text: In central and northern Italy and in Flanders, the rise of towns that were to a degree self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League, and the Italian Maritime republics such as Venice, Genoa, and Pisa expanded their trade throughout the Mediterranean.[V] Great trading fairs were established and flourished in northern France during the period, allowing Italian and German merchants to trade with each other as well as local merchants. In the late 13th century new land and sea routes to the Far East were pioneered, famously described in The Travels of Marco Polo written by one of the traders, Marco Polo (d. 1324). Besides new trading opportunities, agricultural and technological improvements enabled an increase in crop yields, which in turn allowed the trade networks to expand. Rising trade brought new methods of dealing with money, and gold coinage was again minted in Europe, first in Italy and later in France and other countries. New forms of commercial contracts emerged, allowing risk to be shared among merchants. Accounting methods improved, partly through the use of double-entry bookkeeping; letters of credit also appeared, allowing easy transmission of money.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: In

text: central

text: and

text: northern

text: Italy

text: and

text: in

text: Flanders

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: towns

text: that

text: were

text: to

text: a

text: degree

text: self

text: governing

text: stimulated

text: economic

text: growth

text: and

text: created

text: an

text: environment

text: for

text: new

text: types

text: of

text: trade

text: associations

text: Commercial

text: cities

text: on

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: the

text: Baltic

text: entered

text: into

text: agreements

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Hanseatic

text: League

text: and

text: the

text: Italian

text: Maritime

text: republics

text: such

text: as

text: Venice

text: Genoa

text: and

text: Pisa

text: expanded

text: their

text: trade

text: throughout

text: the

text: Mediterranean.[V

text: Great

text: trading

text: fairs

text: were

text: established

text: and

text: flourished

text: in

text: northern

text: France

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: allowing

text: Italian

text: and

text: German

text: merchants

text: to

text: trade

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: local

text: merchants

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: new

text: land

text: and

text: sea

text: routes

text: to

text: the

text: Far

text: East

text: were

text: pioneered

text: famously

text: described

text: in

text: The

text: Travels

text: of

text: Marco

text: Polo

text: written

text: by

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: traders

text: Marco

text: Polo

text: d.

text: Besides

text: new

text: trading

text: opportunities

text: agricultural

text: and

text: technological

text: improvements

text: enabled

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: crop

text: yields

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: allowed

text: the

text: trade

text: networks

text: to

text: expand

text: Rising

text: trade

text: brought

text: new

text: methods

text: of

text: dealing

text: with

text: money

text: and

text: gold

text: coinage

text: was

text: again

text: minted

text: in

text: Europe

text: first

text: in

text: Italy

text: and

text: later

text: in

text: France

text: and

text: other

text: countries

text: New

text: forms

text: of

text: commercial

text: contracts

text: emerged

text: allowing

text: risk

text: to

text: be

text: shared

text: among

text: merchants

text: Accounting

text: methods

text: improved

text: partly

text: through

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: double

text: entry

text: bookkeeping

text: letters

text: of

text: credit

text: also

text: appeared

text: allowing

text: easy

text: transmission

text: of

text: money

question: What sea were the Hanseatic cities located on?

answer: Baltic

text: Baltic

question: Along with Venice and Pisa, what was a notable Italian maritime republic?

answer: Genoa

text: Genoa

question: Who wrote The Travels of Marco Polo?

answer: Marco Polo

text: Marco Polo

question: What accounting method was utilized in this period?

answer: double-entry bookkeeping

text: double-entry bookkeeping

question: In what region was gold coinage first reintroduced?

answer: Italy

text: Italy


text: Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome’s equites and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his disgraceful capture and death as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence. Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference – he had written to Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein – and Hippolytus recognised a “pagan” basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited; Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 for "dogmatic reasons – his doctrine on the human nature of Christ was rejected – and for his lifestyle, which reminded his brethren of the habits of the administrative elite". The reasons for his deposition were widely circulated among the churches. Meanwhile, Aurelian (270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers (concordia militum), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome's Campus Martius.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: Valerian

text: 's

text: first

text: religious

text: edict

text: singled

text: out

text: Christianity

text: as

text: a

text: particularly

text: self

text: interested

text: and

text: subversive

text: foreign

text: cult

text: outlawed

text: its

text: assemblies

text: and

text: urged

text: Christians

text: to

text: sacrifice

text: to

text: Rome

text: 's

text: traditional

text: gods

text: His

text: second

text: edict

text: acknowledged

text: a

text: Christian

text: threat

text: to

text: the

text: Imperial

text: system

text: not

text: yet

text: at

text: its

text: heart

text: but

text: close

text: to

text: it

text: among

text: Rome

text: ’s

text: equites

text: and

text: Senators

text: Christian

text: apologists

text: interpreted

text: his

text: disgraceful

text: capture

text: and

text: death

text: as

text: divine

text: judgement

text: The

text: next

text: forty

text: years

text: were

text: peaceful

text: the

text: Christian

text: church

text: grew

text: stronger

text: and

text: its

text: literature

text: and

text: theology

text: gained

text: a

text: higher

text: social

text: and

text: intellectual

text: profile

text: due

text: in

text: part

text: to

text: its

text: own

text: search

text: for

text: political

text: toleration

text: and

text: theological

text: coherence

text: Origen

text: discussed

text: theological

text: issues

text: with

text: traditionalist

text: elites

text: in

text: a

text: common

text: Neoplatonist

text: frame

text: of

text: reference

text: he

text: had

text: written

text: to

text: Decius

text: predecessor

text: Philip

text: the

text: Arab

text: in

text: similar

text: vein

text: and

text: Hippolytus

text: recognised

text: a

text: pagan

text: basis

text: in

text: Christian

text: heresies

text: The

text: Christian

text: churches

text: were

text: disunited

text: Paul

text: of

text: Samosata

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Antioch

text: was

text: deposed

text: by

text: a

text: synod

text: of

text: for

text: dogmatic

text: reasons

text: his

text: doctrine

text: on

text: the

text: human

text: nature

text: of

text: Christ

text: was

text: rejected

text: and

text: for

text: his

text: lifestyle

text: which

text: reminded

text: his

text: brethren

text: of

text: the

text: habits

text: of

text: the

text: administrative

text: elite

text: The

text: reasons

text: for

text: his

text: deposition

text: were

text: widely

text: circulated

text: among

text: the

text: churches

text: Meanwhile

text: Aurelian

text: appealed

text: for

text: harmony

text: among

text: his

text: soldiers

text: concordia

text: militum

text: stabilised

text: the

text: Empire

text: and

text: its

text: borders

text: and

text: successfully

text: established

text: an

text: official

text: Hellenic

text: form

text: of

text: unitary

text: cult

text: to

text: the

text: Palmyrene

text: Sol

text: Invictus

text: in

text: Rome

text: 's

text: Campus

text: Martius

question: What did  Valerian call the Christian religion?

answer: subversive foreign cult

text: subversive foreign cult

question: What Christian events did Valerian outlaw?

answer: assemblies

text: assemblies

question: To what gods did Valerian tell the Christians to sacrifice?

answer: Rome's traditional

text: Rome's traditional

question: What did Valerian's second edict call the Christians' presence in the empire?

answer: threat

text: threat

question: What did the Christian church become in the years after Valerian's death?

answer: stronger

text: stronger


text: In the 13th century, Hōjō Shigetoki (1198–1261 AD) wrote: "When one is serving officially or in the master's court, he should not think of a hundred or a thousand people, but should consider only the importance of the master." Carl Steenstrup noted that 13th and 14th century warrior writings (gunki) "portrayed the bushi in their natural element, war, eulogizing such virtues as reckless bravery, fierce family pride, and selfless, at times senseless devotion of master and man". Feudal lords such as Shiba Yoshimasa (1350–1410 AD) stated that a warrior looked forward to a glorious death in the service of a military leader or the Emperor: "It is a matter of regret to let the moment when one should die pass by....First, a man whose profession is the use of arms should think and then act upon not only his own fame, but also that of his descendants. He should not scandalize his name forever by holding his one and only life too dear....One's main purpose in throwing away his life is to do so either for the sake of the Emperor or in some great undertaking of a military general. It is that exactly that will be the great fame of one's descendants."

