text: Other major bluegrass mandolinists who emerged in the early 1950s and are still active include Jesse McReynolds (of Jim and Jesse) who invented a syncopated banjo-roll-like style called crosspicking—and Bobby Osborne of the Osborne Brothers, who is a master of clarity and sparkling single-note runs. Highly respected and influential modern bluegrass players include Herschel Sizemore, Doyle Lawson, and the multi-genre Sam Bush, who is equally at home with old-time fiddle tunes, rock, reggae, and jazz. Ronnie McCoury of the Del McCoury Band has won numerous awards for his Monroe-influenced playing. The late John Duffey of the original Country Gentlemen and later the Seldom Scene did much to popularize the bluegrass mandolin among folk and urban audiences, especially on the east coast and in the Washington, D.C. area.

title: Mandolin

title: Mandolin

text: Other

text: major

text: bluegrass

text: mandolinists

text: who

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: and

text: are

text: still

text: active

text: include

text: Jesse

text: McReynolds

text: of

text: Jim

text: and

text: Jesse

text: who

text: invented

text: a

text: syncopated

text: banjo

text: roll

text: like

text: style

text: called

text: crosspicking

text: and

text: Bobby

text: Osborne

text: of

text: the

text: Osborne

text: Brothers

text: who

text: is

text: a

text: master

text: of

text: clarity

text: and

text: sparkling

text: single

text: note

text: runs

text: Highly

text: respected

text: and

text: influential

text: modern

text: bluegrass

text: players

text: include

text: Herschel

text: Sizemore

text: Doyle

text: Lawson

text: and

text: the

text: multi

text: genre

text: Sam

text: Bush

text: who

text: is

text: equally

text: at

text: home

text: with

text: old

text: time

text: fiddle

text: tunes

text: rock

text: reggae

text: and

text: jazz

text: Ronnie

text: McCoury

text: of

text: the

text: Del

text: McCoury

text: Band

text: has

text: won

text: numerous

text: awards

text: for

text: his

text: Monroe

text: influenced

text: playing

text: The

text: late

text: John

text: Duffey

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: Country

text: Gentlemen

text: and

text: later

text: the

text: Seldom

text: Scene

text: did

text: much

text: to

text: popularize

text: the

text: bluegrass

text: mandolin

text: among

text: folk

text: and

text: urban

text: audiences

text: especially

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: coast

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: area

question: Who was the major bluegrass mandolinist that became popular in 1950's?

answer: Jesse McReynolds

text: Jesse McReynolds

question: What grop was Jesse McReynolds a part of?

answer: Jim and Jesse

text: Jim and Jesse

question: What technique did Jesse McReynolds create?

answer: crosspicking

text: crosspicking

question: What is crosspicking?

answer: syncopated banjo-roll-like style

text: syncopated banjo-roll-like style

question: Who won several award for his Monroe influenced music?

answer: Ronnie McCoury

text: Ronnie McCoury

question: Who was the minor bluegrass mandolinist that became popular in 1950's?

text: Jesse McReynolds

question: What job was Jesse McReynolds a part of?

text: Jim and Jesse

question: What technique did Jesse McReynolds destroy?

text: crosspicking

question: What isn't crosspicking?

text: syncopated banjo-roll-like style

question: Who won no awards for his Monroe influenced music?

text: Ronnie McCoury


text: Instead, the monarch directly grants royal assent by Order in Council. Assent is granted or refused on the advice of the Lord Chancellor. A recent example when assent was refused (or, more correctly, when the Lord Chancellor declined to present the law for assent) was in 2007, concerning reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark. (A revised version of the proposed reforms was subsequently given assent.) In 2011, campaigners against a law that sought to reduce the number of senators in the states of Jersey petitioned the Privy Council to advise the Queen to refuse royal assent. An Order in Council of 13 July 2011 established new rules for the consideration of petitions against granting royal assent.

title: Royal_assent

title: Royal_assent

text: Instead

text: the

text: monarch

text: directly

text: grants

text: royal

text: assent

text: by

text: Order

text: in

text: Council

text: Assent

text: is

text: granted

text: or

text: refused

text: on

text: the

text: advice

text: of

text: the

text: Lord

text: Chancellor

text: A

text: recent

text: example

text: when

text: assent

text: was

text: refused

text: or

text: more

text: correctly

text: when

text: the

text: Lord

text: Chancellor

text: declined

text: to

text: present

text: the

text: law

text: for

text: assent

text: was

text: in

text: concerning

text: reforms

text: to

text: the

text: constitution

text: of

text: the

text: Chief

text: Pleas

text: of

text: Sark

text: A

text: revised

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: proposed

text: reforms

text: was

text: subsequently

text: given

text: assent

text: In

text: campaigners

text: against

text: a

text: law

text: that

text: sought

text: to

text: reduce

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: senators

text: in

text: the

text: states

text: of

text: Jersey

text: petitioned

text: the

text: Privy

text: Council

text: to

text: advise

text: the

text: Queen

text: to

text: refuse

text: royal

text: assent

text: An

text: Order

text: in

text: Council

text: of

text: July

text: established

text: new

text: rules

text: for

text: the

text: consideration

text: of

text: petitions

text: against

text: granting

text: royal

text: assent

question: The sovereign grants assent by which order?

answer: Order in Council

text: Order in Council

question: Who advises the sovereign in this decision?

answer: Lord Chancellor

text: Lord Chancellor

question: Which recent petition for reforms to the constitution led to assent being refused?

answer: Chief Pleas of Sark

text: Chief Pleas of Sark

question: Who advises a bill to be granted or refused?

answer: Lord Chancellor

text: Lord Chancellor

question: When was an Order in Counil passed that laid out new rules for consideration of petitions against the royal assent?

answer: 13 July 2011

text: 13 July 2011

question: In what year did the Lord Chancellor refuse to present a law  concerning constituational reform for assent?

answer: 2007

question: What was the subject of the bill that the Lord Chancellor refused to present for royal assent in 2007?

answer: reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark

text: reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark

question: The monarch indirectly grants royal assent how?

text: by Order in Council

question: An Order in Council of 13 July 2001 established what?

text: new rules

question: In 2001, campaigners petitioned whom?

text: the Privy Council

question: The Queen was advised to grant royal assent by campaigners in what year?


text: In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the German radar effort during World War II. Using this knowledge, he began researching the phenomenon of "interference" in 1947. By June 1948, witnessing currents flowing through point-contacts, Mataré produced consistent results using samples of germanium produced by Welker, similar to what Bardeen and Brattain had accomplished earlier in December 1947. Realizing that Bell Labs' scientists had already invented the transistor before them, the company rushed to get its "transistron" into production for amplified use in France's telephone network.

title: Transistor

title: Transistor

text: In

text: the

text: point

text: contact

text: transistor

text: was

text: independently

text: invented

text: by

text: German

text: physicists

text: Herbert

text: Mataré

text: and

text: Heinrich

text: Welker

text: while

text: working

text: at

text: the

text: Compagnie

text: des

text: Freins

text: et

text: Signaux

text: a

text: Westinghouse

text: subsidiary

text: located

text: in

text: Paris

text: Mataré

text: had

text: previous

text: experience

text: in

text: developing

text: crystal

text: rectifiers

text: from

text: silicon

text: and

text: germanium

text: in

text: the

text: German

text: radar

text: effort

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Using

text: this

text: knowledge

text: he

text: began

text: researching

text: the

text: phenomenon

text: of

text: interference

text: in

text: By

text: June

text: witnessing

text: currents

text: flowing

text: through

text: point

text: contacts

text: Mataré

text: produced

text: consistent

text: results

text: using

text: samples

text: of

text: germanium

text: produced

text: by

text: Welker

text: similar

text: to

text: what

text: Bardeen

text: and

text: Brattain

text: had

text: accomplished

text: earlier

text: in

text: December

text: Realizing

text: that

text: Bell

text: Labs

text: scientists

text: had

text: already

text: invented

text: the

text: transistor

text: before

text: them

text: the

text: company

text: rushed

text: to

text: get

text: its

text: transistron

text: into

text: production

text: for

text: amplified

text: use

text: in

text: France

text: 's

text: telephone

text: network

question: In what year was the point-contact transistor invented?

answer: 1948

question: Who invented the point-contact transistor?

answer: Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker

text: Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker

question: Where were Matare and Welker working when inventing the point-contact transistor?

answer: Compagnie des Freins et Signaux

text: Compagnie des Freins et Signaux

question: What was the name of Matare and Welker's transistor?

answer: transistron

text: transistron

question: What was the transistron used for?

answer: amplified use in France's telephone network

text: amplified use in France's telephone network

question: What were Matare and Welker's transistors made of?

text: silicon and germanium

question: When did Heinrich Welker start researching electronics?

text: during World War II

question: When did Matare and Welker realize that Bell Labs had invented a transistor?

question: Where were the "transistrons" produced?

text: Paris

question: Who was in charge of France's telephone network?

text: Westinghouse


text: From 2002 through 2008, the Bush Administration denied funding to UNFPA that had already been allocated by the US Congress, partly on the refuted claims that the UNFPA supported Chinese government programs which include forced abortions and coercive sterilizations. In a letter from the Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs Nicholas Burns to Congress, the administration said it had determined that UNFPA’s support for China’s population program “facilitates (its) government’s coercive abortion program”, thus violating the Kemp-Kasten Amendment, which bans the use of United States aid to finance organizations that support or take part in managing a program of coercive abortion of sterilization.

