text: The people of Somerset are mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845, in the inflected form "Sumursætum", and the county is recorded in the entry for 1015 using the same name. The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878. Although "Somersetshire" was in common use as an alternative name for the county, it went out of fashion in the late 19th century, and is no longer used possibly due to the adoption of "Somerset" as the county's official name after the establishment of the county council in 1889. As with other counties not ending in "shire," the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town within it.

title: Somerset

title: Somerset

text: The

text: people

text: of

text: Somerset

text: are

text: mentioned

text: in

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: Chronicle

text: 's

text: entry

text: for

text: AD

text: in

text: the

text: inflected

text: form

text: Sumursætum

text: and

text: the

text: county

text: is

text: recorded

text: in

text: the

text: entry

text: for

text: using

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: The

text: archaic

text: name

text: Somersetshire

text: was

text: mentioned

text: in

text: the

text: Chronicle

text: 's

text: entry

text: for

text: Although

text: Somersetshire

text: was

text: in

text: common

text: use

text: as

text: an

text: alternative

text: name

text: for

text: the

text: county

text: it

text: went

text: out

text: of

text: fashion

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: and

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: used

text: possibly

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: Somerset

text: as

text: the

text: county

text: 's

text: official

text: name

text: after

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: county

text: council

text: in

text: As

text: with

text: other

text: counties

text: not

text: ending

text: in

text: shire

text: the

text: suffix

text: was

text: superfluous

text: as

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: need

text: to

text: differentiate

text: between

text: the

text: county

text: and

text: a

text: town

text: within

text: it

question: What are the people of somerset mentioned in

answer: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845

text: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845

question: What archaic name was mentioned in 878

answer: The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878

text: The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878

question: When did the county stop using Somersetshire

answer: it went out of fashion in the late 19th century

text: it went out of fashion in the late 19th century

question: What was superfluous

answer: As with other counties not ending in "shire," the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town

text: As with other counties not ending in "shire," the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town

question: People first settled in Somerset in what year?

text: AD 845

question: In what year was the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle first published?

text: AD 845

question: What was the last year the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was published?

question: In what year did people stop using the term "Sumursaetum" for this county?

question: When did people first start referring to it as Somersetshire?

text: AD 845


text: In China, which uses simplified Chinese characters, the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòng Zìbiǎo (现代汉语常用字表, Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 2,500 common characters and 1,000 less-than-common characters, while the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Tōngyòng Zìbiǎo (现代汉语通用字表, Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 7,000 characters, including the 3,500 characters already listed above. GB2312, an early version of the national encoding standard used in the People's Republic of China, has 6,763 code points. GB18030, the modern, mandatory standard, has a much higher number. The New Hànyǔ Shuǐpíng Kǎoshì (汉语水平考试, Chinese Proficiency Test) covers approximately 2,600 characters at its highest level (level six).

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: In

text: China

text: which

text: uses

text: simplified

text: Chinese

text: characters

text: the

text: Xiàndài

text: Hànyǔ

text: Chángyòng

text: Zìbiǎo

text: 现代汉语常用字表

text: Chart

text: of

text: Common

text: Characters

text: of

text: Modern

text: Chinese

text: lists

text: common

text: characters

text: and

text: less

text: than

text: common

text: characters

text: while

text: the

text: Xiàndài

text: Hànyǔ

text: Tōngyòng

text: Zìbiǎo

text: 现代汉语通用字表

text: Chart

text: of

text: Generally

text: Utilized

text: Characters

text: of

text: Modern

text: Chinese

text: lists

text: characters

text: including

text: the

text: characters

text: already

text: listed

text: above

text: an

text: early

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: national

text: encoding

text: standard

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: has

text: code

text: points

text: the

text: modern

text: mandatory

text: standard

text: has

text: a

text: much

text: higher

text: number

text: The

text: New

text: Hànyǔ

text: Shuǐpíng

text: Kǎoshì

text: 汉语水平考试

text: Chinese

text: Proficiency

text: Test

text: covers

text: approximately

text: characters

text: at

text: its

text: highest

text: level

text: level

text: six

question: What country uses simplified Chinese characters?

answer: China

text: China

question: What lists 2,500 common characters?

answer: Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese

text: Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese

question: What is an early version of the national encoding standard used in the people's public of China?

answer: GB2312


text: In 2013, however, a study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA by a team led by Martin B. Richards of the University of Huddersfield in England reached different conclusions, again corroborating the pre-2006 origin hypothesis. Testing was performed on the full 16,600 DNA units composing mitochondrial DNA (the 2006 Behar study had only tested 1,000 units) in all their subjects, and the study found that the four main female Ashkenazi founders had descent lines that were established in Europe 10,000 to 20,000 years in the past while most of the remaining minor founders also have a deep European ancestry. The study states that the great majority of Ashkenazi maternal lineages were not brought from the Near East (i.e., they were non-Israelite), nor were they recruited in the Caucasus (i.e., they were non-Khazar), but instead they were assimilated within Europe, primarily of Italian and Old French origins. Richards summarized the findings on the female line as such: "[N]one [of the mtDNA] came from the North Caucasus, located along the border between Europe and Asia between the Black and Caspian seas. All of our presently available studies including my own, should thoroughly debunk one of the most questionable, but still tenacious, hypotheses: that most Ashkenazi Jews can trace their roots to the mysterious Khazar Kingdom that flourished during the ninth century in the region between the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Empire." The 2013 study estimated that 80 percent of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe, and only 8 percent from the Near East, while the origin of the remainder is undetermined. According to the study these findings "point to a significant role for the conversion of women in the formation of Ashkenazi communities."

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

text: In

text: however

text: a

text: study

text: of

text: Ashkenazi

text: mitochondrial

text: DNA

text: by

text: a

text: team

text: led

text: by

text: Martin

text: B.

text: Richards

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Huddersfield

text: in

text: England

text: reached

text: different

text: conclusions

text: again

text: corroborating

text: the

text: origin

text: hypothesis

text: Testing

text: was

text: performed

text: on

text: the

text: full

text: DNA

text: units

text: composing

text: mitochondrial

text: DNA

text: the

text: Behar

text: study

text: had

text: only

text: tested

text: units

text: in

text: all

text: their

text: subjects

text: and

text: the

text: study

text: found

text: that

text: the

text: four

text: main

text: female

text: Ashkenazi

text: founders

text: had

text: descent

text: lines

text: that

text: were

text: established

text: in

text: Europe

text: to

text: years

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: while

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: remaining

text: minor

text: founders

text: also

text: have

text: a

text: deep

text: European

text: ancestry

text: The

text: study

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: great

text: majority

text: of

text: Ashkenazi

text: maternal

text: lineages

text: were

text: not

text: brought

text: from

text: the

text: Near

text: East

text: i.e.

text: they

text: were

text: non

text: Israelite

text: nor

text: were

text: they

text: recruited

text: in

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: i.e.

text: they

text: were

text: non

text: Khazar

text: but

text: instead

text: they

text: were

text: assimilated

text: within

text: Europe

text: primarily

text: of

text: Italian

text: and

text: Old

text: French

text: origins

text: Richards

text: summarized

text: the

text: findings

text: on

text: the

text: female

text: line

text: as

text: such

text: N]one

text: of

text: the

text: mtDNA

text: came

text: from

text: the

text: North

text: Caucasus

text: located

text: along

text: the

text: border

text: between

text: Europe

text: and

text: Asia

text: between

text: the

text: Black

text: and

text: Caspian

text: seas

text: All

text: of

text: our

text: presently

text: available

text: studies

text: including

text: my

text: own

text: should

text: thoroughly

text: debunk

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: questionable

text: but

text: still

text: tenacious

text: hypotheses

text: that

text: most

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jews

text: can

text: trace

text: their

text: roots

text: to

text: the

text: mysterious

text: Khazar

text: Kingdom

text: that

text: flourished

text: during

text: the

text: ninth

text: century

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: between

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: and

text: the

text: Persian

text: Empire

text: The

text: study

text: estimated

text: that

text: percent

text: of

text: Ashkenazi

text: maternal

text: ancestry

text: comes

text: from

text: women

text: indigenous

text: to

text: Europe

text: and

text: only

text: percent

text: from

text: the

text: Near

text: East

text: while

text: the

text: origin

text: of

text: the

text: remainder

text: is

text: undetermined

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: study

text: these

text: findings

text: point

text: to

text: a

text: significant

text: role

text: for

text: the

text: conversion

text: of

text: women

text: in

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: Ashkenazi

text: communities

question: A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe?

answer: 80 percent

text: 80 percent

question: A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women from the Near East?

answer: 8 percent

text: 8 percent

question: A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women of undetermined origins?

answer: while the origin of the remainder is undetermined

text: while the origin of the remainder is undetermined


text: Jordanes tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities. Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.

title: Slavs

title: Slavs

text: Jordanes

text: tells

text: us

text: that

text: the

text: Sclaveni

text: had

text: swamps

text: and

text: forests

text: for

text: their

text: cities

text: Another

text: century

text: source

text: refers

text: to

text: them

text: living

text: among

text: nearly

text: impenetrable

text: forests

text: rivers

text: lakes

text: and

text: marshes

question: Who tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities?