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: Hōjō

text: Shigetoki

text: AD

text: wrote

text: When

text: one

text: is

text: serving

text: officially

text: or

text: in

text: the

text: master

text: 's

text: court

text: he

text: should

text: not

text: think

text: of

text: a

text: hundred

text: or

text: a

text: thousand

text: people

text: but

text: should

text: consider

text: only

text: the

text: importance

text: of

text: the

text: master

text: Carl

text: Steenstrup

text: noted

text: that

text: and

text: century

text: warrior

text: writings

text: gunki

text: portrayed

text: the

text: bushi

text: in

text: their

text: natural

text: element

text: war

text: eulogizing

text: such

text: virtues

text: as

text: reckless

text: bravery

text: fierce

text: family

text: pride

text: and

text: selfless

text: at

text: times

text: senseless

text: devotion

text: of

text: master

text: and

text: man

text: Feudal

text: lords

text: such

text: as

text: Shiba

text: Yoshimasa

text: AD

text: stated

text: that

text: a

text: warrior

text: looked

text: forward

text: to

text: a

text: glorious

text: death

text: in

text: the

text: service

text: of

text: a

text: military

text: leader

text: or

text: the

text: Emperor

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: regret

text: to

text: let

text: the

text: moment

text: when

text: one

text: should

text: die

text: pass

text: by

text: First

text: a

text: man

text: whose

text: profession

text: is

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: arms

text: should

text: think

text: and

text: then

text: act

text: upon

text: not

text: only

text: his

text: own

text: fame

text: but

text: also

text: that

text: of

text: his

text: descendants

text: He

text: should

text: not

text: scandalize

text: his

text: name

text: forever

text: by

text: holding

text: his

text: one

text: and

text: only

text: life

text: too

text: dear

text: One

text: 's

text: main

text: purpose

text: in

text: throwing

text: away

text: his

text: life

text: is

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: either

text: for

text: the

text: sake

text: of

text: the

text: Emperor

text: or

text: in

text: some

text: great

text: undertaking

text: of

text: a

text: military

text: general

text: It

text: is

text: that

text: exactly

text: that

text: will

text: be

text: the

text: great

text: fame

text: of

text: one

text: 's

text: descendants

question: When was Hojo Shigetoki born?

answer: 1198

question: When did Hojo Shigetoki die?

answer: 1261

question: What were gunki?

answer: 13th and 14th century warrior writings

text: 13th and 14th century warrior writings

question: When was Shiba Yoshimasa born?

answer: 1350

question: When did Shiba Yoshimasa die?

answer: 1410


text: Zen Buddhism is divided into two main schools: Rinzai (臨済宗) and Sōtō (曹洞宗), the former greatly favouring the use in meditation on the koan (公案, a meditative riddle or puzzle) as a device for spiritual break-through, and the latter (while certainly employing koans) focusing more on shikantaza or "just sitting".[note 13]

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Zen

text: Buddhism

text: is

text: divided

text: into

text: two

text: main

text: schools

text: Rinzai

text: 臨済宗

text: and

text: Sōtō

text: 曹洞宗

text: the

text: former

text: greatly

text: favouring

text: the

text: use

text: in

text: meditation

text: on

text: the

text: koan

text: 公案

text: a

text: meditative

text: riddle

text: or

text: puzzle

text: as

text: a

text: device

text: for

text: spiritual

text: break

text: through

text: and

text: the

text: latter

text: while

text: certainly

text: employing

text: koans

text: focusing

text: more

text: on

text: shikantaza

text: or

text: just

text: sitting".[note

question: Zen Buddhism is divided into how many main schools?

answer: two

text: two

question: Which schools of Zen likes the use of meditation on the koan for spiritual breakthroughs?

answer: Rinzai

text: Rinzai


text: In January 1987, Chicago artist Steve "Silk" Hurley's "Jack Your Body" reached number one in the UK, showing it was possible for house music to cross over. The same month also saw Raze enter the top 20 with "Jack the Groove", and several further house hits reached the top ten that year. Stock Aitken Waterman's productions for Mel and Kim, including the number-one hit "Respectable", added elements of house to their previous Europop sound, and session group Mirage scored top-ten hits with "Jack Mix II" and "Jack Mix IV", medleys of previous electro and Europop hits rearranged in a house style. Key labels in the rise of house music in the UK included:

title: House_music

title: House_music

text: In

text: January

text: Chicago

text: artist

text: Steve

text: Silk

text: Hurley

text: 's

text: Jack

text: Your

text: Body

text: reached

text: number

text: one

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: showing

text: it

text: was

text: possible

text: for

text: house

text: music

text: to

text: cross

text: over

text: The

text: same

text: month

text: also

text: saw

text: Raze

text: enter

text: the

text: top

text: with

text: Jack

text: the

text: Groove

text: and

text: several

text: further

text: house

text: hits

text: reached

text: the

text: top

text: ten

text: that

text: year

text: Stock

text: Aitken

text: Waterman

text: 's

text: productions

text: for

text: Mel

text: and

text: Kim

text: including

text: the

text: number

text: one

text: hit

text: Respectable

text: added

text: elements

text: of

text: house

text: to

text: their

text: previous

text: Europop

text: sound

text: and

text: session

text: group

text: Mirage

text: scored

text: top

text: ten

text: hits

text: with

text: Jack

text: Mix

text: II

text: and

text: Jack

text: Mix

text: IV

text: medleys

text: of

text: previous

text: electro

text: and

text: Europop

text: hits

text: rearranged

text: in

text: a

text: house

text: style

text: Key

text: labels

text: in

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: house

text: music

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: included

question: What was the first house single to hit #1 in the UK?

answer: Steve "Silk" Hurley's "Jack Your Body"

text: Steve "Silk" Hurley's "Jack Your Body"

question: What year did "Jack Your Body" hit #1 in the UK?

answer: 1987

question: Who had a hit single with "jack the groove"?

answer: Raze

text: Raze

question: what group's productions for Mel and Kim added elements of house to the europop sound?

answer: Stock Aitken Waterman

text: Stock Aitken Waterman

question: what was the name of mel and kim's number-one hit single in the UK?

answer: Respectable

text: Respectable

question: What was the first house single to hit #2 in the UK?

text: Steve "Silk" Hurley's "Jack Your Body"

question: What year did "Jack Your Body" hit #2 in the UK?

question: Who had a hit single with Mel and Kim?

text: Raze

question: What groups productions for Mel and Kim added elements of house to the Hurley sound?

text: Stock Aitken Waterman

question: What was the name of Mel and Kim's number-one hit single in Chicago?

text: Respectable


text: The Soviet Union challenged the legitimacy of the war for several reasons. The ROK Army intelligence upon which Resolution 83 was based came from U.S. Intelligence; North Korea was not invited as a sitting temporary member of the UN, which violated UN Charter Article 32; and the Korean conflict was beyond the UN Charter's scope, because the initial north–south border fighting was classed as a civil war. Because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council at the time, legal scholars posited that deciding upon an action of this type required the unanimous vote of the five permanent members.

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: The

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: challenged

text: the

text: legitimacy

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: for

text: several

text: reasons

text: The

text: ROK

text: Army

text: intelligence

text: upon

text: which

text: Resolution

text: was

text: based

text: came

text: from

text: U.S.

text: Intelligence

text: North

text: Korea

text: was

text: not

text: invited

text: as

text: a

text: sitting

text: temporary

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: UN

text: which

text: violated

text: UN

text: Charter

text: Article

text: and

text: the

text: Korean

text: conflict

text: was

text: beyond

text: the

text: UN

text: Charter

text: 's

text: scope

text: because

text: the

text: initial

text: north

text: south

text: border

text: fighting

text: was

text: classed

text: as

text: a

text: civil

text: war

text: Because

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: was

text: boycotting

text: the

text: Security

text: Council

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: legal

text: scholars

text: posited

text: that

text: deciding

text: upon

text: an

text: action

text: of

text: this

text: type

text: required

text: the

text: unanimous

text: vote

text: of

text: the

text: five

text: permanent

text: members

question: What country challenged the legitimacy of the Korean War?

answer: Soviet Union

text: Soviet Union

question: Where did the intelligence information that led to the passage of Resolution 83 come from?

answer: U.S. Intelligence

text: U.S. Intelligence

question: What type of vote is required for the Security Council to commit to military action in Korea.

answer: unanimous vote

text: unanimous vote

question: How many permanent members did the UN Security Council have?

answer: five

text: five

question: What charter did the US believe was violated by intervening in the Korean conflict?

answer: UN Charter Article 32

text: UN Charter Article 32


text: On 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries "reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems" established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO, declaring that: "a remilitarized Western Germany and the integration of the latter in the North-Atlantic bloc [...] increase the danger of another war and constitutes a threat to the national security of the peaceable states; [...] in these circumstances the peaceable European states must take the necessary measures to safeguard their security".

title: Warsaw_Pact

title: Warsaw_Pact

text: On

text: May

text: the

text: USSR

text: and

text: other

text: seven

text: European

text: countries

text: reaffirming

text: their

text: desire

text: for

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: European

text: collective

text: security

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: participation

text: of

text: all

text: European

text: states

text: irrespective

text: of

text: their

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: systems

text: established

text: the

text: Warsaw

text: Pact

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: integration

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: Republic

text: of

text: Germany

text: into

text: NATO

text: declaring

text: that

text: a

text: remilitarized

text: Western

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: integration

text: of

text: the

text: latter

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Atlantic

text: bloc

text: increase

text: the

text: danger

text: of

text: another

text: war

text: and

text: constitutes

text: a

text: threat

text: to

text: the

text: national

text: security

text: of

text: the

text: peaceable

text: states

text: in

text: these

text: circumstances

text: the

text: peaceable

text: European

text: states

text: must

text: take

text: the

text: necessary

text: measures

text: to

text: safeguard

text: their

text: security

question: In which month of 1955 was this pact declared?

answer: May

text: May

question: The USSR and eight other European countries formed the Warsaw Pact on what date?

text: 14 May 1955

question: What pact was declared in May 1956?

text: Warsaw

question: Which pact was formed in response to the separation of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO?

text: Warsaw

question: Which country was separated from NATO?

