text: The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program computer. It was built at the Victoria University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill, and ran its first program on 21 June 1948. It was designed as a testbed for the Williams tube the first random-access digital storage device. Although the computer was considered "small and primitive" by the standards of its time, it was the first working machine to contain all of the elements essential to a modern electronic computer. As soon as the SSEM had demonstrated the feasibility of its design, a project was initiated at the university to develop it into a more usable computer, the Manchester Mark 1.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: The

text: Manchester

text: Small

text: Scale

text: Experimental

text: Machine

text: nicknamed

text: Baby

text: was

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: first

text: stored

text: program

text: computer

text: It

text: was

text: built

text: at

text: the

text: Victoria

text: University

text: of

text: Manchester

text: by

text: Frederic

text: C.

text: Williams

text: Tom

text: Kilburn

text: and

text: Geoff

text: Tootill

text: and

text: ran

text: its

text: first

text: program

text: on

text: June

text: It

text: was

text: designed

text: as

text: a

text: testbed

text: for

text: the

text: Williams

text: tube

text: the

text: first

text: random

text: access

text: digital

text: storage

text: device

text: Although

text: the

text: computer

text: was

text: considered

text: small

text: and

text: primitive

text: by

text: the

text: standards

text: of

text: its

text: time

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: working

text: machine

text: to

text: contain

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: elements

text: essential

text: to

text: a

text: modern

text: electronic

text: computer

text: As

text: soon

text: as

text: the

text: SSEM

text: had

text: demonstrated

text: the

text: feasibility

text: of

text: its

text: design

text: a

text: project

text: was

text: initiated

text: at

text: the

text: university

text: to

text: develop

text: it

text: into

text: a

text: more

text: usable

text: computer

text: the

text: Manchester

text: Mark

question: What was the nickname of the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine?

answer: Baby

text: Baby

question: What was the first stored-program computer in the world?

answer: The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine

text: The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine

question: Where was the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine built?

answer: Victoria University of Manchester

text: Victoria University of Manchester

question: Who built the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine?

answer: Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill

text: Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn and Geoff Tootill

question: When did the Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine run its first program?

answer: 21 June 1948

text: 21 June 1948


text: The first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and belonging to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common ancestry and common biological characteristics. The second, rooted in social constructionist theory, takes the view that identity is formed by a predominantly political choice of certain characteristics. In so doing, it questions the idea that identity is a natural given, characterised by fixed, supposedly objective criteria. Both approaches need to be understood in their respective political and historical contexts, characterised by debate on issues of class, race and ethnicity. While they have been criticized, they continue to exert an influence on approaches to the conceptualisation of identity today.

title: Identity_(social_science)

title: Identity_(social_science

text: The

text: first

text: favours

text: a

text: primordialist

text: approach

text: which

text: takes

text: the

text: sense

text: of

text: self

text: and

text: belonging

text: to

text: a

text: collective

text: group

text: as

text: a

text: fixed

text: thing

text: defined

text: by

text: objective

text: criteria

text: such

text: as

text: common

text: ancestry

text: and

text: common

text: biological

text: characteristics

text: The

text: second

text: rooted

text: in

text: social

text: constructionist

text: theory

text: takes

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: identity

text: is

text: formed

text: by

text: a

text: predominantly

text: political

text: choice

text: of

text: certain

text: characteristics

text: In

text: so

text: doing

text: it

text: questions

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: identity

text: is

text: a

text: natural

text: given

text: characterised

text: by

text: fixed

text: supposedly

text: objective

text: criteria

text: Both

text: approaches

text: need

text: to

text: be

text: understood

text: in

text: their

text: respective

text: political

text: and

text: historical

text: contexts

text: characterised

text: by

text: debate

text: on

text: issues

text: of

text: class

text: race

text: and

text: ethnicity

text: While

text: they

text: have

text: been

text: criticized

text: they

text: continue

text: to

text: exert

text: an

text: influence

text: on

text: approaches

text: to

text: the

text: conceptualisation

text: of

text: identity

text: today

question: What approach takes the sense of self and belonging as a fixed thing?

answer: a primordialist approach

text: a primordialist approach

question: The view that identity is based on a political choice of characteristics is rooted in what theory?

answer: social constructionist theory

text: social constructionist theory

question: Primordialist and social constructionist views need to be understood in what contexts?

answer: political and historical contexts

text: political and historical contexts

question: What approach takes the sense of self and as a changing thing?

text: primordialist approach

question: What theory says that political choice is based on identity characteristics?

text: social constructionist theory

question: What influences primordalist and social constructionist views

text: identity

question: primordalist and social constructionist views need to be viewed outside of what?

text: political and historical contexts

question: What have primordalist and social constructionist views stopped exerting influence on?


text: The Battle of Spicheren, on 5 August, was the second of three critical French defeats. Moltke had originally planned to keep Bazaine's army on the Saar River until he could attack it with the 2nd Army in front and the 1st Army on its left flank, while the 3rd Army closed towards the rear. The aging General von Steinmetz made an overzealous, unplanned move, leading the 1st Army south from his position on the Moselle. He moved straight toward the town of Spicheren, cutting off Prince Frederick Charles from his forward cavalry units in the process.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Spicheren

text: on

text: August

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: of

text: three

text: critical

text: French

text: defeats

text: Moltke

text: had

text: originally

text: planned

text: to

text: keep

text: Bazaine

text: 's

text: army

text: on

text: the

text: Saar

text: River

text: until

text: he

text: could

text: attack

text: it

text: with

text: the

text: Army

text: in

text: front

text: and

text: the

text: Army

text: on

text: its

text: left

text: flank

text: while

text: the

text: Army

text: closed

text: towards

text: the

text: rear

text: The

text: aging

text: General

text: von

text: Steinmetz

text: made

text: an

text: overzealous

text: unplanned

text: move

text: leading

text: the

text: Army

text: south

text: from

text: his

text: position

text: on

text: the

text: Moselle

text: He

text: moved

text: straight

text: toward

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Spicheren

text: cutting

text: off

text: Prince

text: Frederick

text: Charles

text: from

text: his

text: forward

text: cavalry

text: units

text: in

text: the

text: process

question: Which battle was the second of three key French losses?

answer: Battle of Spicheren

text: Battle of Spicheren

question: On what date did the battle of Spicheren take place?

answer: 5 August

text: 5 August

question: Moltke had originally planned to kee Bazaine's army on what river?

answer: the Saar River

text: the Saar River

question: Which general's zeal and lack of planning led to cutting off Prince Charles from his calvary?

answer: General von Steinmetz

text: General von Steinmetz

question: Which town was the site of General von Steinmetz's grave error?

answer: Spicheren

text: Spicheren


text: A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup. Strikingly, regardless of the place of origin, Ashkenazi Jews can be grouped in the same genetic cohort – that is, regardless of whether an Ashkenazi Jew's ancestors came from Poland, Russia, Hungary, Lithuania, or any other place with a historical Jewish population, they belong to the same ethnic group. The research demonstrates the endogamy of the Jewish population in Europe and lends further credence to the idea of Ashkenazi Jews as an ethnic group. Moreover, though intermarriage among Jews of Ashkenazi descent has become increasingly common, many Haredi Jews, particularly members of Hasidic or Hareidi sects, continue to marry exclusively fellow Ashkenazi Jews. This trend keeps Ashkenazi genes prevalent and also helps researchers further study the genes of Ashkenazi Jews with relative ease. It is noteworthy that these Haredi Jews often have extremely large families.

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

text: A

text: study

text: found

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jews

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: clear

text: homogeneous

text: genetic

text: subgroup

text: Strikingly

text: regardless

text: of

text: the

text: place

text: of

text: origin

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jews

text: can

text: be

text: grouped

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: genetic

text: cohort

text: that

text: is

text: regardless

text: of

text: whether

text: an

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jew

text: 's

text: ancestors

text: came

text: from

text: Poland

text: Russia

text: Hungary

text: Lithuania

text: or

text: any

text: other

text: place

text: with

text: a

text: historical

text: Jewish

text: population

text: they

text: belong

text: to

text: the

text: same

text: ethnic

text: group

text: The

text: research

text: demonstrates

text: the

text: endogamy

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: population

text: in

text: Europe

text: and

text: lends

text: further

text: credence

text: to

text: the

text: idea

text: of

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jews

text: as

text: an

text: ethnic

text: group

text: Moreover

text: though

text: intermarriage

text: among

text: Jews

text: of

text: Ashkenazi

text: descent

text: has

text: become

text: increasingly

text: common

text: many

text: Haredi

text: Jews

text: particularly

text: members

text: of

text: Hasidic

text: or

text: Hareidi

text: sects

text: continue

text: to

text: marry

text: exclusively

text: fellow

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jews

text: This

text: trend

text: keeps

text: Ashkenazi

text: genes

text: prevalent

text: and

text: also

text: helps

text: researchers

text: further

text: study

text: the

text: genes

text: of

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jews

text: with

text: relative

text: ease

text: It

text: is

text: noteworthy

text: that

text: these

text: Haredi

text: Jews

text: often

text: have

text: extremely

text: large

text: families

question: A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a what?

answer: a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup

text: a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup

question: Ashkenazi Jews, regardless of their place of origin, belong to the same what?

answer: ethnic group

text: ethnic group

question: Members of which two Haredi Jewish sects continue to marry exclusively within the Ashkenazi Jewish population?

answer: Hasidic or Hareidi sects

text: Hasidic or Hareidi sects

question: Do Haredi Jews tend to have large or small families?