answer: Jordanes

text: Jordanes

question: Who had swamps and forests for their cities?

answer: the Sclaveni

text: the Sclaveni

question: A 6th-century source refers to the Sclaveni as living where?

answer: among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes

text: among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes

question: Who wrote that the Sclaveni lived in impenetrable forests?

text: Jordanes

question: Where did Jordanes live?

question: Who could not penetrate the forests and rivers?

text: the Sclaveni

question: When did Sclaveni live in swamps?


text: There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league, and this is particularly the case in La Liga, where the game between Barcelona and Real Madrid is known as El Clásico. From the start of national competitions the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain: Catalonia and Castile, as well as of the two cities. The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians, seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War.

title: FC_Barcelona

title: FC_Barcelona

text: There

text: is

text: often

text: a

text: fierce

text: rivalry

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: strongest

text: teams

text: in

text: a

text: national

text: league

text: and

text: this

text: is

text: particularly

text: the

text: case

text: in

text: La

text: Liga

text: where

text: the

text: game

text: between

text: Barcelona

text: and

text: Real

text: Madrid

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: El

text: Clásico

text: From

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: national

text: competitions

text: the

text: clubs

text: were

text: seen

text: as

text: representatives

text: of

text: two

text: rival

text: regions

text: in

text: Spain

text: Catalonia

text: and

text: Castile

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: cities

text: The

text: rivalry

text: reflects

text: what

text: many

text: regard

text: as

text: the

text: political

text: and

text: cultural

text: tensions

text: felt

text: between

text: Catalans

text: and

text: the

text: Castilians

text: seen

text: by

text: one

text: author

text: as

text: a

text: re

text: enactment

text: of

text: the

text: Spanish

text: Civil

text: War

question: What is the game between the rivals Barcelona and Real Madrid called?

answer: El Clásico

text: El Clásico

question: What basic difference is there between the teams of Barcelona and Real Madrid?

answer: rival regions

text: rival regions

question: What areas of Spain do the teams of Barcelona and Real Madrid represent?

answer: Catalonia and Castile

text: Catalonia and Castile

question: What kind of tensions are the two teams viewed as displaying?

answer: political and cultural

text: political and cultural

question: Besides the areas of Spain, what other differences are there between Barcelona and Real Madrid?

answer: two cities

text: two cities


text: The university first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a Master of Arts (MA), in the 1854–1855 academic year. The program expanded to include Master of Laws (LL.M.) and Master of Civil Engineering in its early stages of growth, before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees. This changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering Doctorate (PhD) degrees. Today each of the five colleges offer graduate education. Most of the departments from the College of Arts and Letters offer PhD programs, while a professional Master of Divinity (M.Div.) program also exists. All of the departments in the College of Science offer PhD programs, except for the Department of Pre-Professional Studies. The School of Architecture offers a Master of Architecture, while each of the departments of the College of Engineering offer PhD programs. The College of Business offers multiple professional programs including MBA and Master of Science in Accountancy programs. It also operates facilities in Chicago and Cincinnati for its executive MBA program. Additionally, the Alliance for Catholic Education program offers a Master of Education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in Catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the Southern United States for two school years.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: The

text: university

text: first

text: offered

text: graduate

text: degrees

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: a

text: Master

text: of

text: Arts

text: MA

text: in

text: the

text: academic

text: year

text: The

text: program

text: expanded

text: to

text: include

text: Master

text: of

text: Laws

text: LL.M.

text: and

text: Master

text: of

text: Civil

text: Engineering

text: in

text: its

text: early

text: stages

text: of

text: growth

text: before

text: a

text: formal

text: graduate

text: school

text: education

text: was

text: developed

text: with

text: a

text: thesis

text: not

text: required

text: to

text: receive

text: the

text: degrees

text: This

text: changed

text: in

text: with

text: formal

text: requirements

text: developed

text: for

text: graduate

text: degrees

text: including

text: offering

text: Doctorate

text: PhD

text: degrees

text: Today

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: colleges

text: offer

text: graduate

text: education

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: departments

text: from

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Arts

text: and

text: Letters

text: offer

text: PhD

text: programs

text: while

text: a

text: professional

text: Master

text: of

text: Divinity

text: M.Div

text: program

text: also

text: exists

text: All

text: of

text: the

text: departments

text: in

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Science

text: offer

text: PhD

text: programs

text: except

text: for

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: Pre

text: Professional

text: Studies

text: The

text: School

text: of

text: Architecture

text: offers

text: a

text: Master

text: of

text: Architecture

text: while

text: each

text: of

text: the

text: departments

text: of

text: the

text: College

text: of

text: Engineering

text: offer

text: PhD

text: programs

text: The

text: College

text: of

text: Business

text: offers

text: multiple

text: professional

text: programs

text: including

text: MBA

text: and

text: Master

text: of

text: Science

text: in

text: Accountancy

text: programs

text: It

text: also

text: operates

text: facilities

text: in

text: Chicago

text: and

text: Cincinnati

text: for

text: its

text: executive

text: MBA

text: program

text: Additionally

text: the

text: Alliance

text: for

text: Catholic

text: Education

text: program

text: offers

text: a

text: Master

text: of

text: Education

text: program

text: where

text: students

text: study

text: at

text: the

text: university

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: and

text: teach

text: in

text: Catholic

text: elementary

text: schools

text: middle

text: schools

text: and

text: high

text: schools

text: across

text: the

text: Southern

text: United

text: States

text: for

text: two

text: school

text: years

question: In what year was a Master of Arts course first offered at Notre Dame?

answer: 1854

question: The granting of Doctorate degrees first occurred in what year at Notre Dame?

answer: 1924

question: What type of degree is an M.Div.?

answer: Master of Divinity

text: Master of Divinity

question: Which department at Notre Dame is the only one to not offer a PhD program?

answer: Department of Pre-Professional Studies

text: Department of Pre-Professional Studies

question: Which program at Notre Dame offers a Master of Education degree?

answer: Alliance for Catholic Education

text: Alliance for Catholic Education


text: Christianity came to Tuvalu in 1861 when Elekana, a deacon of a Congregational church in Manihiki, Cook Islands became caught in a storm and drifted for 8 weeks before landing at Nukulaelae on 10 May 1861. Elekana began proselytising Christianity. He was trained at Malua Theological College, a London Missionary Society (LMS) school in Samoa, before beginning his work in establishing the Church of Tuvalu. In 1865 the Rev. A. W. Murray of the LMS – a Protestant congregationalist missionary society – arrived as the first European missionary where he too proselytised among the inhabitants of Tuvalu. By 1878 Protestantism was well established with preachers on each island. In the later 19th and early 20th centuries the ministers of what became the Church of Tuvalu (Te Ekalesia Kelisiano Tuvalu) were predominantly Samoans, who influenced the development of the Tuvaluan language and the music of Tuvalu.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: Christianity

text: came

text: to

text: Tuvalu

text: in

text: when

text: Elekana

text: a

text: deacon

text: of

text: a

text: Congregational

text: church

text: in

text: Manihiki

text: Cook

text: Islands

text: became

text: caught

text: in

text: a

text: storm

text: and

text: drifted

text: for

text: weeks

text: before

text: landing

text: at

text: Nukulaelae

text: on

text: May

text: Elekana

text: began

text: proselytising

text: Christianity

text: He

text: was

text: trained

text: at

text: Malua

text: Theological

text: College

text: a

text: London

text: Missionary

text: Society

text: LMS

text: school

text: in

text: Samoa

text: before

text: beginning

text: his

text: work

text: in

text: establishing

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Tuvalu

text: In

text: the

text: Rev.

text: A.

text: W.

text: Murray

text: of

text: the

text: LMS

text: a

text: Protestant

text: congregationalist

text: missionary

text: society

text: arrived

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: European

text: missionary

text: where

text: he

text: too

text: proselytised

text: among

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: Tuvalu

text: By

text: Protestantism

text: was

text: well

text: established

text: with

text: preachers

text: on

text: each

text: island

text: In

text: the

text: later

text: and

text: early

text: centuries

text: the

text: ministers

text: of

text: what

text: became

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Tuvalu

text: Te

text: Ekalesia

text: Kelisiano

text: Tuvalu

text: were

text: predominantly

text: Samoans

text: who

text: influenced

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: Tuvaluan

text: language

text: and

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: Tuvalu

question: When did Christianity arrive in Tuvalu?

answer: 1861

question: What church deacon was washed ashore on Nukulaelae?

answer: Elekana

text: Elekana

question: What missionary was the first European missionary to come to Tuvalu?

answer: Rev. A. W. Murray

text: Rev. A. W. Murray

question: Of what nationality were most of the ministers of the Church of Tuvalu?

answer: Samoans

text: Samoans


text: Traditionally Nanjing's nightlife was mostly centered around Nanjing Fuzimiao (Confucius Temple) area along the Qinhuai River, where night markets, restaurants and pubs thrived. Boating at night in the river was a main attraction of the city. Thus, one can see the statues of the famous teachers and educators of the past not too far from those of the courtesans who educated the young men in the other arts.

