text: Various methods have been used in the history of the American colonies and the United States but only five methods are currently used. Historically, burning, crushing, breaking on wheel, and bludgeoning were used for a small number of executions, while hanging was the most common method. The last person burned at the stake was a black slave in South Carolina in August 1825. The last person to be hanged in chains was a murderer named John Marshall in West Virginia on April 4, 1913. Although beheading was a legal method in Utah from 1851 to 1888, it was never used.

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States

text: Various

text: methods

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: colonies

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: but

text: only

text: five

text: methods

text: are

text: currently

text: used

text: Historically

text: burning

text: crushing

text: breaking

text: on

text: wheel

text: and

text: bludgeoning

text: were

text: used

text: for

text: a

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: executions

text: while

text: hanging

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: common

text: method

text: The

text: last

text: person

text: burned

text: at

text: the

text: stake

text: was

text: a

text: black

text: slave

text: in

text: South

text: Carolina

text: in

text: August

text: The

text: last

text: person

text: to

text: be

text: hanged

text: in

text: chains

text: was

text: a

text: murderer

text: named

text: John

text: Marshall

text: in

text: West

text: Virginia

text: on

text: April

text: Although

text: beheading

text: was

text: a

text: legal

text: method

text: in

text: Utah

text: from

text: to

text: it

text: was

text: never

text: used

question: How many execution methods are currently used in the United States?

answer: five

text: five

question: What was the most common historical method of execution in the United States?

answer: hanging

text: hanging

question: In what state did the last burning at the stake take place in the US?

answer: South Carolina

text: South Carolina

question: Who was the last person hanged in chains in the Untied States?

answer: John Marshall

text: John Marshall

question: When was execution by beheading ended in Utah?

answer: 1888

question: How many execution methods are currently outlawed in the United States?

text: five

question: What was the least common historical method of execution in the United States?

text: hanging

question: In what state did the first burning at the stake take place in the US?

text: South Carolina

question: Who was the first person hanged in chains in the Untied States?

text: John Marshall

question: When was execution by beheading started in Utah?


text: In a 'Letter to American People' written by Osama bin Laden in 2002, he stated that one of the reasons he was fighting America is because of its support of India on the Kashmir issue. While on a trip to Delhi in 2002, U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld suggested that Al-Qaeda was active in Kashmir, though he did not have any hard evidence. An investigation in 2002 unearthed evidence that Al-Qaeda and its affiliates were prospering in Pakistan-administered Kashmir with tacit approval of Pakistan's National Intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence. A team of Special Air Service and Delta Force was sent into Indian-administered Kashmir in 2002 to hunt for Osama bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by the Kashmiri militant group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. U.S. officials believed that Al-Qaeda was helping organize a campaign of terror in Kashmir in order to provoke conflict between India and Pakistan. Fazlur Rehman Khalil, the leader of the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, signed al-Qaeda's 1998 declaration of holy war, which called on Muslims to attack all Americans and their allies. Indian sources claimed that In 2006, Al-Qaeda claimed they had established a wing in Kashmir; this worried the Indian government. India also claimed that Al-Qaeda has strong ties with the Kashmir militant groups Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed in Pakistan. While on a visit to Pakistan in January 2010, U.S. Defense secretary Robert Gates stated that Al-Qaeda was seeking to destabilize the region and planning to provoke a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.

title: War_on_Terror

title: War_on_Terror

text: In

text: a

text: Letter

text: to

text: American

text: People

text: written

text: by

text: Osama

text: bin

text: Laden

text: in

text: he

text: stated

text: that

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: reasons

text: he

text: was

text: fighting

text: America

text: is

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: support

text: of

text: India

text: on

text: the

text: Kashmir

text: issue

text: While

text: on

text: a

text: trip

text: to

text: Delhi

text: in

text: U.S.

text: Secretary

text: of

text: Defense

text: Donald

text: Rumsfeld

text: suggested

text: that

text: Al

text: Qaeda

text: was

text: active

text: in

text: Kashmir

text: though

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: any

text: hard

text: evidence

text: An

text: investigation

text: in

text: unearthed

text: evidence

text: that

text: Al

text: Qaeda

text: and

text: its

text: affiliates

text: were

text: prospering

text: in

text: Pakistan

text: administered

text: Kashmir

text: with

text: tacit

text: approval

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: 's

text: National

text: Intelligence

text: agency

text: Inter

text: Services

text: Intelligence

text: A

text: team

text: of

text: Special

text: Air

text: Service

text: and

text: Delta

text: Force

text: was

text: sent

text: into

text: Indian

text: administered

text: Kashmir

text: in

text: to

text: hunt

text: for

text: Osama

text: bin

text: Laden

text: after

text: reports

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: being

text: sheltered

text: by

text: the

text: Kashmiri

text: militant

text: group

text: Harkat

text: ul

text: Mujahideen

text: U.S.

text: officials

text: believed

text: that

text: Al

text: Qaeda

text: was

text: helping

text: organize

text: a

text: campaign

text: of

text: terror

text: in

text: Kashmir

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: provoke

text: conflict

text: between

text: India

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: Fazlur

text: Rehman

text: Khalil

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: the

text: Harkat

text: ul

text: Mujahideen

text: signed

text: al

text: Qaeda

text: 's

text: declaration

text: of

text: holy

text: war

text: which

text: called

text: on

text: Muslims

text: to

text: attack

text: all

text: Americans

text: and

text: their

text: allies

text: Indian

text: sources

text: claimed

text: that

text: In

text: Al

text: Qaeda

text: claimed

text: they

text: had

text: established

text: a

text: wing

text: in

text: Kashmir

text: this

text: worried

text: the

text: Indian

text: government

text: India

text: also

text: claimed

text: that

text: Al

text: Qaeda

text: has

text: strong

text: ties

text: with

text: the

text: Kashmir

text: militant

text: groups

text: Lashkar

text: e

text: Taiba

text: and

text: Jaish

text: e

text: Mohammed

text: in

text: Pakistan

text: While

text: on

text: a

text: visit

text: to

text: Pakistan

text: in

text: January

text: U.S.

text: Defense

text: secretary

text: Robert

text: Gates

text: stated

text: that

text: Al

text: Qaeda

text: was

text: seeking

text: to

text: destabilize

text: the

text: region

text: and

text: planning

text: to

text: provoke

text: a

text: nuclear

text: war

text: between

text: India

text: and

text: Pakistan

question: Who wrote 'Letter to American People' in 2002?

answer: Osama bin Laden

text: Osama bin Laden

question: Who was the US Secretary of Defense in 2002?

answer: Donald Rumsfeld

text: Donald Rumsfeld

question: Which group did Rumsfeld think was active in Kashmir?

answer: Al-Qaeda

text: Al-Qaeda

question: What teams hunted for Bin Laden in Kashmir in 2002?

answer: Special Air Service and Delta Force

text: Special Air Service and Delta Force

question: Who led the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen?

answer: Fazlur Rehman Khalil

text: Fazlur Rehman Khalil

question: Who did India support on the Kashmir issue?

text: America

question: What was the name of the document Donald Rumsfeld wrote?

text: Letter to American People

question: Who did the Kashmiri militant group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen attempt to hunt down?

text: Osama bin Laden

question: Who is the leader of Kashmir?

text: Fazlur Rehman Khalil

question: Pakistan claimed al-Qaeda had close ties with what area?

text: Kashmir


text: Camillo di Cavour, under orders of Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia, sent an expeditionary corps of 15,000 soldiers, commanded by General Alfonso La Marmora, to side with French and British forces during the war.:111–12 This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French, especially when the issue of uniting Italy would become an important matter. The deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea, and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya (16 August 1855) and in the siege of Sevastopol, allowed the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war, where it could address the issue of the Risorgimento to other European powers.

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: Camillo

text: di

text: Cavour

text: under

text: orders

text: of

text: Victor

text: Emmanuel

text: II

text: of

text: Piedmont

text: Sardinia

text: sent

text: an

text: expeditionary

text: corps

text: of

text: soldiers

text: commanded

text: by

text: General

text: Alfonso

text: La

text: Marmora

text: to

text: side

text: with

text: French

text: and

text: British

text: forces

text: during

text: the

text: This

text: was

text: an

text: attempt

text: at

text: gaining

text: the

text: favour

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: especially

text: when

text: the

text: issue

text: of

text: uniting

text: Italy

text: would

text: become

text: an

text: important

text: matter

text: The

text: deployment

text: of

text: Italian

text: troops

text: to

text: the

text: Crimea

text: and

text: the

text: gallantry

text: shown

text: by

text: them

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Chernaya

text: August

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: siege

text: of

text: Sevastopol

text: allowed

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Sardinia

text: to

text: be

text: among

text: the

text: participants

text: at

text: the

text: peace

text: conference

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: where

text: it

text: could

text: address

text: the

text: issue

text: of

text: the

text: Risorgimento

text: to

text: other

text: European

text: powers

question: Who gave Camillo di Cavour the orders to send soldiers to aid the French and British forces?

answer: Victor Emmanuel II

text: Victor Emmanuel II

question: Camillo di Cavour sent how many troops to aid the French and British forces?

answer: 15,000

question: Who commanded the soldiers sent by Camillo di Cavour?

answer: General Alfonso La Marmora

text: General Alfonso La Marmora

question: The Battle of the Chernaya took place in what year?

answer: 1855

question: Where was Victor Emmanuel II from?

answer: Piedmont-Sardinia

text: Piedmont-Sardinia


text: The populations of those lands did not accept Turkish rule. The Turks to them were foreigners with completely different customs, way of life, and language. Intervals when there was no unrest were rare. The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by 1688. Serbia was created by the Serbian Revolution, 1815–1833. The Greek War of Independence, 1821–1832, created modern Greece, which recovered most of the lands of ancient Greece, but could not gain Constantinople. The Ottoman Porte was continuously under attack from some quarter in its empire, primarily the Balkans. Also, on a number of occasions in the early 19th century, American and British warships had to attack the Barbary pirates to stop their piracy and recover thousands of enslaved Europeans and Americans.