text: Federal Republic of Germany


text: The ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds is remarkable and has been used in waste processing and bioremediation. Bacteria capable of digesting the hydrocarbons in petroleum are often used to clean up oil spills. Fertilizer was added to some of the beaches in Prince William Sound in an attempt to promote the growth of these naturally occurring bacteria after the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. These efforts were effective on beaches that were not too thickly covered in oil. Bacteria are also used for the bioremediation of industrial toxic wastes. In the chemical industry, bacteria are most important in the production of enantiomerically pure chemicals for use as pharmaceuticals or agrichemicals.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: The

text: ability

text: of

text: bacteria

text: to

text: degrade

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: organic

text: compounds

text: is

text: remarkable

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: in

text: waste

text: processing

text: and

text: bioremediation

text: Bacteria

text: capable

text: of

text: digesting

text: the

text: hydrocarbons

text: in

text: petroleum

text: are

text: often

text: used

text: to

text: clean

text: up

text: oil

text: spills

text: Fertilizer

text: was

text: added

text: to

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: beaches

text: in

text: Prince

text: William

text: Sound

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: promote

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: these

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: bacteria

text: after

text: the

text: Exxon

text: Valdez

text: oil

text: spill

text: These

text: efforts

text: were

text: effective

text: on

text: beaches

text: that

text: were

text: not

text: too

text: thickly

text: covered

text: in

text: oil

text: Bacteria

text: are

text: also

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: bioremediation

text: of

text: industrial

text: toxic

text: wastes

text: In

text: the

text: chemical

text: industry

text: bacteria

text: are

text: most

text: important

text: in

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: enantiomerically

text: pure

text: chemicals

text: for

text: use

text: as

text: pharmaceuticals

text: or

text: agrichemicals

question: What quality of bacteria is being widely used re-cyling?

answer: ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds

text: ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds

question: What is being used in cleaning up oil spills?

answer: Bacteria

text: Bacteria

question: What other way is bacteria aiding to nature?

answer: used for the bioremediation

text: used for the bioremediation


text: Modern Chinese has many homophones; thus the same spoken syllable may be represented by many characters, depending on meaning. A single character may also have a range of meanings, or sometimes quite distinct meanings; occasionally these correspond to different pronunciations. Cognates in the several varieties of Chinese are generally written with the same character. They typically have similar meanings, but often quite different pronunciations. In other languages, most significantly today in Japanese and sometimes in Korean, characters are used to represent Chinese loanwords, to represent native words independent of the Chinese pronunciation, and as purely phonetic elements based on their pronunciation in the historical variety of Chinese from which they were acquired. These foreign adaptations of Chinese pronunciation are known as Sino-Xenic pronunciations, and have been useful in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese.

title: Chinese_characters

title: Chinese_characters

text: Modern

text: Chinese

text: has

text: many

text: homophones

text: thus

text: the

text: same

text: spoken

text: syllable

text: may

text: be

text: represented

text: by

text: many

text: characters

text: depending

text: on

text: meaning

text: A

text: single

text: character

text: may

text: also

text: have

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: meanings

text: or

text: sometimes

text: quite

text: distinct

text: meanings

text: occasionally

text: these

text: correspond

text: to

text: different

text: pronunciations

text: Cognates

text: in

text: the

text: several

text: varieties

text: of

text: Chinese

text: are

text: generally

text: written

text: with

text: the

text: same

text: character

text: They

text: typically

text: have

text: similar

text: meanings

text: but

text: often

text: quite

text: different

text: pronunciations

text: In

text: other

text: languages

text: most

text: significantly

text: today

text: in

text: Japanese

text: and

text: sometimes

text: in

text: Korean

text: characters

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: represent

text: Chinese

text: loanwords

text: to

text: represent

text: native

text: words

text: independent

text: of

text: the

text: Chinese

text: pronunciation

text: and

text: as

text: purely

text: phonetic

text: elements

text: based

text: on

text: their

text: pronunciation

text: in

text: the

text: historical

text: variety

text: of

text: Chinese

text: from

text: which

text: they

text: were

text: acquired

text: These

text: foreign

text: adaptations

text: of

text: Chinese

text: pronunciation

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: Sino

text: Xenic

text: pronunciations

text: and

text: have

text: been

text: useful

text: in

text: the

text: reconstruction

text: of

text: Middle

text: Chinese

question: What has many homophones?

answer: Modern Chinese

text: Modern Chinese

question: What may have a wide range of meanings?

answer: single character

text: single character

question: What have been beneficial in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese?

answer: Sino-Xenic pronunciations

text: Sino-Xenic pronunciations


text: Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches, the tax-free status of church property, the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday, etc., have also been questioned, but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society. The national motto "In God We Trust" has been challenged as a violation, but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature. A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible, "With God, all things are possible", because it displayed no preference for a particular religion.

title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

text: Relaxed

text: zoning

text: rules

text: and

text: special

text: parking

text: privileges

text: for

text: churches

text: the

text: tax

text: free

text: status

text: of

text: church

text: property

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: Christmas

text: is

text: a

text: federal

text: holiday

text: etc

text: have

text: also

text: been

text: questioned

text: but

text: have

text: been

text: considered

text: examples

text: of

text: the

text: governmental

text: prerogative

text: in

text: deciding

text: practical

text: and

text: beneficial

text: arrangements

text: for

text: the

text: society

text: The

text: national

text: motto

text: In

text: God

text: We

text: Trust

text: has

text: been

text: challenged

text: as

text: a

text: violation

text: but

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: has

text: ruled

text: that

text: ceremonial

text: deism

text: is

text: not

text: religious

text: in

text: nature

text: A

text: circuit

text: court

text: ruling

text: affirmed

text: Ohio

text: 's

text: right

text: to

text: use

text: as

text: its

text: motto

text: a

text: passage

text: from

text: the

text: Bible

text: With

text: God

text: all

text: things

text: are

text: possible

text: because

text: it

text: displayed

text: no

text: preference

text: for

text: a

text: particular

text: religion

question: Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been allowed for churches?

answer: beneficial arrangements for the society

text: beneficial arrangements for the society

question: What is the national motto "In God We Trust" officially known as?

answer: ceremonial deism

text: ceremonial deism

question: What has the Supreme Court ruled about ceremonial deism?

answer: not religious in nature

text: not religious in nature

question: What state uses as a motto a passage from the Bible?

answer: Ohio

text: Ohio

question: Why was Ohio allowed to use a biblical passage as its motto?

answer: because it displayed no preference for a particular religion

text: because it displayed no preference for a particular religion

question: Why have perks like relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges been disallowed for churches?

text: beneficial arrangements for the society

question: What is the national motto "In God We Trust" unofficially known as?

text: ceremonial deism

question: What has the Supreme Court not ruled about ceremonial deism?

text: not religious in nature

question: What state doesn't use a passage from the Bible?

text: Ohio's

question: Why was Ohio disallowed from using a biblical passage as its motto?


text: In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.

title: Dutch_Republic

title: Dutch_Republic

text: In

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: of

text: January

text: Holland

text: and

text: Zeeland

text: were

text: granted

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: accept

text: only

text: one

text: religion

text: in

text: practice

text: Calvinism

text: Every

text: other

text: province

text: had

text: the

text: freedom

text: to

text: regulate

text: the

text: religious

text: question

text: as

text: it

text: wished

text: although

text: the

text: Union

text: stated

text: every

text: person

text: should

text: be

text: free

text: in

text: the

text: choice

text: of

text: personal

text: religion

text: and

text: that

text: no

text: person

text: should

text: be

text: prosecuted

text: based

text: on

text: religious

text: choice

text: William

text: of

text: Orange

text: had

text: been

text: a

text: strong

text: supporter

text: of

text: public

text: and

text: personal

text: freedom

text: of

text: religion

text: and

text: hoped

text: to

text: unite

text: Protestants

text: and

text: Catholics

text: in

text: the

text: new

text: union

text: and

text: for

text: him

text: the

text: Union

text: was

text: a

text: defeat

text: In

text: practice

text: Catholic

text: services

text: in

text: all

text: provinces

text: were

text: quickly

text: forbidden

text: and

text: the

text: Reformed

text: Church

text: became

text: the

text: public

text: or

text: privileged

text: church

text: in

text: the

text: Republic

question: What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion?

answer: the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579

text: the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579

question: What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose?

answer: personal religion

text: personal religion

question: Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union?

answer: William of Orange

text: William of Orange

question: What was forbidden in all provinces?

answer: Catholic services

text: Catholic services

question: When was every other province only permitted to accept Calvinism in practice?

question: How did William of Orange hope to unite Holland and Zeeland?

text: in the new union

question: What religious questions were forbidden under the union?

text: Catholic

question: What did Calvinism state that everyone should be free to choose?

text: personal religion

question: What group became the strong supporter in the republic?

text: the Reformed Church


text: Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked on research projects sympathetic to some of Hayek's own, such as Aaron Director, who was active in the Chicago School in helping to fund and establish what became the "Law and Society" program in the University of Chicago Law School. Hayek, Frank Knight, Friedman and George Stigler worked together in forming the Mont Pèlerin Society, an international forum for libertarian economists. Hayek and Friedman cooperated in support of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, later renamed the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, an American student organisation devoted to libertarian ideas.