title: Nanjing

title: Nanjing

text: Traditionally

text: Nanjing

text: 's

text: nightlife

text: was

text: mostly

text: centered

text: around

text: Nanjing

text: Fuzimiao

text: Confucius

text: Temple

text: area

text: along

text: the

text: Qinhuai

text: River

text: where

text: night

text: markets

text: restaurants

text: and

text: pubs

text: thrived

text: Boating

text: at

text: night

text: in

text: the

text: river

text: was

text: a

text: main

text: attraction

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: Thus

text: one

text: can

text: see

text: the

text: statues

text: of

text: the

text: famous

text: teachers

text: and

text: educators

text: of

text: the

text: past

text: not

text: too

text: far

text: from

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: courtesans

text: who

text: educated

text: the

text: young

text: men

text: in

text: the

text: other

text: arts

question: Where have Nanjing's after-hours activities typically been located?

answer: around Nanjing Fuzimiao (Confucius Temple) area along the Qinhuai River

text: around Nanjing Fuzimiao (Confucius Temple) area along the Qinhuai River

question: What three things were popular in the Nanjing Fuzimiao area?

answer: night markets, restaurants and pubs

text: night markets, restaurants and pubs

question: What was a major night attraction for Nanjing?

answer: Boating at night in the river

text: Boating at night in the river

question: What statues are near the ones of teachers and educators?

answer: courtesans

text: courtesans

question: What is another name for Nanjing Fuzimiao?

answer: Confucius Temple

text: Confucius Temple


text: In the past, the floor exercise event was executed on the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats. Today, the floor event occurs on a carpeted 12m × 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood, which is supported by springs or foam blocks generally called a "spring" floor. This provides a firm surface that provides extra bounce or spring when compressed, allowing gymnasts to achieve greater height and a softer landing after the composed skill. Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine up to 90 seconds in the floor exercise event; Depending on the level, they may choose their own, or, if known as a "compulsory gymnast," default music must be played. In some gymnastic associations such as United States Association of Gymnastic Clubs (USAIGC), gymnasts are allowed to have vocals in their music but at USA Gymnastics competitions a large deduction is taken from the score for having vocals in the music. The routine should consist of tumbling lines, series of jumps, leaps, dance elements, acrobatic skills, and turns, or piviots, on one foot. A gymnast can perform up to four tumbling lines that usually includes at least one flight element without hand support. Each level of gymnastics requires the athlete to perform a different number of tumbling passes. In level 7 in the United States, a gymnast is required to do 2–3, and in levels 8–10, at least 3–4 tumbling passes are required.

title: Gymnastics

title: Gymnastics

text: In

text: the

text: past

text: the

text: floor

text: exercise

text: event

text: was

text: executed

text: on

text: the

text: bare

text: floor

text: or

text: mats

text: such

text: as

text: wrestling

text: mats

text: Today

text: the

text: floor

text: event

text: occurs

text: on

text: a

text: carpeted

text: m

text: m

text: square

text: usually

text: consisting

text: of

text: hard

text: foam

text: over

text: a

text: layer

text: of

text: plywood

text: which

text: is

text: supported

text: by

text: springs

text: or

text: foam

text: blocks

text: generally

text: called

text: a

text: spring

text: floor

text: This

text: provides

text: a

text: firm

text: surface

text: that

text: provides

text: extra

text: bounce

text: or

text: spring

text: when

text: compressed

text: allowing

text: gymnasts

text: to

text: achieve

text: greater

text: height

text: and

text: a

text: softer

text: landing

text: after

text: the

text: composed

text: skill

text: Gymnasts

text: perform

text: a

text: choreographed

text: routine

text: up

text: to

text: seconds

text: in

text: the

text: floor

text: exercise

text: event

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: level

text: they

text: may

text: choose

text: their

text: own

text: or

text: if

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: compulsory

text: gymnast

text: default

text: music

text: must

text: be

text: played

text: In

text: some

text: gymnastic

text: associations

text: such

text: as

text: United

text: States

text: Association

text: of

text: Gymnastic

text: Clubs

text: USAIGC

text: gymnasts

text: are

text: allowed

text: to

text: have

text: vocals

text: in

text: their

text: music

text: but

text: at

text: USA

text: Gymnastics

text: competitions

text: a

text: large

text: deduction

text: is

text: taken

text: from

text: the

text: score

text: for

text: having

text: vocals

text: in

text: the

text: music

text: The

text: routine

text: should

text: consist

text: of

text: tumbling

text: lines

text: series

text: of

text: jumps

text: leaps

text: dance

text: elements

text: acrobatic

text: skills

text: and

text: turns

text: or

text: piviots

text: on

text: one

text: foot

text: A

text: gymnast

text: can

text: perform

text: up

text: to

text: four

text: tumbling

text: lines

text: that

text: usually

text: includes

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: flight

text: element

text: without

text: hand

text: support

text: Each

text: level

text: of

text: gymnastics

text: requires

text: the

text: athlete

text: to

text: perform

text: a

text: different

text: number

text: of

text: tumbling

text: passes

text: In

text: level

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: a

text: gymnast

text: is

text: required

text: to

text: do

text: and

text: in

text: levels

text: at

text: least

text: tumbling

text: passes

text: are

text: required

question: What is the floor exercise events performed on now?

answer: a carpeted 12m × 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood

text: a carpeted 12m × 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood

question: What was the floor exercise even on before?

answer: the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats

text: the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats

question: Why helps add an extra bounce to the floor?

answer: springs or foam blocks generally called a "spring" floor

text: springs or foam blocks generally called a "spring" floor

question: What is the maximum for floor events?

answer: up to 90 seconds

text: up to 90 seconds

question: What kind of surface is banned from the Olympics?

question: What advantage to wrestling mats have over spring floors?

question: How long do gymnasts have to rest between routines?

text: 90 seconds

question: What happens if a gymnast only used three tumbling lines?

question: How many tumbling passes are required for level 6?

text: a gymnast is required to do 2–3


text: Simultaneous with Israel's February raid, the Baghdad Pact was formed between some regional allies of the UK. Nasser considered the Baghdad Pact a threat to his efforts to eliminate British military influence in the Middle East, and a mechanism to undermine the Arab League and "perpetuate [Arab] subservience to Zionism and [Western] imperialism". Nasser felt that if he was to maintain Egypt's regional leadership position he needed to acquire modern weaponry to arm his military. When it became apparent to him that Western countries would not supply Egypt under acceptable financial and military terms, Nasser turned to the Eastern Bloc and concluded a US$320,000,000 armaments agreement with Czechoslovakia on 27 September. Through the Czechoslovakian arms deal, the balance of power between Egypt and Israel was more or less equalized and Nasser's role as the Arab leader defying the West was enhanced.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Simultaneous

text: with

text: Israel

text: 's

text: February

text: raid

text: the

text: Baghdad

text: Pact

text: was

text: formed

text: between

text: some

text: regional

text: allies

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: Nasser

text: considered

text: the

text: Baghdad

text: Pact

text: a

text: threat

text: to

text: his

text: efforts

text: to

text: eliminate

text: British

text: military

text: influence

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: a

text: mechanism

text: to

text: undermine

text: the

text: Arab

text: League

text: and

text: perpetuate

text: Arab

text: subservience

text: to

text: Zionism

text: and

text: Western

text: imperialism

text: Nasser

text: felt

text: that

text: if

text: he

text: was

text: to

text: maintain

text: Egypt

text: 's

text: regional

text: leadership

text: position

text: he

text: needed

text: to

text: acquire

text: modern

text: weaponry

text: to

text: arm

text: his

text: military

text: When

text: it

text: became

text: apparent

text: to

text: him

text: that

text: Western

text: countries

text: would

text: not

text: supply

text: Egypt

text: under

text: acceptable

text: financial

text: and

text: military

text: terms

text: Nasser

text: turned

text: to

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Bloc

text: and

text: concluded

text: a

text: US$

text: armaments

text: agreement

text: with

text: Czechoslovakia

text: on

text: September

text: Through

text: the

text: Czechoslovakian

text: arms

text: deal

text: the

text: balance

text: of

text: power

text: between

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Israel

text: was

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: equalized

text: and

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: role

text: as

text: the

text: Arab

text: leader

text: defying

text: the

text: West

text: was

text: enhanced

question: What agreement ran contrary to Nasser's efforts?

answer: Baghdad Pact

text: Baghdad Pact

question: What did Nasser feel his military needed to oppose the West?

answer: modern weaponry

text: modern weaponry

question: From what country did Nasser buy arms?

answer: Czechoslovakia

text: Czechoslovakia

question: How much money did Nasser spend on weapons?

answer: US$320,000,000

question: How did the military relationship between Egypt and Israel change?

answer: equalized

text: equalized


text: A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs. He is instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party. He is instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation. He is kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration. Such information is derived in part from the floor leader's contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization.