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: The

text: populations

text: of

text: those

text: lands

text: did

text: not

text: accept

text: Turkish

text: rule

text: The

text: Turks

text: to

text: them

text: were

text: foreigners

text: with

text: completely

text: different

text: customs

text: way

text: of

text: life

text: and

text: language

text: Intervals

text: when

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: unrest

text: were

text: rare

text: The

text: Hungarians

text: had

text: thrown

text: off

text: Turkish

text: rule

text: by

text: Serbia

text: was

text: created

text: by

text: the

text: Serbian

text: Revolution

text: The

text: Greek

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: created

text: modern

text: Greece

text: which

text: recovered

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: lands

text: of

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: but

text: could

text: not

text: gain

text: Constantinople

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: Porte

text: was

text: continuously

text: under

text: attack

text: from

text: some

text: quarter

text: in

text: its

text: empire

text: primarily

text: the

text: Balkans

text: Also

text: on

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: occasions

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: American

text: and

text: British

text: warships

text: had

text: to

text: attack

text: the

text: Barbary

text: pirates

text: to

text: stop

text: their

text: piracy

text: and

text: recover

text: thousands

text: of

text: enslaved

text: Europeans

text: and

text: Americans

question: The populations did not accept what?

answer: Turkish rule

text: Turkish rule

question: The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by what year?

answer: 1688

question: What created Serbia?

answer: the Serbian Revolution

text: the Serbian Revolution

question: When was the Serbian Revolution?

answer: 1815–1833

question: When was the Greek War of Independence?

answer: 1821–1832


text: In the United States, the term "the 51st state" when applied to Canada can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada. Sometimes the term is used disparagingly, intended to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor. In the Quebec general election, 1989, the political party Parti 51 ran 11 candidates on a platform of Quebec seceding from Canada to join the United States (with its leader, André Perron, claiming Quebec could not survive as an independent nation). The party attracted just 3,846 votes across the province, 0.11% of the total votes cast. In comparison, the other parties in favour of sovereignty of Quebec in that election got 40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ).

title: 51st_state

title: 51st_state

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: term

text: the

text: state

text: when

text: applied

text: to

text: Canada

text: can

text: serve

text: to

text: highlight

text: the

text: similarities

text: and

text: close

text: relationship

text: between

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Canada

text: Sometimes

text: the

text: term

text: is

text: used

text: disparagingly

text: intended

text: to

text: deride

text: Canada

text: as

text: an

text: unimportant

text: neighbor

text: In

text: the

text: Quebec

text: general

text: election

text: the

text: political

text: party

text: Parti

text: ran

text: candidates

text: on

text: a

text: platform

text: of

text: Quebec

text: seceding

text: from

text: Canada

text: to

text: join

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: its

text: leader

text: André

text: Perron

text: claiming

text: Quebec

text: could

text: not

text: survive

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: nation

text: The

text: party

text: attracted

text: just

text: votes

text: across

text: the

text: province

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: votes

text: cast

text: In

text: comparison

text: the

text: other

text: parties

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: sovereignty

text: of

text: Quebec

text: in

text: that

text: election

text: got

text: PQ

text: and

text: NPDQ

question: What does Canada being referred to as the 51st state in a positive way mean in the US, generally?

answer: can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada

text: can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada

question: What is a negative connotation of the term?

answer: to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor

text: to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor

question: How man votes did Parti 51 attract in 1989?

answer: just 3,846 votes

text: just 3,846 votes

question: What did the other parties receive that year?

answer: 40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ)

text: 40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ)

question: What does Quebec being referred to as the 51st state in a joking way mean in the US, generally/

question: What is a negative connotation of Andre Perron?

question: How many votes did the United States attract in 1989?

text: 3,846 votes

question: What did the other parties receive in 1988?

text: 40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ)

question: When did the political party Parti 51 run 51 candidates on a platform of Quebec seceding from Canada to join the United States?


text: Egypt (i/ˈiːdʒɪpt/; Arabic: مِصر Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: مَصر Maṣr, Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ Khemi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia, via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is the world's only contiguous Eurafrasian nation. Most of Egypt's territory of 1,010,408 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi) lies within the Nile Valley. Egypt is a Mediterranean country. It is bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: Egypt

text: i/ˈiːdʒɪpt/

text: Arabic

text: مِصر

text: Miṣr

text: Egyptian

text: Arabic

text: مَصر

text: Maṣr

text: Coptic

text: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ

text: Khemi

text: officially

text: the

text: Arab

text: Republic

text: of

text: Egypt

text: is

text: a

text: transcontinental

text: country

text: spanning

text: the

text: northeast

text: corner

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: southwest

text: corner

text: of

text: Asia

text: via

text: a

text: land

text: bridge

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: only

text: contiguous

text: Eurafrasian

text: nation

text: Most

text: of

text: Egypt

text: 's

text: territory

text: of

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: lies

text: within

text: the

text: Nile

text: Valley

text: Egypt

text: is

text: a

text: Mediterranean

text: country

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: the

text: Gaza

text: Strip

text: and

text: Israel

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Aqaba

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: the

text: Red

text: Sea

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: Sudan

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Libya

text: to

text: the

text: west

question: What 2 continents meet at Egypt?

answer: Africa and southwest corner of Asia

text: Africa and southwest corner of Asia

question: What land bridge between Asian and Africa?

answer: Sinai Peninsula

text: Sinai Peninsula

question: How larger is Egypt?

answer: 1,010,408 square kilometres

text: 1,010,408 square kilometres

question: What Sea borders Egypt to the east?

answer: Red Sea

text: Red Sea

question: What country borders Egypt to the south?

answer: Sudan

text: Sudan


text: Although technically not a university, the FAA's Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center has many aspects of an institution of higher learning. Its FAA Academy is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Its Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) has a medical education division responsible for aeromedical education in general as well as the education of aviation medical examiners in the U.S. and 93 other countries. In addition, The National Academy of Science offers Research Associateship Programs for fellowship and other grants for CAMI research.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: Although

text: technically

text: not

text: a

text: university

text: the

text: FAA

text: 's

text: Mike

text: Monroney

text: Aeronautical

text: Center

text: has

text: many

text: aspects

text: of

text: an

text: institution

text: of

text: higher

text: learning

text: Its

text: FAA

text: Academy

text: is

text: accredited

text: by

text: the

text: North

text: Central

text: Association

text: of

text: Colleges

text: and

text: Schools

text: Its

text: Civil

text: Aerospace

text: Medical

text: Institute

text: CAMI

text: has

text: a

text: medical

text: education

text: division

text: responsible

text: for

text: aeromedical

text: education

text: in

text: general

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: education

text: of

text: aviation

text: medical

text: examiners

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: and

text: other

text: countries

text: In

text: addition

text: The

text: National

text: Academy

text: of

text: Science

text: offers

text: Research

text: Associateship

text: Programs

text: for

text: fellowship

text: and

text: other

text: grants

text: for

text: CAMI

text: research

question: What institution is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools?

answer: Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center

text: Mike Monroney Aeronautical Center


text: Unicode has been criticized for failing to separately encode older and alternative forms of kanji which, critics argue, complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names. This is often due to the fact that Unicode encodes characters rather than glyphs (the visual representations of the basic character that often vary from one language to another). Unification of glyphs leads to the perception that the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged.[clarification needed] There have been several attempts to create alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters in opposition to Unicode's policy of Han unification. An example of one is TRON (although it is not widely adopted in Japan, there are some users who need to handle historical Japanese text and favor it).

