policy, and the public has had to discern the president's opinion for themselves. Bill Clinton, however, made his stance on affirmative action very clear in a speech on July 19, 1995, nearly two and a half years after his inauguration. In his speech, he discussed the history in the United States that brought the policy into fruition: slavery, Jim Crow, and segregation. Clinton also mentioned a point similar to President Lyndon B. Johnson's "Freedom is not Enough" speech, and declared that just outlawing discrimination in the country would not be enough to give everyone in America equality. He addressed the arguments that affirmative action hurt the white middle class and said that the policy was not the source of their problems. Clinton plainly outlined his stance on affirmative action, saying:

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

text: There

text: are

text: a

text: multitude

text: of

text: supporters

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: opponents

text: to

text: the

text: policy

text: of

text: affirmative

text: action

text: Many

text: presidents

text: throughout

text: the

text: last

text: century

text: have

text: failed

text: to

text: take

text: a

text: very

text: firm

text: stance

text: on

text: the

text: policy

text: and

text: the

text: public

text: has

text: had

text: to

text: discern

text: the

text: president

text: 's

text: opinion

text: for

text: themselves

text: Bill

text: Clinton

text: however

text: made

text: his

text: stance

text: on

text: affirmative

text: action

text: very

text: clear

text: in

text: a

text: speech

text: on

text: July

text: nearly

text: two

text: and

text: a

text: half

text: years

text: after

text: his

text: inauguration

text: In

text: his

text: speech

text: he

text: discussed

text: the

text: history

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: that

text: brought

text: the

text: policy

text: into

text: fruition

text: slavery

text: Jim

text: Crow

text: and

text: segregation

text: Clinton

text: also

text: mentioned

text: a

text: point

text: similar

text: to

text: President

text: Lyndon

text: B.

text: Johnson

text: 's

text: Freedom

text: is

text: not

text: Enough

text: speech

text: and

text: declared

text: that

text: just

text: outlawing

text: discrimination

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: enough

text: to

text: give

text: everyone

text: in

text: America

text: equality

text: He

text: addressed

text: the

text: arguments

text: that

text: affirmative

text: action

text: hurt

text: the

text: white

text: middle

text: class

text: and

text: said

text: that

text: the

text: policy

text: was

text: not

text: the

text: source

text: of

text: their

text: problems

text: Clinton

text: plainly

text: outlined

text: his

text: stance

text: on

text: affirmative

text: action

text: saying

question: Which President made their stance on affirmative action clear in 1995?

answer: Bill Clinton

text: Bill Clinton

question: How long after his inauguration was Bill Clinton's speech?

answer: two and a half years

text: two and a half years

question: Which speech did Bill Clinton's speech draw parallels to?

answer: President Lyndon B. Johnson's "Freedom is not Enough"

text: President Lyndon B. Johnson's "Freedom is not Enough"

question: What did President Clinton claim would not be enough to give everyone in American equality?

answer: just outlawing discrimination

text: just outlawing discrimination

question: What was President Clinton's response to the claim that affirmative action was hurting the white middle class.

answer: the policy was not the source of their problems

text: the policy was not the source of their problems

question: Which President made their stance on non-affirmative action clear in 1995?

text: Bill Clinton

question: How soon after his inauguration was Bill Clinton's speech?

text: two and a half years

question: Which speech did Bill Clinton's speech draw differences from?

question: What did President Clinton claim would be enough to give everyone in American equality?

text: outlawing discrimination

question: What was President Clinton's response to the claim that affirmative action was not hurting the white middle class.?


text: In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.

title: Aspirated_consonant

title: Aspirated_consonant

text: In

text: phonetics

text: aspiration

text: is

text: the

text: strong

text: burst

text: of

text: breath

text: that

text: accompanies

text: either

text: the

text: release

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: preaspiration

text: the

text: closure

text: of

text: some

text: obstruents

text: In

text: English

text: aspirated

text: consonants

text: are

text: allophones

text: in

text: complementary

text: distribution

text: with

text: their

text: unaspirated

text: counterparts

text: but

text: in

text: some

text: other

text: languages

text: notably

text: most

text: Indian

text: and

text: East

text: Asian

text: languages

text: the

text: difference

text: is

text: contrastive

question: Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?

answer: phonetics

text: phonetics

question: Aspirated consonants are what in English?

answer: allophones

text: allophones

question: What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?

answer: Indian and East Asian

text: Indian and East Asian

question: What creates a strong burst of breath?

text: preaspiration

question: What are aspirated consonants in the Asian language?

text: allophones

question: Allophones are similar in what two languages?

text: Indian and East Asian

question: What accompanies the opening of some obstruents?

text: the strong burst of breath

question: What uses a weak burst of breath?

text: aspiration


text: In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution. Third International Theory considered the U.S. and the Soviet Union as imperialist, thus rejected Western capitalism as well as Eastern bloc communism's atheism. In this respect it was similar to the Three Worlds Theory developed by China's political leader Mao Zedong. As part of this theory, Gaddafi praised nationalism as a progressive force and advocated the creation of a pan-Arab state which would lead the Islamic and Third Worlds against imperialism.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: In

text: June

text: Gaddafi

text: created

text: a

text: political

text: ideology

text: as

text: a

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: Popular

text: Revolution

text: Third

text: International

text: Theory

text: considered

text: the

text: U.S.

