text: Raleigh is located in the northeast central region of North Carolina, where the Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain regions meet. This area is known as the "fall line" because it marks the elevation inland at which waterfalls begin to appear in creeks and rivers. As a result, most of Raleigh features gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state's flat coastal plain. Its central Piedmont location situates Raleigh about two hours west of Atlantic Beach, North Carolina, by car and four hours east of the Great Smoky Mountains. The city is 155 miles (249 km) south of Richmond, Virginia, 263 miles (423 km) south of Washington, D.C., and 150 miles (240 km) northeast of Charlotte, North Carolina.

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

text: Raleigh

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: northeast

text: central

text: region

text: of

text: North

text: Carolina

text: where

text: the

text: Piedmont

text: and

text: Atlantic

text: Coastal

text: Plain

text: regions

text: meet

text: This

text: area

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: fall

text: line

text: because

text: it

text: marks

text: the

text: elevation

text: inland

text: at

text: which

text: waterfalls

text: begin

text: to

text: appear

text: in

text: creeks

text: and

text: rivers

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: most

text: of

text: Raleigh

text: features

text: gently

text: rolling

text: hills

text: that

text: slope

text: eastward

text: toward

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: flat

text: coastal

text: plain

text: Its

text: central

text: Piedmont

text: location

text: situates

text: Raleigh

text: about

text: two

text: hours

text: west

text: of

text: Atlantic

text: Beach

text: North

text: Carolina

text: by

text: car

text: and

text: four

text: hours

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Smoky

text: Mountains

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: miles

text: km

text: south

text: of

text: Richmond

text: Virginia

text: miles

text: km

text: south

text: of

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: and

text: miles

text: km

text: northeast

text: of

text: Charlotte

text: North

text: Carolina

question: Where is Raleigh located?

answer: northeast central region of North Carolina

text: northeast central region of North Carolina

question: What is the area known as?

answer: "fall line"

text: "fall line"

question: What type of geography is in Raleigh?

answer: gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state's flat coastal plain.

text: gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state's flat coastal plain.

question: How far is Raleigh from Atlantic Beach?

answer: two hours

text: two hours

question: How far is Raleigh from Richmond?

answer: 155

question: What city is in the southeast region of North Carolina?

text: Raleigh

question: What region meets the Pacific Coastal Plain?

text: Piedmont

question: What is it called when waterfalls aren't in creeks and rivers?

text: fall line

question: How far south is Richmond?

text: 155 miles

question: How far north is Washington DC?

text: 263 miles


text: The word Ottoman is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I, the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman (also known as the Ottoman dynasty). Osman's name in turn was derived from the Persian form of the name ʿUthmān عثمان of ultimately Arabic origin. In Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye (دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه), (literally "The Supreme State of the Ottomans") or alternatively Osmanlı Devleti (عثمانلى دولتى).[dn 5] In Modern Turkish, it is known as Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ("Ottoman Empire") or Osmanlı Devleti ("The Ottoman State").

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: The

text: word

text: Ottoman

text: is

text: a

text: historical

text: anglicisation

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: Osman

text: I

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: Empire

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: ruling

text: House

text: of

text: Osman

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: dynasty

text: Osman

text: 's

text: name

text: in

text: turn

text: was

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Persian

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: ʿUthmān

text: عثمان

text: of

text: ultimately

text: Arabic

text: origin

text: In

text: Ottoman

text: Turkish

text: the

text: empire

text: was

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Devlet

text: i

text: ʿAliyye

text: yi

text: ʿOsmâniyye

text: دَوْلَتِ

text: عَلِيّهٔ

text: عُثمَانِیّه

text: literally

text: The

text: Supreme

text: State

text: of

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: or

text: alternatively

text: Osmanlı

text: Devleti

text: عثمانلى

text: دولتى).[dn

text: In

text: Modern

text: Turkish

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Osmanlı

text: İmparatorluğu

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: or

text: Osmanlı

text: Devleti

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: State

question: An anglicization of the name Osman I results in what word?

answer: Ottoman

text: Ottoman

question: What house was the founder of the Ottoman empire?

answer: House of Osman

text: House of Osman

question: What was another name for the Ottoman Dynasty?

answer: House of Osman

text: House of Osman

question: What is the origin of Osman's name?

answer: Arabic

text: Arabic

question: In a literal sense what was the Ottoman empire referred to as?

answer: The Supreme State of the Ottomans

text: The Supreme State of the Ottomans


text: The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. Described as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848, soon spread to the rest of Europe. Although most of the revolutions were quickly put down, there was a significant amount of violence in many areas, with tens of thousands of people tortured and killed. While the immediate political effects of the revolutions were reversed, the long-term reverberations of the events were far-reaching.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: The

text: European

text: Revolutions

text: of

text: known

text: in

text: some

text: countries

text: as

text: the

text: Spring

text: of

text: Nations

text: or

text: the

text: Year

text: of

text: Revolution

text: were

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: political

text: upheavals

text: throughout

text: the

text: European

text: continent

text: Described

text: as

text: a

text: revolutionary

text: wave

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: unrest

text: began

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: then

text: further

text: propelled

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: of

text: soon

text: spread

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: Europe

text: Although

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: revolutions

text: were

text: quickly

text: put

text: down

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: significant

text: amount

text: of

text: violence

text: in

text: many

text: areas

text: with

text: tens

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: people

text: tortured

text: and

text: killed

text: While

text: the

text: immediate

text: political

text: effects

text: of

text: the

text: revolutions

text: were

text: reversed

text: the

text: long

text: term

text: reverberations

text: of

text: the

text: events

text: were

text: far

text: reaching

question: When did the European revolutions occur?

answer: 1848

question: What are European revolutions known as in other countries?

answer: Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution

text: Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution

question: In what country did the revolutions begin?

answer: France

text: France

question: How many people were estimated to be killed in the revolutions?

answer: tens of thousands

text: tens of thousands


text: In June 1718 Blackbeard, aka Edward Teach, ran his flagship, the Queen Anne's Revenge, aground at Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina, in present-day Carteret County. After the grounding her crew and supplies were transferred to smaller ships. In 1996 Intersal, Inc., a private firm, discovered the remains of a vessel likely to be the Queen Anne's Revenge, which was added to the US National Register of Historic Places. In November, after losing his ship and appealing to the governor of North Carolina who promised safe-haven and a pardon, the notorious pirate, Blackbeard (Edward Teach) was killed in an ambush by troops from Virginia.

title: North_Carolina

title: North_Carolina

text: In

text: June

text: Blackbeard

text: aka

text: Edward

text: Teach

text: ran

text: his

text: flagship

text: the

text: Queen

text: Anne

text: 's

text: Revenge

text: aground

text: at

text: Beaufort

text: Inlet

text: North

text: Carolina

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Carteret

text: County

text: After

text: the

text: grounding

text: her

text: crew

text: and

text: supplies

text: were

text: transferred

text: to

text: smaller

text: ships

text: In

text: Intersal

text: Inc.

text: a

text: private

text: firm

text: discovered

text: the

text: remains

text: of

text: a

text: vessel

text: likely

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: Queen

text: Anne

text: 's

text: Revenge

text: which

text: was

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: US

text: National

text: Register

text: of

text: Historic

text: Places

text: In

text: November

text: after

text: losing

text: his

text: ship

text: and

text: appealing

text: to

text: the

text: governor

text: of

text: North

text: Carolina

text: who

text: promised

text: safe

text: haven

text: and

text: a

text: pardon

text: the

text: notorious

text: pirate

text: Blackbeard

text: Edward

text: Teach

text: was

text: killed

text: in

text: an

text: ambush

text: by

text: troops

text: from

text: Virginia

question: What was another name for Blackbeard?

answer: Edward Teach

text: Edward Teach

question: What was the name of blackbeards ship?

answer: the Queen Anne's Revenge

text: the Queen Anne's Revenge

question: Where in North Carolina did Blackbeards ship crash?

answer: Beaufort Inlet

text: Beaufort Inlet

question: What year did Blackbeard run his ship aground in North Carolina?

answer: 1718

question: What year were the remains of the Queen Anne's Revenge discovered?

answer: 1996


text: Other major television series Spielberg produced were Band of Brothers, Taken and The Pacific. He was an executive producer on the critically acclaimed 2005 TV miniseries Into the West which won two Emmy awards, including one for Geoff Zanelli's score. For his 2010 miniseries The Pacific he teamed up once again with co-producer Tom Hanks, with Gary Goetzman also co-producing'. The miniseries is believed to have cost $250 million and is a 10-part war miniseries centered on the battles in the Pacific Theater during World War II. Writer Bruce McKenna, who penned several installments of (Band of Brothers), was the head writer.

title: Steven_Spielberg

title: Steven_Spielberg

text: Other

text: major

text: television

text: series

text: Spielberg

text: produced

text: were

text: Band

text: of

text: Brothers

text: Taken

text: and

text: The

text: Pacific

text: He

text: was

text: an

text: executive

text: producer

text: on

text: the

text: critically

text: acclaimed

text: TV

text: miniseries

text: Into

text: the

text: West

text: which

text: won

text: two

text: Emmy

text: awards

text: including

text: one

text: for

text: Geoff

text: Zanelli

text: 's

text: score

text: For

text: his

text: miniseries

text: The

text: Pacific

text: he

text: teamed

text: up

text: once

text: again

text: with

text: co

text: producer

text: Tom

text: Hanks

text: with

text: Gary

text: Goetzman

text: also

text: co

text: producing

text: The

text: miniseries

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: cost

text: million

text: and

text: is

text: a

text: war

text: miniseries

text: centered

text: on

text: the

text: battles

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Theater

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Writer

text: Bruce

text: McKenna

text: who

text: penned

text: several

text: installments

text: of

text: Band

text: of

text: Brothers

text: was

text: the

text: head

text: writer

question: When did 'Into the West' air?