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

text: From

text: through

text: the

text: Bush

text: Administration

text: denied

text: funding

text: to

text: UNFPA

text: that

text: had

text: already

text: been

text: allocated

text: by

text: the

text: US

text: Congress

text: partly

text: on

text: the

text: refuted

text: claims

text: that

text: the

text: UNFPA

text: supported

text: Chinese

text: government

text: programs

text: which

text: include

text: forced

text: abortions

text: and

text: coercive

text: sterilizations

text: In

text: a

text: letter

text: from

text: the

text: Undersecretary

text: of

text: State

text: for

text: Political

text: Affairs

text: Nicholas

text: Burns

text: to

text: Congress

text: the

text: administration

text: said

text: it

text: had

text: determined

text: that

text: UNFPA

text: ’s

text: support

text: for

text: China

text: ’s

text: population

text: program

text: facilitates

text: its

text: government

text: ’s

text: coercive

text: abortion

text: program

text: thus

text: violating

text: the

text: Kemp

text: Kasten

text: Amendment

text: which

text: bans

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: United

text: States

text: aid

text: to

text: finance

text: organizations

text: that

text: support

text: or

text: take

text: part

text: in

text: managing

text: a

text: program

text: of

text: coercive

text: abortion

text: of

text: sterilization

question: Which 21st century administration denied funding to UNFPA?

answer: the Bush Administration

text: the Bush Administration

question: During what period did the administration deny funding?

answer: From 2002 through 2008

text: From 2002 through 2008

question: Who allocates UNFPA funding in the U.S.?

answer: the US Congress

text: the US Congress

question: What in the Chinese program caused trouble for UNFPA?

answer: forced abortions and coercive sterilizations

text: forced abortions and coercive sterilizations

question: What amendment did the administration believe the UNFPA funding violated?

answer: the Kemp-Kasten Amendment

text: the Kemp-Kasten Amendment

question: Which 21st century administration increased funding to UNFPA?

text: the Bush Administration

question: During what period did the administration increase funding the most?

text: From 2002 through 2008

question: Who will never allocate UNFPA funding in the U.S.?

text: the US Congress

question: What amendment did the administration believe the UNFPA funding supported?

text: the Kemp-Kasten Amendment

question: What claims were not refuted?


text: On December 30, 1922, with the creation of the Soviet Union, Russia became one of six republics within the federation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The final Soviet name for the republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was adopted in the Soviet Constitution of 1936. By that time, Soviet Russia had gained roughly the same borders of the old Tsardom of Russia before the Great Northern War of 1700.

title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

text: On

text: December

text: with

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: Russia

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: six

text: republics

text: within

text: the

text: federation

text: of

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republics

text: The

text: final

text: Soviet

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: republic

text: the

text: Russian

text: Soviet

text: Federative

text: Socialist

text: Republic

text: was

text: adopted

text: in

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Constitution

text: of

text: By

text: that

text: time

text: Soviet

text: Russia

text: had

text: gained

text: roughly

text: the

text: same

text: borders

text: of

text: the

text: old

text: Tsardom

text: of

text: Russia

text: before

text: the

text: Great

text: Northern

text: War

text: of

question: When was the Soviet Union created?

answer: December 30, 1922

text: December 30, 1922

question: How many republics were in the USSR?

answer: six

text: six

question: What name for Russia was listed in the Soviet Constitution?

answer: the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

text: the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

question: When did the Soviet Union include the final Russian name for its republic in the Constitution?

answer: 1936

question: In which war was Russia involved in 1700?

answer: the Great Northern War

text: the Great Northern War

question: On what date was the Soviet Union created?

answer: December 30, 1922

text: December 30, 1922

question: How many republics made up the USSR by the end of 1922?

answer: six

text: six

question: In what year was the name Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic adopted?

answer: 1936

question: What document renamed the country the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic?

answer: Soviet Constitution of 1936

text: Soviet Constitution of 1936

question: In what year was the Great Northern War fought?

answer: 1700

question: When was the Soviet Union destroyed?

text: December 30, 1922

question: How many republics weren't in the USSR?

text: six

question: What name for Russia wasn't listed in the Soviet Constitution?

question: When did the Soviet Union disclude the final Russian name for its republic in the Constitution?

question: In which war was Russia involved in 1710?

text: Great Northern War


text: Feynman traveled to Brazil, where he gave courses at the BCPF (Brazilian Center for Physics Research) and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva, a dream that, because of Cold War bureaucratic problems, never became reality. The day after he died, a letter arrived for him from the Soviet government, giving him authorization to travel to Tuva. Later Feynman's daughter Michelle would realize this journey. Out of his enthusiastic interest in reaching Tuva came the phrase "Tuva or Bust" (also the title of a book about his efforts to get there), which was tossed about frequently amongst his circle of friends in hope that they, one day, could see it firsthand. The documentary movie, Genghis Blues, mentions some of his attempts to communicate with Tuva and chronicles the successful journey there by his friends. Responding to Hubert Humphrey's congratulation for his Nobel Prize, Feynman admitted to a long admiration for the then vice president.

title: Richard_Feynman

title: Richard_Feynman

text: Feynman

text: traveled

text: to

text: Brazil

text: where

text: he

text: gave

text: courses

text: at

text: the

text: BCPF

text: Brazilian

text: Center

text: for

text: Physics

text: Research

text: and

text: near

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: schemed

text: to

text: visit

text: the

text: Russian

text: land

text: of

text: Tuva

text: a

text: dream

text: that

text: because

text: of

text: Cold

text: War

text: bureaucratic

text: problems

text: never

text: became

text: reality

text: The

text: day

text: after

text: he

text: died

text: a

text: letter

text: arrived

text: for

text: him

text: from

text: the

text: Soviet

text: government

text: giving

text: him

text: authorization

text: to

text: travel

text: to

text: Tuva

text: Later

text: Feynman

text: 's

text: daughter

text: Michelle

text: would

text: realize

text: this

text: journey

text: Out

text: of

text: his

text: enthusiastic

text: interest

text: in

text: reaching

text: Tuva

text: came

text: the

text: phrase

text: Tuva

text: or

text: Bust

text: also

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: a

text: book

text: about

text: his

text: efforts

text: to

text: get

text: there

text: which

text: was

text: tossed

text: about

text: frequently

text: amongst

text: his

text: circle

text: of

text: friends

text: in

text: hope

text: that

text: they

text: one

text: day

text: could

text: see

text: it

text: firsthand

text: The

text: documentary

text: movie

text: Genghis

text: Blues

text: mentions

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: attempts

text: to

text: communicate

text: with

text: Tuva

text: and

text: chronicles

text: the

text: successful

text: journey

text: there

text: by

text: his

text: friends

text: Responding

text: to

text: Hubert

text: Humphrey

text: 's

text: congratulation

text: for

text: his

text: Nobel

text: Prize

text: Feynman

text: admitted

text: to

text: a

text: long

text: admiration

text: for

text: the

text: then

text: vice

text: president

question: Where did Feynman work at in Brazil?

answer: Brazilian Center for Physics Research

text: Brazilian Center for Physics Research

question: Which place in Russia could Feynman not visit, but wished to do so?

answer: Tuva

text: Tuva

question: When was Feynman allowed to go to Tuva?

answer: The day after he died

text: The day after he died

question: Who went to Tuva in Feynman's stead?

answer: Feynman's daughter Michelle

text: Feynman's daughter Michelle

question: What is the name of the film that discusses Feynman's attempt to get to Tuva?

answer: Genghis Blues

text: Genghis Blues

question: Where did Feynman work at in Japan?

text: Brazilian Center for Physics Research

question: Which place in Germany could Feynman not visit but wished to do so?

text: Tuva

question: When was Feynman found visiting Tuva?

text: The day after he died

question: Who avoided Tuva in Feynman's stead?

text: Feynman's daughter Michelle

question: What is the name of the film that discusses Feynman's attempt to escape from Tuva?

text: Genghis Blues


text: In antiquity, the ancestors of the Somali people were an important link in the Horn of Africa connecting the region's commerce with the rest of the ancient world. Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of frankincense, myrrh and spices, items which were considered valuable luxuries by the Ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, Mycenaeans and Babylonians.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: In

text: antiquity

text: the

text: ancestors

text: of

text: the

text: Somali

text: people

text: were

text: an

text: important

text: link

text: in

text: the

text: Horn

text: of

text: Africa

text: connecting

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: commerce

text: with

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: world

text: Somali

text: sailors

text: and

text: merchants

text: were

text: the

text: main

text: suppliers

text: of

text: frankincense

text: myrrh

text: and

text: spices

text: items

text: which

text: were

text: considered

text: valuable

text: luxuries

text: by

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Egyptians

text: Phoenicians

text: Mycenaeans

text: and

text: Babylonians

question: What economic activity in the Horn of Africa did the ancient Somalis connect to the rest of the world?

answer: commerce

text: commerce

question: Along with myrrh and spices, what important luxury did ancient Somali merchants provide?

answer: frankincense

text: frankincense

question: Along with the ancient Phoenicians, Egyptians and Babylonians, what ancient people regarded myrrh as a luxury?

answer: Mycenaeans

text: Mycenaeans


text: Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy is a historical museum known as the "St. Barts Municipal Museum" also called the "Wall House" (musée – bibliothèque) in Gustavia, which is located on the far end of La Pointe. The museum is housed in an old stone house, a two-storey building which has been refurbished. The island’s history relating to French, Swedish and British period of occupation is well presented in the museum with photographs, maps and paintings. Also on display are the ancestral costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses and ancient fishing boats. It also houses a library.

