text: The Faraday constant F is the charge of one mole of electrons, equal to the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e. It can be determined by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current. In practice, it is measured in conventional electrical units, and so given the symbol F90. Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant.

title: Planck_constant

title: Planck_constant

text: The

text: Faraday

text: constant

text: F

text: is

text: the

text: charge

text: of

text: one

text: mole

text: of

text: electrons

text: equal

text: to

text: the

text: Avogadro

text: constant

text: multiplied

text: by

text: the

text: elementary

text: charge

text: e.

text: It

text: can

text: be

text: determined

text: by

text: careful

text: electrolysis

text: experiments

text: measuring

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: silver

text: dissolved

text: from

text: an

text: electrode

text: in

text: a

text: given

text: time

text: and

text: for

text: a

text: given

text: electric

text: current

text: In

text: practice

text: it

text: is

text: measured

text: in

text: conventional

text: electrical

text: units

text: and

text: so

text: given

text: the

text: symbol

text: Substituting

text: the

text: definitions

text: of

text: and

text: e

text: and

text: converting

text: from

text: conventional

text: electrical

text: units

text: to

text: SI

text: units

text: gives

text: the

text: relation

text: to

text: the

text: Planck

text: constant

question: What is the Faraday constant?

answer: the charge of one mole of electrons

text: the charge of one mole of electrons

question: How is the Faraday constant determined?

answer: by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current.

text: by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current.

question: How does the Faraday constant relate to the Planck constant?

answer: Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant.

text: Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant.

question: How is the Farday constant value quickly calculated?

answer: the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e

text: the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e

question: What is the Faraday difference?

text: the charge of one mole of electrons

question: How is the Faraday difference determined?

text: by careful electrolysis experiments

question: How does the Faraday difference relate to the Planck difference?

question: How is the Farday difference value slowly calculated?


text: A new style of wafers composed of gallium-nitride-on-silicon (GaN-on-Si) is being used to produce white LEDs using 200-mm silicon wafers. This avoids the typical costly sapphire substrate in relatively small 100- or 150-mm wafer sizes. The sapphire apparatus must be coupled with a mirror-like collector to reflect light that would otherwise be wasted. It is predicted that by 2020, 40% of all GaN LEDs will be made with GaN-on-Si. Manufacturing large sapphire material is difficult, while large silicon material is cheaper and more abundant. LED companies shifting from using sapphire to silicon should be a minimal investment.

title: Light-emitting_diode

title: Light

title: emitting_diode

text: A

text: new

text: style

text: of

text: wafers

text: composed

text: of

text: gallium

text: nitride

text: on

text: silicon

text: GaN

text: on

text: Si

text: is

text: being

text: used

text: to

text: produce

text: white

text: LEDs

text: using

text: silicon

text: wafers

text: This

text: avoids

text: the

text: typical

text: costly

text: sapphire

text: substrate

text: in

text: relatively

text: small

text: or

text: wafer

text: sizes

text: The

text: sapphire

text: apparatus

text: must

text: be

text: coupled

text: with

text: a

text: mirror

text: like

text: collector

text: to

text: reflect

text: light

text: that

text: would

text: otherwise

text: be

text: wasted

text: It

text: is

text: predicted

text: that

text: by

text: of

text: all

text: GaN

text: LEDs

text: will

text: be

text: made

text: with

text: GaN

text: on

text: Si

text: Manufacturing

text: large

text: sapphire

text: material

text: is

text: difficult

text: while

text: large

text: silicon

text: material

text: is

text: cheaper

text: and

text: more

text: abundant

text: LED

text: companies

text: shifting

text: from

text: using

text: sapphire

text: to

text: silicon

text: should

text: be

text: a

text: minimal

text: investment

question: What is being used to produce white LEDs?

answer: wafers composed of gallium-nitride-on-silicon

text: wafers composed of gallium-nitride-on-silicon

question: What size are the wafers used to create white LEDs?

answer: 200-mm

question: By using silicon wafers, what is being avoided?

answer: costly sapphire substrate

text: costly sapphire substrate

question: What needs to be used to reflect light that would otherwise be wasted?

answer: mirror-like collector

text: mirror-like collector

question: By what year will% of all GaN LEDs be made with gallium-nitride-on-silicon wafers?

answer: 2020

question: What is being used to produce white non-LEDs?

question: What size are the wafers used to create red LEDs?

question: By using silicon wafers, what is not being avoided?

text: costly sapphire substrate

question: What needs to not be used to reflect light that would otherwise be wasted?

text: mirror-like collector


text: New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed. As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants. The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a US$3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily, representing a greater than 20% addition to the city's current availability of water. The ongoing expansion of New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, an integral part of the New York City water supply system, is the largest capital construction project in the city's history.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: is

text: supplied

text: with

text: drinking

text: water

text: by

text: the

text: protected

text: Catskill

text: Mountains

text: watershed

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: watershed

text: 's

text: integrity

text: and

text: undisturbed

text: natural

text: water

text: filtration

text: system

text: New

text: York

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: four

text: major

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: whose

text: drinking

text: water

text: is

text: pure

text: enough

text: not

text: to

text: require

text: purification

text: by

text: water

text: treatment

text: plants

text: The

text: Croton

text: Watershed

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: undergoing

text: construction

text: of

text: a

text: US$

text: billion

text: water

text: purification

text: plant

text: to

text: augment

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: 's

text: water

text: supply

text: by

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: gallons

text: daily

text: representing

text: a

text: greater

text: than

text: addition

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: current

text: availability

text: of

text: water

text: The

text: ongoing

text: expansion

text: of

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Water

text: Tunnel

text: No

text: an

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: water

text: supply

text: system

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: capital

text: construction

text: project

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: history

question: Who supplies NYC with drinkable water?

answer: Catskill Mountains watershed

text: Catskill Mountains watershed

question: From what mountain range does New York's drinking water come from?

answer: Catskill Mountains

text: Catskill Mountains

question: How much is being spent on a water purification plant at the Croton Watershed?

answer: US$3.2 billion

text: US$3.2 billion

question: After the water purification plant at the Croton Watershed is built, how much more water will be added to the city's supply each day?

answer: 290 million gallons

text: 290 million gallons

question: What percent increase in water supply will the city see after the Croton Watershed plant is finished?

answer: 20%

question: In what geographical direction would a New Yorker travel to reach the Croton Watershed?

answer: north

text: north


text: Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized. The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Crystal

text: Bowersox

text: who

text: has

text: Type

text: I

text: diabetes

text: fell

text: ill

text: due

text: to

text: diabetic

text: ketoacidosis

text: on

text: the

text: morning

text: of

text: the

text: girls

text: performance

text: night

text: for

text: the

text: top

text: week

text: and

text: was

text: hospitalized

text: The

text: schedule

text: was

text: rearranged

text: so

text: the

text: boys

text: performed

text: first

text: and

text: she

text: could

text: perform

text: the

text: following

text: night

text: instead

text: she

text: later

text: revealed

text: that

text: Ken

text: Warwick

text: the

text: show

text: producer

text: wanted

text: to

text: disqualify

text: her

text: but

text: she

text: begged

text: to

text: be

text: allowed

text: to

text: stay

text: on

text: the

text: show

question: Which contestant had to go to the hospital during the week of the top 20?

answer: Crystal Bowersox

text: Crystal Bowersox

question: What producer wanted to remove Crystal Bowersox from the competition?

answer: Ken Warwick

text: Ken Warwick

question: Why was Crystal Bowersox in the hospital during the week of the top 20 on American Idol?

answer: diabetic ketoacidosis

text: diabetic ketoacidosis

question: Which contestant had Type-I diabetes?

answer: Crystal Bowersox

text: Crystal Bowersox

question: When was Crystal hospitalized?

answer: top 20 week

text: top 20 week

question: What was changed so she could still qualify?

answer: The schedule

text: The schedule

question: Who did Bowersox later reveal wanted her to be disqualified?

answer: Ken Warwick

text: Ken Warwick

question: What role does Warwick have on the show?

answer: producer

text: producer


text: In 1939, coinciding with the start of World War II, Rene Dubos reported the discovery of the first naturally derived antibiotic, tyrothricin, a compound of 20% gramicidin and 80% tyrocidine, from B. brevis. It was one of the first commercially manufactured antibiotics universally and was very effective in treating wounds and ulcers during World War II. Gramicidin, however, could not be used systemically because of toxicity. Tyrocidine also proved too toxic for systemic usage. Research results obtained during that period were not shared between the Axis and the Allied powers during the war.

title: Antibiotics

title: Antibiotics

text: In

text: coinciding

text: with

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Rene

text: Dubos

text: reported

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: naturally

text: derived

text: antibiotic

text: tyrothricin

text: a

text: compound

text: of

text: gramicidin

text: and

text: tyrocidine

text: from

text: B.

text: brevis

text: It

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: commercially

text: manufactured

text: antibiotics

text: universally

text: and

text: was

text: very

text: effective

text: in

text: treating

text: wounds

text: and

text: ulcers

text: during

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: Gramicidin

text: however

text: could

text: not

text: be

text: used

text: systemically

text: because

text: of

text: toxicity

text: Tyrocidine

text: also

text: proved

text: too

text: toxic

text: for

text: systemic

text: usage

text: Research

text: results

text: obtained

text: during

text: that

text: period

text: were

text: not

text: shared

text: between

text: the

text: Axis

text: and

text: the

text: Allied

text: powers

text: during

text: the

text: war

question: What was the first antibiotic developed from nature?

