text: Emulation of the SNES is now available on handheld units, such as Android devices, Apple's iPhone and iPad, Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP), the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance, the Gizmondo, the Dingoo and the GP2X by GamePark Holdings, as well as PDAs. While individual games have been included with emulators on some GameCube discs, Nintendo's Virtual Console service for the Wii marks the introduction of officially sanctioned general SNES emulation, though SNES9x GX, a port of SNES9x, has been made for the Wii.

title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System

title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System

text: Emulation

text: of

text: the

text: SNES

text: is

text: now

text: available

text: on

text: handheld

text: units

text: such

text: as

text: Android

text: devices

text: Apple

text: 's

text: iPhone

text: and

text: iPad

text: Sony

text: 's

text: PlayStation

text: Portable

text: PSP

text: the

text: Nintendo

text: DS

text: and

text: Game

text: Boy

text: Advance

text: the

text: Gizmondo

text: the

text: Dingoo

text: and

text: the

text: by

text: GamePark

text: Holdings

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: PDAs

text: While

text: individual

text: games

text: have

text: been

text: included

text: with

text: emulators

text: on

text: some

text: GameCube

text: discs

text: Nintendo

text: 's

text: Virtual

text: Console

text: service

text: for

text: the

text: Wii

text: marks

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: officially

text: sanctioned

text: general

text: SNES

text: emulation

text: though

text: GX

text: a

text: port

text: of

text: has

text: been

text: made

text: for

text: the

text: Wii

question: What smartphones have SNES emulators?

answer: Android devices, Apple's iPhone and iPad

text: Android devices, Apple's iPhone and iPad

question: What portable game systems have SNES emulators?

answer: Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP), the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance, the Gizmondo, the Dingoo and the GP2X by GamePark Holdings

text: Sony's PlayStation Portable (PSP), the Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance, the Gizmondo, the Dingoo and the GP2X by GamePark Holdings

question: What was Nintendo's first approved emulator?

answer: Nintendo's Virtual Console service for the Wii

text: Nintendo's Virtual Console service for the Wii

question: What was Android's first official emulator?

question: What have been included with emulators on Playstation Portable?

text: individual games

question: What smartphones have Gamecube emulators?

text: Android devices, Apple's iPhone

question: What game systems are officially sanctioned by GameCube to include emulators?

question: What is the GP2X a port of on the Wii?


text: Lee had lost her mother, who suffered from mental illness, six years before she met Hohoff at Lippincott’s offices. Her father, a lawyer on whom Atticus was modeled, would die two years after the publication of To Kill a Mockingbird.

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

text: Lee

text: had

text: lost

text: her

text: mother

text: who

text: suffered

text: from

text: mental

text: illness

text: six

text: years

text: before

text: she

text: met

text: Hohoff

text: at

text: Lippincott

text: ’s

text: offices

text: Her

text: father

text: a

text: lawyer

text: on

text: whom

text: Atticus

text: was

text: modeled

text: would

text: die

text: two

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: To

text: Kill

text: a

text: Mockingbird

question: What ailment did Harper Lee's mother suffer from?

answer: mental illness

text: mental illness

question: What profession did Harper Lee's father hold?

answer: lawyer

text: lawyer

question: Lee modeled the character Atticus after what laywer?

answer: Her father

text: Her father


text: Green shored up the 1984 roster with a series of transactions. In December, 1983 Scott Sanderson was acquired from Montreal in a three-team deal with San Diego for Carmelo Martínez. Pinch hitter Richie Hebner (.333 BA in 1984) was signed as a free-agent. In spring training, moves continued: LF Gary Matthews and CF Bobby Dernier came from Philadelphia on March 26, for Bill Campbell and a minor leaguer. Reliever Tim Stoddard (10–6 3.82, 7 saves) was acquired the same day for a minor leaguer; veteran pitcher Ferguson Jenkins was released.