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: as

text: imperialist

text: thus

text: rejected

text: Western

text: capitalism

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: Eastern

text: bloc

text: communism

text: 's

text: atheism

text: In

text: this

text: respect

text: it

text: was

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: Three

text: Worlds

text: Theory

text: developed

text: by

text: China

text: 's

text: political

text: leader

text: Mao

text: Zedong

text: As

text: part

text: of

text: this

text: theory

text: Gaddafi

text: praised

text: nationalism

text: as

text: a

text: progressive

text: force

text: and

text: advocated

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: a

text: pan

text: Arab

text: state

text: which

text: would

text: lead

text: the

text: Islamic

text: and

text: Third

text: Worlds

text: against

text: imperialism

question: In what month and year did Gaddafi begin Third International Theory?

answer: June 1973

text: June 1973

question: Who was the founder of Three Worlds Theory?

answer: Mao Zedong

text: Mao Zedong

question: What sort of state did Gaddafi believe should be founded?

answer: pan-Arab

text: pan-Arab

question: Along with the United States, what country did Gaddafi believe to be imperialist?

answer: Soviet Union

text: Soviet Union

question: What economic philosophy was associated with the West?

answer: capitalism

text: capitalism


text: On May 12, 2009, China marked the first anniversary of the quake with a moment of silence as people across the nation remembered the dead. The government also opened access to the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat for three days, after which it will be frozen in time as a state earthquake relic museum, to remind people of the terrible disaster. There were also several concerts across the country to raise money for the survivors of the quake.

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

text: On

text: May

text: China

text: marked

text: the

text: first

text: anniversary

text: of

text: the

text: quake

text: with

text: a

text: moment

text: of

text: silence

text: as

text: people

text: across

text: the

text: nation

text: remembered

text: the

text: dead

text: The

text: government

text: also

text: opened

text: access

text: to

text: the

text: sealed

text: ruins

text: of

text: the

text: Beichuan

text: county

text: seat

text: for

text: three

text: days

text: after

text: which

text: it

text: will

text: be

text: frozen

text: in

text: time

text: as

text: a

text: state

text: earthquake

text: relic

text: museum

text: to

text: remind

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: terrible

text: disaster

text: There

text: were

text: also

text: several

text: concerts

text: across

text: the

text: country

text: to

text: raise

text: money

text: for

text: the

text: survivors

text: of

text: the

text: quake

question: What was done for the anniversary?

answer: a moment of silence

text: a moment of silence

question: Where did the government open access to?

answer: the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat

text: the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat

question: How long was it opened for?

answer: three days

text: three days

question: What did China do to mark the first anniversary of the quake?

answer: a moment of silence

text: a moment of silence

question: What will the Beichuan county seat be used for?

answer: earthquake relic museum

text: earthquake relic museum

question: What kind of event were given to raise money for quake survivors?

answer: several concerts

text: several concerts

question: What is the Beichuan museum meant to remind people of?

answer: the terrible disaster

text: the terrible disaster


text: Despite the calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions. Sebastião de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Despite

text: the

text: calamity

text: and

text: huge

text: death

text: toll

text: Lisbon

text: suffered

text: no

text: epidemics

text: and

text: within

text: less

text: than

text: one

text: year

text: was

text: already

text: being

text: rebuilt

text: The

text: new

text: city

text: centre

text: of

text: Lisbon

text: was

text: designed

text: to

text: resist

text: subsequent

text: earthquakes

text: Architectural

text: models

text: were

text: built

text: for

text: tests

text: and

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: an

text: earthquake

text: were

text: simulated

text: by

text: marching

text: troops

text: around

text: the

text: models

text: The

text: buildings

text: and

text: big

text: squares

text: of

text: the

text: Pombaline

text: City

text: Centre

text: still

text: remain

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: Lisbon

text: 's

text: tourist

text: attractions

text: Sebastião

text: de

text: Melo

text: also

text: made

text: an

text: important

text: contribution

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: seismology

text: by

text: designing

text: an

text: inquiry

text: that

text: was

text: sent

text: to

text: every

text: parish

text: in

text: the

text: country

question: What type of natural disaster was the city center of Lisbon designed to resist?

answer: earthquakes

text: earthquakes

question: How were earthquakes simulated on the architectural models?

answer: marching troops around the models

text: marching troops around the models

question: What are some of Lisbon's tourist attractions?

answer: The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre

text: The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre

question: How did de Melo contribute to the study of seismology?

answer: by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country

text: by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country

question: Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity?

answer: Lisbon suffered no epidemics

text: Lisbon suffered no epidemics


text: These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity. This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to include a wide range of multiracial people, such as caboclos (mestizos), assimilated Amerindians and tri-racials, not only people of partial African and European descent. Trying to identify this entire group as "black" would be a false imposition of a different identity from outside the culture and deny people their other, equally valid, ancestries and cultures. It seems a one-drop rule in reverse.

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: These

text: patterns

text: of

text: discrimination

text: against

text: non

text: whites

text: have

text: led

text: some

text: academic

text: and

text: other

text: activists

text: to

text: advocate

text: for

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: term

text: negro

text: to

text: encompass

text: all

text: African

text: descended

text: people

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: stimulate

text: a

text: black

text: consciousness

text: and

text: identity

text: This

text: proposal

text: has

text: been

text: criticized

text: since

text: the

text: term

text: pardo

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: include

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: multiracial

text: people

text: such

text: as

text: caboclos

text: mestizos

text: assimilated

text: Amerindians

text: and

text: tri

text: racials

text: not

text: only

text: people

text: of

text: partial

text: African

text: and

text: European

text: descent

text: Trying

text: to

text: identify

text: this

text: entire

text: group

text: as

text: black

text: would

text: be

text: a

text: false

text: imposition

text: of

text: a

text: different

text: identity

text: from

text: outside

text: the

text: culture

text: and

text: deny

text: people

text: their

text: other

text: equally

text: valid

text: ancestries

text: and

text: cultures

text: It

text: seems

text: a

text: one

text: drop

text: rule

text: in

text: reverse

question: What would scholars like the term "Negro" to include?

answer: all African-descended people

text: all African-descended people

question: What does this aim to stimulate?

answer: a "black" consciousness and identity.

text: a "black" consciousness and identity.

question: What does the term "pardo" include?