answer: 2005

question: How many Emmys did 'Into the West' win?

answer: two

text: two

question: Who wrote the music for 'Into the West'?

answer: Geoff Zanelli

text: Geoff Zanelli

question: When was 'The Pacific' released?

answer: 2010

question: How much did 'The Pacific' cost?

answer: $250 million

text: $250 million

question: In what year did Band of Brother debut on tv?

question: In what year did Geoff Zanelli start to score movies?

question: What was the first tv show Gary Goetzman co-produced?

text: Band of Brothers

question: What was the first tv shows writer Bruce McKenna has worked on?

text: Band of Brothers

question: In what year did Bruce McKenna become a writer?


text: Reviews of the various editions of Windows 8 have been mixed. Tom Warren of The Verge said that although Windows 8's emphasis on touch computing was significant and risked alienating desktop users, a "tablet PC with Windows 8 makes an iPad feel immediately out of date" due to the capabilities of the operating system's hybrid model and increased focus on cloud services. David Pierce of The Verge described Windows 8 as "the first desktop operating system that understands what a computer is supposed to do in 2012" and praised Microsoft's "no compromise" approach and the operating system's emphasis on Internet connectivity and cloud services. Pierce also considered the Start Screen to be a "brilliant innovation for desktop computers" when compared with "folder-littered desktops on every other OS" because it allows users to interact with dynamic information. In contrast, an ExtremeTech article said it was Microsoft "flailing" and a review in PC Magazine condemned the Metro-style user interface. Some of the included apps in Windows 8 were considered to be basic and lacking in functionality, but the Xbox apps were praised for their promotion of a multi-platform entertainment experience. Other improvements and features (such as File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager) were also regarded as positive changes. Peter Bright of Ars Technica wrote that while its user interface changes may overshadow them, Windows 8's improved performance, updated file manager, new storage functionality, expanded security features, and updated Task Manager were still positive improvements for the operating system. Bright also said that Windows 8's duality towards tablets and traditional PCs was an "extremely ambitious" aspect of the platform as well, but criticized Microsoft for emulating Apple's model of a closed distribution platform when implementing the Windows Store.

title: Windows_8

title: Windows_8

text: Reviews

text: of

text: the

text: various

text: editions

text: of

text: Windows

text: have

text: been

text: mixed

text: Tom

text: Warren

text: of

text: The

text: Verge

text: said

text: that

text: although

text: Windows

text: 's

text: emphasis

text: on

text: touch

text: computing

text: was

text: significant

text: and

text: risked

text: alienating

text: desktop

text: users

text: a

text: tablet

text: PC

text: with

text: Windows

text: makes

text: an

text: iPad

text: feel

text: immediately

text: out

text: of

text: date

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: capabilities

text: of

text: the

text: operating

text: system

text: 's

text: hybrid

text: model

text: and

text: increased

text: focus

text: on

text: cloud

text: services

text: David

text: Pierce

text: of

text: The

text: Verge

text: described

text: Windows

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: desktop

text: operating

text: system

text: that

text: understands

text: what

text: a

text: computer

text: is

text: supposed

text: to

text: do

text: in

text: and

text: praised

text: Microsoft

text: 's

text: no

text: compromise

text: approach

text: and

text: the

text: operating

text: system

text: 's

text: emphasis

text: on

text: Internet

text: connectivity

text: and

text: cloud

text: services

text: Pierce

text: also

text: considered

text: the

text: Start

text: Screen

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: brilliant

text: innovation

text: for

text: desktop

text: computers

text: when

text: compared

text: with

text: folder

text: littered

text: desktops

text: on

text: every

text: other

text: OS

text: because

text: it

text: allows

text: users

text: to

text: interact

text: with

text: dynamic

text: information

text: In

text: contrast

text: an

text: ExtremeTech

text: article

text: said

text: it

text: was

text: Microsoft

text: flailing

text: and

text: a

text: review

text: in

text: PC

text: Magazine

text: condemned

text: the

text: Metro

text: style

text: user

text: interface

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: included

text: apps

text: in

text: Windows

text: were

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: basic

text: and

text: lacking

text: in

text: functionality

text: but

text: the

text: Xbox

text: apps

text: were

text: praised

text: for

text: their

text: promotion

text: of

text: a

text: multi

text: platform

text: entertainment

text: experience

text: Other

text: improvements

text: and

text: features

text: such

text: as

text: File

text: History

text: Storage

text: Spaces

text: and

text: the

text: updated

text: Task

text: Manager

text: were

text: also

text: regarded

text: as

text: positive

text: changes

text: Peter

text: Bright

text: of

text: Ars

text: Technica

text: wrote

text: that

text: while

text: its

text: user

text: interface

text: changes

text: may

text: overshadow

text: them

text: Windows

text: 's

text: improved

text: performance

text: updated

text: file

text: manager

text: new

text: storage

text: functionality

text: expanded

text: security

text: features

text: and

text: updated

text: Task

text: Manager

text: were

text: still

text: positive

text: improvements

text: for

text: the

text: operating

text: system

text: Bright

text: also

text: said

text: that

text: Windows

text: 's

text: duality

text: towards

text: tablets

text: and

text: traditional

text: PCs

text: was

text: an

text: extremely

text: ambitious

text: aspect

text: of

text: the

text: platform

text: as

text: well

text: but

text: criticized

text: Microsoft

text: for

text: emulating

text: Apple

text: 's

text: model

text: of

text: a

text: closed

text: distribution

text: platform

text: when

text: implementing

text: the

text: Windows

text: Store

question: Who equated windos 8 as the first desktop operating system that understand what a computer is supposed to do?

answer: David Pierce

text: David Pierce

question: Why did Pierce give the Start Screen such glowing reviews?

answer: because it allows users to interact with dynamic information

text: because it allows users to interact with dynamic information

question: Which improvements were most well regarded?

answer: File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager

text: File History, Storage Spaces, and the updated Task Manager

question: Who else uses a closed distribution platform?

answer: Apple

text: Apple

question: Who equated windows 9 as the first desktop operating system that understand what a computer is supposed to do?

text: David Pierce

question: Who equated windows 8 as the last desktop operating system that understand what a computer is supposed to do?

text: David Pierce

question: Why did Pierce give the Start Screen such poor reviews?

question: Which improvements were least well regarded?

question: Who else uses an open distribution platform?

text: Apple


text: It is widely agreed that the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), which is not closely related to other ducks). Ducks are farmed mainly for their meat, eggs, and down. As is the case with chickens, various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase. The most common commercial breed in the United Kingdom and the United States is the Pekin duck, which can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days. In the Western world, ducks are not as popular as chickens, because the latter produce larger quantities of white, lean meat and are easier to keep intensively, making the price of chicken meat lower than that of duck meat. While popular in haute cuisine, duck appears less frequently in the mass-market food industry. However, things are different in the East. Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in harvested rice fields and other wet environments.

title: Poultry

title: Poultry

text: It

text: is

text: widely

text: agreed

text: that

text: the

text: mallard

text: Anas

text: platyrhynchos

text: is

text: the

text: ancestor

text: of

text: all

text: breeds

text: of

text: domestic

text: duck

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: the

text: Muscovy

text: duck

text: Cairina

text: moschata

text: which

text: is

text: not

text: closely

text: related

text: to

text: other

text: ducks

text: Ducks

text: are

text: farmed

text: mainly

text: for

text: their

text: meat

text: eggs

text: and

text: down

text: As

text: is

text: the

text: case

text: with

text: chickens

text: various

text: breeds

text: have

text: been

text: developed

text: selected

text: for

text: egg

text: laying

text: ability

text: fast

text: growth

text: and

text: a

text: well

text: covered

text: carcase

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: commercial

text: breed

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: the

text: Pekin

text: duck

text: which

text: can

text: lay

text: eggs

text: a

text: year

text: and

text: can

text: reach

text: a

text: weight

text: of

text: kg

text: lb

text: in

text: days

text: In

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: ducks

text: are

text: not

text: as

text: popular

text: as

text: chickens

text: because

text: the

text: latter

text: produce

text: larger

text: quantities

text: of

text: white

text: lean

text: meat

text: and

text: are

text: easier

text: to

text: keep

text: intensively

text: making

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: chicken

text: meat

text: lower

text: than

text: that

text: of

text: duck

text: meat

text: While

text: popular

text: in

text: haute

text: cuisine

text: duck

text: appears

text: less

text: frequently

text: in

text: the

text: mass

text: market

text: food

text: industry

text: However

text: things

text: are

text: different

text: in

text: the

text: East

text: Ducks

text: are

text: more

text: popular

text: there

text: than

text: chickens

text: and

text: are

text: mostly

text: still

text: herded

text: in

text: the

text: traditional

text: way

text: and

text: selected

text: for

text: their

text: ability

text: to

text: find

text: sufficient

text: food

text: in

text: harvested

text: rice

text: fields

text: and

text: other

text: wet

text: environments

question: What breed of duck is considered the first?