title: Unicode

title: Unicode

text: Unicode

text: has

text: been

text: criticized

text: for

text: failing

text: to

text: separately

text: encode

text: older

text: and

text: alternative

text: forms

text: of

text: kanji

text: which

text: critics

text: argue

text: complicates

text: the

text: processing

text: of

text: ancient

text: Japanese

text: and

text: uncommon

text: Japanese

text: names

text: This

text: is

text: often

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: Unicode

text: encodes

text: characters

text: rather

text: than

text: glyphs

text: the

text: visual

text: representations

text: of

text: the

text: basic

text: character

text: that

text: often

text: vary

text: from

text: one

text: language

text: to

text: another

text: Unification

text: of

text: glyphs

text: leads

text: to

text: the

text: perception

text: that

text: the

text: languages

text: themselves

text: not

text: just

text: the

text: basic

text: character

text: representation

text: are

text: being

text: merged.[clarification

text: needed

text: There

text: have

text: been

text: several

text: attempts

text: to

text: create

text: alternative

text: encodings

text: that

text: preserve

text: the

text: stylistic

text: differences

text: between

text: Chinese

text: Japanese

text: and

text: Korean

text: characters

text: in

text: opposition

text: to

text: Unicode

text: 's

text: policy

text: of

text: Han

text: unification

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: one

text: is

text: TRON

text: although

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: widely

text: adopted

text: in

text: Japan

text: there

text: are

text: some

text: users

text: who

text: need

text: to

text: handle

text: historical

text: Japanese

text: text

text: and

text: favor

text: it

question: Why has Unicode been criticized for not separately encoding forms of kanji?

answer: complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names

text: complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names

question: What is TRON?

answer: alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters

text: alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters

question: What perception does the unification of glyphs cause?

answer: the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged

text: the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged

question: What does Unicode encode instead of characters?

text: glyphs

question: What are characters defined as?

question: What alternative has become popular in Japan?

text: TRON

question: What languages do not suffer from the unification of glyphs?

text: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean

question: What are being merged alongside just the glyphs?

text: the languages themselves


text: New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971. WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: major

text: center

text: for

text: non

text: commercial

text: educational

text: media

text: The

text: oldest

text: public

text: access

text: television

text: channel

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: the

text: Manhattan

text: Neighborhood

text: Network

text: founded

text: in

text: WNET

text: is

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: major

text: public

text: television

text: station

text: and

text: a

text: primary

text: source

text: of

text: national

text: Public

text: Broadcasting

text: Service

text: PBS

text: television

text: programming

text: WNYC

text: a

text: public

text: radio

text: station

text: owned

text: by

text: the

text: city

text: until

text: has

text: the

text: largest

text: public

text: radio

text: audience

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: What is the name of the first public-access TV channel in the country?

answer: Manhattan Neighborhood Network

text: Manhattan Neighborhood Network

question: In what year did the Manhattan Neighborhood Network begin?

answer: 1971

question: What is the primary public television station in New York?

answer: WNET

text: WNET

question: What is the largest public radio station in the US by audience size?

answer: WNYC

text: WNYC

question: In what year did the city cease to own WNYC?

answer: 1997

question: The public-assess TV channel that has been around the longest in the US in what?

answer: Manhattan Neighborhood Network

text: Manhattan Neighborhood Network

question: When was the Manhattan Neighborhood Network created?

answer: 1971

question: The largest public radio station by listeners is what in New York?

answer: WNYC

text: WNYC


text: Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology.[citation needed] Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types, such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past.[citation needed] Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to Culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences. By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science.

title: Anthropology

title: Anthropology

text: Along

text: with

text: dividing

text: up

text: their

text: project

text: by

text: theoretical

text: emphasis

text: anthropologists

text: typically

text: divide

text: the

text: world

text: up

text: into

text: relevant

text: time

text: periods

text: and

text: geographic

text: regions

text: Human

text: time

text: on

text: Earth

text: is

text: divided

text: up

text: into

text: relevant

text: cultural

text: traditions

text: based

text: on

text: material

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Paleolithic

text: and

text: the

text: Neolithic

text: of

text: particular

text: use

text: in

text: archaeology.[citation

text: needed

text: Further

text: cultural

text: subdivisions

text: according

text: to

text: tool

text: types

text: such

text: as

text: Olduwan

text: or

text: Mousterian

text: or

text: Levalloisian

text: help

text: archaeologists

text: and

text: other

text: anthropologists

text: in

text: understanding

text: major

text: trends

text: in

text: the

text: human

text: past.[citation

text: needed

text: Anthropologists

text: and

text: geographers

text: share

text: approaches

text: to

text: Culture

text: regions

text: as

text: well

text: since

text: mapping

text: cultures

text: is

text: central

text: to

text: both

text: sciences

text: By

text: making

text: comparisons

text: across

text: cultural

text: traditions

text: time

text: based

text: and

text: cultural

text: regions

text: space

text: based

text: anthropologists

text: have

text: developed

text: various

text: kinds

text: of

text: comparative

text: method

text: a

text: central

text: part

text: of

text: their

text: science

question: How do anthropologists typically like to divide up the world?

answer: relevant time periods and geographic regions

text: relevant time periods and geographic regions

question: How has human time on Earth been divided up?

answer: cultural traditions based on material

text: cultural traditions based on material

question: Olduwan, Mousterian, and Levalloisian are all types of what?

answer: tool

text: tool

question: Mapping cultures is central to both the sciences of anthropologists and who else?

answer: geographers

text: geographers

question: What is a central part of the science of anthropology?

answer: comparative method

text: comparative method

question: Who divides the world y theoretical emphasis?

text: anthropologists

question: Who likes to divide their projects into relevent time periods and geographic regions?

text: anthropologists

question: What helps anthropologists understand major trends in human culture?

question: What is divided into relevant cultural traditions based on art?

text: Human time on Earth


text: Built around 1915, the Alaska Railroad (ARR) played a key role in the development of Alaska through the 20th century. It links north Pacific shipping through providing critical infrastructure with tracks that run from Seward to Interior Alaska by way of South Central Alaska, passing through Anchorage, Eklutna, Wasilla, Talkeetna, Denali, and Fairbanks, with spurs to Whittier, Palmer and North Pole. The cities, towns, villages, and region served by ARR tracks are known statewide as "The Railbelt". In recent years, the ever-improving paved highway system began to eclipse the railroad's importance in Alaska's economy.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: Built

text: around

text: the

text: Alaska

text: Railroad

text: ARR

text: played

text: a

text: key

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: Alaska

text: through

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: links

text: north

text: Pacific

text: shipping

text: through

text: providing

text: critical

text: infrastructure

text: with

text: tracks

text: that

text: run

text: from

text: Seward

text: to

text: Interior

text: Alaska

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: South

text: Central

text: Alaska

text: passing

text: through

text: Anchorage

text: Eklutna

text: Wasilla

text: Talkeetna

text: Denali

text: and

text: Fairbanks

text: with

text: spurs

text: to

text: Whittier

text: Palmer

text: and

text: North

text: Pole

text: The

text: cities

text: towns

text: villages

text: and

text: region

text: served

text: by

text: ARR

text: tracks

text: are

text: known

text: statewide

text: as

text: The

text: Railbelt

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: the

text: ever

text: improving

text: paved

text: highway

text: system

text: began

text: to

text: eclipse

text: the

text: railroad

text: 's

text: importance

text: in

text: Alaska

text: 's

text: economy

question: What year was the Alaska Railroad built?

answer: around 1915

text: around 1915

question: To what does "The Railbelt" refer?

answer: region served by ARR tracks

text: region served by ARR tracks

question: Which development in 1915 played a key role in developing Alaska?

answer: Alaska Railroad (ARR)

text: Alaska Railroad (ARR)

question: What year was the Alaska Railroad destroyed?

text: around 1915

question: What year wasn't the Alaska Railroad built?

text: around 1915

question: To what doesn't "The Railbelt" refer?

text: region served by ARR tracks

question: Which development in 1915 played no role in developing Alaska?

text: Alaska Railroad (ARR)

question: Which development in 1951 played a key role in developing Alaska?

text: Alaska Railroad (ARR)


text: Richmond recovered quickly from the war, and by 1782 was once again a thriving city. In 1786, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (drafted by Thomas Jefferson) was passed at the temporary capitol in Richmond, providing the basis for the separation of church and state, a key element in the development of the freedom of religion in the United States. A permanent home for the new government, the Virginia State Capitol building, was designed by Thomas Jefferson with the assistance of Charles-Louis Clérisseau, and was completed in 1788.

title: Richmond,_Virginia

title: Richmond,_Virginia

text: Richmond

text: recovered

text: quickly

text: from

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: by

text: was

text: once

text: again

text: a

text: thriving

text: city

text: In

text: the

text: Virginia

text: Statute

text: for

text: Religious

text: Freedom

text: drafted

text: by

text: Thomas

text: Jefferson

text: was

text: passed

text: at

text: the

text: temporary

text: capitol

text: in

text: Richmond

text: providing

text: the

text: basis

text: for

text: the

text: separation

text: of

text: church

text: and

text: state

text: a

text: key

text: element

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: freedom

text: of

text: religion

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: A

text: permanent

text: home

text: for

text: the

text: new

text: government

text: the

text: Virginia

text: State

text: Capitol

text: building

text: was

text: designed

text: by

text: Thomas

text: Jefferson

text: with

text: the

text: assistance

text: of

text: Charles

text: Louis

text: Clérisseau

text: and

text: was

text: completed

text: in

question: Who aided Jefferson in designing the Virginia State Capitol?

