text: The characteristic feature of angiosperms is the flower. Flowers show remarkable variation in form and elaboration, and provide the most trustworthy external characteristics for establishing relationships among angiosperm species. The function of the flower is to ensure fertilization of the ovule and development of fruit containing seeds. The floral apparatus may arise terminally on a shoot or from the axil of a leaf (where the petiole attaches to the stem). Occasionally, as in violets, a flower arises singly in the axil of an ordinary foliage-leaf. More typically, the flower-bearing portion of the plant is sharply distinguished from the foliage-bearing or vegetative portion, and forms a more or less elaborate branch-system called an inflorescence.

title: Flowering_plant

title: Flowering_plant

text: The

text: characteristic

text: feature

text: of

text: angiosperms

text: is

text: the

text: flower

text: Flowers

text: show

text: remarkable

text: variation

text: in

text: form

text: and

text: elaboration

text: and

text: provide

text: the

text: most

text: trustworthy

text: external

text: characteristics

text: for

text: establishing

text: relationships

text: among

text: angiosperm

text: species

text: The

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: flower

text: is

text: to

text: ensure

text: fertilization

text: of

text: the

text: ovule

text: and

text: development

text: of

text: fruit

text: containing

text: seeds

text: The

text: floral

text: apparatus

text: may

text: arise

text: terminally

text: on

text: a

text: shoot

text: or

text: from

text: the

text: axil

text: of

text: a

text: leaf

text: where

text: the

text: petiole

text: attaches

text: to

text: the

text: stem

text: Occasionally

text: as

text: in

text: violets

text: a

text: flower

text: arises

text: singly

text: in

text: the

text: axil

text: of

text: an

text: ordinary

text: foliage

text: leaf

text: More

text: typically

text: the

text: flower

text: bearing

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: plant

text: is

text: sharply

text: distinguished

text: from

text: the

text: foliage

text: bearing

text: or

text: vegetative

text: portion

text: and

text: forms

text: a

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: elaborate

text: branch

text: system

text: called

text: an

text: inflorescence

question: What is the defining feature of angiosperms?

answer: flower

text: flower

question: What characteristic flowers show variation in?

answer: form and elaboration

text: form and elaboration

question: What do flowers provide the best external feature for doing?

answer: establishing relationships among angiosperm species

text: establishing relationships among angiosperm species

question: What is it the function of the flower to ensure fertilization of?

answer: the ovule

text: the ovule

question: What is the name of a branch system?

answer: inflorescence

text: inflorescence

question: What is a main feature of vegatative portion of a plant?

text: the flower

question: What does the foliage-bearing part of the plant form to bear flowers?

text: an inflorescence

question: What are some things that an elaborate branch system shows?

question: What does fruit with seeds provide to establish relationships among species?

question: What is the function of the petiole?


text: Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five "legs" that form a rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs pilots on how to join and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitude, usually 800 or 1,000 ft (244 or 305 m) above ground level (AGL). Standard traffic patterns are left-handed, meaning all turns are made to the left. One of the main reason for this is that pilots sit on the left side of the airplane, and a Left-hand patterns improves their visibility of the airport and pattern. Right-handed patterns do exist, usually because of obstacles such as a mountain, or to reduce noise for local residents. The predetermined circuit helps traffic flow smoothly because all pilots know what to expect, and helps reduce the chance of a mid-air collision.

title: Airport

title: Airport

text: Generally

text: this

text: pattern

text: is

text: a

text: circuit

text: consisting

text: of

text: five

text: legs

text: that

text: form

text: a

text: rectangle

text: two

text: legs

text: and

text: the

text: runway

text: form

text: one

text: side

text: with

text: the

text: remaining

text: legs

text: forming

text: three

text: more

text: sides

text: Each

text: leg

text: is

text: named

text: see

text: diagram

text: and

text: ATC

text: directs

text: pilots

text: on

text: how

text: to

text: join

text: and

text: leave

text: the

text: circuit

text: Traffic

text: patterns

text: are

text: flown

text: at

text: one

text: specific

text: altitude

text: usually

text: or

text: ft

text: or

text: m

text: above

text: ground

text: level

text: AGL

text: Standard

text: traffic

text: patterns

text: are

text: left

text: handed

text: meaning

text: all

text: turns

text: are

text: made

text: to

text: the

text: left

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: reason

text: for

text: this

text: is

text: that

text: pilots

text: sit

text: on

text: the

text: left

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: airplane

text: and

text: a

text: Left

text: hand

text: patterns

text: improves

text: their

text: visibility

text: of

text: the

text: airport

text: and

text: pattern

text: Right

text: handed

text: patterns

text: do

text: exist

text: usually

text: because

text: of

text: obstacles

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: mountain

text: or

text: to

text: reduce

text: noise

text: for

text: local

text: residents

text: The

text: predetermined

text: circuit

text: helps

text: traffic

text: flow

text: smoothly

text: because

text: all

text: pilots

text: know

text: what

text: to

text: expect

text: and

text: helps

text: reduce

text: the

text: chance

text: of

text: a

text: mid

text: air

text: collision

question: Traffic patterns are usually flown at what altitude above ground level?

answer: 800 or 1,000 ft

text: 800 or 1,000 ft

question: What does AGL stand for?

answer: above ground level

text: above ground level

question: Are standard traffic patterns right-handed or left-handed?

answer: left-handed

text: left-handed

question: What is one of the main reasons pilots sit on the left side of the airplane?

answer: Standard traffic patterns are left-handed

text: Standard traffic patterns are left-handed

question: At what altitude are ATC patterns flown to avoid mountains?

text: usually 800 or 1,000 ft (244 or 305 m)

question: Why are runway designs left-handed?

question: What does the runway consist of?

text: five "legs" that form a rectangle

question: What does improving visibilitiy by using a right handed pattern do for the ATC?

text: helps traffic flow smoothly

question: What does usually using a right-handed pattern as standard help pilots do?

text: know what to expect


text: When comparing different documents, or "witnesses", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant may have entered the text, either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship), as scribes or supervisors transmitted the original author's text by copying it. The textual critic's task, therefore, is to sort through the variants, eliminating those most likely to be un-original, hence establishing a "critical text", or critical edition, that is intended to best approximate the original. At the same time, the critical text should document variant readings, so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition. In establishing the critical text, the textual critic considers both "external" evidence (the age, provenance, and affiliation of each witness) and "internal" or "physical" considerations (what the author and scribes, or printers, were likely to have done).

title: Textual_criticism

title: Textual_criticism

text: When

text: comparing

text: different

text: documents

text: or

text: witnesses

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: original

text: text

text: the

text: observed

text: differences

text: are

text: called

text: variant

text: readings

text: or

text: simply

text: variants

text: or

text: readings

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: always

text: apparent

text: which

text: single

text: variant

text: represents

text: the

text: author

text: 's

text: original

text: work

text: The

text: process

text: of

text: textual

text: criticism

text: seeks

text: to

text: explain

text: how

text: each

text: variant

text: may

text: have

text: entered

text: the

text: text

text: either

text: by

text: accident

text: duplication

text: or

text: omission

text: or

text: intention

text: harmonization

text: or

text: censorship

text: as

text: scribes

text: or

text: supervisors

text: transmitted

text: the

text: original

text: author

text: 's

text: text

text: by

text: copying

text: it

text: The

text: textual

text: critic

text: 's

text: task

text: therefore

text: is

text: to

text: sort

text: through

text: the

text: variants

text: eliminating

text: those

text: most

text: likely

text: to

text: be

text: un

text: original

text: hence

text: establishing

text: a

text: critical

text: text

text: or

text: critical

text: edition

text: that

text: is

text: intended

text: to

text: best

text: approximate

text: the

text: original

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: critical

text: text

text: should

text: document

text: variant

text: readings

text: so

text: the

text: relation

text: of

text: extant

text: witnesses

text: to

text: the

text: reconstructed

text: original

text: is

text: apparent

text: to

text: a

text: reader

text: of

text: the

text: critical

text: edition

text: In

text: establishing

text: the

text: critical

text: text

text: the

text: textual

text: critic

text: considers

text: both

text: external

text: evidence

text: the

text: age

text: provenance

text: and

text: affiliation

text: of

text: each

text: witness

text: and

text: internal

text: or

text: physical

text: considerations

text: what

text: the

text: author

text: and

text: scribes

text: or

text: printers

text: were

text: likely

text: to

text: have

text: done

question: Different documents that represent the same original text are called what?

answer: witnesses

text: witnesses

question: What are the variations in the text of witnesses known as?

answer: variant readings, or simply variants or readings.

text: variant readings, or simply variants or readings.

question: How or why do variations enter a witness text?

answer: either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship)

text: either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship)

question: As well as representing the original text, a critical text must also do what?

answer: document variant readings

text: document variant readings

question: Why is it important to document variations in witness texts when compiling a critical text?

answer: so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition.

text: so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition.

question: Identical documents that represent different text are called what?

text: witnesses

question: What are the similarities in the text of witnesses known as?

text: duplication

question: When do variations enter a witness text?

text: When comparing different documents

question: What is the fourth way the textual critic considers evidence?

text: "external" evidence

question: What is the fifth way the textual critic considers evidence?

text: physical


text: Wood has always been used extensively for furniture, such as chairs and beds. It is also used for tool handles and cutlery, such as chopsticks, toothpicks, and other utensils, like the wooden spoon.