answer: tyrothricin

text: tyrothricin

question: When was tyrothricin created?

answer: 1939

question: What also happened in 1939 besides tyrothricin?

answer: start of World War II,

text: start of World War II,

question: Who discovered tyrothricin?

answer: Rene Dubos

text: Rene Dubos

question: What was tyrothricin used for during the war?

answer: wounds and ulcers

text: wounds and ulcers

question: What was the first antibiotic developed from wounds?

text: tyrothricin

question: When was Gramicidin created?

question: Who discovered systematic usage?

text: Rene Dubos

question: What was tyrothricin used for during toxicity?

text: wounds and ulcers

question: Rene Dubos was not shared between who?

text: the Axis and the Allied powers


text: In November 2013 MGM and the McClory estate formally settled the issue with Danjaq, LLC—sister company of Eon Productions—with MGM acquiring the full copyright film rights to the concept of Spectre and all of the characters associated with it. With the acquisition of the film rights and the organisation's re-introduction to the series' continuity, the SPECTRE acronym was discarded and the organisation reimagined as "Spectre".

title: Spectre_(2015_film)

title: Spectre_(2015_film

text: In

text: November

text: MGM

text: and

text: the

text: McClory

text: estate

text: formally

text: settled

text: the

text: issue

text: with

text: Danjaq

text: LLC

text: sister

text: company

text: of

text: Eon

text: Productions

text: with

text: MGM

text: acquiring

text: the

text: full

text: copyright

text: film

text: rights

text: to

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: Spectre

text: and

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: characters

text: associated

text: with

text: it

text: With

text: the

text: acquisition

text: of

text: the

text: film

text: rights

text: and

text: the

text: organisation

text: 's

text: re

text: introduction

text: to

text: the

text: series

text: continuity

text: the

text: SPECTRE

text: acronym

text: was

text: discarded

text: and

text: the

text: organisation

text: reimagined

text: as

text: Spectre

question: Who ended up with ownership of Spectre?

answer: MGM

text: MGM

question: What was Spectre's original name?

answer: SPECTRE

text: SPECTRE

question: Which company is Danjaq, LLC associated with?

answer: Eon Productions

text: Eon Productions

question: In what year were rights to Spectre worked out?

answer: 2013

question: Which film studio won the full copyright film rights to Spectre?

answer: MGM

text: MGM

question: How was the Spectre acronym originally written?

answer: Spectre

text: Spectre

question: What is the name of the LLC sister company of Eon Productions?

answer: Danjaq

text: Danjaq

question: Which two parties settled the issue in November 2003?

text: MGM and the McClory estate

question: Who got partial film rights to Spectre?

text: MGM

question: The McClintock estate settled the issue with whom?

text: Danjaq, LLC

question: Who is a brother company to Eon Productions?

text: Danjaq, LLC


text: In ancient India, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early genres included drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas, dating back to 1500–1000 BCE, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India. The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts. The Samhitas (vedic collections) date to roughly 1500–1000 BCE, and the "circum-Vedic" texts, as well as the redaction of the Samhitas, date to c. 1000-500 BCE, resulting in a Vedic period, spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE, or the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The period between approximately the 6th to 1st centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of the two most influential Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, with subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD.

title: Literature

title: Literature

text: In

text: ancient

text: India

text: literature

text: originated

text: from

text: stories

text: that

text: were

text: originally

text: orally

text: transmitted

text: Early

text: genres

text: included

text: drama

text: fables

text: sutras

text: and

text: epic

text: poetry

text: Sanskrit

text: literature

text: begins

text: with

text: the

text: Vedas

text: dating

text: back

text: to

text: BCE

text: and

text: continues

text: with

text: the

text: Sanskrit

text: Epics

text: of

text: Iron

text: Age

text: India

text: The

text: Vedas

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: oldest

text: sacred

text: texts

text: The

text: Samhitas

text: vedic

text: collections

text: date

text: to

text: roughly

text: BCE

text: and

text: the

text: circum

text: Vedic

text: texts

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: redaction

text: of

text: the

text: Samhitas

text: date

text: to

text: c.

text: BCE

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: Vedic

text: period

text: spanning

text: the

text: mid

text: to

text: mid

text: millennium

text: BCE

text: or

text: the

text: Late

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: and

text: the

text: Iron

text: Age

text: The

text: period

text: between

text: approximately

text: the

text: to

text: centuries

text: BC

text: saw

text: the

text: composition

text: and

text: redaction

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: most

text: influential

text: Indian

text: epics

text: the

text: Mahabharata

text: and

text: the

text: Ramayana

text: with

text: subsequent

text: redaction

text: progressing

text: down

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: AD

question: What were some different genres that emerged from ancient India's oral literary traditions?

answer: drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry

text: drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry

question: An important language for ancient Indian literature is what?

answer: Sanskrit

text: Sanskrit

question: What ancient religious scriptures were among the first examples of Indian literature?

answer: The Vedas

text: The Vedas

question: The Vedic Period refers to what expanse of time?

answer: the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE

text: the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE

question: The Vedic Period began in the Late Bronze Age and extended until when?

answer: the Iron Age

text: the Iron Age

question: Sanskrit literature begins with what that dates back to 1300-1100 BCE?

text: Vedas

question: The early genres of Ancient India included drama, tragedy, fables, and what other two genres?

text: sutras and epic poetry

question: What literature follows the Vedas in Iron Range India?

text: Sanskrit Epics

question: The Vedic period spans the mid 3rd to mid 1st millennium BCE, also known as what?

text: the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age

question: The time between the 6th and 5th centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of what?

text: the Mahabharata and the Ramayana

question: How did literature originate in ancient China?

question: What does Sanskrit literature end with?

text: the Vedas

question: What dates to 1530-1030 BCE?

text: The Samhitas

question: When does the redirection of the Samhitas date to?

text: 1000-500 BCE

question: What dates back to the years 1005-100 BCE?

text: the Vedas

question: What dates to c. 1000-1500 BCE?

text: the redaction of the Samhitas

question: What period spans the late 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE?

text: Vedic period

question: What did the period between the 2nd and 1st centuries BC see?


text: Himachal has a rich heritage of handicrafts. These include woolen and pashmina shawls, carpets, silver and metal ware, embroidered chappals, grass shoes, Kangra and Gompa style paintings, wood work, horse-hair bangles, wooden and metal utensils and various other house hold items. These aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts declined under competition from machine made goods and also because of lack of marketing facilities. But now the demand for handicrafts has increased within and outside the country.

title: Himachal_Pradesh

title: Himachal_Pradesh

text: Himachal

text: has

text: a

text: rich

text: heritage

text: of

text: handicrafts

text: These

text: include

text: woolen

text: and

text: pashmina

text: shawls

text: carpets

text: silver

text: and

text: metal

text: ware

text: embroidered

text: chappals

text: grass

text: shoes

text: Kangra

text: and

text: Gompa

text: style

text: paintings

text: wood

text: work

text: horse

text: hair

text: bangles

text: wooden

text: and

text: metal

text: utensils

text: and

text: various

text: other

text: house

text: hold

text: items

text: These

text: aesthetic

text: and

text: tasteful

text: handicrafts

text: declined

text: under

text: competition

text: from

text: machine

text: made

text: goods

text: and

text: also

text: because

text: of

text: lack

text: of

text: marketing

text: facilities

text: But

text: now

text: the

text: demand

text: for

text: handicrafts

text: has

text: increased

text: within

text: and

text: outside

text: the

text: country

question: What does Himachal have a rich heritage of?

answer: handicrafts

text: handicrafts

question: What handcrafts do they include?

answer: woolen and pashmina shawls

text: woolen and pashmina shawls

question: Has the demand increased or decreased for handcrafts?

answer: increased

text: increased

question: What declined under competition?

answer: aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts

text: aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts

question: Has the demand increased inside or outside the country?

answer: within and outside the country

text: within and outside the country

question: What does Kangra have a rich heritage of?

text: handicrafts

question: What are three examples of handicrafts from Gompa?

question: Why did the production of woolen and pashmina shawls decline?

question: What has happened to the sale of grass shoes in Kangra?

question: Has the demand for horese-hair bangles increased or decreased?

text: increased


text: Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights.

title: Lighting

title: Lighting

text: Sometimes

text: security

text: lighting

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: along

text: roadways

text: in

text: urban

text: areas

text: or

text: behind

text: homes

text: or

text: commercial

text: facilities

text: These

text: are

text: extremely

text: bright

text: lights

text: used

text: to

text: deter

text: crime

text: Security

text: lights

text: may

text: include

text: floodlights

question: Extremely bright lights used to deter crime are called?

answer: security lighting

text: security lighting


text: In the late 1980s, Nu Groove Records prolonged, if not launched the careers of Rheji Burrell & Rhano Burrell, collectively known as Burrell (after a brief stay on Virgin America via Timmy Regisford and Frank Mendez), along with basically every relevant DJ and Producer in the NY underground scene. The Burrell's are responsible for the "New York Underground" sound and are the undisputed champions of this style of house. Their 30+ releases on this label alone seems to support that fact. In today's market Nu Groove Record releases like the Burrells' enjoy a cult-like following and mint vinyl can fetch $100 U.S. or more in the open market.