answer: Haredi Jews often have extremely large families

text: Haredi Jews often have extremely large families


text: In 2002, Spielberg was one of eight flagbearers who carried the Olympic Flag into Rice-Eccles Stadium at the Opening Ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City. In 2006, Premiere listed him as the most powerful and influential figure in the motion picture industry. Time listed him as one of the 100 Most Important People of the Century. At the end of the 20th century, Life named him the most influential person of his generation. In 2009, Boston University presented him an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree.

title: Steven_Spielberg

title: Steven_Spielberg

text: In

text: Spielberg

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: eight

text: flagbearers

text: who

text: carried

text: the

text: Olympic

text: Flag

text: into

text: Rice

text: Eccles

text: Stadium

text: at

text: the

text: Opening

text: Ceremonies

text: of

text: the

text: Winter

text: Olympic

text: Games

text: in

text: Salt

text: Lake

text: City

text: In

text: Premiere

text: listed

text: him

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: and

text: influential

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: motion

text: picture

text: industry

text: Time

text: listed

text: him

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Most

text: Important

text: People

text: of

text: the

text: Century

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Life

text: named

text: him

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: person

text: of

text: his

text: generation

text: In

text: Boston

text: University

text: presented

text: him

text: an

text: honorary

text: Doctor

text: of

text: Humane

text: Letters

text: degree

question: In which Olympics was Spielberg a flagbearer?

answer: 2002 Winter Olympic Games

text: 2002 Winter Olympic Games

question: Where was Spielberg an Olympic flagbearer?

answer: Salt Lake City

text: Salt Lake City

question: How did Time Magazine recognize Spielberg?

answer: one of the 100 Most Important People of the Century

text: one of the 100 Most Important People of the Century

question: How did Life Magazine recognize Spielberg?

answer: the most influential person of his generation

text: the most influential person of his generation

question: What honorary degree did Spielberg receive from Boston University?

answer: Doctor of Humane Letters

text: Doctor of Humane Letters

question: Where were the 2006 Winter Olympics held?

text: Salt Lake City

question: Where is Rice-Eccles Stadium?

text: Boston

question: Where did Spielberg attend college?

text: Boston University

question: Who did Time list as the most important person of the century?

text: Spielberg


text: The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer." In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966.

title: Space_Race

title: Space_Race

text: The

text: German

text: rocket

text: center

text: in

text: Peenemünde

text: was

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: part

text: of

text: Germany

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: Soviet

text: zone

text: of

text: occupation

text: On

text: Stalin

text: 's

text: orders

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: sent

text: its

text: best

text: rocket

text: engineers

text: to

text: this

text: region

text: to

text: see

text: what

text: they

text: could

text: salvage

text: for

text: future

text: weapons

text: systems

text: The

text: Soviet

text: rocket

text: engineers

text: were

text: led

text: by

text: Sergei

text: Korolev

text: He

text: had

text: been

text: involved

text: in

text: space

text: clubs

text: and

text: early

text: Soviet

text: rocket

text: design

text: in

text: the

text: but

text: was

text: arrested

text: in

text: during

text: Joseph

text: Stalin

text: 's

text: Great

text: Purge

text: and

text: imprisoned

text: for

text: six

text: years

text: in

text: Siberia

text: After

text: the

text: war

text: he

text: became

text: the

text: USSR

text: 's

text: chief

text: rocket

text: and

text: spacecraft

text: engineer

text: essentially

text: the

text: Soviet

text: counterpart

text: to

text: von

text: Braun

text: His

text: identity

text: was

text: kept

text: a

text: state

text: secret

text: throughout

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: and

text: he

text: was

text: identified

text: publicly

text: only

text: as

text: the

text: Chief

text: Designer

text: In

text: the

text: West

text: his

text: name

text: was

text: only

text: officially

text: revealed

text: when

text: he

text: died

text: in

question: The German rocket center was located in what city?

answer: Peenemünde

text: Peenemünde

question: Who was in charge of the Soviet rocket engineer team that went into Germany?

answer: Sergei Korolev

text: Sergei Korolev

question: What year was Sergei Korolev arrested?

answer: 1938

question: Sergei Korolev died in what year?

answer: 1966

question: After the war, Sergei Korolev was known under what title?

answer: USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer

text: USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer


text: The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics.

title: Comics

title: Comics

text: The

text: English

text: term

text: comics

text: derives

text: from

text: the

text: humorous

text: or

text: comic

text: work

text: which

text: predominated

text: in

text: early

text: American

text: newspaper

text: comic

text: strips

text: usage

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: has

text: become

text: standard

text: for

text: non

text: humorous

text: works

text: as

text: well

text: The

text: term

text: comic

text: book

text: has

text: a

text: similarly

text: confusing

text: history

text: they

text: are

text: most

text: often

text: not

text: humorous

text: nor

text: are

text: they

text: regular

text: books

text: but

text: rather

text: periodicals

text: It

text: is

text: common

text: in

text: English

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: the

text: comics

text: of

text: different

text: cultures

text: by

text: the

text: terms

text: used

text: in

text: their

text: original

text: languages

text: such

text: as

text: manga

text: for

text: Japanese

text: comics

text: or

text: bandes

text: dessinées

text: for

text: French

text: language

text: Franco

text: Belgian

text: comics

question: The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where?

answer: newspaper comic strips

text: newspaper comic strips

question: Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works?

answer: non-humorous

text: non-humorous

question: Comic books are what type of books?

answer: periodicals

text: periodicals

question: What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan?

answer: manga

text: manga

question: What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian?

answer: bandes dessinées

text: bandes dessinées

question: The word comic comes from the nonhumorous pieces found where?

text: newspaper comic strips

question: Comic is used for what other kind of work especially humorous works?

text: non-humorous

question: Comic books aren't what type of books?

text: periodicals

question: What is the term that the French use for the comics out of Japan?

text: manga

question: What is the term that the English use for the comics that don't come out of Belgian?

text: bandes dessinées


text: Recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems, with high biodiversity, complex food webs and a variety of niches, took much longer to reestablish, recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic, 4M to 6M years after the extinction and was not complete until 30M years after the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Animal life was then dominated by various archosaurian reptiles: dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and aquatic reptiles such as ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs.

title: Mesozoic

title: Mesozoic

text: Recent

text: research

text: indicates

text: that

text: the

text: specialized

text: animals

text: that

text: formed

text: complex

text: ecosystems

text: with

text: high

text: biodiversity

text: complex

text: food

text: webs

text: and

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: niches

text: took

text: much

text: longer

text: to

text: reestablish

text: recovery

text: did

text: not

text: begin

text: until

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: the

text: mid

text: Triassic

text: M

text: to

text: M

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: extinction

text: and

text: was

text: not

text: complete

text: until

text: M

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: Permian

text: Triassic

text: extinction

text: event

text: Animal

text: life

text: was

text: then

text: dominated

text: by

text: various

text: archosaurian

text: reptiles

text: dinosaurs

text: pterosaurs

text: and

text: aquatic

text: reptiles

text: such

text: as

text: ichthyosaurs

text: plesiosaurs

text: and

text: mosasaurs

question: What type of animals took longer to reestablish?

answer: specialized animals

text: specialized animals

question: When did recovery of these diverse animals begin?

answer: mid-Triassic

text: mid-Triassic

question: How long after the Permian-Triassic extinction did animal recovery take to completion?

answer: 30M years

text: 30M years

question: What dominated animal life in the Triassic?

answer: reptiles

text: reptiles

question: How many years after the extinction did animal recovery begin?

answer: 4M to 6M

text: 4M to 6M

question: What type of animals were especially quick to reestablish?

text: specialized animals

question: The recovery of many species failed during what period of the Triassic?

text: mid

question: What animal life was most at risk in the Triassic?

text: reptiles

question: How many years of recovery did the extinction interrupt?

text: 4M to 6M


text: In December 2006, Robert "Evel" Knievel sued West for trademark infringement in West's video for "Touch the Sky". Knievel took issue with a "sexually charged video" in which West takes on the persona of "Evel Kanyevel" and attempts flying a rocket over a canyon. The suit claimed infringement on Knievel's trademarked name and likeness. Knievel also claimed that the "vulgar and offensive" images depicted in the video damaged his reputation. The suit sought monetary damages and an injunction to stop distribution of the video. West's attorneys argued that the music video amounted to satire and therefore was covered under the First Amendment. Just days before his death in November 2007, Knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit from West, saying, "I thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman."