answer: a wide range of multiracial people

text: a wide range of multiracial people

question: What does caboclos mean?

answer: mestizos

text: mestizos


text: This means that a 5% reduction in operating voltage will more than double the life of the bulb, at the expense of reducing its light output by about 16%. This may be a very acceptable trade off for a light bulb that is in a difficult-to-access location (for example, traffic lights or fixtures hung from high ceilings). Long-life bulbs take advantage of this trade-off. Since the value of the electric power they consume is much more than the value of the lamp, general service lamps emphasize efficiency over long operating life. The objective is to minimize the cost of light, not the cost of lamps. Early bulbs had a life of up to 2500 hours, but in 1924 a cartel agreed to limit life to 1000 hours. When this was exposed in 1953, General Electric and other leading American manufacturers were banned from limiting the life.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: This

text: means

text: that

text: a

text: reduction

text: in

text: operating

text: voltage

text: will

text: more

text: than

text: double

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: the

text: bulb

text: at

text: the

text: expense

text: of

text: reducing

text: its

text: light

text: output

text: by

text: about

text: This

text: may

text: be

text: a

text: very

text: acceptable

text: trade

text: off

text: for

text: a

text: light

text: bulb

text: that

text: is

text: in

text: a

text: difficult

text: to

text: access

text: location

text: for

text: example

text: traffic

text: lights

text: or

text: fixtures

text: hung

text: from

text: high

text: ceilings

text: Long

text: life

text: bulbs

text: take

text: advantage

text: of

text: this

text: trade

text: off

text: Since

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: electric

text: power

text: they

text: consume

text: is

text: much

text: more

text: than

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: lamp

text: general

text: service

text: lamps

text: emphasize

text: efficiency

text: over

text: long

text: operating

text: life

text: The

text: objective

text: is

text: to

text: minimize

text: the

text: cost

text: of

text: light

text: not

text: the

text: cost

text: of

text: lamps

text: Early

text: bulbs

text: had

text: a

text: life

text: of

text: up

text: to

text: hours

text: but

text: in

text: a

text: cartel

text: agreed

text: to

text: limit

text: life

text: to

text: hours

text: When

text: this

text: was

text: exposed

text: in

text: General

text: Electric

text: and

text: other

text: leading

text: American

text: manufacturers

text: were

text: banned

text: from

text: limiting

text: the

text: life

question: What level of voltage reduction is required to double the life of an incandescent bulb?

answer: a 5% reduction in operating voltage

text: a 5% reduction in operating voltage

question: When did light bulb manufacturers establish a cartel to limit bulb life?

answer: 1924

question: When did authorities break up the light bulb cartel?

answer: 1953

question: What was the artificially low limit on bulb life placed by the cartel?

answer: 1000 hours

text: 1000 hours

question: What is an example of a good application for a long-life bulb?

answer: difficult-to-access location (for example, traffic lights or fixtures hung from high ceilings)

text: difficult-to-access location (for example, traffic lights or fixtures hung from high ceilings)

question: What level f voltage reduction is required to triple the life of an incandescent bulb?

text: a 5% reduction in operating voltage

question: What is an unacceptable trade off foe a light bulb in a difficult to access location?

question: What do general service lamps not emphasize over long operating life?

text: efficiency

question: What happened to light companies and American manufactures in 1964?


text: Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have also argued that European legislators have pushed somewhat dogmatically for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations, adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), effective since 2008. In essence, they forced European banks, and, more importantly, the European Central Bank itself e.g. when gauging the solvency of financial institutions, to rely more than ever on standardised assessments of credit risk marketed by two non-European private agencies: Moody's and S&P.

title: European_Central_Bank

title: European_Central_Bank

text: Think

text: tanks

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: World

text: Pensions

text: Council

text: have

text: also

text: argued

text: that

text: European

text: legislators

text: have

text: pushed

text: somewhat

text: dogmatically

text: for

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: Basel

text: II

text: recommendations

text: adopted

text: in

text: transposed

text: in

text: European

text: Union

text: law

text: through

text: the

text: Capital

text: Requirements

text: Directive

text: CRD

text: effective

text: since

text: In

text: essence

text: they

text: forced

text: European

text: banks

text: and

text: more

text: importantly

text: the

text: European

text: Central

text: Bank

text: itself

text: e.g.

text: when

text: gauging

text: the

text: solvency

text: of

text: financial

text: institutions

text: to

text: rely

text: more

text: than

text: ever

text: on

text: standardised

text: assessments

text: of

text: credit

text: risk

text: marketed

text: by

text: two

text: non

text: European

text: private

text: agencies

text: Moody

text: 's

text: and

text: S&P.

question: Which agencies have became the authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions?

answer: Moody's and S&P

text: Moody's and S&P

question: When was Basel II adopted?

answer: 2005

question: What said that agencies had to start using Moody's and S&P to assess financial institutions?

answer: the Basel II recommendations

text: the Basel II recommendations

question: Since when have the Basel II recommendations been in effect?

answer: 2008

question: Which agencies have lost their authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions?

text: Moody's and S&P

question: When was Basel II rejected?

question: What said that agencies had no option for using Moody's and S&P to assess financial institutions?

text: the Basel II recommendations

question: When did the Basel II recommendations lose effect?