title: House_music

title: House_music

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: Nu

text: Groove

text: Records

text: prolonged

text: if

text: not

text: launched

text: the

text: careers

text: of

text: Rheji

text: Burrell

text: Rhano

text: Burrell

text: collectively

text: known

text: as

text: Burrell

text: after

text: a

text: brief

text: stay

text: on

text: Virgin

text: America

text: via

text: Timmy

text: Regisford

text: and

text: Frank

text: Mendez

text: along

text: with

text: basically

text: every

text: relevant

text: DJ

text: and

text: Producer

text: in

text: the

text: NY

text: underground

text: scene

text: The

text: Burrell

text: 's

text: are

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Underground

text: sound

text: and

text: are

text: the

text: undisputed

text: champions

text: of

text: this

text: style

text: of

text: house

text: Their

text: releases

text: on

text: this

text: label

text: alone

text: seems

text: to

text: support

text: that

text: fact

text: In

text: today

text: 's

text: market

text: Nu

text: Groove

text: Record

text: releases

text: like

text: the

text: Burrells

text: enjoy

text: a

text: cult

text: like

text: following

text: and

text: mint

text: vinyl

text: can

text: fetch

text: U.S.

text: or

text: more

text: in

text: the

text: open

text: market

question: what label launched the careers of burrell?

answer: Nu Groove Records

text: Nu Groove Records

question: what sound are the burrell's responsible for?

answer: "New York Underground"

text: "New York Underground"

question: how much can old vinyl releases of the burrells sell for today?

answer: $100

question: what label were the burrell's briefly with before their success?

answer: Virgin America

text: Virgin America

question: What label launched the careers of DJ?

text: Nu Groove Record

question: What sounds are the Mendezes responsible for?

text: "New York Underground"

question: How much can old vinyl releases of the Mendezes sell for today?

question: What label were the Mendez's briefly with before their success?

text: Virgin America

question: When did DJ Records prolong the Burells's careers?

text: late 1980s


text: For collectable or nostalgia purposes, or for the benefit of higher-quality audio playback provided by the 78 rpm speed with newer vinyl records and their lightweight stylus pickups, a small number of 78 rpm records have been released since the major labels ceased production. One of the first attempts at this was in the 1950s, when inventor Ewing Dunbar Nunn founded the label Audiophile Records, which released, in addition to standard 33 1/3 rpm LPs, 78 rpm-mastered albums that were microgroove and pressed on vinyl (as opposed to traditional 78s, with their shellac composition and wider 3-mil sized grooves). This was done by the label mainly to take advantage of the wider audio frequency response that faster speeds like 78 rpm can provide for vinyl microgroove records, hence the label's name (obviously catering to the audiophiles of the 1950s "hi-fi" era, when stereo gear could provide a much wider range of audio than before). Also in the late 1950s, Bell Records released a few budget-priced 7" microgrooved records at 78 rpm.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: For

text: collectable

text: or

text: nostalgia

text: purposes

text: or

text: for

text: the

text: benefit

text: of

text: higher

text: quality

text: audio

text: playback

text: provided

text: by

text: the

text: rpm

text: speed

text: with

text: newer

text: vinyl

text: records

text: and

text: their

text: lightweight

text: stylus

text: pickups

text: a

text: small

text: number

text: of

text: rpm

text: records

text: have

text: been

text: released

text: since

text: the

text: major

text: labels

text: ceased

text: production

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: attempts

text: at

text: this

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: when

text: inventor

text: Ewing

text: Dunbar

text: Nunn

text: founded

text: the

text: label

text: Audiophile

text: Records

text: which

text: released

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: standard

text: rpm

text: LPs

text: rpm

text: mastered

text: albums

text: that

text: were

text: microgroove

text: and

text: pressed

text: on

text: vinyl

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: traditional

text: with

text: their

text: shellac

text: composition

text: and

text: wider

text: sized

text: grooves

text: This

text: was

text: done

text: by

text: the

text: label

text: mainly

text: to

text: take

text: advantage

text: of

text: the

text: wider

text: audio

text: frequency

text: response

text: that

text: faster

text: speeds

text: like

text: rpm

text: can

text: provide

text: for

text: vinyl

text: microgroove

text: records

text: hence

text: the

text: label

text: 's

text: name

text: obviously

text: catering

text: to

text: the

text: audiophiles

text: of

text: the

text: hi

text: fi

text: era

text: when

text: stereo

text: gear

text: could

text: provide

text: a

text: much

text: wider

text: range

text: of

text: audio

text: than

text: before

text: Also

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Bell

text: Records

text: released

text: a

text: few

text: budget

text: priced

text: microgrooved

text: records

text: at

text: rpm

question: What are reasons for recent releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?

answer: collectable or nostalgia purposes

text: collectable or nostalgia purposes

question: What is a benefit of newer releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?

answer: higher-quality audio playback

text: higher-quality audio playback

question: Who released 7" microgrooved records in the 1950s?

answer: Bell Records

text: Bell Records

question: What benefits to vinyl have been found in the 1950s?

answer: wider range of audio

text: wider range of audio

question: Who founded Audiophile Records?

answer: Ewing Dunbar Nunn

text: Ewing Dunbar Nunn


text: Carbon metabolism in bacteria is either heterotrophic, where organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources, or autotrophic, meaning that cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide. Heterotrophic bacteria include parasitic types. Typical autotrophic bacteria are phototrophic cyanobacteria, green sulfur-bacteria and some purple bacteria, but also many chemolithotrophic species, such as nitrifying or sulfur-oxidising bacteria. Energy metabolism of bacteria is either based on phototrophy, the use of light through photosynthesis, or based on chemotrophy, the use of chemical substances for energy, which are mostly oxidised at the expense of oxygen or alternative electron acceptors (aerobic/anaerobic respiration).

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Carbon

text: metabolism

text: in

text: bacteria

text: is

text: either

text: heterotrophic

text: where

text: organic

text: carbon

text: compounds

text: are

text: used

text: as

text: carbon

text: sources

text: or

text: autotrophic

text: meaning

text: that

text: cellular

text: carbon

text: is

text: obtained

text: by

text: fixing

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: Heterotrophic

text: bacteria

text: include

text: parasitic

text: types

text: Typical

text: autotrophic

text: bacteria

text: are

text: phototrophic

text: cyanobacteria

text: green

text: sulfur

text: bacteria

text: and

text: some

text: purple

text: bacteria

text: but

text: also

text: many

text: chemolithotrophic

text: species

text: such

text: as

text: nitrifying

text: or

text: sulfur

text: oxidising

text: bacteria

text: Energy

text: metabolism

text: of

text: bacteria

text: is

text: either

text: based

text: on

text: phototrophy

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: light

text: through

text: photosynthesis

text: or

text: based

text: on

text: chemotrophy

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: chemical

text: substances

text: for

text: energy

text: which

text: are

text: mostly

text: oxidised

text: at

text: the

text: expense

text: of

text: oxygen

text: or

text: alternative

text: electron

text: acceptors

text: aerobic

text: anaerobic

text: respiration

question: How does heterotrophic carbon metabolism occur?

answer: organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources

text: organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources

question: When carbon metabolism is called autotrophic?

answer: cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide

text: cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide

question: What category do parasitic bacteria fall into?

answer: Heterotrophic bacteria

text: Heterotrophic bacteria

question: Green sulfur-bacteria is typical representative of what type of bacteria?

answer: autotrophic bacteria

text: autotrophic bacteria

question: What is chemotrophy ?

answer: the use of chemical substances for energy

text: the use of chemical substances for energy


text: On July 23, 1990, Leonid Kravchuk was elected to replace Ivashko as parliament chairman. On July 30, Parliament adopted a resolution on military service ordering Ukrainian soldiers "in regions of national conflict such as Armenia and Azerbaijan" to return to Ukrainian territory. On August 1, Parliament voted overwhelmingly to shut down the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. On August 3, it adopted a law on the economic sovereignty of the Ukrainian republic. On August 19, the first Ukrainian Catholic liturgy in 44 years was celebrated at St. George Cathedral. On September 5–7, the International Symposium on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 was held in Kiev. On September 8, The first "Youth for Christ" rally since 1933 took place held in Lviv, with 40,000 participants. In September 28–30, the Green Party of Ukraine held its founding congress. On September 30, nearly 100,000 people marched in Kiev to protest against the new union treaty proposed by Gorbachev.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: On

text: July

text: Leonid

text: Kravchuk

text: was

text: elected

text: to

text: replace

text: Ivashko

text: as

text: parliament

text: chairman

text: On

text: July

text: Parliament

text: adopted

text: a

text: resolution

text: on

text: military

text: service

text: ordering

text: Ukrainian

text: soldiers

text: in

text: regions

text: of

text: national

text: conflict

text: such

text: as

text: Armenia

text: and

text: Azerbaijan

text: to

text: return

text: to

text: Ukrainian

text: territory

text: On

text: August

text: Parliament

text: voted

text: overwhelmingly

text: to

text: shut

text: down

text: the

text: Chernobyl

text: Nuclear

text: Power

text: Plant

text: On

text: August

text: it

text: adopted

text: a

text: law

text: on

text: the

text: economic

text: sovereignty

text: of

text: the

text: Ukrainian

text: republic

text: On

text: August

text: the

text: first

text: Ukrainian

text: Catholic

text: liturgy

text: in

text: years

text: was

text: celebrated

text: at

text: St.

