text: By the end of the 18th century the population had risen to 300 million from approximately 150 million during the late Ming dynasty. The dramatic rise in population was due to several reasons, including the long period of peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops China received from the Americas, including peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice from Southeast Asia led to a huge increase in production. Merchant guilds proliferated in all of the growing Chinese cities and often acquired great social and even political influence. Rich merchants with official connections built up huge fortunes and patronized literature, theater and the arts. Textile and handicraft production boomed.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: population

text: had

text: risen

text: to

text: million

text: from

text: approximately

text: million

text: during

text: the

text: late

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: The

text: dramatic

text: rise

text: in

text: population

text: was

text: due

text: to

text: several

text: reasons

text: including

text: the

text: long

text: period

text: of

text: peace

text: and

text: stability

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: the

text: import

text: of

text: new

text: crops

text: China

text: received

text: from

text: the

text: Americas

text: including

text: peanuts

text: sweet

text: potatoes

text: and

text: maize

text: New

text: species

text: of

text: rice

text: from

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: huge

text: increase

text: in

text: production

text: Merchant

text: guilds

text: proliferated

text: in

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: growing

text: Chinese

text: cities

text: and

text: often

text: acquired

text: great

text: social

text: and

text: even

text: political

text: influence

text: Rich

text: merchants

text: with

text: official

text: connections

text: built

text: up

text: huge

text: fortunes

text: and

text: patronized

text: literature

text: theater

text: and

text: the

text: arts

text: Textile

text: and

text: handicraft

text: production

text: boomed

question: What was China's population at the end of the 18th century?

answer: 300 million

text: 300 million

question: What were the reasons for the population explosion during the 18th century?

answer: peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops

text: peace and stability in the 18th century and the import of new crops

question: What crops were imported?

answer: peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice

text: peanuts, sweet potatoes and maize. New species of rice


text: Her Diamond Jubilee in 2012 marked 60 years on the throne, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. In a message released on Accession Day, she stated: "In this special year, as I dedicate myself anew to your service, I hope we will all be reminded of the power of togetherness and the convening strength of family, friendship and good neighbourliness ... I hope also that this Jubilee year will be a time to give thanks for the great advances that have been made since 1952 and to look forward to the future with clear head and warm heart". She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf. On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world. On 18 December, she became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781.

title: Elizabeth_II

title: Elizabeth_II

text: Her

text: Diamond

text: Jubilee

text: in

text: marked

text: years

text: on

text: the

text: throne

text: and

text: celebrations

text: were

text: held

text: throughout

text: her

text: realms

text: the

text: wider

text: Commonwealth

text: and

text: beyond

text: In

text: a

text: message

text: released

text: on

text: Accession

text: Day

text: she

text: stated

text: In

text: this

text: special

text: year

text: as

text: I

text: dedicate

text: myself

text: anew

text: to

text: your

text: service

text: I

text: hope

text: we

text: will

text: all

text: be

text: reminded

text: of

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: togetherness

text: and

text: the

text: convening

text: strength

text: of

text: family

text: friendship

text: and

text: good

text: neighbourliness

text: I

text: hope

text: also

text: that

text: this

text: Jubilee

text: year

text: will

text: be

text: a

text: time

text: to

text: give

text: thanks

text: for

text: the

text: great

text: advances

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: made

text: since

text: and

text: to

text: look

text: forward

text: to

text: the

text: future

text: with

text: clear

text: head

text: and

text: warm

text: heart

text: She

text: and

text: her

text: husband

text: undertook

text: an

text: extensive

text: tour

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: while

text: her

text: children

text: and

text: grandchildren

text: embarked

text: on

text: royal

text: tours

text: of

text: other

text: Commonwealth

text: states

text: on

text: her

text: behalf

text: On

text: June

text: Jubilee

text: beacons

text: were

text: lit

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: On

text: December

text: she

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: British

text: sovereign

text: to

text: attend

text: a

text: peacetime

text: Cabinet

text: meeting

text: since

text: George

text: III

text: in

question: How many years has Elizabeth been Queen?

answer: 60 years

text: 60 years

question: What celebration marks 60 years for Elizabeth as Queen?

answer: Diamond Jubilee

text: Diamond Jubilee

question: What year marks Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?

answer: 2012

question: Where did Elizabeth tour as a celebration of her jubilee?

answer: United Kingdom

text: United Kingdom

question: When was the last time that a sovereign attended a peacetime cabinet meeting?

answer: 1781

question: In what year did George III begin his reign on the throne?

question: In what year did George III die?

question: For how long was George III king?

text: 60 years

question: How many Cabinet meetings did George III attend?

question: What was King George III's Accession Day?

text: 4 June


text: Along with the general administration of the sport, football associations and competition organisers also enforce good conduct in wider aspects of the game, dealing with issues such as comments to the press, clubs' financial management, doping, age fraud and match fixing. Most competitions enforce mandatory suspensions for players who are sent off in a game. Some on-field incidents, if considered very serious (such as allegations of racial abuse), may result in competitions deciding to impose heavier sanctions than those normally associated with a red card. Some associations allow for appeals against player suspensions incurred on-field if clubs feel a referee was incorrect or unduly harsh.

title: Association_football

title: Association_football

text: Along

text: with

text: the

text: general

text: administration

text: of

text: the

text: sport

text: football

text: associations

text: and

text: competition

text: organisers

text: also

text: enforce

text: good

text: conduct

text: in

text: wider

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: game

text: dealing

text: with

text: issues

text: such

text: as

text: comments

text: to

text: the

text: press

text: clubs

text: financial

text: management

text: doping

text: age

text: fraud

text: and

text: match

text: fixing

text: Most

text: competitions

text: enforce

text: mandatory

text: suspensions

text: for

text: players

text: who

text: are

text: sent

text: off

text: in

text: a

text: game

text: Some

text: on

text: field

text: incidents

text: if

text: considered

text: very

text: serious

text: such

text: as

text: allegations

text: of

text: racial

text: abuse

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: competitions

text: deciding

text: to

text: impose

text: heavier

text: sanctions

text: than

text: those

text: normally

text: associated

text: with

text: a

text: red

text: card

text: Some

text: associations

text: allow

text: for

text: appeals

text: against

text: player

text: suspensions

text: incurred

text: on

text: field

text: if

text: clubs

text: feel

text: a

text: referee

text: was

text: incorrect

text: or

text: unduly

text: harsh

question: Players who are sent off in a game are often faced with what?

answer: mandatory suspensions

text: mandatory suspensions

question: Sometimes clubs can do what if they feel that a punishment was too harsh?

answer: appeals

text: appeals

question: Football associations enforce what kind of conduct?

answer: good

text: good

question: What do players who are sent off in a game never faced with?

text: mandatory suspensions

question: What can clubs do if they feel that a punishment was not harsh enough?

text: match fixing

question: What kind of conduct is never enforced by Football associations?

text: allegations of racial abuse

question: What is never allowed as recourse for player suspensions?

text: appeals


text: Nowadays, Galician is resurgent, though in the cities it remains a "second language" for most. According to a 2001 census, 99.16 percent of the populace of Galicia understand the language, 91.04 percent speak it, 68.65 percent read it and 57.64 percent write it. The first two numbers (understanding and speaking) remain roughly the same as a decade earlier; the latter two (reading and writing) both show enormous gains: a decade earlier, only 49.3 percent of the population could read Galician, and only 34.85 percent could write it. This fact can be easily explained because of the impossibility of teaching Galician during the Francisco Franco era, so older people speak the language but have no written competence. Galician is the highest-percentage spoken language in its region among the regional languages of Spain.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: Nowadays

text: Galician

text: is

text: resurgent

text: though

text: in

text: the

text: cities

text: it

text: remains

text: a

text: second

text: language

text: for

text: most

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: census

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: populace

text: of

text: Galicia

text: understand

text: the

text: language

text: percent

text: speak

text: it

text: percent

text: read

text: it

text: and

text: percent

text: write

text: it

text: The

text: first

text: two

text: numbers

text: understanding

text: and

text: speaking

text: remain

text: roughly

text: the

text: same

text: as

text: a

text: decade

text: earlier

text: the

text: latter

text: two

text: reading

text: and

text: writing

text: both

text: show

text: enormous

text: gains

text: a

text: decade

text: earlier

text: only

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: could

text: read

text: Galician

text: and

text: only

text: percent

text: could

text: write

text: it

text: This

text: fact

text: can

text: be

text: easily

text: explained

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: impossibility

text: of

text: teaching

text: Galician

text: during

text: the

text: Francisco

text: Franco

text: era

text: so

text: older

text: people

text: speak

text: the

text: language

text: but

text: have

text: no

text: written

text: competence

text: Galician

text: is

text: the

text: highest

text: percentage

text: spoken

text: language

text: in

text: its

text: region

text: among

text: the

text: regional

text: languages

text: of

text: Spain

question: Roughly what percentage of the population actually speaks Galician?

answer: 91

question: What percentage read it?

answer: 68

question: What percentage write it?

answer: 57


text: The Ancient Near East is a term of the 20th century intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history.[citation needed] The Near East may acquire varying meanings, but the Ancient Near East always has the same meaning: the ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent, a sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia and southward to the limits of Mesopotamia.

