text: From 9 February for two days his coffin rested in St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February. His funeral took place at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on the 15th. He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St. George's on 26 March 1969. In 2002, fifty years after his death, the remains of his widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, and the ashes of his younger daughter Princess Margaret, who both died that year, were interred in the chapel alongside him.

title: George_VI

title: George_VI

text: From

text: February

text: for

text: two

text: days

text: his

text: coffin

text: rested

text: in

text: St.

text: Mary

text: Magdalene

text: Church

text: Sandringham

text: before

text: lying

text: in

text: state

text: at

text: Westminster

text: Hall

text: from

text: February

text: His

text: funeral

text: took

text: place

text: at

text: St.

text: George

text: 's

text: Chapel

text: Windsor

text: Castle

text: on

text: the

text: He

text: was

text: interred

text: initially

text: in

text: the

text: Royal

text: Vault

text: until

text: he

text: was

text: transferred

text: to

text: the

text: King

text: George

text: VI

text: Memorial

text: Chapel

text: inside

text: St.

text: George

text: 's

text: on

text: March

text: In

text: fifty

text: years

text: after

text: his

text: death

text: the

text: remains

text: of

text: his

text: widow

text: Queen

text: Elizabeth

text: The

text: Queen

text: Mother

text: and

text: the

text: ashes

text: of

text: his

text: younger

text: daughter

text: Princess

text: Margaret

text: who

text: both

text: died

text: that

text: year

text: were

text: interred

text: in

text: the

text: chapel

text: alongside

text: him

question: What church did the King's funeral take place on the 15th?

answer: Windsor Castle

text: Windsor Castle

question: What year did Queen Elizabeth die?

answer: 2002

question: What year did Princess Margaret die?

answer: 2002

question: In which chapel does King George's body lie in today?

answer: King George VI Memorial Chapel

text: King George VI Memorial Chapel

question: In what city is Westminster Hall?

text: Sandringham

question: In what city is the King George VI Memorial Chapel?

text: Sandringham

question: Where was Princess Margaret when she died?

text: Sandringham

question: On what date was Queen Elizabeth crowned?

text: 26 March 1969

question: Where was Queen Elizabeth crowned?

text: St. Mary Magdalene Church


text: When the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful. Late in Anne's reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power.

title: Prime_minister

title: Prime_minister

text: When

text: the

text: monarch

text: grew

text: tired

text: of

text: a

text: first

text: minister

text: he

text: or

text: she

text: could

text: be

text: dismissed

text: or

text: worse

text: Cromwell

text: was

text: executed

text: and

text: Clarendon

text: driven

text: into

text: exile

text: when

text: they

text: lost

text: favour

text: Kings

text: sometimes

text: divided

text: power

text: equally

text: between

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: ministers

text: to

text: prevent

text: one

text: minister

text: from

text: becoming

text: too

text: powerful

text: Late

text: in

text: Anne

text: 's

text: reign

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: Tory

text: ministers

text: Harley

text: and

text: St

text: John

text: shared

text: power

question: Who are the two ministers used by Queen Anne simultaneously?

answer: Harley and St John

text: Harley and St John

question: Who was exiled when he lost the favor of the monarch?

answer: Clarendon

text: Clarendon

question: What two ministers fought for power uner Anne?

text: Harley and St John

question: Who exiled the monarch?

text: Clarendon

question: Who did the monarch refuse to have executed?

text: Cromwell


text: In the 16th century political and religious changes altered the attitude of historians towards John. Tudor historians were generally favourably inclined towards the king, focusing on John's opposition to the Papacy and his promotion of the special rights and prerogatives of a king. Revisionist histories written by John Foxe, William Tyndale and Robert Barnes portrayed John as an early Protestant hero, and John Foxe included the king in his Book of Martyrs. John Speed's Historie of Great Britaine in 1632 praised John's "great renown" as a king; he blamed the bias of medieval chroniclers for the king's poor reputation.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: political

text: and

text: religious

text: changes

text: altered

text: the

text: attitude

text: of

text: historians

text: towards

text: John

text: Tudor

text: historians

text: were

text: generally

text: favourably

text: inclined

text: towards

text: the

text: king

text: focusing

text: on

text: John

text: 's

text: opposition

text: to

text: the

text: Papacy

text: and

text: his

text: promotion

text: of

text: the

text: special

text: rights

text: and

text: prerogatives

text: of

text: a

text: king

text: Revisionist

text: histories

text: written

text: by

text: John

text: Foxe

text: William

text: Tyndale

text: and

text: Robert

text: Barnes

text: portrayed

text: John

text: as

text: an

text: early

text: Protestant

text: hero

text: and

text: John

text: Foxe

text: included

text: the

text: king

text: in

text: his

text: Book

text: of

text: Martyrs

text: John

text: Speed

text: 's

text: Historie

text: of

text: Great

text: Britaine

text: in

text: praised

text: John

text: 's

text: great

text: renown

text: as

text: a

text: king

text: he

text: blamed

text: the

text: bias

text: of

text: medieval

text: chroniclers

text: for

text: the

text: king

text: 's

text: poor

text: reputation

question: When did political and religious changes alter the attitude of historians towards John?

answer: 16th century

text: 16th century

question: Which historians were favourably inclined towards the king?

answer: Tudor historians

text: Tudor historians

question: What praised John's "great renown" as a king?

answer: John Speed's Historie of Great Britaine

text: John Speed's Historie of Great Britaine


text: Just over a quarter of the jobs available in the city are in the health and education sector. A further 19 per cent are property and other business and the third largest sector is wholesale and retail, which accounts for 16.2 percent. Between 1995 and 2004, the number of jobs in Southampton has increased by 18.5 per cent.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: Just

text: over

text: a

text: quarter

text: of

text: the

text: jobs

text: available

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: health

text: and

text: education

text: sector

text: A

text: further

text: per

text: cent

text: are

text: property

text: and

text: other

text: business

text: and

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: sector

text: is

text: wholesale

text: and

text: retail

text: which

text: accounts

text: for

text: percent

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: jobs

text: in

text: Southampton

text: has

text: increased

text: by

text: per

text: cent

question: What sector provides about a quarter of Southampton's available jobs?

answer: health and education

text: health and education

question: What percentage of available jobs in Southampton are in the property/other business sector?

answer: 19

question: What's the third largest sector providing jobs in Southampton?

answer: wholesale and retail

text: wholesale and retail

question: By what percentage did available jobs increase in Southampton between 1995 and 2004?

answer: 18.5

question: What percentage of available jobs in Southampton are in wholesale and retail industries?

answer: 16.2


text: The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law. In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus (all law before the Code) and the jus novum (the law of the Code, or jus codicis).

title: Canon_law

title: Canon_law

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: Latin

text: canon

text: law

text: can

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: four

text: periods

text: the

text: jus

text: antiquum

text: the

text: jus

text: novum

text: the

text: jus

text: novissimum

text: and

text: the

text: Code

text: of

text: Canon

text: Law

text: In

text: relation

text: to

text: the

text: Code

text: history

text: can

text: be

text: divided

text: into

text: the

text: jus

text: vetus

text: all

text: law

text: before

text: the

text: Code

text: and

text: the

text: jus

text: novum

text: the

text: law

text: of

text: the

text: Code

text: or

text: jus

text: codicis

question: Which period followed the jus antiquum?

answer: the jus novum

text: the jus novum

question: What is the most recent era of Latin canon law?

answer: the Code of Canon Law

text: the Code of Canon Law

question: What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?

answer: the jus vetus

text: the jus vetus

question: How many periods can Greek canon law be divided into?

text: four periods

question: What is the jus antiquum the most recent era of?

text: Latin canon law

question: What did Jus novum precede?

text: Code

question: What did jus vetus follow?

text: Code


text: On 22 July 2010, the British government agreed to help pay for the new airport using taxpayer money. In November 2011 a new deal between the British government and South African civil engineering company Basil Read was signed and the airport was scheduled to open in February 2016, with flights to and from South Africa and the UK. In March 2015 South African airline Comair became the preferred bidder to provide weekly air service between the island and Johannesburg, starting from 2016.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: On

text: July

text: the

text: British

text: government

text: agreed

text: to

text: help

text: pay

text: for

text: the

text: new

text: airport

text: using

text: taxpayer

text: money

text: In

text: November

text: a

text: new

text: deal

text: between

text: the

text: British

text: government

text: and

text: South

text: African

text: civil

text: engineering

text: company

text: Basil

text: Read

text: was

text: signed

text: and

text: the

text: airport

text: was

text: scheduled

text: to

text: open

text: in

text: February

text: with

text: flights

text: to

text: and

text: from

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: the

text: UK

text: In

text: March

text: South

text: African

text: airline

text: Comair

text: became

text: the

text: preferred

text: bidder

text: to

text: provide

text: weekly

text: air

text: service

text: between

text: the

text: island

text: and

text: Johannesburg

text: starting

text: from

question: When did the British government agree to help pay for the new airport in Saint Helena?

answer: 22 July 2010

text: 22 July 2010

question: Which south african company is helping to engineer the airport?

answer: Basil Read

text: Basil Read

question: The new airport opening date is when?

answer: February 2016

text: February 2016

question: Which countries will be able to fly to Saint Helena using the airport?