answer: Charles-Louis Clérisseau

text: Charles-Louis Clérisseau

question: In what year was the Virginia State Capitol finished?

answer: 1788

question: What was the capital of Virginia circa 1786?

answer: Richmond

text: Richmond

question: What notable document was authored by Thomas Jefferson in 1786?

answer: Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

text: Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

question: In what year could Richmond first be said to have recovered from the destruction of the American Revolution?

answer: 1782


text: Bell began a series of public demonstrations and lectures to introduce the new invention to the scientific community as well as the general public. A short time later, his demonstration of an early telephone prototype at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia brought the telephone to international attention. Influential visitors to the exhibition included Emperor Pedro II of Brazil. Later Bell had the opportunity to demonstrate the invention personally to Sir William Thomson (later, Lord Kelvin), a renowned Scottish scientist, as well as to Queen Victoria, who had requested a private audience at Osborne House, her Isle of Wight home. She called the demonstration "most extraordinary". The enthusiasm surrounding Bell's public displays laid the groundwork for universal acceptance of the revolutionary device.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: Bell

text: began

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: public

text: demonstrations

text: and

text: lectures

text: to

text: introduce

text: the

text: new

text: invention

text: to

text: the

text: scientific

text: community

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: general

text: public

text: A

text: short

text: time

text: later

text: his

text: demonstration

text: of

text: an

text: early

text: telephone

text: prototype

text: at

text: the

text: Centennial

text: Exposition

text: in

text: Philadelphia

text: brought

text: the

text: telephone

text: to

text: international

text: attention

text: Influential

text: visitors

text: to

text: the

text: exhibition

text: included

text: Emperor

text: Pedro

text: II

text: of

text: Brazil

text: Later

text: Bell

text: had

text: the

text: opportunity

text: to

text: demonstrate

text: the

text: invention

text: personally

text: to

text: Sir

text: William

text: Thomson

text: later

text: Lord

text: Kelvin

text: a

text: renowned

text: Scottish

text: scientist

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: to

text: Queen

text: Victoria

text: who

text: had

text: requested

text: a

text: private

text: audience

text: at

text: Osborne

text: House

text: her

text: Isle

text: of

text: Wight

text: home

text: She

text: called

text: the

text: demonstration

text: most

text: extraordinary

text: The

text: enthusiasm

text: surrounding

text: Bell

text: 's

text: public

text: displays

text: laid

text: the

text: groundwork

text: for

text: universal

text: acceptance

text: of

text: the

text: revolutionary

text: device

question: In what city was the 1876 Centennial Exposition?

answer: Philadelphia

text: Philadelphia

question: What important person saw the telephone at the Centennial Exposition?

answer: Emperor Pedro II

text: Emperor Pedro II

question: Pedro II was the Emperor of what Country?

answer: Brazil

text: Brazil

question: Which Queen did Bell present his invention to?

answer: Victoria

text: Victoria


text: Many visitors to BYU, and Utah Valley as a whole, report being surprised by the culturally conservative environment. Brigham Young University's Honor Code, which all BYU students agree to follow as a condition of studying at BYU, prohibits the consumption of alcoholic beverages, tobacco, etc. As mentioned earlier, The Princeton Review has rated BYU the "#1 stone cold sober school" in the nation for several years running, an honor which the late LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley had commented on with pride. BYU's 2014 "#1 stone cold" sober rating marked the 17th year in a row that the school had earned that rating. BYU has used this and other honors awarded to the school to advertise itself to prospective students, showing that BYU is proud of the rating. According to the Uniform Crime Reports, incidents of crime in Provo are lower than the national average. Murder is rare, and robberies are about 1/10 the national average. Business Insider rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation.

title: Brigham_Young_University

title: Brigham_Young_University

text: Many

text: visitors

text: to

text: BYU

text: and

text: Utah

text: Valley

text: as

text: a

text: whole

text: report

text: being

text: surprised

text: by

text: the

text: culturally

text: conservative

text: environment

text: Brigham

text: Young

text: University

text: 's

text: Honor

text: Code

text: which

text: all

text: BYU

text: students

text: agree

text: to

text: follow

text: as

text: a

text: condition

text: of

text: studying

text: at

text: BYU

text: prohibits

text: the

text: consumption

text: of

text: alcoholic

text: beverages

text: tobacco

text: etc

text: As

text: mentioned

text: earlier

text: The

text: Princeton

text: Review

text: has

text: rated

text: BYU

text: the

text: stone

text: cold

text: sober

text: school

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: for

text: several

text: years

text: running

text: an

text: honor

text: which

text: the

text: late

text: LDS

text: Church

text: president

text: Gordon

text: B.

text: Hinckley

text: had

text: commented

text: on

text: with

text: pride

text: BYU

text: 's

text: stone

text: cold

text: sober

text: rating

text: marked

text: the

text: year

text: in

text: a

text: row

text: that

text: the

text: school

text: had

text: earned

text: that

text: rating

text: BYU

text: has

text: used

text: this

text: and

text: other

text: honors

text: awarded

text: to

text: the

text: school

text: to

text: advertise

text: itself

text: to

text: prospective

text: students

text: showing

text: that

text: BYU

text: is

text: proud

text: of

text: the

text: rating

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Uniform

text: Crime

text: Reports

text: incidents

text: of

text: crime

text: in

text: Provo

text: are

text: lower

text: than

text: the

text: national

text: average

text: Murder

text: is

text: rare

text: and

text: robberies

text: are

text: about

text: the

text: national

text: average

text: Business

text: Insider

text: rated

text: BYU

text: as

text: the

text: safest

text: college

text: campus

text: in

text: the

text: nation

question: Who rated BYU as the #1 stone cold sober school in the nation for several years?

answer: The Princeton Review

text: The Princeton Review

question: How does BYU feel about being rated the #1 stone cold sober school?

answer: proud

text: proud

question: How do robberies at BYU's Provo compare to the national average?

answer: about 1/10

text: about 1/10

question: Who rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation?

answer: Business Insider

text: Business Insider

question: What BYU environment seems to surprise many visitors to BYU as well as to the Utah Valley?

answer: culturally conservative

text: culturally conservative

question: What are visitors to Utah surprised by?

text: the culturally conservative environment

question: What did the Princeton Review rate BUY #1 in?

text: stone cold sober school

question: What did Business Insider rate BUY as?

text: #1 safest college campus in the nation.

question: Murders are what fraction of the national average in Provo?


text: By 1939, in his Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare, McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach, as he feared that a later edition – even if it contained authorial corrections – would "deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript." He therefore concluded that the correct procedure would be "produced by using the earliest "good" print as copy-text and inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author." But, fearing the arbitrary exercise of editorial judgment, McKerrow stated that, having concluded that a later edition had substantive revisions attributable to the author, "we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints."

title: Textual_criticism

title: Textual_criticism

text: By

text: in

text: his

text: Prolegomena

text: for

text: the

text: Oxford

text: Shakespeare

text: McKerrow

text: had

text: changed

text: his

text: mind

text: about

text: this

text: approach

text: as

text: he

text: feared

text: that

text: a

text: later

text: edition

text: even

text: if

text: it

text: contained

text: authorial

text: corrections

text: would

text: deviate

text: more

text: widely

text: than

text: the

text: earliest

text: print

text: from

text: the

text: author

text: 's

text: original

text: manuscript

text: He

text: therefore

text: concluded

text: that

text: the

text: correct

text: procedure

text: would

text: be

text: produced

text: by

text: using

text: the

text: earliest

text: good

text: print

text: as

text: copy

text: text

text: and

text: inserting

text: into

text: it

text: from

text: the

text: first

text: edition

text: which

text: contains

text: them

text: such

text: corrections

text: as

text: appear

text: to

text: us

text: to

text: be

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: author

text: But

text: fearing

text: the

text: arbitrary

text: exercise

text: of

text: editorial

text: judgment

text: McKerrow

text: stated

text: that

text: having

text: concluded

text: that

text: a

text: later

text: edition

text: had

text: substantive

text: revisions

text: attributable

text: to

text: the

text: author

text: we

text: must

text: accept

text: all

text: the

text: alterations

text: of

text: that

text: edition

text: saving

text: any

text: which

text: seem

text: obvious

text: blunders

text: or

text: misprints

question: Why did McKerrow alter his previous method of criticism?

answer: deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript."

text: deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript."

question: How did McKerrow alter his approach to copy-text analysis?

answer: inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author."

text: inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author."

question: What did McKerrow concede about his new copy-text method?

answer: we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints

text: we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints

question: What work was the first to see McKerrow use his new method?

answer: Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare

text: Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare

question: What book did Shakespeare publish in 1939?

text: Prolegomena

question: McKerrow stayed firm in which opinion?

question: How many revisions did early editions have?

text: substantive

question: McKerrow thinks we should only accept one revision for what reason?


text: It now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the 19th century "Near East" came into use to describe that part of the east closest to Europe. The term "Far East" appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia and Viet Nam; in short, the East Indies. "Near East" applied to what had been mainly known as the Levant, which was in the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Porte, or government. Those who used the term had little choice about its meaning. They could not set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean from the Gulf of Sidra to Albania without permits from the Ottoman Empire.