text: The Vaiśeṣika philosophy is a naturalist school; it is a form of atomism in natural philosophy. It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to paramāṇu (atoms), and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements), quality, activity, commonness, particularity and inherence. Knowledge and liberation was achievable by complete understanding of the world of experience, according to Vaiśeṣika school . The Vaiśeṣika darśana is credited to Kaṇāda Kaśyapa from the second half of the first millennium BCE. The foundational text, the Vaiśeṣika Sūtra, opens as follows,

title: Hindu_philosophy

title: Hindu_philosophy

text: The

text: Vaiśeṣika

text: philosophy

text: is

text: a

text: naturalist

text: school

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: atomism

text: in

text: natural

text: philosophy

text: It

text: postulated

text: that

text: all

text: objects

text: in

text: the

text: physical

text: universe

text: are

text: reducible

text: to

text: paramāṇu

text: atoms

text: and

text: one

text: 's

text: experiences

text: are

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: interplay

text: of

text: substance

text: a

text: function

text: of

text: atoms

text: their

text: number

text: and

text: their

text: spatial

text: arrangements

text: quality

text: activity

text: commonness

text: particularity

text: and

text: inherence

text: Knowledge

text: and

text: liberation

text: was

text: achievable

text: by

text: complete

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: of

text: experience

text: according

text: to

text: Vaiśeṣika

text: school

text: The

text: Vaiśeṣika

text: darśana

text: is

text: credited

text: to

text: Kaṇāda

text: Kaśyapa

text: from

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: millennium

text: BCE

text: The

text: foundational

text: text

text: the

text: Vaiśeṣika

text: Sūtra

text: opens

text: as

text: follows

question: What philosophy is a naturalist school?

answer: Vaiśeṣika

text: Vaiśeṣika

question: What is the definition of paramanu in Hindu philosophy?

answer: atoms

text: atoms

question: By understanding what does Vaisesika school believe one gains knowledge and liberation?

answer: world of experience

text: world of experience

question: Who is credited with the Vaisesika darsana?

answer: Kaṇāda Kaśyapa

text: Kaṇāda Kaśyapa

question: When was the Vaisesika darsana  produced?

answer: first millennium BCE

text: first millennium BCE

question: What theory postulates that objects cannot be reduced?

text: Vaiśeṣika

question: What does Vaisesika mean?

text: atoms

question: Who coined the term paramanu?

text: Kaṇāda Kaśyapa

question: What does Vaisesika say prevents knowledge and liberation?

question: Who discredited the idea of Vaisesika?

text: Kaṇāda Kaśyapa


text: Stepper motors were and still are often used in computer printers, optical scanners, and digital photocopiers to move the optical scanning element, the print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers. Likewise, many computer plotters (which since the early 1990s have been replaced with large-format inkjet and laser printers) used rotary stepper motors for pen and platen movement; the typical alternatives here were either linear stepper motors or servomotors with closed-loop analog control systems.

title: Electric_motor

title: Electric_motor

text: Stepper

text: motors

text: were

text: and

text: still

text: are

text: often

text: used

text: in

text: computer

text: printers

text: optical

text: scanners

text: and

text: digital

text: photocopiers

text: to

text: move

text: the

text: optical

text: scanning

text: element

text: the

text: print

text: head

text: carriage

text: of

text: dot

text: matrix

text: and

text: inkjet

text: printers

text: and

text: the

text: platen

text: or

text: feed

text: rollers

text: Likewise

text: many

text: computer

text: plotters

text: which

text: since

text: the

text: early

text: have

text: been

text: replaced

text: with

text: large

text: format

text: inkjet

text: and

text: laser

text: printers

text: used

text: rotary

text: stepper

text: motors

text: for

text: pen

text: and

text: platen

text: movement

text: the

text: typical

text: alternatives

text: here

text: were

text: either

text: linear

text: stepper

text: motors

text: or

text: servomotors

text: with

text: closed

text: loop

text: analog

text: control

text: systems

question: List two alternatives to rotary stepper motors in printer applications.

answer: linear stepper motors or servomotors

text: linear stepper motors or servomotors

question: In scanners, what do stepper motors move?

answer: optical scanning element

text: optical scanning element

question: In printers and copiers, what do stepper motors move?

answer: print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers

text: print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers

question: List two alternatives to rotary stepper motors in non-printer applications.

text: linear stepper motors or servomotors

question: In scanners, what don't stepper motors move?

text: optical scanning element

question: In printers and copiers, what don't stepper motors move?

text: print head carriage


text: The term British Isles is controversial in Ireland, where there are objections to its usage due to the association of the word British with Ireland. The Government of Ireland does not recognise or use the term and its embassy in London discourages its use. As a result, Britain and Ireland is used as an alternative description, and Atlantic Archipelago has had limited use among a minority in academia, although British Isles is still commonly employed. Within them, they are also sometimes referred to as these islands.

title: British_Isles

title: British_Isles

text: The

text: term

text: British

text: Isles

text: is

text: controversial

text: in

text: Ireland

text: where

text: there

text: are

text: objections

text: to

text: its

text: usage

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: association

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: British

text: with

text: Ireland

text: The

text: Government

text: of

text: Ireland

text: does

text: not

text: recognise

text: or

text: use

text: the

text: term

text: and

text: its

text: embassy

text: in

text: London

text: discourages

text: its

text: use

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: Britain

text: and

text: Ireland

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: an

text: alternative

text: description

text: and

text: Atlantic

text: Archipelago

text: has

text: had

text: limited

text: use

text: among

text: a

text: minority

text: in

text: academia

text: although

text: British

text: Isles

text: is

text: still

text: commonly

text: employed

text: Within

text: them

text: they

text: are

text: also

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: these

text: islands

question: Why is the name the British Isles disputed in Ireland?

answer: association of the word British

text: association of the word British

question: Does the Government of Ireland use the British Isle term?

answer: does not recognise or use the term

text: does not recognise or use the term

question: What is the alternative name that Government of Ireland uses instead of British Isles?

answer: Atlantic Archipelago

text: Atlantic Archipelago

question: Does the Government of Ireland's London embassy use the name British Isles?

answer: its embassy in London discourages its use

text: its embassy in London discourages its use

question: Why does Britian dispute the name British Isles?

question: What term does the British government not recognize?

text: British Isles

question: What name does the government of Britian use instead of the British Isles?

text: Britain and Ireland

question: What does Britian prefer to refer to as the Atlantic Archipelago?