title: Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

text: A

text: party

text: 's

text: floor

text: leader

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: other

text: party

text: leaders

text: plays

text: an

text: influential

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: formulation

text: of

text: party

text: policy

text: and

text: programs

text: He

text: is

text: instrumental

text: in

text: guiding

text: legislation

text: favored

text: by

text: his

text: party

text: through

text: the

text: House

text: or

text: in

text: resisting

text: those

text: programs

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: party

text: that

text: are

text: considered

text: undesirable

text: by

text: his

text: own

text: party

text: He

text: is

text: instrumental

text: in

text: devising

text: and

text: implementing

text: his

text: party

text: 's

text: strategy

text: on

text: the

text: floor

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: promoting

text: or

text: opposing

text: legislation

text: He

text: is

text: kept

text: constantly

text: informed

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: legislative

text: business

text: and

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: sentiment

text: of

text: his

text: party

text: respecting

text: particular

text: legislation

text: under

text: consideration

text: Such

text: information

text: is

text: derived

text: in

text: part

text: from

text: the

text: floor

text: leader

text: 's

text: contacts

text: with

text: his

text: party

text: 's

text: members

text: serving

text: on

text: House

text: committees

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: party

text: 's

text: whip

text: organization

question: Who plays an influential role in the formation of party policy?

answer: A party's floor leader

text: A party's floor leader

question: In what role are the floor leader's instrumental for legislation?

answer: guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party

text: guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party

question: How are floor leaders kept informed of legislative status?

answer: contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization

text: contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization

question: What does the whip organization play a role in forming in conjunction with party leaders?

text: party policy and programs

question: What programs are resisted by the whip organization?

question: What does the whip organization devise and implement for the party?

text: strategy

question: What is the whip organization kept constantly informed about?

text: the status of legislative business

question: What committees does the whip organization oversee?

text: House committees


text: Technische Universität (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: Technische

text: Universität

text: abbreviation

text: TU

text: are

text: the

text: common

text: terms

text: for

text: universities

text: of

text: technology

text: or

text: technical

text: university

text: These

text: institutions

text: can

text: grant

text: habilitation

text: and

text: doctoral

text: degrees

text: and

text: focus

text: on

text: research

question: What's the abbreviation for a Technische Universität?

answer: TU

text: TU

question: What's the main focus of a Technische Universität?

answer: research

text: research


text: Times Atlases have been produced since 1895. They are currently produced by the Collins Bartholomew imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. The flagship product is The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World.

title: The_Times

title: The_Times

text: Times

text: Atlases

text: have

text: been

text: produced

text: since

text: They

text: are

text: currently

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: Collins

text: Bartholomew

text: imprint

text: of

text: HarperCollins

text: Publishers

text: The

text: flagship

text: product

text: is

text: The

text: Times

text: Comprehensive

text: Atlas

text: of

text: the

text: World

question: The Times began producing what kind of non-newspaper product in 1895?

answer: Atlases

text: Atlases

question: What publisher prints The Times atlas?

answer: HarperCollins Publishers

text: HarperCollins Publishers

question: What is the name of The Times' atlas?

answer: The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World

text: The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World


text: Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight.

title: Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

text: Executive

text: power

text: is

text: vested

text: with

text: exceptions

text: and

text: qualifications

text: in

text: the

text: President

text: By

text: law

text: Section

text: the

text: president

text: becomes

text: the

text: Commander

text: in

text: Chief

text: of

text: the

text: Army

text: and

text: Navy

text: Militia

text: of

text: several

text: states

text: when

text: called

text: into

text: service

text: has

text: power

text: to

text: make

text: treaties

text: and

text: appointments

text: to

text: office

text: with

text: the

text: Advice

text: and

text: Consent

text: of

text: the

text: Senate

text: receive

text: Ambassadors

text: and

text: Public

text: Ministers

text: and

text: take

text: care

text: that

text: the

text: laws

text: be

text: faithfully

text: executed

text: Section

text: By

text: using

text: these

text: words

text: the

text: Constitution

text: does

text: not

text: require

text: the

text: president

text: to

text: personally

text: enforce

text: the

text: law

text: rather

text: officers

text: subordinate

text: to

text: the

text: president

text: may

text: perform

text: such

text: duties

text: The

text: Constitution

text: empowers

text: the

text: president

text: to

text: ensure

text: the

text: faithful

text: execution

text: of

text: the

text: laws

text: made

text: by

text: Congress

text: and

text: approved

text: by

text: the

text: President

text: Congress

text: may

text: itself

text: terminate

text: such

text: appointments

text: by

text: impeachment

text: and

text: restrict

text: the

text: president

text: Bodies

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: War

text: Claims

text: Commission

text: the

text: Interstate

text: Commerce

text: Commission

text: and

text: the

text: Federal

text: Trade

text: Commission

text: all

text: quasi

text: judicial

text: often

text: have

text: direct

text: Congressional

text: oversight

question: Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command?

answer: Army and Navy

text: Army and Navy

question: Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office?

answer: Senate

text: Senate

question: What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees?

answer: impeachment

text: impeachment

question: What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission?

answer: quasi-judicial

text: quasi-judicial

question: Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief?

answer: Executive

text: Executive

question: Who has the authority to make treaties?

answer: the President

text: the President

question: What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President?

answer: impeachment

text: impeachment

question: Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission?

answer: Congress

text: Congress

question: In whom is Congressional power vested?

text: President

question: What does the Vice President become Commander in Chief of?

text: the Army and Navy

question: By the words it uses, what does the Constitution require the President to do regarding laws?

text: enforce

question: Laws are made by the President and approved by which body?

text: Congress

question: Who may the President restrict through impeachment?

text: Congress


text: The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union.

title: Warsaw_Pact

title: Warsaw_Pact

text: The

text: eight

text: member

text: countries

text: of

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: Pact

text: pledged

text: the

text: mutual

text: defense

text: of

text: any

text: member

text: who

text: would

text: be

text: attacked

text: Relations

text: among

text: the

text: treaty

text: signatories

text: were

text: based

text: upon

text: mutual

text: non

text: intervention

text: in

text: the

text: internal

text: affairs

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: countries

text: respect

text: for

text: national

text: sovereignty

text: and

text: political

text: independence

text: However

text: almost

text: all

text: governments

text: of

text: those

text: member

text: states

text: were

text: indirectly

text: controlled

text: by

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

question: How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership?

answer: eight

text: eight

question: The nine countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged what defense?

text: mutual

question: Whose relations were based on mutual intervention?

text: treaty signatories

question: All governments in the the Warsaw Pact were controlled by whom?

text: Soviet Union

question: Nine member countries formed what pact?

text: Warsaw


text: Four years into the 20th century saw the Russo-Japanese War with the Battle of Port Arthur establishing the Empire of Japan as a world power. The Russians were in constant pursuit of a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean, for their navy as well as for maritime trade. The Manchurian Campaign of the Russian Empire was fought against the Japanese over Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were Southern Manchuria, specifically the area around the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden, and the seas around Korea, Japan, and the Yellow Sea. The resulting campaigns, in which the fledgling Japanese military consistently attained victory over the Russian forces arrayed against them, were unexpected by world observers. These victories, as time transpired, would dramatically transform the distribution of power in East Asia, resulting in a reassessment of Japan's recent entry onto the world stage. The embarrassing string of defeats increased Russian popular dissatisfaction with the inefficient and corrupt Tsarist government.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: Four

text: years

text: into

text: the

text: century

text: saw

text: the

text: Russo

text: Japanese

text: War

text: with

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Port

text: Arthur

text: establishing

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: as

text: a

text: world

text: power

text: The

text: Russians

text: were

text: in

text: constant

text: pursuit

text: of

text: a

text: warm

text: water

text: port

text: on

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ocean

text: for

text: their

text: navy

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: for

text: maritime

text: trade

text: The

text: Manchurian

text: Campaign

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: Empire

text: was

text: fought

text: against

text: the

text: Japanese

text: over

text: Manchuria

text: and

text: Korea

text: The

text: major

text: theatres

text: of

text: operations

text: were

text: Southern

text: Manchuria

text: specifically

text: the

text: area

text: around

text: the

text: Liaodong

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: Mukden

text: and

text: the

text: seas

text: around

text: Korea

text: Japan

text: and

text: the

text: Yellow

text: Sea

text: The

text: resulting

text: campaigns

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: fledgling

text: Japanese

text: military

text: consistently

text: attained

text: victory

text: over

text: the

text: Russian

text: forces

text: arrayed

text: against

text: them

text: were

text: unexpected

text: by

text: world

text: observers

text: These

text: victories

text: as

text: time

text: transpired

text: would

text: dramatically

text: transform

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: power

text: in

text: East

text: Asia

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: reassessment

text: of

text: Japan

text: 's

text: recent

text: entry

text: onto

text: the

text: world

text: stage

text: The

text: embarrassing

text: string

text: of

text: defeats

text: increased

text: Russian

text: popular

text: dissatisfaction

text: with

text: the

text: inefficient

text: and

text: corrupt

text: Tsarist

text: government

question: When dd the Russo-Japanese war take place?