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: It

text: now

text: became

text: relevant

text: to

text: define

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: eastern

text: question

text: In

text: about

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Near

text: East

text: came

text: into

text: use

text: to

text: describe

text: that

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: east

text: closest

text: to

text: Europe

text: The

text: term

text: Far

text: East

text: appeared

text: contemporaneously

text: meaning

text: Japan

text: China

text: Korea

text: Indonesia

text: and

text: Viet

text: Nam

text: in

text: short

text: the

text: East

text: Indies

text: Near

text: East

text: applied

text: to

text: what

text: had

text: been

text: mainly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Levant

text: which

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Porte

text: or

text: government

text: Those

text: who

text: used

text: the

text: term

text: had

text: little

text: choice

text: about

text: its

text: meaning

text: They

text: could

text: not

text: set

text: foot

text: on

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: and

text: central

text: Mediterranean

text: from

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Sidra

text: to

text: Albania

text: without

text: permits

text: from

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

question: When did "Near East" come into use to describe the part of the east closest to Europe?

answer: middle of the 19th century

text: middle of the 19th century

question: In short, the term Far East appeared to name this area

answer: the East Indies

text: the East Indies

question: "Near East" applied to this mainly known area

answer: the Levant

text: the Levant

question: What was the jurisdiction of the Levant in?

answer: the Ottoman Porte

text: the Ottoman Porte

question: What was needed to set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean?

answer: permits from the Ottoman Empire

text: permits from the Ottoman Empire


text: The origins of the szlachta, while ancient, have always been considered obscure.:207 As a result, its members often referred to it as odwieczna (perennial).:207 Two popular historic theories of origin forwarded by its members and earlier historians and chroniclers involved descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians or from Japheth, one of Noah's sons (by contrast, the peasantry were said to be the offspring of another son of Noah, Ham—and hence subject to bondage under the Curse of Ham—and the Jews as the offspring of Shem). Other fanciful theories included its foundation by Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great:207 or regional leaders who had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens'.:208

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: The

text: origins

text: of

text: the

text: szlachta

text: while

text: ancient

text: have

text: always

text: been

text: considered

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: its

text: members

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: it

text: as

text: odwieczna

text: Two

text: popular

text: historic

text: theories

text: of

text: origin

text: forwarded

text: by

text: its

text: members

text: and

text: earlier

text: historians

text: and

text: chroniclers

text: involved

text: descent

text: from

text: the

text: ancient

text: Iranian

text: tribes

text: known

text: as

text: Sarmatians

text: or

text: from

text: Japheth

text: one

text: of

text: Noah

text: 's

text: sons

text: by

text: contrast

text: the

text: peasantry

text: were

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: offspring

text: of

text: another

text: son

text: of

text: Noah

text: Ham

text: and

text: hence

text: subject

text: to

text: bondage

text: under

text: the

text: Curse

text: of

text: Ham

text: and

text: the

text: Jews

text: as

text: the

text: offspring

text: of

text: Shem

text: Other

text: fanciful

text: theories

text: included

text: its

text: foundation

text: by

text: Julius

text: Caesar

text: Alexander

text: the

text: or

text: regional

text: leaders

text: who

text: had

text: not

text: mixed

text: their

text: bloodlines

text: with

text: those

text: of

text: slaves

text: prisoners

text: and

question: Have the origins of the szlachta been clear or obscure?

answer: obscure

text: obscure

question: What did they use to refer to the origin of szlactha?

answer: odwieczna

text: odwieczna

question: What was one historic theory of the szlachta origins?

answer: descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians

text: descent from the ancient Iranian tribes known as Sarmatians

question: What was another regional leader involved in the origins of szlachta?

answer: Alexander the Great

text: Alexander the Great

question: What was important and unique about regional leaders?

answer: had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens

text: had not mixed their bloodlines with those of 'slaves, prisoners, and aliens


text: In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock.

title: Lighting

title: Lighting

text: In

text: order

text: to

text: specifically

text: measure

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: light

text: entering

text: the

text: eye

text: personal

text: circadian

text: light

text: meter

text: called

text: the

text: Daysimeter

text: has

text: been

text: developed

text: This

text: is

text: the

text: first

text: device

text: created

text: to

text: accurately

text: measure

text: and

text: characterize

text: light

text: intensity

text: spectrum

text: timing

text: and

text: duration

text: entering

text: the

text: eye

text: that

text: affects

text: the

text: human

text: body

text: 's

text: clock

question: What measures the amount of light entering the eye?

answer: Daysimeter

text: Daysimeter

question: A Daysimeter what type of personal meter?

answer: circadian light meter

text: circadian light meter


text: Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.

title: Aspirated_consonant

title: Aspirated_consonant

text: Voiced

text: consonants

text: are

text: seldom

text: actually

text: aspirated

text: Symbols

text: for

text: voiced

text: consonants

text: followed

text: by

text: ʰ⟩

text: such

text: as

text: ⟨bʰ⟩

text: typically

text: represent

text: consonants

text: with

text: breathy

text: voiced

text: release

text: see

text: below

text: In

text: the

text: grammatical

text: tradition

text: of

text: Sanskrit

text: aspirated

text: consonants

text: are

text: called

text: voiceless

text: aspirated

text: and

text: breathy

text: voiced

text: consonants

text: are

text: called

text: voiced

text: aspirated

question: What is not often aspirated?

answer: Voiced consonants

text: Voiced consonants

question: The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?

answer: breathy

text: breathy

question: Voiced aspirated consonants are what type?

answer: breathy-voiced

text: breathy-voiced

question: Voiced symbols are seldom what?

text: aspirated

question: Symbols for voiceless consonants are typical in what language?

text: Sanskrit

question: Unaspirated consonants are called what?

text: voiceless aspirated

question: Symbols for voiced releases typically represent what?

text: consonants with breathy voiced release

question: Breathy-voiced aspirated consonants are called what?

text: voiced aspirated


text: Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-looking admiration for antiquity", in which Platonism stood in opposition to the Aristotelian concentration on the observable properties of the physical world. But Renaissance humanists, who considered themselves as restoring the glory and nobility of antiquity, had no interest in scientific innovation. However, by the mid-to-late 16th century, even the universities, though still dominated by Scholasticism, began to demand that Aristotle be read in accurate texts edited according to the principles of Renaissance philology, thus setting the stage for Galileo's quarrels with the outmoded habits of Scholasticism.

title: Humanism

title: Humanism

text: Better

text: acquaintance

text: with

text: Greek

text: and

text: Roman

text: technical

text: writings

text: also

text: influenced

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: European

text: science

text: see

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: science

text: in

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: This

text: was

text: despite

text: what

text: A.

text: C.

text: Crombie

text: viewing

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: manner

text: as

text: a

text: chapter

text: in

text: the

text: heroic

text: March

text: of

text: Progress

text: calls

text: a

text: backwards

text: looking

text: admiration

text: for

text: antiquity

text: in

text: which

text: Platonism

text: stood

text: in

text: opposition

text: to

text: the

text: Aristotelian

text: concentration

text: on

text: the

text: observable

text: properties

text: of

text: the

text: physical

text: world

text: But

text: Renaissance

text: humanists

text: who

text: considered

text: themselves

text: as

text: restoring

text: the

text: glory

text: and

text: nobility

text: of

text: antiquity

text: had

text: no

text: interest

text: in

text: scientific

text: innovation

text: However

text: by

text: the

text: mid

text: to

text: late

text: century

text: even

text: the

text: universities

text: though

text: still

text: dominated

text: by

text: Scholasticism

text: began

text: to

text: demand

text: that

text: Aristotle

text: be

text: read

text: in

text: accurate

text: texts

text: edited

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: principles

text: of

text: Renaissance

text: philology

text: thus

text: setting

text: the

text: stage

text: for

text: Galileo

text: 's

text: quarrels

text: with

text: the

text: outmoded

text: habits

text: of

text: Scholasticism

question: Closer examination of what information allowed for further progress in scientific knowledge?

answer: technical writings

text: technical writings

question: Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was not the way to mover forward?

answer: A. C. Crombie

text: A. C. Crombie

question: What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject unimportant?

answer: Renaissance humanists

text: Renaissance humanists

question: When did even the scholars and professors began to at least end to examine the works of Aristotle?

answer: 16th century,

text: 16th century,

question: What information allowed for less progress in scientific knowledge?

text: Greek and Roman technical writings

question: Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was the best way to move forward?

text: A. C. Crombie

question: What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject too important?