answer: South Africa and the UK

text: South Africa and the UK

question: Which airline will provide weekly service to Saint Helena?

answer: Comair

text: Comair


text: There are many art galleries in Utrecht. There are also several foundations to support art and artists. Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts. The Centraal Museum has many exhibitions on the arts, including a permanent exhibition on the works of Utrecht resident illustrator Dick Bruna, who is best known for creating Miffy ("Nijntje", in Dutch). Although street art is illegal in Utrecht, the Utrechtse Kabouter, a picture of a gnome with a red hat, became a common sight in 2004. Utrecht also houses one of the landmarks of modern architecture, the 1924 Rietveld Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites.

title: Utrecht

title: Utrecht

text: There

text: are

text: many

text: art

text: galleries

text: in

text: Utrecht

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: several

text: foundations

text: to

text: support

text: art

text: and

text: artists

text: Training

text: of

text: artists

text: is

text: done

text: at

text: the

text: Utrecht

text: School

text: of

text: the

text: Arts

text: The

text: Centraal

text: Museum

text: has

text: many

text: exhibitions

text: on

text: the

text: arts

text: including

text: a

text: permanent

text: exhibition

text: on

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: resident

text: illustrator

text: Dick

text: Bruna

text: who

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: creating

text: Miffy

text: Nijntje

text: in

text: Dutch

text: Although

text: street

text: art

text: is

text: illegal

text: in

text: Utrecht

text: the

text: Utrechtse

text: Kabouter

text: a

text: picture

text: of

text: a

text: gnome

text: with

text: a

text: red

text: hat

text: became

text: a

text: common

text: sight

text: in

text: Utrecht

text: also

text: houses

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: landmarks

text: of

text: modern

text: architecture

text: the

text: Rietveld

text: Schröder

text: House

text: which

text: is

text: listed

text: on

text: UNESCO

text: 's

text: world

text: heritage

text: sites

question: Where are young artist trained

answer: Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts

text: Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts

question: Is street art legal

answer: Although street art is illegal in Utrecht

text: Although street art is illegal in Utrecht

question: What is considered landmark Architecture

answer: 1924 Rietveld Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites

text: 1924 Rietveld Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites

question: What form of art became legal in 2004?

text: street art

question: What house was built in the 19th century?

text: Rietveld Schröder House

question: What illistrator is famouse for creating a gnome with a red hat?

text: Dick Bruna


text: As of 2015[update], Nigeria is the world's 20th largest economy, worth more than $500 billion and $1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity respectively. It overtook South Africa to become Africa's largest economy in 2014. Also, the debt-to-GDP ratio is only 11 percent, which is 8 percent below the 2012 ratio. Nigeria is considered to be an emerging market by the World Bank; It has been identified as a regional power on the African continent, a middle power in international affairs, and has also been identified as an emerging global power. Nigeria is a member of the MINT group of countries, which are widely seen as the globe's next "BRIC-like" economies. It is also listed among the "Next Eleven" economies set to become among the biggest in the world. Nigeria is a founding member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the African Union, OPEC, and the United Nations amongst other international organisations.

title: Nigeria

title: Nigeria

text: As

text: of

text: Nigeria

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: economy

text: worth

text: more

text: than

text: billion

text: and

text: trillion

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: nominal

text: GDP

text: and

text: purchasing

text: power

text: parity

text: respectively

text: It

text: overtook

text: South

text: Africa

text: to

text: become

text: Africa

text: 's

text: largest

text: economy

text: in

text: Also

text: the

text: debt

text: to

text: GDP

text: ratio

text: is

text: only

text: percent

text: which

text: is

text: percent

text: below

text: the

text: ratio

text: Nigeria

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: emerging

text: market

text: by

text: the

text: World

text: Bank

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: identified

text: as

text: a

text: regional

text: power

text: on

text: the

text: African

text: continent

text: a

text: middle

text: power

text: in

text: international

text: affairs

text: and

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: identified

text: as

text: an

text: emerging

text: global

text: power

text: Nigeria

text: is

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: MINT

text: group

text: of

text: countries

text: which

text: are

text: widely

text: seen

text: as

text: the

text: globe

text: 's

text: next

text: BRIC

text: like

text: economies

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: listed

text: among

text: the

text: Next

text: Eleven

text: economies

text: set

text: to

text: become

text: among

text: the

text: biggest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: Nigeria

text: is

text: a

text: founding

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Nations

text: the

text: African

text: Union

text: OPEC

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: amongst

text: other

text: international

text: organisations

question: What is Nigeria's 2015 GDP?

answer: $500 billion

text: $500 billion

question: What is Nigeria's 2015 purchasing power parity?

answer: $1 trillion

text: $1 trillion

question: When did Nigeria's economy become larger than South Africa's?

answer: 2014

question: What is the largest economy in Africa?

answer: Nigeria

text: Nigeria

question: What is Nigeria's debt-to-GDP ratio?

answer: 11 percent

text: 11 percent


text: In 1933, the Orthodox Church of Greece officially declared that being a Freemason constitutes an act of apostasy and thus, until he repents, the person involved with Freemasonry cannot partake of the Eucharist. This has been generally affirmed throughout the whole Eastern Orthodox Church. The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Roman Catholic and Protestant versions: "Freemasonry cannot be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation, acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism."

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: In

text: the

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: of

text: Greece

text: officially

text: declared

text: that

text: being

text: a

text: Freemason

text: constitutes

text: an

text: act

text: of

text: apostasy

text: and

text: thus

text: until

text: he

text: repents

text: the

text: person

text: involved

text: with

text: Freemasonry

text: can

text: not

text: partake

text: of

text: the

text: Eucharist

text: This

text: has

text: been

text: generally

text: affirmed

text: throughout

text: the

text: whole

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: Church

text: The

text: Orthodox

text: critique

text: of

text: Freemasonry

text: agrees

text: with

text: both

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: and

text: Protestant

text: versions

text: Freemasonry

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: at

text: all

text: compatible

text: with

text: Christianity

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: secret

text: organisation

text: acting

text: and

text: teaching

text: in

text: mystery

text: and

text: secret

text: and

text: deifying

text: rationalism

question: What action is forbid by the Orthodox Greek Church to Freemasons?

answer: cannot partake of the Eucharist

text: cannot partake of the Eucharist

question: What is the official stance on Freemasonry by the Greek Orthodox Church?

answer: cannot be at all compatible with Christianity

text: cannot be at all compatible with Christianity

question: What would happen if someone in the Greek Orthodox Church became a Freemason?

answer: constitutes an act of apostasy

text: constitutes an act of apostasy

question: When did the Orthodox Church of Greece proclaim being a Freemason was an act of apostacy?

answer: 1933

question: Which other major religions hold the same beliefs, on Freemasonry, as the Orthodox Church of Greece?

answer: Roman Catholic and Protestant

text: Roman Catholic and Protestant

question: In what year did the Orthodox Church of Greece declare that being a Freemason constituted an act of apostasy?

answer: 1933

question: Freemasonry cannot be compatible with what according to the Orthodox Church?

answer: Christianity

text: Christianity

question: Freemason cannot partake in what until they repent according to the Orthodox Church of Greece?

answer: the Eucharist

text: the Eucharist

question: What action is mandatory by the Orthodox Greek Church to Freemasons?

text: partake of the Eucharist

question: What is the unofficial stance on Freemasonry by the Greek Orthodox Church?

text: compatible with Christianity

question: What would happen if someone in the Greek Orthodox Church saw a Freemason?

text: constitutes an act of apostasy

question: What is the only religion that holds the same beliefs, on Freemasonry, as the Orthodox Church of Greece?

text: Roman Catholic

question: What year did the Orthodox Church of Greece declare that not being a Freemason constituted an act of apostasy?


text: The mid-19th century burial ground at Ford Park Cemetery was reopened in 2007 by a successful trust and the City council operate two large early 20th century cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford both with crematoria and chapels. There is also a privately owned cemetery on the outskirts of the city, Drake Memorial Park which does not allow headstones to mark graves, but a brass plaque set into the ground.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: The

text: century

text: burial

text: ground

text: at

text: Ford

text: Park

text: Cemetery

text: was

text: reopened

text: in

text: by

text: a

text: successful

text: trust

text: and

text: the

text: City

text: council

text: operate

text: two

text: large

text: early

text: century

text: cemeteries

text: at

text: Weston

text: Mill

text: and

text: Efford

text: both

text: with

text: crematoria

text: and

text: chapels

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: privately

text: owned

text: cemetery

text: on

text: the

text: outskirts

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: Drake

text: Memorial

text: Park

text: which

text: does

text: not

text: allow

text: headstones

text: to

text: mark

text: graves

text: but

text: a

text: brass

text: plaque

text: set

text: into

text: the

text: ground

question: When did Ford Park Cemetery reopen?

answer: 2007

question: Along with Efford, where else does the Plymouth City Council operate a cemetery?

answer: Weston Mill

text: Weston Mill

question: What is the name of the private cemetery in Plymouth?

answer: Drake Memorial Park

text: Drake Memorial Park

question: In lieu of headstones, what grave markers are used at Drake Memorial Park?

answer: a brass plaque

text: a brass plaque

question: When did Ford Park Cemetery first operate?