text: British Isles

question: The term Atlantic Archipelago is considered controversial in which country?

text: Ireland

question: Which term does the Atlantic government not recognize?

text: British Isles

question: The embassy in Paris discourages the use of what term?lon

text: British Isles

question: Which country names are used as an alternative to the phrase Atlantic Archipelago?

text: Britain and Ireland


text: The College of Engineering was established in 1920, however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the College of Science since the 1870s. Today the college, housed in the Fitzpatrick, Cushing, and Stinson-Remick Halls of Engineering, includes five departments of study – aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering – with eight B.S. degrees offered. Additionally, the college offers five-year dual degree programs with the Colleges of Arts and Letters and of Business awarding additional B.A. and Master of Business Administration (MBA) degrees, respectively.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: The

text: College

text: of

text: Engineering

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: however

text: early

text: courses

text: in

text: civil

text: and

text: mechanical

text: engineering

text: were

text: a

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Science

text: since

text: the

text: Today

text: the

text: college

text: housed

text: in

text: the

text: Fitzpatrick

text: Cushing

text: and

text: Stinson

text: Remick

text: Halls

text: of

text: Engineering

text: includes

text: five

text: departments

text: of

text: study

text: aerospace

text: and

text: mechanical

text: engineering

text: chemical

text: and

text: biomolecular

text: engineering

text: civil

text: engineering

text: and

text: geological

text: sciences

text: computer

text: science

text: and

text: engineering

text: and

text: electrical

text: engineering

text: with

text: eight

text: B.S.

text: degrees

text: offered

text: Additionally

text: the

text: college

text: offers

text: five

text: year

text: dual

text: degree

text: programs

text: with

text: the

text: Colleges

text: of

text: Arts

text: and

text: Letters

text: and

text: of

text: Business

text: awarding

text: additional

text: B.A.

text: and

text: Master

text: of

text: Business

text: Administration

text: MBA

text: degrees

text: respectively

question: In what year was the College of Engineering at Notre Dame formed?

answer: 1920

question: Before the creation of the College of Engineering similar studies were carried out at which Notre Dame college?

answer: the College of Science

text: the College of Science

question: How many departments are within the Stinson-Remick Hall of Engineering?

answer: five

text: five

question: How many BS level degrees are offered in the College of Engineering at Notre Dame?

answer: eight

text: eight

question: The College of Science began to offer civil engineering courses beginning at what time at Notre Dame?

answer: the 1870s

text: the 1870s


text: The mandolin orchestras never completely went away, however. In fact, along with all the other musical forms the mandolin is involved with, the mandolin ensemble (groups usually arranged like the string section of a modern symphony orchestra, with first mandolins, second mandolins, mandolas, mandocellos, mando-basses, and guitars, and sometimes supplemented by other instruments) continues to grow in popularity. Since the mid-nineties, several public-school mandolin-based guitar programs have blossomed around the country, including Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra, the first of its kind. The national organization, Classical Mandolin Society of America, founded by Norman Levine, represents these groups. Prominent modern mandolinists and composers for mandolin in the classical music tradition include Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla, Dave Apollon, Neil Gladd, Evan Marshall, Marilynn Mair and Mark Davis (the Mair-Davis Duo), Brian Israel, David Evans, Emanuil Shynkman, Radim Zenkl, David Del Tredici and Ernst Krenek.

title: Mandolin

title: Mandolin

text: The

text: mandolin

text: orchestras

text: never

text: completely

text: went

text: away

text: however

text: In

text: fact

text: along

text: with

text: all

text: the

text: other

text: musical

text: forms

text: the

text: mandolin

text: is

text: involved

text: with

text: the

text: mandolin

text: ensemble

text: groups

text: usually

text: arranged

text: like

text: the

text: string

text: section

text: of

text: a

text: modern

text: symphony

text: orchestra

text: with

text: first

text: mandolins

text: second

text: mandolins

text: mandolas

text: mandocellos

text: mando

text: basses

text: and

text: guitars

text: and

text: sometimes

text: supplemented

text: by

text: other

text: instruments

text: continues

text: to

text: grow

text: in

text: popularity

text: Since

text: the

text: mid

text: nineties

text: several

text: public

text: school

text: mandolin

text: based

text: guitar

text: programs

text: have

text: blossomed

text: around

text: the

text: country

text: including

text: Fretworks

text: Mandolin

text: and

text: Guitar

text: Orchestra

text: the

text: first

text: of

text: its

text: kind

text: The

text: national

text: organization

text: Classical

text: Mandolin

text: Society

text: of

text: America

text: founded

text: by

text: Norman

text: Levine

text: represents

text: these

text: groups

text: Prominent

text: modern

text: mandolinists

text: and

text: composers

text: for

text: mandolin

text: in

text: the

text: classical

text: music

text: tradition

text: include

text: Samuel

text: Firstman

text: Howard

text: Fry

text: Rudy

text: Cipolla

text: Dave

text: Apollon

text: Neil

text: Gladd

text: Evan

text: Marshall

text: Marilynn

text: Mair

text: and

text: Mark

text: Davis

text: the

text: Mair

text: Davis

text: Duo

text: Brian

text: Israel

text: David

text: Evans

text: Emanuil

text: Shynkman

text: Radim

text: Zenkl

text: David

text: Del

text: Tredici

text: and

text: Ernst

text: Krenek

question: What groups have become popular amonbgpublic schools?

answer: mandolin-based guitar programs

text: mandolin-based guitar programs

question: What are two of the popular public school groups?

answer: Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra

text: Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra

question: Who found the Classical Mandolin Society of America?

answer: Norman Levine

text: Norman Levine

question: Who are modern mandolinists and composers?

answer: Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla

text: Samuel Firstman, Howard Fry, Rudy Cipolla

question: What groups have become unpopular among public schools?