title: Friedrich_Hayek

title: Friedrich_Hayek

text: Hayek

text: had

text: made

text: contact

text: with

text: many

text: at

text: the

text: U.

text: of

text: Chicago

text: in

text: the

text: with

text: Hayek

text: 's

text: The

text: Road

text: to

text: Serfdom

text: playing

text: a

text: seminal

text: role

text: in

text: transforming

text: how

text: Milton

text: Friedman

text: and

text: others

text: understood

text: how

text: society

text: works

text: Hayek

text: conducted

text: a

text: number

text: in

text: influential

text: faculty

text: seminars

text: while

text: at

text: the

text: U.

text: of

text: Chicago

text: and

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: academics

text: worked

text: on

text: research

text: projects

text: sympathetic

text: to

text: some

text: of

text: Hayek

text: 's

text: own

text: such

text: as

text: Aaron

text: Director

text: who

text: was

text: active

text: in

text: the

text: Chicago

text: School

text: in

text: helping

text: to

text: fund

text: and

text: establish

text: what

text: became

text: the

text: Law

text: and

text: Society

text: program

text: in

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Chicago

text: Law

text: School

text: Hayek

text: Frank

text: Knight

text: Friedman

text: and

text: George

text: Stigler

text: worked

text: together

text: in

text: forming

text: the

text: Mont

text: Pèlerin

text: Society

text: an

text: international

text: forum

text: for

text: libertarian

text: economists

text: Hayek

text: and

text: Friedman

text: cooperated

text: in

text: support

text: of

text: the

text: Intercollegiate

text: Society

text: of

text: Individualists

text: later

text: renamed

text: the

text: Intercollegiate

text: Studies

text: Institute

text: an

text: American

text: student

text: organisation

text: devoted

text: to

text: libertarian

text: ideas

question: Which of Hayek's works had a profound influence on those at the University of Chicago?

answer: The Road to Serfdom

text: The Road to Serfdom

question: Who played a critical role in the formation of the Law and Society program?

answer: Aaron Director

text: Aaron Director

question: What group did Hayek form with three other people?

answer: Mont Pèlerin Society

text: Mont Pèlerin Society

question: What was the group that Friedman and Hayek supported later renamed to?

answer: Intercollegiate Studies Institute

text: Intercollegiate Studies Institute


text: London's bus network is one of the largest in the world, running 24 hours a day, with about 8,500 buses, more than 700 bus routes and around 19,500 bus stops. In 2013, the network had more than 2 billion commuter trips per annum, more than the Underground. Around £850 million is taken in revenue each year. London has the largest wheelchair accessible network in the world and, from the 3rd quarter of 2007, became more accessible to hearing and visually impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements were introduced. The distinctive red double-decker buses are an internationally recognised trademark of London transport along with black cabs and the Tube.

title: London

title: London

text: London

text: 's

text: bus

text: network

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: running

text: hours

text: a

text: day

text: with

text: about

text: buses

text: more

text: than

text: bus

text: routes

text: and

text: around

text: bus

text: stops

text: In

text: the

text: network

text: had

text: more

text: than

text: billion

text: commuter

text: trips

text: per

text: annum

text: more

text: than

text: the

text: Underground

text: Around

text: million

text: is

text: taken

text: in

text: revenue

text: each

text: year

text: London

text: has

text: the

text: largest

text: wheelchair

text: accessible

text: network

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: quarter

text: of

text: became

text: more

text: accessible

text: to

text: hearing

text: and

text: visually

text: impaired

text: passengers

text: as

text: audio

text: visual

text: announcements

text: were

text: introduced

text: The

text: distinctive

text: red

text: double

text: decker

text: buses

text: are

text: an

text: internationally

text: recognised

text: trademark

text: of

text: London

text: transport

text: along

text: with

text: black

text: cabs

text: and

text: the

text: Tube

question: How much revenue is generated yearly by London's public bus service?

answer: £850 million

text: £850 million

question: How many buses does the London public bus network operate?

answer: more than 700

text: more than 700

question: What feature added in 2007 facilitated bus travel by London' passengers with hearing and vision impairments?

answer: audio-visual announcements

text: audio-visual announcements

question: What distinct appearance identifies many buses as a landmark for London?

answer: red double-decker

text: red double-decker

question: Typically, what color are London taxi cabs?

answer: black

text: black


text: In Croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: In

text: Croatia

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: polytechnic

text: institutes

text: and

text: colleges

text: that

text: offer

text: a

text: polytechnic

text: education

text: The

text: law

text: about

text: polytechnic

text: education

text: in

text: Croatia

text: was

text: passed

text: in

question: What year did Croatia pass a law regarding polytechnic education?

answer: 1997


text: In the Middle Ages, the Church and the worldly authorities were closely related. Martin Luther separated the religious and the worldly realms in principle (doctrine of the two kingdoms). The believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly and peaceful way. Luther's doctrine of the priesthood of all believers upgraded the role of laymen in the church considerably. The members of a congregation had the right to elect a minister and, if necessary, to vote for his dismissal (Treatise On the right and authority of a Christian assembly or congregation to judge all doctrines and to call, install and dismiss teachers, as testified in Scripture; 1523). Calvin strengthened this basically democratic approach by including elected laymen (church elders, presbyters) in his representative church government. The Huguenots added regional synods and a national synod, whose members were elected by the congregations, to Calvin's system of church self-government. This system was taken over by the other reformed churches.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: In

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: the

text: Church

text: and

text: the

text: worldly

text: authorities

text: were

text: closely

text: related

text: Martin

text: Luther

text: separated

text: the

text: religious

text: and

text: the

text: worldly

text: realms

text: in

text: principle

text: doctrine

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: kingdoms

text: The

text: believers

text: were

text: obliged

text: to

text: use

text: reason

text: to

text: govern

text: the

text: worldly

text: sphere

text: in

text: an

text: orderly

text: and

text: peaceful

text: way

text: Luther

text: 's

text: doctrine

text: of

text: the

text: priesthood

text: of

text: all

text: believers

text: upgraded

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: laymen

text: in

text: the

text: church

text: considerably

text: The

text: members

text: of

text: a

text: congregation

text: had

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: elect

text: a

text: minister

text: and

text: if

text: necessary

text: to

text: vote

text: for

text: his

text: dismissal

text: Treatise

text: On

text: the

text: right

text: and

text: authority

text: of

text: a

text: Christian

text: assembly

text: or

text: congregation

text: to

text: judge

text: all

text: doctrines

text: and

text: to

text: call

text: install

text: and

text: dismiss

text: teachers

text: as

text: testified

text: in

text: Scripture

text: Calvin

text: strengthened

text: this

text: basically

text: democratic

text: approach

text: by

text: including

text: elected

text: laymen

text: church

text: elders

text: presbyters

text: in

text: his

text: representative

text: church

text: government

text: The

text: Huguenots

text: added

text: regional

text: synods

text: and

text: a

text: national

text: synod

text: whose

text: members

text: were

text: elected

text: by

text: the

text: congregations

text: to

text: Calvin

text: 's

text: system

text: of

text: church

text: self

text: government

text: This

text: system

text: was

text: taken

text: over

text: by

text: the

text: other

text: reformed

text: churches

question: What was the name of the doctrine that separated church and non-religious affairs?

answer: doctrine of the two kingdoms

text: doctrine of the two kingdoms

question: When was the treatise that allowed a congregation to elect or remove a minister?

answer: 1523

question: Who added the election of laymen to church government?

answer: Calvin

text: Calvin

question: Who added synods to church government?

answer: The Huguenots

text: The Huguenots

question: What were Luther's followers advised to use when governing worldly affairs?

answer: reason

text: reason


text: Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise. The highest elevation is 4.6 metres (15 ft) above sea level on Niulakita, which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (after the Maldives). The highest elevations are typically in narrow storm dunes on the ocean side of the islands which are prone to overtopping in tropical cyclones, as occurred with Cyclone Bebe, which was a very early-season storm that passed through the Tuvaluan atolls in October 1972. Cyclone Bebe submerged Funafuti, eliminating 90% of structures on the island. Sources of drinking water were contaminated as a result of the system's storm surge and the flooding of the sources of fresh water.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: Because

text: of

text: the

text: low

text: elevation

text: the

text: islands

text: that

text: make

text: up

text: this

text: nation

text: are

text: vulnerable

text: to

text: the

text: effects

text: of

text: tropical

text: cyclones

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: threat

text: of

text: current

text: and

text: future

text: sea

text: level

text: rise

text: The

text: highest

text: elevation

text: is

text: metres

text: ft

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: on

text: Niulakita

text: which

text: gives

text: Tuvalu

text: the

text: second

text: lowest

text: maximum

text: elevation

text: of

text: any

text: country

text: after

text: the

text: Maldives

text: The

text: highest

text: elevations

text: are

text: typically

text: in

text: narrow

text: storm

text: dunes

text: on

text: the

text: ocean

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: islands

text: which

text: are

text: prone

text: to

text: overtopping

text: in

text: tropical

text: cyclones

text: as

text: occurred

text: with

text: Cyclone

text: Bebe

text: which

text: was

text: a

text: very

text: early

text: season

text: storm

text: that

text: passed

text: through

text: the

text: Tuvaluan

text: atolls

text: in

text: October

text: Cyclone

text: Bebe

text: submerged

text: Funafuti

text: eliminating

text: of

text: structures

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: Sources

text: of

text: drinking

text: water

text: were

text: contaminated

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: system

text: 's

text: storm

text: surge

text: and

text: the

text: flooding

text: of

text: the

text: sources

text: of

text: fresh

text: water

question: What geological situation makes Tuvalu prone to storm damage?