title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

title: Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

text: Musée

text: Territorial

text: de

text: St

text: Barthélemy

text: is

text: a

text: historical

text: museum

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: St.

text: Barts

text: Municipal

text: Museum

text: also

text: called

text: the

text: Wall

text: House

text: musée

text: bibliothèque

text: in

text: Gustavia

text: which

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: far

text: end

text: of

text: La

text: Pointe

text: The

text: museum

text: is

text: housed

text: in

text: an

text: old

text: stone

text: house

text: a

text: two

text: storey

text: building

text: which

text: has

text: been

text: refurbished

text: The

text: island

text: ’s

text: history

text: relating

text: to

text: French

text: Swedish

text: and

text: British

text: period

text: of

text: occupation

text: is

text: well

text: presented

text: in

text: the

text: museum

text: with

text: photographs

text: maps

text: and

text: paintings

text: Also

text: on

text: display

text: are

text: the

text: ancestral

text: costumes

text: antique

text: tools

text: models

text: of

text: Creole

text: houses

text: and

text: ancient

text: fishing

text: boats

text: It

text: also

text: houses

text: a

text: library

question: What is the English name of the historic museum in St. Barts?

answer: St. Barts Municipal Museum

text: St. Barts Municipal Museum

question: What is the French name for the historic museum in St. Barts?

answer: Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy

text: Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy

question: What town is the Museum located in?

answer: Gustavia

text: Gustavia

question: Besides the French and Swedish, who else occupied the island?

answer: British

text: British

question: What type of houses are on display at the museum in St. Barts?

answer: Creole

text: Creole

question: What is located on the near end of La Pointe?

text: Wall House

question: Where nationality did the Creole have?

text: British

question: What is the Swedish name for the historic museum in St. Barts?

text: Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy

question: What is the British name for the historic museum in St. Barts?

text: Wall House

question: Which people used the ancient tools?

text: Creole


text: On April 29, 2011, the boundaries for the state-run tourism district were set. The district would include heavier police presence, as well as beautification and infrastructure improvements. The CRDA would oversee all functions of the district and will make changes to attract new businesses and attractions. New construction would be ambitious and may resort to eminent domain.

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey

text: On

text: April

text: the

text: boundaries

text: for

text: the

text: state

text: run

text: tourism

text: district

text: were

text: set

text: The

text: district

text: would

text: include

text: heavier

text: police

text: presence

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: beautification

text: and

text: infrastructure

text: improvements

text: The

text: CRDA

text: would

text: oversee

text: all

text: functions

text: of

text: the

text: district

text: and

text: will

text: make

text: changes

text: to

text: attract

text: new

text: businesses

text: and

text: attractions

text: New

text: construction

text: would

text: be

text: ambitious

text: and

text: may

text: resort

text: to

text: eminent

text: domain

question: What year were the boundaries for the state-run tourism district finally set?

answer: 2011

question: What were the three major things that the district would include?

answer: The district would include heavier police presence, as well as beautification and infrastructure improvements

text: The district would include heavier police presence, as well as beautification and infrastructure improvements

question: Who would oversee all functions of the new district?

answer: The CRDA

text: The CRDA

question: Who would make the changes within the district to attract new businesses and attractions?

answer: The CRDA

text: The CRDA

question: What two qualities were mentioned in regards to new construction?

answer: would be ambitious and may resort to eminent domain

text: would be ambitious and may resort to eminent domain


text: Unlike other data cables (e.g., Ethernet, HDMI), each end of a USB cable uses a different kind of connector; a Type-A or a Type-B. This kind of design was chosen to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment, as only the Type-A socket provides power. There are cables with Type-A connectors on both ends, but they should be used carefully. Therefore, in general, each of the different "sizes" requires four different connectors; USB cables have the Type-A and Type-B plugs, and the corresponding receptacles are on the computer or electronic device. In common practice, the Type-A connector is usually the full size, and the Type-B side can vary as needed.

title: USB

title: USB

text: Unlike

text: other

text: data

text: cables

text: e.g.

text: Ethernet

text: HDMI

text: each

text: end

text: of

text: a

text: USB

text: cable

text: uses

text: a

text: different

text: kind

text: of

text: connector

text: a

text: Type

text: A

text: or

text: a

text: Type

text: B.

text: This

text: kind

text: of

text: design

text: was

text: chosen

text: to

text: prevent

text: electrical

text: overloads

text: and

text: damaged

text: equipment

text: as

text: only

text: the

text: Type

text: A

text: socket

text: provides

text: power

text: There

text: are

text: cables

text: with

text: Type

text: A

text: connectors

text: on

text: both

text: ends

text: but

text: they

text: should

text: be

text: used

text: carefully

text: Therefore

text: in

text: general

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: different

text: sizes

text: requires

text: four

text: different

text: connectors

text: USB

text: cables

text: have

text: the

text: Type

text: A

text: and

text: Type

text: B

text: plugs

text: and

text: the

text: corresponding

text: receptacles

text: are

text: on

text: the

text: computer

text: or

text: electronic

text: device

text: In

text: common

text: practice

text: the

text: Type

text: A

text: connector

text: is

text: usually

text: the

text: full

text: size

text: and

text: the

text: Type

text: B

text: side

text: can

text: vary

text: as

text: needed

question: What are the different kinds of USB connectors?

answer: Type-A or a Type-B

text: Type-A or a Type-B

question: Why were the designs for different USB connectors made?

answer: to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment

text: to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment

question: The Type-A connector is usually what size?

answer: the Type-A connector is usually the full size

text: the Type-A connector is usually the full size

question: What size is the Type-B connector?

answer: the Type-B side can vary as needed

text: the Type-B side can vary as needed


text: Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the Reconstruction era, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed, and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers, and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.

title: Multiracial_American

title: Multiracial_American

text: Chinese

text: men

text: entered

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: as

text: laborers

text: primarily

text: on

text: the

text: West

text: Coast

text: and

text: in

text: western

text: territories

text: Following

text: the

text: Reconstruction

text: era

text: as

text: blacks

text: set

text: up

text: independent

text: farms

text: white

text: planters

text: imported

text: Chinese

text: laborers

text: to

text: satisfy

text: their

text: need

text: for

text: labor

text: In

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Exclusion

text: Act

text: was

text: passed

text: and

text: Chinese

text: workers

text: who

text: chose

text: to

text: stay

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: were

text: unable

text: to

text: have

text: their

text: wives

text: join

text: them

text: In

text: the

text: South

text: some

text: Chinese

text: married

text: into

text: the

text: black

text: and

text: mulatto

text: communities

text: as

text: generally

text: discrimination

text: meant

text: they

text: did

text: not

text: take

text: white

text: spouses

text: They

text: rapidly

text: left

text: working

text: as

text: laborers

text: and

text: set

text: up

text: groceries

text: in

text: small

text: towns

text: throughout

text: the

text: South

text: They

text: worked

text: to

text: get

text: their

text: children

text: educated

text: and

text: socially

text: mobile

question: Where did most Chinese men enter the US?

answer: primarily on the West Coast and in western territories

text: primarily on the West Coast and in western territories

question: Who imported Chinese laborers?

answer: white planters

text: white planters

question: What cause wives to be unable to move to the US with their Chinese husbands after 1882?

answer: the Chinese Exclusion Act

text: the Chinese Exclusion Act

question: What did racial bias generally mean for Chinese people?

answer: they did not take white spouses

text: they did not take white spouses

question: What did Chinese laborers do after they left that line of work?

answer: set up groceries in small towns throughout the South

text: set up groceries in small towns throughout the South

question: Who entered the United States as intellectuals?

text: Chinese men

question: Who did white planters import before the Reconstruction era?

text: Chinese laborers

question: What act allowed Chinese workers in the U.S. to have their wives join them?

text: Chinese Exclusion Act

question: Where did Chinese men take white spouses?

text: the South

question: What did Chinese men set up in cities throughout the North?

text: groceries


text: Although STOVL aircraft are capable of taking off vertically from a spot on the deck, using the ramp and a running start is far more fuel efficient and permits a heavier launch weight. As catapults are unnecessary, carriers with this arrangement reduce weight, complexity, and space needed for complex steam or electromagnetic launching equipment, vertical landing aircraft also remove the need for arresting cables and related hardware. Russian, Chinese, and future Indian carriers include a ski-jump ramp for launching lightly loaded conventional fighter aircraft but recover using traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft.

title: Aircraft_carrier

title: Aircraft_carrier

text: Although

text: STOVL

text: aircraft

text: are

text: capable

text: of

text: taking

text: off

text: vertically

text: from

text: a

text: spot

text: on

text: the

text: deck

text: using

text: the

text: ramp

text: and

text: a

text: running

text: start

text: is

text: far

text: more

text: fuel

text: efficient

text: and

text: permits

text: a

text: heavier

text: launch

text: weight

text: As

text: catapults

text: are

text: unnecessary

text: carriers

text: with

text: this

text: arrangement

text: reduce

text: weight

text: complexity

text: and

text: space

text: needed

text: for

text: complex

text: steam

text: or

text: electromagnetic

text: launching

text: equipment

text: vertical

text: landing

text: aircraft

text: also

text: remove

text: the

text: need

text: for

text: arresting

text: cables

text: and

text: related

text: hardware

text: Russian

text: Chinese

text: and

text: future

text: Indian

text: carriers

text: include

text: a

text: ski

text: jump

text: ramp

text: for

text: launching

text: lightly

text: loaded

text: conventional

text: fighter

text: aircraft

text: but

text: recover

text: using

text: traditional

text: carrier

text: arresting

text: cables

text: and

text: a

text: tailhook

text: on

text: their

text: aircraft

question: What is a more fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?