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: In

text: December

text: Robert

text: Evel

text: Knievel

text: sued

text: West

text: for

text: trademark

text: infringement

text: in

text: West

text: 's

text: video

text: for

text: Touch

text: the

text: Sky

text: Knievel

text: took

text: issue

text: with

text: a

text: sexually

text: charged

text: video

text: in

text: which

text: West

text: takes

text: on

text: the

text: persona

text: of

text: Evel

text: Kanyevel

text: and

text: attempts

text: flying

text: a

text: rocket

text: over

text: a

text: canyon

text: The

text: suit

text: claimed

text: infringement

text: on

text: Knievel

text: 's

text: trademarked

text: name

text: and

text: likeness

text: Knievel

text: also

text: claimed

text: that

text: the

text: vulgar

text: and

text: offensive

text: images

text: depicted

text: in

text: the

text: video

text: damaged

text: his

text: reputation

text: The

text: suit

text: sought

text: monetary

text: damages

text: and

text: an

text: injunction

text: to

text: stop

text: distribution

text: of

text: the

text: video

text: West

text: 's

text: attorneys

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: music

text: video

text: amounted

text: to

text: satire

text: and

text: therefore

text: was

text: covered

text: under

text: the

text: First

text: Amendment

text: Just

text: days

text: before

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: November

text: Knievel

text: amicably

text: settled

text: the

text: suit

text: after

text: being

text: paid

text: a

text: visit

text: from

text: West

text: saying

text: I

text: thought

text: he

text: was

text: a

text: wonderful

text: guy

text: and

text: quite

text: a

text: gentleman

question: What famous stuntman sued Kanye for purported use of his likeness in 2006?

answer: Robert "Evel" Knievel

text: Robert "Evel" Knievel

question: When was the suit settled?

answer: days before his death in November 2007

text: days before his death in November 2007

question: Which celebrity sued West in 2006 for trademark infrigement?

answer: Robert "Evel" Knievel

text: Robert "Evel" Knievel

question: What was the name of the nickname Kanye West took on in his video "Touch the Sky"?

answer: Evel Kanyevel

text: Evel Kanyevel

question: When did Knievel settle the argument with West?

answer: November 2007

text: November 2007


text: As a Cardinal, Montini journeyed to Africa (1962), where he visited Ghana, Sudan, Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, South Africa, and Nigeria. After his journey, John XXIII gave him a private audience on his trip which lasted for several hours. In fifteen other trips he visited Brazil (1960) and the USA (1960), including New York City, Washington, DC, Chicago, the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. While a cardinal, he usually vacationed in Engelberg Abbey, a secluded Benedictine monastery in Switzerland.

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: As

text: a

text: Cardinal

text: Montini

text: journeyed

text: to

text: Africa

text: where

text: he

text: visited

text: Ghana

text: Sudan

text: Kenya

text: Congo

text: Rhodesia

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: Nigeria

text: After

text: his

text: journey

text: John

text: XXIII

text: gave

text: him

text: a

text: private

text: audience

text: on

text: his

text: trip

text: which

text: lasted

text: for

text: several

text: hours

text: In

text: fifteen

text: other

text: trips

text: he

text: visited

text: Brazil

text: and

text: the

text: USA

text: including

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Washington

text: DC

text: Chicago

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: in

text: Indiana

text: Boston

text: Philadelphia

text: and

text: Baltimore

text: While

text: a

text: cardinal

text: he

text: usually

text: vacationed

text: in

text: Engelberg

text: Abbey

text: a

text: secluded

text: Benedictine

text: monastery

text: in

text: Switzerland

question: What country did Montini visit as Cardinal?

answer: Africa

text: Africa

question: In what year did Montini travel to visit Africa as a cardinal?

answer: 1962

question: How many foreign trips did Montini make as Cardinal?

answer: fifteen

text: fifteen

question: In what year did Montini visit the United States?

answer: 1960

question: Where did Montini like to use as a retreat as a cardinal?

answer: Engelberg Abbey

text: Engelberg Abbey


text: In 2009, the university's Marriott School of Management received a No. 5 ranking by BusinessWeek for its undergraduate programs, and its MBA program was ranked by several sources: No. 22 ranking by BusinessWeek, No. 16 by Forbes, and No. 29 by U.S. News & World Report. Among regional schools the MBA program was ranked No. 1 by The Wall Street Journal's most recent ranking (2007), and it was ranked No. 92 among business schools worldwide in 2009 by Financial Times. For 2009, the university's School of Accountancy, which is housed within the Marriott School, received two No. 3 rankings for its undergraduate program—one by Public Accounting Report and the other by U.S. News & World Report. The same two reporting agencies also ranked the school's MAcc program No. 3 and No. 8 in the nation, respectively. In 2010, an article in the Wall Street Journal listing institutions whose graduates were the top-rated by recruiters ranked BYU No. 11. Using 2010 fiscal year data, the Association of University Technology Managers ranked BYU No. 3 in an evaluation of universities creating the most startup companies through campus research.

title: Brigham_Young_University

title: Brigham_Young_University

text: In

text: the

text: university

text: 's

text: Marriott

text: School

text: of

text: Management

text: received

text: a

text: No

text: ranking

text: by

text: BusinessWeek

text: for

text: its

text: undergraduate

text: programs

text: and

text: its

text: MBA

text: program

text: was

text: ranked

text: by

text: several

text: sources

text: No

text: ranking

text: by

text: BusinessWeek

text: No

text: by

text: Forbes

text: and

text: No

text: by

text: U.S.

text: News

text: World

text: Report

text: Among

text: regional

text: schools

text: the

text: MBA

text: program

text: was

text: ranked

text: No

text: by

text: The

text: Wall

text: Street

text: Journal

text: 's

text: most

text: recent

text: ranking

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: ranked

text: No

text: among

text: business

text: schools

text: worldwide

text: in

text: by

text: Financial

text: Times

text: For

text: the

text: university

text: 's

text: School

text: of

text: Accountancy

text: which

text: is

text: housed

text: within

text: the

text: Marriott

text: School

text: received

text: two

text: No

text: rankings

text: for

text: its

text: undergraduate

text: program

text: one

text: by

text: Public

text: Accounting

text: Report

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: by

text: U.S.

text: News

text: World

text: Report

text: The

text: same

text: two

text: reporting

text: agencies

text: also

text: ranked

text: the

text: school

text: 's

text: MAcc

text: program

text: No

text: and

text: No

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: respectively

text: In

text: an

text: article

text: in

text: the

text: Wall

text: Street

text: Journal

text: listing

text: institutions

text: whose

text: graduates

text: were

text: the

text: top

text: rated

text: by

text: recruiters

text: ranked

text: BYU

text: No

text: Using

text: fiscal

text: year

text: data

text: the

text: Association

text: of

text: University

text: Technology

text: Managers

text: ranked

text: BYU

text: No

text: in

text: an

text: evaluation

text: of

text: universities

text: creating

text: the

text: most

text: startup

text: companies

text: through

text: campus

text: research

question: Who ranked BYU's Marriott School of Mangement as No. 5 for it's undergrad programs in 2009?

answer: BusinessWeek

text: BusinessWeek

question: Who ranked BYU's MBA program No. 1 among regional schools in 2007?

answer: The Wall Street Journal

text: The Wall Street Journal

question: Using 2010 data, how was BYU ranked as a university creating the most startup companies through campus research?

answer: No. 3

text: No. 3

question: Who ranked BYU as No. 11 of institutions whose grads were top-rated by recruiters in a 2010 article?

answer: Wall Street Journal

text: Wall Street Journal

question: How did Financial Times rank BYU among business schools worldwide in 2009?

answer: No. 92

text: No. 92

question: What ranking did the Marriott School of Management receive in 2010 by BusinessWeek?

text: No. 5

question: Where did the Association of University Technology Managers rank BYU in 2010?

text: No. 3

question: Who ranked the school's MAcc program No. 8 and No. 3 respectively?

question: What rankings for 2010 did the School of Accountancy receive?

text: two No. 3 rankings


text: At the Abbey Saint-Denis, Noyon Cathedral, Notre Dame de Paris and at the eastern end of Canterbury Cathedral in England, simple cylindrical columns predominate over the Gothic forms of clustered columns and shafted piers. Wells Cathedral in England, commenced at the eastern end in 1175, was the first building in which the designer broke free from Romanesque forms. The architect entirely dispensed with the round arch in favour of the pointed arch and with cylindrical columns in favour of piers composed of clusters of shafts which lead into the mouldings of the arches. The transepts and nave were continued by Adam Locke in the same style and completed in about 1230. The character of the building is entirely Gothic. Wells Cathedral is thus considered the first truly Gothic cathedral.

title: Gothic_architecture

title: Gothic_architecture

text: At

text: the

text: Abbey

text: Saint

text: Denis

text: Noyon

text: Cathedral

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: de

text: Paris

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: eastern

text: end

text: of

text: Canterbury

text: Cathedral

text: in

text: England

text: simple

text: cylindrical

text: columns

text: predominate

text: over

text: the

text: Gothic

text: forms

text: of

text: clustered

text: columns

text: and

text: shafted

text: piers

text: Wells

text: Cathedral

text: in

text: England

text: commenced

text: at

text: the

text: eastern

text: end

text: in

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: building

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: designer

text: broke

text: free

text: from

text: Romanesque

text: forms

text: The

text: architect

text: entirely

text: dispensed

text: with

text: the

text: round

text: arch

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: the

text: pointed

text: arch

text: and

text: with

text: cylindrical

text: columns

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: piers

text: composed

text: of

text: clusters

text: of

text: shafts

text: which

text: lead

text: into

text: the

text: mouldings

text: of

text: the

text: arches

text: The

text: transepts

text: and

text: nave

text: were

text: continued

text: by

text: Adam

text: Locke

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: style

text: and

text: completed

text: in

text: about

text: The

text: character

text: of

text: the

text: building

text: is

text: entirely

text: Gothic

text: Wells

text: Cathedral

text: is

text: thus

text: considered

text: the

text: first

text: truly

text: Gothic

text: cathedral

question: What is one cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?

answer: Abbey Saint-Denis

text: Abbey Saint-Denis

question: When was the construction of Wells Cathedral in England begun?

answer: in 1175

text: in 1175

question: Who completed the transepts and nave on Wells Cathedral in about 1230?

answer: Adam Locke

text: Adam Locke

question: Which Cathedral is considered the first thoroughly Gothic cathedral?

answer: Wells Cathedral

text: Wells Cathedral

question: What is another cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?

answer: Notre Dame de Paris

text: Notre Dame de Paris

question: What is one cathedral in which complex cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?

text: Abbey Saint-Denis

question: When was the construction of Wells Cathedral in England halted?

text: in 1175

question: Who completed the transepts and nave on Wells Cathedral in about 1130?

text: Adam Locke

question: Which Cathedral is considered the only thoroughly Gothic cathedral?

text: Wells Cathedral


text: In 1948, Eisenhower became President of Columbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City. The assignment was described as not being a good fit in either direction. During that year Eisenhower's memoir, Crusade in Europe, was published. Critics regarded it as one of the finest U.S. military memoirs, and it was a major financial success as well. Eisenhower's profit on the book was substantially aided by an unprecedented ruling by the U.S. Department of the Treasury that Eisenhower was not a professional writer, but rather, marketing the lifetime asset of his experiences, and thus he only had to pay capital gains tax on his $635,000 advance instead of the much higher personal tax rate. This ruling saved Eisenhower about $400,000.