text: George

text: Cathedral

text: On

text: September

text: the

text: International

text: Symposium

text: on

text: the

text: Great

text: Famine

text: of

text: was

text: held

text: in

text: Kiev

text: On

text: September

text: The

text: first

text: Youth

text: for

text: Christ

text: rally

text: since

text: took

text: place

text: held

text: in

text: Lviv

text: with

text: participants

text: In

text: September

text: the

text: Green

text: Party

text: of

text: Ukraine

text: held

text: its

text: founding

text: congress

text: On

text: September

text: nearly

text: people

text: marched

text: in

text: Kiev

text: to

text: protest

text: against

text: the

text: new

text: union

text: treaty

text: proposed

text: by

text: Gorbachev

question: Who would succeed Ivashko as the chairman of Parliament?

answer: Leonid Kravchuk

text: Leonid Kravchuk

question: What did Parliament vote to shut down in August?

answer: Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

text: Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

question: Where was the August 9 liturgy held?

answer: St. George Cathedral.

text: St. George Cathedral.

question: Prior to the September 8th rally when was the last Youth for Christ rally held?

answer: 1933

question: How many people attended the Youth for Christ rally?

answer: 40,000


text: Montana is home to the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation and has a historic big game hunting tradition. There are fall bow and general hunting seasons for elk, pronghorn antelope, whitetail deer and mule deer. A random draw grants a limited number of permits for moose, mountain goats and bighorn sheep. There is a spring hunting season for black bear and in most years, limited hunting of bison that leave Yellowstone National Park is allowed. Current law allows both hunting and trapping of a specific number of wolves and mountain lions. Trapping of assorted fur bearing animals is allowed in certain seasons and many opportunities exist for migratory waterfowl and upland bird hunting.

title: Montana

title: Montana

text: Montana

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountain

text: Elk

text: Foundation

text: and

text: has

text: a

text: historic

text: big

text: game

text: hunting

text: tradition

text: There

text: are

text: fall

text: bow

text: and

text: general

text: hunting

text: seasons

text: for

text: elk

text: pronghorn

text: antelope

text: whitetail

text: deer

text: and

text: mule

text: deer

text: A

text: random

text: draw

text: grants

text: a

text: limited

text: number

text: of

text: permits

text: for

text: moose

text: mountain

text: goats

text: and

text: bighorn

text: sheep

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: spring

text: hunting

text: season

text: for

text: black

text: bear

text: and

text: in

text: most

text: years

text: limited

text: hunting

text: of

text: bison

text: that

text: leave

text: Yellowstone

text: National

text: Park

text: is

text: allowed

text: Current

text: law

text: allows

text: both

text: hunting

text: and

text: trapping

text: of

text: a

text: specific

text: number

text: of

text: wolves

text: and

text: mountain

text: lions

text: Trapping

text: of

text: assorted

text: fur

text: bearing

text: animals

text: is

text: allowed

text: in

text: certain

text: seasons

text: and

text: many

text: opportunities

text: exist

text: for

text: migratory

text: waterfowl

text: and

text: upland

text: bird

text: hunting

question: What is the name of the big game hunting foundation in Montana?

answer: Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation

text: Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation

question: What season is black bear hunting allowed?

answer: spring

text: spring

question: What two predators can be hunted in specific numbers?

answer: wolves and mountain lions

text: wolves and mountain lions


text: Many arrangements of electrical contacts are used. Large lamps may have a screw base (one or more contacts at the tip, one at the shell) or a bayonet base (one or more contacts on the base, shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support). Some tubular lamps have an electrical contact at either end. Miniature lamps may have a wedge base and wire contacts, and some automotive and special purpose lamps have screw terminals for connection to wires. Contacts in the lamp socket allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament. Power ratings for incandescent light bulbs range from about 0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: Many

text: arrangements

text: of

text: electrical

text: contacts

text: are

text: used

text: Large

text: lamps

text: may

text: have

text: a

text: screw

text: base

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: contacts

text: at

text: the

text: tip

text: one

text: at

text: the

text: shell

text: or

text: a

text: bayonet

text: base

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: contacts

text: on

text: the

text: base

text: shell

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: contact

text: or

text: used

text: only

text: as

text: a

text: mechanical

text: support

text: Some

text: tubular

text: lamps

text: have

text: an

text: electrical

text: contact

text: at

text: either

text: end

text: Miniature

text: lamps

text: may

text: have

text: a

text: wedge

text: base

text: and

text: wire

text: contacts

text: and

text: some

text: automotive

text: and

text: special

text: purpose

text: lamps

text: have

text: screw

text: terminals

text: for

text: connection

text: to

text: wires

text: Contacts

text: in

text: the

text: lamp

text: socket

text: allow

text: the

text: electric

text: current

text: to

text: pass

text: through

text: the

text: base

text: to

text: the

text: filament

text: Power

text: ratings

text: for

text: incandescent

text: light

text: bulbs

text: range

text: from

text: about

text: watt

text: to

text: about

text: watts

question: What is the name for a base with one or more contacts at the tip and one at the shell?

answer: screw base

text: screw base

question: What is the name for a lamp base with one or more contacts on the base and a shell used as a contact or used only as a mechanical support?

answer: bayonet base

text: bayonet base

question: What is the purpose of contacts in the lamp socket?

answer: allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament

text: allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament

question: What is the range of power ratings for incandescent bulbs?

answer: 0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts

text: 0.1 watt to about 10,000 watts

question: Which types of lamps use screw terminals for connection to wires?

answer: automotive and special purpose lamps

text: automotive and special purpose lamps

question: What type of base do large lamps not have?

question: What base is not used for mechanical support?

text: bayonet

question: What type of base does a miniature lamp may not have?

text: wedge base and wire contacts

question: What does not allow the electric current to pass through the base to the filament?

text: Contacts in the lamp socket

question: Whose power ratings range from about .0001 to .01?

text: incandescent light bulbs


text: Tourism is a major industry owing to the city's climate, its beaches, and numerous tourist attractions such as Balboa Park, Belmont amusement park, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, and SeaWorld San Diego. San Diego's Spanish and Mexican heritage is reflected in the many historic sites across the city, such as Mission San Diego de Alcala and Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Also, the local craft brewing industry attracts an increasing number of visitors for "beer tours" and the annual San Diego Beer Week in November; San Diego has been called "America's Craft Beer Capital."

title: San_Diego

title: San_Diego

text: Tourism

text: is

text: a

text: major

text: industry

text: owing

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: climate

text: its

text: beaches

text: and

text: numerous

text: tourist

text: attractions

text: such

text: as

text: Balboa

text: Park

text: Belmont

text: amusement

text: park

text: San

text: Diego

text: Zoo

text: San

text: Diego

text: Zoo

text: Safari

text: Park

text: and

text: SeaWorld

text: San

text: Diego

text: San

text: Diego

text: 's

text: Spanish

text: and

text: Mexican

text: heritage

text: is

text: reflected

text: in

text: the

text: many

text: historic

text: sites

text: across

text: the

text: city

text: such

text: as

text: Mission

text: San

text: Diego

text: de

text: Alcala

text: and

text: Old

text: Town

text: San

text: Diego

text: State

text: Historic

text: Park

text: Also

text: the

text: local

text: craft

text: brewing

text: industry

text: attracts

text: an

text: increasing

text: number

text: of

text: visitors

text: for

text: beer

text: tours

text: and

text: the

text: annual

text: San

text: Diego

text: Beer

text: Week

text: in

text: November

text: San

text: Diego

text: has

text: been

text: called

text: America

text: 's

text: Craft

text: Beer

text: Capital

question: What type of tours attract a large number of visitors to San Diego?

answer: beer tours

text: beer tours

question: What big event takes place in San Diego in November?

answer: San Diego Beer Week

text: San Diego Beer Week

question: What historical mission is a major tourist attraction in San Diego?

answer: Mission San Diego de Alcala

text: Mission San Diego de Alcala

question: What popular park in San Diego is home to the San Diego Zoo, SeaWorld, and countless museums?

answer: Balboa Park

text: Balboa Park

question: What nickname has the city  been given as a result of its extensive craft beer industry?

answer: America's Craft Beer Capital

text: America's Craft Beer Capital

question: What type of tours attract a large number of visitors to San Francisco?

text: beer tours

question: What big event takes place in San Diego in December?

text: San Diego Beer Week

question: What historical mission is a minor tourist attraction in San Diego?

text: Mission San Diego de Alcala

question: What popular park in San Francisco is home to the San Diego Zoo, SeaWorld, and countless museums?

text: Balboa Park

question: What nickname has the city been given as a result of its extensive craft wine industry?

text: America's Craft Beer Capital.


text: In 2003, additional UN sanctions were placed on Liberian timber exports, which had risen from US$5 million in 1997 to over US$100 million in 2002 and were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone. These sanctions were lifted in 2006. Due in large part to foreign aid and investment inflow following the end of the war, Liberia maintains a large account deficit, which peaked at nearly 60% in 2008. Liberia gained observer status with the World Trade Organization in 2010 and is in the process of acquiring full member status.