title: Near_East

title: Near_East

text: The

text: Ancient

text: Near

text: East

text: is

text: a

text: term

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: intended

text: to

text: stabilize

text: the

text: geographical

text: application

text: of

text: Near

text: East

text: to

text: ancient

text: history.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: Near

text: East

text: may

text: acquire

text: varying

text: meanings

text: but

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Near

text: East

text: always

text: has

text: the

text: same

text: meaning

text: the

text: ancient

text: nations

text: people

text: and

text: languages

text: of

text: the

text: enhanced

text: Fertile

text: Crescent

text: a

text: sweep

text: of

text: land

text: from

text: the

text: Nile

text: Valley

text: through

text: Anatolia

text: and

text: southward

text: to

text: the

text: limits

text: of

text: Mesopotamia

question: What is a term of the 20th centrury intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history?

answer: The Ancient Near East

text: The Ancient Near East

question: The ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent will always refer to what?

answer: the Ancient Near East

text: the Ancient Near East

question: What is the sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia called?

answer: Fertile Crescent

text: Fertile Crescent


text: Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national-, regional- and local-levels. The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, in addition to the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party, which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Portugal

text: operates

text: a

text: multi

text: party

text: system

text: of

text: competitive

text: legislatures

text: local

text: administrative

text: governments

text: at

text: the

text: national-

text: regional-

text: and

text: local

text: levels

text: The

text: Assembly

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: Regional

text: Assemblies

text: and

text: local

text: municipalities

text: and

text: parishes

text: are

text: dominated

text: by

text: two

text: political

text: parties

text: the

text: Socialist

text: Party

text: and

text: the

text: Social

text: Democratic

text: Party

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: Unitary

text: Democratic

text: Coalition

text: Portuguese

text: Communist

text: Party

text: and

text: Ecologist

text: Party

text: The

text: Greens

text: the

text: Left

text: Bloc

text: and

text: the

text: Democratic

text: and

text: Social

text: Centre

text: People

text: 's

text: Party

text: which

text: garner

text: between

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: vote

text: regularly

question: What two political parties dominate Portugal's government?

answer: Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party

text: Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party

question: At what three levels does the Portugal government operate?

answer: national-, regional- and local-levels

text: national-, regional- and local-levels

question: What other political groups exist other than the two dominant ones?

answer: Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party

text: Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party

question: What percentage of the vote do the non-dominant parties get?

answer: 5 and 15%

text: 5 and 15%


text: Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ (Greenlandic: Sermeq Kujalleq). Velocity increases with increasing slope, increasing thickness, increasing snowfall, increasing longitudinal confinement, increasing basal temperature, increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness.

title: Glacier

title: Glacier

text: Mean

text: speeds

text: vary

text: greatly

text: but

text: is

text: typically

text: around

text: m

text: ft

text: per

text: day

text: There

text: may

text: be

text: no

text: motion

text: in

text: stagnant

text: areas

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: Alaska

text: trees

text: can

text: establish

text: themselves

text: on

text: surface

text: sediment

text: deposits

text: In

text: other

text: cases

text: glaciers

text: can

text: move

text: as

text: fast

text: as

text: m

text: ft

text: per

text: day

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: Greenland

text: 's

text: Jakobshavn

text: Isbræ

text: Greenlandic

text: Sermeq

text: Kujalleq

text: Velocity

text: increases

text: with

text: increasing

text: slope

text: increasing

text: thickness

text: increasing

text: snowfall

text: increasing

text: longitudinal

text: confinement

text: increasing

text: basal

text: temperature

text: increasing

text: meltwater

text: production

text: and

text: reduced

text: bed

text: hardness

question: In what area of Greenland can glaciers move 20-30m per day?

answer: Jakobshavn Isbræ

text: Jakobshavn Isbræ

question: Increasing slope, thickness, snowfall, longitudinal confinement, basal temperature, and meltwater production result in increased what?

answer: Velocity

text: Velocity

question: How far do glaciers generally move per day?

answer: 1 m (3 ft)

text: 1 m (3 ft)

question: Why are some glaciers stagnant in Alaska?

answer: trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits

text: trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits

question: What typically moves at around 3 meters a day?

text: glaciers

question: What grows on moving glaciers in Alaska?

text: trees

question: What makes some glaciers stagnant?

text: trees

question: What causes increased thickness?

text: Velocity increases


text: Many of the writers in the Tanzimat period wrote in several different genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Namik Kemal also wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh ("Awakening"), while the journalist İbrahim Şinasi is noted for writing, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi" ("The Poet's Marriage"). An earlier play, a farce entitled "Vakâyi'-i 'Acibe ve Havâdis-i Garibe-yi Kefşger Ahmed" ("The Strange Events and Bizarre Occurrences of the Cobbler Ahmed"), dates from the beginning of the 19th century, but there remains some doubt about its authenticity. In a similar vein, the novelist Ahmed Midhat Efendi wrote important novels in each of the major movements: Romanticism (Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr, 1873; "Hasan the Sailor, or The Mystery Within the Mystery"), Realism (Henüz On Yedi Yaşında, 1881; "Just Seventeen Years Old"), and Naturalism (Müşâhedât, 1891; "Observations"). This diversity was, in part, due to the Tanzimat writers' wish to disseminate as much of the new literature as possible, in the hopes that it would contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: writers

text: in

text: the

text: Tanzimat

text: period

text: wrote

text: in

text: several

text: different

text: genres

text: simultaneously

text: for

text: instance

text: the

text: poet

text: Namik

text: Kemal

text: also

text: wrote

text: the

text: important

text: novel

text: İntibâh

text: Awakening

text: while

text: the

text: journalist

text: İbrahim

text: Şinasi

text: is

text: noted

text: for

text: writing

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: modern

text: Turkish

text: play

text: the

text: one

text: act

text: comedy

text: Şair

text: Evlenmesi

text: The

text: Poet

text: 's

text: Marriage

text: An

text: earlier

text: play

text: a

text: farce

text: entitled

text: Vakâyi'-i

text: Acibe

text: ve

text: Havâdis

text: i

text: Garibe

text: yi

text: Kefşger

text: Ahmed

text: The

text: Strange

text: Events

text: and

text: Bizarre

text: Occurrences

text: of

text: the

text: Cobbler

text: Ahmed

text: dates

text: from

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: but

text: there

text: remains

text: some

text: doubt

text: about

text: its

text: authenticity

text: In

text: a

text: similar

text: vein

text: the

text: novelist

text: Ahmed

text: Midhat

text: Efendi

text: wrote

text: important

text: novels

text: in

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: movements

text: Romanticism

text: Hasan

text: Mellâh

text: yâhud

text: Sırr

text: İçinde

text: Esrâr

text: Hasan

text: the

text: Sailor

text: or

text: The

text: Mystery

text: Within

text: the

text: Mystery

text: Realism

text: Henüz

text: On

text: Yedi

text: Yaşında

text: Just

text: Seventeen

text: Years

text: Old

text: and

text: Naturalism

text: Müşâhedât

text: Observations

text: This

text: diversity

text: was

text: in

text: part

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: Tanzimat

text: writers

text: wish

text: to

text: disseminate

text: as

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: literature

text: as

text: possible

text: in

text: the

text: hopes

text: that

text: it

text: would

text: contribute

text: to

text: a

text: revitalization

text: of

text: Ottoman

text: social

text: structures

question: What 1876 Novel did Namik Kemal write?

answer: İntibâh ("Awakening")

text: İntibâh ("Awakening")

question: What did İbrahim Şinasi write in 1860?

answer: the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi" ("The Poet's Marriage").

text: the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi" ("The Poet's Marriage").

question: Who wrote Hasan Mellâh yâhud Sırr İçinde Esrâr?

answer: Ahmed Midhat Efendi

text: Ahmed Midhat Efendi

question: What Realist novel did Ahmed Midhat Efendi write in 1881?

answer: Henüz On Yedi Yaşında

text: Henüz On Yedi Yaşında

question: What did writers of the Tanzimat period hope to accomplish with their publications?

answer: contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures

text: contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures


text: The dismal results caused Gephardt to drop out and later endorse Kerry. Carol Moseley Braun also dropped out, endorsing Howard Dean. Besides the impact of coming in third, Dean was further hurt by a speech he gave at a post-caucus rally. Dean was shouting over the cheers of his enthusiastic audience, but the crowd noise was being filtered out by his unidirectional microphone, leaving only his full-throated exhortations audible to the television viewers. To those at home, he seemed to raise his voice out of sheer emotion. The incessant replaying of the "Dean Scream" by the press became a debate on the topic of whether Dean was the victim of media bias. The scream scene was shown approximately 633 times by cable and broadcast news networks in just four days following the incident, a number that does not include talk shows and local news broadcasts. However, those who were in the actual audience that day insist that they were not aware of the infamous "scream" until they returned to their hotel rooms and saw it on TV.