answer: mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck

text: mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the ancestor of all breeds of domestic duck (with the exception of the Muscovy duck

question: What are the outcomes of the breeding of ducks for humans?

answer: various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase.

text: various breeds have been developed, selected for egg-laying ability, fast growth, and a well-covered carcase.

question: What variety is the most common the the United States and the U.K.

answer: Pekin duck

text: Pekin duck

question: Why is the Pekin duck the favored of the western world?

answer: can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days

text: can lay 200 eggs a year and can reach a weight of 3.5 kg (7.7 lb) in 44 days

question: Why is duck more common than other poultry in the east society ??

answer: Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in

text: Ducks are more popular there than chickens and are mostly still herded in the traditional way and selected for their ability to find sufficient food in

question: What breed of duck is considered the worst?

text: mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)

question: What are the outcomes of breeding ducks with humans?

question: What variety of duck is no longer found in the US and the UK?

text: Pekin duck

question: Why is the Pekin duck unfavorable in the western world?

question: What common variety of poultry in the west is not found in the east?

text: Ducks


text: Directly underneath the State Apartments is a suite of slightly less grand rooms known as the semi-state apartments. Opening from the Marble Hall, these rooms are used for less formal entertaining, such as luncheon parties and private audiences. Some of the rooms are named and decorated for particular visitors, such as the 1844 Room, decorated in that year for the State visit of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, and, on the other side of the Bow Room, the 1855 Room, in honour of the visit of Emperor Napoleon III of France. At the centre of this suite is the Bow Room, through which thousands of guests pass annually to the Queen's Garden Parties in the Gardens. The Queen and Prince Philip use a smaller suite of rooms in the north wing.

title: Buckingham_Palace

title: Buckingham_Palace

text: Directly

text: underneath

text: the

text: State

text: Apartments

text: is

text: a

text: suite

text: of

text: slightly

text: less

text: grand

text: rooms

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: semi

text: state

text: apartments

text: Opening

text: from

text: the

text: Marble

text: Hall

text: these

text: rooms

text: are

text: used

text: for

text: less

text: formal

text: entertaining

text: such

text: as

text: luncheon

text: parties

text: and

text: private

text: audiences

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: rooms

text: are

text: named

text: and

text: decorated

text: for

text: particular

text: visitors

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Room

text: decorated

text: in

text: that

text: year

text: for

text: the

text: State

text: visit

text: of

text: Tsar

text: Nicholas

text: I

text: of

text: Russia

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Bow

text: Room

text: the

text: Room

text: in

text: honour

text: of

text: the

text: visit

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: of

text: France

text: At

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: this

text: suite

text: is

text: the

text: Bow

text: Room

text: through

text: which

text: thousands

text: of

text: guests

text: pass

text: annually

text: to

text: the

text: Queen

text: 's

text: Garden

text: Parties

text: in

text: the

text: Gardens

text: The

text: Queen

text: and

text: Prince

text: Philip

text: use

text: a

text: smaller

text: suite

text: of

text: rooms

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: wing

question: Which rooms are used for less formal entertaining such as luncheons or private audiences?

answer: the semi-state apartments

text: the semi-state apartments

question: Which room is named for visit of Tsar Nicolas I of Russia?

answer: 1844 Room

text: 1844 Room

question: The 1855 Room is name for which European emperor?

answer: Emperor Napoleon III of France

text: Emperor Napoleon III of France

question: Guests attending the Queen's Garden Parties will mostly likely see which room?

answer: Bow Room

text: Bow Room

question: Where are the suites located that the Queen and Prince Phillip use?

answer: the north wing

text: the north wing

question: What is the name of the slightly less luxurious staterooms located underneath the State Apartments?

answer: semi-state apartments

text: semi-state apartments

question: What type of entertaining are the semi-state apartments used for?

answer: less formal entertaining

text: less formal entertaining

question: Who is the 1844 Room named after?

answer: Tsar Nicholas I of Russia

text: Tsar Nicholas I of Russia

question: Who is the 1855 Room named after?

answer: Emperor Napoleon III of France

text: Emperor Napoleon III of France

question: Where are the Queen and Prince Phillip's apartments located?

answer: the north wing

text: the north wing

question: Which rooms are used for more formal entertaining such as luncheons or public audiences?

text: the semi-state apartments

question: Which room does not allow visits by Tsar Nicolas I of Russia?

text: 1844 Room

question: Which European chef is The 1845 Room named after?

text: Emperor Napoleon III of France

question: Where are the suites located that the King and Prince Phillip use?

text: the north wing

question: Who is the 1744 Room named after?

text: Tsar Nicholas I of Russia


text: On April 7, 1979, the Easy Listening chart officially became known as Adult Contemporary, and those two words have remained consistent in the name of the chart ever since. Adult contemporary music became one of the most popular radio formats of the 1980s. The growth of AC was a natural result of the generation that first listened to the more "specialized" music of the mid-late 1970s growing older and not being interested in the heavy metal and rap/hip-hop music that a new generation helped to play a significant role in the Top 40 charts by the end of the decade.

title: Adult_contemporary_music

title: Adult_contemporary_music

text: On

text: April

text: the

text: Easy

text: Listening

text: chart

text: officially

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: Adult

text: Contemporary

text: and

text: those

text: two

text: words

text: have

text: remained

text: consistent

text: in

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: chart

text: ever

text: since

text: Adult

text: contemporary

text: music

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: radio

text: formats

text: of

text: the

text: The

text: growth

text: of

text: AC

text: was

text: a

text: natural

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: generation

text: that

text: first

text: listened

text: to

text: the

text: more

text: specialized

text: music

text: of

text: the

text: mid

text: late

text: growing

text: older

text: and

text: not

text: being

text: interested

text: in

text: the

text: heavy

text: metal

text: and

text: rap

text: hip

text: hop

text: music

text: that

text: a

text: new

text: generation

text: helped

text: to

text: play

text: a

text: significant

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: Top

text: charts

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: decade

question: When did the Adult Contemporary chart receive its current name?

answer: April 7, 1979

text: April 7, 1979

question: What was the Adult Contemporary chart previously known as?

answer: the Easy Listening chart

text: the Easy Listening chart

question: Along with rap/hip-hop, what genre of music were aging listeners not as interested in?

answer: heavy metal

text: heavy metal

question: During what decade did adult contemporary become a very popular format for radio?

answer: 1980s


text: Rome's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia, located in the north of the Greek peninsula, to attempt to extend his power westward. Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy, to negotiate an alliance as common enemies of Rome. However, Rome discovered the agreement when Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet. The First Macedonian War saw the Romans involved directly in only limited land operations, but they ultimately achieved their objective of pre-occupying Philip and preventing him from aiding Hannibal.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Rome

text: 's

text: preoccupation

text: with

text: its

text: war

text: with

text: Carthage

text: provided

text: an

text: opportunity

text: for

text: Philip

text: V

text: of

text: the

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Macedonia

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: peninsula

text: to

text: attempt

text: to

text: extend

text: his

text: power

text: westward

text: Philip

text: sent

text: ambassadors

text: to

text: Hannibal

text: 's

text: camp

text: in

text: Italy

text: to

text: negotiate

text: an

text: alliance

text: as

text: common

text: enemies

text: of

text: Rome

text: However

text: Rome

text: discovered

text: the

text: agreement

text: when

text: Philip

text: 's

text: emissaries

text: were

text: captured

text: by

text: a

text: Roman

text: fleet

text: The

text: First

text: Macedonian

text: War

text: saw

text: the

text: Romans

text: involved

text: directly

text: in

text: only

text: limited

text: land

text: operations

text: but

text: they

text: ultimately

text: achieved

text: their

text: objective

text: of

text: pre

text: occupying

text: Philip

text: and

text: preventing

text: him

text: from

text: aiding

text: Hannibal

question: What kingdom sent an ambassador to Italy in an attempt to form an alliance against Rome?

answer: Macedonia

text: Macedonia

question: Where did Philip V want to extend his control to?

answer: westward

text: westward

question: What peninsula was the kingdom of Macedonia able to be found in?

answer: Greek peninsula

text: Greek peninsula

question: Who did Philip V seek an alliance with?

answer: Hannibal

text: Hannibal

question: At what point did Rome discover that an alliance between Philip V and Hannibal had been achieved?

answer: Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet

text: Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet


text: West's third studio album, Graduation, garnered major publicity when its release date pitted West in a sales competition against rapper 50 Cent's Curtis. Upon their September 2007 releases, Graduation outsold Curtis by a large margin, debuting at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and selling 957,000 copies in its first week. Graduation once again continued the string of critical and commercial successes by West, and the album's lead single, "Stronger", garnered the rapper his third number-one hit. "Stronger", which samples French house duo Daft Punk, has been accredited to not only encouraging other hip-hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music, but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro-infused music in the late 2000s. Ben Detrick of XXL cited the outcome of the sales competition between 50 Cent's Curtis and West's Graduation as being responsible for altering the direction of hip-hop and paving the way for new rappers who didn't follow the hardcore-gangster mold, writing, "If there was ever a watershed moment to indicate hip-hop's changing direction, it may have come when 50 Cent competed with Kanye in 2007 to see whose album would claim superior sales."