answer: low elevation

text: low elevation

question: To what climate change condition does Tuvalu's low elevation make it susceptible?

answer: sea level rise

text: sea level rise

question: What is the highest elevation on Tuvalu?

answer: 4.6 metres

text: 4.6 metres

question: Where on Tuvalu is the highest elevation?

answer: Niulakita

text: Niulakita

question: Where does Tuvalu rank among other countries as to lowest elevation?

answer: second-lowest

text: second-lowest


text: Orientalist scholars of the 18th century like Sir William Jones marked a wave of enthusiasm for Indian culture and for Sanskrit. According to Thomas Trautmann, after this period of "Indomania", a certain hostility to Sanskrit and to Indian culture in general began to assert itself in early 19th century Britain, manifested by a neglect of Sanskrit in British academia. This was the beginning of a general push in favor of the idea that India should be culturally, religiously and linguistically assimilated to Britain as far as possible. Trautmann considers two separate and logically opposite sources for the growing hostility: one was "British Indophobia", which he calls essentially a developmentalist, progressivist, liberal, and non-racial-essentialist critique of Hindu civilisation as an aid for the improvement of India along European lines; the other was scientific racism, a theory of the English "common-sense view" that Indians constituted a "separate, inferior and unimprovable race".

title: Sanskrit

title: Sanskrit

text: Orientalist

text: scholars

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: like

text: Sir

text: William

text: Jones

text: marked

text: a

text: wave

text: of

text: enthusiasm

text: for

text: Indian

text: culture

text: and

text: for

text: Sanskrit

text: According

text: to

text: Thomas

text: Trautmann

text: after

text: this

text: period

text: of

text: Indomania

text: a

text: certain

text: hostility

text: to

text: Sanskrit

text: and

text: to

text: Indian

text: culture

text: in

text: general

text: began

text: to

text: assert

text: itself

text: in

text: early

text: century

text: Britain

text: manifested

text: by

text: a

text: neglect

text: of

text: Sanskrit

text: in

text: British

text: academia

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: a

text: general

text: push

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: India

text: should

text: be

text: culturally

text: religiously

text: and

text: linguistically

text: assimilated

text: to

text: Britain

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: possible

text: Trautmann

text: considers

text: two

text: separate

text: and

text: logically

text: opposite

text: sources

text: for

text: the

text: growing

text: hostility

text: one

text: was

text: British

text: Indophobia

text: which

text: he

text: calls

text: essentially

text: a

text: developmentalist

text: progressivist

text: liberal

text: and

text: non

text: racial

text: essentialist

text: critique

text: of

text: Hindu

text: civilisation

text: as

text: an

text: aid

text: for

text: the

text: improvement

text: of

text: India

text: along

text: European

text: lines

text: the

text: other

text: was

text: scientific

text: racism

text: a

text: theory

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: common

text: sense

text: view

text: that

text: Indians

text: constituted

text: a

text: separate

text: inferior

text: and

text: unimprovable

text: race

question: When was Sanskrit and Indian culture popular?

answer: 18th century

text: 18th century

question: In what century was Indian culture accorded a more hostile reception?

answer: early 19th century

text: early 19th century

question: How did the British academics show their feelings about Sanskrit?

answer: neglect

text: neglect

question: What did British of the 19th century want India to be as soon as possible?

answer: assimilated to Britain

text: assimilated to Britain

question: Besides assimilation of British culture, what else did the British consider Indians to be?

answer: inferior

text: inferior

question: What did Sir William Jones create enthusiasm about in the 17th century?

text: for Indian culture and for Sanskrit

question: What was there a hostility towards in 19th century India?

text: Sanskrit

question: Who held fast to the teaching of Sanskrit in Britain?

text: British academia

question: In what ways did Britain believe that India and Britain needed to be separated?

question: What did Trautmann believe was the cause of India believing that there culture was superior?

text: scientific racism


text: Three community college districts exist with campuses in and around Houston. The Houston Community College System serves most of Houston. The northwestern through northeastern parts of the city are served by various campuses of the Lone Star College System, while the southeastern portion of Houston is served by San Jacinto College, and a northeastern portion is served by Lee College. The Houston Community College and Lone Star College systems are within the 10 largest institutions of higher learning in the United States.

title: Houston

title: Houston

text: Three

text: community

text: college

text: districts

text: exist

text: with

text: campuses

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: Houston

text: The

text: Houston

text: Community

text: College

text: System

text: serves

text: most

text: of

text: Houston

text: The

text: northwestern

text: through

text: northeastern

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: are

text: served

text: by

text: various

text: campuses

text: of

text: the

text: Lone

text: Star

text: College

text: System

text: while

text: the

text: southeastern

text: portion

text: of

text: Houston

text: is

text: served

text: by

text: San

text: Jacinto

text: College

text: and

text: a

text: northeastern

text: portion

text: is

text: served

text: by

text: Lee

text: College

text: The

text: Houston

text: Community

text: College

text: and

text: Lone

text: Star

text: College

text: systems

text: are

text: within

text: the

text: largest

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: learning

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: How many community colleges serve Houston?

answer: Three

text: Three

question: How are the Houston Community College and Lone Star College systems ranked among educational facilities?

answer: within the 10 largest

text: within the 10 largest

question: What college system serves most of Houston?

answer: Houston Community College System

text: Houston Community College System

question: Which community college system serves the northwestern and northeastern areas?

answer: Lone Star College System

text: Lone Star College System

question: What part of Houston does San Jacinto College serve?

answer: southeastern

text: southeastern

question: How many community colleges serve Texas?

text: Three

question: How are the Texas Community College and Lone Star College systems ranked among educational facilities?

text: within the 10 largest

question: What college system serves most of Texas?

text: Houston Community College System

question: Which community college system serves the southwestern and southeastern areas?

text: Lone Star College

question: What part of Texas does San Jacinto College serve?

text: southeastern


text: After the financial crisis of 2007–08, it was known in 2008–2009 that two Portuguese banks (Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size, market share, and the political implications - Portugal's then current President, Cavaco Silva, and some of his political allies, maintained personal and business relationships with the bank and its CEO, who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes. In the grounds of avoiding a potentially serious financial crisis in the Portuguese economy, the Portuguese government decided to give them a bailout, eventually at a future loss to taxpayers and to the Portuguese people in general.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: After

text: the

text: financial

text: crisis

text: of

text: it

text: was

text: known

text: in

text: that

text: two

text: Portuguese

text: banks

text: Banco

text: Português

text: de

text: Negócios

text: BPN

text: and

text: Banco

text: Privado

text: Português

text: BPP

text: had

text: been

text: accumulating

text: losses

text: for

text: years

text: due

text: to

text: bad

text: investments

text: embezzlement

text: and

text: accounting

text: fraud

text: The

text: case

text: of

text: BPN

text: was

text: particularly

text: serious

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: size

text: market

text: share

text: and

text: the

text: political

text: implications

text: Portugal

text: 's

text: then

text: current

text: President

text: Cavaco

text: Silva

text: and

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: political

text: allies

text: maintained

text: personal

text: and

text: business

text: relationships

text: with

text: the

text: bank

text: and

text: its

text: CEO

text: who

text: was

text: eventually

text: charged

text: and

text: arrested

text: for

text: fraud

text: and

text: other

text: crimes

text: In

text: the

text: grounds

text: of

text: avoiding

text: a

text: potentially

text: serious

text: financial

text: crisis

text: in

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: economy

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: government

text: decided

text: to

text: give

text: them

text: a

text: bailout

text: eventually

text: at

text: a

text: future

text: loss

text: to

text: taxpayers

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: people

text: in

text: general

question: In what two years was there a financial crisis?

answer: 2007–08

question: Which two Portuguese banks had been accumulating losses for years?

answer: Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)

text: Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)

question: What caused BPN and BPP to accumulate losses?

answer: bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud

text: bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud

question: Why was the case of BPN more serious?

answer: its size, market share, and the political implications

text: its size, market share, and the political implications

question: On what charge was BPN's CEO arrested?

answer: fraud

text: fraud


text: At the time of the Roman Empire, about two thousand years ago, various tribes, which spoke Celtic dialects of the Insular Celtic group, were inhabiting the islands. The Romans expanded their civilisation to control southern Great Britain but were impeded in advancing any further, building Hadrian's Wall to mark the northern frontier of their empire in 122 AD. At that time, Ireland was populated by a people known as Hiberni, the northern third or so of Great Britain by a people known as Picts and the southern two thirds by Britons.