title: United_States_presidential_election,_2004

text: The

text: dismal

text: results

text: caused

text: Gephardt

text: to

text: drop

text: out

text: and

text: later

text: endorse

text: Kerry

text: Carol

text: Moseley

text: Braun

text: also

text: dropped

text: out

text: endorsing

text: Howard

text: Dean

text: Besides

text: the

text: impact

text: of

text: coming

text: in

text: third

text: Dean

text: was

text: further

text: hurt

text: by

text: a

text: speech

text: he

text: gave

text: at

text: a

text: post

text: caucus

text: rally

text: Dean

text: was

text: shouting

text: over

text: the

text: cheers

text: of

text: his

text: enthusiastic

text: audience

text: but

text: the

text: crowd

text: noise

text: was

text: being

text: filtered

text: out

text: by

text: his

text: unidirectional

text: microphone

text: leaving

text: only

text: his

text: full

text: throated

text: exhortations

text: audible

text: to

text: the

text: television

text: viewers

text: To

text: those

text: at

text: home

text: he

text: seemed

text: to

text: raise

text: his

text: voice

text: out

text: of

text: sheer

text: emotion

text: The

text: incessant

text: replaying

text: of

text: the

text: Dean

text: Scream

text: by

text: the

text: press

text: became

text: a

text: debate

text: on

text: the

text: topic

text: of

text: whether

text: Dean

text: was

text: the

text: victim

text: of

text: media

text: bias

text: The

text: scream

text: scene

text: was

text: shown

text: approximately

text: times

text: by

text: cable

text: and

text: broadcast

text: news

text: networks

text: in

text: just

text: four

text: days

text: following

text: the

text: incident

text: a

text: number

text: that

text: does

text: not

text: include

text: talk

text: shows

text: and

text: local

text: news

text: broadcasts

text: However

text: those

text: who

text: were

text: in

text: the

text: actual

text: audience

text: that

text: day

text: insist

text: that

text: they

text: were

text: not

text: aware

text: of

text: the

text: infamous

text: scream

text: until

text: they

text: returned

text: to

text: their

text: hotel

text: rooms

text: and

text: saw

text: it

text: on

text: TV

question: Which candidate, after dropping out, went on to endorse Kerry?

answer: Gephardt

text: Gephardt

question: Which troubled candidate did Carol Moseley Braun end up endorsing, after she dropped out?

answer: Howard Dean

text: Howard Dean

question: The continual playing of Dean's post-rally speech by the media stirred what type of controversy?

answer: whether Dean was the victim of media bias

text: whether Dean was the victim of media bias

question: What tag did the media attach to Dean's post-rally speech?

answer: "Dean Scream"

text: "Dean Scream"

question: Did those in attendance at Dean's speech know about the "Dean Scream"?

answer: they were not aware

text: they were not aware

question: Where did Carol Moseley Braun give a speech that hurt her campaign?

text: at a post-caucus rally

question: What was Braun thought to be a victim of by the media?

text: bias

question: How many times were their news reports that focused on negative events in Braun's campaign?

question: What place in the race was Braun?

text: third

question: What was filtering the crowd noise when Braun was giving a speech?

text: unidirectional microphone


text: According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: According

text: to

text: Vetter

text: the

text: description

text: of

text: the

text: Buddhist

text: path

text: may

text: initially

text: have

text: been

text: as

text: simple

text: as

text: the

text: term

text: the

text: middle

text: way

text: In

text: time

text: this

text: short

text: description

text: was

text: elaborated

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: description

text: of

text: the

text: eightfold

text: path

question: A description of the Buddhist path may have been as simplistic as what term?

answer: the middle way

text: the middle way

question: The description of buddhism was broadened resulting in what path?

answer: eightfold

text: eightfold


text: In 1995, Oklahoma City was the site of one of the most destructive acts of domestic terrorism in American history. The Oklahoma City bombing of April 19, 1995, in which Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols detonated an explosive outside of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, killed 168 people, including 19 children. The two men were convicted of the bombing: McVeigh was sentenced to death and executed by the federal government on June 11, 2001; his partner Nichols is serving a sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole. McVeigh's army buddy, Michael Fortier, was sentenced to 12 years in federal prison and ordered to pay a $75,000 fine for his role in the bombing plot (i.e. assisting in the sale of guns to raise funds for the bombing, and examining the Murrah Federal building as a possible target before the terrorist attack). His wife, Lori Fortier, who has since died, was granted immunity from prosecution in return for her testimony in the case.

title: Oklahoma

title: Oklahoma

text: In

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: was

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: destructive

text: acts

text: of

text: domestic

text: terrorism

text: in

text: American

text: history

text: The

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: bombing

text: of

text: April

text: in

text: which

text: Timothy

text: McVeigh

text: and

text: Terry

text: Nichols

text: detonated

text: an

text: explosive

text: outside

text: of

text: the

text: Alfred

text: P.

text: Murrah

text: Federal

text: Building

text: killed

text: people

text: including

text: children

text: The

text: two

text: men

text: were

text: convicted

text: of

text: the

text: bombing

text: McVeigh

text: was

text: sentenced

text: to

text: death

text: and

text: executed

text: by

text: the

text: federal

text: government

text: on

text: June

text: his

text: partner

text: Nichols

text: is

text: serving

text: a

text: sentence

text: of

text: life

text: in

text: prison

text: without

text: the

text: possibility

text: of

text: parole

text: McVeigh

text: 's

text: army

text: buddy

text: Michael

text: Fortier

text: was

text: sentenced

text: to

text: years

text: in

text: federal

text: prison

text: and

text: ordered

text: to

text: pay

text: a

text: fine

text: for

text: his

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: bombing

text: plot

text: i.e.

text: assisting

text: in

text: the

text: sale

text: of

text: guns

text: to

text: raise

text: funds

text: for

text: the

text: bombing

text: and

text: examining

text: the

text: Murrah

text: Federal

text: building

text: as

text: a

text: possible

text: target

text: before

text: the

text: terrorist

text: attack

text: His

text: wife

text: Lori

text: Fortier

text: who

text: has

text: since

text: died

text: was

text: granted

text: immunity

text: from

text: prosecution

text: in

text: return

text: for

text: her

text: testimony

text: in

text: the

text: case

question: When was the Oklahoma City Bombing?

answer: April 19, 1995

text: April 19, 1995

question: Who committed the Oklahoma City Bombing?

answer: Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols

text: Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols

question: How many people died in the Oklahoma City Bombing?

answer: 168

question: How many children died in the Oklahoma City Bombing?

answer: 19

question: When was McVeigh executed?

answer: June 11, 2001

text: June 11, 2001


text: Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888, with 11.5 million of those shipped to South America and the Caribbean. Brazil was the largest importer in the Americas, with 5.5 million African slaves imported, followed by the British Caribbean with 2.76 million, the Spanish Caribbean and Spanish Mainland with 1.59 million Africans, and the French Caribbean with 1.32 million. Today their descendants number approximately 150 million in South America and the Caribbean. In addition to skin color, other physical characteristics such as facial features and hair texture are often variously used in classifying peoples as black in South America and the Caribbean. In South America and the Caribbean, classification as black is also closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables, especially in light of social conceptions of "blanqueamiento" (racial whitening) and related concepts.

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: Approximately

text: million

text: Africans

text: were

text: shipped

text: to

text: the

text: Americas

text: during

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: slave

text: trade

text: from

text: to

text: with

text: million

text: of

text: those

text: shipped

text: to

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Brazil

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: importer

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: with

text: million

text: African

text: slaves

text: imported

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: Caribbean

text: with

text: million

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Caribbean

text: and

text: Spanish

text: Mainland

text: with

text: million

text: Africans

text: and

text: the

text: French

text: Caribbean

text: with

text: million

text: Today

text: their

text: descendants

text: number

text: approximately

text: million

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: skin

text: color

text: other

text: physical

text: characteristics

text: such

text: as

text: facial

text: features

text: and

text: hair

text: texture

text: are

text: often

text: variously

text: used

text: in

text: classifying

text: peoples

text: as

text: black

text: in

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: In

text: South

text: America

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: classification

text: as

text: black

text: is

text: also

text: closely

text: tied

text: to

text: social

text: status

text: and

text: socioeconomic

text: variables

text: especially

text: in

text: light

text: of

text: social

text: conceptions

text: of

text: blanqueamiento

text: racial

text: whitening

text: and

text: related

text: concepts

question: How many Africans were shipped to the US between 1492 to 1888?

answer: 12 million

text: 12 million

question: How many were shipped to South America and the Caribbean?

answer: 11.5 million

text: 11.5 million

question: How many slaves were imported by Brazil?

answer: 5.5 million

text: 5.5 million

question: How many slaves were imported by the British Caribbean?

answer: 2.76 million

text: 2.76 million

question: How is black identified in South America?