answer: using the ramp and a running start

text: using the ramp and a running start

question: What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off vertically?

answer: STOVL

text: STOVL

question: What landing aircraft have removed the need for arresting cables?

answer: vertical

text: vertical

question: What do Russian carriers include for launching lightly loaded conventional fighters?

answer: a ski-jump ramp

text: a ski-jump ramp

question: What do Russian carriers still use to recover?

answer: traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft

text: traditional carrier arresting cables and a tailhook on their aircraft

question: What is a less fuel efficient way for STOVL aircraft to take off rather than vertically?

text: using the ramp and a running start

question: What kind of aircraft are capable of taking off horizontally?

text: STOVL

question: What landing aircraft have included the need for arresting cables?

text: vertical

question: What do Russian carriers include for launching heavily loaded conventional fighters?

text: a ski-jump ramp

question: What do Russian carriers no longer use to recover?


text: Also, anything that can be used as an element of drama can exist in professional wrestling stories: romantic relationships (including love triangles and marriage), racism, classism, nepotism, favoritism, corporate corruption, family bonds, personal histories, grudges, theft, cheating, assault, betrayal, bribery, seduction, stalking, confidence tricks, extortion, blackmail, substance abuse, self-doubt, self-sacrifice; even kidnapping, sexual fetishism, necrophilia, misogyny, rape and death have been portrayed in wrestling. Some promotions have included supernatural elements such as magic, curses, the undead and Satanic imagery (most notably The Undertaker and his Ministry of Darkness, a stable that regularly performed evil rituals and human sacrifice in Satanic-like worship of a hidden power figure). Celebrities would also be involved in storylines.

title: Professional_wrestling

title: Professional_wrestling

text: Also

text: anything

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: as

text: an

text: element

text: of

text: drama

text: can

text: exist

text: in

text: professional

text: wrestling

text: stories

text: romantic

text: relationships

text: including

text: love

text: triangles

text: and

text: marriage

text: racism

text: classism

text: nepotism

text: favoritism

text: corporate

text: corruption

text: family

text: bonds

text: personal

text: histories

text: grudges

text: theft

text: cheating

text: assault

text: betrayal

text: bribery

text: seduction

text: stalking

text: confidence

text: tricks

text: extortion

text: blackmail

text: substance

text: abuse

text: self

text: doubt

text: self

text: sacrifice

text: even

text: kidnapping

text: sexual

text: fetishism

text: necrophilia

text: misogyny

text: rape

text: and

text: death

text: have

text: been

text: portrayed

text: in

text: wrestling

text: Some

text: promotions

text: have

text: included

text: supernatural

text: elements

text: such

text: as

text: magic

text: curses

text: the

text: undead

text: and

text: Satanic

text: imagery

text: most

text: notably

text: The

text: Undertaker

text: and

text: his

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Darkness

text: a

text: stable

text: that

text: regularly

text: performed

text: evil

text: rituals

text: and

text: human

text: sacrifice

text: in

text: Satanic

text: like

text: worship

text: of

text: a

text: hidden

text: power

text: figure

text: Celebrities

text: would

text: also

text: be

text: involved

text: in

text: storylines

question: What supernatural things have been portrayed in matches?

answer: magic, curses, the undead and Satanic imagery

text: magic, curses, the undead and Satanic imagery

question: What can be used in a wrestling story?

answer: anything that can be used as an element of drama

text: anything that can be used as an element of drama

question: What romantic drama might be used in a story?

answer: love triangles and marriage

text: love triangles and marriage


text: In modern color theory, also known as the RGB color model, red, green and blue are additive primary colors. Red, green and blue light combined together makes white light, and these three colors, combined in different mixtures, can produce nearly any other color. This is the principle that is used to make all of the colors on your computer screen and your television. For example, purple on a computer screen is made by a similar formula to used by Cennino Cennini in the Renaissance to make violet, but using additive colors and light instead of pigment: it is created by combining red and blue light at equal intensity on a black screen. Violet is made on a computer screen in a similar way, but with a greater amount of blue light and less red light.

title: Red

title: Red

text: In

text: modern

text: color

text: theory

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: RGB

text: color

text: model

text: red

text: green

text: and

text: blue

text: are

text: additive

text: primary

text: colors

text: Red

text: green

text: and

text: blue

text: light

text: combined

text: together

text: makes

text: white

text: light

text: and

text: these

text: three

text: colors

text: combined

text: in

text: different

text: mixtures

text: can

text: produce

text: nearly

text: any

text: other

text: color

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: principle

text: that

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: make

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: colors

text: on

text: your

text: computer

text: screen

text: and

text: your

text: television

text: For

text: example

text: purple

text: on

text: a

text: computer

text: screen

text: is

text: made

text: by

text: a

text: similar

text: formula

text: to

text: used

text: by

text: Cennino

text: Cennini

text: in

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: to

text: make

text: violet

text: but

text: using

text: additive

text: colors

text: and

text: light

text: instead

text: of

text: pigment

text: it

text: is

text: created

text: by

text: combining

text: red

text: and

text: blue

text: light

text: at

text: equal

text: intensity

text: on

text: a

text: black

text: screen

text: Violet

text: is

text: made

text: on

text: a

text: computer

text: screen

text: in

text: a

text: similar

text: way

text: but

text: with

text: a

text: greater

text: amount

text: of

text: blue

text: light

text: and

text: less

text: red

text: light

question: Which colors are part of the RGB model?

answer: red, green and blue

text: red, green and blue

question: What color light is created when one mixes red, green, and blue?

answer: white

text: white

question: The RGB color model has three colors in it that are described as what kind of colors?

answer: additive primary colors

text: additive primary colors

question: Which era did Cennino Cennini actively paint in?

answer: the Renaissance

text: the Renaissance

question: What colors are used to create purple on a computer screen?

answer: red and blue

text: red and blue

question: What RBG stand for?

text: red, green and blue

question: What colors are in the RBG model?

text: red, green and blue

question: What color did Cennini Cennino make?

text: violet

question: When did Cennini Cennino make violet?

text: Renaissance


text: If the Spanish monarch ever refused in conscience to grant royal assent, a procedure similar to the Belgian handling of King Baudouin's objection would not be possible under the current constitution. If the sovereign were ever declared incapable of discharging royal authority, his or her powers would not be transferred to the Cabinet, pending the parliamentary appointment of a regency. Instead, the constitution mandates the next person of age in the line of succession would immediately become regent. Therefore, had Juan Carlos followed the Belgian example in 2005 or 2010, a declaration of incapacity would have transferred power to Felipe, then the heir apparent.

title: Royal_assent

title: Royal_assent

text: If

text: the

text: Spanish

text: monarch

text: ever

text: refused

text: in

text: conscience

text: to

text: grant

text: royal

text: assent

text: a

text: procedure

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: Belgian

text: handling

text: of

text: King

text: Baudouin

text: 's

text: objection

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: possible

text: under

text: the

text: current

text: constitution

text: If

text: the

text: sovereign

text: were

text: ever

text: declared

text: incapable

text: of

text: discharging

text: royal

text: authority

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: powers

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: transferred

text: to

text: the

text: Cabinet

text: pending

text: the

text: parliamentary

text: appointment

text: of

text: a

text: regency

text: Instead

text: the

text: constitution

text: mandates

text: the

text: next

text: person

text: of

text: age

text: in

text: the

text: line

text: of

text: succession

text: would

text: immediately

text: become

text: regent

text: Therefore

text: had

text: Juan

text: Carlos

text: followed

text: the

text: Belgian

text: example

text: in

text: or

text: a

text: declaration

text: of

text: incapacity

text: would

text: have

text: transferred

text: power

text: to

text: Felipe

text: then

text: the

text: heir

text: apparent

question: If the Spanish monarch is deemed incapable of granting assent, who is the power transferred to?

answer: the next person of age in the line of succession

text: the next person of age in the line of succession

question: Could a Spanish ruler follow the same action of events as King Baudouin did in Belgium?

answer: not be possible under the current constitution

text: not be possible under the current constitution

question: If the Spanish sovereign was found capable of discharging royal authority, what happens?

question: If Juan Carlos had been declared capable, who would have been given power?

text: Felipe

question: Who is the current heir apparent to Juan Carlos?

text: Felipe

question: Who gets power if the sovereign were declared capable?


text: A DBMS has evolved into a complex software system and its development typically requires thousands of human years of development effort.[a] Some general-purpose DBMSs such as Adabas, Oracle and DB2 have been undergoing upgrades since the 1970s. General-purpose DBMSs aim to meet the needs of as many applications as possible, which adds to the complexity. However, the fact that their development cost can be spread over a large number of users means that they are often the most cost-effective approach. However, a general-purpose DBMS is not always the optimal solution: in some cases a general-purpose DBMS may introduce unnecessary overhead. Therefore, there are many examples of systems that use special-purpose databases. A common example is an email system that performs many of the functions of a general-purpose DBMS such as the insertion and deletion of messages composed of various items of data or associating messages with a particular email address; but these functions are limited to what is required to handle email and don't provide the user with all of the functionality that would be available using a general-purpose DBMS.