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: In

text: Eisenhower

text: became

text: President

text: of

text: Columbia

text: University

text: an

text: Ivy

text: League

text: university

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: The

text: assignment

text: was

text: described

text: as

text: not

text: being

text: a

text: good

text: fit

text: in

text: either

text: direction

text: During

text: that

text: year

text: Eisenhower

text: 's

text: memoir

text: Crusade

text: in

text: Europe

text: was

text: published

text: Critics

text: regarded

text: it

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: finest

text: U.S.

text: military

text: memoirs

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: a

text: major

text: financial

text: success

text: as

text: well

text: Eisenhower

text: 's

text: profit

text: on

text: the

text: book

text: was

text: substantially

text: aided

text: by

text: an

text: unprecedented

text: ruling

text: by

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Department

text: of

text: the

text: Treasury

text: that

text: Eisenhower

text: was

text: not

text: a

text: professional

text: writer

text: but

text: rather

text: marketing

text: the

text: lifetime

text: asset

text: of

text: his

text: experiences

text: and

text: thus

text: he

text: only

text: had

text: to

text: pay

text: capital

text: gains

text: tax

text: on

text: his

text: advance

text: instead

text: of

text: the

text: much

text: higher

text: personal

text: tax

text: rate

text: This

text: ruling

text: saved

text: Eisenhower

text: about

question: What position did Eisenhower occupy in 1948?

answer: President of Columbia University

text: President of Columbia University

question: Where is Columbia University located?

answer: New York City

text: New York City

question: What was the title of Eisenhower's memoir?

answer: Crusade in Europe

text: Crusade in Europe

question: What group of schools did Columbia University belong to?

answer: Ivy League

text: Ivy League

question: What body ruled the Eisenhower was not a professional writer?

answer: Department of the Treasury

text: Department of the Treasury


text: Some of the later writers about the show were more positive, Michael Slezak, again of Entertainment Weekly, thought that "for all its bloated, synthetic, product-shilling, money-making trappings, Idol provides a once-a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today's music business." Singer Sheryl Crow, who was later to act as a mentor on the show, however took the view that the show "undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism". Pop music critic Ann Powers nevertheless suggested that Idol has "reshaped the American songbook", "led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture", and connects "the classic Hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future." Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek accused judge Simon Cowell's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that "Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him." Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants, suggesting that those who appeared on Idol are not real artists with self-respect.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: later

text: writers

text: about

text: the

text: show

text: were

text: more

text: positive

text: Michael

text: Slezak

text: again

text: of

text: Entertainment

text: Weekly

text: thought

text: that

text: for

text: all

text: its

text: bloated

text: synthetic

text: product

text: shilling

text: money

text: making

text: trappings

text: Idol

text: provides

text: a

text: once

text: a

text: year

text: chance

text: for

text: the

text: average

text: American

text: to

text: combat

text: the

text: evils

text: of

text: today

text: 's

text: music

text: business

text: Singer

text: Sheryl

text: Crow

text: who

text: was

text: later

text: to

text: act

text: as

text: a

text: mentor

text: on

text: the

text: show

text: however

text: took

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: the

text: show

text: undermines

text: art

text: in

text: every

text: way

text: and

text: promotes

text: commercialism

text: Pop

text: music

text: critic

text: Ann

text: Powers

text: nevertheless

text: suggested

text: that

text: Idol

text: has

text: reshaped

text: the

text: American

text: songbook

text: led

text: us

text: toward

text: a

text: new

text: way

text: of

text: viewing

text: ourselves

text: in

text: relationship

text: to

text: mainstream

text: popular

text: culture

text: and

text: connects

text: the

text: classic

text: Hollywood

text: dream

text: to

text: the

text: multicentered

text: popular

text: culture

text: of

text: the

text: future

text: Others

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: personalities

text: in

text: the

text: show

text: Ramin

text: Setoodeh

text: of

text: Newsweek

text: accused

text: judge

text: Simon

text: Cowell

text: 's

text: cruel

text: critiques

text: in

text: the

text: show

text: of

text: helping

text: to

text: establish

text: in

text: the

text: wider

text: world

text: a

text: culture

text: of

text: meanness

text: that

text: Simon

text: Cowell

text: has

text: dragged

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: us

text: in

text: the

text: mud

text: with

text: him

text: Some

text: such

text: as

text: singer

text: John

text: Mayer

text: disparaged

text: the

text: contestants

text: suggesting

text: that

text: those

text: who

text: appeared

text: on

text: Idol

text: are

text: not

text: real

text: artists

text: with

text: self

text: respect

question: What publication does Michael Slezak write for?

answer: Entertainment Weekly

text: Entertainment Weekly

question: Who was accused of being mean and cruel on American Idol?

answer: Simon Cowell

text: Simon Cowell

question: What singer had bad things to say about contestants on American Idol?

answer: John Mayer

text: John Mayer

question: What magazine does Ramin Wetoodeh write for?

answer: Newsweek

text: Newsweek

question: Sheryl Crow felt the show undermined art and promoted what?

answer: commercialism

text: commercialism

question: Who said that American Idol has reshaped the American songbook?

answer: Ann Powers

text: Ann Powers

question: Who was accused of helping meanness thrive?

answer: Simon Cowell

text: Simon Cowell

question: Which singer said the contestants are not real artists with self respect?

answer: John Mayer

text: John Mayer


text: The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led, in 1966, to back-to-back military coups. The first coup was in January 1966 and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region. But, the coup plotters struggled to form a central government. President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army, then under the command of another Igbo officer, General JTU Aguiyi-Ironsi.

title: Nigeria

title: Nigeria

text: The

text: disquilibrium

text: and

text: perceived

text: corruption

text: of

text: the

text: electoral

text: and

text: political

text: process

text: led

text: in

text: to

text: back

text: to

text: back

text: military

text: coups

text: The

text: first

text: coup

text: was

text: in

text: January

text: and

text: was

text: led

text: by

text: Igbo

text: soldiers

text: under

text: Majors

text: Emmanuel

text: Ifeajuna

text: and

text: Chukwuma

text: Kaduna

text: Nzeogwu

text: The

text: coup

text: plotters

text: succeeded

text: in

text: murdering

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Abubakar

text: Tafawa

text: Balewa

text: Premier

text: Ahmadu

text: Bello

text: of

text: the

text: Northern

text: Region

text: and

text: Premier

text: Ladoke

text: Akintola

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Region

text: But

text: the

text: coup

text: plotters

text: struggled

text: to

text: form

text: a

text: central

text: government

text: President

text: Nwafor

text: Orizu

text: handed

text: over

text: government

text: control

text: to

text: the

text: Army

text: then

text: under

text: the

text: command

text: of

text: another

text: Igbo

text: officer

text: General

text: JTU

text: Aguiyi

text: Ironsi

question: In what year were there two military coups in Nigeria?

answer: 1966

question: Which group led the first 1966 coup?

answer: Igbo soldiers

text: Igbo soldiers

question: Which Prime Minister was murdered in the Igbo coup?

answer: Abubakar Tafawa Balewa

text: Abubakar Tafawa Balewa

question: Which Northern Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?

answer: Ahmadu Bello

text: Ahmadu Bello

question: Which Western Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?

answer: Ladoke Akintola

text: Ladoke Akintola


text: When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, "transmit on") caused the tape reader to resume. This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a "handshaking" signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending overflow; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique. On some systems Control-S retains its meaning but Control-Q is replaced by a second Control-S to resume output. The 33 ASR also could be configured to employ Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4) to start and stop the tape punch; on some units equipped with this function, the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and TAPE respectively.

title: ASCII

title: ASCII

text: When

text: a

text: Teletype

text: ASR

text: equipped

text: with

text: the

text: automatic

text: paper

text: tape

text: reader

text: received

text: a

text: Control

text: S

text: XOFF

text: an

text: abbreviation

text: for

text: transmit

text: off

text: it

text: caused

text: the

text: tape

text: reader

text: to

text: stop

text: receiving

text: Control

text: Q

text: XON

text: transmit

text: on

text: caused

text: the

text: tape

text: reader

text: to

text: resume

text: This

text: technique

text: became

text: adopted

text: by

text: several

text: early

text: computer

text: operating

text: systems

text: as

text: a

text: handshaking

text: signal

text: warning

text: a

text: sender

text: to

text: stop

text: transmission

text: because

text: of

text: impending

text: overflow

text: it

text: persists

text: to

text: this

text: day

text: in

text: many

text: systems

text: as

text: a

text: manual

text: output

text: control

text: technique

text: On

text: some

text: systems

text: Control

text: S

text: retains

text: its

text: meaning

text: but

text: Control

text: Q

text: is

text: replaced

text: by

text: a

text: second

text: Control

text: S

text: to

text: resume

text: output

text: The

text: ASR

text: also

text: could

text: be

text: configured

text: to

text: employ

text: Control

text: R

text: and

text: Control

text: T

text: to

text: start

text: and

text: stop

text: the

text: tape

text: punch

text: on

text: some

text: units

text: equipped

text: with

text: this

text: function

text: the

text: corresponding

text: control

text: character

text: lettering

text: on

text: the

text: keycap

text: above

text: the

text: letter

text: was

text: TAPE

text: and

text: TAPE

text: respectively

question: What casued the automatic paper tape reader to stop?