title: Wood

title: Wood

text: Wood

text: has

text: always

text: been

text: used

text: extensively

text: for

text: furniture

text: such

text: as

text: chairs

text: and

text: beds

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: for

text: tool

text: handles

text: and

text: cutlery

text: such

text: as

text: chopsticks

text: toothpicks

text: and

text: other

text: utensils

text: like

text: the

text: wooden

text: spoon

question: What category of products usually made from wood includes chairs?

answer: furniture

text: furniture

question: What wooden utensil could you stir a pot of soup with?

answer: wooden spoon

text: wooden spoon

question: Which parts of tools are sometimes made out of wood?

answer: handles

text: handles

question: What pieces of furniture that most people use every night can be made out of wood?

answer: beds

text: beds

question: What special wooden utensils do many people use to eat Chinese takeout?

answer: chopsticks

text: chopsticks


text: A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.

title: Symbiosis

title: Symbiosis

text: A

text: large

text: percentage

text: of

text: herbivores

text: have

text: mutualistic

text: gut

text: flora

text: that

text: help

text: them

text: digest

text: plant

text: matter

text: which

text: is

text: more

text: difficult

text: to

text: digest

text: than

text: animal

text: prey

text: This

text: gut

text: flora

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: cellulose

text: digesting

text: protozoans

text: or

text: bacteria

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: herbivores

text: intestines

text: Coral

text: reefs

text: are

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: mutualisms

text: between

text: coral

text: organisms

text: and

text: various

text: types

text: of

text: algae

text: that

text: live

text: inside

text: them

text: Most

text: land

text: plants

text: and

text: land

text: ecosystems

text: rely

text: on

text: mutualisms

text: between

text: the

text: plants

text: which

text: fix

text: carbon

text: from

text: the

text: air

text: and

text: mycorrhyzal

text: fungi

text: which

text: help

text: in

text: extracting

text: water

text: and

text: minerals

text: from

text: the

text: ground

question: What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines?

answer: mutualistic

text: mutualistic

question: What do coral and algae produce together?

answer: Coral reefs

text: Coral reefs

question: How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems?

answer: fix carbon from the air

text: fix carbon from the air

question: What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth?

answer: mycorrhyzal

text: mycorrhyzal

question: What do herbivores have to digest animal prey?

text: gut flora

question: Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go to after extracting water and minerals from the ground?

text: the air

question: Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go back to after extracting carbon from the air?

text: the ground

question: What organism has both cellulose-digesting protozoans and and mycorrhyzal fungi living in their intestines?

text: Coral reefs

question: What kind of fungi do coral reef depend on?

text: mycorrhyzal


text: Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that, although the term intellectual property is in wide use, it should be rejected altogether, because it "systematically distorts and confuses these issues, and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion". He claims that the term "operates as a catch-all to lump together disparate laws [which] originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues" and that it creates a "bias" by confusing these monopolies with ownership of limited physical things, likening them to "property rights". Stallman advocates referring to copyrights, patents and trademarks in the singular and warns against abstracting disparate laws into a collective term.

title: Intellectual_property

title: Intellectual_property

text: Free

text: Software

text: Foundation

text: founder

text: Richard

text: Stallman

text: argues

text: that

text: although

text: the

text: term

text: intellectual

text: property

text: is

text: in

text: wide

text: use

text: it

text: should

text: be

text: rejected

text: altogether

text: because

text: it

text: systematically

text: distorts

text: and

text: confuses

text: these

text: issues

text: and

text: its

text: use

text: was

text: and

text: is

text: promoted

text: by

text: those

text: who

text: gain

text: from

text: this

text: confusion

text: He

text: claims

text: that

text: the

text: term

text: operates

text: as

text: a

text: catch

text: all

text: to

text: lump

text: together

text: disparate

text: laws

text: which

text: originated

text: separately

text: evolved

text: differently

text: cover

text: different

text: activities

text: have

text: different

text: rules

text: and

text: raise

text: different

text: public

text: policy

text: issues

text: and

text: that

text: it

text: creates

text: a

text: bias

text: by

text: confusing

text: these

text: monopolies

text: with

text: ownership

text: of

text: limited

text: physical

text: things

text: likening

text: them

text: to

text: property

text: rights

text: Stallman

text: advocates

text: referring

text: to

text: copyrights

text: patents

text: and

text: trademarks

text: in

text: the

text: singular

text: and

text: warns

text: against

text: abstracting

text: disparate

text: laws

text: into

text: a

text: collective

text: term

question: Who founded the Free Software Foundation?

answer: Richard Stallman

text: Richard Stallman

question: Who said the term 'intellectual property' should be rejected altogether?

answer: Richard Stallman

text: Richard Stallman

question: Who said the term 'intellectual property' "operates as a catch-all"?

answer: Richard Stallman

text: Richard Stallman

question: How does Stallman advocate referring to copyrights, patents, and trademarks?

answer: in the singular

text: in the singular

question: What term does Richard Stallman support using?

text: intellectual property

question: Who said the term intellectual property simplifies and clarifies these issues?

text: Richard Stallman

question: What does Stallman advocate refering to in the plurally?

text: copyrights, patents and trademarks

question: What does Stallman say is created by confusing ownership with monopolies?

text: bias


text: After the establishment of Hampshire County Council, following the act in 1888, Southampton became a county borough within the county of Hampshire, which meant that it had many features of a county, but governance was now shared between the Corporation in Southampton and the new county council. There is a great source of confusion in the fact that the ancient shire county, along with its associated assizes, was known as the County of Southampton or Southamptonshire. This was officially changed to Hampshire in 1959 although the county had been commonly known as Hampshire or Hantscire for centuries. Southampton became a non-metropolitan district in 1974.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: After

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: Hampshire

text: County

text: Council

text: following

text: the

text: act

text: in

text: Southampton

text: became

text: a

text: county

text: borough

text: within

text: the

text: county

text: of

text: Hampshire

text: which

text: meant

text: that

text: it

text: had

text: many

text: features

text: of

text: a

text: county

text: but

text: governance

text: was

text: now

text: shared

text: between

text: the

text: Corporation

text: in

text: Southampton

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: county

text: council

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: great

text: source

text: of

text: confusion

text: in

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: the

text: ancient

text: shire

text: county

text: along

text: with

text: its

text: associated

text: assizes

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: County

text: of

text: Southampton

text: or

text: Southamptonshire

text: This

text: was

text: officially

text: changed

text: to

text: Hampshire

text: in

text: although

text: the

text: county

text: had

text: been

text: commonly

text: known

text: as

text: Hampshire

text: or

text: Hantscire

text: for

text: centuries

text: Southampton

text: became

text: a

text: non

text: metropolitan

text: district

text: in

question: In what year did an act establish the Hampshire County Council?

answer: 1888

question: What organization did the new county council share governance of Southampton with?

answer: the Corporation in Southampton

text: the Corporation in Southampton

question: What year was the county of Hampshire officially named?

answer: 1959

question: Even before it was official, Hampshire was often called Hampshire or what ancient variation of the name?

answer: Hantscire

text: Hantscire

question: What designation was Southampton given in 1974?

answer: non-metropolitan district

text: non-metropolitan district


text: After his election as Bishop of Rome, Paul VI first met with the priests in his new dioceses. He told them that in Milan he started a dialogue with the modern world and asked them to seek contact with all people from all walks of life. Six days after his election he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening to take place on 29 September 1963. In a radio address to the world, Paul VI recalled the uniqueness of his predecessors, the strength of Pius XI, the wisdom and intelligence of Pius XII and the love of John XXIII. As "his pontifical goals" he mentioned the continuation and completion of Vatican II, the reform of the Canon Law and improved social peace and justice in the world. The Unity of Christianity would be central to his activities.

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: After

text: his

text: election

text: as

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Rome

text: Paul

text: VI

text: first

text: met

text: with

text: the

text: priests

text: in

text: his

text: new

text: dioceses

text: He

text: told

text: them

text: that

text: in

text: Milan

text: he

text: started

text: a

text: dialogue

text: with

text: the

text: modern

text: world

text: and

text: asked

text: them

text: to

text: seek

text: contact

text: with

text: all

text: people

text: from

text: all

text: walks

text: of

text: life

text: Six

text: days

text: after

text: his

text: election

text: he

text: announced

text: that

text: he

text: would

text: continue

text: Vatican

text: II

text: and

text: convened

text: the

text: opening

text: to

text: take

text: place

text: on

text: September

text: In

text: a

text: radio

text: address

text: to

text: the

text: world

text: Paul

text: VI

text: recalled

text: the

text: uniqueness

text: of

text: his

text: predecessors

text: the

text: strength

text: of

text: Pius

text: XI

text: the

text: wisdom

text: and

text: intelligence

text: of

text: Pius

text: XII

text: and

text: the

text: love

text: of

text: John

text: XXIII

text: As

text: his

text: pontifical

text: goals

text: he

text: mentioned

text: the

text: continuation

text: and

text: completion

text: of

text: Vatican

text: II

text: the

text: reform

text: of

text: the

text: Canon

text: Law

text: and

text: improved

text: social

text: peace

text: and

text: justice

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Unity

text: of

text: Christianity

text: would

text: be

text: central

text: to

text: his

text: activities

question: What did Paul VI want to keep open with the modern world and people from all walks of life?

answer: a dialogue

text: a dialogue

question: How many days after Paul VI election did he announce he would continue the Vatican II?

answer: Six

text: Six

question: On what date was Vatican II re convened?

answer: 29 September

text: 29 September

question: Six days after he was elected, what did Paul VI announce he would continue?

answer: Vatican II

text: Vatican II

question: What did Paul want to reform as a newly elected pope?

answer: Canon Law

text: Canon Law


text: In July 1855, the allied squadron tried to go past Taganrog to Rostov on Don, entering the Don River through the Mius River. On 12 July 1855 HMS Jasper grounded near Taganrog thanks to a fisherman who moved buoys into shallow water. The Cossacks captured the gunboat with all of its guns and blew it up. The third siege attempt was made 19–31 August 1855, but the city was already fortified and the squadron could not approach close enough for landing operations. The allied fleet left the Gulf of Taganrog on the 2nd September 1855, with minor military operations along the Azov Sea coast continuing until late autumn 1855.