answer: mid-19th century

text: mid-19th century


text: IBM announced it will launch its new software, called "Open Client Offering" which is to run on Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X. The company states that its new product allows businesses to offer employees a choice of using the same software on Windows and its alternatives. This means that "Open Client Offering" is to cut costs of managing whether to use Linux or Apple relative to Windows. There will be no necessity for companies to pay Microsoft for its licenses for operating systems since the operating systems will no longer rely on software which is Windows-based. One alternative to Microsoft's office document formats is the Open Document Format software, whose development IBM supports. It is going to be used for several tasks like: word processing, presentations, along with collaboration with Lotus Notes, instant messaging and blog tools as well as an Internet Explorer competitor – the Mozilla Firefox web browser. IBM plans to install Open Client on 5% of its desktop PCs. The Linux offering has been made available as the IBM Client for Smart Work product on the Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux platforms.

title: IBM

title: IBM

text: IBM

text: announced

text: it

text: will

text: launch

text: its

text: new

text: software

text: called

text: Open

text: Client

text: Offering

text: which

text: is

text: to

text: run

text: on

text: Linux

text: Microsoft

text: Windows

text: and

text: Apple

text: 's

text: Mac

text: OS

text: X.

text: The

text: company

text: states

text: that

text: its

text: new

text: product

text: allows

text: businesses

text: to

text: offer

text: employees

text: a

text: choice

text: of

text: using

text: the

text: same

text: software

text: on

text: Windows

text: and

text: its

text: alternatives

text: This

text: means

text: that

text: Open

text: Client

text: Offering

text: is

text: to

text: cut

text: costs

text: of

text: managing

text: whether

text: to

text: use

text: Linux

text: or

text: Apple

text: relative

text: to

text: Windows

text: There

text: will

text: be

text: no

text: necessity

text: for

text: companies

text: to

text: pay

text: Microsoft

text: for

text: its

text: licenses

text: for

text: operating

text: systems

text: since

text: the

text: operating

text: systems

text: will

text: no

text: longer

text: rely

text: on

text: software

text: which

text: is

text: Windows

text: based

text: One

text: alternative

text: to

text: Microsoft

text: 's

text: office

text: document

text: formats

text: is

text: the

text: Open

text: Document

text: Format

text: software

text: whose

text: development

text: IBM

text: supports

text: It

text: is

text: going

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: several

text: tasks

text: like

text: word

text: processing

text: presentations

text: along

text: with

text: collaboration

text: with

text: Lotus

text: Notes

text: instant

text: messaging

text: and

text: blog

text: tools

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: an

text: Internet

text: Explorer

text: competitor

text: the

text: Mozilla

text: Firefox

text: web

text: browser

text: IBM

text: plans

text: to

text: install

text: Open

text: Client

text: on

text: of

text: its

text: desktop

text: PCs

text: The

text: Linux

text: offering

text: has

text: been

text: made

text: available

text: as

text: the

text: IBM

text: Client

text: for

text: Smart

text: Work

text: product

text: on

text: the

text: Ubuntu

text: and

text: Red

text: Hat

text: Enterprise

text: Linux

text: platforms

question: What will Open Client Offering run on?

answer: Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X

text: Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X

question: What is an alternative to the Office document format from Microsoft?

answer: Open Document Format software

text: Open Document Format software

question: What percentage of its desktop PCs does IBM plan to install Open Client on to?

answer: 5%

question: Which platforms did IBM begin offering the IBM Client for Smart Work on?

answer: Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux

text: Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux

question: What web browser does the Open Document Format have compatibility with?

answer: Mozilla Firefox

text: Mozilla Firefox

question: What does using Apple's Mac OS X help to cut according to Microsoft?

text: costs

question: What do you need to pay Microsoft if you use Open Client Offering software?

text: for its licenses for operating systems

question: What is an alternative to using Linux document formats?

text: Open Document Format software

question: What percentage of its PC's does IBM want to install Firefox on?

question: What two platforms is Microsoft offering the Linux client for Smart Work on?


text: After the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945, 97.3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian and spoke the language.

title: Estonian_language

title: Estonian_language

text: After

text: the

text: Estonian

text: War

text: of

text: Independence

text: in

text: the

text: Estonian

text: language

text: became

text: the

text: state

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: newly

text: independent

text: country

text: In

text: of

text: Estonia

text: considered

text: itself

text: ethnic

text: Estonian

text: and

text: spoke

text: the

text: language

question: What year did Estonia's War of Independence take place?

answer: 1919

question: After Estonia achieved independence what was made their state language?

answer: Estonian

text: Estonian

question: What percentage of Estonians thought of themselves as ethnic Estonian's in 1945?

answer: 97.3%

question: What language was spoken by ethnic Estonians?

answer: Estonian

text: Estonian

question: What year did Estonia have a civil war?

question: What percentage of Estonians did not speak Estonian in 1945?

question: What war took place in 1945?

text: War of Independence

question: What language did ethnic Estonians refuse to speak?

text: Estonian

question: What year did Estonia fail at getting independence?


text: In Japan, 14 August is considered to be the day that the Pacific War ended. However, as Imperial Japan actually surrendered on 15 August, this day became known in the English-speaking countries as "V-J Day" (Victory in Japan). The formal Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed on 2 September 1945, on the battleship USS Missouri, in Tokyo Bay. The surrender was accepted by General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, with representatives of several Allied nations, from a Japanese delegation led by Mamoru Shigemitsu and Yoshijiro Umezu.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: In

text: Japan

text: August

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: day

text: that

text: the

text: Pacific

text: War

text: ended

text: However

text: as

text: Imperial

text: Japan

text: actually

text: surrendered

text: on

text: August

text: this

text: day

text: became

text: known

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: countries

text: as

text: V

text: J

text: Day

text: Victory

text: in

text: Japan

text: The

text: formal

text: Japanese

text: Instrument

text: of

text: Surrender

text: was

text: signed

text: on

text: September

text: on

text: the

text: battleship

text: USS

text: Missouri

text: in

text: Tokyo

text: Bay

text: The

text: surrender

text: was

text: accepted

text: by

text: General

text: Douglas

text: MacArthur

text: as

text: Supreme

text: Commander

text: for

text: the

text: Allied

text: Powers

text: with

text: representatives

text: of

text: several

text: Allied

text: nations

text: from

text: a

text: Japanese

text: delegation

text: led

text: by

text: Mamoru

text: Shigemitsu

text: and

text: Yoshijiro

text: Umezu

question: What date does Japan consider the end of the Pacific War?

answer: 14 August

text: 14 August

question: What day is know in the United States as "V-J Day"?

answer: 15 August

text: 15 August

question: When did Japan formally have signed the surrender?

answer: 2 September 1945

text: 2 September 1945

question: On what battleship was the surrender document signed by the Japanese delagation?

answer: USS Missouri

text: USS Missouri

question: Who accepted the Japanese surrender?

answer: General Douglas MacArthur

text: General Douglas MacArthur


text: From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to "fit in" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.

title: Culture

title: Culture

text: From

text: the

text: onward

text: Stuart

text: Hall

text: 's

text: pioneering

text: work

text: along

text: with

text: that

text: of

text: his

text: colleagues

text: Paul

text: Willis

text: Dick

text: Hebdige

text: Tony

text: Jefferson

text: and

text: Angela

text: McRobbie

text: created

text: an

text: international

text: intellectual

text: movement

text: As

text: the

text: field

text: developed

text: it

text: began

text: to

text: combine

text: political

text: economy

text: communication

text: sociology

text: social

text: theory

text: literary

text: theory

text: media

text: theory

text: film

text: video

text: studies

text: cultural

text: anthropology

text: philosophy

text: museum

text: studies

text: and

text: art

text: history

text: to

text: study

text: cultural

text: phenomena

text: or

text: cultural

text: texts

text: In

text: this

text: field

text: researchers

text: often

text: concentrate

text: on

text: how

text: particular

text: phenomena

text: relate

text: to

text: matters

text: of

text: ideology

text: nationality

text: ethnicity

text: social

text: class

text: and/or

text: gender.[citation

text: needed

text: Cultural

text: studies

text: has

text: a

text: concern

text: with

text: the

text: meaning

text: and

text: practices

text: of

text: everyday

text: life

text: These

text: practices

text: comprise

text: the

text: ways

text: people

text: do

text: particular

text: things

text: such

text: as

text: watching

text: television

text: or

text: eating

text: out

text: in

text: a

text: given

text: culture

text: This

text: field

text: studies

text: the

text: meanings

text: and

text: uses

text: people

text: attribute

text: to

text: various

text: objects

text: and

text: practices

text: Specifically

text: culture

text: involves

text: those

text: meanings

text: and

text: practices

text: held

text: independently

text: of

text: reason

text: Watching

text: television

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: view

text: a

text: public

text: perspective

text: on

text: a

text: historical

text: event

text: should

text: not

text: be

text: thought

text: of

text: as

text: culture

text: unless

text: referring

text: to

text: the

text: medium

text: of

text: television

text: itself

text: which

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: selected

text: culturally

text: however

text: schoolchildren

text: watching

text: television

text: after

text: school

text: with

text: their

text: friends

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: fit

text: in

text: certainly

text: qualifies

text: since

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: grounded

text: reason

text: for

text: one

text: 's

text: participation

text: in

text: this

text: practice

text: Recently

text: as

text: capitalism

text: has

text: spread

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: a

text: process

text: called

text: globalization

text: cultural

text: studies

text: has

text: begun[when

text: to

text: analyze

text: local

text: and

text: global

text: forms

text: of

text: resistance

text: to

text: Western

text: hegemony.[citation

text: needed

text: Globalization

text: in

text: this

text: context

text: can

text: be

text: defined

text: as

text: western

text: civilization

text: in

text: other

text: ways

text: it

text: undermines

text: the

text: cultural

text: integrity

text: of

text: other

text: culture

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: therefore

text: repressive

text: exploitative

text: and

text: harmful

text: to

text: most

text: people

text: in

text: different

text: places

question: Who did Stuart Hall work along side with?