answer: a Control-S

text: a Control-S

question: What caused the automatic paper tape reader to start again?

answer: Control-Q

text: Control-Q

question: What was the warning signal called that warned the sender that there was impending overflow?

answer: handshaking

text: handshaking

question: What two controls can be configured with 33 ASR?

answer: Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4)

text: Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4)

question: What caused the paper tape reader to send a signal warning?

text: a Control-S

question: What caused the automatic paper tape reader to output control technique?

text: Control-Q

question: What was the warning signal that warned TAPE that there was impending overflow?

text: handshaking

question: What two controls can be configured from a mobile phone?

text: Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4)

question: What is impending overflow replaced by on some systems?

text: a second Control-S


text: In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal from aes сyprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to сuprum, from which the words copper (English), cuivre (French), Koper (Dutch) and Kupfer (German) are all derived. Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite, malachite and turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments. Architectural structures built with copper corrode to give green verdigris (or patina). Decorative art prominently features copper, both by itself and in the form of pigments.

title: Copper

title: Copper

text: In

text: the

text: Roman

text: era

text: copper

text: was

text: principally

text: mined

text: on

text: Cyprus

text: the

text: origin

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: metal

text: from

text: aes

text: сyprium

text: metal

text: of

text: Cyprus

text: later

text: corrupted

text: to

text: сuprum

text: from

text: which

text: the

text: words

text: copper

text: English

text: cuivre

text: French

text: Koper

text: Dutch

text: and

text: Kupfer

text: German

text: are

text: all

text: derived

text: Its

text: compounds

text: are

text: commonly

text: encountered

text: as

text: copper(II

text: salts

text: which

text: often

text: impart

text: blue

text: or

text: green

text: colors

text: to

text: minerals

text: such

text: as

text: azurite

text: malachite

text: and

text: turquoise

text: and

text: have

text: been

text: widely

text: used

text: historically

text: as

text: pigments

text: Architectural

text: structures

text: built

text: with

text: copper

text: corrode

text: to

text: give

text: green

text: verdigris

text: or

text: patina

text: Decorative

text: art

text: prominently

text: features

text: copper

text: both

text: by

text: itself

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: pigments

question: Where was copper mostly mined at in the Roman era?

answer: Cyprus

text: Cyprus

question: What term does the name copper originate from?

answer: сuprum

text: сuprum

question: What componds are common in copper?

answer: copper(II) salts

text: copper(II) salts

question: What is one color common in copper salts?

answer: blue

text: blue

question: What is the name of the color pigment on building structures that are made using copper.

answer: green verdigris

text: green verdigris

question: Where was copper glowing at in the Roman era?

text: Cyprus

question: What compounds are radioactive in copper?

text: copper(II) salts

question: What is the name of the color pigment on water that is made using copper?

text: green verdigris

question: What term means that copper is an imaginary substance?

text: сuprum

question: What color is most rare in copper salts?

text: blue or green


text: Buddhist scholars have produced a number of intellectual theories, philosophies and world view concepts (see, for example, Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism). Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Buddhist

text: scholars

text: have

text: produced

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: intellectual

text: theories

text: philosophies

text: and

text: world

text: view

text: concepts

text: see

text: for

text: example

text: Abhidharma

text: Buddhist

text: philosophy

text: and

text: Reality

text: in

text: Buddhism

text: Some

text: schools

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: discourage

text: doctrinal

text: study

text: and

text: some

text: regard

text: it

text: as

text: essential

text: practice

question: What are some of the theories and philosophies produced by Buddhist scholars?

answer: Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism

text: Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism

question: Does Buddhism encourage or discourage doctrinal studies?

answer: Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.

text: Some schools of Buddhism discourage doctrinal study, and some regard it as essential practice.

question: Who has produced a number of theories and concepts such as Abhidharma and Reality in Buddhism?

answer: Buddhist scholars

text: Buddhist scholars

question: Some schools within Buddhism discourage what type of study?

answer: doctrinal

text: doctrinal


text: This format often includes dance-pop (such as upbeat songs by Madonna, Cher, Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue), power pops (mainly by boybands such as Backstreet Boys and Westlife), and adult-oriented soft rock music that are ballad-driven (typically by Aerosmith[citation needed], The Eagles, Sting, Toto and The Moody Blues). Generally, Hot AC radio stations target their music output towards the 18-54 age group and a demographic audience of both men and women.

title: Adult_contemporary_music

title: Adult_contemporary_music

text: This

text: format

text: often

text: includes

text: dance

text: pop

text: such

text: as

text: upbeat

text: songs

text: by

text: Madonna

text: Cher

text: Gloria

text: Estefan

text: and

text: Kylie

text: Minogue

text: power

text: pops

text: mainly

text: by

text: boybands

text: such

text: as

text: Backstreet

text: Boys

text: and

text: Westlife

text: and

text: adult

text: oriented

text: soft

text: rock

text: music

text: that

text: are

text: ballad

text: driven

text: typically

text: by

text: Aerosmith[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: Eagles

text: Sting

text: Toto

text: and

text: The

text: Moody

text: Blues

text: Generally

text: Hot

text: AC

text: radio

text: stations

text: target

text: their

text: music

text: output

text: towards

text: the

text: age

text: group

text: and

text: a

text: demographic

text: audience

text: of

text: both

text: men

text: and

text: women

question: Madonna, Cher, Gloria Estefan and Kylie Minogue are artists in what genre of music?

answer: dance-pop

text: dance-pop

question: What type of band are Backstreet Boys and Westlife?

answer: boybands

text: boybands

question: What genre of music is played by Westlife?

answer: power pops

text: power pops

question: What genre of music is played by The Eagles?

answer: soft rock

text: soft rock

question: What is the target age range of Hot AC stations?

answer: 18-54


text: Boston's park system is well-reputed nationally. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that Boston was tied with Sacramento and San Francisco for having the third-best park system among the 50 most populous US cities. ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: Boston

text: 's

text: park

text: system

text: is

text: well

text: reputed

text: nationally

text: In

text: its

text: ParkScore

text: ranking

text: The

text: Trust

text: for

text: Public

text: Land

text: reported

text: that

text: Boston

text: was

text: tied

text: with

text: Sacramento

text: and

text: San

text: Francisco

text: for

text: having

text: the

text: third

text: best

text: park

text: system

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: US

text: cities

text: ParkScore

text: ranks

text: city

text: park

text: systems

text: by

text: a

text: formula

text: that

text: analyzes

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: median

text: park

text: size

text: park

text: acres

text: as

text: percent

text: of

text: city

text: area

text: the

text: percent

text: of

text: residents

text: within

text: a

text: half

text: mile

text: of

text: a

text: park

text: spending

text: of

text: park

text: services

text: per

text: resident

text: and

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: playgrounds

text: per

text: residents

question: What ranking does the Boston park system have?

answer: third-best

text: third-best

question: Who ranks city park systems?

answer: ParkScore

text: ParkScore

question: Parkscore ranks the number of resident within what distance of the park?

answer: a half-mile

text: a half-mile


text: In recent years, Nanjing has been developing its economy, commerce, industry, as well as city construction. In 2013 the city's GDP was RMB 801 billion (3rd in Jiangsu), and GDP per capita(current price) was RMB 98,174(US$16041), a 11 percent increase from 2012. The average urban resident's disposable income was RMB 36,200, while the average rural resident's net income was RMB 14,513. The registered urban unemployment rate was 3.02 percent, lower than the national average (4.3 percent). Nanjing's Gross Domestic Product ranked 12th in 2013 in China, and its overall competence ranked 6th in mainland and 8th including Taiwan and Hong Kong in 2009.

title: Nanjing

title: Nanjing

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: Nanjing

text: has

text: been

text: developing

text: its

text: economy

text: commerce

text: industry

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: city

text: construction

text: In

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: GDP

text: was

text: RMB

text: billion

text: in

text: Jiangsu

text: and

text: GDP

text: per

text: capita(current

text: price

text: was

text: RMB

text: a

text: percent

text: increase

text: from

text: The

text: average

text: urban

text: resident

text: 's

text: disposable

text: income

text: was

text: RMB

text: while

text: the

text: average

text: rural

text: resident

text: 's

text: net

text: income

text: was

text: RMB

text: The

text: registered

text: urban

text: unemployment

text: rate

text: was

text: percent

text: lower

text: than

text: the

text: national

text: average

text: percent

text: Nanjing

text: 's

text: Gross

text: Domestic

text: Product

text: ranked

text: in

text: in

text: China

text: and

text: its

text: overall

text: competence

text: ranked

text: in

text: mainland

text: and

text: including

text: Taiwan

text: and

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: in

question: What was Nanjing's GDP in 2013?

answer: RMB 801 billion

text: RMB 801 billion

question: What was Nanjing's GDP per person in 2013?

answer: RMB 98,174(US$16041)

text: RMB 98,174(US$16041)

question: Was the GDP in 2013 an increase or decrease over 2012's levels?