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: West

text: 's

text: third

text: studio

text: album

text: Graduation

text: garnered

text: major

text: publicity

text: when

text: its

text: release

text: date

text: pitted

text: West

text: in

text: a

text: sales

text: competition

text: against

text: rapper

text: Cent

text: 's

text: Curtis

text: Upon

text: their

text: September

text: releases

text: Graduation

text: outsold

text: Curtis

text: by

text: a

text: large

text: margin

text: debuting

text: at

text: number

text: one

text: on

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Billboard

text: chart

text: and

text: selling

text: copies

text: in

text: its

text: first

text: week

text: Graduation

text: once

text: again

text: continued

text: the

text: string

text: of

text: critical

text: and

text: commercial

text: successes

text: by

text: West

text: and

text: the

text: album

text: 's

text: lead

text: single

text: Stronger

text: garnered

text: the

text: rapper

text: his

text: third

text: number

text: one

text: hit

text: Stronger

text: which

text: samples

text: French

text: house

text: duo

text: Daft

text: Punk

text: has

text: been

text: accredited

text: to

text: not

text: only

text: encouraging

text: other

text: hip

text: hop

text: artists

text: to

text: incorporate

text: house

text: and

text: electronica

text: elements

text: into

text: their

text: music

text: but

text: also

text: for

text: playing

text: a

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: revival

text: of

text: disco

text: and

text: electro

text: infused

text: music

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Ben

text: Detrick

text: of

text: XXL

text: cited

text: the

text: outcome

text: of

text: the

text: sales

text: competition

text: between

text: Cent

text: 's

text: Curtis

text: and

text: West

text: 's

text: Graduation

text: as

text: being

text: responsible

text: for

text: altering

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: hip

text: hop

text: and

text: paving

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: new

text: rappers

text: who

text: did

text: n't

text: follow

text: the

text: hardcore

text: gangster

text: mold

text: writing

text: If

text: there

text: was

text: ever

text: a

text: watershed

text: moment

text: to

text: indicate

text: hip

text: hop

text: 's

text: changing

text: direction

text: it

text: may

text: have

text: come

text: when

text: Cent

text: competed

text: with

text: Kanye

text: in

text: to

text: see

text: whose

text: album

text: would

text: claim

text: superior

text: sales

question: What was the name of Kanye's third album?

answer: Graduation

text: Graduation

question: Kanye released Graduation at the same time of what other famous rapper, thus drawing media comparison?

answer: 50 Cent

text: 50 Cent

question: How many copies did Graduation sell in its first week of release?

answer: 957,000

question: What famous electronic duo did Kanye sample on his third album?

answer: Daft Punk

text: Daft Punk

question: What was the name of Kanye West's third CD?

answer: Graduation

text: Graduation

question: What artist was Kanye's third album release competing against?

answer: 50 Cent

text: 50 Cent

question: What music group was in Kanye's first release off of Graduation?

answer: Daft Punk

text: Daft Punk


text: Locke is known for his statement that individuals have a right to "Life, Liberty and Property", and his belief that the natural right to property is derived from labor. Tutored by Locke, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury wrote in 1706: "There is a mighty Light which spreads its self over the world especially in those two free Nations of England and Holland; on whom the Affairs of Europe now turn". Locke's theory of natural rights has influenced many political documents, including the United States Declaration of Independence and the French National Constituent Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: Locke

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: his

text: statement

text: that

text: individuals

text: have

text: a

text: right

text: to

text: Life

text: Liberty

text: and

text: Property

text: and

text: his

text: belief

text: that

text: the

text: natural

text: right

text: to

text: property

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: labor

text: Tutored

text: by

text: Locke

text: Anthony

text: Ashley

text: Cooper

text: Earl

text: of

text: Shaftesbury

text: wrote

text: in

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: mighty

text: Light

text: which

text: spreads

text: its

text: self

text: over

text: the

text: world

text: especially

text: in

text: those

text: two

text: free

text: Nations

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: Holland

text: on

text: whom

text: the

text: Affairs

text: of

text: Europe

text: now

text: turn

text: Locke

text: 's

text: theory

text: of

text: natural

text: rights

text: has

text: influenced

text: many

text: political

text: documents

text: including

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Declaration

text: of

text: Independence

text: and

text: the

text: French

text: National

text: Constituent

text: Assembly

text: 's

text: Declaration

text: of

text: the

text: Rights

text: of

text: Man

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Citizen

question: Who is known for his statement that individuals have a right to "Life, Liberty and Property"?

answer: Locke

text: Locke

question: Locke believed that the natural right to property is derived from what?

answer: labor

text: labor

question: Locke's theory of natural rights influenced what French document?

answer: French National Constituent Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

text: French National Constituent Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen


text: The state government left Philadelphia in 1799, and the federal government was moved to Washington, DC in 1800 with completion of the White House and Capitol. The city remained the young nation's largest with a population of nearly 50,000 at the turn of the 19th century; it was a financial and cultural center. Before 1800, its free black community founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), the first independent black denomination in the country, and the first black Episcopal Church. The free black community also established many schools for its children, with the help of Quakers. New York City soon surpassed Philadelphia in population, but with the construction of roads, canals, and railroads, Philadelphia became the first major industrial city in the United States.

title: Philadelphia

title: Philadelphia

text: The

text: state

text: government

text: left

text: Philadelphia

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: was

text: moved

text: to

text: Washington

text: DC

text: in

text: with

text: completion

text: of

text: the

text: White

text: House

text: and

text: Capitol

text: The

text: city

text: remained

text: the

text: young

text: nation

text: 's

text: largest

text: with

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: nearly

text: at

text: the

text: turn

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: it

text: was

text: a

text: financial

text: and

text: cultural

text: center

text: Before

text: its

text: free

text: black

text: community

text: founded

text: the

text: African

text: Methodist

text: Episcopal

text: Church

text: AME

text: the

text: first

text: independent

text: black

text: denomination

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: black

text: Episcopal

text: Church

text: The

text: free

text: black

text: community

text: also

text: established

text: many

text: schools

text: for

text: its

text: children

text: with

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: Quakers

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: soon

text: surpassed

text: Philadelphia

text: in

text: population

text: but

text: with

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: roads

text: canals

text: and

text: railroads

text: Philadelphia

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: major

text: industrial

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: When did the US government leave Philadelphia for D.C.?

answer: 1799

question: What religion did the black community found?

answer: African Methodist Episcopal Church

text: African Methodist Episcopal Church

question: Which city surpassed the population of Philadelphia?

answer: New York City

text: New York City

question: What type of economy did Philadelphia have?

answer: industrial

text: industrial


text: The "standard complement" of double winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to Beethoven. The exceptions to this are his Symphony No. 4, Violin Concerto, and Piano Concerto No. 4, which each specify a single flute. The composer's instrumentation usually included paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns and trumpets. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral "palette" in Symphonies 3, 5, 6, and 9 for an innovative effect. The third horn in the "Eroica" Symphony arrives to provide not only some harmonic flexibility, but also the effect of "choral" brass in the Trio. Piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finale of his Symphony No. 5. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver "storm" and "sunshine" in the Sixth. The Ninth asks for a second pair of horns, for reasons similar to the "Eroica" (four horns has since become standard); Beethoven's use of piccolo, contrabassoon, trombones, and untuned percussion—plus chorus and vocal soloists—in his finale, are his earliest suggestion that the timbral boundaries of symphony should be expanded. For several decades after he died, symphonic instrumentation was faithful to Beethoven's well-established model, with few exceptions.

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: The

text: standard

text: complement

text: of

text: double

text: winds

text: and

text: brass

text: in

text: the

text: orchestra

text: from

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: is

text: generally

text: attributed

text: to

text: Beethoven

text: The

text: exceptions

text: to

text: this

text: are

text: his

text: Symphony

text: No

text: Violin

text: Concerto

text: and

text: Piano

text: Concerto

text: No

text: which

text: each

text: specify

text: a

text: single

text: flute

text: The

text: composer

text: 's

text: instrumentation

text: usually

text: included

text: paired

text: flutes

text: oboes

text: clarinets

text: bassoons

text: horns

text: and

text: trumpets

text: Beethoven

text: carefully

text: calculated

text: the

text: expansion

text: of

text: this

text: particular

text: timbral

text: palette

text: in

text: Symphonies

text: and

text: for

text: an

text: innovative

text: effect

text: The

text: third

text: horn

text: in

text: the

text: Eroica

text: Symphony

text: arrives

text: to

text: provide

text: not

text: only

text: some

text: harmonic

text: flexibility

text: but

text: also

text: the

text: effect

text: of

text: choral

text: brass

text: in

text: the

text: Trio

text: Piccolo

text: contrabassoon

text: and

text: trombones

text: add

text: to

text: the

text: triumphal

text: finale

text: of

text: his

text: Symphony

text: No

text: A

text: piccolo

text: and

text: a

text: pair

text: of

text: trombones

text: help

text: deliver

text: storm

text: and

text: sunshine

text: in

text: the

text: Sixth

text: The

text: Ninth

text: asks

text: for

text: a

text: second

text: pair

text: of

text: horns

text: for

text: reasons

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: Eroica

text: four

text: horns

text: has

text: since

text: become

text: standard

text: Beethoven

text: 's

text: use

text: of

text: piccolo

text: contrabassoon

text: trombones

text: and

text: untuned

text: percussion

text: plus

text: chorus

text: and

text: vocal

text: soloists

text: in

text: his

text: finale

text: are

text: his

text: earliest

text: suggestion

text: that

text: the

text: timbral

text: boundaries

text: of

text: symphony

text: should

text: be

text: expanded

text: For

text: several

text: decades

text: after

text: he

text: died

text: symphonic

text: instrumentation

text: was

text: faithful

text: to

text: Beethoven

text: 's

text: well

text: established

text: model

text: with

text: few

text: exceptions

question: To whom is the "standard complement" attributed to?