title: British_Isles

title: British_Isles

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: about

text: two

text: thousand

text: years

text: ago

text: various

text: tribes

text: which

text: spoke

text: Celtic

text: dialects

text: of

text: the

text: Insular

text: Celtic

text: group

text: were

text: inhabiting

text: the

text: islands

text: The

text: Romans

text: expanded

text: their

text: civilisation

text: to

text: control

text: southern

text: Great

text: Britain

text: but

text: were

text: impeded

text: in

text: advancing

text: any

text: further

text: building

text: Hadrian

text: 's

text: Wall

text: to

text: mark

text: the

text: northern

text: frontier

text: of

text: their

text: empire

text: in

text: AD

text: At

text: that

text: time

text: Ireland

text: was

text: populated

text: by

text: a

text: people

text: known

text: as

text: Hiberni

text: the

text: northern

text: third

text: or

text: so

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: by

text: a

text: people

text: known

text: as

text: Picts

text: and

text: the

text: southern

text: two

text: thirds

text: by

text: Britons

question: The people that lived in the British Isles during the Roman Empire era spoke which language?

answer: Celtic dialects of the Insular Celtic group

text: Celtic dialects of the Insular Celtic group

question: What was the name of the wall that the Romans built to mark their northern territory in the British Isles in 122AD?

answer: Hadrian's Wall

text: Hadrian's Wall

question: During the Roman Empire occupation in the British Isles, what was the name of the people that lived in Ireland?

answer: Hiberni

text: Hiberni

question: The northern area of Great Britain was populated by what native people during the Roman Empire occupation?

answer: Picts

text: Picts

question: What was the name of the native people that lived in the southern parts of the British Isles during the Roman Empire occupation?

answer: Britons

text: Britons

question: During the Briton Empire, tribes spoke which dialect?

question: What year did the British build Hadrian's Wall?

text: 122 AD

question: In what year was Hadrian's wall constructed to mark the southern frontier of the Roman Empire?

text: 122 AD

question: Which empire expanded to control southern Spain?

text: Roman

question: The northern third of Ireland was inhabited by Picts, while the southern two thirds by who?

text: Britons


text: In 2007, the Marshall Islands joined the International Labour Organization, which means its labour laws will comply with international benchmarks. This may impact business conditions in the islands.

title: Marshall_Islands

title: Marshall_Islands

text: In

text: the

text: Marshall

text: Islands

text: joined

text: the

text: International

text: Labour

text: Organization

text: which

text: means

text: its

text: labour

text: laws

text: will

text: comply

text: with

text: international

text: benchmarks

text: This

text: may

text: impact

text: business

text: conditions

text: in

text: the

text: islands

question: What body did the Marshall Islands join in 2007?

answer: the International Labour Organization

text: the International Labour Organization

question: What is the significance of the Marshall Islands joining the International Labour Organization?

answer: its labour laws will comply with international benchmarks

text: its labour laws will comply with international benchmarks

question: What may see benefits from the Marshalls joining the International Labour Organization?

answer: business conditions

text: business conditions


text: Construction of the chapel, originally intended to be slightly over twice as long, with eighteen - or possibly seventeen - bays (there are eight today) was stopped when Henry VI was deposed. Only the Quire of the intended building was completed. Eton's first Headmaster, William Waynflete, founder of Magdalen College, Oxford and previously Head Master of Winchester College, built the ante-chapel that finishes the Chapel today. The important wall paintings in the Chapel and the brick north range of the present School Yard also date from the 1480s; the lower storeys of the cloister, including College Hall, had been built between 1441 and 1460.

title: Eton_College

title: Eton_College

text: Construction

text: of

text: the

text: chapel

text: originally

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: slightly

text: over

text: twice

text: as

text: long

text: with

text: eighteen

text: or

text: possibly

text: seventeen

text: bays

text: there

text: are

text: eight

text: today

text: was

text: stopped

text: when

text: Henry

text: VI

text: was

text: deposed

text: Only

text: the

text: Quire

text: of

text: the

text: intended

text: building

text: was

text: completed

text: Eton

text: 's

text: first

text: Headmaster

text: William

text: Waynflete

text: founder

text: of

text: Magdalen

text: College

text: Oxford

text: and

text: previously

text: Head

text: Master

text: of

text: Winchester

text: College

text: built

text: the

text: ante

text: chapel

text: that

text: finishes

text: the

text: Chapel

text: today

text: The

text: important

text: wall

text: paintings

text: in

text: the

text: Chapel

text: and

text: the

text: brick

text: north

text: range

text: of

text: the

text: present

text: School

text: Yard

text: also

text: date

text: from

text: the

text: the

text: lower

text: storeys

text: of

text: the

text: cloister

text: including

text: College

text: Hall

text: had

text: been

text: built

text: between

text: and

question: Who was Eton's first Headmaster?

answer: William Waynflete

text: William Waynflete

question: How old are the wall paintings in the Chapel and School Yard?

answer: 1480s

question: Between what years was College Hall built?

answer: 1441 and 1460

text: 1441 and 1460

question: How many bays was the chapel originially intended to have?

answer: eighteen - or possibly seventeen

text: eighteen - or possibly seventeen

question: How many bays does the chapel have today?

answer: eight

text: eight

question: In what year was Henry Vi deposed?

question: Who was the first Headmaster of Magdalen College?

text: William Waynflete

question: In what year did William Waynflete die?

question: In what year was Magdalen College founded?

question: In what year was Winchester College established?


text: In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. The "ability of a system to perform work" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, energy is measured in joules, and one joule is defined "mechanically", being the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.[note 1] However, there are many other definitions of energy, depending on the context, such as thermal energy, radiant energy, electromagnetic, nuclear, etc., where definitions are derived that are the most convenient.

title: Energy

title: Energy

text: In

text: physics

text: energy

text: is

text: a

text: property

text: of

text: objects

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: transferred

text: to

text: other

text: objects

text: or

text: converted

text: into

text: different

text: forms

text: The

text: ability

text: of

text: a

text: system

text: to

text: perform

text: work

text: is

text: a

text: common

text: description

text: but

text: it

text: is

text: difficult

text: to

text: give

text: one

text: single

text: comprehensive

text: definition

text: of

text: energy

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: many

text: forms

text: For

text: instance

text: in

text: SI

text: units

text: energy

text: is

text: measured

text: in

text: joules

text: and

text: one

text: joule

text: is

text: defined

text: mechanically

text: being

text: the

text: energy

text: transferred

text: to

text: an

text: object

text: by

text: the

text: mechanical

text: work

text: of

text: moving

text: it

text: a

text: distance

text: of

text: metre

text: against

text: a

text: force

text: of

text: newton.[note

text: However

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: other

text: definitions

text: of

text: energy

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: context

text: such

text: as

text: thermal

text: energy

text: radiant

text: energy

text: electromagnetic

text: nuclear

text: etc

text: where

text: definitions

text: are

text: derived

text: that

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: convenient

question: What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms?

answer: energy

text: energy

question: In SI units, energy is measured in what measurement?

answer: joules

text: joules

question: Mechanically, one joule is defined as what?

answer: the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton

text: the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton

question: What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms in biology?

text: physics

question: In SI units, what is measured in watts?

text: energy

question: electronuclear is a definition of what?

text: energy

question: How many meters of chemical work is required?

text: 1 metre

question: What definitions are there for types of energy, regardless of context?


text: The PLP, the party in government when the decision to join CARICOM was made, has been dominated for decades by West Indians and their descendants. (The prominent roles of West Indians among Bermuda's black politicians and labour activists predated party politics in Bermuda, as exemplified by Dr. E. F. Gordon). The late PLP leader, Dame Lois Browne-Evans, and her Trinidadian-born husband, John Evans (who co-founded the West Indian Association of Bermuda in 1976), were prominent members of this group. They have emphasised Bermuda's cultural connections with the West Indies. Many Bermudians, both black and white, who lack family connections to the West Indies have objected to this emphasis.

title: Bermuda

title: Bermuda

text: The

text: PLP

text: the

text: party

text: in

text: government

text: when

text: the

text: decision

text: to

text: join

text: CARICOM

text: was

text: made

text: has

text: been

text: dominated

text: for

text: decades

text: by

text: West

text: Indians

text: and

text: their

text: descendants

text: The

text: prominent

text: roles

text: of

text: West

text: Indians

text: among

text: Bermuda

text: 's

text: black

text: politicians

text: and

text: labour

text: activists

text: predated

text: party

text: politics

text: in

text: Bermuda

text: as

text: exemplified

text: by

text: Dr.

text: E.

text: F.

text: Gordon

text: The

text: late

text: PLP

text: leader

text: Dame

text: Lois

text: Browne

text: Evans

text: and

text: her

text: Trinidadian

text: born

text: husband

text: John

text: Evans

text: who

text: co

text: founded

text: the

text: West

text: Indian

text: Association

text: of

text: Bermuda

text: in

text: were

text: prominent

text: members

text: of

text: this

text: group

text: They

text: have

text: emphasised

text: Bermuda

text: 's

text: cultural

text: connections

text: with

text: the

text: West

text: Indies

text: Many

text: Bermudians

text: both

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: who

text: lack

text: family

text: connections

text: to

text: the

text: West

text: Indies

text: have

text: objected

text: to

text: this

text: emphasis

question: What cultural group has dominated the PLP?

answer: West Indians and their descendants.

text: West Indians and their descendants.

question: Who are two prominent members of the PLP?

answer: Dame Lois Browne-Evans, and her Trinidadian-born husband, John Evans

text: Dame Lois Browne-Evans, and her Trinidadian-born husband, John Evans

question: What are Dame Lois Browne-Evans and her husband putting an emphasis on?

answer: Bermuda's cultural connections with the West Indies

text: Bermuda's cultural connections with the West Indies

question: Why are some Bermudians against the emphasis of West Indies cultural connections?

answer: Many Bermudians, both black and white, who lack family connections to the West Indies

text: Many Bermudians, both black and white, who lack family connections to the West Indies

question: Who had dominated CARICOM?

text: West Indians and their descendants.

question: Who was Dame Lois Evans-Browne?

text: late PLP leader

question: Whose husband was Evan Johns?

text: Dame Lois Browne-Evans


text: Another important building is the falekaupule or maneapa the traditional island meeting hall, where important matters are discussed and which is also used for wedding celebrations and community activities such as a fatele involving music, singing and dancing. Falekaupule is also used as the name of the council of elders – the traditional decision making body on each island. Under the Falekaupule Act, Falekaupule means "traditional assembly in each island...composed in accordance with the Aganu of each island". Aganu means traditional customs and culture.