title: Chicago_Cubs

title: Chicago_Cubs

text: Green

text: shored

text: up

text: the

text: roster

text: with

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: transactions

text: In

text: December

text: Scott

text: Sanderson

text: was

text: acquired

text: from

text: Montreal

text: in

text: a

text: three

text: team

text: deal

text: with

text: San

text: Diego

text: for

text: Carmelo

text: Martínez

text: Pinch

text: hitter

text: Richie

text: Hebner

text: BA

text: in

text: was

text: signed

text: as

text: a

text: free

text: agent

text: In

text: spring

text: training

text: moves

text: continued

text: LF

text: Gary

text: Matthews

text: and

text: CF

text: Bobby

text: Dernier

text: came

text: from

text: Philadelphia

text: on

text: March

text: for

text: Bill

text: Campbell

text: and

text: a

text: minor

text: leaguer

text: Reliever

text: Tim

text: Stoddard

text: saves

text: was

text: acquired

text: the

text: same

text: day

text: for

text: a

text: minor

text: leaguer

text: veteran

text: pitcher

text: Ferguson

text: Jenkins

text: was

text: released

question: Who shored up the 1984 roster with a series of transactions?

answer: Green

text: Green

question: When was Scott Sanderson acquired from Montreal?

answer: December, 1983

text: December, 1983

question: When did LF Gary Matthews and CF Bobby Dernier come from Philadelphia to the Cubs?

answer: March 26

text: March 26


text: The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists or "AUMF" was made law on 14 September 2001, to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001. It authorized the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on 11 September 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or persons. Congress declares this is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973.

title: War_on_Terror

title: War_on_Terror

text: The

text: Authorization

text: for

text: Use

text: of

text: Military

text: Force

text: Against

text: Terrorists

text: or

text: AUMF

text: was

text: made

text: law

text: on

text: September

text: to

text: authorize

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: United

text: States

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: against

text: those

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: attacks

text: on

text: September

text: It

text: authorized

text: the

text: President

text: to

text: use

text: all

text: necessary

text: and

text: appropriate

text: force

text: against

text: those

text: nations

text: organizations

text: or

text: persons

text: he

text: determines

text: planned

text: authorized

text: committed

text: or

text: aided

text: the

text: terrorist

text: attacks

text: that

text: occurred

text: on

text: September

text: or

text: harbored

text: such

text: organizations

text: or

text: persons

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: prevent

text: any

text: future

text: acts

text: of

text: international

text: terrorism

text: against

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: by

text: such

text: nations

text: organizations

text: or

text: persons

text: Congress

text: declares

text: this

text: is

text: intended

text: to

text: constitute

text: specific

text: statutory

text: authorization

text: within

text: the

text: meaning

text: of

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: War

text: Powers

text: Resolution

text: of

question: What law was signed on Sep 14, 2001?

answer: Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists

text: Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists

question: Who did the AUMF authorize the US military attacking?

answer: those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001

text: those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001

question: What law did Congress refer to as a basic for the AUMF?

answer: section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution

text: section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution

question: When was the War Powers Resolution passed?

answer: 1973

question: What is UAMF also known as?

question: What was made law on 11 September 2001?

question: What resolution was written in 1974?

text: War Powers Resolution

question: What does the AUMF authorize Congress?

question: What was made law on 11 September?

question: Which section of AUMF authorized armed forces to respond?

question: What month was the War Powers Resolution signed?

text: September

question: Who authorized AUMF?

text: the President

question: What previous resolution did AUMF contradict?