answer: Beethoven

text: Beethoven

question: PIccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finales of what piece by Beethoven?

answer: Symphony No. 5

text: Symphony No. 5

question: How long was symphonic instrumentation faithful to Beethoven's after he died?

answer: several decades

text: several decades

question: What did Beethoven expand in his Symphonies, 3, 5, 6 and 9?

answer: timbral "palette"

text: timbral "palette"

question: A Piccolo and trombones provides the illusion of storm and what in Beethoven's Sixth Symphony?

answer: sunshine

text: sunshine


text: A higher flight phase results in a higher vertical ground reaction force. Vertical ground reaction force represents external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum. Another important variable that affects linear and angular momentum is time the landing takes Gymnasts can alter the shape of the area by increasing the time taken to perform the landing. Gymnasts can achieve this by increasing hip, knee and ankle amplitude. With the increase of height, the amplitude in ankles knees and hips rise the bars.

title: Gymnastics

title: Gymnastics

text: A

text: higher

text: flight

text: phase

text: results

text: in

text: a

text: higher

text: vertical

text: ground

text: reaction

text: force

text: Vertical

text: ground

text: reaction

text: force

text: represents

text: external

text: force

text: which

text: the

text: gymnasts

text: have

text: to

text: overcome

text: with

text: their

text: muscle

text: force

text: and

text: has

text: an

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: gymnasts

text: linear

text: and

text: angular

text: momentum

text: Another

text: important

text: variable

text: that

text: affects

text: linear

text: and

text: angular

text: momentum

text: is

text: time

text: the

text: landing

text: takes

text: Gymnasts

text: can

text: alter

text: the

text: shape

text: of

text: the

text: area

text: by

text: increasing

text: the

text: time

text: taken

text: to

text: perform

text: the

text: landing

text: Gymnasts

text: can

text: achieve

text: this

text: by

text: increasing

text: hip

text: knee

text: and

text: ankle

text: amplitude

text: With

text: the

text: increase

text: of

text: height

text: the

text: amplitude

text: in

text: ankles

text: knees

text: and

text: hips

text: rise

text: the

text: bars

question: What does a higher flight phase result in?

answer: a higher vertical ground reaction force

text: a higher vertical ground reaction force

question: What is vertical ground reaction force?

answer: s external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum

text: s external force which the gymnasts have to overcome with their muscle force and has an impact on the gymnasts linear and angular momentum

question: What else is an important aspect that affects linear and agular movements?

answer: time the landing takes Gymnasts

text: time the landing takes Gymnasts

question: What does horizontal ground reaction force represent?

text: external force

question: What overcomes internal force?

text: muscle force

question: What happens when gymnasts decrease the time taken to perform the landing?

question: How do gymnasts decrease the time taken to perform the landing?

question: What results in a lower vertical ground reaction force?

text: A higher flight phase


text: As of the census of 2010, there were 520,116 people, 229,762 households, and 112,455 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,500.1 inhabitants per square mile (965.3/km²). There were 209,609 housing units at an average density of 1,076.7 per square mile (415.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 69.7% White (down from 94.8% in 1970), 5.0% Black or African-American, 2.7% Native American, 2.9% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 16.9% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 41.6% of the population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 47.2% of the population in 2010, down from 72.8% in 1970.

title: Tucson,_Arizona

title: Tucson,_Arizona

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: census

text: of

text: there

text: were

text: people

text: households

text: and

text: families

text: residing

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: population

text: density

text: was

text: inhabitants

text: per

text: square

text: mile

text: There

text: were

text: housing

text: units

text: at

text: an

text: average

text: density

text: of

text: per

text: square

text: mile

text: The

text: racial

text: makeup

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: White

text: down

text: from

text: in

text: Black

text: or

text: African

text: American

text: Native

text: American

text: Asian

text: Pacific

text: Islander

text: from

text: other

text: races

text: and

text: from

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: races

text: Hispanic

text: or

text: Latino

text: of

text: any

text: race

text: were

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: Non

text: Hispanic

text: Whites

text: were

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: in

text: down

text: from

text: in

question: How many households are there in Tucson as of 2010?

answer: 229,762

question: How many families are there in Tucson as of 2010?

answer: 112,455

question: How many residents are there in Tucson as of 2010?

answer: 520,116

question: How many people per square mile are there in Tucson?

answer: 2,500.1

question: How much of Tucson was non-Hispanic Whites in 1970?

answer: 72.8%


text: During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone some months later. There is evidence that these steroids act directly not only on the primary and secondary sexual characteristics but also have an effect on the development and regulation of the immune system, including an increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity. There is also some evidence that cell surface receptors on B cells and macrophages may detect sex hormones in the system.

title: Immunology

title: Immunology

text: During

text: adolescence

text: the

text: human

text: body

text: undergoes

text: various

text: physical

text: physiological

text: and

text: immunological

text: changes

text: triggered

text: and

text: mediated

text: by

text: hormones

text: of

text: which

text: the

text: most

text: significant

text: in

text: females

text: is

text: an

text: oestrogen

text: and

text: in

text: males

text: is

text: testosterone

text: Oestradiol

text: usually

text: begins

text: to

text: act

text: around

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: and

text: testosterone

text: some

text: months

text: later

text: There

text: is

text: evidence

text: that

text: these

text: steroids

text: act

text: directly

text: not

text: only

text: on

text: the

text: primary

text: and

text: secondary

text: sexual

text: characteristics

text: but

text: also

text: have

text: an

text: effect

text: on

text: the

text: development

text: and

text: regulation

text: of

text: the

text: immune

text: system

text: including

text: an

text: increased

text: risk

text: in

text: developing

text: pubescent

text: and

text: post

text: pubescent

text: autoimmunity

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: some

text: evidence

text: that

text: cell

text: surface

text: receptors

text: on

text: B

text: cells

text: and

text: macrophages

text: may

text: detect

text: sex

text: hormones

text: in

text: the

text: system

question: What is the primary trigger for immunological changes in teens?

answer: hormones

text: hormones

question: What specific hormone catalyzes these changes in females?

answer: 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen)

text: 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen)

question: Which specific hormone precipitates the change in immunology in males?

answer: testosterone

text: testosterone

question: Adolescent immunological changes can also result in what?

answer: increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity

text: increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity

question: Evidence suggests that receptors on B cells may do what?

answer: detect sex hormones in the system

text: detect sex hormones in the system


text: Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement. She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced "these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business". Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage.

title: Queen_Victoria

title: Queen_Victoria

text: Victoria

text: 's

text: self

text: imposed

text: isolation

text: from

text: the

text: public

text: diminished

text: the

text: popularity

text: of

text: the

text: monarchy

text: and

text: encouraged

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: the

text: republican

text: movement

text: She

text: did

text: undertake

text: her

text: official

text: government

text: duties

text: yet

text: chose

text: to

text: remain

text: secluded

text: in

text: her

text: royal

text: residences

text: Windsor

text: Castle

text: Osborne

text: House

text: and

text: the

text: private

text: estate

text: in

text: Scotland

text: that

text: she

text: and

text: Albert

text: had

text: acquired

text: in

text: Balmoral

text: Castle

text: In

text: March

text: a

text: protester

text: stuck

text: a

text: notice

text: on

text: the

text: railings

text: of

text: Buckingham

text: Palace

text: that

text: announced

text: these

text: commanding

text: premises

text: to

text: be

text: let

text: or

text: sold

text: in

text: consequence

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: occupant

text: 's

text: declining

text: business

text: Her

text: uncle

text: Leopold

text: wrote

text: to

text: her

text: advising

text: her

text: to

text: appear

text: in

text: public

text: She

text: agreed

text: to

text: visit

text: the

text: gardens

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Horticultural

text: Society

text: at

text: Kensington

text: and

text: take

text: a

text: drive

text: through

text: London

text: in

text: an

text: open

text: carriage

question: When Victoria isolated herself from the public, what movement began to grow?

answer: the republican movement

text: the republican movement

question: Where did Victoria isolate herself?

answer: in her royal residences

text: in her royal residences

question: What was the name of the private Estate in Scotland that Albert and Victoria purchased?

answer: Balmoral Castle

text: Balmoral Castle

question: What year did the Queen and Albert purchase Balmoral Castle?

answer: 1847

question: What year did a protester attach a note to the door at Buckingham Palace saying it was to be sold?

answer: 1864

question: What private estate did Victoria aquire with Albert in 1847?

answer: Balmoral Castle

text: Balmoral Castle

question: Where did a protector put a notice because of Queen Victoria's lack of public appearances in March of 1864?