text: Renaissance humanists

question: Who was always interested in scientific innovation?

text: Renaissance humanists

question: Who was forbidden to develop science?

text: European


text: Nicholas Lezard described post-punk as "a fusion of art and music". The era saw the robust appropriation of ideas from literature, art, cinema, philosophy, politics and critical theory into musical and pop cultural contexts. Artists sought to refuse the common distinction between high and low culture and returned to the art school tradition found in the work of artists such as Captain Beefheart and David Bowie. Among major influences on a variety of post-punk artists were writers such as William S. Burroughs and J.G. Ballard, avant-garde political scenes such as Situationism and Dada, and intellectual movements such as postmodernism. Many artists viewed their work in explicitly political terms. Additionally, in some locations, the creation of post-punk music was closely linked to the development of efficacious subcultures, which played important roles in the production of art, multimedia performances, fanzines and independent labels related to the music. Many post-punk artists maintained an anti-corporatist approach to recording and instead seized on alternate means of producing and releasing music. Journalists also became an important element of the culture, and popular music magazines and critics became immersed in the movement.

title: Post-punk

title: Post

title: punk

text: Nicholas

text: Lezard

text: described

text: post

text: punk

text: as

text: a

text: fusion

text: of

text: art

text: and

text: music

text: The

text: era

text: saw

text: the

text: robust

text: appropriation

text: of

text: ideas

text: from

text: literature

text: art

text: cinema

text: philosophy

text: politics

text: and

text: critical

text: theory

text: into

text: musical

text: and

text: pop

text: cultural

text: contexts

text: Artists

text: sought

text: to

text: refuse

text: the

text: common

text: distinction

text: between

text: high

text: and

text: low

text: culture

text: and

text: returned

text: to

text: the

text: art

text: school

text: tradition

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: Captain

text: Beefheart

text: and

text: David

text: Bowie

text: Among

text: major

text: influences

text: on

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: post

text: punk

text: artists

text: were

text: writers

text: such

text: as

text: William

text: S.

text: Burroughs

text: and

text: J.G.

text: Ballard

text: avant

text: garde

text: political

text: scenes

text: such

text: as

text: Situationism

text: and

text: Dada

text: and

text: intellectual

text: movements

text: such

text: as

text: postmodernism

text: Many

text: artists

text: viewed

text: their

text: work

text: in

text: explicitly

text: political

text: terms

text: Additionally

text: in

text: some

text: locations

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: post

text: punk

text: music

text: was

text: closely

text: linked

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: efficacious

text: subcultures

text: which

text: played

text: important

text: roles

text: in

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: art

text: multimedia

text: performances

text: fanzines

text: and

text: independent

text: labels

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: music

text: Many

text: post

text: punk

text: artists

text: maintained

text: an

text: anti

text: corporatist

text: approach

text: to

text: recording

text: and

text: instead

text: seized

text: on

text: alternate

text: means

text: of

text: producing

text: and

text: releasing

text: music

text: Journalists

text: also

text: became

text: an

text: important

text: element

text: of

text: the

text: culture

text: and

text: popular

text: music

text: magazines

text: and

text: critics

text: became

text: immersed

text: in

text: the

text: movement

question: How did Nicholas Lezard describe post-punk?

answer: fusion of art and music

text: fusion of art and music

question: Which artists were influential in post-punk?

answer: Captain Beefheart and David Bowie

text: Captain Beefheart and David Bowie

question: Which writers helped to influence the post-punk movement?

answer: William S. Burroughs and J.G. Ballard

text: William S. Burroughs and J.G. Ballard

question: What was an intellectual focus of post-punk?

answer: postmodernism

text: postmodernism

question: How did the post-punk movement feel about big business?

answer: anti-corporatist

text: anti-corporatist

question: What was Nicholas Lezard's description of post-punk?

answer: "a fusion of art and music"

text: "a fusion of art and music"

question: Where did post-punk ram its appropriation of ideas into?

answer: musical and pop cultural contexts

text: musical and pop cultural contexts

question: What tradition could be found in works by Captain Beefheart and David Bowie?

answer: art school

text: art school

question: What intellectual movement informed and influenced a variety of post-punk artists?

answer: postmodernism

text: postmodernism

question: Why did many post-punk artists produce and release their own music?

answer: anti-corporatist

text: anti-corporatist

question: What does L.G Ballard describes post-punk  as?

text: "a fusion of art and music".

question: What did artists want to make a distinction between?

text: high and low culture

question: What disciplines appropriated ideas from post-punk?

question: What writers were influenced by the post-punk movement?

text: William S. Burroughs and J.G. Ballard

question: What culture did journalists not participate in?

text: post-punk

question: How did Nicholas Lezard  refuse to describe post-punk?

text: a fusion of art and music

question: Which artists did not influence post-punk?

text: Captain Beefheart and David Bowie

question: What was not an intellectual focus of post-punk?

text: postmodernism

question: Why did post-punk artists never produce and release their own music?

text: anti-corporatist

question: Who was not an important element of the culture?

text: Journalists


text: Some critics of intellectual property, such as those in the free culture movement, point at intellectual monopolies as harming health (in the case of pharmaceutical patents), preventing progress, and benefiting concentrated interests to the detriment of the masses, and argue that the public interest is harmed by ever-expansive monopolies in the form of copyright extensions, software patents, and business method patents. More recently scientists and engineers are expressing concern that patent thickets are undermining technological development even in high-tech fields like nanotechnology.

title: Intellectual_property

title: Intellectual_property

text: Some

text: critics

text: of

text: intellectual

text: property

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: in

text: the

text: free

text: culture

text: movement

text: point

text: at

text: intellectual

text: monopolies

text: as

text: harming

text: health

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: pharmaceutical

text: patents

text: preventing

text: progress

text: and

text: benefiting

text: concentrated

text: interests

text: to

text: the

text: detriment

text: of

text: the

text: masses

text: and

text: argue

text: that

text: the

text: public

text: interest

text: is

text: harmed

text: by

text: ever

text: expansive

text: monopolies

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: copyright

text: extensions

text: software

text: patents

text: and

text: business

text: method

text: patents

text: More

text: recently

text: scientists

text: and

text: engineers

text: are

text: expressing

text: concern

text: that

text: patent

text: thickets

text: are

text: undermining

text: technological

text: development

text: even

text: in

text: high

text: tech

text: fields

text: like

text: nanotechnology

question: What can be harmed by pharmaceutical patents?

answer: health

text: health

question: IP benefits concentrated interests to whose detriment?

answer: the masses

text: the masses

question: Whose interests are harmed by expanding IP?

answer: the public

text: the public

question: Developments in nanotechnology are being undermined by what type of IP?

answer: patent

text: patent

question: What type of monopolies does IP create?

answer: intellectual

text: intellectual

question: What is suppoerted by pharmaceutical patents?

text: health

question: what concentrated intersts for tha benefit of the masses?

text: intellectual property

question: What kind of monopolies does IP break up?

text: intellectual

question: Whose interests are helped by expanding IP

text: the public


text: South West England has a favoured location when the Azores High pressure area extends north-eastwards towards the UK, particularly in summer. Coastal areas have average annual sunshine totals over 1,600 hours.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: South

text: West

text: England

text: has

text: a

text: favoured

text: location

text: when

text: the

text: Azores

text: High

text: pressure

text: area

text: extends

text: north

text: eastwards

text: towards

text: the

text: UK

text: particularly

text: in

text: summer

text: Coastal

text: areas

text: have

text: average

text: annual

text: sunshine

text: totals

text: over

text: hours

question: How many hours of sunshine does the South West England region get each year?

answer: over 1,600

text: over 1,600

question: What region of England benefits from the extension of the Azores High pressure area?

answer: South West England

text: South West England


text: Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Dieppe Raid, the Battle of Ortona, the Battle of Passchendaele, the Normandy Landings, the Battle for Caen, the Battle of the Scheldt, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic, the strategic bombing of German cities, and more recently the Battle of Medak Pocket, in Croatia.