answer: increase

text: increase

question: How was Nanjing's unemployment rate, compared to the nation as a whole?

answer: lower than the national average

text: lower than the national average

question: What was Nanjing's GDP ranking in all of China for 2013?

answer: 12th


text: In the mid 1970s, various American groups (some with ties to Downtown Manhattan's punk scene, including Television and Suicide) had begun expanding on the vocabulary of punk music. Midwestern groups such as Pere Ubu and Devo drew inspiration from the region's derelict industrial environments, employing conceptual art techniques, musique concrète and unconventional verbal styles that would presage the post-punk movement by several years. A variety of subsequent groups, including New York-based Talking Heads and Boston-based Mission of Burma, combined elements of punk with art school sensibilities. In 1978, the former band began a series of collaborations with British ambient pioneer and ex-Roxy Music member Brian Eno, experimenting with Dada-influenced lyrical techniques, dance music, and African polyrhythms. San Francisco's vibrant post-punk scene was centered around such groups as Chrome, the Residents and Tuxedomoon, who incorporated multimedia experimentation, film and ideas from Antonin Artaud's Theater of Cruelty.

title: Post-punk

title: Post

title: punk

text: In

text: the

text: mid

text: various

text: American

text: groups

text: some

text: with

text: ties

text: to

text: Downtown

text: Manhattan

text: 's

text: punk

text: scene

text: including

text: Television

text: and

text: Suicide

text: had

text: begun

text: expanding

text: on

text: the

text: vocabulary

text: of

text: punk

text: music

text: Midwestern

text: groups

text: such

text: as

text: Pere

text: Ubu

text: and

text: Devo

text: drew

text: inspiration

text: from

text: the

text: region

text: 's

text: derelict

text: industrial

text: environments

text: employing

text: conceptual

text: art

text: techniques

text: musique

text: concrète

text: and

text: unconventional

text: verbal

text: styles

text: that

text: would

text: presage

text: the

text: post

text: punk

text: movement

text: by

text: several

text: years

text: A

text: variety

text: of

text: subsequent

text: groups

text: including

text: New

text: York

text: based

text: Talking

text: Heads

text: and

text: Boston

text: based

text: Mission

text: of

text: Burma

text: combined

text: elements

text: of

text: punk

text: with

text: art

text: school

text: sensibilities

text: In

text: the

text: former

text: band

text: began

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: collaborations

text: with

text: British

text: ambient

text: pioneer

text: and

text: ex

text: Roxy

text: Music

text: member

text: Brian

text: Eno

text: experimenting

text: with

text: Dada

text: influenced

text: lyrical

text: techniques

text: dance

text: music

text: and

text: African

text: polyrhythms

text: San

text: Francisco

text: 's

text: vibrant

text: post

text: punk

text: scene

text: was

text: centered

text: around

text: such

text: groups

text: as

text: Chrome

text: the

text: Residents

text: and

text: Tuxedomoon

text: who

text: incorporated

text: multimedia

text: experimentation

text: film

text: and

text: ideas

text: from

text: Antonin

text: Artaud

text: 's

text: Theater

text: of

text: Cruelty

question: What nationality began birthing groups who expanded the vocabulary of punk music?

answer: American

text: American

question: From what region did the group Devo originate?

answer: Midwestern

text: Midwestern

question: Where was the band Talking Heads based out of?

answer: New York

text: New York

question: Who did the Talking Heads begin a series of collaborations with in 1978?

answer: Brian Eno

text: Brian Eno

question: What region's post-punk scene incorporated ideas from Theater of Cruelty?

answer: San Francisco's

text: San Francisco's

question: When did the American groups begin to really get in on the post-punk movement?

answer: mid 1970s

text: mid 1970s

question: Which American bands had ties to the Manchester punk scene?

answer: Television and Suicide

text: Television and Suicide

question: What were some Midwestern punk bands?

answer: Pere Ubu and Devo

text: Pere Ubu and Devo

question: What did Pere and Devo draw inspiration for their music from?

answer: derelict industrial environments

text: derelict industrial environments

question: What were groups in San Francisco's post-punk scene?

answer: Chrome, the Residents and Tuxedomoon

text: Chrome, the Residents and Tuxedomoon

question: What groups were not interested in the punk scene?

text: American

question: Which environments were not inspirational to music?

text: derelict industrial environments

question: What elements were never combined with punk?

text: art school sensibilities

question: What year was the least influential for post-punk?


text: Although it is said that the "dog is man's best friend" regarding 17–24% of dogs in the developed countries, in the developing world they are feral, village or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon. These live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers was to run away (52%) or respond with aggression (11%). We know little about these dogs, nor about the dogs that live in developed countries that are feral, stray or are in shelters, yet the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: Although

text: it

text: is

text: said

text: that

text: the

text: dog

text: is

text: man

text: 's

text: best

text: friend

text: regarding

text: of

text: dogs

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: countries

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: they

text: are

text: feral

text: village

text: or

text: community

text: dogs

text: with

text: pet

text: dogs

text: uncommon

text: These

text: live

text: their

text: lives

text: as

text: scavengers

text: and

text: have

text: never

text: been

text: owned

text: by

text: humans

text: with

text: one

text: study

text: showing

text: their

text: most

text: common

text: response

text: when

text: approached

text: by

text: strangers

text: was

text: to

text: run

text: away

text: or

text: respond

text: with

text: aggression

text: We

text: know

text: little

text: about

text: these

text: dogs

text: nor

text: about

text: the

text: dogs

text: that

text: live

text: in

text: developed

text: countries

text: that

text: are

text: feral

text: stray

text: or

text: are

text: in

text: shelters

text: yet

text: the

text: great

text: majority

text: of

text: modern

text: research

text: on

text: dog

text: cognition

text: has

text: focused

text: on

text: pet

text: dogs

text: living

text: in

text: human

text: homes

question: When these feral dogs are approached by a person, they tend to do this 52% of the time?

answer: run away

text: run away

question: When these feral dogs are approached by a person, they tend to do this 11% of the time?

answer: respond with aggression

text: respond with aggression

question: Dog cognition has been studied on what kind of dogs?

answer: pet dogs living in human homes.

text: pet dogs living in human homes.


text: Nanjing is the transportation hub in eastern China and the downstream Yangtze River area. Different means of transportation constitute a three-dimensional transport system that includes land, water and air. As in most other Chinese cities, public transportation is the dominant mode of travel of the majority of the citizens. As of October 2014, Nanjing had five bridges and two tunnels over the Yangtze River, which are tying districts north of the river with the city centre on the south bank.

title: Nanjing

title: Nanjing

text: Nanjing

text: is

text: the

text: transportation

text: hub

text: in

text: eastern

text: China

text: and

text: the

text: downstream

text: Yangtze

text: River

text: area

text: Different

text: means

text: of

text: transportation

text: constitute

text: a

text: three

text: dimensional

text: transport

text: system

text: that

text: includes

text: land

text: water

text: and

text: air

text: As

text: in

text: most

text: other

text: Chinese

text: cities

text: public

text: transportation

text: is

text: the

text: dominant

text: mode

text: of

text: travel

text: of

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: citizens

text: As

text: of

text: October

text: Nanjing

text: had

text: five

text: bridges

text: and

text: two

text: tunnels

text: over

text: the

text: Yangtze

text: River

text: which

text: are

text: tying

text: districts

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: with

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: on

text: the

text: south

text: bank

question: What are the three types of transport in Nanjing?

answer: land, water and air

text: land, water and air

question: What is the most popular method of travel for citizens?

answer: public transportation

text: public transportation

question: How many bridges does Nanjing have over the Yangtze River?

answer: five

text: five

question: How many tunnels does Nanjing have over the Yangtze River?

answer: two

text: two

question: Where is the city centre located?

answer: on the south bank

text: on the south bank


text: Recycled papers can be made from 100% recycled materials or blended with virgin pulp, although they are (generally) not as strong nor as bright as papers made from the latter.

title: Paper

title: Paper

text: Recycled

text: papers

text: can

text: be

text: made

text: from

text: recycled

text: materials

text: or

text: blended

text: with

text: virgin

text: pulp

text: although

text: they

text: are

text: generally

text: not

text: as

text: strong

text: nor

text: as

text: bright

text: as

text: papers

text: made

text: from

text: the

text: latter

question: Recylced papers can be made with what new type of pulp?

answer: virgin

text: virgin

question: What is the only thing recycled papers can be made from?

text: 100% recycled materials

question: What type of paper is generally brighter?

text: Recycled

question: What type of paper is generally stronger?

text: Recycled

question: What type of paper can be made from 10% recycled materials?

text: Recycled

question: What are recycled materials blended with to make latter?

text: virgin pulp

question: Recylced papers can be made with what old type of pulp?

text: virgin


text: Though the true dimensions of species diversity remain uncertain, estimates range from 2.6–7.8 million species with a mean of 5.5 million. This probably represents less than 20% of all species on Earth[citation needed], and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year, most species likely will remain undescribed for many years unless species descriptions increase in rate. About 850,000–1,000,000 of all described species are insects. Of the 24 orders of insects, four dominate in terms of numbers of described species, with at least 3 million species included in Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. A recent study estimated the number of beetles at 0.9–2.1 million with a mean of 1.5 million.