answer: Buckingham Palace

text: Buckingham Palace

question: Where did Victoria visit after Leopold advised her to make more public appearances?

answer: the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington

text: the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington

question: What movement gained popularity due to the lack of Victoria appearing in public?

answer: republican movement

text: republican movement

question: What was a major reason Victoria's monarchy was not as popular as some others?

answer: self-imposed isolation from the public

text: self-imposed isolation from the public

question: What did Victoria's isolation give way to?

answer: the growth of the republican movement

text: the growth of the republican movement

question: Who advised Vicotria to begin appaering in public?

answer: Her uncle Leopold

text: Her uncle Leopold

question: Where did Victoria visit to become more in the public view?

answer: Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington

text: Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington

question: What else did Victoria do to try to return her former public image?

answer: take a drive through London in an open carriage

text: take a drive through London in an open carriage

question: When Victoria isolated himself from the public, what movement began to grow?

text: the republican movement

question: Where did Victoria not isolate herself?

text: in her royal residences

question: What was the name of the public Estate in Scotland that Albert and Victoria purchased?

text: Balmoral Castle

question: What year did the King and Albert purchase Balmoral Castle?

question: What year did the Queen and Albert sell Balmoral Castle?


text: Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: Solar

text: hot

text: water

text: systems

text: use

text: sunlight

text: to

text: heat

text: water

text: In

text: low

text: geographical

text: latitudes

text: below

text: degrees

text: from

text: to

text: of

text: the

text: domestic

text: hot

text: water

text: use

text: with

text: temperatures

text: up

text: to

text: C

text: can

text: be

text: provided

text: by

text: solar

text: heating

text: systems

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: types

text: of

text: solar

text: water

text: heaters

text: are

text: evacuated

text: tube

text: collectors

text: and

text: glazed

text: flat

text: plate

text: collectors

text: generally

text: used

text: for

text: domestic

text: hot

text: water

text: and

text: unglazed

text: plastic

text: collectors

text: used

text: mainly

text: to

text: heat

text: swimming

text: pools

question: According to Shuman, up to what percentage of domestic hot water can be  provided by solar heating systems?

answer: 70

question: What do Solar hot water systems use to heat water?

answer: sunlight

text: sunlight

question: How much hot water can be produced by solar heating systems in low geographical latitudes?

answer: 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water

text: 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water

question: What is a common type of solar water heater?

answer: evacuated tube collectors

text: evacuated tube collectors

question: What type of solar water heater is used to heat pools?

answer: unglazed plastic collectors

text: unglazed plastic collectors


text: The first department store in Spain was Almacenes el Siglo opened in October 1881 in Barcelona. Following the 2002 closure by the Australian group Partridges of their SEPU (Sociedad Española de Precios Unicos) department store chain, which was one of Spain's oldest, the market is now dominated by El Corte Inglés, founded in 1934 as a drapery store. El Corte Inglés stores tend to be vast buildings, selling a very broad range of products and the group also controls a number of other retail formats including supermarket chain 'Supercor' and hypermarket chain 'Hipercor'. Other competitors such as 'Simago' and 'Galerías Preciados' closed in the 1990s, however El Corte Inglés, faces major competition from French discount operators such as Carrefour and Auchan.

title: Department_store

title: Department_store

text: The

text: first

text: department

text: store

text: in

text: Spain

text: was

text: Almacenes

text: el

text: Siglo

text: opened

text: in

text: October

text: in

text: Barcelona

text: Following

text: the

text: closure

text: by

text: the

text: Australian

text: group

text: Partridges

text: of

text: their

text: SEPU

text: Sociedad

text: Española

text: de

text: Precios

text: Unicos

text: department

text: store

text: chain

text: which

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: Spain

text: 's

text: oldest

text: the

text: market

text: is

text: now

text: dominated

text: by

text: El

text: Corte

text: Inglés

text: founded

text: in

text: as

text: a

text: drapery

text: store

text: El

text: Corte

text: Inglés

text: stores

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: vast

text: buildings

text: selling

text: a

text: very

text: broad

text: range

text: of

text: products

text: and

text: the

text: group

text: also

text: controls

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: other

text: retail

text: formats

text: including

text: supermarket

text: chain

text: Supercor

text: and

text: hypermarket

text: chain

text: Hipercor

text: Other

text: competitors

text: such

text: as

text: Simago

text: and

text: Galerías

text: Preciados

text: closed

text: in

text: the

text: however

text: El

text: Corte

text: Inglés

text: faces

text: major

text: competition

text: from

text: French

text: discount

text: operators

text: such

text: as

text: Carrefour

text: and

text: Auchan

question: What was the name of the first Spanish department store?

answer: Almacenes el Siglo

text: Almacenes el Siglo

question: When was the first Spanish department store opened?

answer: October 1881

text: October 1881

question: What department store brand now owns most of the market in Spain?

answer: El Corte Inglés

text: El Corte Inglés

question: When was El Corte Ingles established?

answer: 1934

question: What wasn't the name of the first Spanish department store?

text: Almacenes el Siglo

question: What was the name of the last Spanish department store?

text: Almacenes el Siglo

question: When was the first Spanish department store closed?

text: October 1881

question: When was El Corte Ingles demolished?

question: What department store brand now rents most of the market in Spain?

text: El Corte Inglés


text: Four states in the modern era, Nebraska in 2008, New York and Kansas in 2004, and Massachusetts in 1984, had their statutes ruled unconstitutional by state courts. The death rows of New York and Massachusetts were disestablished, and attempts to restore the death penalty were unsuccessful. Kansas successfully appealed State v. Kleypas, the Kansas Supreme Court decision that declared the state's death penalty statute unconstitutional, to the United States Supreme Court. Nebraska's death penalty statute was rendered ineffective on February 8, 2008 when the required method, electrocution, was ruled unconstitutional by the Nebraska Supreme Court. In 2009, Nebraska enacted a bill that changed its method of execution to lethal injection.

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

text: Four

text: states

text: in

text: the

text: modern

text: era

text: Nebraska

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: Kansas

text: in

text: and

text: Massachusetts

text: in

text: had

text: their

text: statutes

text: ruled

text: unconstitutional

text: by

text: state

text: courts

text: The

text: death

text: rows

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: and

text: Massachusetts

text: were

text: disestablished

text: and

text: attempts

text: to

text: restore

text: the

text: death

text: penalty

text: were

text: unsuccessful

text: Kansas

text: successfully

text: appealed

text: State

text: v.

text: Kleypas

text: the

text: Kansas

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: decision

text: that

text: declared

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: death

text: penalty

text: statute

text: unconstitutional

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: Nebraska

text: 's

text: death

text: penalty

text: statute

text: was

text: rendered

text: ineffective

text: on

text: February

text: when

text: the

text: required

text: method

text: electrocution

text: was

text: ruled

text: unconstitutional

text: by

text: the

text: Nebraska

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: In

text: Nebraska

text: enacted

text: a

text: bill

text: that

text: changed

text: its

text: method

text: of

text: execution

text: to

text: lethal

text: injection

question: In what year was Nebraska's death penalty statute ruled unconstitutional by a state court?

answer: 2008

question: What state's court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional in 1984?

answer: Massachusetts

text: Massachusetts

question: In what case did the Kansas Supreme Court rule that the death penalty is unconstitutional in Kansas?

answer: State v. Kleypas

text: State v. Kleypas

question: What method of execution did the Nebraska Supreme Court rule unconstitutional?

answer: electrocution

text: electrocution

question: After electrocution was outlawed, how were Nebraska death row inmates executed?

answer: lethal injection

text: lethal injection

question: In what year was Kansas' death penalty statute ruled unconstitutional by a state court?

question: What state's court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional in 1884?

text: Massachusetts

question: In what case did the Arkansas Supreme Court rule that the death penalty is unconstitutional in Arkansas?

text: State v. Kleypas

question: What method of execution did the Nebraska Supreme Court rule constitutional?

text: electrocution


text: Literature allows readers to access intimate emotional aspects of a person’s character that would not be obvious otherwise. It benefits the psychological development and understanding of the reader. For example, it allows a person to access emotional states from which the person has distanced himself or herself. An entry written by D. Mitchell featured in ‘‘The English Journal’’ explains how the author utilized young adult literature in order to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child which she describes as a state of “wonder”.

title: Literature

title: Literature

text: Literature

text: allows

text: readers

text: to

text: access

text: intimate

text: emotional

text: aspects

text: of

text: a

text: person

text: ’s

text: character

text: that

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: obvious

text: otherwise

text: It

text: benefits

text: the

text: psychological

text: development

text: and

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: reader

text: For

text: example

text: it

text: allows

text: a

text: person

text: to

text: access

text: emotional

text: states

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: person

text: has

text: distanced

text: himself

text: or

text: herself

text: An

text: entry

text: written

text: by

text: D.

text: Mitchell

text: featured

text: in

text: The

text: English

text: Journal

text: explains

text: how

text: the

text: author

text: utilized

text: young

text: adult

text: literature

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: re

text: experience

text: the

text: emotional

text: psychology

text: she

text: experienced

text: as

text: a

text: child

text: which

text: she

text: describes

text: as

text: a

text: state

text: of

text: wonder

question: Literature gives the reader insights into what areas of its characters?