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: In

text: July

text: the

text: allied

text: squadron

text: tried

text: to

text: go

text: past

text: Taganrog

text: to

text: Rostov

text: on

text: Don

text: entering

text: the

text: Don

text: River

text: through

text: the

text: Mius

text: River

text: On

text: July

text: HMS

text: Jasper

text: grounded

text: near

text: Taganrog

text: thanks

text: to

text: a

text: fisherman

text: who

text: moved

text: buoys

text: into

text: shallow

text: water

text: The

text: Cossacks

text: captured

text: the

text: gunboat

text: with

text: all

text: of

text: its

text: guns

text: and

text: blew

text: it

text: up

text: The

text: third

text: siege

text: attempt

text: was

text: made

text: August

text: but

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: already

text: fortified

text: and

text: the

text: squadron

text: could

text: not

text: approach

text: close

text: enough

text: for

text: landing

text: operations

text: The

text: allied

text: fleet

text: left

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Taganrog

text: on

text: the

text: September

text: with

text: minor

text: military

text: operations

text: along

text: the

text: Azov

text: Sea

text: coast

text: continuing

text: until

text: late

text: autumn

question: What caused the HMS Jasper to get stuck in shallow water?

answer: a fisherman who moved buoys

text: a fisherman who moved buoys

question: Who blew up the HMS Jasper?

answer: The Cossacks

text: The Cossacks

question: During what days did the allied squadron third siege attempt take place?

answer: 19–31 August

text: 19–31 August

question: The allied fleet departed the Gulf of Taganrog on what date?

answer: 2nd September

text: 2nd September

question: Why did the third siege attempt fail?

answer: the city was already fortified

text: the city was already fortified


text: In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: In

text: Andorra

text: Catalan

text: has

text: always

text: been

text: the

text: sole

text: official

text: language

text: Since

text: the

text: promulgation

text: of

text: the

text: constitution

text: several

text: Andorranization

text: policies

text: have

text: been

text: enforced

text: like

text: Catalan

text: medium

text: education

question: Where has Catalan always been the only language?

answer: Andorra

text: Andorra

question: When was the Andorran constitution produced?

answer: 1993

question: What policies are the Andorrans enforcing?

answer: Andorranization policies

text: Andorranization policies

question: What is an Andorran school policy?

answer: Catalan medium education

text: Catalan medium education

question: What is the only language of Andorra?

answer: Catalan

text: Catalan


text: The assembly of the tribes (i.e. the citizens of Rome), the Comitia Tributa, was presided over by a consul, and was composed of 35 tribes. The tribes were not ethnic or kinship groups, but rather geographical subdivisions. The order that the thirty-five tribes would vote in was selected randomly by lot. Once a measure received support from a majority of the tribes, the voting would end. While it did not pass many laws, the Comitia Tributa did elect quaestors, curule aediles, and military tribunes. The Plebeian Council was identical to the assembly of the tribes, but excluded the patricians (the elite who could trace their ancestry to the founding of Rome). They elected their own officers, plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles. Usually a plebeian tribune would preside over the assembly. This assembly passed most laws, and could also act as a court of appeal.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: The

text: assembly

text: of

text: the

text: tribes

text: i.e.

text: the

text: citizens

text: of

text: Rome

text: the

text: Comitia

text: Tributa

text: was

text: presided

text: over

text: by

text: a

text: consul

text: and

text: was

text: composed

text: of

text: tribes

text: The

text: tribes

text: were

text: not

text: ethnic

text: or

text: kinship

text: groups

text: but

text: rather

text: geographical

text: subdivisions

text: The

text: order

text: that

text: the

text: thirty

text: five

text: tribes

text: would

text: vote

text: in

text: was

text: selected

text: randomly

text: by

text: lot

text: Once

text: a

text: measure

text: received

text: support

text: from

text: a

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: tribes

text: the

text: voting

text: would

text: end

text: While

text: it

text: did

text: not

text: pass

text: many

text: laws

text: the

text: Comitia

text: Tributa

text: did

text: elect

text: quaestors

text: curule

text: aediles

text: and

text: military

text: tribunes

text: The

text: Plebeian

text: Council

text: was

text: identical

text: to

text: the

text: assembly

text: of

text: the

text: tribes

text: but

text: excluded

text: the

text: patricians

text: the

text: elite

text: who

text: could

text: trace

text: their

text: ancestry

text: to

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: Rome

text: They

text: elected

text: their

text: own

text: officers

text: plebeian

text: tribunes

text: and

text: plebeian

text: aediles

text: Usually

text: a

text: plebeian

text: tribune

text: would

text: preside

text: over

text: the

text: assembly

text: This

text: assembly

text: passed

text: most

text: laws

text: and

text: could

text: also

text: act

text: as

text: a

text: court

text: of

text: appeal

question: How many tribes were considered to be in the Comitia Tributa?

answer: 35 tribes

text: 35 tribes

question: How were the assembly of tribes segregated into specific tribes?

answer: geographical subdivisions

text: geographical subdivisions

question: What assembly was responsible for the election of quaestors?

answer: the Comitia Tributa

text: the Comitia Tributa

question: When would the assembly of tribes cease voting?

answer: Once a measure received support from a majority of the tribes

text: Once a measure received support from a majority of the tribes

question: Who would be responsible for the election of a plebeian tribune?

answer: a plebeian

text: a plebeian


text: A union planned to protest at the relay for better living conditions. Hong Kong legislator Michael Mak Kwok-fung and activist Chan Cheong, both members of the League of Social Democrats, were not allowed to enter Macau.

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: A

text: union

text: planned

text: to

text: protest

text: at

text: the

text: relay

text: for

text: better

text: living

text: conditions

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: legislator

text: Michael

text: Mak

text: Kwok

text: fung

text: and

text: activist

text: Chan

text: Cheong

text: both

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: League

text: of

text: Social

text: Democrats

text: were

text: not

text: allowed

text: to

text: enter

text: Macau

question: Who was Michael Mak Kwok-fung?

answer: Hong Kong legislator

text: Hong Kong legislator


text: In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States. The distinction stems from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state. The U.S. Constitution was written as a reaction to the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government.

title: Federalism

title: Federalism

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: federalism

text: originally

text: referred

text: to

text: belief

text: in

text: a

text: stronger

text: central

text: government

text: When

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Constitution

text: was

text: being

text: drafted

text: the

text: Federalist

text: Party

text: supported

text: a

text: stronger

text: central

text: government

text: while

text: Anti

text: Federalists

text: wanted

text: a

text: weaker

text: central

text: government

text: This

text: is

text: very

text: different

text: from

text: the

text: modern

text: usage

text: of

text: federalism

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: The

text: distinction

text: stems

text: from

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: federalism

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: political

text: spectrum

text: between

text: a

text: confederacy

text: and

text: a

text: unitary

text: state

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Constitution

text: was

text: written

text: as

text: a

text: reaction

text: to

text: the

text: Articles

text: of

text: Confederation

text: under

text: which

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: was

text: a

text: loose

text: confederation

text: with

text: a

text: weak

text: central

text: government

question: In the United States, what was federalism referred to?

answer: belief in a stronger central government.

text: belief in a stronger central government.

question: When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party support?

answer: stronger central government

text: stronger central government

question: What did anti-federalist support?

answer: weaker central government

text: weaker central government

question: On the political spectrum, where does federalism stand?

answer: federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state

text: federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state

question: In the United States, what wasn't federalism referred to?

text: belief in a stronger central government

question: When the U.S Constitution was being erased, what did the federalist party support?

text: stronger central government

question: When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party oppose?

text: stronger central government

question: What did anti-federalist oppose?

text: weaker central government

question: On the political spectrum, where doesn't federalism stand?


text: The setae ("hairs") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia ("limbs") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips – for example jointed, comb-like or hooked. Chetae are made of moderately flexible β-chitin and are formed by follicles, each of which has a chetoblast ("hair-forming") cell at the bottom and muscles that can extend or retract the cheta. The chetoblasts produce chetae by forming microvilli, fine hair-like extensions that increase the area available for secreting the cheta. When the cheta is complete, the microvilli withdraw into the chetoblast, leaving parallel tunnels that run almost the full length of the cheta. Hence annelids' chetae are structurally different from the setae ("bristles") of arthropods, which are made of the more rigid α-chitin, have a single internal cavity, and are mounted on flexible joints in shallow pits in the cuticle.