text: mandolin-based guitar programs

question: What are two of the unpopular public school groups?

text: Fretworks Mandolin and Guitar Orchestra

question: Who found the non-Classical Mandolin Society of America?

text: Norman Levine

question: Who aren't modern mandolinists and composers?

text: Samuel Firstman


text: During the listing process, economic factors cannot be considered, but must be " based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available." The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word "solely" to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species. Congress rejected President Ronald Reagan's Executive Order 12291 which required economic analysis of all government agency actions. The House committee's statement was "that economic considerations have no relevance to determinations regarding the status of species."

title: Endangered_Species_Act

title: Endangered_Species_Act

text: During

text: the

text: listing

text: process

text: economic

text: factors

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: considered

text: but

text: must

text: be

text: based

text: solely

text: on

text: the

text: best

text: scientific

text: and

text: commercial

text: data

text: available

text: The

text: amendment

text: to

text: the

text: ESA

text: added

text: the

text: word

text: solely

text: to

text: prevent

text: any

text: consideration

text: other

text: than

text: the

text: biological

text: status

text: of

text: the

text: species

text: Congress

text: rejected

text: President

text: Ronald

text: Reagan

text: 's

text: Executive

text: Order

text: which

text: required

text: economic

text: analysis

text: of

text: all

text: government

text: agency

text: actions

text: The

text: House

text: committee

text: 's

text: statement

text: was

text: that

text: economic

text: considerations

text: have

text: no

text: relevance

text: to

text: determinations

text: regarding

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: species

question: What word was added to the Endangered Species Act in 1982?

answer: "solely"

text: "solely"

question: Because of the change to the Endangered Species Act in 1982, what is the only consideration for being listed as endangered?

answer: the biological status of the species

text: the biological status of the species

question: Which president issued an Executive Order that required financial consideration of all government actions?

answer: Ronald Reagan

text: Ronald Reagan

question: What did Congress do to the Executive Order that would have included financial considerations as a factor for a species to be listed?

answer: Congress rejected

text: Congress rejected

question: When are economic factors considered?

text: During the listing process

question: When was Executive Order 12291 put into place?

question: Which president added the word "solely" to the ESA?

text: Ronald Reagan

question: What was Reagan's statement regarding economic considerations in species status?

question: Whose order did President Reagan reject?

text: Congress


text: New York—often called New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part—is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York metropolitan area, the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. A global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the term New York minute. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: New

text: York

text: often

text: called

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: or

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: to

text: distinguish

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: State

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: of

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: part

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: the

text: premier

text: gateway

text: for

text: legal

text: immigration

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: urban

text: agglomerations

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: A

text: global

text: power

text: city

text: New

text: York

text: exerts

text: a

text: significant

text: impact

text: upon

text: commerce

text: finance

text: media

text: art

text: fashion

text: research

text: technology

text: education

text: and

text: entertainment

text: its

text: fast

text: pace

text: defining

text: the

text: term

text: New

text: York

text: minute

text: Home

text: to

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: center

text: for

text: international

text: diplomacy

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: described

text: as

text: the

text: cultural

text: and

text: financial

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: world

question: What city in the United States has the highest population?

answer: New York

text: New York

question: In what city is the United Nations based?

answer: New York

text: New York

question: What city has been called the cultural capital of the world?

answer: New York

text: New York

question: What American city welcomes the largest number of legal immigrants?

answer: New York

text: New York

question: The major gateway for immigration has been which US city?

answer: New York City

text: New York City

question: The most populated city in the United States is which city?

answer: New York City

text: New York City


text: Although used in the Census and the American Community Survey, "Some other race" is not an official race, and the Bureau considered eliminating it prior to the 2000 Census. As the 2010 census form did not contain the question titled "Ancestry" found in prior censuses, there were campaigns to get non-Hispanic West Indian Americans, Turkish Americans, Armenian Americans, Arab Americans and Iranian Americans to indicate their ethnic or national background through the race question, specifically the "Some other race" category.

title: Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census

text: Although

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: Census

text: and

text: the

text: American

text: Community

text: Survey

text: Some

text: other

text: race

text: is

text: not

text: an

text: official

text: race

text: and

text: the

text: Bureau

text: considered

text: eliminating

text: it

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: Census

text: As

text: the

text: census

text: form

text: did

text: not

text: contain

text: the

text: question

text: titled

text: Ancestry

text: found

text: in

text: prior

text: censuses

text: there

text: were

text: campaigns

text: to

text: get

text: non

text: Hispanic

text: West

text: Indian

text: Americans

text: Turkish

text: Americans

text: Armenian

text: Americans

text: Arab

text: Americans

text: and

text: Iranian

text: Americans

text: to

text: indicate

text: their

text: ethnic

text: or

text: national

text: background

text: through

text: the

text: race

text: question

text: specifically

text: the

text: Some

text: other

text: race

text: category

question: What race selection did the census bureau consider getting rid of before the 2000 census?

answer: Some other race

text: Some other race

question: In what year did the ancestery question stop appearing in the US census?

answer: 2010

question: There were campaigns to try to get minorities to use what race category into 2010 census?

answer: Some other race

text: Some other race

question: In addition to the Census, where else is the "some other race" selection an option?

answer: the American Community Survey

text: the American Community Survey


text: Miami is also the headquarters and main production city of many of the world's largest television networks, record label companies, broadcasting companies and production facilities, such as Telemundo, TeleFutura, Galavisión, Mega TV, Univisión, Univision Communications, Inc., Universal Music Latin Entertainment, RCTV International and Sunbeam Television. In 2009, Univisión announced plans to build a new production studio in Miami, dubbed 'Univisión Studios'. Univisión Studios is currently headquartered in Miami, and will produce programming for all of Univisión Communications' television networks.