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: Another

text: important

text: building

text: is

text: the

text: falekaupule

text: or

text: maneapa

text: the

text: traditional

text: island

text: meeting

text: hall

text: where

text: important

text: matters

text: are

text: discussed

text: and

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: for

text: wedding

text: celebrations

text: and

text: community

text: activities

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: fatele

text: involving

text: music

text: singing

text: and

text: dancing

text: Falekaupule

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: council

text: of

text: elders

text: the

text: traditional

text: decision

text: making

text: body

text: on

text: each

text: island

text: Under

text: the

text: Falekaupule

text: Act

text: Falekaupule

text: means

text: traditional

text: assembly

text: in

text: each

text: island

text: composed

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: the

text: Aganu

text: of

text: each

text: island

text: Aganu

text: means

text: traditional

text: customs

text: and

text: culture

question: What type of structure is the falekaupule?

answer: meeting hall

text: meeting hall

question: Besides meetings, for what other use is the meeting hall used?

answer: celebrations

text: celebrations

question: Aside from being defined as a meeting hall, what other definition does falekaupule have?

answer: council of elders

text: council of elders

question: What is the traditional use of the falekaupule?

answer: decision making body

text: decision making body

question: What is the traditional customs and culture on Tuvalu?

answer: Aganu

text: Aganu


text: Plymouth's early history extends to the Bronze Age, when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten. This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton, now called Plymouth. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers departed Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony – the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America. During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Plymouth

text: 's

text: early

text: history

text: extends

text: to

text: the

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: when

text: a

text: first

text: settlement

text: emerged

text: at

text: Mount

text: Batten

text: This

text: settlement

text: continued

text: as

text: a

text: trading

text: post

text: for

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: until

text: it

text: was

text: surpassed

text: by

text: the

text: more

text: prosperous

text: village

text: of

text: Sutton

text: now

text: called

text: Plymouth

text: In

text: the

text: Pilgrim

text: Fathers

text: departed

text: Plymouth

text: for

text: the

text: New

text: World

text: and

text: established

text: Plymouth

text: Colony

text: the

text: second

text: English

text: settlement

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: During

text: the

text: English

text: Civil

text: War

text: the

text: town

text: was

text: held

text: by

text: the

text: Parliamentarians

text: and

text: was

text: besieged

text: between

text: and

question: What was the location of the earliest settlement near Plymouth?

answer: Mount Batten

text: Mount Batten

question: What was Plymouth's original name?

answer: Sutton

text: Sutton

question: In what year did the Pilgrim Fathers sail from Plymouth?

answer: 1620

question: When did the siege of Plymouth end during the English Civil War?

answer: 1646

question: What was the name of the colony founded by the Pilgrim Fathers in the New World?

answer: Plymouth Colony

text: Plymouth Colony


text: Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men.

title: Police

title: Police

text: Meanwhile

text: the

text: authorities

text: in

text: Glasgow

text: Scotland

text: successfully

text: petitioned

text: the

text: government

text: to

text: pass

text: the

text: Glasgow

text: Police

text: Act

text: establishing

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: Glasgow

text: Police

text: in

text: Other

text: Scottish

text: towns

text: soon

text: followed

text: suit

text: and

text: set

text: up

text: their

text: own

text: police

text: forces

text: through

text: acts

text: of

text: parliament

text: In

text: Ireland

text: the

text: Irish

text: Constabulary

text: Act

text: of

text: marked

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Irish

text: Constabulary

text: The

text: Act

text: established

text: a

text: force

text: in

text: each

text: barony

text: with

text: chief

text: constables

text: and

text: inspectors

text: general

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: civil

text: administration

text: at

text: Dublin

text: Castle

text: By

text: this

text: force

text: numbered

text: over

text: men

question: Which law established Glasgow's police?

answer: Glasgow Police Act

text: Glasgow Police Act

question: When was Glasgow's police force established?

answer: 1800

question: Which law established Ireland's police?

answer: Irish Constabulary Act

text: Irish Constabulary Act

question: When was Ireland's police force established?

answer: 1822

question: What was Ireland's police force called?

answer: Royal Irish Constabulary

text: Royal Irish Constabulary

question: Which law abolished Glasgow's police?

text: Glasgow Police Act

question: When was Glasgow's police force abolished?

question: Which law fired Ireland's police?

text: Irish Constabulary Act of 1822

question: When was Ireland's police force abolished?

question: What was Ireland's police force not called?

text: Royal Irish Constabulary


text: Reservations are essentially caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty. Reservations are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on the reserving state. These must be included at the time of signing or ratification, i.e. "a party cannot add a reservation after it has already joined a treaty".

title: Treaty

title: Treaty

text: Reservations

text: are

text: essentially

text: caveats

text: to

text: a

text: state

text: 's

text: acceptance

text: of

text: a

text: treaty

text: Reservations

text: are

text: unilateral

text: statements

text: purporting

text: to

text: exclude

text: or

text: to

text: modify

text: the

text: legal

text: obligation

text: and

text: its

text: effects

text: on

text: the

text: reserving

text: state

text: These

text: must

text: be

text: included

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: signing

text: or

text: ratification

text: i.e.

text: a

text: party

text: can

text: not

text: add

text: a

text: reservation

text: after

text: it

text: has

text: already

text: joined

text: a

text: treaty

question: What are caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty?

answer: Reservations

text: Reservations

question: What are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on a state?

answer: Reservations

text: Reservations

question: When must reservations be included in a treaty?

answer: at the time of signing or ratification

text: at the time of signing or ratification

question: What are parties to a treaty forbidden to do after they have already joined a treaty?

answer: add a reservation

text: add a reservation

question: A reserving party to a treaty may include a statement that attempts to do what to its legal obligations or their effects?

answer: exclude or to modify

text: exclude or to modify


text: Frédéric François Chopin (/ˈʃoʊpæn/; French pronunciation: [fʁe.de.ʁik fʁɑ̃.swa ʃɔ.pɛ̃]; 22 February or 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin,[n 1] was a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era, who wrote primarily for the solo piano. He gained and has maintained renown worldwide as one of the leading musicians of his era, whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, and grew up in Warsaw, which after 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Frédéric

text: François

text: Chopin

text: /ˈʃoʊpæn/

text: French

text: pronunciation

text: [fʁe.de.ʁik

text: fʁɑ̃.swa

text: ʃɔ.pɛ̃

text: February

text: or

text: March

text: October

text: born

text: Fryderyk

text: Franciszek

text: Chopin,[n

text: was

text: a

text: Polish

text: and

text: French

text: by

text: citizenship

text: and

text: birth

text: of

text: father

text: composer

text: and

text: a

text: virtuoso

text: pianist

text: of

text: the

text: Romantic

text: era

text: who

text: wrote

text: primarily

text: for

text: the

text: solo

text: piano

text: He

text: gained

text: and

text: has

text: maintained

text: renown

text: worldwide

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: leading

text: musicians

text: of

text: his

text: era

text: whose

text: poetic

text: genius

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: professional

text: technique

text: that

text: was

text: without

text: equal

text: in

text: his

text: generation

text: Chopin

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: what

text: was

text: then

text: the

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Warsaw

text: and

text: grew

text: up

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: which

text: after

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: Congress

text: Poland

text: A

text: child

text: prodigy

text: he

text: completed

text: his

text: musical

text: education

text: and

text: composed

text: his

text: earlier

text: works

text: in

text: Warsaw

text: before

text: leaving

text: Poland

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: less

text: than

text: a

text: month

text: before

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: the

text: November

text: Uprising

question: What was Frédéric's nationalities?

answer: Polish and French

text: Polish and French

question: In what era was Frédéric active in?

answer: Romantic era

text: Romantic era

question: For what instrument did Frédéric write primarily for?

answer: solo piano

text: solo piano

question: In what area was Frédéric born in?

answer: Duchy of Warsaw

text: Duchy of Warsaw

question: At what age did Frédéric depart from Poland?