title: Database

title: Database

text: A

text: DBMS

text: has

text: evolved

text: into

text: a

text: complex

text: software

text: system

text: and

text: its

text: development

text: typically

text: requires

text: thousands

text: of

text: human

text: years

text: of

text: development

text: effort.[a

text: Some

text: general

text: purpose

text: DBMSs

text: such

text: as

text: Adabas

text: Oracle

text: and

text: have

text: been

text: undergoing

text: upgrades

text: since

text: the

text: General

text: purpose

text: DBMSs

text: aim

text: to

text: meet

text: the

text: needs

text: of

text: as

text: many

text: applications

text: as

text: possible

text: which

text: adds

text: to

text: the

text: complexity

text: However

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: their

text: development

text: cost

text: can

text: be

text: spread

text: over

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: users

text: means

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: often

text: the

text: most

text: cost

text: effective

text: approach

text: However

text: a

text: general

text: purpose

text: DBMS

text: is

text: not

text: always

text: the

text: optimal

text: solution

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: a

text: general

text: purpose

text: DBMS

text: may

text: introduce

text: unnecessary

text: overhead

text: Therefore

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: examples

text: of

text: systems

text: that

text: use

text: special

text: purpose

text: databases

text: A

text: common

text: example

text: is

text: an

text: email

text: system

text: that

text: performs

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: functions

text: of

text: a

text: general

text: purpose

text: DBMS

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: insertion

text: and

text: deletion

text: of

text: messages

text: composed

text: of

text: various

text: items

text: of

text: data

text: or

text: associating

text: messages

text: with

text: a

text: particular

text: email

text: address

text: but

text: these

text: functions

text: are

text: limited

text: to

text: what

text: is

text: required

text: to

text: handle

text: email

text: and

text: do

text: n't

text: provide

text: the

text: user

text: with

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: functionality

text: that

text: would

text: be

text: available

text: using

text: a

text: general

text: purpose

text: DBMS

question: How long can it take to create a DBMS?

answer: thousands of human years

text: thousands of human years

question: Name three DBMSs that have been used since the 1970s.

answer: Adabas, Oracle and DB2

text: Adabas, Oracle and DB2

question: How is the cost to create a DBMS distributed?

answer: spread over a large number of users

text: spread over a large number of users

question: Name an example of a general-purpose DBMS.

answer: an email system

text: an email system

question: How long can it take to search for a DBMS?

text: thousands of human years

question: What are three DBMSs that have been used during the 1960s?

text: Adabas, Oracle and DB2

question: How is the cost to remove a DBMS distributed?

text: spread over a large number of users

question: What is always the optimal solution to manage databases?

text: a general-purpose DBMS


text: The immediate nationwide uprisings against the new government began by the 1979 Kurdish rebellion with the Khuzestan uprisings, along with the uprisings in Sistan and Baluchestan Province and other areas. Over the next several years, these uprisings were subdued in a violent manner by the new Islamic government. The new government went about purging itself of the non-Islamist political opposition. Although both nationalists and Marxists had initially joined with Islamists to overthrow the Shah, tens of thousands were executed by the Islamic government afterward.

title: Iran

title: Iran

text: The

text: immediate

text: nationwide

text: uprisings

text: against

text: the

text: new

text: government

text: began

text: by

text: the

text: Kurdish

text: rebellion

text: with

text: the

text: Khuzestan

text: uprisings

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: uprisings

text: in

text: Sistan

text: and

text: Baluchestan

text: Province

text: and

text: other

text: areas

text: Over

text: the

text: next

text: several

text: years

text: these

text: uprisings

text: were

text: subdued

text: in

text: a

text: violent

text: manner

text: by

text: the

text: new

text: Islamic

text: government

text: The

text: new

text: government

text: went

text: about

text: purging

text: itself

text: of

text: the

text: non

text: Islamist

text: political

text: opposition

text: Although

text: both

text: nationalists

text: and

text: Marxists

text: had

text: initially

text: joined

text: with

text: Islamists

text: to

text: overthrow

text: the

text: Shah

text: tens

text: of

text: thousands

text: were

text: executed

text: by

text: the

text: Islamic

text: government

text: afterward

question: The new Iranian government following the Shah's downfall dealt with the Kurdish rebellion in what year?

answer: 1979

question: How did the new Iranian government handle the rebellions and uprisings following their rise to power?

answer: in a violent manner

text: in a violent manner

question: The new Iranian government purged itself of what political opposition?

answer: non-Islamist

text: non-Islamist

question: What happened to the nationalists and Marxists that had helped the Islamic ruling government to depose the Shah?

answer: were executed

text: were executed


text: Mexico City has numerous museums dedicated to art, including Mexican colonial, modern and contemporary art, and international art. The Museo Tamayo was opened in the mid-1980s to house the collection of international contemporary art donated by famed Mexican (born in the state of Oaxaca) painter Rufino Tamayo. The collection includes pieces by Picasso, Klee, Kandinsky, Warhol and many others, though most of the collection is stored while visiting exhibits are shown. The Museo de Arte Moderno (Museum of Modern Art) is a repository of Mexican artists from the 20th century, including Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros, Kahlo, Gerzso, Carrington, Tamayo, among others, and also regularly hosts temporary exhibits of international modern art. In southern Mexico City, the Museo Carrillo Gil (Carrillo Gil Museum) showcases avant-garde artists, as does the University Museum/Contemporary Art (Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo – or MUAC), designed by famed Mexican architect Teodoro González de León, inaugurated in late 2008.

title: Mexico_City

title: Mexico_City

text: Mexico

text: City

text: has

text: numerous

text: museums

text: dedicated

text: to

text: art

text: including

text: Mexican

text: colonial

text: modern

text: and

text: contemporary

text: art

text: and

text: international

text: art

text: The

text: Museo

text: Tamayo

text: was

text: opened

text: in

text: the

text: to

text: house

text: the

text: collection

text: of

text: international

text: contemporary

text: art

text: donated

text: by

text: famed

text: Mexican

text: born

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Oaxaca

text: painter

text: Rufino

text: Tamayo

text: The

text: collection

text: includes

text: pieces

text: by

text: Picasso

text: Klee

text: Kandinsky

text: Warhol

text: and

text: many

text: others

text: though

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: collection

text: is

text: stored

text: while

text: visiting

text: exhibits

text: are

text: shown

text: The

text: Museo

text: de

text: Arte

text: Moderno

text: Museum

text: of

text: Modern

text: Art

text: is

text: a

text: repository

text: of

text: Mexican

text: artists

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: including

text: Rivera

text: Orozco

text: Siqueiros

text: Kahlo

text: Gerzso

text: Carrington

text: Tamayo

text: among

text: others

text: and

text: also

text: regularly

text: hosts

text: temporary

text: exhibits

text: of

text: international

text: modern

text: art

text: In

text: southern

text: Mexico

text: City

text: the

text: Museo

text: Carrillo

text: Gil

text: Carrillo

text: Gil

text: Museum

text: showcases

text: avant

text: garde

text: artists

text: as

text: does

text: the

text: University

text: Museum

text: Contemporary

text: Art

text: Museo

text: Universitario

text: Arte

text: Contemporáneo

text: or

text: MUAC

text: designed

text: by

text: famed

text: Mexican

text: architect

text: Teodoro

text: González

text: de

text: León

text: inaugurated

text: in

text: late

question: When was the Museo Tamayo opened?

answer: mid-1980s

question: Who's art collection was the reason the Museo Tamayo opened?

answer: Rufino Tamayo

text: Rufino Tamayo

question: Where was Rufino Tamayo born?

answer: Oaxaca

text: Oaxaca

question: What type of art is shown in The Museo Carrillo Gil?

answer: avant-garde

text: avant-garde

question: What famous art building was opened in late 2008?

answer: University Museum/Contemporary Art

text: University Museum/Contemporary Art


text: The University of Kansas School of Architecture, Design, and Planning (SADP), with its main building being Marvin Hall, traces its architectural roots to the creation of the architectural engineering degree program in KU's School of Engineering in 1912. The Bachelor of Architecture degree was added in 1920. In 1969, the School of Architecture and Urban Design (SAUD) was formed with three programs: architecture, architectural engineering, and urban planning. In 2001 architectural engineering merged with civil and environmental engineering. The design programs from the discontinued School of Fine Arts were merged into the school in 2009 forming the current School of Architecture, Design, and Planning.

title: University_of_Kansas

title: University_of_Kansas

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Kansas

text: School

text: of

text: Architecture

text: Design

text: and

text: Planning

text: SADP

text: with

text: its

text: main

text: building

text: being

text: Marvin

text: Hall

text: traces

text: its

text: architectural

text: roots

text: to

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: architectural

text: engineering

text: degree

text: program

text: in

text: KU

text: 's

text: School

text: of

text: Engineering

text: in

text: The

text: Bachelor

text: of

text: Architecture

text: degree

text: was

text: added

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: School

text: of

text: Architecture

text: and

text: Urban

text: Design

text: SAUD

text: was

text: formed

text: with

text: three

text: programs

text: architecture

text: architectural

text: engineering

text: and

text: urban

text: planning

text: In

text: architectural

text: engineering

text: merged

text: with

text: civil

text: and

text: environmental

text: engineering

text: The

text: design

text: programs

text: from

text: the

text: discontinued

text: School

text: of

text: Fine

text: Arts

text: were

text: merged

text: into

text: the

text: school

text: in

text: forming

text: the

text: current

text: School

text: of

text: Architecture

text: Design

text: and

text: Planning

question: What KU school is abbreviated as SADP?

answer: The University of Kansas School of Architecture, Design, and Planning

text: The University of Kansas School of Architecture, Design, and Planning

question: Where is the SADP housed?

answer: Marvin Hall

text: Marvin Hall

question: What was the name of the school that served as the SADP's precursor?

answer: the School of Architecture and Urban Design

text: the School of Architecture and Urban Design

question: With what two other programs was KU's architectural engineering curriculum joined in 2001?

answer: civil and environmental engineering

text: civil and environmental engineering

question: In what year did the SADP assume its current form?

answer: 2009

question: What KU school is abbreviated as SDAP?

question: Where is the SDAP housed?

text: Marvin Hall

question: What was the name of the school that served as the SADP's postcursor?

text: School of Architecture and Urban Design

question: With what two other programs was KU's architectural engineering curriculum joined in 2010?

text: civil and environmental engineering

question: In what year did the SADP reject its current form?


text: From the 1880s to 1914, the European powers expanded their control across the African continent, competing with each other for Africa’s land and resources. Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa. The French gained major ground in West Africa, and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa. Germany, Italy, and Spain established a small number of colonies at various points throughout the continent, which included German East Africa (Tanganyika) and German Southwest Africa for Germany, Eritrea and Libya for Italy, and the Canary Islands and Rio de Oro in northwestern Africa for Spain. Finally, for King Leopold (ruled from 1865–1909), there was the large “piece of that great African cake” known as the Congo, which, unfortunately for the native Congolese, became his personal fiefdom to do with as he pleased in Central Africa. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Liberia, which was settled by freed American slaves in the 1820s, and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in eastern Africa were the last remaining independent African states. (John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe, Volume Two: From the French Revolution to the Present, Third Edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), pp. 819–859).