text: War Powers Resolution


text: From 1990 to 2005, Manuel Fraga, former minister and ambassador in the Franco dictature, presided over the Galician autonomous government, the Xunta de Galicia. Fraga was associated with the Partido Popular ('People's Party', Spain's main national conservative party) since its founding. In 2002, when the oil tanker Prestige sank and covered the Galician coast in oil, Fraga was accused by the grassroots movement Nunca Mais ("Never again") of having been unwilling to react. In the 2005 Galician elections, the 'People's Party' lost its absolute majority, though remaining (barely) the largest party in the parliament, with 43% of the total votes. As a result, power passed to a coalition of the Partido dos Socialistas de Galicia (PSdeG) ('Galician Socialists' Party'), a federal sister-party of Spain's main social-democratic party, the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE, 'Spanish Socialist Workers Party') and the nationalist Bloque Nacionalista Galego (BNG). As the senior partner in the new coalition, the PSdeG nominated its leader, Emilio Perez Touriño, to serve as Galicia's new president, with Anxo Quintana, the leader of BNG, as its vice president.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: From

text: to

text: Manuel

text: Fraga

text: former

text: minister

text: and

text: ambassador

text: in

text: the

text: Franco

text: dictature

text: presided

text: over

text: the

text: Galician

text: autonomous

text: government

text: the

text: Xunta

text: de

text: Galicia

text: Fraga

text: was

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: Partido

text: Popular

text: People

text: 's

text: Party

text: Spain

text: 's

text: main

text: national

text: conservative

text: party

text: since

text: its

text: founding

text: In

text: when

text: the

text: oil

text: tanker

text: Prestige

text: sank

text: and

text: covered

text: the

text: Galician

text: coast

text: in

text: oil

text: Fraga

text: was

text: accused

text: by

text: the

text: grassroots

text: movement

text: Nunca

text: Mais

text: Never

text: again

text: of

text: having

text: been

text: unwilling

text: to

text: react

text: In

text: the

text: Galician

text: elections

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Party

text: lost

text: its

text: absolute

text: majority

text: though

text: remaining

text: barely

text: the

text: largest

text: party

text: in

text: the

text: parliament

text: with

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: votes

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: power

text: passed

text: to

text: a

text: coalition

text: of

text: the

text: Partido

text: dos

text: Socialistas

text: de

text: Galicia

text: PSdeG

text: Galician

text: Socialists

text: Party

text: a

text: federal

text: sister

text: party

text: of

text: Spain

text: 's

text: main

text: social

text: democratic

text: party

text: the

text: Partido

text: Socialista

text: Obrero

text: Español

text: PSOE

text: Spanish

text: Socialist

text: Workers

text: Party

text: and

text: the

text: nationalist

text: Bloque

text: Nacionalista

text: Galego

text: BNG

text: As

text: the

text: senior

text: partner

text: in

text: the

text: new

text: coalition

text: the

text: PSdeG

text: nominated

text: its

text: leader

text: Emilio

text: Perez

text: Touriño

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: Galicia

text: 's

text: new

text: president

text: with

text: Anxo

text: Quintana

text: the

text: leader

text: of

text: BNG

text: as

text: its

text: vice

text: president

question: Which former minister under Franco's rule headed the autonomous government  from 1990 to 2005?

answer: Manuel Fraga

text: Manuel Fraga

question: Which political party did he belong to?

answer: Partido Popular

text: Partido Popular

question: The sinking of which oil tanker precipitated the downfall of that party's rule?

answer: Prestige

text: Prestige

question: Power then passed a political coalition headed by who?

answer: Anxo Quintana

text: Anxo Quintana


text: Although dissertations on clothing and its function appear from the 19th century as colonising countries dealt with new environments, concerted scientific research into psycho-social, physiological and other functions of clothing (e.g. protective, cartage) occurred in the first half of the 20th century, with publications such as J. C. Flügel's Psychology of Clothes in 1930, and Newburgh's seminal Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing in 1949. By 1968, the field of environmental physiology had advanced and expanded significantly, but the science of clothing in relation to environmental physiology had changed little. While considerable research has since occurred and the knowledge-base has grown significantly, the main concepts remain unchanged, and indeed Newburgh's book is still cited by contemporary authors, including those attempting to develop thermoregulatory models of clothing development.