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

text: Battles

text: which

text: are

text: particularly

text: notable

text: to

text: the

text: Canadian

text: military

text: include

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Vimy

text: Ridge

text: the

text: Dieppe

text: Raid

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Ortona

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Passchendaele

text: the

text: Normandy

text: Landings

text: the

text: Battle

text: for

text: Caen

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Scheldt

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Britain

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: of

text: German

text: cities

text: and

text: more

text: recently

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Medak

text: Pocket

text: in

text: Croatia

question: What famous World War II battle was the Canadian Military part of?

answer: the Normandy Landings

text: the Normandy Landings

question: What effort was the Canadian Military known for in Germany?

answer: the strategic bombing of German cities

text: the strategic bombing of German cities

question: What Battle in France was the Canadian Military known for?

answer: the Battle of Vimy Ridge

text: the Battle of Vimy Ridge

question: What country was the latest Canadian Military effort?

answer: Croatia

text: Croatia

question: Who are the Battle of Normandy Landings and the Vimy Ridge Raid notable to?

text: the Canadian military

question: Who are the Battle of Dieppe and the Battle of Medak Pocket notable to?

text: the Canadian military

question: What famous World War II battle was the French Military part of?

text: Normandy Landings

question: What effort was the Canadian Military known for in France?

text: strategic bombing of German cities

question: What Battle in France was the Canadian Military not known for?

text: Battle of Vimy Ridge

question: What country was the latest French Military effort?

text: Croatia


text: While considered "alternative" today, most alternative systems have existed since ancient times. After the public school system was widely developed beginning in the 19th century, some parents found reasons to be discontented with the new system. Alternative education developed in part as a reaction to perceived limitations and failings of traditional education. A broad range of educational approaches emerged, including alternative schools, self learning, homeschooling and unschooling. Example alternative schools include Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools, Sands School, Summerhill School, The Peepal Grove School, Sudbury Valley School, Krishnamurti schools, and open classroom schools. Charter schools are another example of alternative education, which have in the recent years grown in numbers in the US and gained greater importance in its public education system.

title: Education

title: Education

text: While

text: considered

text: alternative

text: today

text: most

text: alternative

text: systems

text: have

text: existed

text: since

text: ancient

text: times

text: After

text: the

text: public

text: school

text: system

text: was

text: widely

text: developed

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: some

text: parents

text: found

text: reasons

text: to

text: be

text: discontented

text: with

text: the

text: new

text: system

text: Alternative

text: education

text: developed

text: in

text: part

text: as

text: a

text: reaction

text: to

text: perceived

text: limitations

text: and

text: failings

text: of

text: traditional

text: education

text: A

text: broad

text: range

text: of

text: educational

text: approaches

text: emerged

text: including

text: alternative

text: schools

text: self

text: learning

text: homeschooling

text: and

text: unschooling

text: Example

text: alternative

text: schools

text: include

text: Montessori

text: schools

text: Waldorf

text: schools

text: or

text: Steiner

text: schools

text: Friends

text: schools

text: Sands

text: School

text: Summerhill

text: School

text: The

text: Peepal

text: Grove

text: School

text: Sudbury

text: Valley

text: School

text: Krishnamurti

text: schools

text: and

text: open

text: classroom

text: schools

text: Charter

text: schools

text: are

text: another

text: example

text: of

text: alternative

text: education

text: which

text: have

text: in

text: the

text: recent

text: years

text: grown

text: in

text: numbers

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: and

text: gained

text: greater

text: importance

text: in

text: its

text: public

text: education

text: system

question: What is another term used for Special Education Services?

answer: alternative

text: alternative

question: When were public schools become more and more developed?

answer: 19th century

text: 19th century

question: What are some examples of alternative schools?

answer: Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools

text: Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools

question: What is not another term used for Special Education Services?

text: alternative

question: What aren't some examples of alternative schools?

question: A charter school is not considered what type of school?

text: alternative

question: What hasn't gained importance in public education?

text: Charter schools


text: Greek art has a long and varied history. Greeks have contributed to the visual, literary and performing arts. In the West, ancient Greek art was influential in shaping the Roman and later the modern western artistic heritage. Following the Renaissance in Europe, the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists. Well into the 19th century, the classical tradition derived from Greece played an important role in the art of the western world. In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures, resulting in Greco-Buddhist art, whose influence reached as far as Japan.

title: Greeks

title: Greeks

text: Greek

text: art

text: has

text: a

text: long

text: and

text: varied

text: history

text: Greeks

text: have

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: visual

text: literary

text: and

text: performing

text: arts

text: In

text: the

text: West

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: art

text: was

text: influential

text: in

text: shaping

text: the

text: Roman

text: and

text: later

text: the

text: modern

text: western

text: artistic

text: heritage

text: Following

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: in

text: Europe

text: the

text: humanist

text: aesthetic

text: and

text: the

text: high

text: technical

text: standards

text: of

text: Greek

text: art

text: inspired

text: generations

text: of

text: European

text: artists

text: Well

text: into

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: classical

text: tradition

text: derived

text: from

text: Greece

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: western

text: world

text: In

text: the

text: East

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: 's

text: conquests

text: initiated

text: several

text: centuries

text: of

text: exchange

text: between

text: Greek

text: Central

text: Asian

text: and

text: Indian

text: cultures

text: resulting

text: in

text: Greco

text: Buddhist

text: art

text: whose

text: influence

text: reached

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: Japan

question: What input did the Greeks have on artistry of the world ?

answer: visual, literary and performing arts.

text: visual, literary and performing arts.

question: What period in Europe was full of an appreciation for earlier cultures ?

answer: the Renaissance in Europe

text: the Renaissance in Europe

question: What important heritage of art  from Greece was celebrated during this time ?

answer: the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists.

text: the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists.

question: What enacted the transactions of customs and ways of life for the people of the Asian continent and the Grecian people ?

answer: In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures

text: In the East, Alexander the Great's conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, Central Asian and Indian cultures

question: In the Land of the Rising Sun, what influence was of Greek descent ?

answer: Greco-Buddhist art, whose influence reached as far as Japan.

text: Greco-Buddhist art, whose influence reached as far as Japan.

question: What input did the French have on artistry of the world?

text: visual, literary and performing arts

question: What period in Asia was full of an appreciation for earlier cultures?

text: Renaissance in Europe

question: What important heritage of art from France was celebrated during this time?

question: What enacted the transactions of customs and ways of life for the people of the Asian continent and the French people

question: In the Land of the Rising Sun, what influence was of non-Greek descent ?

text: Greco-Buddhist


text: On 14 October, the heaviest night attack to date saw 380 German bombers from Luftflotte 3 hit London. Around 200 people were killed and another 2,000 injured. British anti-aircraft defences (General Frederick Alfred Pile) fired 8,326 rounds and shot down only two bombers. On 15 October, the bombers returned and about 900 fires were started by the mix of 415 short tons (376 t) of high explosive and 11 short tons (10.0 t) of incendiaries dropped. Five main rail lines were cut in London and rolling stock damaged.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: On

text: October

text: the

text: heaviest

text: night

text: attack

text: to

text: date

text: saw

text: German

text: bombers

text: from

text: Luftflotte

text: hit

text: London

text: Around

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: another

text: injured

text: British

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: defences

text: General

text: Frederick

text: Alfred

text: Pile

text: fired

text: rounds

text: and

text: shot

text: down

text: only

text: two

text: bombers

text: On

text: October

text: the

text: bombers

text: returned

text: and

text: about

text: fires

text: were

text: started

text: by

text: the

text: mix

text: of

text: short

text: tons

text: t

text: of

text: high

text: explosive

text: and

text: short

text: tons

text: t

text: of

text: incendiaries

text: dropped

text: Five

text: main

text: rail

text: lines

text: were

text: cut

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: rolling

text: stock

text: damaged

question: On October 14 how many German bombers attacked?

answer: 380

question: How many people were killed?

answer: Around 200

text: Around 200

question: Who fired anti-defense rounds?

answer: General Frederick Alfred Pile

text: General Frederick Alfred Pile

question: How many rounds of anti-defense were fired?

answer: 8,326 rounds

text: 8,326 rounds

question: How many German bombers were shot down?

answer: two

text: two


text: The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts".

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: The

text: English

text: term

text: polytechnic

text: appeared

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: École

text: Polytechnique

text: an

text: engineering

text: school

text: founded

text: in

text: in

text: Paris

text: The

text: French

text: term

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: πολύ

text: polú

text: or

text: polý

text: meaning

text: many

text: and

text: τεχνικός

text: tekhnikós

text: meaning

text: arts

question: In what century did the term polytechnic first show up?

answer: 19th century

text: 19th century

question: What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name?

answer: École Polytechnique

text: École Polytechnique

question: What language does the French word polytechnique come from?

answer: Greek

text: Greek


text: In 2008, India suspended military aid to Myanmar over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta, although it has preserved extensive commercial ties, which provide the regime with much-needed revenue. The thaw in relations began on 28 November 2011, when Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila arrived in the capital, Naypyidaw, the same day as the country received a visit by US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, who also met with pro-democracy opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi. International relations progress indicators continued in September 2012 when Aung San Suu Kyi visited to the US followed by Myanmar's reformist president visit to the United Nations.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: In

text: India

text: suspended

text: military

text: aid

text: to

text: Myanmar

text: over

text: the

text: issue

text: of

text: human

text: rights

text: abuses

text: by

text: the

text: ruling

text: junta

text: although

text: it

text: has

text: preserved

text: extensive

text: commercial

text: ties

text: which

text: provide

text: the

text: regime

text: with

text: much

text: needed

text: revenue

text: The

text: thaw

text: in

text: relations

text: began

text: on

text: November

text: when

text: Belarusian

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Mikhail

text: Myasnikovich

text: and

text: his

text: wife

text: Ludmila

text: arrived

text: in

text: the

text: capital

text: Naypyidaw

text: the

text: same

text: day

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: received

text: a

text: visit

text: by

text: US

text: Secretary

text: of

text: State

text: Hillary

text: Rodham

text: Clinton

text: who

text: also

text: met

text: with

text: pro

text: democracy

text: opposition

text: leader

text: Aung

text: San

text: Suu

text: Kyi

text: International

text: relations

text: progress

text: indicators

text: continued

text: in

text: September

text: when

text: Aung

text: San

text: Suu

text: Kyi

text: visited

text: to

text: the

text: US

text: followed

text: by

text: Myanmar

text: 's

text: reformist

text: president

text: visit

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

question: Why did India stop supporting the military in Myanmar in 2008 ?

answer: over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta

text: over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta

question: Did the military sanctions imposed by India affect the business workings of it's relations in Burma ?

answer: it has preserved extensive commercial ties

text: it has preserved extensive commercial ties

question: Who helped to improve the relations between India and Burma?

answer: Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila

text: Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila

question: What city in Burma was visited by the envoy from India

answer: the capital, Naypyidaw

text: the capital, Naypyidaw


text: In 1972, Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. The subsequent development of chain-termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool. An automated version of the Sanger method was used in early phases of the Human Genome Project.