answer: closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables,

text: closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables,


text: Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and Emperor Henry IV, who initially clashed over episcopal appointments, a dispute that turned into a battle over the ideas of investiture, clerical marriage, and simony. The emperor saw the protection of the Church as one of his responsibilities as well as wanting to preserve the right to appoint his own choices as bishops within his lands, but the papacy insisted on the Church's independence from secular lords. These issues remained unresolved after the compromise of 1122 known as the Concordat of Worms. The dispute represents a significant stage in the creation of a papal monarchy separate from and equal to lay authorities. It also had the permanent consequence of empowering German princes at the expense of the German emperors.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: Monastic

text: reform

text: inspired

text: change

text: in

text: the

text: secular

text: church

text: The

text: ideals

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: based

text: upon

text: were

text: brought

text: to

text: the

text: papacy

text: by

text: Pope

text: Leo

text: IX

text: pope

text: and

text: provided

text: the

text: ideology

text: of

text: the

text: clerical

text: independence

text: that

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: Investiture

text: Controversy

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: This

text: involved

text: Pope

text: Gregory

text: VII

text: pope

text: and

text: Emperor

text: Henry

text: IV

text: who

text: initially

text: clashed

text: over

text: episcopal

text: appointments

text: a

text: dispute

text: that

text: turned

text: into

text: a

text: battle

text: over

text: the

text: ideas

text: of

text: investiture

text: clerical

text: marriage

text: and

text: simony

text: The

text: emperor

text: saw

text: the

text: protection

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: responsibilities

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: wanting

text: to

text: preserve

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: appoint

text: his

text: own

text: choices

text: as

text: bishops

text: within

text: his

text: lands

text: but

text: the

text: papacy

text: insisted

text: on

text: the

text: Church

text: 's

text: independence

text: from

text: secular

text: lords

text: These

text: issues

text: remained

text: unresolved

text: after

text: the

text: compromise

text: of

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Concordat

text: of

text: Worms

text: The

text: dispute

text: represents

text: a

text: significant

text: stage

text: in

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: a

text: papal

text: monarchy

text: separate

text: from

text: and

text: equal

text: to

text: lay

text: authorities

text: It

text: also

text: had

text: the

text: permanent

text: consequence

text: of

text: empowering

text: German

text: princes

text: at

text: the

text: expense

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: emperors

question: During what century did the Investiture Controversy occur?

answer: 11th

question: When did the reign of Pope Leo IX begin?

answer: 1049

question: What pope was involved in the Investiture Controversy?

answer: Pope Gregory VII

text: Pope Gregory VII

question: In what year was the Concordat of Worms agreed to?

answer: 1122

question: What secular rulers did the Concordat of Worms increase the power of?

answer: German princes

text: German princes


text: A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to try and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesser known local groups. These metrics include the Global Integrity Index, first published in 2004. These second wave projects aim to create policy change by identifying resources more effectively and creating checklists toward incremental reform. Global Integrity and the International Budget Partnership each dispense with public surveys and instead uses in-country experts to evaluate "the opposite of corruption" – which Global Integrity defines as the public policies that prevent, discourage, or expose corruption. These approaches compliment the first wave, awareness-raising tools by giving governments facing public outcry a checklist which measures concrete steps toward improved governance.

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: A

text: number

text: of

text: parties

text: have

text: collected

text: survey

text: data

text: from

text: the

text: public

text: and

text: from

text: experts

text: to

text: try

text: and

text: gauge

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: corruption

text: and

text: bribery

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: impact

text: on

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: outcomes

text: A

text: second

text: wave

text: of

text: corruption

text: metrics

text: has

text: been

text: created

text: by

text: Global

text: Integrity

text: the

text: International

text: Budget

text: Partnership

text: and

text: many

text: lesser

text: known

text: local

text: groups

text: These

text: metrics

text: include

text: the

text: Global

text: Integrity

text: Index

text: first

text: published

text: in

text: These

text: second

text: wave

text: projects

text: aim

text: to

text: create

text: policy

text: change

text: by

text: identifying

text: resources

text: more

text: effectively

text: and

text: creating

text: checklists

text: toward

text: incremental

text: reform

text: Global

text: Integrity

text: and

text: the

text: International

text: Budget

text: Partnership

text: each

text: dispense

text: with

text: public

text: surveys

text: and

text: instead

text: uses

text: in

text: country

text: experts

text: to

text: evaluate

text: the

text: opposite

text: of

text: corruption

text: which

text: Global

text: Integrity

text: defines

text: as

text: the

text: public

text: policies

text: that

text: prevent

text: discourage

text: or

text: expose

text: corruption

text: These

text: approaches

text: compliment

text: the

text: first

text: wave

text: awareness

text: raising

text: tools

text: by

text: giving

text: governments

text: facing

text: public

text: outcry

text: a

text: checklist

text: which

text: measures

text: concrete

text: steps

text: toward

text: improved

text: governance

question: A second set of corruption metrics has been compiled by Global Integrity and what other organization?

answer: International Budget Partnership

text: International Budget Partnership

question: When was the Global Integrity Index first published?

answer: 2004

question: Both companies no longer use what means of collecting of data?

answer: public surveys

text: public surveys

question: Instead of public surveys, the organizations use what to study corruption?

answer: in-country experts

text: in-country experts


text: The cardinal protodeacon, the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals, has the privilege of announcing a new pope's election and name (once he has been ordained to the Episcopate) from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the proto-deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his three successors followed that example. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacon's privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased although it could be revived if a future Pope were to restore a coronation ceremony. However, the proto-deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies.” The current cardinal proto-deacon is Renato Raffaele Martino.

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism

text: The

text: cardinal

text: protodeacon

text: the

text: senior

text: cardinal

text: deacon

text: in

text: order

text: of

text: appointment

text: to

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Cardinals

text: has

text: the

text: privilege

text: of

text: announcing

text: a

text: new

text: pope

text: 's

text: election

text: and

text: name

text: once

text: he

text: has

text: been

text: ordained

text: to

text: the

text: Episcopate

text: from

text: the

text: central

text: balcony

text: at

text: the

text: Basilica

text: of

text: Saint

text: Peter

text: in

text: Vatican

text: City

text: State

text: In

text: the

text: past

text: during

text: papal

text: coronations

text: the

text: proto

text: deacon

text: also

text: had

text: the

text: honor

text: of

text: bestowing

text: the

text: pallium

text: on

text: the

text: new

text: pope

text: and

text: crowning

text: him

text: with

text: the

text: papal

text: tiara

text: However

text: in

text: Pope

text: John

text: Paul

text: I

text: chose

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: crowned

text: and

text: opted

text: for

text: a

text: simpler

text: papal

text: inauguration

text: ceremony

text: and

text: his

text: three

text: successors

text: followed

text: that

text: example

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: the

text: Cardinal

text: protodeacon

text: 's

text: privilege

text: of

text: crowning

text: a

text: new

text: pope

text: has

text: effectively

text: ceased

text: although

text: it

text: could

text: be

text: revived

text: if

text: a

text: future

text: Pope

text: were

text: to

text: restore

text: a

text: coronation

text: ceremony

text: However

text: the

text: proto

text: deacon

text: still

text: has

text: the

text: privilege

text: of

text: bestowing

text: the

text: pallium

text: on

text: a

text: new

text: pope

text: at

text: his

text: papal

text: inauguration

text: Acting

text: in

text: the

text: place

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Pontiff

text: he

text: also

text: confers

text: the

text: pallium

text: upon

text: metropolitan

text: bishops

text: or

text: gives

text: the

text: pallium

text: to

text: their

text: proxies

text: The

text: current

text: cardinal

text: proto

text: deacon

text: is

text: Renato

text: Raffaele

text: Martino

question: Who announces the election of a new pope?

answer: The cardinal protodeacon

text: The cardinal protodeacon

question: Where does this person announce the election of the new pope?

answer: from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State

text: from the central balcony at the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican City State

question: Who was the first pope who chose not to be crowned?

answer: Pope John Paul I

text: Pope John Paul I

question: Who does not have the privilege of announcing a new pope's election?

text: cardinal protodeacon

question: What is the junior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals also known as?

text: cardinal protodeacon

question: Who announced Pope John Paul I coronation in 1976?

text: chose not to be crowned

question: What Cardinal protodeacon's privilege was continued after the election of Pope John Paul I?

text: of crowning a new pope

question: What position does Renato Raffaele Martinez currently hold?

text: cardinal proto-deacon


text: Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police information and intelligence sharing was a common feature (Alain, 2001). Intelligence-led policing is now common practice in most advanced countries (Ratcliffe, 2007) and it is likely that police intelligence sharing and information exchange has a common morphology around the world (Ratcliffe, 2007). James Sheptycki has analyzed the effects of the new information technologies on the organization of policing-intelligence and suggests that a number of 'organizational pathologies' have arisen that make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic. He argues that transnational police information circuits help to "compose the panic scenes of the security-control society". The paradoxical effect is that, the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity.

title: Police

title: Police

text: Studies

text: of

text: this

text: kind

text: outside

text: of

text: Europe

text: are

text: even

text: rarer

text: so

text: it

text: is

text: difficult

text: to

text: make

text: generalizations

text: but

text: one

text: small

text: scale

text: study

text: that

text: compared

text: transnational

text: police

text: information

text: and

text: intelligence

text: sharing

text: practices

text: at

text: specific

text: cross

text: border

text: locations

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: Europe

text: confirmed

text: that

text: low

text: visibility

text: of

text: police

text: information

text: and

text: intelligence

text: sharing

text: was

text: a

text: common

text: feature

text: Alain

text: Intelligence

text: led

text: policing

text: is

text: now

text: common

text: practice

text: in

text: most

text: advanced

text: countries

text: Ratcliffe

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: likely

text: that

text: police

text: intelligence

text: sharing

text: and

text: information

text: exchange

text: has

text: a

text: common

text: morphology

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: Ratcliffe

text: James

text: Sheptycki

text: has

text: analyzed

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: information

text: technologies

text: on

text: the

text: organization

text: of

text: policing

text: intelligence

text: and

text: suggests

text: that

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: organizational

text: pathologies

text: have

text: arisen

text: that

text: make

text: the

text: functioning

text: of

text: security

text: intelligence

text: processes

text: in

text: transnational

text: policing

text: deeply

text: problematic

text: He

text: argues

text: that

text: transnational

text: police

text: information

text: circuits

text: help

text: to

text: compose

text: the

text: panic

text: scenes

text: of

text: the

text: security

text: control

text: society

text: The

text: paradoxical

text: effect

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: harder

text: policing

text: agencies

text: work

text: to

text: produce

text: security

text: the

text: greater

text: are

text: feelings

text: of

text: insecurity

question: Where has cross-border policing been most under-studied?