title: Liberia

title: Liberia

text: In

text: additional

text: UN

text: sanctions

text: were

text: placed

text: on

text: Liberian

text: timber

text: exports

text: which

text: had

text: risen

text: from

text: US$

text: million

text: in

text: to

text: over

text: US$

text: million

text: in

text: and

text: were

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: funding

text: rebels

text: in

text: Sierra

text: Leone

text: These

text: sanctions

text: were

text: lifted

text: in

text: Due

text: in

text: large

text: part

text: to

text: foreign

text: aid

text: and

text: investment

text: inflow

text: following

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: Liberia

text: maintains

text: a

text: large

text: account

text: deficit

text: which

text: peaked

text: at

text: nearly

text: in

text: Liberia

text: gained

text: observer

text: status

text: with

text: the

text: World

text: Trade

text: Organization

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: acquiring

text: full

text: member

text: status

question: What were UN sanctions place placed on 2003?

answer: Liberian timber exports

text: Liberian timber exports

question: Why were sanctions place on Liberian timber exports?

answer: were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone.

text: were believed to be funding rebels in Sierra Leone.

question: When were the timber export sanctions lifted for Liberia?

answer: in 2006

text: in 2006

question: Liberia's account deficit peaked at what percentage in 2008?

answer: 60%

question: When was Liberia was granted observer status with the world trade organization>

answer: 2010

question: In what year did UN sanctions prohibit membership in the World Trade Organization?

question: In what year were rubber exports US$5 million

question: What happened to Liberia's large export deficit?

text: peaked at nearly 60% in 2008

question: In what year were World Trade Organization sanctions lifted?

question: What was due in large part to foreign rebels in Sierra Leone?


text: Inline hockey was first played in 1995 and has also become more and more popular in the last years. The Women's inline hockey National Team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championships. Namibia is the home for one of the toughest footraces in the world, the Namibian ultra marathon. The most famous athlete from Namibia is Frankie Fredericks, sprinter (100 and 200 m). He won four Olympic silver medals (1992, 1996) and also has medals from several World Athletics Championships. He is also known for humanitarian activities in Namibia and beyond.

title: Namibia

title: Namibia

text: Inline

text: hockey

text: was

text: first

text: played

text: in

text: and

text: has

text: also

text: become

text: more

text: and

text: more

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: years

text: The

text: Women

text: 's

text: inline

text: hockey

text: National

text: Team

text: participated

text: in

text: the

text: FIRS

text: World

text: Championships

text: Namibia

text: is

text: the

text: home

text: for

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: toughest

text: footraces

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: Namibian

text: ultra

text: marathon

text: The

text: most

text: famous

text: athlete

text: from

text: Namibia

text: is

text: Frankie

text: Fredericks

text: sprinter

text: and

text: m

text: He

text: won

text: four

text: Olympic

text: silver

text: medals

text: and

text: also

text: has

text: medals

text: from

text: several

text: World

text: Athletics

text: Championships

text: He

text: is

text: also

text: known

text: for

text: humanitarian

text: activities

text: in

text: Namibia

text: and

text: beyond

question: What popular sport was first played in Namibia in 1995?

answer: Inline hockey

text: Inline hockey

question: Which team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championship?

answer: Women's inline hockey National Team

text: Women's inline hockey National Team

question: What is the toughest footrace around the world?

answer: Namibian ultra marathon

text: Namibian ultra marathon

question: Who is the most famous athlete from Namibia?

answer: Frankie Fredericks

text: Frankie Fredericks

question: What sport does the most famous Namibian athlete participate in?

answer: sprinter

text: sprinter

question: When was the Women's inline hockey National Team first formed?

question: Which country won the women's 2008 FIRS World Championships?

text: Namibia

question: In what year was the first Namibian ultra marathon first held?

question: How many Olympic silver medals did Frankie Fredericks win at the 1992 Olympics?

text: four

question: How many medals has Frankie Fredericks won at World Athletic Championships?

text: four


text: In 1991, there were only two proposals available that could be completely assessed for an MPEG audio standard: Musicam (Masking pattern adapted Universal Subband Integrated Coding And Multiplexing) and ASPEC (Adaptive Spectral Perceptual Entropy Coding). The Musicam technique, as proposed by Philips (the Netherlands), CCETT (France) and Institut für Rundfunktechnik (Germany) was chosen due to its simplicity and error robustness, as well as its low computational power associated with the encoding of high quality compressed audio. The Musicam format, based on sub-band coding, was the basis of the MPEG Audio compression format (sampling rates, structure of frames, headers, number of samples per frame).

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: only

text: two

text: proposals

text: available

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: completely

text: assessed

text: for

text: an

text: MPEG

text: audio

text: standard

text: Musicam

text: Masking

text: pattern

text: adapted

text: Universal

text: Subband

text: Integrated

text: Coding

text: And

text: Multiplexing

text: and

text: ASPEC

text: Adaptive

text: Spectral

text: Perceptual

text: Entropy

text: Coding

text: The

text: Musicam

text: technique

text: as

text: proposed

text: by

text: Philips

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: CCETT

text: France

text: and

text: Institut

text: für

text: Rundfunktechnik

text: Germany

text: was

text: chosen

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: simplicity

text: and

text: error

text: robustness

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: low

text: computational

text: power

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: encoding

text: of

text: high

text: quality

text: compressed

text: audio

text: The

text: Musicam

text: format

text: based

text: on

text: sub

text: band

text: coding

text: was

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: MPEG

text: Audio

text: compression

text: format

text: sampling

text: rates

text: structure

text: of

text: frames

text: headers

text: number

text: of

text: samples

text: per

text: frame

question: How many proposals were available in 1991?

answer: two

text: two

question: Other than ASPEC what was another proposal?

answer: Musicam

text: Musicam

question: The Musicam format was proposed by Philips, based in which country?

answer: Netherlands

text: Netherlands

question: Which other quality alongside simplicty was key in selecting this proposal?

answer: error robustness

text: error robustness

question: What was the Musican format based on?

answer: sub-band coding

text: sub-band coding


text: Comcast was given an "F" for its corporate governance practices in 2010, by Corporate Library, an independent shareholder-research organization. According to Corporate Library, Comcast's board of directors ability to oversee and control management was severely compromised (at least in 2010) by the fact that several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it (making them susceptible to management pressure), and a third of the directors were over 70 years of age. According to the Wall Street Journal nearly two-thirds of the flights of Comcast's $40 million corporate jet purchased for business travel related to the NBCU acquisition, were to CEO Brian Roberts' private homes or to resorts.

title: Comcast

title: Comcast

text: Comcast

text: was

text: given

text: an

text: F

text: for

text: its

text: corporate

text: governance

text: practices

text: in

text: by

text: Corporate

text: Library

text: an

text: independent

text: shareholder

text: research

text: organization

text: According

text: to

text: Corporate

text: Library

text: Comcast

text: 's

text: board

text: of

text: directors

text: ability

text: to

text: oversee

text: and

text: control

text: management

text: was

text: severely

text: compromised

text: at

text: least

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: several

text: of

text: the

text: directors

text: either

text: worked

text: for

text: the

text: company

text: or

text: had

text: business

text: ties

text: to

text: it

text: making

text: them

text: susceptible

text: to

text: management

text: pressure

text: and

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: directors

text: were

text: over

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Wall

text: Street

text: Journal

text: nearly

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: flights

text: of

text: Comcast

text: 's

text: million

text: corporate

text: jet

text: purchased

text: for

text: business

text: travel

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: NBCU

text: acquisition

text: were

text: to

text: CEO

text: Brian

text: Roberts

text: private

text: homes

text: or

text: to

text: resorts

question: What organization gave Comcast an "F" rating in 2010?

answer: Corporate Library

text: Corporate Library

question: In issuing the grade, the Corporate Library found that a third of Comcast's board was how old?

answer: over 70 years of age

text: over 70 years of age

question: How much did Comcast pay for flights of its company jet in 2010?

answer: $40 million

text: $40 million

question: What conflict did Corporate Library note with Comcast's Board?

answer: several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it

text: several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it

question: Who is the CEO of the Wall Street Journal?

text: Brian Roberts

question: What rating was the Corporate Library given?

text: F

question: How much was the cost of the NBCU acquisition?

text: $40 million

question: What is the average age of Comcast's board of directors?

text: over 70

question: What company did Comcast give an F to?

text: Corporate Library


text: Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010, showcasing the city's literary and cultural creativity. Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the Sahitya Akademi, the Urdu Academy, the Telugu Academy, the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, the Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891, and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram.

title: Hyderabad

title: Hyderabad

text: Hyderabad

text: has

text: continued

text: with

text: these

text: traditions

text: in

text: its

text: annual

text: Hyderabad

text: Literary

text: Festival

text: held

text: since

text: showcasing

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: literary

text: and

text: cultural

text: creativity

text: Organisations

text: engaged

text: in

text: the

text: advancement

text: of

text: literature

text: include

text: the

text: Sahitya

text: Akademi

text: the

text: Urdu

text: Academy

text: the

text: Telugu

text: Academy

text: the

text: National

text: Council

text: for

text: Promotion

text: of

text: Urdu

text: Language

text: the

text: Comparative

text: Literature

text: Association

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: the

text: Andhra

text: Saraswata

text: Parishad

text: Literary

text: development

text: is

text: further

text: aided

text: by

text: state

text: institutions

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: State

text: Central

text: Library

text: the

text: largest

text: public

text: library

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: which

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: and

text: other

text: major

text: libraries

text: including

text: the

text: Sri

text: Krishna

text: Devaraya

text: Andhra

text: Bhasha

text: Nilayam

text: the

text: British

text: Library

text: and

text: the

text: Sundarayya

text: Vignana

text: Kendram

question: In what year did the Hyderabad Literary Festival start?

answer: 2010

question: In what year was the biggest public library in Hyderabad created?

answer: 1891

question: What is the name of the largest public library in Hyderabad?

answer: State Central Library

text: State Central Library

question: What is one of the activities Telugu Academy is credited with encouraging?

answer: the advancement of literature

text: the advancement of literature


text: The coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay. Chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere. Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper Libération was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that Libération needed "a stinging slap in the face" for having "insulted the Olympic flame" and "supported a handful of saboteurs".