answer: Four years into the 20th century

text: Four years into the 20th century

question: What did the battle of Port Arthur establish?

answer: the Empire of Japan as a world power.

text: the Empire of Japan as a world power.

question: What were the Russians hoping to find in the pacific ocean?

answer: warm water port

text: warm water port

question: Why did the Manchurian Campaign fight the Russians.

answer: over Manchuria and Korea.

text: over Manchuria and Korea.

question: How were the Japanese victories over the Russians views around the world?

answer: unexpected

text: unexpected


text: Besides earning a reputation as a respected entertainment device, the iPod has also been accepted as a business device. Government departments, major institutions and international organisations have turned to the iPod line as a delivery mechanism for business communication and training, such as the Royal and Western Infirmaries in Glasgow, Scotland, where iPods are used to train new staff.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: Besides

text: earning

text: a

text: reputation

text: as

text: a

text: respected

text: entertainment

text: device

text: the

text: iPod

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: accepted

text: as

text: a

text: business

text: device

text: Government

text: departments

text: major

text: institutions

text: and

text: international

text: organisations

text: have

text: turned

text: to

text: the

text: iPod

text: line

text: as

text: a

text: delivery

text: mechanism

text: for

text: business

text: communication

text: and

text: training

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Royal

text: and

text: Western

text: Infirmaries

text: in

text: Glasgow

text: Scotland

text: where

text: iPods

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: train

text: new

text: staff

question: Aside from recreational use, in what other arena have iPods found use?

answer: business

text: business

question: What are two purposes for which iPods are used in business?

answer: communication and training

text: communication and training

question: What is the name of a company that uses iPods as part of its training?

answer: Royal and Western Infirmaries

text: Royal and Western Infirmaries

question: Where is Royal and Western Infirmaries located?

answer: Glasgow, Scotland

text: Glasgow, Scotland


text: Older operating systems such as TOPS-10, along with CP/M, tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z (SUB) to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For this reason, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead of SUBstitute. The end-of-text code (ETX), also known as Control-C, was inappropriate for a variety of reasons, while using Z as the control code to end a file is analogous to it ending the alphabet and serves as a very convenient mnemonic aid. A historically common and still prevalent convention uses the ETX code convention to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard.

title: ASCII

title: ASCII

text: Older

text: operating

text: systems

text: such

text: as

text: along

text: with

text: CP

text: M

text: tracked

text: file

text: length

text: only

text: in

text: units

text: of

text: disk

text: blocks

text: and

text: used

text: Control

text: Z

text: SUB

text: to

text: mark

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: actual

text: text

text: in

text: the

text: file

text: For

text: this

text: reason

text: EOF

text: or

text: end

text: of

text: file

text: was

text: used

text: colloquially

text: and

text: conventionally

text: as

text: a

text: three

text: letter

text: acronym

text: for

text: Control

text: Z

text: instead

text: of

text: SUBstitute

text: The

text: end

text: of

text: text

text: code

text: ETX

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Control

text: C

text: was

text: inappropriate

text: for

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: reasons

text: while

text: using

text: Z

text: as

text: the

text: control

text: code

text: to

text: end

text: a

text: file

text: is

text: analogous

text: to

text: it

text: ending

text: the

text: alphabet

text: and

text: serves

text: as

text: a

text: very

text: convenient

text: mnemonic

text: aid

text: A

text: historically

text: common

text: and

text: still

text: prevalent

text: convention

text: uses

text: the

text: ETX

text: code

text: convention

text: to

text: interrupt

text: and

text: halt

text: a

text: program

text: via

text: an

text: input

text: data

text: stream

text: usually

text: from

text: a

text: keyboard

question: What did older operating systems use to mark the end of the text?

answer: Control-Z (SUB)

text: Control-Z (SUB)

question: What does EOF stand for?

answer: end-of-file

text: end-of-file

question: What is still the conventional use of the ETX code?

answer: to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard

text: to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard

question: What else is the end-of-text code known as?

answer: Control-C

text: Control-C

question: What did older operating systems use to mark control code?

text: Control-Z

question: What is still the conventional use of the EOF code?

question: What else does the end-of text code use to track file length?

text: Control-C

question: Where does a control code usually come from?

text: a keyboard

question: What is using Z as the end of text analogous to?

text: it ending the alphabet


text: However, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 the Church of Scotland was finally unequivocally recognised as a Presbyterian institution by the monarch due to Scottish Presbyterian support for the aforementioned revolution and the Acts of Union 1707 between Scotland and England guaranteed the Church of Scotland's form of government. However, legislation by the United Kingdom parliament allowing patronage led to splits in the Church. In 1733, a group of ministers seceded from the Church of Scotland to form the Associate Presbytery, another group seceded in 1761 to form the Relief Church and the Disruption of 1843 led to the formation of the Free Church of Scotland. Further splits took place, especially over theological issues, but most Presbyterians in Scotland were reunited by 1929 union of the established Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland.

title: Presbyterianism

title: Presbyterianism

text: However

text: with

text: the

text: Glorious

text: Revolution

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Scotland

text: was

text: finally

text: unequivocally

text: recognised

text: as

text: a

text: Presbyterian

text: institution

text: by

text: the

text: monarch

text: due

text: to

text: Scottish

text: Presbyterian

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: aforementioned

text: revolution

text: and

text: the

text: Acts

text: of

text: Union

text: between

text: Scotland

text: and

text: England

text: guaranteed

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Scotland

text: 's

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: However

text: legislation

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: parliament

text: allowing

text: patronage

text: led

text: to

text: splits

text: in

text: the

text: Church

text: In

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: ministers

text: seceded

text: from

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Scotland

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: Associate

text: Presbytery

text: another

text: group

text: seceded

text: in

text: to

text: form

text: the

text: Relief

text: Church

text: and

text: the

text: Disruption

text: of

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: the

text: Free

text: Church

text: of

text: Scotland

text: Further

text: splits

text: took

text: place

text: especially

text: over

text: theological

text: issues

text: but

text: most

text: Presbyterians

text: in

text: Scotland

text: were

text: reunited

text: by

text: union

text: of

text: the

text: established

text: Church

text: of

text: Scotland

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Free

text: Church

text: of

text: Scotland

question: In what year was the Church of Scotland recognized as a Presbyterian institution by the moncarh?

answer: 1688

question: Which group was formed when ministries seceded from The Church of Scotland in 1733?

answer: Associate Presbytery

text: Associate Presbytery

question: What year were most Presbyterians in Scotland reunited?

answer: 1929

question: Which two groups were involved in the reuniting of Scotland's Presbyterian churches?

answer: Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland

text: Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland

question: Which revolution took place during 1707?

text: Glorious Revolution

question: During which year was the England Revolution?

question: Which Acts was signed in 1733?

text: Acts of Union

question: The Acts of Church was signed in which year?

question: Which group formed in 1707 after ministers seceded from the Church of Scotland?

text: Associate Presbytery


text: In Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971), the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause. The court's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never be absolute: "Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense. Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable," the court wrote. "Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation, far from being a "wall," is a blurred, indistinct, and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship."

title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

text: In

text: Lemon

text: v.

text: Kurtzman

text: U.S.

text: the

text: court

text: determined

text: that

text: a

text: Pennsylvania

text: state

text: policy

text: of

text: reimbursing

text: the

text: salaries

text: and

text: related

text: costs

text: of

text: teachers

text: of

text: secular

text: subjects

text: in

text: private

text: religious

text: schools

text: violated

text: the

text: Establishment

text: Clause

text: The

text: court

text: 's

text: decision

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: separation

text: of

text: church

text: and

text: state

text: could

text: never

text: be

text: absolute

text: Our

text: prior

text: holdings

text: do

text: not

text: call

text: for

text: total

text: separation

text: between

text: church

text: and

text: state

text: total

text: separation

text: is

text: not

text: possible

text: in

text: an

text: absolute

text: sense

text: Some

text: relationship

text: between

text: government

text: and

text: religious

text: organizations

text: is

text: inevitable

text: the

text: court

text: wrote

text: Judicial

text: caveats

text: against

text: entanglement

text: must

text: recognize

text: that

text: the

text: line

text: of

text: separation

text: far

text: from

text: being

text: a

text: wall

text: is

text: a

text: blurred

text: indistinct

text: and

text: variable

text: barrier

text: depending

text: on

text: all

text: the

text: circumstances

text: of

text: a

text: particular

text: relationship

question: When was the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman?

answer: 1971

question: What state's policy was in question in Lemon v. Kurtzman?

answer: Pennsylvania

text: Pennsylvania

question: Whose salaries were being reimbursed in private religious schools?

answer: teachers of secular subjects

text: teachers of secular subjects

question: What did the state's policy violate?

answer: the Establishment Clause

text: the Establishment Clause

question: What did the court's decision argue that the separation of church and state could never be?

answer: absolute

text: absolute

question: When was the case of Lime v. Kurtzman?

question: What state's policy was in question in Lime v. Kurtzman?

text: Pennsylvania

question: Whose salaries were being reimbursed in public religious schools?