answer: outside of Europe

text: outside of Europe

question: Who compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices?

answer: Alain

text: Alain

question: What kind of policing has become common practice?

answer: Intelligence-led

text: Intelligence-led

question: What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' have caused for police?

answer: make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic

text: make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic

question: What paradox did Sheptycki point out?

answer: the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity

text: the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity

question: Where has cross-border policing been least under-studied?

text: outside of Europe

question: Where has cross-border policing been most over-studied?

text: outside of Europe

question: What kind of policing has become rare practice?

text: Intelligence-led

question: What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' haven't caused for police?

question: What paradox did Sheptycki ignore?


text: Chopin was educated in the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his own students. He was also influenced by Hummel's development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. He cited Bach and Mozart as the two most important composers in shaping his musical outlook. Chopin's early works are in the style of the "brilliant" keyboard pieces of his era as exemplified by the works of Ignaz Moscheles, Friedrich Kalkbrenner, and others. Less direct in the earlier period are the influences of Polish folk music and of Italian opera. Much of what became his typical style of ornamentation (for example, his fioriture) is taken from singing. His melodic lines were increasingly reminiscent of the modes and features of the music of his native country, such as drones.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Chopin

text: was

text: educated

text: in

text: the

text: tradition

text: of

text: Beethoven

text: Haydn

text: Mozart

text: and

text: Clementi

text: he

text: used

text: Clementi

text: 's

text: piano

text: method

text: with

text: his

text: own

text: students

text: He

text: was

text: also

text: influenced

text: by

text: Hummel

text: 's

text: development

text: of

text: virtuoso

text: yet

text: Mozartian

text: piano

text: technique

text: He

text: cited

text: Bach

text: and

text: Mozart

text: as

text: the

text: two

text: most

text: important

text: composers

text: in

text: shaping

text: his

text: musical

text: outlook

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: early

text: works

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: style

text: of

text: the

text: brilliant

text: keyboard

text: pieces

text: of

text: his

text: era

text: as

text: exemplified

text: by

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: Ignaz

text: Moscheles

text: Friedrich

text: Kalkbrenner

text: and

text: others

text: Less

text: direct

text: in

text: the

text: earlier

text: period

text: are

text: the

text: influences

text: of

text: Polish

text: folk

text: music

text: and

text: of

text: Italian

text: opera

text: Much

text: of

text: what

text: became

text: his

text: typical

text: style

text: of

text: ornamentation

text: for

text: example

text: his

text: fioriture

text: is

text: taken

text: from

text: singing

text: His

text: melodic

text: lines

text: were

text: increasingly

text: reminiscent

text: of

text: the

text: modes

text: and

text: features

text: of

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: his

text: native

text: country

text: such

text: as

text: drones

question: Whose piano method did Chopin teach his students?

answer: Clementi

text: Clementi

question: Whose piano method did Chopin use with his students?

answer: Clementi

text: Clementi

question: Who did Chopin say were the two most important composers in his own music influences?

answer: Bach and Mozart

text: Bach and Mozart

question: Chopin looked to Beethoven, Mozart, Clementi and who for his own music education?

answer: Haydn

text: Haydn


text: In front of the goal is the penalty area. This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.

title: Association_football

title: Association_football

text: In

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: goal

text: is

text: the

text: penalty

text: area

text: This

text: area

text: is

text: marked

text: by

text: the

text: goal

text: line

text: two

text: lines

text: starting

text: on

text: the

text: goal

text: line

text: m

text: yd

text: from

text: the

text: goalposts

text: and

text: extending

text: m

text: yd

text: into

text: the

text: pitch

text: perpendicular

text: to

text: the

text: goal

text: line

text: and

text: a

text: line

text: joining

text: them

text: This

text: area

text: has

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: functions

text: the

text: most

text: prominent

text: being

text: to

text: mark

text: where

text: the

text: goalkeeper

text: may

text: handle

text: the

text: ball

text: and

text: where

text: a

text: penalty

text: foul

text: by

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: defending

text: team

text: becomes

text: punishable

text: by

text: a

text: penalty

text: kick

text: Other

text: markings

text: define

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: the

text: ball

text: or

text: players

text: at

text: kick

text: offs

text: goal

text: kicks

text: penalty

text: kicks

text: and

text: corner

text: kicks

question: What is the penalty area marked by?

answer: goal line

text: goal line

question: a penalty foul by the defending team can be punishable by a what?

answer: penalty kick

text: penalty kick

question: how many meters from the goalpost does a penalty area extend?

answer: 16.5 m

text: 16.5 m

question: Only who can handle the ball with his hands?

answer: goalkeeper

text: goalkeeper

question: What is the penalty area hidden by?

text: goal line

question: What can not be used to punish a penalty foul?

text: penalty kicks

question: How many miles from the goalpost does a penalty area extend?

question: Who can't handle the ball with his hands?

text: goalkeeper

question: Where do markings not define the position of the ball?


text: Although Chinese characters in Vietnam are now limited to ceremonial uses, they were once in widespread use. Until the early 20th century, Literary Chinese was used in Vietnam for all official and scholarly writing. Around the 13th century the Nôm script was developed to record folk literature in the Vietnamese language. The script used Chinese characters to represent both borrowed Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and native words with similar pronunciation or meaning. In addition thousands of new compound characters were created to write Vietnamese words. This process resulted in a highly complex system that was never mastered by more than 5% of the population. Both Literary Chinese and Nôm were replaced in the early 20th century by Vietnamese written with the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet.

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: Although

text: Chinese

text: characters

text: in

text: Vietnam

text: are

text: now

text: limited

text: to

text: ceremonial

text: uses

text: they

text: were

text: once

text: in

text: widespread

text: use

text: Until

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: Literary

text: Chinese

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: Vietnam

text: for

text: all

text: official

text: and

text: scholarly

text: writing

text: Around

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: Nôm

text: script

text: was

text: developed

text: to

text: record

text: folk

text: literature

text: in

text: the

text: Vietnamese

text: language

text: The

text: script

text: used

text: Chinese

text: characters

text: to

text: represent

text: both

text: borrowed

text: Sino

text: Vietnamese

text: vocabulary

text: and

text: native

text: words

text: with

text: similar

text: pronunciation

text: or

text: meaning

text: In

text: addition

text: thousands

text: of

text: new

text: compound

text: characters

text: were

text: created

text: to

text: write

text: Vietnamese

text: words

text: This

text: process

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: highly

text: complex

text: system

text: that

text: was

text: never

text: mastered

text: by

text: more

text: than

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: Both

text: Literary

text: Chinese

text: and

text: Nôm

text: were

text: replaced

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: by

text: Vietnamese

text: written

text: with

text: the

text: Latin

text: based

text: Vietnamese

text: alphabet

question: What is now limited to ceremonial uses?

answer: Chinese characters in Vietnam

text: Chinese characters in Vietnam

question: What were once in widespread use?

answer: Chinese characters in Vietnam

text: Chinese characters in Vietnam

question: What was used in schooling?

answer: Literary Chinese

text: Literary Chinese


text: According to Jan Nattier, the term Mahāyāna "Great Vehicle" was originally even an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayāna "Bodhisattva Vehicle." The Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra, an early and important Mahayana text, contains a simple and brief definition for the term bodhisattva: "Because he has enlightenment as his aim, a bodhisattva-mahāsattva is so called."

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: According

text: to

text: Jan

text: Nattier

text: the

text: term

text: Mahāyāna

text: Great

text: Vehicle

text: was

text: originally

text: even

text: an

text: honorary

text: synonym

text: for

text: Bodhisattvayāna

text: Bodhisattva

text: Vehicle

text: The

text: Aṣṭasāhasrikā

text: Prajñāpāramitā

text: Sūtra

text: an

text: early

text: and

text: important

text: Mahayana

text: text

text: contains

text: a

text: simple

text: and

text: brief

text: definition

text: for

text: the

text: term

text: bodhisattva

text: Because

text: he

text: has

text: enlightenment

text: as

text: his

text: aim

text: a

text: bodhisattva

text: mahāsattva

text: is

text: so

text: called

question: What term means "great vehicle"?

answer: Mahayana

text: Mahayana

question: What is an honorary synonym for Bodhisattvayana?

answer: Mahayana

text: Mahayana

question: The Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra is an important text of what type?

answer: Mahayana

text: Mahayana


text: Furthermore, despite the novel's thematic focus on racial injustice, its black characters are not fully examined. In its use of racial epithets, stereotyped depictions of superstitious blacks, and Calpurnia, who to some critics is an updated version of the "contented slave" motif and to others simply unexplored, the book is viewed as marginalizing black characters. One writer asserts that the use of Scout's narration serves as a convenient mechanism for readers to be innocent and detached from the racial conflict. Scout's voice "functions as the not-me which allows the rest of us—black and white, male and female—to find our relative position in society". A teaching guide for the novel published by The English Journal cautions, "what seems wonderful or powerful to one group of students may seem degrading to another". A Canadian language arts consultant found that the novel resonated well with white students, but that black students found it "demoralizing". Another criticism, articulated by Michael Lind, is that the novel indulges in classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural "white trash".