answer: Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie

text: Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie

question: What did Stuart and his colleagues create?

answer: international intellectual movement.

text: international intellectual movement.

question: In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on?

answer: matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender

text: matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender

question: Capitalism can be referred to as what process?

answer: a process called globalization

text: a process called globalization

question: Who did Stuart Hall never work with?

question: What did Stuart and his colleagues eliminate?

text: international intellectual movement

question: Capitalism can never be referred to as what process?

text: Globalization

question: In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often ignore?


text: The Bronx has several local newspapers, including The Bronx News, Parkchester News, City News, The Riverdale Press, Riverdale Review, The Bronx Times Reporter, Inner City Press  (which now has more of a focus on national issues) and Co-Op City Times. Four non-profit news outlets, Norwood News, Mount Hope Monitor, Mott Haven Herald and The Hunts Point Express serve the borough's poorer communities. The editor and co-publisher of The Riverdale Press, Bernard Stein, won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues in 1998. (Stein graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1959.)

title: The_Bronx

title: The_Bronx

text: The

text: Bronx

text: has

text: several

text: local

text: newspapers

text: including

text: The

text: Bronx

text: News

text: Parkchester

text: News

text: City

text: News

text: The

text: Riverdale

text: Press

text: Riverdale

text: Review

text: The

text: Bronx

text: Times

text: Reporter

text: Inner

text: City

text: Press

text: which

text: now

text: has

text: more

text: of

text: a

text: focus

text: on

text: national

text: issues

text: and

text: Co

text: Op

text: City

text: Times

text: Four

text: non

text: profit

text: news

text: outlets

text: Norwood

text: News

text: Mount

text: Hope

text: Monitor

text: Mott

text: Haven

text: Herald

text: and

text: The

text: Hunts

text: Point

text: Express

text: serve

text: the

text: borough

text: 's

text: poorer

text: communities

text: The

text: editor

text: and

text: co

text: publisher

text: of

text: The

text: Riverdale

text: Press

text: Bernard

text: Stein

text: won

text: the

text: Pulitzer

text: Prize

text: for

text: Editorial

text: Writing

text: for

text: his

text: editorials

text: about

text: Bronx

text: and

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: issues

text: in

text: Stein

text: graduated

text: from

text: the

text: Bronx

text: High

text: School

text: of

text: Science

text: in

question: What does the Inner City Press now focus on?

answer: national issues

text: national issues

question: Who is the Riverdale Press's editor?

answer: Bernard Stein

text: Bernard Stein

question: When did Stein win a Pulitzer?

answer: 1998

question: Why did Stein win a Pulitzer?

answer: for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues

text: for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues

question: Where did Stein graduate from?

answer: the Bronx High School of Science

text: the Bronx High School of Science


text: A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena, where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products. This definition categorizes genes by their functional products (proteins or RNA) rather than their specific DNA loci, with regulatory elements classified as gene-associated regions.

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: A

text: broad

text: operational

text: definition

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: to

text: encompass

text: the

text: complexity

text: of

text: these

text: diverse

text: phenomena

text: where

text: a

text: gene

text: is

text: defined

text: as

text: a

text: union

text: of

text: genomic

text: sequences

text: encoding

text: a

text: coherent

text: set

text: of

text: potentially

text: overlapping

text: functional

text: products

text: This

text: definition

text: categorizes

text: genes

text: by

text: their

text: functional

text: products

text: proteins

text: or

text: RNA

text: rather

text: than

text: their

text: specific

text: DNA

text: loci

text: with

text: regulatory

text: elements

text: classified

text: as

text: gene

text: associated

text: regions

question: What sort of definition can be used to conveniently encompass the complexity of diverse phenomena?

answer: A broad operational definition

text: A broad operational definition

question: What is the broad operational definition of a gene?

answer: a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products

text: a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products

question: What does the typical definition of a gene categorize genes by?

answer: their specific DNA loci

text: their specific DNA loci

question: What does the broad operational definition of gene categorize genes by?

answer: their functional products (proteins or RNA)

text: their functional products (proteins or RNA)

question: What does the broad operational definition of a gene classify as gene-associated regions?

answer: regulatory elements

text: regulatory elements


text: In recent years, the city has experienced steady population growth, and has been faced with the issue of accommodating more residents. In 2006, after growing by 4,000 citizens per year for the previous 16 years, regional planners expected the population of Seattle to grow by 200,000 people by 2040. However, former mayor Greg Nickels supported plans that would increase the population by 60%, or 350,000 people, by 2040 and worked on ways to accommodate this growth while keeping Seattle's single-family housing zoning laws. The Seattle City Council later voted to relax height limits on buildings in the greater part of Downtown, partly with the aim to increase residential density in the city centre. As a sign of increasing inner-city growth, the downtown population crested to over 60,000 in 2009, up 77% since 1990.

title: Seattle

title: Seattle

text: In

text: recent

text: years

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: experienced

text: steady

text: population

text: growth

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: faced

text: with

text: the

text: issue

text: of

text: accommodating

text: more

text: residents

text: In

text: after

text: growing

text: by

text: citizens

text: per

text: year

text: for

text: the

text: previous

text: years

text: regional

text: planners

text: expected

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Seattle

text: to

text: grow

text: by

text: people

text: by

text: However

text: former

text: mayor

text: Greg

text: Nickels

text: supported

text: plans

text: that

text: would

text: increase

text: the

text: population

text: by

text: or

text: people

text: by

text: and

text: worked

text: on

text: ways

text: to

text: accommodate

text: this

text: growth

text: while

text: keeping

text: Seattle

text: 's

text: single

text: family

text: housing

text: zoning

text: laws

text: The

text: Seattle

text: City

text: Council

text: later

text: voted

text: to

text: relax

text: height

text: limits

text: on

text: buildings

text: in

text: the

text: greater

text: part

text: of

text: Downtown

text: partly

text: with

text: the

text: aim

text: to

text: increase

text: residential

text: density

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: As

text: a

text: sign

text: of

text: increasing

text: inner

text: city

text: growth

text: the

text: downtown

text: population

text: crested

text: to

text: over

text: in

text: up

text: since

question: How many more people does Seattle expect to have by 2040?

answer: 200,000

question: Who wanted to grow Seattle by 60% by 2040?

answer: Greg Nickels

text: Greg Nickels

question: How much increase in population has the inner Seattle city had since 1990?

answer: 77%

question: What was the downtown Seattle population in 2009?

answer: 60,000

question: What change in building heights did Seattle make to increase population density in its downtown ?

answer: height limits

text: height limits


text: The Roman legions first entered the area under Decimus Junius Brutus in 137–136 BC, but the country was only incorporated into the Roman Empire by the time of Augustus (29 BC – 19 BC). The Romans were interested in Galicia mainly for its mineral resources, most notably gold. Under Roman rule, most Galician hillforts began to be – sometimes forcibly – abandoned, and Gallaeci served frequently in the Roman army as auxiliary troops. Romans brought new technologies, new travel routes, new forms of organizing property, and a new language; latin. The Roman Empire established its control over Galicia through camps (castra) as Aquis Querquennis, Ciadella camp or Lucus Augusti (Lugo), roads (viae) and monuments as the lighthouse known as Tower of Hercules, in Corunna, but the remoteness and lesser interest of the country since the 2nd century of our era, when the gold mines stopped being productive, led to a lesser degree of Romanization. In the 3rd century it was made a province, under the name Gallaecia, which included also northern Portugal, Asturias, and a large section of what today is known as Castile and León.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: The

text: Roman

text: legions

text: first

text: entered

text: the

text: area

text: under

text: Decimus

text: Junius

text: Brutus

text: in

text: BC

text: but

text: the

text: country

text: was

text: only

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: by

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: Augustus

text: BC

text: BC

text: The

text: Romans

text: were

text: interested

text: in

text: Galicia

text: mainly

text: for

text: its

text: mineral

text: resources

text: most

text: notably

text: gold

text: Under

text: Roman

text: rule

text: most

text: Galician

text: hillforts

text: began

text: to

text: be

text: sometimes

text: forcibly

text: abandoned

text: and

text: Gallaeci

text: served

text: frequently

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: army

text: as

text: auxiliary

text: troops

text: Romans

text: brought

text: new

text: technologies

text: new

text: travel

text: routes

text: new

text: forms

text: of

text: organizing

text: property

text: and

text: a

text: new

text: language

text: latin

text: The

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: established

text: its

text: control

text: over

text: Galicia

text: through

text: camps

text: castra

text: as

text: Aquis

text: Querquennis

text: Ciadella

text: camp

text: or

text: Lucus

text: Augusti

text: Lugo

text: roads

text: viae

text: and

text: monuments

text: as

text: the

text: lighthouse

text: known

text: as

text: Tower

text: of

text: Hercules

text: in

text: Corunna

text: but

text: the

text: remoteness

text: and

text: lesser

text: interest

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: since

text: the

text: century

text: of

text: our

text: era

text: when

text: the

text: gold

text: mines

text: stopped

text: being

text: productive

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: lesser

text: degree

text: of

text: Romanization

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: it

text: was

text: made

text: a

text: province

text: under

text: the

text: name

text: Gallaecia

text: which

text: included

text: also

text: northern

text: Portugal

text: Asturias

text: and

text: a

text: large

text: section

text: of

text: what

text: today

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: Castile

text: and

text: León

question: Under whom did Roman legions first enter Galicia?