title: Annelid

title: Annelid

text: The

text: setae

text: hairs

text: of

text: annelids

text: project

text: out

text: from

text: the

text: epidermis

text: to

text: provide

text: traction

text: and

text: other

text: capabilities

text: The

text: simplest

text: are

text: unjointed

text: and

text: form

text: paired

text: bundles

text: near

text: the

text: top

text: and

text: bottom

text: of

text: each

text: side

text: of

text: each

text: segment

text: The

text: parapodia

text: limbs

text: of

text: annelids

text: that

text: have

text: them

text: often

text: bear

text: more

text: complex

text: chetae

text: at

text: their

text: tips

text: for

text: example

text: jointed

text: comb

text: like

text: or

text: hooked

text: Chetae

text: are

text: made

text: of

text: moderately

text: flexible

text: β-chitin

text: and

text: are

text: formed

text: by

text: follicles

text: each

text: of

text: which

text: has

text: a

text: chetoblast

text: hair

text: forming

text: cell

text: at

text: the

text: bottom

text: and

text: muscles

text: that

text: can

text: extend

text: or

text: retract

text: the

text: cheta

text: The

text: chetoblasts

text: produce

text: chetae

text: by

text: forming

text: microvilli

text: fine

text: hair

text: like

text: extensions

text: that

text: increase

text: the

text: area

text: available

text: for

text: secreting

text: the

text: cheta

text: When

text: the

text: cheta

text: is

text: complete

text: the

text: microvilli

text: withdraw

text: into

text: the

text: chetoblast

text: leaving

text: parallel

text: tunnels

text: that

text: run

text: almost

text: the

text: full

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: cheta

text: Hence

text: annelids

text: chetae

text: are

text: structurally

text: different

text: from

text: the

text: setae

text: bristles

text: of

text: arthropods

text: which

text: are

text: made

text: of

text: the

text: more

text: rigid

text: α-chitin

text: have

text: a

text: single

text: internal

text: cavity

text: and

text: are

text: mounted

text: on

text: flexible

text: joints

text: in

text: shallow

text: pits

text: in

text: the

text: cuticle

question: What do chetoblast cells do?

answer: hair-forming

text: hair-forming

question: What hair-like extensions do chetoblasts make?

answer: microvilli

text: microvilli

question: What are setae?

answer: bristles

text: bristles

question: What are parapodia against?

text: limbs

question: What do chetoblast cells destroy?

text: hair-forming

question: What hair-like extensions do chetoblasts eat?

text: microvilli

question: What are setae never considered?

text: bristles


text: New security features in Windows 8 include two new authentication methods tailored towards touchscreens (PINs and picture passwords), the addition of antivirus capabilities to Windows Defender (bringing it in parity with Microsoft Security Essentials). SmartScreen filtering integrated into Windows, Family Safety offers Parental controls, which allows parents to monitor and manage their children's activities on a device with activity reports and safety controls. Windows 8 also provides integrated system recovery through the new "Refresh" and "Reset" functions, including system recovery from USB drive. Windows 8's first security patches would be released on November 13, 2012; it would contain three fixes deemed "critical" by the company.

title: Windows_8

title: Windows_8

text: New

text: security

text: features

text: in

text: Windows

text: include

text: two

text: new

text: authentication

text: methods

text: tailored

text: towards

text: touchscreens

text: PINs

text: and

text: picture

text: passwords

text: the

text: addition

text: of

text: antivirus

text: capabilities

text: to

text: Windows

text: Defender

text: bringing

text: it

text: in

text: parity

text: with

text: Microsoft

text: Security

text: Essentials

text: SmartScreen

text: filtering

text: integrated

text: into

text: Windows

text: Family

text: Safety

text: offers

text: Parental

text: controls

text: which

text: allows

text: parents

text: to

text: monitor

text: and

text: manage

text: their

text: children

text: 's

text: activities

text: on

text: a

text: device

text: with

text: activity

text: reports

text: and

text: safety

text: controls

text: Windows

text: also

text: provides

text: integrated

text: system

text: recovery

text: through

text: the

text: new

text: Refresh

text: and

text: Reset

text: functions

text: including

text: system

text: recovery

text: from

text: USB

text: drive

text: Windows

text: 's

text: first

text: security

text: patches

text: would

text: be

text: released

text: on

text: November

text: it

text: would

text: contain

text: three

text: fixes

text: deemed

text: critical

text: by

text: the

text: company

question: What new security features did Windows 8 provide?

answer: PINs and picture passwords

text: PINs and picture passwords

question: What were the new security features in Windows 8 geared at?

answer: touchscreens

text: touchscreens

question: What options do Parental controls provide?

answer: allows parents to monitor and manage their children's activities on a device with activity reports and safety controls

text: allows parents to monitor and manage their children's activities on a device with activity reports and safety controls

question: What new recovery options did Windows 8 implement?

answer: "Refresh" and "Reset" functions, including system recovery from USB drive

text: "Refresh" and "Reset" functions, including system recovery from USB drive

question: When was the first Windows 8 patch sent out?

answer: November 13, 2012

text: November 13, 2012

question: What new security features did Windows 9 provide?

text: PINs and picture passwords

question: What were the new security features in Windows 9 geared at?

text: touchscreens

question: What options don't Parental controls provide?

question: What new recovery options did Windows 9 implement?

question: When was the first Windows 9 patch sent out?

text: November 13, 2012


text: The insect outer skeleton, the cuticle, is made up of two layers: the epicuticle, which is a thin and waxy water resistant outer layer and contains no chitin, and a lower layer called the procuticle. The procuticle is chitinous and much thicker than the epicuticle and has two layers: an outer layer known as the exocuticle and an inner layer known as the endocuticle. The tough and flexible endocuticle is built from numerous layers of fibrous chitin and proteins, criss-crossing each other in a sandwich pattern, while the exocuticle is rigid and hardened.:22–24 The exocuticle is greatly reduced in many soft-bodied insects (e.g., caterpillars), especially during their larval stages.

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: The

text: insect

text: outer

text: skeleton

text: the

text: cuticle

text: is

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: two

text: layers

text: the

text: epicuticle

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: thin

text: and

text: waxy

text: water

text: resistant

text: outer

text: layer

text: and

text: contains

text: no

text: chitin

text: and

text: a

text: lower

text: layer

text: called

text: the

text: procuticle

text: The

text: procuticle

text: is

text: chitinous

text: and

text: much

text: thicker

text: than

text: the

text: epicuticle

text: and

text: has

text: two

text: layers

text: an

text: outer

text: layer

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: exocuticle

text: and

text: an

text: inner

text: layer

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: endocuticle

text: The

text: tough

text: and

text: flexible

text: endocuticle

text: is

text: built

text: from

text: numerous

text: layers

text: of

text: fibrous

text: chitin

text: and

text: proteins

text: criss

text: crossing

text: each

text: other

text: in

text: a

text: sandwich

text: pattern

text: while

text: the

text: exocuticle

text: is

text: rigid

text: and

text: The

text: exocuticle

text: is

text: greatly

text: reduced

text: in

text: many

text: soft

text: bodied

text: insects

text: e.g.

text: caterpillars

text: especially

text: during

text: their

text: larval

text: stages

question: Insect's outer skeleton is known as what?

answer: the cuticle

text: the cuticle

question: The cuticle has how many layers?

answer: two

text: two

question: Which cuticle later is like wax?

answer: the epicuticle

text: the epicuticle

question: The epicuticle does not consist of what?

answer: chitin

text: chitin

question: Is the procuticle thinner or thicker than the epicuticle?

answer: thicker

text: thicker


text: The largest expansion of comprehensive schools in 1965 resulted from a policy decision taken in 1965 by Anthony Crosland, Secretary of State for Education in the 1964–1970 Labour government. The policy decision was implemented by Circular 10/65, an instruction to local education authorities to plan for conversion. Students sat the 11+ examination in their last year of primary education and were sent to one of a secondary modern, secondary technical or grammar school depending on their perceived ability. Secondary technical schools were never widely implemented and for 20 years there was a virtual bipartite system which saw fierce competition for the available grammar school places, which varied between 15% and 25% of total secondary places, depending on location.[citation needed]

title: Comprehensive_school

title: Comprehensive_school

text: The

text: largest

text: expansion

text: of

text: comprehensive

text: schools

text: in

text: resulted

text: from

text: a

text: policy

text: decision

text: taken

text: in

text: by

text: Anthony

text: Crosland

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: for

text: Education

text: in

text: the

text: Labour

text: government

text: The

text: policy

text: decision

text: was

text: implemented

text: by

text: Circular

text: an

text: instruction

text: to

text: local

text: education

text: authorities

text: to

text: plan

text: for

text: conversion

text: Students

text: sat

text: the

text: examination

text: in

text: their

text: last

text: year

text: of

text: primary

text: education

text: and

text: were

text: sent

text: to

text: one

text: of

text: a

text: secondary

text: modern

text: secondary

text: technical

text: or

text: grammar

text: school

text: depending

text: on

text: their

text: perceived

text: ability

text: Secondary

text: technical

text: schools

text: were

text: never

text: widely

text: implemented

text: and

text: for

text: years

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: virtual

text: bipartite

text: system

text: which

text: saw

text: fierce

text: competition

text: for

text: the

text: available

text: grammar

text: school

text: places

text: which

text: varied

text: between

text: and

text: of

text: total

text: secondary

text: places

text: depending

text: on

text: location.[citation

text: needed

question: Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965?

answer: Anthony Crosland

text: Anthony Crosland

question: what was Anthony Crosland's role in government?

answer: Secretary of State for Education

text: Secretary of State for Education

question: Which type of school was not in widespread usage?

answer: Secondary technical schools

text: Secondary technical schools

question: Who was responsible for the proliferation of uncomprehensive schools in 1965?

text: Anthony Crosland

question: Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1956?

text: Anthony Crosland

question: Who wasn't responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965?

text: Anthony Crosland

question: what wasn't Anthony Crosland's role in government?