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: The

text: coverage

text: of

text: the

text: events

text: by

text: the

text: media

text: came

text: under

text: scrutiny

text: during

text: the

text: relay

text: Chinese

text: media

text: coverage

text: of

text: the

text: torch

text: relay

text: has

text: been

text: distinct

text: in

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: ways

text: from

text: coverage

text: elsewhere

text: Western

text: reporters

text: in

text: Beijing

text: have

text: described

text: Chinese

text: media

text: coverage

text: as

text: partial

text: and

text: censored

text: for

text: example

text: when

text: Chinese

text: media

text: did

text: not

text: broadcast

text: Reporters

text: Without

text: Borders

text: disruption

text: of

text: the

text: torch

text: lighting

text: ceremony

text: whereas

text: Chinese

text: netizens

text: have

text: in

text: turn

text: accused

text: Western

text: media

text: coverage

text: of

text: being

text: biased

text: The

text: French

text: newspaper

text: Libération

text: was

text: criticised

text: by

text: the

text: Chinese

text: State

text: press

text: agency

text: Xinhua

text: for

text: its

text: allegedly

text: biased

text: reporting

text: Xinhua

text: suggested

text: that

text: Libération

text: needed

text: a

text: stinging

text: slap

text: in

text: the

text: face

text: for

text: having

text: insulted

text: the

text: Olympic

text: flame

text: and

text: supported

text: a

text: handful

text: of

text: saboteurs

question: The Chinese coverage of torch relay events has been accused by Western reporters as being what?

answer: partial and censored

text: partial and censored

question: In turn, Chinese supporters have accused Western media of being what in their coverage?

answer: biased.

text: biased.

question: Which French newspaper was accused of being biased by Chinese State press agency Xinhua?

answer: Libération

text: Libération

question: What was under scrutiny?

answer: media coverage

text: media coverage

question: Coverage in China is reported to be partial and what?

answer: censored

text: censored

question: What organization interrupted the relay and was not broadcast by the Chinese media?

answer: Reporters Without Borders

text: Reporters Without Borders

question: Chinese State Press said what French newspaper was biased?

answer: Libération

text: Libération

question: The Chinese State Press said the French newspaper was supporting a handful of what?

answer: saboteurs

text: saboteurs


text: For a period ending in the mid-20th century, long-serving cardinal priests were entitled to fill vacancies that arose among the cardinal bishops, just as cardinal deacons of ten years' standing are still entitled to become cardinal priests. Since then, cardinals have been advanced to cardinal bishop exclusively by papal appointment.

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism

text: For

text: a

text: period

text: ending

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: long

text: serving

text: cardinal

text: priests

text: were

text: entitled

text: to

text: fill

text: vacancies

text: that

text: arose

text: among

text: the

text: cardinal

text: bishops

text: just

text: as

text: cardinal

text: deacons

text: of

text: ten

text: years

text: standing

text: are

text: still

text: entitled

text: to

text: become

text: cardinal

text: priests

text: Since

text: then

text: cardinals

text: have

text: been

text: advanced

text: to

text: cardinal

text: bishop

text: exclusively

text: by

text: papal

text: appointment

question: What were long-serving cardinal priests entitled to do ending in the mid-fifteenth century?

question: What are cardinal deacons of eight years standing still entitled to become?

text: cardinal priests

question: Who has not been advanced to cardinal bishop exclusively by papal appointment?

text: cardinals

question: How have cardinals been advance to cardinal priests?

text: exclusively by papal appointment

question: Who filled vacancies that arose among the cardinal priests?

text: long-serving cardinal priests


text: From the 1950s on, the students were also used for unpaid work at schools, where they cleaned and performed repairs. This practice has continued in the Russian Federation, where up to 21 days of the summer holidays is sometimes set aside for school works. By law, this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission, but those provisions are widely ignored. In 2012 there was an accident near city of Nalchik where a car killed several pupils cleaning up a highway shoulder during their "holiday work" as well as their teacher who was supervising them.

title: Child_labour

title: Child_labour

text: From

text: the

text: on

text: the

text: students

text: were

text: also

text: used

text: for

text: unpaid

text: work

text: at

text: schools

text: where

text: they

text: cleaned

text: and

text: performed

text: repairs

text: This

text: practice

text: has

text: continued

text: in

text: the

text: Russian

text: Federation

text: where

text: up

text: to

text: days

text: of

text: the

text: summer

text: holidays

text: is

text: sometimes

text: set

text: aside

text: for

text: school

text: works

text: By

text: law

text: this

text: is

text: only

text: allowed

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: specialized

text: occupational

text: training

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: students

text: and

text: parents

text: permission

text: but

text: those

text: provisions

text: are

text: widely

text: ignored

text: In

text: there

text: was

text: an

text: accident

text: near

text: city

text: of

text: Nalchik

text: where

text: a

text: car

text: killed

text: several

text: pupils

text: cleaning

text: up

text: a

text: highway

text: shoulder

text: during

text: their

text: holiday

text: work

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: their

text: teacher

text: who

text: was

text: supervising

text: them

question: When were students used as workers?

answer: 1950s

question: For Russian student workers how many summer days were devoted to work?

answer: 21 days

text: 21 days

question: Did they need parental consent?

answer: this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission

text: this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission

question: What year were students killed as part of a road cleanup project?

answer: 2012


text: Until roughly the 16th century, speakers of all the varieties of the West Germanic languages from the mouth of the Rhine to the Alps had been accustomed to refer to their native speech as Dietsch, (Neder)duyts or some other cognate of theudisk. This let inevitably to confusion since similar terms referred to different languages. Therefore, in the 16th century, a differentiation took place. Owing to Dutch commercial and colonial rivalry in the 16th and 17th centuries, the English term came to refer exclusively to the Dutch. A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch, which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by its speakers. Jersey Dutch, on the other hand, as spoken until the 1950s in New Jersey, is a Dutch-based creole.

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: Until

text: roughly

text: the

text: century

text: speakers

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: varieties

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: Germanic

text: languages

text: from

text: the

text: mouth

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: to

text: the

text: Alps

text: had

text: been

text: accustomed

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: their

text: native

text: speech

text: as

text: Dietsch

text: Neder)duyts

text: or

text: some

text: other

text: cognate

text: of

text: theudisk

text: This

text: let

text: inevitably

text: to

text: confusion

text: since

text: similar

text: terms

text: referred

text: to

text: different

text: languages

text: Therefore

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: a

text: differentiation

text: took

text: place

text: Owing

text: to

text: Dutch

text: commercial

text: and

text: colonial

text: rivalry

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: the

text: English

text: term

text: came

text: to

text: refer

text: exclusively

text: to

text: the

text: Dutch

text: A

text: notable

text: exception

text: is

text: Pennsylvania

text: Dutch

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: West

text: Central

text: German

text: variety

text: called

text: Deitsch

text: by

text: its

text: speakers

text: Jersey

text: Dutch

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: as

text: spoken

text: until

text: the

text: in

text: New

text: Jersey

text: is

text: a

text: Dutch

text: based

text: creole

question: In what century was a differentiation made to clear up confusion about West Germanic languages?

answer: 16th

question: What West Central German dialect of Dutch contains the name of a U.S. state?

answer: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Pennsylvania Dutch

question: What's the native Pennsylvania Dutch word for the language?

answer: Deitsch

text: Deitsch

question: In what decade did people in New Jersey stop speaking Jersey Dutch?

answer: 1950s


text: Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate the use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e.daylight harvesting). Some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems.

title: Lighting

title: Lighting

text: Lighting

text: control

text: systems

text: reduce

text: energy

text: usage

text: and

text: cost

text: by

text: helping

text: to

text: provide

text: light

text: only

text: when

text: and

text: where

text: it

text: is

text: needed

text: Lighting

text: control

text: systems

text: typically

text: incorporate

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: time

text: schedules

text: occupancy

text: control

text: and

text: photocell

text: control

text: i.e.daylight

text: harvesting

text: Some

text: systems

text: also

text: support

text: demand

text: response

text: and

text: will

text: automatically

text: dim

text: or

text: turn

text: off

text: lights

text: to

text: take

text: advantage

text: of

text: utility

text: incentives

text: Lighting

text: control

text: systems

text: are

text: sometimes

text: incorporated

text: into

text: larger

text: building

text: automation

text: systems

question: What can help reduce energy and usage cost by providing light only when or where it is needed?

answer: Lighting control

text: Lighting control


text: The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based largely on petroleum, support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, oil sector accounted for 65% of the GDP, 85% of government revenue, and 92% of exports. The country also has large untapped mineral wealth.