text: teachers of secular subjects

question: What did the state's policy not violate?

text: Establishment Clause

question: What did the court's decision argue that the separation of church and state could always be?

text: absolute


text: Botany was greatly stimulated by the appearance of the first "modern" text book, Matthias Schleiden's Grundzüge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik, published in English in 1849 as Principles of Scientific Botany. Schleiden was a microscopist and an early plant anatomist who co-founded the cell theory with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow and was among the first to grasp the significance of the cell nucleus that had been described by Robert Brown in 1831. In 1855, Adolf Fick formulated Fick's laws that enabled the calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion in biological systems.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: Botany

text: was

text: greatly

text: stimulated

text: by

text: the

text: appearance

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: modern

text: text

text: book

text: Matthias

text: Schleiden

text: 's

text: Grundzüge

text: der

text: Wissenschaftlichen

text: Botanik

text: published

text: in

text: English

text: in

text: as

text: Principles

text: of

text: Scientific

text: Botany

text: Schleiden

text: was

text: a

text: microscopist

text: and

text: an

text: early

text: plant

text: anatomist

text: who

text: co

text: founded

text: the

text: cell

text: theory

text: with

text: Theodor

text: Schwann

text: and

text: Rudolf

text: Virchow

text: and

text: was

text: among

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: grasp

text: the

text: significance

text: of

text: the

text: cell

text: nucleus

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: described

text: by

text: Robert

text: Brown

text: in

text: In

text: Adolf

text: Fick

text: formulated

text: Fick

text: 's

text: laws

text: that

text: enabled

text: the

text: calculation

text: of

text: the

text: rates

text: of

text: molecular

text: diffusion

text: in

text: biological

text: systems

question: What was the first modern text book?

answer: Grundzüge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik

text: Grundzüge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik

question: What was Schleiden's profession?

answer: microscopist

text: microscopist

question: What theory did Schleiden co-found?

answer: cell theory

text: cell theory

question: What do Fick's laws do?

answer: calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion

text: calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion


text: The first book printed in France, Epistolae ("Letters"), by Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by Johann Heynlin. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Almost all the books published in Paris in the Middle Ages were in Latin, rather than French. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as Boileau, Corneille, La Fontaine, Molière, Racine, several coming from the provinces, and the foundation of the Académie française. In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafés and salons, and was dominated by Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Pierre de Marivaux, and Beaumarchais.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: The

text: first

text: book

text: printed

text: in

text: France

text: Epistolae

text: Letters

text: by

text: Gasparinus

text: de

text: Bergamo

text: Gasparino

text: da

text: Barzizza

text: was

text: published

text: in

text: Paris

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: press

text: established

text: by

text: Johann

text: Heynlin

text: Since

text: then

text: Paris

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: publishing

text: industry

text: the

text: home

text: of

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: best

text: known

text: writers

text: and

text: poets

text: and

text: the

text: setting

text: for

text: many

text: classic

text: works

text: of

text: French

text: literature

text: Almost

text: all

text: the

text: books

text: published

text: in

text: Paris

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: were

text: in

text: Latin

text: rather

text: than

text: French

text: Paris

text: did

text: not

text: become

text: the

text: acknowledged

text: capital

text: of

text: French

text: literature

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: with

text: authors

text: such

text: as

text: Boileau

text: Corneille

text: La

text: Fontaine

text: Molière

text: Racine

text: several

text: coming

text: from

text: the

text: provinces

text: and

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: the

text: Académie

text: française

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: literary

text: life

text: of

text: Paris

text: revolved

text: around

text: the

text: cafés

text: and

text: salons

text: and

text: was

text: dominated

text: by

text: Voltaire

text: Jean

text: Jacques

text: Rousseau

text: Pierre

text: de

text: Marivaux

text: and

text: Beaumarchais

question: What was the title of the first book printed in France?

answer: Epistolae

text: Epistolae

question: Who wrote Epistolae?

answer: Gasparinus de Bergamo

text: Gasparinus de Bergamo

question: When was Epistolae published?

answer: 1470

question: In what language were most books printed in the middle ages?

answer: Latin

text: Latin


text: The epistemological tensions between scientists and universities were also heightened by the economic realities of research during this time, as individual scientists, associations and universities were vying for limited resources. There was also competition from the formation of new colleges funded by private benefactors and designed to provide free education to the public, or established by local governments to provide a knowledge hungry populace with an alternative to traditional universities. Even when universities supported new scientific endeavors, and the university provided foundational training and authority for the research and conclusions, they could not compete with the resources available through private benefactors.

title: University

title: University

text: The

text: epistemological

text: tensions

text: between

text: scientists

text: and

text: universities

text: were

text: also

text: heightened

text: by

text: the

text: economic

text: realities

text: of

text: research

text: during

text: this

text: time

text: as

text: individual

text: scientists

text: associations

text: and

text: universities

text: were

text: vying

text: for

text: limited

text: resources

text: There

text: was

text: also

text: competition

text: from

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: new

text: colleges

text: funded

text: by

text: private

text: benefactors

text: and

text: designed

text: to

text: provide

text: free

text: education

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: or

text: established

text: by

text: local

text: governments

text: to

text: provide

text: a

text: knowledge

text: hungry

text: populace

text: with

text: an

text: alternative

text: to

text: traditional

text: universities

text: Even

text: when

text: universities

text: supported

text: new

text: scientific

text: endeavors

text: and

text: the

text: university

text: provided

text: foundational

text: training

text: and

text: authority

text: for

text: the

text: research

text: and

text: conclusions

text: they

text: could

text: not

text: compete

text: with

text: the

text: resources

text: available

text: through

text: private

text: benefactors

question: Scientists and universities were competing for what?

answer: limited resources

text: limited resources

question: What type of education did private benefactors hope to provide to the public?

answer: free

text: free

question: Governments created universities to serve as what?

answer: an alternative to traditional universities

text: an alternative to traditional universities

question: What type of entity created competition with government created universities?

answer: private benefactors

text: private benefactors

question: Scientists and local governments were competing for what?

text: limited resources

question: What type of education did scientists benefactors hope to provide to the public?

text: free

question: Governments created knowledge to serve as what?

question: Why did local governments establish research?

question: What could scientists not compete with?


text: Dell was the first company to publicly state a timeline for the elimination of toxic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs), which it planned to phase out by the end of 2009. It revised this commitment and now aims to remove these toxics by the end of 2011 but only in its computing products. In March 2010, Greenpeace activists protested at Dell offices in Bangalore, Amsterdam and Copenhagen calling for Dell’s founder and CEO Michael Dell to ‘drop the toxics’ and claiming that Dell’s aspiration to be ‘the greenest technology company on the planet’ was ‘hypocritical’. Dell has launched its first products completely free of PVC and BFRs with the G-Series monitors (G2210 and G2410) in 2009.

title: Dell

title: Dell

text: Dell

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: company

text: to

text: publicly

text: state

text: a

text: timeline

text: for

text: the

text: elimination

text: of

text: toxic

text: polyvinyl

text: chloride

text: PVC

text: and

text: brominated

text: flame

text: retardants

text: BFRs

text: which

text: it

text: planned

text: to

text: phase

text: out

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: It

text: revised

text: this

text: commitment

text: and

text: now

text: aims

text: to

text: remove

text: these

text: toxics

text: by

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: but

text: only

text: in

text: its

text: computing

text: products

text: In

text: March

text: Greenpeace

text: activists

text: protested

text: at

text: Dell

text: offices

text: in

text: Bangalore

text: Amsterdam

text: and

text: Copenhagen

text: calling

text: for

text: Dell

text: ’s

text: founder

text: and

text: CEO

text: Michael

text: Dell

text: to

text: drop

text: the

text: toxics’

text: and

text: claiming

text: that

text: Dell

text: ’s

text: aspiration

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: greenest

text: technology

text: company

text: on

text: the

text: planet’

text: was

text: hypocritical’

text: Dell

text: has

text: launched

text: its

text: first

text: products

text: completely

text: free

text: of

text: PVC

text: and

text: BFRs

text: with

text: the

text: G

text: Series

text: monitors

text: and

text: in

question: What toxic chemical did Dell set to eliminate from its products?

answer: polyvinyl chloride

text: polyvinyl chloride

question: By what year does Dell plan to remove chemicals from its computers?

answer: 2011

question: What activists protested at Dell's offices in response to the usage of toxic chemicals?

answer: Greenpeace

text: Greenpeace

question: What year did Dell launch its first products that were free of toxic chemicals?

answer: 2009

question: What toxic chemical didn't Dell set to eliminate from its products?

text: polyvinyl chloride

question: What nontoxic chemical did Dell set to eliminate from its products?

text: polyvinyl chloride

question: By what year does Dell plan to put chemicals in its computers?

question: What activists protested at Dell's offices in response to the usage of nontoxic chemicals?

text: Greenpeace

question: What year did Dell launch its first products that weren't free of toxic chemicals?


text: In May 1972, President Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev negotiated an easing of relations known as detente, creating a temporary "thaw" in the Cold War. In the spirit of good sportsmanship, the time seemed right for cooperation rather than competition, and the notion of a continuing "race" began to subside.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: In

text: May

text: President

text: Richard

text: M.

text: Nixon

text: and

text: Soviet

text: Premier

text: Leonid

text: Brezhnev

text: negotiated

text: an

text: easing

text: of

text: relations

text: known

text: as

text: detente

text: creating

text: a

text: temporary

text: thaw

text: in

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: In

text: the

text: spirit

text: of

text: good

text: sportsmanship

text: the

text: time

text: seemed

text: right

text: for

text: cooperation

text: rather

text: than

text: competition

text: and

text: the

text: notion

text: of

text: a

text: continuing

text: race

text: began

text: to

text: subside

question: Which two world leaders had negotiations that relieved the Cold War?

answer: Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev

text: Richard M. Nixon and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev

question: When did President Nixon and Brezhnev of the USSR end the Cold War?

answer: May 1972

text: May 1972


text: Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science was part of natural theology. Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals. The political and theological implications were intensely debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream.