title: Clothing

title: Clothing

text: Although

text: dissertations

text: on

text: clothing

text: and

text: its

text: function

text: appear

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: as

text: colonising

text: countries

text: dealt

text: with

text: new

text: environments

text: concerted

text: scientific

text: research

text: into

text: psycho

text: social

text: physiological

text: and

text: other

text: functions

text: of

text: clothing

text: e.g.

text: protective

text: cartage

text: occurred

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: with

text: publications

text: such

text: as

text: J.

text: C.

text: Flügel

text: 's

text: Psychology

text: of

text: Clothes

text: in

text: and

text: Newburgh

text: 's

text: seminal

text: Physiology

text: of

text: Heat

text: Regulation

text: and

text: The

text: Science

text: of

text: Clothing

text: in

text: By

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: environmental

text: physiology

text: had

text: advanced

text: and

text: expanded

text: significantly

text: but

text: the

text: science

text: of

text: clothing

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: environmental

text: physiology

text: had

text: changed

text: little

text: While

text: considerable

text: research

text: has

text: since

text: occurred

text: and

text: the

text: knowledge

text: base

text: has

text: grown

text: significantly

text: the

text: main

text: concepts

text: remain

text: unchanged

text: and

text: indeed

text: Newburgh

text: 's

text: book

text: is

text: still

text: cited

text: by

text: contemporary

text: authors

text: including

text: those

text: attempting

text: to

text: develop

text: thermoregulatory

text: models

text: of

text: clothing

text: development

question: What century do dissertation on clothing first appear from?

answer: 19th

question: What year was J. C. Flügel's Psychology of Clothes published?

answer: 1930

question: Whose book entitled Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing was published in 1949?

answer: Newburgh's

text: Newburgh's

question: How much had the science of clothing in relation to environmental factors changed by 1968?

answer: little

text: little

question: What have remained unchanged while the knowledge has grown?

answer: the main concepts

text: the main concepts

question: What led to the first dissertation on clothing in the eighteenth century

question: Who published psychology of close in 1920?

text: J. C. Flügel's

question: What field is not spending significantly since 1968?

text: the field of environmental physiology

question: The science of clothing in relation to what changed a lot by 1968?

text: environmental physiology

question: Considerable research has been done changing what?

text: the main concepts


text: Hazards to aircraft include debris, nesting birds, and reduced friction levels due to environmental conditions such as ice, snow, or rain. Part of runway maintenance is airfield rubber removal which helps maintain friction levels. The fields must be kept clear of debris using cleaning equipment so that loose material does not become a projectile and enter an engine duct (see foreign object damage). In adverse weather conditions, ice and snow clearing equipment can be used to improve traction on the landing strip. For waiting aircraft, equipment is used to spray special deicing fluids on the wings.

title: Airport

title: Airport

text: Hazards

text: to

text: aircraft

text: include

text: debris

text: nesting

text: birds

text: and

text: reduced

text: friction

text: levels

text: due

text: to

text: environmental

text: conditions

text: such

text: as

text: ice

text: snow

text: or

text: rain

text: Part

text: of

text: runway

text: maintenance

text: is

text: airfield

text: rubber

text: removal

text: which

text: helps

text: maintain

text: friction

text: levels

text: The

text: fields

text: must

text: be

text: kept

text: clear

text: of

text: debris

text: using

text: cleaning

text: equipment

text: so

text: that

text: loose

text: material

text: does

text: not

text: become

text: a

text: projectile

text: and

text: enter

text: an

text: engine

text: duct

text: see

text: foreign

text: object

text: damage

text: In

text: adverse

text: weather

text: conditions

text: ice

text: and

text: snow

text: clearing

text: equipment

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: improve

text: traction

text: on

text: the

text: landing

text: strip

text: For

text: waiting

text: aircraft

text: equipment

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: spray

text: special

text: deicing

text: fluids

text: on

text: the

text: wings

question: What includes debris and nesting birds?