text: Secretary of State for Education

question: Which type of school was in widespread usage?

text: Secondary technical schools


text: The school's sports teams, wearing crimson and royal blue, are called the Kansas Jayhawks. They participate in the NCAA's Division I and in the Big 12 Conference. KU has won thirteen National Championships: five in men's basketball (two Helms Foundation championships and three NCAA championships), three in men's indoor track and field, three in men's outdoor track and field, one in men's cross country and one in women's outdoor track and field. The home course for KU Cross Country is Rim Rock Farm. Their most recent championship came on June 8, 2013 when the KU women's track and field team won the NCAA outdoor in Eugene, Oregon becoming the first University of Kansas women's team to win a national title.

title: University_of_Kansas

title: University_of_Kansas

text: The

text: school

text: 's

text: sports

text: teams

text: wearing

text: crimson

text: and

text: royal

text: blue

text: are

text: called

text: the

text: Kansas

text: Jayhawks

text: They

text: participate

text: in

text: the

text: NCAA

text: 's

text: Division

text: I

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Big

text: Conference

text: KU

text: has

text: won

text: thirteen

text: National

text: Championships

text: five

text: in

text: men

text: 's

text: basketball

text: two

text: Helms

text: Foundation

text: championships

text: and

text: three

text: NCAA

text: championships

text: three

text: in

text: men

text: 's

text: indoor

text: track

text: and

text: field

text: three

text: in

text: men

text: 's

text: outdoor

text: track

text: and

text: field

text: one

text: in

text: men

text: 's

text: cross

text: country

text: and

text: one

text: in

text: women

text: 's

text: outdoor

text: track

text: and

text: field

text: The

text: home

text: course

text: for

text: KU

text: Cross

text: Country

text: is

text: Rim

text: Rock

text: Farm

text: Their

text: most

text: recent

text: championship

text: came

text: on

text: June

text: when

text: the

text: KU

text: women

text: 's

text: track

text: and

text: field

text: team

text: won

text: the

text: NCAA

text: outdoor

text: in

text: Eugene

text: Oregon

text: becoming

text: the

text: first

text: University

text: of

text: Kansas

text: women

text: 's

text: team

text: to

text: win

text: a

text: national

text: title

question: What colors are worn by KU's athletic teams?

answer: crimson and royal blue

text: crimson and royal blue

question: What is the name of KU athletic teams?

answer: Kansas Jayhawks

text: Kansas Jayhawks

question: How many times has the male basketball team from Kansas won a national title?

answer: five

text: five

question: How many natioanl female outdoor track and field championships have been won by the University of Kansas?

answer: one

text: one

question: Where does KU's cross country team run?

answer: Rim Rock Farm

text: Rim Rock Farm

question: What colors are worn by KU's non-athletic teams?

text: crimson and royal blue

question: What isn't the name of KU athletic teams?

text: Kansas Jayhawks

question: How many times has the male baseball team from Kansas won a national title?

text: five

question: How many international female outdoor track and field championships have been won by the University of Kansas?

text: one

question: Where does KU's cross country team swim?

text: Rim Rock Farm


text: The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or 1544 kg).

title: Westminster_Abbey

title: Westminster_Abbey

text: The

text: bells

text: at

text: the

text: abbey

text: were

text: overhauled

text: in

text: The

text: ring

text: is

text: now

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: ten

text: bells

text: hung

text: for

text: change

text: ringing

text: cast

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Whitechapel

text: Bell

text: Foundry

text: tuned

text: to

text: the

text: notes

text: F

text: E

text: D

text: C

text: B

text: A

text: G

text: F

text: E

text: and

text: D.

text: The

text: Tenor

text: bell

text: in

text: D

text: Hz

text: has

text: a

text: weight

text: of

text: cwt

text: qtr

text: lb

text: lb

text: or

text: kg

question: When were the bells overhauled?

answer: 1971

question: How many bells make up the abbey ring?

answer: Ten

text: Ten

question: When were the ten bells cast?

answer: 1971

question: Who cast the abbey bells?

answer: Whitechapel Bell Foundry

text: Whitechapel Bell Foundry

question: When weren't the bells overhauled?

question: When were the bells scrapped?

question: How many bells don't make up the abbey ring?

text: ten

question: When were the ine bells cast?

question: Who destroyed the abbey bells?

text: Whitechapel Bell Foundry


text: Houston has mild winters in contrast to most areas of the United States. In January, the normal mean temperature at Intercontinental Airport is 53.1 °F (11.7 °C), while that station has an average of 13 days with a low at or below freezing. Snowfall is rare. Recent snow events in Houston include a storm on December 24, 2004 when one inch (2.5 cm) of snow accumulated in parts of the metro area. Falls of at least one inch on both December 10, 2008 and December 4, 2009 marked the first time measurable snowfall had occurred in two consecutive years in the city's recorded history. The coldest temperature officially recorded in Houston was 5 °F (−15 °C) on January 18, 1940. Houston has historically received an ample amount of rainfall, averaging about 49.8 in (1,260 mm) annually per 1981–2010 normals. Localized flooding often occurs, owing to the extremely flat topography and widespread typical clay-silt prairie soils, which do not drain quickly.

title: Houston

title: Houston

text: Houston

text: has

text: mild

text: winters

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: most

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: In

text: January

text: the

text: normal

text: mean

text: temperature

text: at

text: Intercontinental

text: Airport

text: is

text: F

text: C

text: while

text: that

text: station

text: has

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: days

text: with

text: a

text: low

text: at

text: or

text: below

text: freezing

text: Snowfall

text: is

text: rare

text: Recent

text: snow

text: events

text: in

text: Houston

text: include

text: a

text: storm

text: on

text: December

text: when

text: one

text: inch

text: cm

text: of

text: snow

text: accumulated

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: metro

text: area

text: Falls

text: of

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: inch

text: on

text: both

text: December

text: and

text: December

text: marked

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: measurable

text: snowfall

text: had

text: occurred

text: in

text: two

text: consecutive

text: years

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: recorded

text: history

text: The

text: coldest

text: temperature

text: officially

text: recorded

text: in

text: Houston

text: was

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: January

text: Houston

text: has

text: historically

text: received

text: an

text: ample

text: amount

text: of

text: rainfall

text: averaging

text: about

text: in

text: mm

text: annually

text: per

text: normals

text: Localized

text: flooding

text: often

text: occurs

text: owing

text: to

text: the

text: extremely

text: flat

text: topography

text: and

text: widespread

text: typical

text: clay

text: silt

text: prairie

text: soils

text: which

text: do

text: not

text: drain

text: quickly

question: What kind of winter weather does Houston have?

answer: mild winters

text: mild winters

question: What is the usual mean temperature in Houston?

answer: 53.1 °F

text: 53.1 °F

question: What type of weather is a rarity in Houston?

answer: Snowfall

text: Snowfall

question: When was the coldest reported temperature in Houston?

answer: January 18, 1940

text: January 18, 1940

question: How much rain does Houston usually get per year?

answer: 49.8 in

text: 49.8 in

question: What kind of summer weather does Houston have?

text: mild

question: What is the usual mean temperature in Texas?

text: 53.1 °F

question: What type of weather is common in Houston?

text: snow

question: When was the warmest reported temperature in Houston?

text: 5 °F

question: How many tornadoes does Houston usually get per year?


text: Montevideo is situated on the north shore of the Río de la Plata, the arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the south coast of Uruguay from the north coast of Argentina; Buenos Aires lies 230 kilometres (140 mi) west on the Argentine side. The Santa Lucía River forms a natural border between Montevideo and San José Department to its west. To the city's north and east is Canelones Department, with the stream of Carrasco forming the eastern natural border. The coastline forming the city's southern border is interspersed with rocky protrusions and sandy beaches. The Bay of Montevideo forms a natural harbour, the nation's largest and one of the largest in the Southern Cone, and the finest natural port in the region, functioning as a crucial component of the Uruguayan economy and foreign trade. Various streams criss-cross the town and empty into the Bay of Montevideo. The coastline and rivers are heavily polluted and of high salinity.

title: Montevideo

title: Montevideo

text: Montevideo

text: is

text: situated

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: shore

text: of

text: the

text: Río

text: de

text: la

text: Plata

text: the

text: arm

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: that

text: separates

text: the

text: south

text: coast

text: of

text: Uruguay

text: from

text: the

text: north

text: coast

text: of

text: Argentina

text: Buenos

text: Aires

text: lies

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: west

text: on

text: the

text: Argentine

text: side

text: The

text: Santa

text: Lucía

text: River

text: forms

text: a

text: natural

text: border

text: between

text: Montevideo

text: and

text: San

text: José

text: Department

text: to

text: its

text: west

text: To

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: north

text: and

text: east

text: is

text: Canelones

text: Department

text: with

text: the

text: stream

text: of

text: Carrasco

text: forming

text: the

text: eastern

text: natural

text: border

text: The

text: coastline

text: forming

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: southern

text: border

text: is

text: interspersed

text: with

text: rocky

text: protrusions

text: and

text: sandy

text: beaches

text: The

text: Bay

text: of

text: Montevideo

text: forms

text: a

text: natural

text: harbour

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: Cone

text: and

text: the

text: finest

text: natural

text: port

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: functioning

text: as

text: a

text: crucial

text: component

text: of

text: the

text: Uruguayan

text: economy

text: and

text: foreign

text: trade

text: Various

text: streams

text: criss

text: cross

text: the

text: town

text: and

text: empty

text: into

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Montevideo

text: The

text: coastline

text: and

text: rivers

text: are

text: heavily

text: polluted

text: and

text: of

text: high

text: salinity

question: Montevideo is situated on the north shore of what?