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

text: Furthermore

text: despite

text: the

text: novel

text: 's

text: thematic

text: focus

text: on

text: racial

text: injustice

text: its

text: black

text: characters

text: are

text: not

text: fully

text: examined

text: In

text: its

text: use

text: of

text: racial

text: epithets

text: stereotyped

text: depictions

text: of

text: superstitious

text: blacks

text: and

text: Calpurnia

text: who

text: to

text: some

text: critics

text: is

text: an

text: updated

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: contented

text: slave

text: motif

text: and

text: to

text: others

text: simply

text: unexplored

text: the

text: book

text: is

text: viewed

text: as

text: marginalizing

text: black

text: characters

text: One

text: writer

text: asserts

text: that

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: Scout

text: 's

text: narration

text: serves

text: as

text: a

text: convenient

text: mechanism

text: for

text: readers

text: to

text: be

text: innocent

text: and

text: detached

text: from

text: the

text: racial

text: conflict

text: Scout

text: 's

text: voice

text: functions

text: as

text: the

text: not

text: me

text: which

text: allows

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: us

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: male

text: and

text: female

text: to

text: find

text: our

text: relative

text: position

text: in

text: society

text: A

text: teaching

text: guide

text: for

text: the

text: novel

text: published

text: by

text: The

text: English

text: Journal

text: cautions

text: what

text: seems

text: wonderful

text: or

text: powerful

text: to

text: one

text: group

text: of

text: students

text: may

text: seem

text: degrading

text: to

text: another

text: A

text: Canadian

text: language

text: arts

text: consultant

text: found

text: that

text: the

text: novel

text: resonated

text: well

text: with

text: white

text: students

text: but

text: that

text: black

text: students

text: found

text: it

text: demoralizing

text: Another

text: criticism

text: articulated

text: by

text: Michael

text: Lind

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: novel

text: indulges

text: in

text: classist

text: stereotyping

text: and

text: demonization

text: of

text: poor

text: rural

text: white

text: trash

question: Which character has some critics deemed a variation of a contented slave?

answer: Calpurnia

text: Calpurnia

question: According to one consultant, which group found the book demoralizing?

answer: black students

text: black students

question: Michael Lund criticized the novel for demonizing whom?

answer: poor rural "white trash"

text: poor rural "white trash"


text: An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). However, English speakers intuitively treat both sounds as variations (allophones) of the same phonological category, that is of the phoneme /p/. (Traditionally, it would be argued that if an aspirated [pʰ] were interchanged with the unaspirated [p] in spot, native speakers of English would still hear the same words; that is, the two sounds are perceived as "the same" /p/.) In some other languages, however, these two sounds are perceived as different, and they are consequently assigned to different phonemes. For example, in Thai, Hindi, and Quechua, there are minimal pairs of words for which aspiration is the only contrasting feature (two words can have different meanings but with the only difference in pronunciation being that one has an aspirated sound where the other has an unaspirated one).

title: Phonology

title: Phonology

text: An

text: important

text: part

text: of

text: traditional

text: pre

text: generative

text: schools

text: of

text: phonology

text: is

text: studying

text: which

text: sounds

text: can

text: be

text: grouped

text: into

text: distinctive

text: units

text: within

text: a

text: language

text: these

text: units

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: phonemes

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: English

text: the

text: p

text: sound

text: in

text: pot

text: is

text: aspirated

text: pronounced

text: pʰ

text: while

text: that

text: in

text: spot

text: is

text: not

text: aspirated

text: pronounced

text: p

text: However

text: English

text: speakers

text: intuitively

text: treat

text: both

text: sounds

text: as

text: variations

text: allophones

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: phonological

text: category

text: that

text: is

text: of

text: the

text: phoneme

text: /p/.

text: Traditionally

text: it

text: would

text: be

text: argued

text: that

text: if

text: an

text: aspirated

text: pʰ

text: were

text: interchanged

text: with

text: the

text: unaspirated

text: p

text: in

text: spot

text: native

text: speakers

text: of

text: English

text: would

text: still

text: hear

text: the

text: same

text: words

text: that

text: is

text: the

text: two

text: sounds

text: are

text: perceived

text: as

text: the

text: same

text: /p/.

text: In

text: some

text: other

text: languages

text: however

text: these

text: two

text: sounds

text: are

text: perceived

text: as

text: different

text: and

text: they

text: are

text: consequently

text: assigned

text: to

text: different

text: phonemes

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: Thai

text: Hindi

text: and

text: Quechua

text: there

text: are

text: minimal

text: pairs

text: of

text: words

text: for

text: which

text: aspiration

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: contrasting

text: feature

text: two

text: words

text: can

text: have

text: different

text: meanings

text: but

text: with

text: the

text: only

text: difference

text: in

text: pronunciation

text: being

text: that

text: one

text: has

text: an

text: aspirated

text: sound

text: where

text: the

text: other

text: has

text: an

text: unaspirated

text: one

question: What are the units called that traditional phonology studies?

answer: phonemes

text: phonemes

question: What is another word for variations?

answer: allophones

text: allophones

question: What is the opposite of aspirated?

answer: unaspirated

text: unaspirated

question: What are the minimal pairs called that minimal phonology studies?

text: phonemes

question: What is another word for phoneme?

text: allophones

question: What is the opposite of phoneme?

text: unaspirated

question: In what languages are there minimal pairs of words for which allophones are the only contrasting feature?

text: Thai, Hindi, and Quechua

question: Which speakers treat both sounds as aspirations?

text: English


text: Serious financial damage has been caused by security breaches, but because there is no standard model for estimating the cost of an incident, the only data available is that which is made public by the organizations involved. "Several computer security consulting firms produce estimates of total worldwide losses attributable to virus and worm attacks and to hostile digital acts in general. The 2003 loss estimates by these firms range from $13 billion (worms and viruses only) to $226 billion (for all forms of covert attacks). The reliability of these estimates is often challenged; the underlying methodology is basically anecdotal."

title: Computer_security

title: Computer_security

text: Serious

text: financial

text: damage

text: has

text: been

text: caused

text: by

text: security

text: breaches

text: but

text: because

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: standard

text: model

text: for

text: estimating

text: the

text: cost

text: of

text: an

text: incident

text: the

text: only

text: data

text: available

text: is

text: that

text: which

text: is

text: made

text: public

text: by

text: the

text: organizations

text: involved

text: Several

text: computer

text: security

text: consulting

text: firms

text: produce

text: estimates

text: of

text: total

text: worldwide

text: losses

text: attributable

text: to

text: virus

text: and

text: worm

text: attacks

text: and

text: to

text: hostile

text: digital

text: acts

text: in

text: general

text: The

text: loss

text: estimates

text: by

text: these

text: firms

text: range

text: from

text: billion

text: worms

text: and

text: viruses

text: only

text: to

text: billion

text: for

text: all

text: forms

text: of

text: covert

text: attacks

text: The

text: reliability

text: of

text: these

text: estimates

text: is

text: often

text: challenged

text: the

text: underlying

text: methodology

text: is

text: basically

text: anecdotal

question: What has caused serious financial damage?

answer: security breaches

text: security breaches

question: Data made public who is available to estimate the cost of an incident?

answer: the organizations involved

text: the organizations involved

question: What is the amount of losses estimated from worms and viruses in 2003?

answer: $13 billion

text: $13 billion

question: Who produces estimates of worldwide losses attributable to security breaches?

answer: Several computer security consulting firms

text: Several computer security consulting firms

question: What is the underlying methodology of finding worldwide estimates for losses fur to security breaches?

answer: basically anecdotal

text: basically anecdotal

question: What was the loss estimated for covert attacks in 2003?

text: $226 billion

question: What forms of attack were responsible for the loss?

question: What information is used to estimate the cost of the incident?

text: that which is made public

question: How wide-scale were the losses?

text: worldwide losses

question: Why is difficult to estimate loss in this situation?

question: How much did firms save in 2003 from preventing attacks?

question: When was the standard model for estimating the cost of a breach established?

question: What data is not made public when an organization is breached?

text: the cost of an incident

question: What was the minimum estimate of losses due to security breaches in the US in 2003?

text: $13 billion

question: Why are loss estimates rarely challenged?


text: Formal schooling did not start in Hungary until the age of ten. Instead, governesses taught von Neumann, his brothers and his cousins. Max believed that knowledge of languages other than Hungarian was essential, so the children were tutored in English, French, German and Italian. By the age of 8, von Neumann was familiar with differential and integral calculus, but he was particularly interested in history, reading his way through Wilhelm Oncken's Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen. A copy was contained in a private library Max purchased. One of the rooms in the apartment was converted into a library and reading room, with bookshelves from ceiling to floor.