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

text: The

text: economy

text: is

text: a

text: mixture

text: of

text: village

text: agriculture

text: and

text: handicrafts

text: an

text: industrial

text: sector

text: based

text: largely

text: on

text: petroleum

text: support

text: services

text: and

text: a

text: government

text: characterized

text: by

text: budget

text: problems

text: and

text: overstaffing

text: Petroleum

text: extraction

text: has

text: supplanted

text: forestry

text: as

text: the

text: mainstay

text: of

text: the

text: economy

text: In

text: oil

text: sector

text: accounted

text: for

text: of

text: the

text: GDP

text: of

text: government

text: revenue

text: and

text: of

text: exports

text: The

text: country

text: also

text: has

text: large

text: untapped

text: mineral

text: wealth

question: What is the focus of the Congo's industrial production?

answer: Petroleum

text: Petroleum

question: What are two issues in the Congolese government?

answer: budget problems and overstaffing

text: budget problems and overstaffing

question: What did petroleum production replace as the focus of the economy?

answer: forestry

text: forestry

question: What percentage of the Congo's gross domestic product did petroleum account for in 2008?

answer: 65%

question: What percentage of exported goods did oil account for in 2008?

answer: 92%

question: What is not a part of Congo's economy?

text: handicrafts

question: What is the smallest part of the industrial sector?

text: petroleum

question: What is characterized by under staffing?

text: government

question: What percent of the GDP did forestry account for in 2008?

question: What percent of exports in 2008 were handicrafts?


text: American Idol premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002. The first show drew 9.9 million viewers, giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year. The audience steadily grew, and by finale night, the audience had averaged 23 million, with more than 40 million watching some part of that show. That episode was placed third amongst all age groups, but more importantly it led in the 18–49 demographic, the age group most valued by advertisers.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: American

text: Idol

text: premiered

text: in

text: June

text: and

text: became

text: the

text: surprise

text: summer

text: hit

text: show

text: of

text: The

text: first

text: show

text: drew

text: million

text: viewers

text: giving

text: Fox

text: the

text: best

text: viewing

text: figure

text: for

text: the

text: pm

text: spot

text: in

text: over

text: a

text: year

text: The

text: audience

text: steadily

text: grew

text: and

text: by

text: finale

text: night

text: the

text: audience

text: had

text: averaged

text: million

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: watching

text: some

text: part

text: of

text: that

text: show

text: That

text: episode

text: was

text: placed

text: third

text: amongst

text: all

text: age

text: groups

text: but

text: more

text: importantly

text: it

text: led

text: in

text: the

text: demographic

text: the

text: age

text: group

text: most

text: valued

text: by

text: advertisers

question: What year did American Idol being to air on television?

answer: 2002

question: How many people watched the first episode of American Idol?

answer: 9.9 million

text: 9.9 million

question: How many people on average watched the American Idol finale in its first season?

answer: 23 million

text: 23 million

question: What season of the year did American Idol first air on television?

answer: summer

text: summer

question: When did American Idol premiere?

answer: June 2002

text: June 2002

question: How many people watched the first episode of American Idol?

answer: 9.9 million

text: 9.9 million

question: What was the average for viewership by finale night?

answer: 23 million

text: 23 million


text: Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases. Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic, cell-free vaccines consisting of purified components, including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates, to protein carriers, as well as inactivated toxins (toxoids) and proteins.

title: Antibiotics

title: Antibiotics

text: Vaccines

text: rely

text: on

text: immune

text: modulation

text: or

text: augmentation

text: Vaccination

text: either

text: excites

text: or

text: reinforces

text: the

text: immune

text: competence

text: of

text: a

text: host

text: to

text: ward

text: off

text: infection

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: activation

text: of

text: macrophages

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: antibodies

text: inflammation

text: and

text: other

text: classic

text: immune

text: reactions

text: Antibacterial

text: vaccines

text: have

text: been

text: responsible

text: for

text: a

text: drastic

text: reduction

text: in

text: global

text: bacterial

text: diseases

text: Vaccines

text: made

text: from

text: attenuated

text: whole

text: cells

text: or

text: lysates

text: have

text: been

text: replaced

text: largely

text: by

text: less

text: reactogenic

text: cell

text: free

text: vaccines

text: consisting

text: of

text: purified

text: components

text: including

text: capsular

text: polysaccharides

text: and

text: their

text: conjugates

text: to

text: protein

text: carriers

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: inactivated

text: toxins

text: toxoids

text: and

text: proteins

question: What do vaccines need to work?

answer: immune modulation or augmentation

text: immune modulation or augmentation

question: What type of vaccines have saved millions of lives?

answer: Antibacterial vaccines

text: Antibacterial vaccines

question: What types of vaccines have been phased out?

answer: Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates

text: Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates

question: What do polysaccharides need to work?

text: immune modulation or augmentation

question: What type of polysaccharides have saved millions of lives?

text: Antibacterial vaccines

question: What types of polysaccharides have been phased out?

question: Vaccines made from what have been replaced by less protein carriers?

text: attenuated whole cells or lysates

question: What happens when a host includes polysaccharides?


text: The quark–lepton definition of ordinary matter, however, identifies not only the elementary building blocks of matter, but also includes composites made from the constituents (atoms and molecules, for example). Such composites contain an interaction energy that holds the constituents together, and may constitute the bulk of the mass of the composite. As an example, to a great extent, the mass of an atom is simply the sum of the masses of its constituent protons, neutrons and electrons. However, digging deeper, the protons and neutrons are made up of quarks bound together by gluon fields (see dynamics of quantum chromodynamics) and these gluons fields contribute significantly to the mass of hadrons. In other words, most of what composes the "mass" of ordinary matter is due to the binding energy of quarks within protons and neutrons. For example, the sum of the mass of the three quarks in a nucleon is approximately 7001125000000000000♠12.5 MeV/c2, which is low compared to the mass of a nucleon (approximately 7002938000000000000♠938 MeV/c2). The bottom line is that most of the mass of everyday objects comes from the interaction energy of its elementary components.

title: Matter

title: Matter

text: The

text: quark

text: lepton

text: definition

text: of

text: ordinary

text: matter

text: however

text: identifies

text: not

text: only

text: the

text: elementary

text: building

text: blocks

text: of

text: matter

text: but

text: also

text: includes

text: composites

text: made

text: from

text: the

text: constituents

text: atoms

text: and

text: molecules

text: for

text: example

text: Such

text: composites

text: contain

text: an

text: interaction

text: energy

text: that

text: holds

text: the

text: constituents

text: together

text: and

text: may

text: constitute

text: the

text: bulk

text: of

text: the

text: mass

text: of

text: the

text: composite

text: As

text: an

text: example

text: to

text: a

text: great

text: extent

text: the

text: mass

text: of

text: an

text: atom

text: is

text: simply

text: the

text: sum

text: of

text: the

text: masses

text: of

text: its

text: constituent

text: protons

text: neutrons

text: and

text: electrons

text: However

text: digging

text: deeper

text: the

text: protons

text: and

text: neutrons

text: are

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: quarks

text: bound

text: together

text: by

text: gluon

text: fields

text: see

text: dynamics

text: of

text: quantum

text: chromodynamics

text: and

text: these

text: gluons

text: fields

text: contribute

text: significantly

text: to

text: the

text: mass

text: of

text: hadrons

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: most

text: of

text: what

text: composes

text: the

text: mass

text: of

text: ordinary

text: matter

text: is

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: binding

text: energy

text: of

text: quarks

text: within

text: protons

text: and

text: neutrons

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: sum

text: of

text: the

text: mass

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: quarks

text: in

text: a

text: nucleon

text: is

text: approximately

text: MeV

text: which

text: is

text: low

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: mass

text: of

text: a

text: nucleon

text: approximately

text: MeV

text: The

text: bottom

text: line

text: is

text: that

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: mass

text: of

text: everyday

text: objects

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: interaction

text: energy

text: of

text: its

text: elementary

text: components

question: What are atoms and molecules elementary forms of?

text: building blocks of matter

question: What holds building blocks together?

text: interaction energy

question: What is the mass of a proton?

text: the masses of its constituent

question: What binds an atom together?

text: gluon fields

question: Most of the mass of binding energy is due to what?

text: ordinary matter


text: The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200 – 8,800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period was between 12,000 and 10,200 BC, and the so-called "proto-Neolithic" is now included in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPNA) between 10,200 and 8,800 BC. As the Natufians had become dependent on wild cereals in their diet, and a sedentary way of life had begun among them, the climatic changes associated with the Younger Dryas are thought to have forced people to develop farming.

title: Neolithic

title: Neolithic

text: The

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Neolithic

text: culture

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: the

text: Levant

text: Jericho

text: modern

text: day

text: West

text: Bank

text: about

text: BC

text: It

text: developed

text: directly

text: from

text: the

text: Epipaleolithic

text: Natufian

text: culture

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: whose

text: people

text: pioneered

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: wild

text: cereals

text: which

text: then

text: evolved

text: into

text: true

text: farming

text: The

text: Natufian

text: period

text: was

text: between

text: and

text: BC

text: and

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: proto

text: Neolithic

text: is

text: now

text: included

text: in

text: the

text: Pre

text: Pottery

text: Neolithic

text: PPNA

text: between

text: and

text: BC

text: As

text: the

text: Natufians

text: had

text: become

text: dependent

text: on

text: wild

text: cereals

text: in

text: their

text: diet

text: and

text: a

text: sedentary

text: way

text: of

text: life

text: had

text: begun

text: among

text: them

text: the

text: climatic

text: changes

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: Younger

text: Dryas

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: forced

text: people

text: to

text: develop

text: farming

question: What time period marks the start of Neolithic culture?