answer: intimate emotional aspects

text: intimate emotional aspects

question: How does literary fiction aid the person who reads it?

answer: It benefits the psychological development and understanding

text: It benefits the psychological development and understanding

question: What writer's entry in "The English Journal" was concerned with young adult fiction?

answer: D. Mitchell

text: D. Mitchell

question: Why did this author embrace young adult literature as a grownup?

answer: to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child

text: to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child

question: How did the writer refer to this psychological state experienced as a youth?

answer: “wonder”

text: “wonder”

question: What gives readers access to physical aspects of a character?

text: Literature

question: D. Michael wrote an entry about young adult fiction in what publication?

text: ‘‘The English Journal’’

question: Accessing emotional aspects of a character benefits the philosophical development and what else?

text: understanding of the reader

question: What did D. Michael explain in "The English Journal?"

question: Who wrote an entry in "The Journal English?"

text: D. Mitchell

question: Who utilized adult literature to access an emotional experience?

text: D. Mitchell

question: How does literature benefit emotional states?


text: The ability of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy, independent of Britain, was recognised at the 1923 Imperial Conference. Britain's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the Chanak Crisis the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa, and Canada had refused to be bound by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. After pressure from Ireland and South Africa, the 1926 Imperial Conference issued the Balfour Declaration, declaring the Dominions to be "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another" within a "British Commonwealth of Nations". This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 Statute of Westminster. The parliaments of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Irish Free State and Newfoundland were now independent of British legislative control, they could nullify British laws and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent. Newfoundland reverted to colonial status in 1933, suffering from financial difficulties during the Great Depression. Ireland distanced itself further from Britain with the introduction of a new constitution in 1937, making it a republic in all but name.

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: The

text: ability

text: of

text: the

text: Dominions

text: to

text: set

text: their

text: own

text: foreign

text: policy

text: independent

text: of

text: Britain

text: was

text: recognised

text: at

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Conference

text: Britain

text: 's

text: request

text: for

text: military

text: assistance

text: from

text: the

text: Dominions

text: at

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: the

text: Chanak

text: Crisis

text: the

text: previous

text: year

text: had

text: been

text: turned

text: down

text: by

text: Canada

text: and

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: Canada

text: had

text: refused

text: to

text: be

text: bound

text: by

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Lausanne

text: After

text: pressure

text: from

text: Ireland

text: and

text: South

text: Africa

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Conference

text: issued

text: the

text: Balfour

text: Declaration

text: declaring

text: the

text: Dominions

text: to

text: be

text: autonomous

text: Communities

text: within

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: equal

text: in

text: status

text: in

text: no

text: way

text: subordinate

text: one

text: to

text: another

text: within

text: a

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Nations

text: This

text: declaration

text: was

text: given

text: legal

text: substance

text: under

text: the

text: Statute

text: of

text: Westminster

text: The

text: parliaments

text: of

text: Canada

text: Australia

text: New

text: Zealand

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: South

text: Africa

text: the

text: Irish

text: Free

text: State

text: and

text: Newfoundland

text: were

text: now

text: independent

text: of

text: British

text: legislative

text: control

text: they

text: could

text: nullify

text: British

text: laws

text: and

text: Britain

text: could

text: no

text: longer

text: pass

text: laws

text: for

text: them

text: without

text: their

text: consent

text: Newfoundland

text: reverted

text: to

text: colonial

text: status

text: in

text: suffering

text: from

text: financial

text: difficulties

text: during

text: the

text: Great

text: Depression

text: Ireland

text: distanced

text: itself

text: further

text: from

text: Britain

text: with

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: constitution

text: in

text: making

text: it

text: a

text: republic

text: in

text: all

text: but

text: name

question: When was the right of Dominions to determine their own foreign policy recognized?

answer: 1923

question: Which treaty did Canada ignore?

answer: Treaty of Lausanne

text: Treaty of Lausanne

question: When was the Balfour Declaration issued?

answer: 1926

question: When was the status of Dominions as equal autonomous communities given legal force?

answer: 1931

question: When did Ireland issue a new constitution?

answer: 1937


text: The major soap operas on British television each feature a pub, and these pubs have become household names. The Rovers Return is the pub in Coronation Street, the British soap broadcast on ITV. The Queen Vic (short for the Queen Victoria) is the pub in EastEnders, the major soap on BBC One and the Woolpack in ITV's Emmerdale. The sets of each of the three major television soap operas have been visited by some of the members of the royal family, including Queen Elizabeth II. The centrepiece of each visit was a trip into the Rovers, the Queen Vic, or the Woolpack to be offered a drink. The Bull in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera The Archers is an important meeting point.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: The

text: major

text: soap

text: operas

text: on

text: British

text: television

text: each

text: feature

text: a

text: pub

text: and

text: these

text: pubs

text: have

text: become

text: household

text: names

text: The

text: Rovers

text: Return

text: is

text: the

text: pub

text: in

text: Coronation

text: Street

text: the

text: British

text: soap

text: broadcast

text: on

text: ITV

text: The

text: Queen

text: Vic

text: short

text: for

text: the

text: Queen

text: Victoria

text: is

text: the

text: pub

text: in

text: EastEnders

text: the

text: major

text: soap

text: on

text: BBC

text: One

text: and

text: the

text: Woolpack

text: in

text: ITV

text: 's

text: Emmerdale

text: The

text: sets

text: of

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: major

text: television

text: soap

text: operas

text: have

text: been

text: visited

text: by

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: royal

text: family

text: including

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: II

text: The

text: centrepiece

text: of

text: each

text: visit

text: was

text: a

text: trip

text: into

text: the

text: Rovers

text: the

text: Queen

text: Vic

text: or

text: the

text: Woolpack

text: to

text: be

text: offered

text: a

text: drink

text: The

text: Bull

text: in

text: the

text: BBC

text: Radio

text: soap

text: opera

text: The

text: Archers

text: is

text: an

text: important

text: meeting

text: point

question: What pub is feature on the British soap opera Coronation Street?

answer: The Rovers Return

text: The Rovers Return

question: What pub is featured on EastEnders?

answer: The Queen Vic

text: The Queen Vic

question: What channel is EastEnders broadcast on?

answer: BBC One

text: BBC One

question: What channel is home to the soap opera Emmerdale?

answer: ITV

text: ITV

question: What pub is featured on Emmerdale?

answer: the Woolpack

text: the Woolpack


text: The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous "ordained becoming", with new species appearing by natural birth. Others that rejected natural selection, but supported "creation by birth", included the Duke of Argyll who explained beauty in plumage by design. Since 1858, Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class. Their disagreement over human origins came to the fore at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting featuring the legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate. In two years of acrimonious public dispute that Charles Kingsley satirised as the "Great Hippocampus Question" and parodied in The Water-Babies as the "great hippopotamus test", Huxley showed that Owen was incorrect in asserting that ape brains lacked a structure present in human brains. Others, including Charles Lyell and Alfred Russel Wallace, thought that humans shared a common ancestor with apes, but higher mental faculties could not have evolved through a purely material process. Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871).

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: The

text: leading

text: naturalist

text: in

text: Britain

text: was

text: the

text: anatomist

text: Richard

text: Owen

text: an

text: idealist

text: who

text: had

text: shifted

text: to

text: the

text: view

text: in

text: the

text: that

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: life

text: was

text: the

text: gradual

text: unfolding

text: of

text: a

text: divine

text: plan

text: Owen

text: 's

text: review

text: of

text: the

text: Origin

text: in

text: the

text: April

text: Edinburgh

text: Review

text: bitterly

text: attacked

text: Huxley

text: Hooker

text: and

text: Darwin

text: but

text: also

text: signalled

text: acceptance

text: of

text: a

text: kind

text: of

text: evolution

text: as

text: a

text: teleological

text: plan

text: in

text: a

text: continuous

text: ordained

text: becoming

text: with

text: new

text: species

text: appearing

text: by

text: natural

text: birth

text: Others

text: that

text: rejected

text: natural

text: selection

text: but

text: supported

text: creation

text: by

text: birth

text: included

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Argyll

text: who

text: explained

text: beauty

text: in

text: plumage

text: by

text: design

text: Since

text: Huxley

text: had

text: emphasised

text: anatomical

text: similarities

text: between

text: apes

text: and

text: humans

text: contesting

text: Owen

text: 's

text: view

text: that

text: humans

text: were

text: a

text: separate

text: sub

text: class

text: Their

text: disagreement

text: over

text: human

text: origins

text: came

text: to

text: the

text: fore

text: at

text: the

text: British

text: Association

text: for

text: the

text: Advancement

text: of

text: Science

text: meeting

text: featuring

text: the

text: legendary

text: Oxford

text: evolution

text: debate

text: In

text: two

text: years

text: of

text: acrimonious

text: public

text: dispute

text: that

text: Charles

text: Kingsley

text: satirised

text: as

text: the

text: Great

text: Hippocampus

text: Question

text: and

text: parodied

text: in

text: The

text: Water

text: Babies

text: as

text: the

text: great

text: hippopotamus

text: test

text: Huxley

text: showed

text: that

text: Owen

text: was

text: incorrect

text: in

text: asserting

text: that

text: ape

text: brains

text: lacked

text: a

text: structure

text: present

text: in

text: human

text: brains

text: Others

text: including

text: Charles

text: Lyell

text: and

text: Alfred

text: Russel

text: Wallace

text: thought

text: that

text: humans

text: shared

text: a

text: common

text: ancestor

text: with

text: apes

text: but

text: higher

text: mental

text: faculties

text: could

text: not

text: have

text: evolved

text: through

text: a

text: purely

text: material

text: process

text: Darwin

text: published

text: his

text: own

text: explanation

text: in

text: the

text: Descent

text: of

text: Man

question: Who was the leading naturalist in Britain?