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: From

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: European

text: powers

text: expanded

text: their

text: control

text: across

text: the

text: African

text: continent

text: competing

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: for

text: Africa

text: ’s

text: land

text: and

text: resources

text: Great

text: Britain

text: controlled

text: various

text: colonial

text: holdings

text: in

text: East

text: Africa

text: that

text: spanned

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: African

text: continent

text: from

text: Egypt

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: to

text: South

text: Africa

text: The

text: French

text: gained

text: major

text: ground

text: in

text: West

text: Africa

text: and

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: held

text: colonies

text: in

text: southern

text: Africa

text: Germany

text: Italy

text: and

text: Spain

text: established

text: a

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: colonies

text: at

text: various

text: points

text: throughout

text: the

text: continent

text: which

text: included

text: German

text: East

text: Africa

text: Tanganyika

text: and

text: German

text: Southwest

text: Africa

text: for

text: Germany

text: Eritrea

text: and

text: Libya

text: for

text: Italy

text: and

text: the

text: Canary

text: Islands

text: and

text: Rio

text: de

text: Oro

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Africa

text: for

text: Spain

text: Finally

text: for

text: King

text: Leopold

text: ruled

text: from

text: there

text: was

text: the

text: large

text: piece

text: of

text: that

text: great

text: African

text: cake

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Congo

text: which

text: unfortunately

text: for

text: the

text: native

text: Congolese

text: became

text: his

text: personal

text: fiefdom

text: to

text: do

text: with

text: as

text: he

text: pleased

text: in

text: Central

text: Africa

text: By

text: almost

text: the

text: entire

text: continent

text: was

text: under

text: European

text: control

text: Liberia

text: which

text: was

text: settled

text: by

text: freed

text: American

text: slaves

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: Abyssinia

text: Ethiopia

text: in

text: eastern

text: Africa

text: were

text: the

text: last

text: remaining

text: independent

text: African

text: states

text: John

text: Merriman

text: A

text: History

text: of

text: Modern

text: Europe

text: Volume

text: Two

text: From

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: to

text: the

text: Present

text: Third

text: Edition

text: New

text: York

text: W.

text: W.

text: Norton

text: Company

text: pp

question: Through what period did European powers expand control in Africa?

answer: 1880s to 1914

text: 1880s to 1914

question: What was Europe competing for?

answer: Africa’s land and resources.

text: Africa’s land and resources.

question: What did Great Britain control?

answer: various colonial holdings in East Africa

text: various colonial holdings in East Africa

question: Where in Africa did the French have control?

answer: West Africa

text: West Africa

question: Where in Africa did Portuguese have control?

answer: southern Africa

text: southern Africa


text: Ethnically and linguistically the population of the Republic of the Congo is diverse—Ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country—but can be grouped into three categories. The Kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are Laari in Brazzaville and Pool regions and Vili around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group are the Teke who live to the north of Brazzaville with 17% of the population. Boulangui (M’Boshi) live in the northwest and in Brazzaville and form 12% of the population. Pygmies make up 2% of Congo's population.

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

text: Ethnically

text: and

text: linguistically

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Congo

text: is

text: diverse

text: Ethnologue

text: recognises

text: spoken

text: languages

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: but

text: can

text: be

text: grouped

text: into

text: three

text: categories

text: The

text: Kongo

text: are

text: the

text: largest

text: ethnic

text: group

text: and

text: form

text: roughly

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: The

text: most

text: significant

text: subgroups

text: of

text: the

text: Kongo

text: are

text: Laari

text: in

text: Brazzaville

text: and

text: Pool

text: regions

text: and

text: Vili

text: around

text: Pointe

text: Noire

text: and

text: along

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: coast

text: The

text: second

text: largest

text: group

text: are

text: the

text: Teke

text: who

text: live

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: of

text: Brazzaville

text: with

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: Boulangui

text: M’Boshi

text: live

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: and

text: in

text: Brazzaville

text: and

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: Pygmies

text: make

text: up

text: of

text: Congo

text: 's

text: population

question: How many languages are used in the Congo?

answer: 62

question: What is the most populous ethnicity in the Congo?

answer: Kongo

text: Kongo

question: How much of the population is constituted by Pygmies?

answer: 2%

question: What percentage of the population of the Congo is Boulangui?

answer: 12%

question: What country has a narrow range of languages?

text: Republic of the Congo

question: How many languages are spoken outside of the Congo?

question: What amount of the Kongo are Laari?

text: roughly half

question: What group lives on the Pacific coast?

text: Vili

question: How many groups can the Teke be categorized into?

text: three


text: By 1763, the war in Central Europe was essentially a stalemate. Frederick had retaken most of Silesia and Saxony but not the latter's capital, Dresden. His financial situation was not dire, but his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened. His manpower had dramatically decreased, and he had lost so many effective officers and generals that a new offensive was perhaps impossible. British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute, and the Russian Emperor had been overthrown by his wife, Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war. Austria, however, like most participants, was facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army, something which greatly affected its offensive power. Indeed, after having effectively sustained a long war, its administration was in disarray. By that time, it still held Dresden, the southeastern parts of Saxony, the county of Glatz, and southern Silesia, but the prospect of victory was dim without Russian support. In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.

title: Seven_Years%27_War

title: Seven_Years%27_War

text: By

text: the

text: war

text: in

text: Central

text: Europe

text: was

text: essentially

text: a

text: stalemate

text: Frederick

text: had

text: retaken

text: most

text: of

text: Silesia

text: and

text: Saxony

text: but

text: not

text: the

text: latter

text: 's

text: capital

text: Dresden

text: His

text: financial

text: situation

text: was

text: not

text: dire

text: but

text: his

text: kingdom

text: was

text: devastated

text: and

text: his

text: army

text: severely

text: weakened

text: His

text: manpower

text: had

text: dramatically

text: decreased

text: and

text: he

text: had

text: lost

text: so

text: many

text: effective

text: officers

text: and

text: generals

text: that

text: a

text: new

text: offensive

text: was

text: perhaps

text: impossible

text: British

text: subsidies

text: had

text: been

text: stopped

text: by

text: the

text: new

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Lord

text: Bute

text: and

text: the

text: Russian

text: Emperor

text: had

text: been

text: overthrown

text: by

text: his

text: wife

text: Catherine

text: who

text: ended

text: Russia

text: 's

text: alliance

text: with

text: Prussia

text: and

text: withdrew

text: from

text: the

text: war

text: Austria

text: however

text: like

text: most

text: participants

text: was

text: facing

text: a

text: severe

text: financial

text: crisis

text: and

text: had

text: to

text: decrease

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: its

text: army

text: something

text: which

text: greatly

text: affected

text: its

text: offensive

text: power

text: Indeed

text: after

text: having

text: effectively

text: sustained

text: a

text: long

text: war

text: its

text: administration

text: was

text: in

text: disarray

text: By

text: that

text: time

text: it

text: still

text: held

text: Dresden

text: the

text: southeastern

text: parts

text: of

text: Saxony

text: the

text: county

text: of

text: Glatz

text: and

text: southern

text: Silesia

text: but

text: the

text: prospect

text: of

text: victory

text: was

text: dim

text: without

text: Russian

text: support

text: In

text: a

text: peace

text: settlement

text: was

text: reached

text: at

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Hubertusburg

text: ending

text: the

text: war

text: in

text: central

text: Europe

question: In 1763 what was the status of Frederick?

answer: his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened

text: his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened

question: In 1763 what was the status of Austria?

answer: facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army

text: facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army

question: What had happened to Frederick's financial help from Britain?

answer: British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute

text: British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute

question: What had happened to Frederick's extra troops from Russia?

answer: Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war

text: Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war

question: What was the result of the weakening of both Prussia and Austria?

answer: In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.

text: In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.


text: The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān, first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Rustam Relief, with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān, in reference to Iranians. The Middle Iranian ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic ēr- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian), both deriving from Proto-Iranian *arya- (meaning "Aryan," i.e., "of the Iranians"), argued to descend from Proto-Indo-European *ar-yo-, meaning "skillful assembler." In Iranian languages, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of Avesta,[a] and remains also in other Iranian ethnic names such as Alans (Ossetic: Ир – Ir) and Iron (Ossetic: Ирон – Iron).