title: Miami

title: Miami

text: Miami

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: headquarters

text: and

text: main

text: production

text: city

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: television

text: networks

text: record

text: label

text: companies

text: broadcasting

text: companies

text: and

text: production

text: facilities

text: such

text: as

text: Telemundo

text: TeleFutura

text: Galavisión

text: Mega

text: TV

text: Univisión

text: Univision

text: Communications

text: Inc.

text: Universal

text: Music

text: Latin

text: Entertainment

text: RCTV

text: International

text: and

text: Sunbeam

text: Television

text: In

text: Univisión

text: announced

text: plans

text: to

text: build

text: a

text: new

text: production

text: studio

text: in

text: Miami

text: dubbed

text: Univisión

text: Studios

text: Univisión

text: Studios

text: is

text: currently

text: headquartered

text: in

text: Miami

text: and

text: will

text: produce

text: programming

text: for

text: all

text: of

text: Univisión

text: Communications

text: television

text: networks

question: When did Univisión announce it was building a production studio in Miami?

answer: 2009

question: What was the name of the production studio built in Miami by Univisión?

answer: Univisión Studios

text: Univisión Studios

question: Where will the programs made at Univisión Studios be broadcast?

answer: all of Univisión Communications' television networks

text: all of Univisión Communications' television networks

question: When did Univisión announce it wasn't building a production studio in Miami?

question: When did Fox announce it was building a production studio in Miami?

question: What was the name of the production studio built in Miami by Fox?

text: Univisión Studios

question: What wasn't the name of the production studio built in Miami by Univisión?

text: Univisión Studios

question: Where will the programs made at Univisión Studios not be broadcast?


text: Southampton had an estimated 236,900 people living within the city boundary in 2011. There is a sizeable Polish population in the city, with estimates as high as 20,000.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: Southampton

text: had

text: an

text: estimated

text: people

text: living

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: boundary

text: in

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: sizeable

text: Polish

text: population

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: with

text: estimates

text: as

text: high

text: as

question: In 2011, what was the estimated population of Southampton inside city limits?

answer: 236,900

question: What nationality of people makes up a large portion of Southampton residents?

answer: Polish

text: Polish

question: What's the highest estimate of the Polish population of the city of Southampton?

answer: 20,000


text: In a conventional lamp, the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope, darkening it. For bulbs that contain a vacuum, the darkening is uniform across the entire surface of the envelope. When a filling of inert gas is used, the evaporated tungsten is carried in the thermal convection currents of the gas, depositing preferentially on the uppermost part of the envelope and blackening just that portion of the envelope. An incandescent lamp that gives 93% or less of its initial light output at 75% of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory, when tested according to IEC Publication 60064. Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening. Study of the problem of bulb blackening led to the discovery of the Edison effect, thermionic emission and invention of the vacuum tube.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: In

text: a

text: conventional

text: lamp

text: the

text: evaporated

text: tungsten

text: eventually

text: condenses

text: on

text: the

text: inner

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: glass

text: envelope

text: darkening

text: it

text: For

text: bulbs

text: that

text: contain

text: a

text: vacuum

text: the

text: darkening

text: is

text: uniform

text: across

text: the

text: entire

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: envelope

text: When

text: a

text: filling

text: of

text: inert

text: gas

text: is

text: used

text: the

text: evaporated

text: tungsten

text: is

text: carried

text: in

text: the

text: thermal

text: convection

text: currents

text: of

text: the

text: gas

text: depositing

text: preferentially

text: on

text: the

text: uppermost

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: envelope

text: and

text: blackening

text: just

text: that

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: envelope

text: An

text: incandescent

text: lamp

text: that

text: gives

text: or

text: less

text: of

text: its

text: initial

text: light

text: output

text: at

text: of

text: its

text: rated

text: life

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: unsatisfactory

text: when

text: tested

text: according

text: to

text: IEC

text: Publication

text: Light

text: loss

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: filament

text: evaporation

text: and

text: bulb

text: blackening

text: Study

text: of

text: the

text: problem

text: of

text: bulb

text: blackening

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: the

text: Edison

text: effect

text: thermionic

text: emission

text: and

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: vacuum

text: tube

question: What darkens a conventional bulb over its lifetime?

answer: the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope

text: the evaporated tungsten eventually condenses on the inner surface of the glass envelope

question: What is the IEC guideline for an unacceptable level of light loss?

answer: An incandescent lamp that gives 93% or less of its initial light output at 75% of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory

text: An incandescent lamp that gives 93% or less of its initial light output at 75% of its rated life is regarded as unsatisfactory

question: What are the primary causes of light loss?

answer: Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening

text: Light loss is due to filament evaporation and bulb blackening

question: Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when inert gas is used?

answer: on the uppermost part of the envelope

text: on the uppermost part of the envelope

question: Where in the bulb is evaporated tungsten deposited when a vacuum is used?

answer: across the entire surface of the envelope

text: across the entire surface of the envelope

question: What lightens a conventional bulb?

question: What happens when bulbs do not contain a vacuum?

question: What is the IEC guidelines for acceptable level of light loss?

question: What does not cause light loss or bulb blackening?

text: filament evaporation


text: The first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the enantiornithes, or "opposite birds", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of ecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and fish-eaters to tree-dwelling forms and seed-eaters. While they were the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period, enantiornithes became extinct along with many other dinosaur groups at the end of the Mesozoic era.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: The

text: first

text: large

text: diverse

text: lineage

text: of

text: short

text: tailed

text: avialans

text: to

text: evolve

text: were

text: the

text: enantiornithes

text: or

text: opposite

text: birds

text: so

text: named

text: because

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: their

text: shoulder

text: bones

text: was

text: in

text: reverse

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: modern

text: birds

text: Enantiornithes

text: occupied

text: a

text: wide

text: array

text: of

text: ecological

text: niches

text: from

text: sand

text: probing

text: shorebirds

text: and

text: fish

text: eaters

text: to

text: tree

text: dwelling

text: forms

text: and

text: seed

text: eaters

text: While

text: they

text: were

text: the

text: dominant

text: group

text: of

text: avialans

text: during

text: the

text: Cretaceous

text: period

text: enantiornithes

text: became

text: extinct

text: along

text: with

text: many

text: other

text: dinosaur

text: groups

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Mesozoic

text: era

question: What were the first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve?