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: Various

text: evolutionary

text: ideas

text: had

text: already

text: been

text: proposed

text: to

text: explain

text: new

text: findings

text: in

text: biology

text: There

text: was

text: growing

text: support

text: for

text: such

text: ideas

text: among

text: dissident

text: anatomists

text: and

text: the

text: general

text: public

text: but

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: English

text: scientific

text: establishment

text: was

text: closely

text: tied

text: to

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: while

text: science

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: natural

text: theology

text: Ideas

text: about

text: the

text: transmutation

text: of

text: species

text: were

text: controversial

text: as

text: they

text: conflicted

text: with

text: the

text: beliefs

text: that

text: species

text: were

text: unchanging

text: parts

text: of

text: a

text: designed

text: hierarchy

text: and

text: that

text: humans

text: were

text: unique

text: unrelated

text: to

text: other

text: animals

text: The

text: political

text: and

text: theological

text: implications

text: were

text: intensely

text: debated

text: but

text: transmutation

text: was

text: not

text: accepted

text: by

text: the

text: scientific

text: mainstream

question: Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas?

answer: dissident anatomists

text: dissident anatomists

question: Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century?

answer: the Church of England

text: the Church of England

question: What was the general opinion about transmutation of species in the 19th century?

answer: Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial

text: Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial

question: How did the majority of science see humanity in relation to animals in the 19th century?

answer: that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals.

text: that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals.

question: Which theology did everyone agree science was a part of in the 19th century?

answer: natural theology

text: natural theology


text: The new structure is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. By 2020 its basic competencies will include urban planning, housing, and protection of the environment. The first president of the metropolitan council, Patrick Ollier, a Republican and the mayor of the town of Rueil-Malmaison, was elected on January 22, 2016. Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million persons and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget; just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: The

text: new

text: structure

text: is

text: administered

text: by

text: a

text: Metropolitan

text: Council

text: of

text: members

text: not

text: directly

text: elected

text: but

text: chosen

text: by

text: the

text: councils

text: of

text: the

text: member

text: Communes

text: By

text: its

text: basic

text: competencies

text: will

text: include

text: urban

text: planning

text: housing

text: and

text: protection

text: of

text: the

text: environment

text: The

text: first

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: council

text: Patrick

text: Ollier

text: a

text: Republican

text: and

text: the

text: mayor

text: of

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Rueil

text: Malmaison

text: was

text: elected

text: on

text: January

text: Though

text: the

text: Metropole

text: has

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: nearly

text: seven

text: million

text: persons

text: and

text: accounts

text: for

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: GDP

text: of

text: France

text: it

text: has

text: a

text: very

text: small

text: budget

text: just

text: million

text: Euros

text: compared

text: with

text: eight

text: billion

text: Euros

text: for

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Paris

question: How many members are in the Metropolitan Council?

answer: 210

question: Who was the first president of the metropolitan council?

answer: Patrick Ollier

text: Patrick Ollier

question: What town was Patrick Ollier a mayor of?

answer: Rueil-Malmaison

text: Rueil-Malmaison

question: What party does Patrick Ollier associate with?

answer: Republican

text: Republican

question: What is the budget for Metropole?

answer: 65 million Euros

text: 65 million Euros


text: In February 1861, secessionists in Tennessee's state government—led by Governor Isham Harris—sought voter approval for a convention to sever ties with the United States, but Tennessee voters rejected the referendum by a 54–46% margin. The strongest opposition to secession came from East Tennessee (which later tried to form a separate Union-aligned state). Following the Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter in April and Lincoln's call for troops from Tennessee and other states in response, Governor Isham Harris began military mobilization, submitted an ordinance of secession to the General Assembly, and made direct overtures to the Confederate government. The Tennessee legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederate States on May 7, 1861. On June 8, 1861, with people in Middle Tennessee having significantly changed their position, voters approved a second referendum calling for secession, becoming the last state to do so.

title: Tennessee

title: Tennessee

text: In

text: February

text: secessionists

text: in

text: Tennessee

text: 's

text: state

text: government

text: led

text: by

text: Governor

text: Isham

text: Harris

text: sought

text: voter

text: approval

text: for

text: a

text: convention

text: to

text: sever

text: ties

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: but

text: Tennessee

text: voters

text: rejected

text: the

text: referendum

text: by

text: a

text: margin

text: The

text: strongest

text: opposition

text: to

text: secession

text: came

text: from

text: East

text: Tennessee

text: which

text: later

text: tried

text: to

text: form

text: a

text: separate

text: Union

text: aligned

text: state

text: Following

text: the

text: Confederate

text: attack

text: upon

text: Fort

text: Sumter

text: in

text: April

text: and

text: Lincoln

text: 's

text: call

text: for

text: troops

text: from

text: Tennessee

text: and

text: other

text: states

text: in

text: response

text: Governor

text: Isham

text: Harris

text: began

text: military

text: mobilization

text: submitted

text: an

text: ordinance

text: of

text: secession

text: to

text: the

text: General

text: Assembly

text: and

text: made

text: direct

text: overtures

text: to

text: the

text: Confederate

text: government

text: The

text: Tennessee

text: legislature

text: ratified

text: an

text: agreement

text: to

text: enter

text: a

text: military

text: league

text: with

text: the

text: Confederate

text: States

text: on

text: May

text: On

text: June

text: with

text: people

text: in

text: Middle

text: Tennessee

text: having

text: significantly

text: changed

text: their

text: position

text: voters

text: approved

text: a

text: second

text: referendum

text: calling

text: for

text: secession

text: becoming

text: the

text: last

text: state

text: to

text: do

text: so

question: Which Tennessee governor championed secession in February of 1861?

answer: Isham Harris

text: Isham Harris

question: Which area of Tennessee was most resistant to secession?

answer: East Tennessee

text: East Tennessee

question: What percentage of voters voted against secession in Tennessee's February 1861 referendum?

answer: 54

question: On which date did Tennessee enter a military alliance with the Confederacy?

answer: May 7, 1861

text: May 7, 1861

question: Which region of Tennessee swung in favor of secession in the June 1861 referendum?

answer: Middle Tennessee

text: Middle Tennessee


text: In 1816 Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley visited Geneva and all three were inspired by the scenery in their writings. During these visits Shelley wrote the poem "Mont Blanc", Byron wrote "The Prisoner of Chillon" and the dramatic poem Manfred, and Mary Shelley, who found the scenery overwhelming, conceived the idea for the novel Frankenstein in her villa on the shores of Lake Geneva in the midst of a thunderstorm. When Coleridge travelled to Chamonix, he declaimed, in defiance of Shelley, who had signed himself "Atheos" in the guestbook of the Hotel de Londres near Montenvers, "Who would be, who could be an atheist in this valley of wonders". By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: In

text: Byron

text: Percy

text: Bysshe

text: Shelley

text: and

text: his

text: wife

text: Mary

text: Shelley

text: visited

text: Geneva

text: and

text: all

text: three

text: were

text: inspired

text: by

text: the

text: scenery

text: in

text: their

text: writings

text: During

text: these

text: visits

text: Shelley

text: wrote

text: the

text: poem

text: Mont

text: Blanc

text: Byron

text: wrote

text: The

text: Prisoner

text: of

text: Chillon

text: and

text: the

text: dramatic

text: poem

text: Manfred

text: and

text: Mary

text: Shelley

text: who

text: found

text: the

text: scenery

text: overwhelming

text: conceived

text: the

text: idea

text: for

text: the

text: novel

text: Frankenstein

text: in

text: her

text: villa

text: on

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: Lake

text: Geneva

text: in

text: the

text: midst

text: of

text: a

text: thunderstorm

text: When

text: Coleridge

text: travelled

text: to

text: Chamonix

text: he

text: declaimed

text: in

text: defiance

text: of

text: Shelley

text: who

text: had

text: signed

text: himself

text: Atheos

text: in

text: the

text: guestbook

text: of

text: the

text: Hotel

text: de

text: Londres

text: near

text: Montenvers

text: Who

text: would

text: be

text: who

text: could

text: be

text: an

text: atheist

text: in

text: this

text: valley

text: of

text: wonders

text: By

text: the

text: century

text: scientists

text: began

text: to

text: arrive

text: en

text: masse

text: to

text: study

text: the

text: geology

text: and

text: ecology

text: of

text: the

text: region

question: Percy and Mary Shelley were inspired by what region's scenery?