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: Formal

text: schooling

text: did

text: not

text: start

text: in

text: Hungary

text: until

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: ten

text: Instead

text: governesses

text: taught

text: von

text: Neumann

text: his

text: brothers

text: and

text: his

text: cousins

text: Max

text: believed

text: that

text: knowledge

text: of

text: languages

text: other

text: than

text: Hungarian

text: was

text: essential

text: so

text: the

text: children

text: were

text: tutored

text: in

text: English

text: French

text: German

text: and

text: Italian

text: By

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: von

text: Neumann

text: was

text: familiar

text: with

text: differential

text: and

text: integral

text: calculus

text: but

text: he

text: was

text: particularly

text: interested

text: in

text: history

text: reading

text: his

text: way

text: through

text: Wilhelm

text: Oncken

text: 's

text: Allgemeine

text: Geschichte

text: in

text: Einzeldarstellungen

text: A

text: copy

text: was

text: contained

text: in

text: a

text: private

text: library

text: Max

text: purchased

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: rooms

text: in

text: the

text: apartment

text: was

text: converted

text: into

text: a

text: library

text: and

text: reading

text: room

text: with

text: bookshelves

text: from

text: ceiling

text: to

text: floor

question: At what age did schooling begin in Hungary?

answer: ten

text: ten

question: Who taught children before they began school in Hungary?

answer: governesses

text: governesses

question: What languages were Von Neumann and his siblings taught?

answer: English, French, German and Italian

text: English, French, German and Italian

question: At what age was Von Neumann familiar with calculus?

answer: 8


text: Helmut Hoffman states that the Ming upheld the facade of rule over Tibet through periodic missions of "tribute emissaries" to the Ming court and by granting nominal titles to ruling lamas, but did not actually interfere in Tibetan governance. Melvyn C. Goldstein writes that the Ming had no real administrative authority over Tibet, as the various titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority as the earlier Mongol Yuan titles had. He asserts that "by conferring titles on Tibetans already in power, the Ming emperors merely recognized political reality." Hugh Edward Richardson writes that the Ming dynasty exercised no authority over the succession of Tibetan ruling families, the Phagmodru (1354–1435), Rinpungpa (1435–1565), and Tsangpa (1565–1642).

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Helmut

text: Hoffman

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: Ming

text: upheld

text: the

text: facade

text: of

text: rule

text: over

text: Tibet

text: through

text: periodic

text: missions

text: of

text: tribute

text: emissaries

text: to

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: and

text: by

text: granting

text: nominal

text: titles

text: to

text: ruling

text: lamas

text: but

text: did

text: not

text: actually

text: interfere

text: in

text: Tibetan

text: governance

text: Melvyn

text: C.

text: Goldstein

text: writes

text: that

text: the

text: Ming

text: had

text: no

text: real

text: administrative

text: authority

text: over

text: Tibet

text: as

text: the

text: various

text: titles

text: given

text: to

text: Tibetan

text: leaders

text: did

text: not

text: confer

text: authority

text: as

text: the

text: earlier

text: Mongol

text: Yuan

text: titles

text: had

text: He

text: asserts

text: that

text: by

text: conferring

text: titles

text: on

text: Tibetans

text: already

text: in

text: power

text: the

text: Ming

text: emperors

text: merely

text: recognized

text: political

text: reality

text: Hugh

text: Edward

text: Richardson

text: writes

text: that

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: exercised

text: no

text: authority

text: over

text: the

text: succession

text: of

text: Tibetan

text: ruling

text: families

text: the

text: Phagmodru

text: Rinpungpa

text: and

text: Tsangpa

question: Who believed that the Ming had no real authority over Tibet?

answer: Melvyn C. Goldstein

text: Melvyn C. Goldstein

question: What years did the Rinpungpa regime start and end?

answer: 1435–1565

question: Who believed that the titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority?

answer: Melvyn C. Goldstein

text: Melvyn C. Goldstein

question: What years did the Tsangpa start and end?

answer: 1565–1642


text: Other lossy formats exist. Among these, mp3PRO, AAC, and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as MP3 and depend on roughly similar psychoacoustic models. The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft owns many of the basic patents underlying these formats as well, with others held by Dolby Labs, Sony, Thomson Consumer Electronics, and AT&T.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: Other

text: lossy

text: formats

text: exist

text: Among

text: these

text: AAC

text: and

text: are

text: all

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: technological

text: family

text: as

text: and

text: depend

text: on

text: roughly

text: similar

text: psychoacoustic

text: models

text: The

text: Fraunhofer

text: Gesellschaft

text: owns

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: basic

text: patents

text: underlying

text: these

text: formats

text: as

text: well

text: with

text: others

text: held

text: by

text: Dolby

text: Labs

text: Sony

text: Thomson

text: Consumer

text: Electronics

text: and

text: AT&T.

question: AAC, mp3PRO and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as which other lossy format?

answer: MP3

question: What model type do all of the lossy formats roughly depend on?

answer: psychoacoustic

text: psychoacoustic

question: Which company owns many of the patents that cover the other formats?

answer: Fraunhofer Gesellschaft

text: Fraunhofer Gesellschaft


text: The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Dominican trader Juan Rodriguez (transliterated to Dutch as Jan Rodrigues). Born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent, he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–1614, trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch. Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street, is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: The

text: first

text: non

text: Native

text: American

text: inhabitant

text: of

text: what

text: would

text: eventually

text: become

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: was

text: Dominican

text: trader

text: Juan

text: Rodriguez

text: transliterated

text: to

text: Dutch

text: as

text: Jan

text: Rodrigues

text: Born

text: in

text: Santo

text: Domingo

text: of

text: Portuguese

text: and

text: African

text: descent

text: he

text: arrived

text: in

text: Manhattan

text: during

text: the

text: winter

text: of

text: trapping

text: for

text: pelts

text: and

text: trading

text: with

text: the

text: local

text: population

text: as

text: a

text: representative

text: of

text: the

text: Dutch

text: Broadway

text: from

text: Street

text: to

text: Street

text: is

text: named

text: Juan

text: Rodriguez

text: Way

text: in

text: his

text: honor

question: Where was Juan Rodriguez born?

answer: Santo Domingo

text: Santo Domingo

question: What did the Dutch call Juan Rodriguez?

answer: Jan Rodrigues

text: Jan Rodrigues

question: What was Juan Rodriguez's occupation?

answer: trader

text: trader

question: What is the street that is named after Juan Rodriguez?

answer: Juan Rodriguez Way

text: Juan Rodriguez Way

question: During what season did Juan Rodriguez first come to New York?

answer: winter

text: winter

question: Who was the first non-Indian person to live in what is now NYC?

answer: Juan Rodriguez

text: Juan Rodriguez

question: Which street in NYC today is now named after Juan Rodriguez?

answer: Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street

text: Broadway, from 159th Street to 218th Street


text: His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s. Roncalli's last letter to her was dated on 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week. He could not keep that promise, as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Venice. He attended her funeral back in his hometown. In his will around this time, he mentioned that he wished to be buried in the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice with some of his predecessors rather than with the family in Sotto il Monte.

title: Pope_John_XXIII

title: Pope_John_XXIII

text: His

text: sister

text: Ancilla

text: would

text: soon

text: be

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: stomach

text: cancer

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: Roncalli

text: 's

text: last

text: letter

text: to

text: her

text: was

text: dated

text: on

text: November

text: where

text: he

text: promised

text: to

text: visit

text: her

text: within

text: the

text: next

text: week

text: He

text: could

text: not

text: keep

text: that

text: promise

text: as

text: Ancilla

text: died

text: on

text: November

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: consecrating

text: a

text: new

text: church

text: in

text: Venice

text: He

text: attended

text: her

text: funeral

text: back

text: in

text: his

text: hometown

text: In

text: his

text: will

text: around

text: this

text: time

text: he

text: mentioned

text: that

text: he

text: wished

text: to

text: be

text: buried

text: in

text: the

text: crypt

text: of

text: Saint

text: Mark

text: 's

text: in

text: Venice

text: with

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: predecessors

text: rather

text: than

text: with

text: the

text: family

text: in

text: Sotto

text: il

text: Monte

question: When was his sister Ancilla diagnosed with stomach cancer?

answer: the early 1950s

text: the early 1950s

question: When did he send his last letter to his dying sister?

answer: 8 November 1953

text: 8 November 1953

question: When did Ancilla die?

answer: 11 November 1953

text: 11 November 1953

question: Where did he want to be buried?

answer: the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice

text: the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice

question: What was Roncalli diagnosed with in the early 1950's?

text: stomach cancer

question: Where did Roncalli's sister want to be buried in her will?

text: in the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice

question: Where was Roncalli's funeral held?

text: in his hometown

question: When was one of Roncalli's predecessors buried?

text: on 8 November 1953


text: Zhejiang (help·info), formerly romanized as Chekiang, is an eastern coastal province of China. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north, Anhui province to the northwest, Jiangxi province to the west, and Fujian province to the south; to the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.

title: Zhejiang

title: Zhejiang

text: Zhejiang

text: help·info

text: formerly

text: romanized

text: as

text: Chekiang

text: is

text: an

text: eastern

text: coastal

text: province

text: of

text: China

text: Zhejiang

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: Jiangsu

text: province

text: and

text: Shanghai

text: municipality

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: Anhui

text: province

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Jiangxi

text: province

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Fujian

text: province

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: is

text: the

text: East

text: China

text: Sea

text: beyond

text: which

text: lie

text: the

text: Ryukyu

text: Islands

text: of

text: Japan

question: What was Zhejiang formerly romanized as?

answer: Chekiang

text: Chekiang

question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the northwest?

answer: Anhui

text: Anhui

question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the west?

answer: Jiangxi

text: Jiangxi

question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the south?