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: In

text: Walter

text: Fiers

text: and

text: his

text: team

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Ghent

text: were

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: determine

text: the

text: sequence

text: of

text: a

text: gene

text: the

text: gene

text: for

text: Bacteriophage

text: coat

text: protein

text: The

text: subsequent

text: development

text: of

text: chain

text: termination

text: DNA

text: sequencing

text: in

text: by

text: Frederick

text: Sanger

text: improved

text: the

text: efficiency

text: of

text: sequencing

text: and

text: turned

text: it

text: into

text: a

text: routine

text: laboratory

text: tool

text: An

text: automated

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: Sanger

text: method

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: early

text: phases

text: of

text: the

text: Human

text: Genome

text: Project

question: When was the first sequence of a gene determined?

answer: In 1972

text: In 1972

question: What was the first gene to be sequenced?

answer: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein

text: the gene for Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein

question: Who developed chain termination DNA sequencing in 1977?

answer: Frederick Sanger

text: Frederick Sanger

question: What did the devlopment of the chain termination DNA sequencing method do for the sequencing process?

answer: improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool.

text: improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool.

question: What project used an automated version of the Sanger method in its early stages?

answer: the Human Genome Project

text: the Human Genome Project


text: In February 2007, the fourth and last satellite of the BeiDou-1 system, BeiDou-1D (sometimes called BeiDou-2A, serving as a backup satellite), was sent up into space. It was reported that the satellite had suffered from a control system malfunction but was then fully restored.

title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

text: In

text: February

text: the

text: fourth

text: and

text: last

text: satellite

text: of

text: the

text: system

text: sometimes

text: called

text: serving

text: as

text: a

text: backup

text: satellite

text: was

text: sent

text: up

text: into

text: space

text: It

text: was

text: reported

text: that

text: the

text: satellite

text: had

text: suffered

text: from

text: a

text: control

text: system

text: malfunction

text: but

text: was

text: then

text: fully

text: restored

question: When was the fourth satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?

answer: February 2007

text: February 2007

question: What is the name of the fourth BeiDou-1 satellite?

answer: BeiDou-1D

question: What is the BeiDou-1D satellite sometimes called?

answer: BeiDou-2A

question: What is the purpose of the BeiDou-1D satellite?

answer: serving as a backup satellite

text: serving as a backup satellite

question: What happened to the BeiDou-1D satellite that needed to be repaired?

answer: a control system malfunction

text: a control system malfunction

question: In which month of 2007 was the fifth satellite for the BeiDou-1 system launched?

text: February

question: What is the official name of the fifth BeiDou-2 satellite?

question: Which satellite serves as a front-end satellite?

question: Which satellite is sometimes called BeiDou-2C?

question: According to reports, the satellite had issues with what system and was never fully restored?

text: control system


text: By 750, the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East, under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne. In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans, whether these introduced it directly from the East or took it from English usage. The spread of the feast, by now with the adjective "Immaculate" attached to its title, met opposition on the part of some, on the grounds that sanctification was possible only after conception. Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. Other theologians defended the expression "Immaculate Conception", pointing out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ, a view held especially by Franciscans.

title: Immaculate_Conception

title: Immaculate_Conception

text: By

text: the

text: feast

text: of

text: her

text: conception

text: was

text: widely

text: celebrated

text: in

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: East

text: under

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: Conception

text: active

text: of

text: Saint

text: Anne

text: In

text: the

text: West

text: it

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: feast

text: of

text: the

text: Conception

text: passive

text: of

text: Mary

text: and

text: was

text: associated

text: particularly

text: with

text: the

text: Normans

text: whether

text: these

text: introduced

text: it

text: directly

text: from

text: the

text: East

text: or

text: took

text: it

text: from

text: English

text: usage

text: The

text: spread

text: of

text: the

text: feast

text: by

text: now

text: with

text: the

text: adjective

text: Immaculate

text: attached

text: to

text: its

text: title

text: met

text: opposition

text: on

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: some

text: on

text: the

text: grounds

text: that

text: sanctification

text: was

text: possible

text: only

text: after

text: conception

text: Critics

text: included

text: Saints

text: Bernard

text: of

text: Clairvaux

text: Albertus

text: Magnus

text: and

text: Thomas

text: Aquinas

text: Other

text: theologians

text: defended

text: the

text: expression

text: Immaculate

text: Conception

text: pointing

text: out

text: that

text: sanctification

text: could

text: be

text: conferred

text: at

text: the

text: first

text: moment

text: of

text: conception

text: in

text: view

text: of

text: the

text: foreseen

text: merits

text: of

text: Christ

text: a

text: view

text: held

text: especially

text: by

text: Franciscans

question: What was widely observed in the eastern portion of the Byzantine world ?

answer: the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East

text: the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East

question: What was the name of this festival ?

answer: under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne

text: under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne

question: Was there anything in similarity that happened in the Western portion of the Empire ? If so who was it supported by?

answer: In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans

text: In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans

question: Who was against all of the celebrations of Mary 's her birth ?

answer: Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas.

text: Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas.

question: According to some when is is possible for a Sanctified Mary to have emerged ?

answer: out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ, a view held especially by Franciscans.

text: out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ, a view held especially by Franciscans.

question: What was widely celebrated in the West by 750?

text: the feast of her conception

question: What group in the West was the conception of St. Anne associated with

text: the Normans

question: What did Thomas Aquinas support attaching to the title conception of Mary?

text: Immaculate

question: When did the Eastern church start to celebrate the conception of Mary?

question: What is St. Albertus Magnus say could be conferred at the moment of conception?

text: sanctification


text: Portugal is defined as a Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo; mixed oceanic climate along the northern half of the coastline and also Semi-arid climate or Steppe climate (BSk in certain parts of Beja district far South) according to the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification), and is one of the warmest European countries: the annual average temperature in mainland Portugal varies from 8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F) in the mountainous interior north to 16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F) in the south and on the Guadiana river basin. The Algarve, separated from the Alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres (3,000 ft) in Alto de Fóia, has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Portugal

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: a

text: Mediterranean

text: climate

text: Csa

text: in

text: the

text: South

text: interior

text: and

text: Douro

text: region

text: Csb

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Central

text: Portugal

text: and

text: coastal

text: Alentejo

text: mixed

text: oceanic

text: climate

text: along

text: the

text: northern

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: coastline

text: and

text: also

text: Semi

text: arid

text: climate

text: or

text: Steppe

text: climate

text: BSk

text: in

text: certain

text: parts

text: of

text: Beja

text: district

text: far

text: South

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Köppen

text: Geiger

text: Climate

text: Classification

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: warmest

text: European

text: countries

text: the

text: annual

text: average

text: temperature

text: in

text: mainland

text: Portugal

text: varies

text: from

text: C

text: F

text: in

text: the

text: mountainous

text: interior

text: north

text: to

text: C

text: F

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: on

text: the

text: Guadiana

text: river

text: basin

text: The

text: Algarve

text: separated

text: from

text: the

text: Alentejo

text: region

text: by

text: mountains

text: reaching

text: up

text: to

text: metres

text: ft

text: in

text: Alto

text: de

text: Fóia

text: has

text: a

text: climate

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: coastal

text: areas

text: of

text: Spain

text: or

text: Southwest

text: Australia

question: What type of climate does Portugal have?

answer: Mediterranean

text: Mediterranean

question: In the mountainous interior north of Portugal, between what degrees is the average temperature?

answer: 8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F)

text: 8–12 °C (46.4–53.6 °F)

question: In the south of Portugal and on the Guadiana river basin, between what degrees does the average temperature fluctuate?

answer: 16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F)

text: 16–19 °C (60.8–66.2 °F)

question: How high do the mountains between Algarve and the Alentejo region reach?

answer: 900 metres (3,000 ft)

text: 900 metres (3,000 ft)