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: Though

text: the

text: true

text: dimensions

text: of

text: species

text: diversity

text: remain

text: uncertain

text: estimates

text: range

text: from

text: million

text: species

text: with

text: a

text: mean

text: of

text: million

text: This

text: probably

text: represents

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: all

text: species

text: on

text: Earth[citation

text: needed

text: and

text: with

text: only

text: about

text: new

text: species

text: of

text: all

text: organisms

text: being

text: described

text: each

text: year

text: most

text: species

text: likely

text: will

text: remain

text: undescribed

text: for

text: many

text: years

text: unless

text: species

text: descriptions

text: increase

text: in

text: rate

text: About

text: of

text: all

text: described

text: species

text: are

text: insects

text: Of

text: the

text: orders

text: of

text: insects

text: four

text: dominate

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: numbers

text: of

text: described

text: species

text: with

text: at

text: least

text: million

text: species

text: included

text: in

text: Coleoptera

text: Diptera

text: Hymenoptera

text: and

text: Lepidoptera

text: A

text: recent

text: study

text: estimated

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: beetles

text: at

text: million

text: with

text: a

text: mean

text: of

text: million

question: The true diversity within the insect species remains what?

answer: uncertain

text: uncertain

question: How many insect species are estimated to exist?

answer: 2.6–7.8 million species

text: 2.6–7.8 million species

question: How many new species of all organisms are discovered each year?

answer: 20,000

question: Of all the species on earth, how much do insects make up?

answer: less than 20%

text: less than 20%

question: For many years to come, most insect species will remain as what?

answer: undescribed

text: undescribed


text: Differences in pain perception and tolerance thresholds are associated with, among other factors, ethnicity, genetics, and sex. People of Mediterranean origin report as painful some radiant heat intensities that northern Europeans describe as nonpainful. And Italian women tolerate less intense electric shock than Jewish or Native American women. Some individuals in all cultures have significantly higher than normal pain perception and tolerance thresholds. For instance, patients who experience painless heart attacks have higher pain thresholds for electric shock, muscle cramp and heat.

title: Pain

title: Pain

text: Differences

text: in

text: pain

text: perception

text: and

text: tolerance

text: thresholds

text: are

text: associated

text: with

text: among

text: other

text: factors

text: ethnicity

text: genetics

text: and

text: sex

text: People

text: of

text: Mediterranean

text: origin

text: report

text: as

text: painful

text: some

text: radiant

text: heat

text: intensities

text: that

text: northern

text: Europeans

text: describe

text: as

text: nonpainful

text: And

text: Italian

text: women

text: tolerate

text: less

text: intense

text: electric

text: shock

text: than

text: Jewish

text: or

text: Native

text: American

text: women

text: Some

text: individuals

text: in

text: all

text: cultures

text: have

text: significantly

text: higher

text: than

text: normal

text: pain

text: perception

text: and

text: tolerance

text: thresholds

text: For

text: instance

text: patients

text: who

text: experience

text: painless

text: heart

text: attacks

text: have

text: higher

text: pain

text: thresholds

text: for

text: electric

text: shock

text: muscle

text: cramp

text: and

text: heat

question: Along with with ethnicity and genetics, what is the other factor associated with differences in pain perception?

answer: sex

text: sex

question: What might some people of Mediterranean origin report as painful that people of this origin wouldn't?

answer: Europeans

text: Europeans

question: What nationality can tolerate the least amount of electric shock?

answer: Italian

text: Italian

question: What do some individuals in all cultures have significantly higher than normal?

answer: pain perception

text: pain perception

question: Patients who have painless heart attacks have higher what?

answer: pain thresholds

text: pain thresholds

question: What are pain thresholds and tolerance perception associated with?

text: ethnicity, genetics, and sex

question: Who do Native American women tolerate less intense electric shock than?

text: Jewish

question: Who do Italian woman report more painful radiant heat intensities than?

text: northern Europeans


text: When the Emancipation Proclamation was announced, Tennessee was mostly held by Union forces. Thus, Tennessee was not among the states enumerated in the Proclamation, and the Proclamation did not free any slaves there. Nonetheless, enslaved African Americans escaped to Union lines to gain freedom without waiting for official action. Old and young, men, women and children camped near Union troops. Thousands of former slaves ended up fighting on the Union side, nearly 200,000 in total across the South.

title: Tennessee

title: Tennessee

text: When

text: the

text: Emancipation

text: Proclamation

text: was

text: announced

text: Tennessee

text: was

text: mostly

text: held

text: by

text: Union

text: forces

text: Thus

text: Tennessee

text: was

text: not

text: among

text: the

text: states

text: enumerated

text: in

text: the

text: Proclamation

text: and

text: the

text: Proclamation

text: did

text: not

text: free

text: any

text: slaves

text: there

text: Nonetheless

text: enslaved

text: African

text: Americans

text: escaped

text: to

text: Union

text: lines

text: to

text: gain

text: freedom

text: without

text: waiting

text: for

text: official

text: action

text: Old

text: and

text: young

text: men

text: women

text: and

text: children

text: camped

text: near

text: Union

text: troops

text: Thousands

text: of

text: former

text: slaves

text: ended

text: up

text: fighting

text: on

text: the

text: Union

text: side

text: nearly

text: in

text: total

text: across

text: the

text: South

question: Which forces controlled most of Tennessee when slaves were emancipated?

answer: Union

text: Union

question: Up to how many former slaves began fighting with for the Union after the Emancipation Proclamation?

answer: 200,000

question: Which edict freed slaves across most of the Confederacy, but technically not Tennessee?

answer: Emancipation Proclamation

text: Emancipation Proclamation


text: A group is called finite if it has a finite number of elements. The number of elements is called the order of the group. An important class is the symmetric groups SN, the groups of permutations of N letters. For example, the symmetric group on 3 letters S3 is the group consisting of all possible orderings of the three letters ABC, i.e. contains the elements ABC, ACB, ..., up to CBA, in total 6 (or 3 factorial) elements. This class is fundamental insofar as any finite group can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group SN for a suitable integer N (Cayley's theorem). Parallel to the group of symmetries of the square above, S3 can also be interpreted as the group of symmetries of an equilateral triangle.

title: Group_(mathematics)

title: Group_(mathematics

text: A

text: group

text: is

text: called

text: finite

text: if

text: it

text: has

text: a

text: finite

text: number

text: of

text: elements

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: elements

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: order

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: An

text: important

text: class

text: is

text: the

text: symmetric

text: groups

text: SN

text: the

text: groups

text: of

text: permutations

text: of

text: N

text: letters

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: symmetric

text: group

text: on

text: letters

text: is

text: the

text: group

text: consisting

text: of

text: all

text: possible

text: orderings

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: letters

text: ABC

text: i.e.

text: contains

text: the

text: elements

text: ABC

text: ACB

text: up

text: to

text: CBA

text: in

text: total

text: or

text: factorial

text: elements

text: This

text: class

text: is

text: fundamental

text: insofar

text: as

text: any

text: finite

text: group

text: can

text: be

text: expressed

text: as

text: a

text: subgroup

text: of

text: a

text: symmetric

text: group

text: SN

text: for

text: a

text: suitable

text: integer

text: N

text: Cayley

text: 's

text: theorem

text: Parallel

text: to

text: the

text: group

text: of

text: symmetries

text: of

text: the

text: square

text: above

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: interpreted

text: as

text: the

text: group

text: of

text: symmetries

text: of

text: an

text: equilateral

text: triangle

question: What does a finite group include?

answer: a finite number of elements

text: a finite number of elements

question: What is the number of elements in a group named?

answer: the order of the group

text: the order of the group

question: What type of class has a finite group that can be expressed as a subgroup of a symmetric group?

answer: fundamental

text: fundamental

question: What can be described as the group of symmetries of an equilateral triangle?

answer: S3

question: What is called the order of the group?

text: The number of elements

question: What does a finite number of elements include?

text: A group

question: What can a subgroup of a symmetric group SN can be expressed as?

text: any finite group

question: What are the group of symmetries of a S3?

text: equilateral triangle


text: Queen contributed music directly to the films Flash Gordon (1980), with "Flash" as the theme song, and Highlander (the original 1986 film), with "A Kind of Magic", "One Year of Love", "Who Wants to Live Forever", "Hammer to Fall", and the theme "Princes of the Universe", which was also used as the theme of the Highlander TV series (1992–1998). In the United States, "Bohemian Rhapsody" was re-released as a single in 1992 after appearing in the comedy film Wayne's World. The single subsequently reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 (with "The Show Must Go On" as the first track on the single) and helped rekindle the band's popularity in North America.