title: Iran

title: Iran

text: The

text: term

text: Iran

text: derives

text: directly

text: from

text: Middle

text: Persian

text: Ērān

text: first

text: attested

text: in

text: a

text: century

text: inscription

text: at

text: Rustam

text: Relief

text: with

text: the

text: accompanying

text: Parthian

text: inscription

text: using

text: the

text: term

text: Aryān

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: Iranians

text: The

text: Middle

text: Iranian

text: ērān

text: and

text: aryān

text: are

text: oblique

text: plural

text: forms

text: of

text: gentilic

text: ēr-

text: Middle

text: Persian

text: and

text: ary-

text: Parthian

text: both

text: deriving

text: from

text: Proto

text: Iranian

text: arya-

text: meaning

text: Aryan

text: i.e.

text: of

text: the

text: Iranians

text: argued

text: to

text: descend

text: from

text: Proto

text: Indo

text: European

text: ar

text: yo-

text: meaning

text: skillful

text: assembler

text: In

text: Iranian

text: languages

text: the

text: gentilic

text: is

text: attested

text: as

text: a

text: self

text: identifier

text: included

text: in

text: ancient

text: inscriptions

text: and

text: the

text: literature

text: of

text: Avesta,[a

text: and

text: remains

text: also

text: in

text: other

text: Iranian

text: ethnic

text: names

text: such

text: as

text: Alans

text: Ossetic

text: Ир

text: Ir

text: and

text: Iron

text: Ossetic

text: Ирон

text: Iron

question: What century did terms referencing Iran begin to be recorded?

answer: 3rd-century

question: What inscription referenced the term Aryan to Iranians?

answer: Parthian

text: Parthian

question: What Proto-Indo-European term means "skillful assembler?"

answer: *ar-yo-

text: *ar-yo-

question: What other term in the 3rd Century besides Aryan also refer to Iran?

answer: Ērān

text: Ērān

question: What is attested as a self-identifier in Iranian languages?

answer: the gentilic

text: the gentilic


text: In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approval, three phases of progressively larger human clinical trials may be conducted. Phase I generally studies toxicity using healthy volunteers. Phase II can include pharmacokinetics and dosing in patients, and Phase III is a very large study of efficacy in the intended patient population. Following the successful completion of phase III testing, a New Drug Application is submitted to the FDA. The FDA review the data and if the product is seen as having a positive benefit-risk assessment, approval to market the product in the US is granted.

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: new

text: pharmaceutical

text: products

text: must

text: be

text: approved

text: by

text: the

text: Food

text: and

text: Drug

text: Administration

text: FDA

text: as

text: being

text: both

text: safe

text: and

text: effective

text: This

text: process

text: generally

text: involves

text: submission

text: of

text: an

text: Investigational

text: New

text: Drug

text: filing

text: with

text: sufficient

text: pre

text: clinical

text: data

text: to

text: support

text: proceeding

text: with

text: human

text: trials

text: Following

text: IND

text: approval

text: three

text: phases

text: of

text: progressively

text: larger

text: human

text: clinical

text: trials

text: may

text: be

text: conducted

text: Phase

text: I

text: generally

text: studies

text: toxicity

text: using

text: healthy

text: volunteers

text: Phase

text: II

text: can

text: include

text: pharmacokinetics

text: and

text: dosing

text: in

text: patients

text: and

text: Phase

text: III

text: is

text: a

text: very

text: large

text: study

text: of

text: efficacy

text: in

text: the

text: intended

text: patient

text: population

text: Following

text: the

text: successful

text: completion

text: of

text: phase

text: III

text: testing

text: a

text: New

text: Drug

text: Application

text: is

text: submitted

text: to

text: the

text: FDA

text: The

text: FDA

text: review

text: the

text: data

text: and

text: if

text: the

text: product

text: is

text: seen

text: as

text: having

text: a

text: positive

text: benefit

text: risk

text: assessment

text: approval

text: to

text: market

text: the

text: product

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: is

text: granted

question: The safety and efficacy of new drugs must be approved by what organization in the US?

answer: Food and Drug Administration

text: Food and Drug Administration

question: What type of filing is used before beginning human trials?

answer: Investigational New Drug

text: Investigational New Drug

question: How many phases of human trials may be done after IND approval?

answer: three

text: three

question: What type of application is filed after completing three phases of human trials?

answer: New Drug Application

text: New Drug Application

question: What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on the market?

answer: positive benefit-risk

text: positive benefit-risk

question: What organization in the US must approve the safety and efficacy of testing?

text: Food and Drug Administration

question: What type of filing is used before beginning risk assessment?

text: Investigational New Drug

question: How many phases of human trials may be done after review?

text: three

question: What type of application is filed after completing three phases of products?

text: New Drug Application

question: What type of risk assessment results in approving the drug to go on to studies?

text: positive benefit-risk


text: Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult, as is diagnosing the disease in those who are immunosuppressed. A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than two weeks. A chest X-ray and multiple sputum cultures for acid-fast bacilli are typically part of the initial evaluation. Interferon-γ release assays and tuberculin skin tests are of little use in the developing world. IGRA have similar limitations in those with HIV.

title: Tuberculosis

title: Tuberculosis

text: Diagnosing

text: active

text: tuberculosis

text: based

text: only

text: on

text: signs

text: and

text: symptoms

text: is

text: difficult

text: as

text: is

text: diagnosing

text: the

text: disease

text: in

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: immunosuppressed

text: A

text: diagnosis

text: of

text: TB

text: should

text: however

text: be

text: considered

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: signs

text: of

text: lung

text: disease

text: or

text: constitutional

text: symptoms

text: lasting

text: longer

text: than

text: two

text: weeks

text: A

text: chest

text: X

text: ray

text: and

text: multiple

text: sputum

text: cultures

text: for

text: acid

text: fast

text: bacilli

text: are

text: typically

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: initial

text: evaluation

text: Interferon-γ

text: release

text: assays

text: and

text: tuberculin

text: skin

text: tests

text: are

text: of

text: little

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: IGRA

text: have

text: similar

text: limitations

text: in

text: those

text: with

text: HIV

question: Is active TB difficult or easy to diagnose by patients' symptoms alone?

answer: difficult

text: difficult

question: If a patient has some symptoms associated with TB, after what time period should tuberculosis be diagnostically considered?

answer: two weeks

text: two weeks

question: What part of the body would be X-rayed to check for TB?

answer: chest

text: chest

question: What sign of TB infection would a lab be looking for in a sputum culture?

answer: acid-fast bacilli

text: acid-fast bacilli

question: Along with interferon-y release essays, what other tests aren't useful in TB diagnosis in developing countries?

answer: tuberculin skin tests

text: tuberculin skin tests

question: What is usually diagnosed using just signs and symptoms?

text: active tuberculosis

question: How long do symptoms in someone who is immunosuppressed last?

text: longer than two weeks

question: What kind of cultures test for HIV?

text: multiple sputum

question: What kind of tests are common in developing countries?

question: What type of bacilli do interferon-y release assays look for?

text: acid-fast


text: The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces have been working on a cyberwarfare and defence formation for some years now. In 2007, a military doctrine of an e-military of Estonia was officially introduced as the country was under massive cyberattacks in 2007. The proposed aim of the e-military is to secure the vital infrastructure and e-infrastructure of Estonia. The main cyber warfare facility is the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia (CERT), founded in 2006. The organisation operates on security issues in local networks.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: The

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: and

text: the

text: Defence

text: Forces

text: have

text: been

text: working

text: on

text: a

text: cyberwarfare

text: and

text: defence

text: formation

text: for

text: some

text: years

text: now

text: In

text: a

text: military

text: doctrine

text: of

text: an

text: e

text: military

text: of

text: Estonia

text: was

text: officially

text: introduced

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: was

text: under

text: massive

text: cyberattacks

text: in

text: The

text: proposed

text: aim

text: of

text: the

text: e

text: military

text: is

text: to

text: secure

text: the

text: vital

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: e

text: infrastructure

text: of

text: Estonia

text: The

text: main

text: cyber

text: warfare

text: facility

text: is

text: the

text: Computer

text: Emergency

text: Response

text: Team

text: of

text: Estonia

text: CERT

text: founded

text: in

text: The

text: organisation

text: operates

text: on

text: security

text: issues

text: in

text: local

text: networks

question: Who have been jointly working on protection against cyberwarfare?

answer: The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces

text: The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces

question: What year was a declaration of e-military introduced?

answer: 2007

question: What event in 2007 led to a need for e-military action?

answer: massive cyberattacks

text: massive cyberattacks

question: When was the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia established?

answer: 2006


text: On 1 November 2013, international postal services for Somalia officially resumed. The Universal Postal Union is now assisting the Somali Postal Service to develop its capacity, including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment.

title: Communications_in_Somalia

title: Communications_in_Somalia

text: On

text: November

text: international

text: postal

text: services

text: for

text: Somalia

text: officially

text: resumed

text: The

text: Universal

text: Postal

text: Union

text: is

text: now

text: assisting

text: the

text: Somali

text: Postal

text: Service

text: to

text: develop

text: its

text: capacity

text: including

text: providing

text: technical

text: assistance

text: and

text: basic

text: mail

text: processing

text: equipment

question: What year did postal service in Somalia resume?

answer: 2013

question: Who is helping the Somali Postal service reach its capacity?

answer: Universal Postal Union

text: Universal Postal Union

question: What type of assistance does the postal union provide?

answer: technical

text: technical

question: What type of equipment does the postal union provide?