answer: the Río de la Plata

text: the Río de la Plata

question: What river forms a natural border between Montevideo and San Jose Department?

answer: Santa Lucía River

text: Santa Lucía River

question: What does the Bay of Montevideo form?

answer: a natural harbour

text: a natural harbour


text: The Soviet regime first came to power on November 7, 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown in the October Revolution. The state it governed, which did not have an official name, would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months.

title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

text: The

text: Soviet

text: regime

text: first

text: came

text: to

text: power

text: on

text: November

text: immediately

text: after

text: the

text: Russian

text: Provisional

text: Government

text: which

text: governed

text: the

text: Russian

text: Republic

text: was

text: overthrown

text: in

text: the

text: October

text: Revolution

text: The

text: state

text: it

text: governed

text: which

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: an

text: official

text: name

text: would

text: be

text: unrecognized

text: by

text: neighboring

text: countries

text: for

text: another

text: five

text: months

question: When did the Soviet regime first become powerful?

answer: November 7, 1917

text: November 7, 1917

question: Which government was in power before the Soviet regime?

answer: the Russian Provisional Government

text: the Russian Provisional Government

question: Which revolution led to the Soviet regime's rise to power?

answer: the October Revolution

text: the October Revolution

question: How long was the state of the Soviet regime unrecognized by other countries?

answer: five months

text: five months

question: What was the name of the republic the Russian Provisional Goverment ruled?

answer: the Russian Republic

text: the Russian Republic

question: When did the Soviet government assume power?

answer: November 7, 1917

text: November 7, 1917

question: What event led to the assumption of power by the Soviet government?

answer: the October Revolution

text: the October Revolution

question: What body governed Russia prior to the Soviet government?

answer: the Russian Provisional Government

text: the Russian Provisional Government

question: In months, for how long was the new Soviet state unrecognized?

answer: five

text: five

question: When did the Soviet regime first lose power?

text: November 7, 1917

question: Which government was in power after the Soviet regime?

text: Russian Provisional Government

question: Which revolution led to the Soviet regime's fall from power?

text: October Revolution

question: How long was the state of the Soviet regime recognized by other countries?

text: five months

question: What wasn't the name of the republic the Russian Provisional Goverment ruled?

text: Russian Republic


text: High-voltage AC overhead systems are not only for standard gauge national networks. The meter gauge Rhaetian Railway (RhB) and the neighbouring Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn (MGB) operate on 11 kV at 16.7 Hz frequency. Practice has proven that both Swiss and German 15 kV trains can operate under these lower voltages. The RhB started trials of the 11 kV system in 1913 on the Engadin line (St. Moritz-Scuol/Tarasp). The MGB constituents Furka-Oberalp-Bahn (FO) and Brig-Visp-Zermatt Bahn (BVZ) introduced their electric services in 1941 and 1929 respectively, adopting the already proven RhB system.

title: Railway_electrification_system

title: Railway_electrification_system

text: High

text: voltage

text: AC

text: overhead

text: systems

text: are

text: not

text: only

text: for

text: standard

text: gauge

text: national

text: networks

text: The

text: meter

text: gauge

text: Rhaetian

text: Railway

text: RhB

text: and

text: the

text: neighbouring

text: Matterhorn

text: Gotthard

text: Bahn

text: MGB

text: operate

text: on

text: kV

text: at

text: Hz

text: frequency

text: Practice

text: has

text: proven

text: that

text: both

text: Swiss

text: and

text: German

text: kV

text: trains

text: can

text: operate

text: under

text: these

text: lower

text: voltages

text: The

text: RhB

text: started

text: trials

text: of

text: the

text: kV

text: system

text: in

text: on

text: the

text: Engadin

text: line

text: St.

text: Moritz

text: Scuol

text: Tarasp

text: The

text: MGB

text: constituents

text: Furka

text: Oberalp

text: Bahn

text: FO

text: and

text: Brig

text: Visp

text: Zermatt

text: Bahn

text: BVZ

text: introduced

text: their

text: electric

text: services

text: in

text: and

text: respectively

text: adopting

text: the

text: already

text: proven

text: RhB

text: system

question: How did non-standard gauge trains start to operate with high-voltage AC?

answer: adopting the already proven RhB system.

text: adopting the already proven RhB system.

question: When was the first trail of RhB system tested?

answer: 1913

question: Low-voltage AC overhead systems are not only for what?

text: standard gauge national networks

question: Which European trains can operate under high voltages?

text: Swiss and German 15 kV trains

question: The MAB consisted of whom?

question: Who started trials of the 111kV system?

text: The RhB

question: When did the RhB start trials of the 11 kV system on the Rhaetian line?


text: The term high definition once described a series of television systems originating from August 1936; however, these systems were only high definition when compared to earlier systems that were based on mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution. The ongoing competition between companies and nations to create true "HDTV" spanned the entire 20th century, as each new system became more HD than the last.In the beginning of the 21st century, this race has continued with 4k, 5k and current 8K systems.

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: The

text: term

text: high

text: definition

text: once

text: described

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: television

text: systems

text: originating

text: from

text: August

text: however

text: these

text: systems

text: were

text: only

text: high

text: definition

text: when

text: compared

text: to

text: earlier

text: systems

text: that

text: were

text: based

text: on

text: mechanical

text: systems

text: with

text: as

text: few

text: as

text: lines

text: of

text: resolution

text: The

text: ongoing

text: competition

text: between

text: companies

text: and

text: nations

text: to

text: create

text: true

text: HDTV

text: spanned

text: the

text: entire

text: century

text: as

text: each

text: new

text: system

text: became

text: more

text: HD

text: than

text: the

text: last

text: In

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: this

text: race

text: has

text: continued

text: with

text: and

text: current

text: K

text: systems

question: The term "high definition" originally described televisions systems from what year?

answer: 1936

question: Earlier television systems were based on what?

answer: mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution

text: mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution

question: During which entire century were companies and nations trying to achieve true HDTV?

answer: 20th

question: In what century were 4k, 5k, and 8k systems introduced?

answer: 21st

question: What is the most current HDTV system development?

answer: 8K

question: What came out in 1935?

text: high definition

question: The term "high definition" originally described vcrs from what year?

question: Earlier television systems were not based on what?

question: During which entire century were companies and nations trying to achieve true SDTV?

question: In what century were 10k systems introduced?


text: On July 22, 2008, in the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal, a bill was unanimously approved in the House to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures, including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two-year "cooling off" period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulated. The bill also required rotation of principal maintenance inspectors and stipulated that the word "customer" properly applies to the flying public, not those entities regulated by the FAA. The bill died in a Senate committee that year.

title: Federal_Aviation_Administration

title: Federal_Aviation_Administration

text: On

text: July

text: in

text: the

text: aftermath

text: of

text: the

text: Southwest

text: Airlines

text: inspection

text: scandal

text: a

text: bill

text: was

text: unanimously

text: approved

text: in

text: the

text: House

text: to

text: tighten

text: regulations

text: concerning

text: airplane

text: maintenance

text: procedures

text: including

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: a

text: whistleblower

text: office

text: and

text: a

text: two

text: year

text: cooling

text: off

text: period

text: that

text: FAA

text: inspectors

text: or

text: supervisors

text: of

text: inspectors

text: must

text: wait

text: before

text: they

text: can

text: work

text: for

text: those

text: they

text: regulated

text: The

text: bill

text: also

text: required

text: rotation

text: of

text: principal

text: maintenance

text: inspectors

text: and

text: stipulated

text: that

text: the

text: word

text: customer

text: properly

text: applies

text: to

text: the

text: flying

text: public

text: not

text: those

text: entities

text: regulated

text: by

text: the

text: FAA

text: The

text: bill

text: died

text: in

text: a

text: Senate

text: committee

text: that

text: year

question: When did the aftermath of the Southwest Airlines inspection scandal happen?

answer: July 22, 2008

text: July 22, 2008

question: who approved a mesaure to tigheten regulations concerning airplane maintenance prodecures?

answer: House

text: House

question: What does the word 'customer' properly apply to?

answer: the flying public

text: the flying public

question: how long was the "cooling off" period that the FAA inspectors or supervisers of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulate?

answer: two-year

text: two-year

question: When did the Senate approve a bill to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures?

text: July 22, 2008

question: What was the two year "cooling off" period for whistleblowers for?

question: What did the bill require entities regulated by the FAA be called?

text: customer

question: When did the unanimous decision of the house and senate to pass the bill take place?

text: July 22, 2008


text: In 2007, it was discovered that the upper troposphere of Neptune's south pole was about 10 K warmer than the rest of its atmosphere, which averages approximately 73 K (−200 °C). The temperature differential is enough to let methane, which elsewhere is frozen in the troposphere, escape into the stratosphere near the pole. The relative "hot spot" is due to Neptune's axial tilt, which has exposed the south pole to the Sun for the last quarter of Neptune's year, or roughly 40 Earth years. As Neptune slowly moves towards the opposite side of the Sun, the south pole will be darkened and the north pole illuminated, causing the methane release to shift to the north pole.