answer: Hazards to aircraft

text: Hazards to aircraft

question: What is one part of runway maintenance that helps maintain friction levels?

answer: airfield rubber removal

text: airfield rubber removal

question: In adverse weather conditions, what can be used to improve traction on the landing strip?

answer: ice and snow clearing equipment

text: ice and snow clearing equipment

question: What is one hazard to nesting birds?

question: What helps maintain environmental conditions?

text: airfield rubber removal

question: Why must the field be kept clear of nesting birds?

question: What helps improve traction on airfield rubber?

text: ice and snow clearing equipment

question: For what kind of aircraft is deicing fluid sprayed on the airfield?

text: waiting aircraft


text: Bell was a British subject throughout his early life in Scotland and later in Canada until 1882, when he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. In 1915, he characterized his status as: "I am not one of those hyphenated Americans who claim allegiance to two countries." Despite this declaration, Bell has been proudly claimed as a "native son" by all three countries he resided in: the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: Bell

text: was

text: a

text: British

text: subject

text: throughout

text: his

text: early

text: life

text: in

text: Scotland

text: and

text: later

text: in

text: Canada

text: until

text: when

text: he

text: became

text: a

text: naturalized

text: citizen

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: In

text: he

text: characterized

text: his

text: status

text: as

text: I

text: am

text: not

text: one

text: of

text: those

text: hyphenated

text: Americans

text: who

text: claim

text: allegiance

text: to

text: two

text: countries

text: Despite

text: this

text: declaration

text: Bell

text: has

text: been

text: proudly

text: claimed

text: as

text: a

text: native

text: son

text: by

text: all

text: three

text: countries

text: he

text: resided

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

question: In what year did Bell officially become an American?

answer: 1882

question: What was Bell's original nationality?

answer: British

text: British

question: Besides the US and UK, what other country claims Bell as a citizen?

answer: Canada

text: Canada

question: What does Bell call people who are citizens of two countries?

answer: hyphenated

text: hyphenated


text: A sequel to Spectre will begin development in spring 2016. Sam Mendes has stated he will not return to direct the next 007 film. Christoph Waltz has signed on for two more films in the series, but his return depends on whether or not Craig will again portray Bond.

title: Spectre_(2015_film)

title: Spectre_(2015_film

text: A

text: sequel

text: to

text: Spectre

text: will

text: begin

text: development

text: in

text: spring

text: Sam

text: Mendes

text: has

text: stated

text: he

text: will

text: not

text: return

text: to

text: direct

text: the

text: next

text: film

text: Christoph

text: Waltz

text: has

text: signed

text: on

text: for

text: two

text: more

text: films

text: in

text: the

text: series

text: but

text: his

text: return

text: depends

text: on

text: whether

text: or

text: not

text: Craig

text: will

text: again

text: portray

text: Bond

question: Christoph Waltz's appearance in future Bond movies is contingent on the appearance of which other actor?

answer: Craig

text: Craig

question: When will work being on the follow-up to Spectre?

answer: spring 2016

text: spring 2016

question: When will the sequel to Spectre being development?

answer: spring 2016.

text: spring 2016.

question: A prequel to Spectre will begin when?

text: spring 2016

question: Who will return to direct the next 007 film?

text: Sam Mendes

question: Who has signed on for three more films in the series?

text: Christoph Waltz

question: Whose return depends on whether or not Sam Mendes returns to portray Bond?