answer: Decimus Junius Brutus

text: Decimus Junius Brutus

question: Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire under whose rule?

answer: Augustus

text: Augustus

question: Which mineral found in Galicia were the Romans interested in?

answer: gold

text: gold

question: Which language did the Romans introduce to Galicia?

answer: latin

text: latin

question: The Romans used which lighthouse located in Corunna as part of its effort to establish control the area?

answer: Tower of Hercules

text: Tower of Hercules


text: Rome's military confederation with the other peoples of the Italian peninsula meant that half of Rome's army was provided by the Socii, such as the Etruscans, Umbrians, Apulians, Campanians, Samnites, Lucani, Bruttii, and the various southern Greek cities. Polybius states that Rome could draw on 770,000 men at the beginning of the Second Punic War, of which 700,000 were infantry and 70,000 met the requirements for cavalry. Rome's Italian allies would be organized in alae, or wings, roughly equal in manpower to the Roman legions, though with 900 cavalry instead of 300.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Rome

text: 's

text: military

text: confederation

text: with

text: the

text: other

text: peoples

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: peninsula

text: meant

text: that

text: half

text: of

text: Rome

text: 's

text: army

text: was

text: provided

text: by

text: the

text: Socii

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Etruscans

text: Umbrians

text: Apulians

text: Campanians

text: Samnites

text: Lucani

text: Bruttii

text: and

text: the

text: various

text: southern

text: Greek

text: cities

text: Polybius

text: states

text: that

text: Rome

text: could

text: draw

text: on

text: men

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: Punic

text: War

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: infantry

text: and

text: met

text: the

text: requirements

text: for

text: cavalry

text: Rome

text: 's

text: Italian

text: allies

text: would

text: be

text: organized

text: in

text: alae

text: or

text: wings

text: roughly

text: equal

text: in

text: manpower

text: to

text: the

text: Roman

text: legions

text: though

text: with

text: cavalry

text: instead

text: of

question: Where did Rome receive half of their army from?

answer: the Socii

text: the Socii

question: How many calvary did Rome's Italian allies use?

answer: 900 cavalry

text: 900 cavalry

question: How many soldiers were available to Rome at the start of the Second Punic War?

answer: 770,000 men

text: 770,000 men

question: What did Rome's Italian allies call their battle formation?

answer: alae

text: alae

question: What allowed Rome to source some of their military from other nearby areas?

answer: military confederation with the other peoples

text: military confederation with the other peoples


text: The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy," are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views.

title: Heresy

title: Heresy

text: The

text: term

text: heresy

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: as

text: an

text: ideological

text: pigeonhole

text: for

text: contemporary

text: writers

text: because

text: by

text: definition

text: heresy

text: depends

text: on

text: contrasts

text: with

text: an

text: established

text: orthodoxy

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: tongue

text: in

text: cheek

text: contemporary

text: usage

text: of

text: heresy

text: such

text: as

text: to

text: categorize

text: a

text: Wall

text: Street

text: heresy

text: a

text: Democratic

text: heresy

text: or

text: a

text: Republican

text: heresy

text: are

text: metaphors

text: that

text: invariably

text: retain

text: a

text: subtext

text: that

text: links

text: orthodoxies

text: in

text: geology

text: or

text: biology

text: or

text: any

text: other

text: field

text: to

text: religion

text: These

text: expanded

text: metaphoric

text: senses

text: allude

text: to

text: both

text: the

text: difference

text: between

text: the

text: person

text: 's

text: views

text: and

text: the

text: mainstream

text: and

text: the

text: boldness

text: of

text: such

text: a

text: person

text: in

text: propounding

text: these

text: views

question: By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on?

answer: an established orthodoxy

text: an established orthodoxy

question: What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios?

answer: metaphors

text: metaphors

question: What does orthodoxy depend on?

text: heresy

question: What term expands the definition of religion?

text: heresy,

question: What points out the similarities between an individuals beliefs and mainstream beliefs?

text: heresy,


text: Slavery and slaves were part of the social order; there were slave markets where they could be bought and sold. Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered; some slaves could save money to buy their freedom. Generally, mutilation and murder of slaves was prohibited by legislation. However, Rome did not have a law enforcement arm. All actions were treated as "torts," which were brought by an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself. If the accused were a noble and the victim, not a noble, the likelihood of finding for the accused was small. At most, the accused might have to pay a fine for killing a slave. It is estimated that over 25% of the Roman population was enslaved.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Slavery

text: and

text: slaves

text: were

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: social

text: order

text: there

text: were

text: slave

text: markets

text: where

text: they

text: could

text: be

text: bought

text: and

text: sold

text: Many

text: slaves

text: were

text: freed

text: by

text: the

text: masters

text: for

text: services

text: rendered

text: some

text: slaves

text: could

text: save

text: money

text: to

text: buy

text: their

text: freedom

text: Generally

text: mutilation

text: and

text: murder

text: of

text: slaves

text: was

text: prohibited

text: by

text: legislation

text: However

text: Rome

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: a

text: law

text: enforcement

text: arm

text: All

text: actions

text: were

text: treated

text: as

text: torts

text: which

text: were

text: brought

text: by

text: an

text: accuser

text: who

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: prove

text: the

text: entire

text: case

text: himself

text: If

text: the

text: accused

text: were

text: a

text: noble

text: and

text: the

text: victim

text: not

text: a

text: noble

text: the

text: likelihood

text: of

text: finding

text: for

text: the

text: accused

text: was

text: small

text: At

text: most

text: the

text: accused

text: might

text: have

text: to

text: pay

text: a

text: fine

text: for

text: killing

text: a

text: slave

text: It

text: is

text: estimated

text: that

text: over

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: population

text: was

text: enslaved

question: Around what percentage of the Roman populace were thought to be slaves?

answer: over 25%

text: over 25%

question: Where in the Roman Republic could slaves be acquired?

answer: slave markets

text: slave markets

question: Were slave masters allowed to free their slaves in the Roman Republic?

answer: Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered

text: Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered

question: What branch of law did Rome lack?

answer: law enforcement

text: law enforcement

question: Who was responsible for seeking justice in the Roman courts?

answer: an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself

text: an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself


text: The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. One of the most remote islands in the world, it was for centuries an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. Napoleon was imprisoned there in exile by the British, as were Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo (for leading a Zulu army against British rule) and more than 5,000 Boers taken prisoner during the Second Boer War.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: The

text: island

text: was

text: uninhabited

text: when

text: discovered

text: by

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: in

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: remote

text: islands

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: it

text: was

text: for

text: centuries

text: an

text: important

text: stopover

text: for

text: ships

text: sailing

text: to

text: Europe

text: from

text: Asia

text: and

text: South

text: Africa

text: Napoleon

text: was

text: imprisoned

text: there

text: in

text: exile

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: as

text: were

text: Dinuzulu

text: kaCetshwayo

text: for

text: leading

text: a

text: Zulu

text: army

text: against

text: British

text: rule

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: Boers

text: taken

text: prisoner

text: during

text: the

text: Second

text: Boer

text: War

question: When was the island discovered?

answer: 1502

question: How many Boers were taken prisoner during the Second Boer War?

answer: more than 5,000

text: more than 5,000

question: Why was Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo imprisoned on the island?

answer: leading a Zulu army against British rule

text: leading a Zulu army against British rule


text: Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see." However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time.

title: Queen_Victoria

title: Queen_Victoria

text: Victoria

text: wrote

text: to

text: her

text: uncle

text: Leopold

text: whom

text: Victoria

text: considered

text: her

text: best

text: and

text: kindest

text: adviser

text: to

text: thank

text: him

text: for

text: the

text: prospect

text: of

text: great

text: happiness

text: you

text: have

text: contributed

text: to

text: give

text: me

text: in

text: the

text: person

text: of

text: dear

text: Albert

text: He

text: possesses

text: every

text: quality

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: desired

text: to

text: render

text: me

text: perfectly

text: happy

text: He

text: is

text: so

text: sensible

text: so

text: kind

text: and

text: so

text: good

text: and

text: so

text: amiable

text: too

text: He

text: has

text: besides

text: the

text: most

text: pleasing

text: and

text: delightful

text: exterior

text: and

text: appearance

text: you

text: can

text: possibly

text: see

text: However

text: at

text: Victoria

text: though

text: interested

text: in

text: Albert

text: was

text: not

text: yet

text: ready

text: to

text: marry

text: The

text: parties

text: did

text: not

text: undertake

text: a

text: formal

text: engagement

text: but

text: assumed

text: that

text: the

text: match

text: would

text: take

text: place

text: in

text: due

text: time

question: Who was considered Victoria's best and kindest advisor?