title: Neptune

title: Neptune

text: In

text: it

text: was

text: discovered

text: that

text: the

text: upper

text: troposphere

text: of

text: Neptune

text: 's

text: south

text: pole

text: was

text: about

text: K

text: warmer

text: than

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: its

text: atmosphere

text: which

text: averages

text: approximately

text: K

text: C

text: The

text: temperature

text: differential

text: is

text: enough

text: to

text: let

text: methane

text: which

text: elsewhere

text: is

text: frozen

text: in

text: the

text: troposphere

text: escape

text: into

text: the

text: stratosphere

text: near

text: the

text: pole

text: The

text: relative

text: hot

text: spot

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: Neptune

text: 's

text: axial

text: tilt

text: which

text: has

text: exposed

text: the

text: south

text: pole

text: to

text: the

text: Sun

text: for

text: the

text: last

text: quarter

text: of

text: Neptune

text: 's

text: year

text: or

text: roughly

text: Earth

text: years

text: As

text: Neptune

text: slowly

text: moves

text: towards

text: the

text: opposite

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Sun

text: the

text: south

text: pole

text: will

text: be

text: darkened

text: and

text: the

text: north

text: pole

text: illuminated

text: causing

text: the

text: methane

text: release

text: to

text: shift

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: pole

question: How much warmer is Neptune's south pole to the rest of it's atmosphere?

answer: 10 K

text: 10 K

question: What is the average temperature of Neptune's south pole?

answer: 73 K (−200 °C).

text: 73 K (−200 °C).

question: Where does methane in the south pole escape to on Neptune?

answer: the stratosphere near the pole.

text: the stratosphere near the pole.

question: How many earth years is Neptune's south pole exposed to the sun?

answer: 40

question: To which pole will Neptune's methane shift to as it moves to the opposite side of the sun?

answer: north pole

text: north pole

question: How much colder is Neptune's south pole to the rest of it's atmosphere?

text: 10 K

question: What is the average temperature of Neptune's north pole?

text: 73 K (−200 °C).

question: Where does methane in the north pole escape to on Neptune?

text: stratosphere near the pole

question: How many mars years is Neptune's south pole exposed to the sun?

question: To which pole will Neptune's methane shift to as it moves to the same side of the sun?

text: south


text: The decline of the city reached its nadir with the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1709) that marked the end of the political and legal independence of the Kingdom of Valencia. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Valencia sided with Charles of Austria. On 24 January 1706, Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth, led a handful of English cavalrymen into the city after riding south from Barcelona, capturing the nearby fortress at Sagunt, and bluffing the Spanish Bourbon army into withdrawal.

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: The

text: decline

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: reached

text: its

text: nadir

text: with

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: Spanish

text: Succession

text: that

text: marked

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: political

text: and

text: legal

text: independence

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Valencia

text: During

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Succession

text: Valencia

text: sided

text: with

text: Charles

text: of

text: Austria

text: On

text: January

text: Charles

text: Mordaunt

text: Earl

text: of

text: Peterborough

text: Earl

text: of

text: Monmouth

text: led

text: a

text: handful

text: of

text: English

text: cavalrymen

text: into

text: the

text: city

text: after

text: riding

text: south

text: from

text: Barcelona

text: capturing

text: the

text: nearby

text: fortress

text: at

text: Sagunt

text: and

text: bluffing

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Bourbon

text: army

text: into

text: withdrawal

question: What war took place from 1702-1709?

answer: War of Spanish Succession

text: War of Spanish Succession

question: With whom did Valencia side in the War of Spanish Succession?

answer: Charles of Austria

text: Charles of Austria

question: When did English cavalry enter Valencia?

answer: 24 January 1706

text: 24 January 1706

question: Who led the English cavalry into Valencia?

answer: Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth

text: Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, 1st Earl of Monmouth

question: What did Mordaunt capture on his way from Barcelona?

answer: fortress at Sagunt

text: fortress at Sagunt


text: The show's massive success in the mid-2000s and early 2010s spawned a number of imitating singing-competition shows, such as Rock Star, Nashville Star, The Voice, Rising Star, The Sing-Off, and The X Factor. Its format also served as a blueprint for non-singing TV shows such as Dancing with the Stars and So You Think You Can Dance, most of which contribute to the current highly competitive reality TV landscape on American television.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: The

text: show

text: 's

text: massive

text: success

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: early

text: spawned

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: imitating

text: singing

text: competition

text: shows

text: such

text: as

text: Rock

text: Star

text: Nashville

text: Star

text: The

text: Voice

text: Rising

text: Star

text: The

text: Sing

text: Off

text: and

text: The

text: X

text: Factor

text: Its

text: format

text: also

text: served

text: as

text: a

text: blueprint

text: for

text: non

text: singing

text: TV

text: shows

text: such

text: as

text: Dancing

text: with

text: the

text: Stars

text: and

text: So

text: You

text: Think

text: You

text: Can

text: Dance

text: most

text: of

text: which

text: contribute

text: to

text: the

text: current

text: highly

text: competitive

text: reality

text: TV

text: landscape

text: on

text: American

text: television

question: What dancing show featuring celebrities has been helped by American Idol?

answer: Dancing with the Stars

text: Dancing with the Stars

question: What is another singing show similar to American Idol?

answer: The Voice

text: The Voice


text: The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: The

text: gradual

text: spread

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: into

text: adjacent

text: areas

text: meant

text: that

text: it

text: came

text: into

text: contact

text: with

text: new

text: ethnical

text: groups

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: Buddhism

text: was

text: exposed

text: to

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: influences

text: from

text: Persian

text: and

text: Greek

text: civilization

text: to

text: changing

text: trends

text: in

text: non

text: Buddhist

text: Indian

text: religions

text: themselves

text: influenced

text: by

text: Buddhism

text: Striking

text: examples

text: of

text: this

text: syncretistic

text: development

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: emergence

text: of

text: Greek

text: speaking

text: Buddhist

text: monarchs

text: in

text: the

text: Indo

text: Greek

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: Greco

text: Buddhist

text: art

text: of

text: Gandhāra

text: A

text: Greek

text: king

text: Menander

text: has

text: even

text: been

text: immortalized

text: in

text: the

text: Buddhist

text: canon

question: The gradual spread of Buddhism exposed it to a variety of influences including what civilization?

answer: Persian and Greek

text: Persian and Greek

question: Who was the Greek king immortalized in Buddhist canon?

answer: Menander

text: Menander


text: In the increasingly globalized film industry, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film Frozen, Burbank-based Walt Disney Animation Studios hired the New York City-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez to write the songs, which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.

title: Videoconferencing

title: Videoconferencing

text: In

text: the

text: increasingly

text: globalized

text: film

text: industry

text: videoconferencing

text: has

text: become

text: useful

text: as

text: a

text: method

text: by

text: which

text: creative

text: talent

text: in

text: many

text: different

text: locations

text: can

text: collaborate

text: closely

text: on

text: the

text: complex

text: details

text: of

text: film

text: production

text: For

text: example

text: for

text: the

text: award

text: winning

text: animated

text: film

text: Frozen

text: Burbank

text: based

text: Walt

text: Disney

text: Animation

text: Studios

text: hired

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: based

text: husband

text: and

text: wife

text: songwriting

text: team

text: of

text: Robert

text: Lopez

text: and

text: Kristen

text: Anderson

text: Lopez

text: to

text: write

text: the

text: songs

text: which

text: required

text: two

text: hour

text: long

text: transcontinental

text: videoconferences

text: nearly

text: every

text: weekday

text: for

text: about

text: months

question: In what industry has videoconferencing become useful?

answer: film

text: film

question: On what film was videoconferencing widely used?

answer: Frozen

text: Frozen

question: What year was the movie Frozen released?

answer: 2013

question: In what city were the songwriting team of Frozen located?

answer: New York City

text: New York City

question: How many months did the songwriters work on the movie via videoconferencing?

answer: 14

question: How has videoconferencing become useful in the songwriting industry?

question: In what industry has using different locations become useful?

text: film industry

question: In what year was the film industry globalized?

question: How long did songwriters work in different locations through videoconferencing?

question: On what movie were complex details of film production used?

text: Frozen


text: 40°48′27″N 73°57′18″W / 40.8076°N 73.9549°W / 40.8076; -73.9549 120th Street traverses the neighborhoods of Morningside Heights, Harlem, and Spanish Harlem. It begins on Riverside Drive at the Interchurch Center. It then runs east between the campuses of Barnard College and the Union Theological Seminary, then crosses Broadway and runs between the campuses of Columbia University and Teacher's College. The street is interrupted by Morningside Park. It then continues east, eventually running along the southern edge of Marcus Garvey Park, passing by 58 West, the former residence of Maya Angelou. It then continues through Spanish Harlem; when it crosses Pleasant Avenue it becomes a two‑way street and continues nearly to the East River, where for automobiles, it turns north and becomes Paladino Avenue, and for pedestrians, continues as a bridge across FDR Drive.