answer: Geneva

text: Geneva

question: What poem did Shelley write during the visits to Geneva?

answer: Mont Blanc

text: Mont Blanc

question: When did scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the Alpine region?

answer: the mid-19th century

text: the mid-19th century


text: Ground Control is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated "movement areas", except the traffic on runways. This includes planes, baggage trains, snowplows, grass cutters, fuel trucks, stair trucks, airline food trucks, conveyor belt vehicles and other vehicles. Ground Control will instruct these vehicles on which taxiways to use, which runway they will use (in the case of planes), where they will park, and when it is safe to cross runways. When a plane is ready to takeoff it will stop short of the runway, at which point it will be turned over to Tower Control. After a plane has landed, it will depart the runway and be returned to Ground Control.

title: Airport

title: Airport

text: Ground

text: Control

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: directing

text: all

text: ground

text: traffic

text: in

text: designated

text: movement

text: areas

text: except

text: the

text: traffic

text: on

text: runways

text: This

text: includes

text: planes

text: baggage

text: trains

text: snowplows

text: grass

text: cutters

text: fuel

text: trucks

text: stair

text: trucks

text: airline

text: food

text: trucks

text: conveyor

text: belt

text: vehicles

text: and

text: other

text: vehicles

text: Ground

text: Control

text: will

text: instruct

text: these

text: vehicles

text: on

text: which

text: taxiways

text: to

text: use

text: which

text: runway

text: they

text: will

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: planes

text: where

text: they

text: will

text: park

text: and

text: when

text: it

text: is

text: safe

text: to

text: cross

text: runways

text: When

text: a

text: plane

text: is

text: ready

text: to

text: takeoff

text: it

text: will

text: stop

text: short

text: of

text: the

text: runway

text: at

text: which

text: point

text: it

text: will

text: be

text: turned

text: over

text: to

text: Tower

text: Control

text: After

text: a

text: plane

text: has

text: landed

text: it

text: will

text: depart

text: the

text: runway

text: and

text: be

text: returned

text: to

text: Ground

text: Control

question: What is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated areas?

answer: Ground Control

text: Ground Control

question: Who instructs vehicles on which taxiways to use?

answer: Ground Control

text: Ground Control

question: When a plane is ready to take off, who takes over the direction of a plane?

answer: Tower Control

text: Tower Control

question: When is control turned back over to ground control?

answer: After a plane has landed

text: After a plane has landed

question: What are stair trucks responsible for?

question: What are two things Ground Control instructs Tower Control to do?

question: When a plane is ready to take off what does it do before being turned over to Ground Control?

text: stop short of the runway

question: When a plane lands what does it do before returning to Tower Control?

text: depart the runway

question: What are some examples of ground traffic Tower Control directs in designated areas?


text: The Soviet Union duplicated its dual-launch feat with Vostok 5 and Vostok 6 (June 16, 1963). This time they launched the first woman (also the first civilian), Valentina Tereshkova, into space on Vostok 6. Launching a woman was reportedly Korolev's idea, and it was accomplished purely for propaganda value. Tereshkova was one of a small corps of female cosmonauts who were amateur parachutists, but Tereshkova was the only one to fly. The USSR didn't again open its cosmonaut corps to women until 1980, two years after the United States opened its astronaut corps to women.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: duplicated

text: its

text: dual

text: launch

text: feat

text: with

text: Vostok

text: and

text: Vostok

text: June

text: This

text: time

text: they

text: launched

text: the

text: first

text: woman

text: also

text: the

text: first

text: civilian

text: Valentina

text: Tereshkova

text: into

text: space

text: on

text: Vostok

text: Launching

text: a

text: woman

text: was

text: reportedly

text: Korolev

text: 's

text: idea

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: accomplished

text: purely

text: for

text: propaganda

text: value

text: Tereshkova

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: a

text: small

text: corps

text: of

text: female

text: cosmonauts

text: who

text: were

text: amateur

text: parachutists

text: but

text: Tereshkova

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: to

text: fly

text: The

text: USSR

text: did

text: n't

text: again

text: open

text: its

text: cosmonaut

text: corps

text: to

text: women

text: until

text: two

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: opened

text: its

text: astronaut

text: corps

text: to

text: women

question: The first woman that went into space was whom?

answer: Valentina Tereshkova

text: Valentina Tereshkova

question: What spacecraft carried  Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space?

answer: Vostok 6

text: Vostok 6

question: The first woman to launch into space was on what date?

answer: June 16, 1963

text: June 16, 1963

question: The first woman to go into space was from which country?

answer: The USSR

text: The USSR


text: American Virgil "Gus" Grissom repeated Shepard's suborbital flight in Liberty Bell 7 on July 21, 1961. Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962. His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the Friendship 7 spacecraft, and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, after a tense reentry, due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield. As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, and received a ticker-tape parade in New York City, reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh. On February 23, 1962, President Kennedy escorted him in a parade at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, where he awarded Glenn with the NASA service medal.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: American

text: Virgil

text: Gus

text: Grissom

text: repeated

text: Shepard

text: 's

text: suborbital

text: flight

text: in

text: Liberty

text: Bell

text: on

text: July

text: Almost

text: a

text: year

text: after

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: put

text: a

text: human

text: into

text: orbit

text: astronaut

text: John

text: Glenn

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: American

text: to

text: orbit

text: the

text: Earth

text: on

text: February

text: His

text: Mercury

text: Atlas

text: mission

text: completed

text: three

text: orbits

text: in

text: the

text: Friendship

text: spacecraft

text: and

text: splashed

text: down

text: safely

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: after

text: a

text: tense

text: reentry

text: due

text: to

text: what

text: falsely

text: appeared

text: from

text: the

text: telemetry

text: data

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: loose

text: heat

text: shield

text: As

text: the

text: first

text: American

text: in

text: orbit

text: Glenn

text: became

text: a

text: national

text: hero

text: and

text: received

text: a

text: ticker

text: tape

text: parade

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: reminiscent

text: of

text: that

text: given

text: for

text: Charles

text: Lindbergh

text: On

text: February

text: President

text: Kennedy

text: escorted

text: him

text: in

text: a

text: parade

text: at

text: Cape

text: Canaveral

text: Air

text: Force

text: Station

text: where

text: he

text: awarded

text: Glenn

text: with

text: the

text: NASA

text: service

text: medal

question: The first American to orbit around the planet was whom?

answer: John Glenn

text: John Glenn

question: When did John Glenn orbit the Earth?

answer: February 20, 1962

text: February 20, 1962

question: Where did John Glenn land on Earth after coming back from orbit?

answer: Atlantic Ocean

text: Atlantic Ocean

question: John Glenn's spaceship was named what when he orbited the Earth?

answer: Friendship 7

text: Friendship 7


text: The context for the rise of the public sphere was the economic and social change commonly associated with the Industrial Revolution: "economic expansion, increasing urbanization, rising population and improving communications in comparison to the stagnation of the previous century"." Rising efficiency in production techniques and communication lowered the prices of consumer goods and increased the amount and variety of goods available to consumers (including the literature essential to the public sphere). Meanwhile, the colonial experience (most European states had colonial empires in the 18th century) began to expose European society to extremely heterogeneous cultures, leading to the breaking down of "barriers between cultural systems, religious divides, gender differences and geographical areas".

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: The

text: context

text: for

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: public

text: sphere

text: was

text: the

text: economic

text: and

text: social

text: change

text: commonly

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: economic

text: expansion

text: increasing

text: urbanization

text: rising

text: population

text: and

text: improving

text: communications

text: in

text: comparison

text: to

text: the

text: stagnation

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: century

text: Rising

text: efficiency

text: in

text: production

text: techniques

text: and

text: communication

text: lowered

text: the

text: prices

text: of

text: consumer

text: goods

text: and

text: increased

text: the

text: amount

text: and

text: variety

text: of

text: goods

text: available

text: to

text: consumers

text: including

text: the

text: literature

text: essential

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: sphere

text: Meanwhile

text: the

text: colonial

text: experience

text: most

text: European

text: states

text: had

text: colonial

text: empires

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: began

text: to

text: expose

text: European

text: society

text: to

text: extremely

text: heterogeneous

text: cultures

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: breaking

text: down

text: of

text: barriers

text: between

text: cultural

text: systems

text: religious

text: divides

text: gender

text: differences

text: and

text: geographical

text: areas

question: Did rising efficiency in production and communication lower or raise the prices of consumer goods?

answer: lowered

text: lowered

question: Was the variety of goods available to consumers increased or decreased by the economic and social change of the Industrial Revolution?

answer: increased

text: increased

question: The context for the rise of the public sphere was the econoic and social change associated with what revolution?

answer: Industrial Revolution

text: Industrial Revolution