answer: uncle Leopold

text: uncle Leopold

question: Who did Victoria describe as sensible, kind, and amiable?

answer: Albert

text: Albert

question: Who introduced Albert to Victoria?

answer: uncle Leopold

text: uncle Leopold

question: What Uncle was Victoria's favorite adviser?

answer: Leopold

text: Leopold

question: How old was Victoria when she met Albert?

answer: 17

question: Who introduced Victoria and Albert?

answer: her uncle Leopold

text: her uncle Leopold

question: What qualities did Victoria believe Albert posessed when she met him?

answer: every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy

text: every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy

question: Whom did Queen Victoria consider her "best and kindest adviser"?

answer: uncle Leopold

text: uncle Leopold

question: Who was Victoria not ready to marry at age 17?

answer: Albert

text: Albert

question: What was Victoria's opinion of Albert's appearance?

answer: the most pleasing and delightful exterior

text: the most pleasing and delightful exterior

question: Who did Victoria credit for her relationship to Albert?

answer: her uncle Leopold

text: her uncle Leopold

question: What did Victoria think of Albert at 17 years of age?

answer: He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy

text: He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy

question: What were Albert's best qualities?

answer: sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable

text: sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable

question: How did Victoria find Albert's looks?

answer: most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance

text: most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance

question: How old was Victoria when she was introduced to Albert?

answer: 17

question: Who was considered Victoria's worst and kindest advisor?

text: uncle Leopold

question: Who did Victoria describe as unsensible, mean, and amiable?

text: Albert

question: Who never introduced Albert to Victoria?

text: uncle Leopold

question: What Aunt was Victoria's favorite adviser?

text: Leopold

question: How old was Victoria when she last met Albert?


text: In 334 BC, Alexander the Great invaded the Achaemenid Empire, defeating the last Achaemenid emperor, Darius III, at the Battle of Issus. Following the premature death of Alexander, Iran came under the control of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire. In the middle of the 2nd century BC, the Parthian Empire rose to become the main power in Iran, and the century-long geopolitical arch-rivalry between Romans and Parthians began, culminating in the Roman–Parthian Wars. The Parthian Empire continued as a feudal monarchy for nearly five centuries, until 224 CE, when it was succeeded by the Sassanid Empire. Together with their neighboring arch-rival, the Roman-Byzantines, they made up the world's two most dominant powers at the time, for over four centuries.

title: Iran

title: Iran

text: In

text: BC

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: invaded

text: the

text: Achaemenid

text: Empire

text: defeating

text: the

text: last

text: Achaemenid

text: emperor

text: Darius

text: III

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Issus

text: Following

text: the

text: premature

text: death

text: of

text: Alexander

text: Iran

text: came

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Hellenistic

text: Seleucid

text: Empire

text: In

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: the

text: Parthian

text: Empire

text: rose

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: main

text: power

text: in

text: Iran

text: and

text: the

text: century

text: long

text: geopolitical

text: arch

text: rivalry

text: between

text: Romans

text: and

text: Parthians

text: began

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: Parthian

text: Wars

text: The

text: Parthian

text: Empire

text: continued

text: as

text: a

text: feudal

text: monarchy

text: for

text: nearly

text: five

text: centuries

text: until

text: CE

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: the

text: Sassanid

text: Empire

text: Together

text: with

text: their

text: neighboring

text: arch

text: rival

text: the

text: Roman

text: Byzantines

text: they

text: made

text: up

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: two

text: most

text: dominant

text: powers

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: for

text: over

text: four

text: centuries

question: Who invaded the Archaemenid Empire in 334BC?

answer: Alexander the Great

text: Alexander the Great

question: Who was the last Archaemenid Emperor at the time of its defeat by Alexander the Great?

answer: Darius III

text: Darius III

question: Who controlled the Archaemenid Empire after Alexander the Great died prematurely?

answer: the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire

text: the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire

question: When did the Parthian Empire rise to become the main power in Iran?

answer: In the middle of the 2nd century BC

text: In the middle of the 2nd century BC

question: When did the Sassanid Empire succeed the Parthian Empire in control of Iran?

answer: 224 CE

text: 224 CE


text: It also includes the alternative 1440×1152 HDMAC scan format. (According to some reports, a mooted 750-line (720p) format (720 progressively scanned lines) was viewed by some at the ITU as an enhanced television format rather than a true HDTV format, and so was not included, although 1920×1080i and 1280×720p systems for a range of frame and field rates were defined by several US SMPTE standards.)

title: High-definition_television

title: High

title: definition_television

text: It

text: also

text: includes

text: the

text: alternative

text: HDMAC

text: scan

text: format

text: According

text: to

text: some

text: reports

text: a

text: mooted

text: format

text: progressively

text: scanned

text: lines

text: was

text: viewed

text: by

text: some

text: at

text: the

text: ITU

text: as

text: an

text: enhanced

text: television

text: format

text: rather

text: than

text: a

text: true

text: HDTV

text: format

text: and

text: so

text: was

text: not

text: included

text: although

text: and

text: systems

text: for

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: frame

text: and

text: field

text: rates

text: were

text: defined

text: by

text: several

text: US

text: SMPTE

text: standards

question: What scan format is also included in MBAFF?

answer: 1440×1152 HDMAC

text: 1440×1152 HDMAC

question: What was viewed by some as enhanced television format and not true HDTV format?

answer: a mooted 750-line

text: a mooted 750-line

question: A mooted 750-line was seen by some at the ITU as what?

answer: an enhanced television format

text: an enhanced television format

question: What were 1920x1080i and 1280x720p defined by?

answer: US SMPTE standards

text: US SMPTE standards

question: What scan format is never included in MBAFF?

question: What was viewed by some as enhanced television format and not true SDTV format?

text: mooted 750-line

question: A mooted 750-line was seen by some at the IEU as what?

text: enhanced television format

question: What were 1920x1080i and 1280x720p not defined by?

text: US SMPTE standards


text: During the 1960s, the ceremony of assenting by commission was discontinued and is now only employed once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session. In 1960, the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod arrived to summon the House of Commons during a heated debate and several members protested against the disruption by refusing to attend the ceremony. The debacle was repeated in 1965; this time, when the Speaker left the chair to go to the House of Lords, some members continued to make speeches. As a result, the Royal Assent Act 1967 was passed, creating an additional form for the granting of royal assent. As the attorney-general explained, "there has been a good deal of resentment not only at the loss of Parliamentary time that has been involved but at the breaking of the thread of a possibly eloquent speech and the disruption of a debate that may be caused." The granting of assent by the monarch in person, or by commission, is still possible, but this third form is used on a day-to-day basis.

title: Royal_assent

title: Royal_assent

text: During

text: the

text: the

text: ceremony

text: of

text: assenting

text: by

text: commission

text: was

text: discontinued

text: and

text: is

text: now

text: only

text: employed

text: once

text: a

text: year

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: annual

text: parliamentary

text: session

text: In

text: the

text: Gentleman

text: Usher

text: of

text: the

text: Black

text: Rod

text: arrived

text: to

text: summon

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: during

text: a

text: heated

text: debate

text: and

text: several

text: members

text: protested

text: against

text: the

text: disruption

text: by

text: refusing

text: to

text: attend

text: the

text: ceremony

text: The

text: debacle

text: was

text: repeated

text: in

text: this

text: time

text: when

text: the

text: Speaker

text: left

text: the

text: chair

text: to

text: go

text: to

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Lords

text: some

text: members

text: continued

text: to

text: make

text: speeches

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: the

text: Royal

text: Assent

text: Act

text: was

text: passed

text: creating

text: an

text: additional

text: form

text: for

text: the

text: granting

text: of

text: royal

text: assent

text: As

text: the

text: attorney

text: general

text: explained

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: good

text: deal

text: of

text: resentment

text: not

text: only

text: at

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: Parliamentary

text: time

text: that

text: has

text: been

text: involved

text: but

text: at

text: the

text: breaking

text: of

text: the

text: thread

text: of

text: a

text: possibly

text: eloquent

text: speech

text: and

text: the

text: disruption

text: of

text: a

text: debate

text: that

text: may

text: be

text: caused

text: The

text: granting

text: of

text: assent

text: by

text: the

text: monarch

text: in

text: person

text: or

text: by

text: commission

text: is

text: still

text: possible

text: but

text: this

text: third

text: form

text: is

text: used

text: on

text: a

text: day

text: to

text: day

text: basis

question: During which decade was assention by commission discontinued?

answer: the 1960s

text: the 1960s

question: When does assention by commission occur today?

answer: once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session

text: once a year, at the end of the annual parliamentary session

question: In whatear did several members refuse to attend the assention ceremony after a heated debate?

answer: 1960

question: What was passed in reference to the discord in 1960 and 1965 during assention cremonies?

answer: Royal Assent Act 1967

text: Royal Assent Act 1967

question: The ceremony of assenting by commission was continued in what decade?

question: The German Usher of the Black Rod summoned whom in 1960?