answer: basic mail processing equipment

text: basic mail processing equipment

question: When was the Somalia Postal Service first created?

question: Who is the Somali Postal Service helping?

text: The Universal Postal Union

question: What type of equipment did Somalia already have?

text: basic mail processing equipment.

question: When did Somalia's national postal service restart?

question: Where is the Universal Postal Union located?

text: Somalia


text: The Rule of Law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries. To date, the term “rule of law” has been used primarily in the English-speaking countries, and it is not yet fully clarified even with regard to such well-established democracies as, for instance, Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan. A common language between lawyers of common law and civil law countries as well as between legal communities of developed and developing countries is critically important for research of links between the rule of law and real economy.

title: Rule_of_law

title: Rule_of_law

text: The

text: Rule

text: of

text: Law

text: is

text: especially

text: important

text: as

text: an

text: influence

text: on

text: the

text: economic

text: development

text: in

text: developing

text: and

text: transitional

text: countries

text: To

text: date

text: the

text: term

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: primarily

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: countries

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: yet

text: fully

text: clarified

text: even

text: with

text: regard

text: to

text: such

text: well

text: established

text: democracies

text: as

text: for

text: instance

text: Sweden

text: Denmark

text: France

text: Germany

text: or

text: Japan

text: A

text: common

text: language

text: between

text: lawyers

text: of

text: common

text: law

text: and

text: civil

text: law

text: countries

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: between

text: legal

text: communities

text: of

text: developed

text: and

text: developing

text: countries

text: is

text: critically

text: important

text: for

text: research

text: of

text: links

text: between

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: and

text: real

text: economy

question: What language is spoken in most rule of law countries?

answer: English

text: English

question: In what types of countries is the rule of law important to the economy?

answer: developing and transitional

text: developing and transitional

question: In non English speaking countries, what is the rule of law referred to as?

answer: not yet fully clarified

text: not yet fully clarified

question: What other countries have successful democracies?

answer: Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan

text: Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan

question: What is critically important for discussion of rules, laws, and the economy?

answer: common language

text: common language

question: Where is the rule of law least important?

question: What term is primarily used in non-English speaking countries?

text: “rule of law”

question: What well-established democracies have a clear understanding of role of law?

question: What is a common language not important for?


text: The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles.

title: Southern_Europe

title: Southern_Europe

text: The

text: outbreak

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: in

text: was

text: precipitated

text: by

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: nationalism

text: in

text: Southeastern

text: Europe

text: as

text: the

text: Great

text: Powers

text: took

text: up

text: sides

text: The

text: Allies

text: defeated

text: the

text: Central

text: Powers

text: in

text: During

text: the

text: Paris

text: Peace

text: Conference

text: the

text: Big

text: Four

text: imposed

text: their

text: terms

text: in

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: treaties

text: especially

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Versailles

question: In what year did World War I begin?

answer: 1914

question: When did a victor emerge in World War I?

answer: 1918

question: At what event did the major Allied powers assert their conditions at the end of the war?

answer: the Paris Peace Conference

text: the Paris Peace Conference

question: In what year did World War II begin?

question: When did a stalemate occur in World War I?

question: At what event did the major Central Powers assert their conditions at the end of the war?

text: the Paris Peace Conference

question: What is an example of a treaty precipitated by the rise of nationalism?

text: the Treaty of Versailles

question: Who imposed their ideas about climate control?

text: the Big Four


text: Although Ottoman madaris had a number of different branches of study, such as calligraphic sciences, oral sciences, and intellectual sciences, they primarily served the function of an Islamic centre for spiritual learning. "The goal of all knowledge and in particular, of the spiritual sciences is knowledge of God." Religion, for the most part, determines the significance and importance of each science. As İnalcık mentions: "Those which aid religion are good and sciences like astrology are bad." However, even though mathematics, or studies in logic were part of the madrasa's curriculum, they were all centred around religion. Even mathematics had a religious impulse behind its teachings. "The Ulema of the Ottoman medreses held the view that hostility to logic and mathematics was futile since these accustomed the mind to correct thinking and thus helped to reveal divine truths" – key word being "divine". İnalcık also mentions that even philosophy was only allowed to be studied so that it helped to confirm the doctrines of Islam." Hence, madaris – schools were basically religious centres for religious teachings and learning in the Ottoman world. Although scholars such as Goffman have argued that the Ottomans were highly tolerant and lived in a pluralistic society, it seems that schools that were the main centres for learning were in fact heftily religious and were not religiously pluralistic, but centred around Islam. Similarly, in Europe "Jewish children learned the Hebrew letters and texts of basic prayers at home, and then attended a school organised by the synagogue to study the Torah." Wiesner-Hanks also says that Protestants also wanted to teach "proper religious values." This shows that in the early modern period, Ottomans and Europeans were similar in their ideas about how schools should be managed and what they should be primarily focused on. Thus, Ottoman madaris were very similar to present day schools in the sense that they offered a wide range of studies; however, these studies, in their ultimate objective, aimed to further solidify and consolidate Islamic practices and theories.

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: Although

text: Ottoman

text: madaris

text: had

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: different

text: branches

text: of

text: study

text: such

text: as

text: calligraphic

text: sciences

text: oral

text: sciences

text: and

text: intellectual

text: sciences

text: they

text: primarily

text: served

text: the

text: function

text: of

text: an

text: Islamic

text: centre

text: for

text: spiritual

text: learning

text: The

text: goal

text: of

text: all

text: knowledge

text: and

text: in

text: particular

text: of

text: the

text: spiritual

text: sciences

text: is

text: knowledge

text: of

text: God

text: Religion

text: for

text: the

text: most

text: part

text: determines

text: the

text: significance

text: and

text: importance

text: of

text: each

text: science

text: As

text: İnalcık

text: mentions

text: Those

text: which

text: aid

text: religion

text: are

text: good

text: and

text: sciences

text: like

text: astrology

text: are

text: bad

text: However

text: even

text: though

text: mathematics

text: or

text: studies

text: in

text: logic

text: were

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: madrasa

text: 's

text: curriculum

text: they

text: were

text: all

text: centred

text: around

text: religion

text: Even

text: mathematics

text: had

text: a

text: religious

text: impulse

text: behind

text: its

text: teachings

text: The

text: Ulema

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: medreses

text: held

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: hostility

text: to

text: logic

text: and

text: mathematics

text: was

text: futile

text: since

text: these

text: accustomed

text: the

text: mind

text: to

text: correct

text: thinking

text: and

text: thus

text: helped

text: to

text: reveal

text: divine

text: truths

text: key

text: word

text: being

text: divine

text: İnalcık

text: also

text: mentions

text: that

text: even

text: philosophy

text: was

text: only

text: allowed

text: to

text: be

text: studied

text: so

text: that

text: it

text: helped

text: to

text: confirm

text: the

text: doctrines

text: of

text: Islam

text: Hence

text: madaris

text: schools

text: were

text: basically

text: religious

text: centres

text: for

text: religious

text: teachings

text: and

text: learning

text: in

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: world

text: Although

text: scholars

text: such

text: as

text: Goffman

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: were

text: highly

text: tolerant

text: and

text: lived

text: in

text: a

text: pluralistic

text: society

text: it

text: seems

text: that

text: schools

text: that

text: were

text: the

text: main

text: centres

text: for

text: learning

text: were

text: in

text: fact

text: heftily

text: religious

text: and

text: were

text: not

text: religiously

text: pluralistic

text: but

text: centred

text: around

text: Islam

text: Similarly

text: in

text: Europe

text: Jewish

text: children

text: learned

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: letters

text: and

text: texts

text: of

text: basic

text: prayers

text: at

text: home

text: and

text: then

text: attended

text: a

text: school

text: organised

text: by

text: the

text: synagogue

text: to

text: study

text: the

text: Torah

text: Wiesner

text: Hanks

text: also

text: says

text: that

text: Protestants

text: also

text: wanted

text: to

text: teach

text: proper

text: religious

text: values

text: This

text: shows

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: modern

text: period

text: Ottomans

text: and

text: Europeans

text: were

text: similar

text: in

text: their

text: ideas

text: about

text: how

text: schools

text: should

text: be

text: managed

text: and

text: what

text: they

text: should

text: be

text: primarily

text: focused

text: on

text: Thus

text: Ottoman

text: madaris

text: were

text: very

text: similar

text: to

text: present

text: day

text: schools

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: that

text: they

text: offered

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: studies

text: however

text: these

text: studies

text: in

text: their

text: ultimate

text: objective

text: aimed

text: to

text: further

text: solidify

text: and

text: consolidate

text: Islamic

text: practices

text: and

text: theories

question: What was the essential mission of Islamic schools in the Ottoman Empire?

answer: spiritual learning

text: spiritual learning

question: Why was philosophy taught in Ottoman madaris?

answer: confirm the doctrines of Islam

text: confirm the doctrines of Islam

question: What type of social structure did the Ottoman Empire have?

answer: pluralistic

text: pluralistic

question: What religion was at the center of education in the Ottoman Empire?

answer: Islam

text: Islam

question: What did Ottoman madaris have that was similar to modern American schools?

answer: wide range of studies

text: wide range of studies

question: What was the essential mission of non-Islamic schools in the Ottoman Empire?

text: spiritual learning

question: Why wasn't philosophy taught in Ottoman madaris?

text: confirm the doctrines of Islam

question: What type of social structure did the Ottoman Empire not have?

text: pluralistic

question: What religion was not at the center of education in the Ottoman Empire?

text: Islam

question: What did Ottoman madaris have that was different to modern American schools?

text: wide range of studies