answer: Fujian

text: Fujian

question: Which body of water is to the east of Zhejiang?

answer: East China Sea

text: East China Sea

question: What was Zhejiang never romanized as?

text: Chekiang

question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the southwest?

text: Anhui

question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the southeast?

text: Jiangxi

question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the northeast?

text: Fujian

question: Which body of water is to the west of Zhejiang?

text: East China Sea


text: After the rupture of the wars with Portugal and Catalonia, the Junta changed its attitude, this time due to the exhaustion of Galicia, now involved not just in naval or oversea operations, but also in an exhausting war with the Portuguese, war which produced thousands of casualties and refugees and was heavily disturbing to the local economy and commerce. So, in the second half of the 17th century the Junta frequently denied or considerably reduced the initial petitions of the monarch, and though the tension didn't rise to the levels experienced in Portugal or Catalonia, there were frequent urban mutinies and some voices even asked for the secession of the Kingdom of Galicia.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: After

text: the

text: rupture

text: of

text: the

text: wars

text: with

text: Portugal

text: and

text: Catalonia

text: the

text: Junta

text: changed

text: its

text: attitude

text: this

text: time

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: exhaustion

text: of

text: Galicia

text: now

text: involved

text: not

text: just

text: in

text: naval

text: or

text: oversea

text: operations

text: but

text: also

text: in

text: an

text: exhausting

text: war

text: with

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: war

text: which

text: produced

text: thousands

text: of

text: casualties

text: and

text: refugees

text: and

text: was

text: heavily

text: disturbing

text: to

text: the

text: local

text: economy

text: and

text: commerce

text: So

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: Junta

text: frequently

text: denied

text: or

text: considerably

text: reduced

text: the

text: initial

text: petitions

text: of

text: the

text: monarch

text: and

text: though

text: the

text: tension

text: did

text: n't

text: rise

text: to

text: the

text: levels

text: experienced

text: in

text: Portugal

text: or

text: Catalonia

text: there

text: were

text: frequent

text: urban

text: mutinies

text: and

text: some

text: voices

text: even

text: asked

text: for

text: the

text: secession

text: of

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Galicia

question: War broke out with which other countries?

answer: Portugal and Catalonia

text: Portugal and Catalonia

question: When did the Galician Junta more often stand up to requests from the monarch?

answer: second half of the 17th century

text: second half of the 17th century

question: In what way was the tension between the monarch and Galicia similar to the wars it was fighting?

answer: there were frequent urban mutinies

text: there were frequent urban mutinies


text: Elevator doors protect riders from falling into the shaft. The most common configuration is to have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally. In a cascading telescopic configuration (potentially allowing wider entryways within limited space), the doors roll on independent tracks so that while open, they are tucked behind one another, and while closed, they form cascading layers on one side. This can be configured so that two sets of such cascading doors operate like the center opening doors described above, allowing for a very wide elevator cab. In less expensive installations the elevator can also use one large "slab" door: a single panel door the width of the doorway that opens to the left or right laterally. Some buildings have elevators with the single door on the shaft way, and double cascading doors on the cab.

title: Elevator

title: Elevator

text: Elevator

text: doors

text: protect

text: riders

text: from

text: falling

text: into

text: the

text: shaft

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: configuration

text: is

text: to

text: have

text: two

text: panels

text: that

text: meet

text: in

text: the

text: middle

text: and

text: slide

text: open

text: laterally

text: In

text: a

text: cascading

text: telescopic

text: configuration

text: potentially

text: allowing

text: wider

text: entryways

text: within

text: limited

text: space

text: the

text: doors

text: roll

text: on

text: independent

text: tracks

text: so

text: that

text: while

text: open

text: they

text: are

text: tucked

text: behind

text: one

text: another

text: and

text: while

text: closed

text: they

text: form

text: cascading

text: layers

text: on

text: one

text: side

text: This

text: can

text: be

text: configured

text: so

text: that

text: two

text: sets

text: of

text: such

text: cascading

text: doors

text: operate

text: like

text: the

text: center

text: opening

text: doors

text: described

text: above

text: allowing

text: for

text: a

text: very

text: wide

text: elevator

text: cab

text: In

text: less

text: expensive

text: installations

text: the

text: elevator

text: can

text: also

text: use

text: one

text: large

text: slab

text: door

text: a

text: single

text: panel

text: door

text: the

text: width

text: of

text: the

text: doorway

text: that

text: opens

text: to

text: the

text: left

text: or

text: right

text: laterally

text: Some

text: buildings

text: have

text: elevators

text: with

text: the

text: single

text: door

text: on

text: the

text: shaft

text: way

text: and

text: double

text: cascading

text: doors

text: on

text: the

text: cab

question: How do most elevator doors work?

answer: have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally

text: have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally

question: What design allows wider entryways within limited space?

answer: a cascading telescopic configuration

text: a cascading telescopic configuration

question: What is a single panel door referred to as?

answer: "slab" door

text: "slab" door

question: The single door is sometimes located where?

answer: on the shaft way

text: on the shaft way

question: What do elevator doors protect riders from?

answer: falling into the shaft

text: falling into the shaft


text: Torii Mototada (1539–1600) was a feudal lord in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu. On the eve of the battle of Sekigahara, he volunteered to remain behind in the doomed Fushimi Castle while his lord advanced to the east. Torii and Tokugawa both agreed that the castle was indefensible. In an act of loyalty to his lord, Torii chose to remain behind, pledging that he and his men would fight to the finish. As was custom, Torii vowed that he would not be taken alive. In a dramatic last stand, the garrison of 2,000 men held out against overwhelming odds for ten days against the massive army of Ishida Mitsunari's 40,000 warriors. In a moving last statement to his son Tadamasa, he wrote:

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: Torii

text: Mototada

text: was

text: a

text: feudal

text: lord

text: in

text: the

text: service

text: of

text: Tokugawa

text: Ieyasu

text: On

text: the

text: eve

text: of

text: the

text: battle

text: of

text: Sekigahara

text: he

text: volunteered

text: to

text: remain

text: behind

text: in

text: the

text: doomed

text: Fushimi

text: Castle

text: while

text: his

text: lord

text: advanced

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: Torii

text: and

text: Tokugawa

text: both

text: agreed

text: that

text: the

text: castle

text: was

text: indefensible

text: In

text: an

text: act

text: of

text: loyalty

text: to

text: his

text: lord

text: Torii

text: chose

text: to

text: remain

text: behind

text: pledging

text: that

text: he

text: and

text: his

text: men

text: would

text: fight

text: to

text: the

text: finish

text: As

text: was

text: custom

text: Torii

text: vowed

text: that

text: he

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: taken

text: alive

text: In

text: a

text: dramatic

text: last

text: stand

text: the

text: garrison

text: of

text: men

text: held

text: out

text: against

text: overwhelming

text: odds

text: for

text: ten

text: days

text: against

text: the

text: massive

text: army

text: of

text: Ishida

text: Mitsunari

text: 's

text: warriors

text: In

text: a

text: moving

text: last

text: statement

text: to

text: his

text: son

text: Tadamasa

text: he

text: wrote

question: Who did Torii Mototada serve?

answer: Tokugawa Ieyasu

text: Tokugawa Ieyasu

question: When was Torii Mototada born?

answer: 1539

question: When did Torii Mototada die?

answer: 1600

question: How many people were in Ishida Mitsunari's army?

answer: 40,000

question: How many soldiers defended Torii's last stand?

answer: 2,000


text: The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers, like Nature, magazines, like The Economist and New Scientist, and newspapers, like The Guardian and The Times) and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, where capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called sentence case. It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. Examples of global publishers whose English-language house styles prescribe sentence-case titles and headings include the International Organization for Standardization.

title: Letter_case

title: Letter_case

text: The

text: convention

text: followed

text: by

text: many

text: British

text: publishers

text: including

text: scientific

text: publishers

text: like

text: Nature

text: magazines

text: like

text: The

text: Economist

text: and

text: New

text: Scientist

text: and

text: newspapers

text: like

text: The

text: Guardian

text: and

text: The

text: Times

text: and

text: U.S.

text: newspapers

text: is

text: to

text: use

text: sentence

text: style

text: capitalisation

text: in

text: headlines

text: where

text: capitalisation

text: follows

text: the

text: same

text: rules

text: that

text: apply

text: for

text: sentences

text: This

text: convention

text: is

text: usually

text: called

text: sentence

text: case

text: It

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: applied

text: to

text: publication

text: titles

text: especially

text: in

text: bibliographic

text: references

text: and

text: library

text: catalogues

text: Examples

text: of

text: global

text: publishers

text: whose

text: English

text: language

text: house

text: styles

text: prescribe

text: sentence

text: case

text: titles

text: and

text: headings

text: include

text: the

text: International

text: Organization

text: for

text: Standardization

question: What is the basis of capitalization standards for the sentence-style capitalization?

answer: sentences

text: sentences

question: What is the popular capitalization structure and standard used by many British publishers and U.S. newspapers?

answer: sentence-style

text: sentence-style

question: What is an alternative name for sentence-style capitalization?

answer: sentence case

text: sentence case

question: Which popular global publisher utilizes sentence case for titles and headers?

answer: International Organization for Standardization

text: International Organization for Standardization

question: Besides headlines, what is sentence-style capitalization often applied to?

answer: publication titles

text: publication titles