text: House of Commons

question: The Royal Assent Act 1968 was passed why?

question: The granting of what by the monarch in person is no longer possible?

text: assent


text: Direct democracy and federalism are hallmarks of the Swiss political system. Swiss citizens are subject to three legal jurisdictions: the commune, canton and federal levels. The 1848 federal constitution defines a system of direct democracy (sometimes called half-direct or representative direct democracy because it is aided by the more commonplace institutions of a representative democracy). The instruments of this system at the federal level, known as civic rights (Volksrechte, droits civiques), include the right to submit a constitutional initiative and a referendum, both of which may overturn parliamentary decisions.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: Direct

text: democracy

text: and

text: federalism

text: are

text: hallmarks

text: of

text: the

text: Swiss

text: political

text: system

text: Swiss

text: citizens

text: are

text: subject

text: to

text: three

text: legal

text: jurisdictions

text: the

text: commune

text: canton

text: and

text: federal

text: levels

text: The

text: federal

text: constitution

text: defines

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: direct

text: democracy

text: sometimes

text: called

text: half

text: direct

text: or

text: representative

text: direct

text: democracy

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: aided

text: by

text: the

text: more

text: commonplace

text: institutions

text: of

text: a

text: representative

text: democracy

text: The

text: instruments

text: of

text: this

text: system

text: at

text: the

text: federal

text: level

text: known

text: as

text: civic

text: rights

text: Volksrechte

text: droits

text: civiques

text: include

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: submit

text: a

text: constitutional

text: initiative

text: and

text: a

text: referendum

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: may

text: overturn

text: parliamentary

text: decisions

question: How many legal jurisdictions are Swiss citizens subject to?

answer: three

text: three

question: What are the legal jurisdictions that Swiss citizens are subject to?

answer: commune, canton and federal levels

text: commune, canton and federal levels

question: What type of democracy was defined in the 1848 federal constitution?

answer: direct

text: direct

question: What two things do citizens have the right to submit to overturn parliamentary decisions?

answer: a constitutional initiative and a referendum

text: a constitutional initiative and a referendum

question: What are the two hallmarks of the Swiss political system?

answer: Direct democracy and federalism

text: Direct democracy and federalism


text: Early Presbyterians were careful to distinguish between the "church," which referred the members, and the "meeting house," which was the building in which the church met. Until the late 19th century, very few Presbyterians ever referred to their buildings as "churches." Presbyterians believed that meeting-houses (now called churches) are buildings to support the worship of God. The decor in some instances was austere so as not to detract from worship. Early Presbyterian meeting-houses were extremely plain. No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images were to be found in the meeting-house. The pulpit, often raised so as only to be accessible by a staircase, was the centerpiece of the building.

title: Presbyterianism

title: Presbyterianism

text: Early

text: Presbyterians

text: were

text: careful

text: to

text: distinguish

text: between

text: the

text: church

text: which

text: referred

text: the

text: members

text: and

text: the

text: meeting

text: house

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: building

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: church

text: met

text: Until

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: very

text: few

text: Presbyterians

text: ever

text: referred

text: to

text: their

text: buildings

text: as

text: churches

text: Presbyterians

text: believed

text: that

text: meeting

text: houses

text: now

text: called

text: churches

text: are

text: buildings

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: worship

text: of

text: God

text: The

text: decor

text: in

text: some

text: instances

text: was

text: austere

text: so

text: as

text: not

text: to

text: detract

text: from

text: worship

text: Early

text: Presbyterian

text: meeting

text: houses

text: were

text: extremely

text: plain

text: No

text: stained

text: glass

text: no

text: elaborate

text: furnishings

text: and

text: no

text: images

text: were

text: to

text: be

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: meeting

text: house

text: The

text: pulpit

text: often

text: raised

text: so

text: as

text: only

text: to

text: be

text: accessible

text: by

text: a

text: staircase

text: was

text: the

text: centerpiece

text: of

text: the

text: building

question: Presbyterians had to distinguished between "Church" and "Meeting house" What was "Church" referring too?

answer: the members

text: the members

question: What did "Meeting house" refer to?

answer: building

text: building

question: What were churches called before the 19th century?

answer: meeting house

text: meeting house

question: Early churches were extremely plain, what did most churches not have in them?

answer: No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images

text: No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images

question: What was the building where the images met called?

text: meeting house

question: What did Presbyterians call their churches during the early 19th century?

text: churches

question: What did Presbyterians call buildings that were served to worship elaborate furnishings?

text: meeting-houses (now called churches)

question: What was only inaccessible from the staircase?

text: The pulpit

question: What was the centerpiece of the Presbyterian?

text: The pulpit


text: Anglicanism comprises the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures. The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the English Church. There is no single "Anglican Church" with universal juridical authority, since each national or regional church has full autonomy. As the name suggests, the communion is an association of churches in full communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury. The great majority of Anglicans are members of churches which are part of the international Anglican Communion, which has 80 million adherents.

title: Protestantism

title: Protestantism

text: Anglicanism

text: comprises

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: churches

text: which

text: are

text: historically

text: tied

text: to

text: it

text: or

text: hold

text: similar

text: beliefs

text: worship

text: practices

text: and

text: church

text: structures

text: The

text: word

text: Anglican

text: originates

text: in

text: ecclesia

text: anglicana

text: a

text: medieval

text: Latin

text: phrase

text: dating

text: to

text: at

text: least

text: that

text: means

text: the

text: English

text: Church

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: single

text: Anglican

text: Church

text: with

text: universal

text: juridical

text: authority

text: since

text: each

text: national

text: or

text: regional

text: church

text: has

text: full

text: autonomy

text: As

text: the

text: name

text: suggests

text: the

text: communion

text: is

text: an

text: association

text: of

text: churches

text: in

text: full

text: communion

text: with

text: the

text: Archbishop

text: of

text: Canterbury

text: The

text: great

text: majority

text: of

text: Anglicans

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: churches

text: which

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: international

text: Anglican

text: Communion

text: which

text: has

text: million

text: adherents

question: What does Anglican mean?

answer: the English Church

text: the English Church

question: When did the word Anglican begin?

answer: 1246

question: Who do the Anglican churches have communion with?

answer: the Archbishop of Canterbury

text: the Archbishop of Canterbury

question: How many Anglican Communion members are there in the world?

answer: 80 million

text: 80 million

question: What power does each national or regional church possess?

answer: full autonomy

text: full autonomy


text: West is among the most critically acclaimed artists of the twenty-first century, receiving praise from music critics, fans, fellow musicians, artists, and wider cultural figures for his work. AllMusic editor Jason Birchmeier writes of his impact, "As his career progressed throughout the early 21st century, West shattered certain stereotypes about rappers, becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance, his rhetoric, or his music to fit any one musical mold." Jon Caramanic of The New York Times said that West has been "a frequent lightning rod for controversy, a bombastic figure who can count rankling two presidents among his achievements, along with being a reliably dyspeptic presence at award shows (when he attends them)." Village Voice Media senior editor Ben Westhoff dubbed him the greatest hip hop artist of all time, writing that "he's made the best albums and changed the game the most, and his music is the most likely to endure," while Complex called him the 21st century's "most important artist of any art form, of any genre." The Guardian has compared West to David Bowie, arguing that "there is nobody else who can sell as many records as West does (30m-odd album sales and counting) while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically."

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: West

text: is

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: critically

text: acclaimed

text: artists

text: of

text: the

text: twenty

text: first

text: century

text: receiving

text: praise

text: from

text: music

text: critics

text: fans

text: fellow

text: musicians

text: artists

text: and

text: wider

text: cultural

text: figures

text: for

text: his

text: work

text: AllMusic

text: editor

text: Jason

text: Birchmeier

text: writes

text: of

text: his

text: impact

text: As

text: his

text: career

text: progressed

text: throughout

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: West

text: shattered

text: certain

text: stereotypes

text: about

text: rappers

text: becoming

text: a

text: superstar

text: on

text: his

text: own

text: terms

text: without

text: adapting

text: his

text: appearance

text: his

text: rhetoric

text: or

text: his

text: music

text: to

text: fit

text: any

text: one

text: musical

text: mold

text: Jon

text: Caramanic

text: of

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: said

text: that

text: West

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: frequent

text: lightning

text: rod

text: for

text: controversy

text: a

text: bombastic

text: figure

text: who

text: can

text: count

text: rankling

text: two

text: presidents

text: among

text: his

text: achievements

text: along

text: with

text: being

text: a

text: reliably

text: dyspeptic

text: presence

text: at

text: award

text: shows

text: when

text: he

text: attends

text: them

text: Village

text: Voice

text: Media

text: senior

text: editor

text: Ben

text: Westhoff

text: dubbed

text: him

text: the

text: greatest

text: hip

text: hop

text: artist

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: writing

text: that

text: he

text: 's

text: made

text: the

text: best

text: albums

text: and

text: changed

text: the

text: game

text: the

text: most

text: and

text: his

text: music

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: likely

text: to

text: endure

text: while

text: Complex

text: called

text: him

text: the

text: century

text: 's

text: most

text: important

text: artist

text: of

text: any

text: art

text: form

text: of

text: any

text: genre

text: The

text: Guardian

text: has

text: compared

text: West

text: to

text: David

text: Bowie

text: arguing

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: nobody

text: else

text: who

text: can

text: sell

text: as

text: many

text: records

text: as

text: West

text: does

text: odd

text: album

text: sales

text: and

text: counting

text: while

text: remaining

text: so

text: resolutely

text: experimental

text: and

text: capable

text: of

text: stirring

text: things

text: up

text: culturally

text: and

text: politically

question: How is Kanye viewed as a 21st century artist?