answer: 20

question: What year was Chopin born?

answer: 1810

question: What era was Chopin active during?

answer: Romantic era

text: Romantic era

question: Where did Chopin grow up?

answer: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

question: What instrument did he mostly compose for?

answer: solo piano

text: solo piano

question: At what age did Chopin  leave Poland?

answer: 20

question: When did Chopin die?

answer: 17 October 1849

text: 17 October 1849

question: What was Chopin's full name?

answer: Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin

text: Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin

question: The majority of Chopin's compositions were for what instrument?

answer: solo piano

text: solo piano

question: Chopin was active during what era?

answer: Romantic era

text: Romantic era

question: In what year was Chopin born?

answer: 1810

question: In what city was Chopin born and raised?

answer: Warsaw

text: Warsaw

question: How old was Chopin when he left Poland?

answer: 20

question: In what era of music did Chopin compose?

answer: Romantic

text: Romantic

question: What year did Chopin die?

answer: 1849


text: Puerto Rico is designated in its constitution as the "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico". The Constitution of Puerto Rico which became effective in 1952 adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State"), officially translated into English as Commonwealth, for its body politic. The island is under the jurisdiction of the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which has led to doubts about the finality of the Commonwealth status for Puerto Rico. In addition, all people born in Puerto Rico become citizens of the U.S. at birth (under provisions of the Jones–Shafroth Act in 1917), but citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote for president nor for full members of either house of Congress. Statehood would grant island residents full voting rights at the Federal level. The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499) was approved on April 29, 2010, by the United States House of Representatives 223–169, but was not approved by the Senate before the end of the 111th Congress. It would have provided for a federally sanctioned self-determination process for the people of Puerto Rico. This act would provide for referendums to be held in Puerto Rico to determine the island's ultimate political status. It had also been introduced in 2007.

title: 51st_state

title: 51st_state

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: is

text: designated

text: in

text: its

text: constitution

text: as

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: The

text: Constitution

text: of

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: which

text: became

text: effective

text: in

text: adopted

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: Estado

text: Libre

text: Asociado

text: literally

text: translated

text: as

text: Free

text: Associated

text: State

text: officially

text: translated

text: into

text: English

text: as

text: Commonwealth

text: for

text: its

text: body

text: politic

text: The

text: island

text: is

text: under

text: the

text: jurisdiction

text: of

text: the

text: Territorial

text: Clause

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Constitution

text: which

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: doubts

text: about

text: the

text: finality

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: status

text: for

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: In

text: addition

text: all

text: people

text: born

text: in

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: become

text: citizens

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: at

text: birth

text: under

text: provisions

text: of

text: the

text: Jones

text: Shafroth

text: Act

text: in

text: but

text: citizens

text: residing

text: in

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: can

text: not

text: vote

text: for

text: president

text: nor

text: for

text: full

text: members

text: of

text: either

text: house

text: of

text: Congress

text: Statehood

text: would

text: grant

text: island

text: residents

text: full

text: voting

text: rights

text: at

text: the

text: Federal

text: level

text: The

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: Democracy

text: Act

text: H.R.

text: was

text: approved

text: on

text: April

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: House

text: of

text: Representatives

text: but

text: was

text: not

text: approved

text: by

text: the

text: Senate

text: before

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Congress

text: It

text: would

text: have

text: provided

text: for

text: a

text: federally

text: sanctioned

text: self

text: determination

text: process

text: for

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: This

text: act

text: would

text: provide

text: for

text: referendums

text: to

text: be

text: held

text: in

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: to

text: determine

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: ultimate

text: political

text: status

text: It

text: had

text: also

text: been

text: introduced

text: in

question: How is Puerto Rico designated in its constitution?

answer: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

text: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

question: What title does the country have?

answer: Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State")

text: Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State")

question: What is the island under jurisdiction of?

answer: Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution

text: Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution

question: What act was approved on April 29th, 2010?

answer: The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499)

text: The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499)

question: How is Puerto Rico designated by its representatives?

text: Commonwealth of Puerto

question: What title does the Federal level have?

question: What is the determination process under jurisdiction of?

question: What act was approved on April 29th, 2007?

question: What do all English people become?

text: citizens of the U.S.


text: This set inherits a group operation (sometimes called coset multiplication, or coset addition) from the original group G: (gN) • (hN) = (gh)N for all g and h in G. This definition is motivated by the idea (itself an instance of general structural considerations outlined above) that the map G → G / N that associates to any element g its coset gN be a group homomorphism, or by general abstract considerations called universal properties. The coset eN = N serves as the identity in this group, and the inverse of gN in the quotient group is (gN)−1 = (g−1)N.e[›]

title: Group_(mathematics)

title: Group_(mathematics

text: This

text: set

text: inherits

text: a

text: group

text: operation

text: sometimes

text: called

text: coset

text: multiplication

text: or

text: coset

text: addition

text: from

text: the

text: original

text: group

text: G

text: gN

text: hN

text: gh)N

text: for

text: all

text: g

text: and

text: h

text: in

text: G.

text: This

text: definition

text: is

text: motivated

text: by

text: the

text: idea

text: itself

text: an

text: instance

text: of

text: general

text: structural

text: considerations

text: outlined

text: above

text: that

text: the

text: map

text: G

text: G

text: N

text: that

text: associates

text: to

text: any

text: element

text: g

text: its

text: coset

text: gN

text: be

text: a

text: group

text: homomorphism

text: or

text: by

text: general

text: abstract

text: considerations

text: called

text: universal

text: properties

text: The

text: coset

text: eN

text: N

text: serves

text: as

text: the

text: identity

text: in

text: this

text: group

text: and

text: the

text: inverse

text: of

text: gN

text: in

text: the

text: quotient

text: group

text: is

question: What is another term for coset multiplication?

answer: coset addition

text: coset addition

question: What group operation is taken by the set from the original group?

answer: coset multiplication

text: coset multiplication

question: What group does the inverse of gN include?

answer: quotient group

text: quotient group

question: What is the original group sometimes called?

text: coset multiplication, or coset addition

question: What are group homomorphisms called?

text: universal properties

question: What does the Coset gN serve as?

text: identity

question: What group operation is taken by the original group from the set?

text: coset multiplication

question: The inverse of gN excludes what group?

text: quotient group


text: Tito was the chief architect of the second Yugoslavia, a socialist federation that lasted from 1943 to 1991–92. Despite being one of the founders of Cominform, soon he became the first Cominform member to defy Soviet hegemony and the only one to manage to leave Cominform and begin with its own socialist program. Tito was a backer of independent roads to socialism (sometimes referred to as "national communism"). In 1951 he implemented a self-management system that differentiated Yugoslavia from other socialist countries. A turn towards a model of market socialism brought economic expansion in the 1950s and 1960s and a decline during the 1970s. His internal policies included the suppression of nationalist sentiment and the promotion of the "brotherhood and unity" of the six Yugoslav nations. After Tito's death in 1980, tensions between the Yugoslav republics emerged and in 1991 the country disintegrated and went into a series of wars and unrest that lasted the rest of the decade, and which continue to impact most of the former Yugoslav republics. He remains a very controversial figure in the Balkans.

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

title: Josip_Broz_Tito

text: Tito

text: was

text: the

text: chief

text: architect

text: of

text: the

text: second

text: Yugoslavia

text: a

text: socialist

text: federation

text: that

text: lasted

text: from

text: to

text: Despite

text: being

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: founders

text: of

text: Cominform

text: soon

text: he

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: Cominform

text: member

text: to

text: defy

text: Soviet

text: hegemony

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: to

text: manage

text: to

text: leave

text: Cominform

text: and

text: begin

text: with

text: its

text: own

text: socialist

text: program

text: Tito

text: was

text: a

text: backer

text: of

text: independent

text: roads

text: to

text: socialism

text: sometimes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: national

text: communism

text: In

text: he

text: implemented

text: a

text: self

text: management

text: system

text: that

text: differentiated

text: Yugoslavia

text: from

text: other

text: socialist

text: countries

text: A

text: turn

text: towards

text: a

text: model

text: of

text: market

text: socialism

text: brought

text: economic

text: expansion

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: and

text: a

text: decline

text: during

text: the

text: His

text: internal

text: policies

text: included

text: the

text: suppression

text: of

text: nationalist

text: sentiment

text: and

text: the

text: promotion

text: of

text: the

text: brotherhood

text: and

text: unity

text: of

text: the

text: six

text: Yugoslav

text: nations

text: After

text: Tito

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: tensions

text: between

text: the

text: Yugoslav

text: republics

text: emerged

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: disintegrated

text: and

text: went

text: into

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: wars

text: and

text: unrest

text: that

text: lasted

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: decade

text: and

text: which

text: continue

text: to

text: impact

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: Yugoslav

text: republics

text: He

text: remains

text: a

text: very

text: controversial

text: figure

text: in

text: the

text: Balkans

question: When did the second Yugoslavia start?

answer: 1943

question: What group did Tito found?

answer: Cominform

text: Cominform

question: When did Tito implement a self-management system that differentiated Yugoslavia from other socialist coutnries?

answer: 1951

question: When did Yugoslavia disintegrate?

answer: 1991