answer: 10,200 – 8,800 BC

text: 10,200 – 8,800 BC

question: Where did the Neolithic culture begin?

answer: Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank)

text: Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank)

question: What food item was the key to the evolution of farming?

answer: wild cereals

text: wild cereals

question: What era lasted between 12,000 and 10,200 BC?

answer: The Natufian period

text: The Natufian period

question: What time period marks the start of farming culture?

text: 10,200 – 8,800 BC

question: Where did the Dryas culture begin?

text: Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank)

question: What food item was the key to the evolution of culture?

text: wild cereals

question: What era lasted between 13,000 and 8,800 BC?

text: The Natufian period

question: What are thought to have forced people to develop culture?


text: The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked; the Executive had too much power, and that there was no check on the executive; a dictator would arise; and that a bill of rights should be coupled with the constitution to prevent a dictator (then believed to eventually be the president) from exploiting or tyrannizing citizens. The federalists, on the other hand, argued that it was impossible to list all the rights, and those that were not listed could be easily overlooked because they were not in the official bill of rights. Rather, rights in specific cases were to be decided by the judicial system of courts.

title: Federalism

title: Federalism

text: The

text: Federalist

text: Party

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: was

text: opposed

text: by

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Republicans

text: including

text: powerful

text: figures

text: such

text: as

text: Thomas

text: Jefferson

text: The

text: Democratic

text: Republicans

text: mainly

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: Legislature

text: had

text: too

text: much

text: power

text: mainly

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: Necessary

text: and

text: Proper

text: Clause

text: and

text: that

text: they

text: were

text: unchecked

text: the

text: Executive

text: had

text: too

text: much

text: power

text: and

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: check

text: on

text: the

text: executive

text: a

text: dictator

text: would

text: arise

text: and

text: that

text: a

text: bill

text: of

text: rights

text: should

text: be

text: coupled

text: with

text: the

text: constitution

text: to

text: prevent

text: a

text: dictator

text: then

text: believed

text: to

text: eventually

text: be

text: the

text: president

text: from

text: exploiting

text: or

text: tyrannizing

text: citizens

text: The

text: federalists

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: argued

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: impossible

text: to

text: list

text: all

text: the

text: rights

text: and

text: those

text: that

text: were

text: not

text: listed

text: could

text: be

text: easily

text: overlooked

text: because

text: they

text: were

text: not

text: in

text: the

text: official

text: bill

text: of

text: rights

text: Rather

text: rights

text: in

text: specific

text: cases

text: were

text: to

text: be

text: decided

text: by

text: the

text: judicial

text: system

text: of

text: courts

question: What was the federalist party of the United States opposed to?

answer: Democratic-Republicans

text: Democratic-Republicans

question: What did the democratic-republican party believe in?

answer: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked

text: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked

question: Who decided the rights in specific cases?

answer: the judicial system of courts

text: the judicial system of courts

question: What was the federalist party of the United States in support of?

text: Democratic-Republicans

question: What was the federalist party of the United Nations opposed to?

text: Democratic-Republicans

question: What did the democratic-republican party not believe in?

question: What did the democratic-republican party oppose?

question: Who decided the rights in all cases?

text: judicial system of courts


text: The Yale Provost's Office has launched several women into prominent university presidencies. In 1977 Hanna Holborn Gray was appointed acting President of Yale from this position, and went on to become President of the University of Chicago, the first woman to be full president of a major university. In 1994 Yale Provost Judith Rodin became the first female president of an Ivy League institution at the University of Pennsylvania. In 2002 Provost Alison Richard became the Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. In 2004, Provost Susan Hockfield became the President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2007 Deputy Provost Kim Bottomly was named President of Wellesley College. In 2003, the Dean of the Divinity School, Rebecca Chopp, was appointed president of Colgate University and now heads Swarthmore College.

title: Yale_University

title: Yale_University

text: The

text: Yale

text: Provost

text: 's

text: Office

text: has

text: launched

text: several

text: women

text: into

text: prominent

text: university

text: presidencies

text: In

text: Hanna

text: Holborn

text: Gray

text: was

text: appointed

text: acting

text: President

text: of

text: Yale

text: from

text: this

text: position

text: and

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: become

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: the

text: first

text: woman

text: to

text: be

text: full

text: president

text: of

text: a

text: major

text: university

text: In

text: Yale

text: Provost

text: Judith

text: Rodin

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: female

text: president

text: of

text: an

text: Ivy

text: League

text: institution

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Pennsylvania

text: In

text: Provost

text: Alison

text: Richard

text: became

text: the

text: Vice

text: Chancellor

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Cambridge

text: In

text: Provost

text: Susan

text: Hockfield

text: became

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Massachusetts

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: In

text: Deputy

text: Provost

text: Kim

text: Bottomly

text: was

text: named

text: President

text: of

text: Wellesley

text: College

text: In

text: the

text: Dean

text: of

text: the

text: Divinity

text: School

text: Rebecca

text: Chopp

text: was

text: appointed

text: president

text: of

text: Colgate

text: University

text: and

text: now

text: heads

text: Swarthmore

text: College

question: Who was appointed acting President of Yale in 1977?

answer: Hanna Holborn Gray

text: Hanna Holborn Gray

question: Where did Hanna Holborn Gray go after Yale?

answer: University of Chicago

text: University of Chicago

question: In what year did Judith Rodin become the first female president of an Ivy League school?

answer: 1994

question: In what year did Susan Hockfield become President of MIT?

answer: 2004

question: Who became Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 2002?

answer: Alison Richard

text: Alison Richard

question: Who was appointed acting President of Yale in 1979?

text: Hanna Holborn Gray

question: Where did Hanna Holborn Gray go before Yale?

text: University of Chicago

question: In what year did Judith Rodin become the first male president of an Ivy League school?

question: In what year did Susan Hockfield become President of IMT?

question: Who became Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 2002?

text: Alison Richard


text: Modern interpretations see this period as a civil war between Hellenized and orthodox forms of Judaism. Out of this revolt was formed an independent Jewish kingdom known as the Hasmonaean Dynasty, which lasted from 165 BCE to 63 BCE. The Hasmonean Dynasty eventually disintegrated in a civil war, which coincided with civil wars in Rome. The last Hasmonean ruler, Antigonus II Mattathias, was captured by Herod and executed in 37 BCE. In spite of originally being a revolt against Greek overlordship, the Hasmonean kingdom and also the Herodian kingdom which followed gradually became more and more hellenized. From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the Herodian dynasty, Jewish-Roman client kings, ruled Judea. Herod the Great considerably enlarged the Temple (see Herod's Temple), making it one of the largest religious structures in the world. The style of the enlarged temple and other Herodian architecture shows significant Hellenistic architectural influence.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: Modern

text: interpretations

text: see

text: this

text: period

text: as

text: a

text: civil

text: war

text: between

text: Hellenized

text: and

text: orthodox

text: forms

text: of

text: Judaism

text: Out

text: of

text: this

text: revolt

text: was

text: formed

text: an

text: independent

text: Jewish

text: kingdom

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Hasmonaean

text: Dynasty

text: which

text: lasted

text: from

text: BCE

text: to

text: BCE

text: The

text: Hasmonean

text: Dynasty

text: eventually

text: disintegrated

text: in

text: a

text: civil

text: war

text: which

text: coincided

text: with

text: civil

text: wars

text: in

text: Rome

text: The

text: last

text: Hasmonean

text: ruler

text: Antigonus

text: II

text: Mattathias

text: was

text: captured

text: by

text: Herod

text: and

text: executed

text: in

text: BCE

text: In

text: spite

text: of

text: originally

text: being

text: a

text: revolt

text: against

text: Greek

text: overlordship

text: the

text: Hasmonean

text: kingdom

text: and

text: also

text: the

text: Herodian

text: kingdom

text: which

text: followed

text: gradually

text: became

text: more

text: and

text: more

text: hellenized

text: From

text: BCE

text: to

text: CE

text: the

text: Herodian

text: dynasty

text: Jewish

text: Roman

text: client

text: kings

text: ruled

text: Judea

text: Herod

text: the

text: Great

text: considerably

text: enlarged

text: the

text: Temple

text: see

text: Herod

text: 's

text: Temple

text: making

text: it

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: religious

text: structures

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: style

text: of

text: the

text: enlarged

text: temple

text: and

text: other

text: Herodian

text: architecture

text: shows

text: significant

text: Hellenistic

text: architectural

text: influence

question: What independent kingdom was formed out of the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?

answer: Hasmonaean Dynasty

text: Hasmonaean Dynasty

question: What years did the Hasmonaean Dynasty exist?

answer: 165 BCE to 63 BCE

text: 165 BCE to 63 BCE

question: Who was the last Hasmonean ruler?

answer: Antigonus II Mattathias

text: Antigonus II Mattathias

question: Who was Antigonus II Mattathias captured by?

answer: Herod

text: Herod

question: When was Antigonus II Mattathias executed?

answer: 37 BCE

text: 37 BCE