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: Queen

text: contributed

text: music

text: directly

text: to

text: the

text: films

text: Flash

text: Gordon

text: with

text: Flash

text: as

text: the

text: theme

text: song

text: and

text: Highlander

text: the

text: original

text: film

text: with

text: A

text: Kind

text: of

text: Magic

text: One

text: Year

text: of

text: Love

text: Who

text: Wants

text: to

text: Live

text: Forever

text: Hammer

text: to

text: Fall

text: and

text: the

text: theme

text: Princes

text: of

text: the

text: Universe

text: which

text: was

text: also

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: theme

text: of

text: the

text: Highlander

text: TV

text: series

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Bohemian

text: Rhapsody

text: was

text: re

text: released

text: as

text: a

text: single

text: in

text: after

text: appearing

text: in

text: the

text: comedy

text: film

text: Wayne

text: 's

text: World

text: The

text: single

text: subsequently

text: reached

text: number

text: two

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: with

text: The

text: Show

text: Must

text: Go

text: On

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: track

text: on

text: the

text: single

text: and

text: helped

text: rekindle

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: popularity

text: in

text: North

text: America

question: Which 1980 movie contained song contributions from Queen?

answer: Flash Gordon

text: Flash Gordon

question: Which 1986 movie contained a Queen theme song?

answer: Highlander

text: Highlander

question: In what year was Bohemian Rhapsody re-released in the US?

answer: 1992

question: How high did the 1992 Bohemian Rhapsody chart?

answer: two

text: two


text: Scientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided. The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct, usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity. All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable if the other requirements are satisfied. In the European Union critical and scientific editions may be protected also by the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works as made possible by art. 5 of the Copyright Term Directive. Not all EU member States have transposed art. 5 into national law.

title: Textual_criticism

title: Textual_criticism

text: Scientific

text: and

text: critical

text: editions

text: can

text: be

text: protected

text: by

text: copyright

text: as

text: works

text: of

text: authorship

text: if

text: enough

text: creativity

text: originality

text: is

text: provided

text: The

text: mere

text: addition

text: of

text: a

text: word

text: or

text: substitution

text: of

text: a

text: term

text: with

text: another

text: one

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: more

text: correct

text: usually

text: does

text: not

text: achieve

text: such

text: level

text: of

text: originality

text: creativity

text: All

text: the

text: notes

text: accounting

text: for

text: the

text: analysis

text: and

text: why

text: and

text: how

text: such

text: changes

text: have

text: been

text: made

text: represent

text: a

text: different

text: work

text: autonomously

text: copyrightable

text: if

text: the

text: other

text: requirements

text: are

text: satisfied

text: In

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: critical

text: and

text: scientific

text: editions

text: may

text: be

text: protected

text: also

text: by

text: the

text: relevant

text: neighboring

text: right

text: that

text: protects

text: critical

text: and

text: scientific

text: publications

text: of

text: public

text: domain

text: works

text: as

text: made

text: possible

text: by

text: art

text: of

text: the

text: Copyright

text: Term

text: Directive

text: Not

text: all

text: EU

text: member

text: States

text: have

text: transposed

text: art

text: into

text: national

text: law

question: What is the criteria for copyright?

answer: if enough creativity/originality is provided

text: if enough creativity/originality is provided

question: What minor things can be included and not invalidate a copyright?

answer: The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct

text: The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct

question: Are footnotes included in the copyright of the original work?

answer: All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable

text: All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable

question: What rights do scientific publications in the EU enjoy?

answer: the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works

text: the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works

question: What does not matter in order to be copyrighted?

text: creativity/originality is provided

question: What minor things can be included and validate a copyright?

question: Non-scientific editions can be protected by what?

text: copyright

question: What are not protected by copyright?

text: Scientific and critical editions

question: All EU member states have transposed what into law?

text: art. 5


text: The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. "When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary, one may initially observe iconographic similarities. These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there is a distinct iconographic relationship between Isis and Mary. In fact, some scholars have gone even further, and have suggested, on the basis of this relationship, a direct link between the cult of Mary and that of Isis."

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus

text: The

text: adoption

text: of

text: the

text: mother

text: of

text: Jesus

text: as

text: a

text: virtual

text: goddess

text: may

text: represent

text: a

text: reintroduction

text: of

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: worship

text: of

text: Isis

text: When

text: looking

text: at

text: images

text: of

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: goddess

text: Isis

text: and

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: Virgin

text: Mary

text: one

text: may

text: initially

text: observe

text: iconographic

text: similarities

text: These

text: parallels

text: have

text: led

text: many

text: scholars

text: to

text: suggest

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: distinct

text: iconographic

text: relationship

text: between

text: Isis

text: and

text: Mary

text: In

text: fact

text: some

text: scholars

text: have

text: gone

text: even

text: further

text: and

text: have

text: suggested

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: this

text: relationship

text: a

text: direct

text: link

text: between

text: the

text: cult

text: of

text: Mary

text: and

text: that

text: of

text: Isis

question: Which Egyptian goddess do some scholars ascribe similarities to?

answer: Isis

text: Isis

question: What type of goddess is Isis?

answer: Egyptian

text: Egyptian

question: What kind of relationship do some scholars believe exists between Isis and Mary?

answer: iconographic

text: iconographic

question: What is the name of the goddess that the Virgin Mary met in Egypt?

text: Isis

question: Who is considered to be a sister of the Egyptian goddess Isis?

text: the Virgin Mary

question: What is the relationship between Jesus and the Egyptian goddess Isis?

text: iconographic

question: What is the name of the cult that some scholars subscribe to?

text: the cult of Mary


text: Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to "see" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name).

title: Infrared

title: Infrared

text: Thermographic

text: cameras

text: detect

text: radiation

text: in

text: the

text: infrared

text: range

text: of

text: the

text: electromagnetic

text: spectrum

text: roughly

text: nanometers

text: or

text: μm

text: and

text: produce

text: images

text: of

text: that

text: radiation

text: Since

text: infrared

text: radiation

text: is

text: emitted

text: by

text: all

text: objects

text: based

text: on

text: their

text: temperatures

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: black

text: body

text: radiation

text: law

text: thermography

text: makes

text: it

text: possible

text: to

text: see

text: one

text: 's

text: environment

text: with

text: or

text: without

text: visible

text: illumination

text: The

text: amount

text: of

text: radiation

text: emitted

text: by

text: an

text: object

text: increases

text: with

text: temperature

text: therefore

text: thermography

text: allows

text: one

text: to

text: see

text: variations

text: in

text: temperature

text: hence

text: the

text: name

question: What is the range of the electromagnetic spectrum in micrometers?

answer: 0.9–14

question: In nanometers, what is the electromagnetic spectrum's range?

answer: 900–14,000

question: What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on temperature?

answer: the black body radiation law

text: the black body radiation law

question: What happens to the amount of radiation an object emits as temperature increases?

answer: increases

text: increases

question: What type of cameras see infrared radiation?

answer: Thermographic

text: Thermographic

question: What camera detects temperature in the infrared range?

text: Thermographic cameras

question: What law states that infrared radiation is emitted by objects based on environment?

text: the black body radiation law

question: When an object has visible illumination, what happens to the amount of radiation an object emits?

text: increases

question: What is the range of the black body radiation law?

question: What is the nanometer range that allows you to see temperature variations?

text: 900–14,000 nanometers


text: By the end of the decade a distinct genre of hard rock was emerging with bands like Led Zeppelin, who mixed the music of early rock bands with a more hard-edged form of blues rock and acid rock on their first two albums Led Zeppelin (1969) and Led Zeppelin II (1969), and Deep Purple, who began as a progressive rock group but achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth and distinctively heavier album, In Rock (1970). Also significant was Black Sabbath's Paranoid (1970), which combined guitar riffs with dissonance and more explicit references to the occult and elements of Gothic horror. All three of these bands have been seen as pivotal in the development of heavy metal, but where metal further accentuated the intensity of the music, with bands like Judas Priest following Sabbath's lead into territory that was often "darker and more menacing", hard rock tended to continue to remain the more exuberant, good-time music.

title: Hard_rock

title: Hard_rock

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: decade

text: a

text: distinct

text: genre

text: of

text: hard

text: rock

text: was

text: emerging

text: with

text: bands

text: like

text: Led

text: Zeppelin

text: who

text: mixed

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: early

text: rock

text: bands

text: with

text: a

text: more

text: hard

text: edged

text: form

text: of

text: blues

text: rock

text: and

text: acid

text: rock

text: on

text: their

text: first

text: two

text: albums

text: Led

text: Zeppelin

text: and

text: Led

text: Zeppelin

text: II

text: and

text: Deep

text: Purple

text: who

text: began

text: as

text: a

text: progressive

text: rock

text: group

text: but

text: achieved

text: their

text: commercial

text: breakthrough

text: with

text: their

text: fourth

text: and

text: distinctively

text: heavier

text: album

text: In

text: Rock

text: Also

text: significant

text: was

text: Black

text: Sabbath

text: 's

text: Paranoid

text: which

text: combined

text: guitar

text: riffs

text: with

text: dissonance

text: and

text: more

text: explicit

text: references

text: to

text: the

text: occult

text: and

text: elements

text: of

text: Gothic

text: horror

text: All

text: three

text: of

text: these

text: bands

text: have

text: been

text: seen

text: as

text: pivotal

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: heavy

text: metal

text: but

text: where

text: metal

text: further

text: accentuated

text: the

text: intensity

text: of

text: the

text: music

text: with

text: bands

text: like

text: Judas

text: Priest

text: following

text: Sabbath

text: 's

text: lead

text: into

text: territory

text: that

text: was

text: often

text: darker

text: and

text: more

text: menacing

text: hard

text: rock

text: tended

text: to

text: continue

text: to

text: remain

text: the

text: more

text: exuberant

text: good

text: time

text: music

question: Led Zeppelin's first two albums both came out in what year?

answer: 1969

question: What was the title of Deep Purple's hard rock 1970 album?

answer: In Rock

text: In Rock

question: Black Sabbath's lyrics contained references to what cultural touchstones?

answer: occult and elements of Gothic horror

text: occult and elements of Gothic horror

question: What is the title of Black Sabbath's 1970 album?

answer: Paranoid

text: Paranoid

question: What is one band directly influenced by Black Sabbath?

answer: Judas Priest

text: Judas Priest

question: What acid rock album did Led Zeppelin record in 1970?

text: Zeppelin II

question: What group moved from hard rock to progressive rock?

text: Deep Purple

question: Which group did not achieve a commercial breakthrough in 1970?

text: Deep Purple

question: Who's lyrics contained elements that warned against the occult?

text: Black Sabbath

question: What year did Judas Priest produced the album Paranoid?