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: N

text: W

text: Street

text: traverses

text: the

text: neighborhoods

text: of

text: Morningside

text: Heights

text: Harlem

text: and

text: Spanish

text: Harlem

text: It

text: begins

text: on

text: Riverside

text: Drive

text: at

text: the

text: Interchurch

text: Center

text: It

text: then

text: runs

text: east

text: between

text: the

text: campuses

text: of

text: Barnard

text: College

text: and

text: the

text: Union

text: Theological

text: Seminary

text: then

text: crosses

text: Broadway

text: and

text: runs

text: between

text: the

text: campuses

text: of

text: Columbia

text: University

text: and

text: Teacher

text: 's

text: College

text: The

text: street

text: is

text: interrupted

text: by

text: Morningside

text: Park

text: It

text: then

text: continues

text: east

text: eventually

text: running

text: along

text: the

text: southern

text: edge

text: of

text: Marcus

text: Garvey

text: Park

text: passing

text: by

text: West

text: the

text: former

text: residence

text: of

text: Maya

text: Angelou

text: It

text: then

text: continues

text: through

text: Spanish

text: Harlem

text: when

text: it

text: crosses

text: Pleasant

text: Avenue

text: it

text: becomes

text: a

text: two‑way

text: street

text: and

text: continues

text: nearly

text: to

text: the

text: East

text: River

text: where

text: for

text: automobiles

text: it

text: turns

text: north

text: and

text: becomes

text: Paladino

text: Avenue

text: and

text: for

text: pedestrians

text: continues

text: as

text: a

text: bridge

text: across

text: FDR

text: Drive

question: On which road does 120th Street begin?

answer: Riverside Drive

text: Riverside Drive

question: The Interchurch Center is the start of which street?

answer: 120th Street

text: 120th Street

question: Morningside Park interrupts which street?

answer: 120th Street

text: 120th Street

question: Who formerly lived at 58 West?

answer: Maya Angelou

text: Maya Angelou

question: 120th Street turns into Paladino Avenue and into a pedestrian bridge across what road?

answer: FDR Drive

text: FDR Drive


text: 1 CATOBAR carrier: Charles de Gaulle is a 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2001 and is the flagship of the French Navy (Marine Nationale). The ship carries a complement of Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard, Dassault Rafale M and E‑2C Hawkeye aircraft, EC725 Caracal and AS532 Cougar helicopters for combat search and rescue, as well as modern electronics and Aster missiles. It is a CATOBAR-type carrier that uses two 75 m C13‑3 steam catapults of a shorter version of the catapult system installed on the U.S. Nimitz-class carriers, one catapult at the bow and one across the front of the landing area.

title: Aircraft_carrier

title: Aircraft_carrier

text: CATOBAR

text: carrier

text: Charles

text: de

text: Gaulle

text: is

text: a

text: tonne

text: nuclear

text: powered

text: aircraft

text: carrier

text: commissioned

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: flagship

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Navy

text: Marine

text: Nationale

text: The

text: ship

text: carries

text: a

text: complement

text: of

text: Dassault

text: Breguet

text: Super

text: Étendard

text: Dassault

text: Rafale

text: M

text: and

text: Hawkeye

text: aircraft

text: Caracal

text: and

text: Cougar

text: helicopters

text: for

text: combat

text: search

text: and

text: rescue

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: modern

text: electronics

text: and

text: Aster

text: missiles

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: CATOBAR

text: type

text: carrier

text: that

text: uses

text: two

text: m

text: steam

text: catapults

text: of

text: a

text: shorter

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: catapult

text: system

text: installed

text: on

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Nimitz

text: class

text: carriers

text: one

text: catapult

text: at

text: the

text: bow

text: and

text: one

text: across

text: the

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: landing

text: area

question: What is the name of the 42,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001?

answer: Charles de Gaulle

text: Charles de Gaulle

question: What is the Charles de Gaulle the flagship of?

answer: the French Navy

text: the French Navy

question: What type of missiles does the Charles de Gaulle carry?

answer: Aster

text: Aster

question: What is another name for the French Navy?

answer: Marine Nationale

text: Marine Nationale

question: What type of carrier is the Charles de Gaulle?

answer: CATOBAR

text: CATOBAR

question: What is the name of the 24,000 tonne nuclear-powered carrier commissioned in 2001?

text: Charles de Gaulle

question: What is the Charles de Gaulle not the flagship of?

text: French Navy

question: What type of lasers does the Charles de Gaulle carry?

text: Aster

question: What is not another name for the French Navy?

text: Marine Nationale

question: What type of airplane is the Charles de Gaulle?

text: CATOBAR


text: The loss of eight battleships and 2,403 Americans at Pearl Harbor forced the U.S. to rely on its remaining aircraft carriers, which won a major victory over Japan at Midway just six months into the war, and on its growing submarine fleet. The Navy and Marine Corps followed this up with an island hopping campaign across the central and south Pacific in 1943–45, reaching the outskirts of Japan in the Battle of Okinawa. During 1942 and 1943, the U.S. deployed millions of men and thousands of planes and tanks to the UK, beginning with the strategic bombing of Nazi Germany and occupied Europe and leading up to the Allied invasions of occupied North Africa in November 1942, Sicily and Italy in 1943, France in 1944, and the invasion of Germany in 1945, parallel with the Soviet invasion from the east. That led to the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945. In the Pacific, the U.S. experienced much success in naval campaigns during 1944, but bloody battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945 led the U.S. to look for a way to end the war with minimal loss of American lives. The U.S. used atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to destroy the Japanese war effort and to shock the Japanese leadership, which quickly caused the surrender of Japan.

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

title: Military_history_of_the_United_States

text: The

text: loss

text: of

text: eight

text: battleships

text: and

text: Americans

text: at

text: Pearl

text: Harbor

text: forced

text: the

text: U.S.

text: to

text: rely

text: on

text: its

text: remaining

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: which

text: won

text: a

text: major

text: victory

text: over

text: Japan

text: at

text: Midway

text: just

text: six

text: months

text: into

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: on

text: its

text: growing

text: submarine

text: fleet

text: The

text: Navy

text: and

text: Marine

text: Corps

text: followed

text: this

text: up

text: with

text: an

text: island

text: hopping

text: campaign

text: across

text: the

text: central

text: and

text: south

text: Pacific

text: in

text: reaching

text: the

text: outskirts

text: of

text: Japan

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Okinawa

text: During

text: and

text: the

text: U.S.

text: deployed

text: millions

text: of

text: men

text: and

text: thousands

text: of

text: planes

text: and

text: tanks

text: to

text: the

text: UK

text: beginning

text: with

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: and

text: occupied

text: Europe

text: and

text: leading

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: Allied

text: invasions

text: of

text: occupied

text: North

text: Africa

text: in

text: November

text: Sicily

text: and

text: Italy

text: in

text: France

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: Germany

text: in

text: parallel

text: with

text: the

text: Soviet

text: invasion

text: from

text: the

text: east

text: That

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: surrender

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: in

text: May

text: In

text: the

text: Pacific

text: the

text: U.S.

text: experienced

text: much

text: success

text: in

text: naval

text: campaigns

text: during

text: but

text: bloody

text: battles

text: at

text: Iwo

text: Jima

text: and

text: Okinawa

text: in

text: led

text: the

text: U.S.

text: to

text: look

text: for

text: a

text: way

text: to

text: end

text: the

text: war

text: with

text: minimal

text: loss

text: of

text: American

text: lives

text: The

text: U.S.

text: used

text: atomic

text: bombs

text: on

text: Hiroshima

text: and

text: Nagasaki

text: to

text: destroy

text: the

text: Japanese

text: war

text: effort

text: and

text: to

text: shock

text: the

text: Japanese

text: leadership

text: which

text: quickly

text: caused

text: the

text: surrender

text: of

text: Japan

question: How many battleships did the US Navy lose at Pearl Harbor?

answer: eight

text: eight

question: How many Americans were killed during the Pearl Harbor attack?

answer: 2,403

question: What term describes the overall US strategy in the Pacific in WWII?

answer: island hopping

text: island hopping

question: When did the Allies invade North Africa?

answer: 1942

question: Which two Japanese cities were hit with atomic bombs?

answer: Hiroshima and Nagasaki

text: Hiroshima and Nagasaki

question: How many battleships did the UK Navy lose at Pearl Harbor?

text: eight

question: How many non-americans were killed during the Pearl Harbor attack?

question: What term describes the overall UK strategy in the Pacific in WWII?

text: island hopping

question: When did the Allies invade South Africa?

question: Which two Chinese cities were hit with atomic bombs?

text: Hiroshima and Nagasaki


text: Devonport Dockyard is the UK's only naval base that refits nuclear submarines and the Navy estimates that the Dockyard generates about 10% of Plymouth's income. Plymouth has the largest cluster of marine and maritime businesses in the south west with 270 firms operating within the sector. Other substantial employers include the university with almost 3,000 staff, as well as the Tamar Science Park employing 500 people in 50 companies. Several employers have chosen to locate their headquarters in Plymouth, including Hemsley Fraser.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Devonport

text: Dockyard

text: is

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: only

text: naval

text: base

text: that

text: refits

text: nuclear

text: submarines

text: and

text: the

text: Navy

text: estimates

text: that

text: the

text: Dockyard

text: generates

text: about

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: 's

text: income

text: Plymouth

text: has

text: the

text: largest

text: cluster

text: of

text: marine

text: and

text: maritime

text: businesses

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: west

text: with

text: firms

text: operating

text: within

text: the

text: sector

text: Other

text: substantial

text: employers

text: include

text: the

text: university

text: with

text: almost

text: staff

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Tamar

text: Science

text: Park

text: employing

text: people

text: in

text: companies

text: Several

text: employers

text: have

text: chosen

text: to

text: locate

text: their

text: headquarters

text: in

text: Plymouth

text: including

text: Hemsley

text: Fraser

question: About what percentage of Plymouth's income comes from the Dockyard?

answer: 10%

question: What Royal Navy base is present in Plymouth?

answer: Devonport Dockyard

text: Devonport Dockyard

question: How many maritime businesses operate in Plymouth?

answer: 270

question: How many people work in Tamar Science Park?

answer: 500

question: What is a notable company based in Plymouth?

answer: Hemsley Fraser

text: Hemsley Fraser