answer: among the most critically acclaimed

text: among the most critically acclaimed

question: What famous English artist was Kanye compared to by The Guardian?

answer: David Bowie

text: David Bowie

question: What reporter compared Kanye West to a lightning rod?

answer: Jon Caramanic

text: Jon Caramanic

question: Who said Kanye West was the greatest hip hop artist of all time?

answer: Ben Westhoff

text: Ben Westhoff

question: What magazine compared Kanye to David Bowie?

answer: The Guardian

text: The Guardian


text: Until recently, in most critical writing the post-punk era was "often dismissed as an awkward period in which punk's gleeful ructions petered out into the vacuity of the Eighties". Contemporary scholars have argued to the contrary, asserting that the period produced significant innovations and music on its own. Simon Reynolds described the period as "a fair match for the sixties in terms of the sheer amount of great music created, the spirit of adventure and idealism that infused it, and the way that the music seemed inextricably connected to the political and social turbulence of its era". Nicholas Lezard wrote that the music of the period "was avant-garde, open to any musical possibilities that suggested themselves, united only in the sense that it was very often cerebral, concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience, or making them think, as in making a pop song".

title: Post-punk

title: Post

title: punk

text: Until

text: recently

text: in

text: most

text: critical

text: writing

text: the

text: post

text: punk

text: era

text: was

text: often

text: dismissed

text: as

text: an

text: awkward

text: period

text: in

text: which

text: punk

text: 's

text: gleeful

text: ructions

text: petered

text: out

text: into

text: the

text: vacuity

text: of

text: the

text: Eighties

text: Contemporary

text: scholars

text: have

text: argued

text: to

text: the

text: contrary

text: asserting

text: that

text: the

text: period

text: produced

text: significant

text: innovations

text: and

text: music

text: on

text: its

text: own

text: Simon

text: Reynolds

text: described

text: the

text: period

text: as

text: a

text: fair

text: match

text: for

text: the

text: sixties

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: sheer

text: amount

text: of

text: great

text: music

text: created

text: the

text: spirit

text: of

text: adventure

text: and

text: idealism

text: that

text: infused

text: it

text: and

text: the

text: way

text: that

text: the

text: music

text: seemed

text: inextricably

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: political

text: and

text: social

text: turbulence

text: of

text: its

text: era

text: Nicholas

text: Lezard

text: wrote

text: that

text: the

text: music

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: was

text: avant

text: garde

text: open

text: to

text: any

text: musical

text: possibilities

text: that

text: suggested

text: themselves

text: united

text: only

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: very

text: often

text: cerebral

text: concocted

text: by

text: brainy

text: young

text: men

text: and

text: women

text: interested

text: as

text: much

text: in

text: disturbing

text: the

text: audience

text: or

text: making

text: them

text: think

text: as

text: in

text: making

text: a

text: pop

text: song

question: How did most critical writing treat the post-punk era, until recently?

answer: dismissed

text: dismissed

question: What do contemporary scholars feel the post-punk period contributed in hindsight?

answer: significant innovations and music

text: significant innovations and music

question: What did Simon Reynolds describe the era of post-punk as a match for in terms of great music created?

answer: the sixties

text: the sixties

question: Who wrote that the music of the post-punk era was avant-garde?

answer: Nicholas Lezard

text: Nicholas Lezard

question: What were the post-punk era artists more interested in doing to their audiences than in entertaining them with pop songs?

answer: disturbing

text: disturbing

question: What era was usually dismissed as merely an awkward phase of music?

answer: post-punk

text: post-punk

question: What do comtemporary scholars think that post-punk actually did for music?

answer: produced significant innovations and music on its own

text: produced significant innovations and music on its own

question: Who said that the post-punk movement rivaled the Sixties in the shear amount of great music produced?

answer: Simon Reynolds

text: Simon Reynolds

question: Which critic said that the post-punk period was open to any possibilities as far as music went?

answer: Nicholas Lezard

text: Nicholas Lezard

question: What did Nicholas Leonard say united post-punk?

answer: cerebral, concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience, or making them think, as in making a pop song

text: cerebral, concocted by brainy young men and women interested as much in disturbing the audience, or making them think, as in making a pop song

question: What musical period had no innovations?

text: post-punk era

question: Who didn't like to write about post-punk music?

text: Nicholas Lezard

question: When did post-punk music lose popularity to contemporary scholars?

text: recently

question: Who never talked about the post-punk period?

text: Simon Reynolds


text: With the exception of seasons one and two, the contestants in the semifinals onwards perform in front of a studio audience. They perform with a full band in the finals. From season four to season nine, the American Idol band was led by Rickey Minor; from season ten onwards, Ray Chew. Assistance may also be given by vocal coaches and song arrangers, such as Michael Orland and Debra Byrd to contestants behind the scene. Starting with season seven, contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the Hollywood rounds onwards. In the first nine seasons, performances were usually aired live on Tuesday nights, followed by the results shows on Wednesdays in the United States and Canada, but moved to Wednesdays and Thursdays in season ten.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: With

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: seasons

text: one

text: and

text: two

text: the

text: contestants

text: in

text: the

text: semifinals

text: onwards

text: perform

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: a

text: studio

text: audience

text: They

text: perform

text: with

text: a

text: full

text: band

text: in

text: the

text: finals

text: From

text: season

text: four

text: to

text: season

text: nine

text: the

text: American

text: Idol

text: band

text: was

text: led

text: by

text: Rickey

text: Minor

text: from

text: season

text: ten

text: onwards

text: Ray

text: Chew

text: Assistance

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: given

text: by

text: vocal

text: coaches

text: and

text: song

text: arrangers

text: such

text: as

text: Michael

text: Orland

text: and

text: Debra

text: Byrd

text: to

text: contestants

text: behind

text: the

text: scene

text: Starting

text: with

text: season

text: seven

text: contestants

text: may

text: perform

text: with

text: a

text: musical

text: instrument

text: from

text: the

text: Hollywood

text: rounds

text: onwards

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: nine

text: seasons

text: performances

text: were

text: usually

text: aired

text: live

text: on

text: Tuesday

text: nights

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: results

text: shows

text: on

text: Wednesdays

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Canada

text: but

text: moved

text: to

text: Wednesdays

text: and

text: Thursdays

text: in

text: season

text: ten

question: In which season were contestants first allowed to use musical instruments?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: Who was in charge of the American Idol band in season eleven?

answer: Ray Chew

text: Ray Chew

question: In what season did American Idol start airing on Thursday nights?

answer: ten

text: ten

question: Who was the leader of the American Idol band in season five?

answer: Rickey Minor

text: Rickey Minor

question: Who led the American Idol band between seasons four and nine?

answer: Rickey Minor

text: Rickey Minor

question: Who led the American Idol band after Rickey Minor's departure?

answer: Ray Chew

text: Ray Chew

question: What season were contestants allowed use a musical instrument when they sing?

answer: seven

text: seven


text: The first department stores Lane Crawford was opened in 1850 by Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford on Des Voeux Road, Hong Kong Island. At the beginning, the store mainly catered visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families. In 1900, the first ethnic-Chinese owned Sincere Department Store was opened by Ma Ying Piu, who returned from Australia and inspired by David Jones. In 1907, another former Hong Kong expatriate in Australia, the Kwok's family, returned to Hong Kong and founded Wing On.

title: Department_store

title: Department_store

text: The

text: first

text: department

text: stores

text: Lane

text: Crawford

text: was

text: opened

text: in

text: by

text: Scots

text: Thomas

text: Ash

text: Lane

text: and

text: Ninian

text: Crawford

text: on

text: Des

text: Voeux

text: Road

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Island

text: At

text: the

text: beginning

text: the

text: store

text: mainly

text: catered

text: visiting

text: ships

text: crews

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: British

text: Navy

text: staff

text: and

text: their

text: families

text: In

text: the

text: first

text: ethnic

text: Chinese

text: owned

text: Sincere

text: Department

text: Store

text: was

text: opened

text: by

text: Ma

text: Ying

text: Piu

text: who

text: returned

text: from

text: Australia

text: and

text: inspired

text: by

text: David

text: Jones

text: In

text: another

text: former

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: expatriate

text: in

text: Australia

text: the

text: Kwok

text: 's

text: family

text: returned

text: to

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: and

text: founded

text: Wing

text: On

question: What year did Lane Crawford open?

answer: 1850

question: Who established Lane Crawford?

answer: Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford

text: Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford

question: What was the store's original target customer base?

answer: visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families

text: visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families

question: Who opened the first Chinese-owned department store?

answer: Ma Ying Piu

text: Ma Ying Piu

question: What year did Lane Crawford close?

question: Who closed Lane Crawford?

question: What wasn't the store's original target customer base?

question: Who closed the first Chinese-owned department store?

text: Ma Ying Piu

question: Who opened the first Chinese-owned hardware store?

text: Ma Ying Piu