answer: enantiornithes

text: enantiornithes

question: Because of the construction of their shoulder bones, what were the enantiornithes called?

answer: opposite birds

text: opposite birds

question: What was the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period?

answer: enantiornithes

text: enantiornithes

question: When did enantiornithes become extinct?

answer: end of the Mesozoic era

text: end of the Mesozoic era


text: Baptist missionary work in Canada began in the British colony of Nova Scotia (present day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) in the 1760s. The first official record of a Baptist church in Canada was that of the Horton Baptist Church (now Wolfville) in Wolfville, Nova Scotia on 29 October 1778. The church was established with the assistance of the New Light evangelist Henry Alline. Many of Alline's followers, after his death, would convert and strengthen the Baptist presence in the Atlantic region.[page needed] Two major groups of Baptists formed the basis of the churches in the Maritimes. These were referred to as Regular Baptist (Calvinistic in their doctrine) and Free Will Baptists.

title: Baptists

title: Baptists

text: Baptist

text: missionary

text: work

text: in

text: Canada

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: colony

text: of

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: present

text: day

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: and

text: New

text: Brunswick

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: first

text: official

text: record

text: of

text: a

text: Baptist

text: church

text: in

text: Canada

text: was

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Horton

text: Baptist

text: Church

text: now

text: Wolfville

text: in

text: Wolfville

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: on

text: October

text: The

text: church

text: was

text: established

text: with

text: the

text: assistance

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: Light

text: evangelist

text: Henry

text: Alline

text: Many

text: of

text: Alline

text: 's

text: followers

text: after

text: his

text: death

text: would

text: convert

text: and

text: strengthen

text: the

text: Baptist

text: presence

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: region.[page

text: needed

text: Two

text: major

text: groups

text: of

text: Baptists

text: formed

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: churches

text: in

text: the

text: Maritimes

text: These

text: were

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Regular

text: Baptist

text: Calvinistic

text: in

text: their

text: doctrine

text: and

text: Free

text: Will

text: Baptists

question: Missionary work began in what Canadian colony?

answer: Nova Scotia

text: Nova Scotia

question: When did missionary work begin in Canada?

answer: 1760s

question: What was the first Baptist church in Canada?

answer: Horton Baptist Church

text: Horton Baptist Church

question: Where was the first Baptist church located in Canada?

answer: Wolfville, Nova Scotia

text: Wolfville, Nova Scotia

question: When was the first Canadian Baptist church established?

answer: 29 October 1778

text: 29 October 1778

question: Missionary work began in what American colony?

text: Nova Scotia

question: When did missionary work begin in America?

question: What was the first church of any kind in Canada?

text: Horton Baptist Church

question: Where was the first Anabaptist church located in Canada?

text: Wolfville, Nova Scotia

question: When was the first American Baptist church established?

text: 29 October 1778


text: An exception is the United States, where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent, but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected (see submarine patents). The various MP3-related patents expire on dates ranging from 2007 to 2017 in the U.S. Patents filed for anything disclosed in ISO CD 11172 a year or more after its publication are questionable. If only the known MP3 patents filed by December 1992 are considered, then MP3 decoding has been patent-free in the US since 22 September 2015 when U.S. Patent 5,812,672 expired which had a PCT filing in October 1992. If the longest-running patent mentioned in the aforementioned references is taken as a measure, then the MP3 technology will be patent-free in the United States on 30 December 2017 when U.S. Patent 5,703,999, held by the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and administered by Technicolor, expires.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: An

text: exception

text: is

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: where

text: patents

text: filed

text: prior

text: to

text: June

text: expire

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: publication

text: date

text: of

text: the

text: patent

text: but

text: application

text: extensions

text: make

text: it

text: possible

text: for

text: a

text: patent

text: to

text: issue

text: much

text: later

text: than

text: normally

text: expected

text: see

text: submarine

text: patents

text: The

text: various

text: patents

text: expire

text: on

text: dates

text: ranging

text: from

text: to

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Patents

text: filed

text: for

text: anything

text: disclosed

text: in

text: ISO

text: CD

text: a

text: year

text: or

text: more

text: after

text: its

text: publication

text: are

text: questionable

text: If

text: only

text: the

text: known

text: patents

text: filed

text: by

text: December

text: are

text: considered

text: then

text: decoding

text: has

text: been

text: patent

text: free

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: since

text: September

text: when

text: U.S.

text: Patent

text: expired

text: which

text: had

text: a

text: PCT

text: filing

text: in

text: October

text: If

text: the

text: longest

text: running

text: patent

text: mentioned

text: in

text: the

text: aforementioned

text: references

text: is

text: taken

text: as

text: a

text: measure

text: then

text: the

text: technology

text: will

text: be

text: patent

text: free

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: on

text: December

text: when

text: U.S.

text: Patent

text: held

text: by

text: the

text: Fraunhofer

text: Gesellschaft

text: and

text: administered

text: by

text: Technicolor

text: expires

question: How long does it take for patents to expire in the United States?

answer: 17 years after the publication date

text: 17 years after the publication date

question: A patent issue much later than normally expected can be referred to as what?

answer: submarine patents

text: submarine patents

question: What year is the latest that MP3 related patents will expire on in the United States?

answer: 2017

question: Who holds the longest running MP3 patent in the United States?

answer: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft

text: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft

question: Who administered the longest running MP3 patent in the United States?

answer: Technicolor

text: Technicolor