answer: Richard Owen,

text: Richard Owen,

question: How did Owen respond to On the Origin of Species with his review?

answer: bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous "ordained becoming"

text: bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous "ordained becoming"

question: What was the debate between Huxley and Owen concerning humans and apes?

answer: Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class

text: Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class

question: What was the primary debate at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting of 1860?

answer: legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate

text: legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate

question: When did Darwin publish his own explanation of the question of the evolution of man and ape?

answer: Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871)

text: Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871)


text: Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.

title: Catalan_language

title: Catalan_language

text: Catalan

text: has

text: few

text: suppletive

text: couplets

text: like

text: Italian

text: and

text: Spanish

text: and

text: unlike

text: French

text: Thus

text: Catalan

text: has

text: noi

text: noia

text: boy"/"girl

text: and

text: gall

text: gallina

text: cock"/"hen

text: whereas

text: French

text: has

text: garçon

text: fille

text: and

text: coq

text: poule

question: What kind of words does Catalan have few of?

answer: suppletive couplets

text: suppletive couplets

question: What languages have more couplets than Catalan?

answer: French

text: French

question: What languages are  similar to Catalan in numbers of  couplets?

answer: Italian and Spanish

text: Italian and Spanish

question: What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?

answer: French

text: French


text: To unambiguously specify the date, dual dating or Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) are sometimes used with dates. Dual dating uses two consecutive years because of differences in the starting date of the year, or includes both the Julian and Gregorian dates. Old Style and New Style (N.S.) indicate either whether the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January (N.S.) even though documents written at the time use a different start of year (O.S.), or whether a date conforms to the Julian calendar (O.S.) rather than the Gregorian (N.S.).

title: Gregorian_calendar

title: Gregorian_calendar

text: To

text: unambiguously

text: specify

text: the

text: date

text: dual

text: dating

text: or

text: Old

text: Style

text: O.S.

text: and

text: New

text: Style

text: N.S.

text: are

text: sometimes

text: used

text: with

text: dates

text: Dual

text: dating

text: uses

text: two

text: consecutive

text: years

text: because

text: of

text: differences

text: in

text: the

text: starting

text: date

text: of

text: the

text: year

text: or

text: includes

text: both

text: the

text: Julian

text: and

text: Gregorian

text: dates

text: Old

text: Style

text: and

text: New

text: Style

text: N.S.

text: indicate

text: either

text: whether

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: Julian

text: year

text: has

text: been

text: adjusted

text: to

text: start

text: on

text: January

text: N.S.

text: even

text: though

text: documents

text: written

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: use

text: a

text: different

text: start

text: of

text: year

text: O.S.

text: or

text: whether

text: a

text: date

text: conforms

text: to

text: the

text: Julian

text: calendar

text: O.S.

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: N.S.

question: What does duel dating use to show the date?

answer: two consecutive years

text: two consecutive years

question: What is the Old Style date mean?

answer: Julian calendar

text: Julian calendar

question: What is N.S. stand for?

answer: New Style

text: New Style

question: What are New Style dates?

answer: Gregorian

text: Gregorian

question: Why use two consecutive year dates?

answer: starting date of the year

text: starting date of the year

question: What is used with dates to determine whether a date is correct or not?

question: What uses two different dates because of a difference in the ending date of the year?

text: Dual dating

question: Which system indicates that the Gregorian year has been adjusted to start on January 1?

text: New Style (N.S.)

question: Which system indicates that the date that the Julian date has been adjusted for length?

text: Old Style


text: Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: Mechanical

text: analog

text: computers

text: started

text: appearing

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: century

text: and

text: were

text: later

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: medieval

text: era

text: for

text: astronomical

text: calculations

text: In

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: mechanical

text: analog

text: computers

text: were

text: used

text: for

text: specialized

text: military

text: applications

text: such

text: as

text: calculating

text: torpedo

text: aiming

text: During

text: this

text: time

text: the

text: first

text: electronic

text: digital

text: computers

text: were

text: developed

text: Originally

text: they

text: were

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: a

text: large

text: room

text: consuming

text: as

text: much

text: power

text: as

text: several

text: hundred

text: modern

text: personal

text: computers

text: PCs

question: What were analog computers originally used for?

answer: astronomical calculations

text: astronomical calculations

question: During what war were computers first used for military applications?

answer: World War II,

text: World War II,

question: In computer terms, what does PC stand for?

answer: personal computers

text: personal computers

question: During what war were the first digital computers invented?

answer: World War II

text: World War II


text: Micronesians settled the Marshall Islands in the 2nd millennium BC, but there are no historical or oral records of that period. Over time, the Marshall Island people learned to navigate over long ocean distances by canoe using traditional stick charts.

title: Marshall_Islands

title: Marshall_Islands

text: Micronesians

text: settled

text: the

text: Marshall

text: Islands

text: in

text: the

text: millennium

text: BC

text: but

text: there

text: are

text: no

text: historical

text: or

text: oral

text: records

text: of

text: that

text: period

text: Over

text: time

text: the

text: Marshall

text: Island

text: people

text: learned

text: to

text: navigate

text: over

text: long

text: ocean

text: distances

text: by

text: canoe

text: using

text: traditional

text: stick

text: charts

question: Who arrived at the Marshall Islands in the second millennium BC?

answer: Micronesians

text: Micronesians

question: What did not exist at the time during which Micronesians arrived at the Marshall Islands?

answer: historical or oral records

text: historical or oral records

question: What vessel did early settlers of the Marshall Islands use to travel?

answer: canoe

text: canoe

question: What is the name of the item used as a primitive type of map for navigation by early settlers of the Marshall Islands?

answer: traditional stick charts

text: traditional stick charts

question: Who first settled the Marshall Islands?

answer: Micronesians

text: Micronesians

question: When were the Marshal Islands first settled?

answer: 2nd millennium BC

text: 2nd millennium BC

question: In what vehicles did the Marshall Islanders travel by water?

answer: canoe

text: canoe

question: What navigation aids did the Marshall Islanders use?

answer: stick charts

text: stick charts


text: Throughout history there have been a series of lingua francas in the area to allow for better communication. The dialects spoken in Hangzhou, Shaoxing, and Ningbo have taken on this role historically. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Mandarin, which is not mutually intelligible with any of the local dialects, has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China. As a result, most of the population now can, to some degree, speak and comprehend Mandarin and can code-switch when necessary. A majority of the population educated since 1978 can speak Mandarin. Urban residents tend to be more fluent in Mandarin than rural people. Nevertheless, a Zhejiang accent is detectable in almost everyone from the area communicating in Mandarin, and the home dialect remains an important part of the everyday lives and cultural identities of most Zhejiang residents.

title: Zhejiang

title: Zhejiang

text: Throughout

text: history

text: there

text: have

text: been

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: lingua

text: francas

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: to

text: allow

text: for

text: better

text: communication

text: The

text: dialects

text: spoken

text: in

text: Hangzhou

text: Shaoxing

text: and

text: Ningbo

text: have

text: taken

text: on

text: this

text: role

text: historically

text: Since

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: in

text: Mandarin

text: which

text: is

text: not

text: mutually

text: intelligible

text: with

text: any

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: dialects

text: has

text: been

text: promoted

text: as

text: the

text: standard

text: language

text: of

text: communication

text: throughout

text: China

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: now

text: can

text: to

text: some

text: degree

text: speak

text: and

text: comprehend

text: Mandarin

text: and

text: can

text: code

text: switch

text: when

text: necessary

text: A

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: educated

text: since

text: can

text: speak

text: Mandarin

text: Urban

text: residents

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: more

text: fluent

text: in

text: Mandarin

text: than

text: rural

text: people

text: Nevertheless

text: a

text: Zhejiang

text: accent

text: is

text: detectable

text: in

text: almost

text: everyone

text: from

text: the

text: area

text: communicating

text: in

text: Mandarin

text: and

text: the

text: home

text: dialect

text: remains

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: everyday

text: lives

text: and

text: cultural

text: identities

text: of

text: most

text: Zhejiang

text: residents

question: When was the People's Republic of China founded?

answer: 1949

question: What has been promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China since 1949?

answer: Mandarin

text: Mandarin

question: A majority of the population educated since what year can speak Mandarin?

answer: 1978

question: What type of residents tend to be more fluent in Mandarin than rural ones?

answer: Urban

text: Urban

question: Throughout history there have been a series of what in the area to allow for better communication?

answer: lingua francas

text: lingua francas

question: When was the People's Republic of China defunct?

question: What has been not promoted as the standard language of communication throughout China since 1949?

text: Mandarin

question: A minority of the population educated since what year can speak Mandarin?

question: What type of residents tend to be less fluent in Mandarin than rural ones?

text: Urban

question: Throughout history there have been a series of what in the area to allow for worse communication?

text: lingua francas