text: Christoph Waltz


text: On 20 June 1794, Burke received a vote of thanks from the Commons for his services in the Hastings Trial and he immediately resigned his seat, being replaced by his son Richard. A tragic blow fell upon Burke with the loss of Richard in August 1794, to whom he was tenderly attached, and in whom he saw signs of promise, which were not patent to others and which, in fact, appear to have been non-existent (though this view may have rather reflected the fact that Richard Burke had worked successfully in the early battle for Catholic emancipation). King George III, whose favour he had gained by his attitude on the French Revolution, wished to create him Earl of Beaconsfield, but the death of his son deprived the opportunity of such an honour and all its attractions, so the only award he would accept was a pension of £2,500. Even this modest reward was attacked by the Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale, to whom Burke replied in his Letter to a Noble Lord (1796): "It cannot at this time be too often repeated; line upon line; precept upon precept; until it comes into the currency of a proverb, To innovate is not to reform". He argued that he was rewarded on merit, but the Duke of Bedford received his rewards from inheritance alone, his ancestor being the original pensioner: "Mine was from a mild and benevolent sovereign; his from Henry the Eighth". Burke also hinted at what would happen to such people if their revolutionary ideas were implemented, and included a description of the British constitution:

title: Edmund_Burke

title: Edmund_Burke

text: On

text: June

text: Burke

text: received

text: a

text: vote

text: of

text: thanks

text: from

text: the

text: Commons

text: for

text: his

text: services

text: in

text: the

text: Hastings

text: Trial

text: and

text: he

text: immediately

text: resigned

text: his

text: seat

text: being

text: replaced

text: by

text: his

text: son

text: Richard

text: A

text: tragic

text: blow

text: fell

text: upon

text: Burke

text: with

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: Richard

text: in

text: August

text: to

text: whom

text: he

text: was

text: tenderly

text: attached

text: and

text: in

text: whom

text: he

text: saw

text: signs

text: of

text: promise

text: which

text: were

text: not

text: patent

text: to

text: others

text: and

text: which

text: in

text: fact

text: appear

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: non

text: existent

text: though

text: this

text: view

text: may

text: have

text: rather

text: reflected

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: Richard

text: Burke

text: had

text: worked

text: successfully

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: battle

text: for

text: Catholic

text: emancipation

text: King

text: George

text: III

text: whose

text: favour

text: he

text: had

text: gained

text: by

text: his

text: attitude

text: on

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: wished

text: to

text: create

text: him

text: Earl

text: of

text: Beaconsfield

text: but

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: his

text: son

text: deprived

text: the

text: opportunity

text: of

text: such

text: an

text: honour

text: and

text: all

text: its

text: attractions

text: so

text: the

text: only

text: award

text: he

text: would

text: accept

text: was

text: a

text: pension

text: of

text: Even

text: this

text: modest

text: reward

text: was

text: attacked

text: by

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Bedford

text: and

text: the

text: Earl

text: of

text: Lauderdale

text: to

text: whom

text: Burke

text: replied

text: in

text: his

text: Letter

text: to

text: a

text: Noble

text: Lord

text: It

text: can

text: not

text: at

text: this

text: time

text: be

text: too

text: often

text: repeated

text: line

text: upon

text: line

text: precept

text: upon

text: precept

text: until

text: it

text: comes

text: into

text: the

text: currency

text: of

text: a

text: proverb

text: To

text: innovate

text: is

text: not

text: to

text: reform

text: He

text: argued

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: rewarded

text: on

text: merit

text: but

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Bedford

text: received

text: his

text: rewards

text: from

text: inheritance

text: alone

text: his

text: ancestor

text: being

text: the

text: original

text: pensioner

text: Mine

text: was

text: from

text: a

text: mild

text: and

text: benevolent

text: sovereign

text: his

text: from

text: Henry

text: the

text: Eighth

text: Burke

text: also

text: hinted

text: at

text: what

text: would

text: happen

text: to

text: such

text: people

text: if

text: their

text: revolutionary

text: ideas

text: were

text: implemented

text: and

text: included

text: a

text: description

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: constitution

question: When did Burke receive a vote of thanks?

answer: 20 June 1794

text: 20 June 1794

question: When did Burke's son die?

answer: August 1794

text: August 1794

question: What did King George III want to make Burke an Earl of?

answer: Beaconsfield

text: Beaconsfield

question: How much money did Burke accept instead of the Earlship?

answer: £2,500

question: Who attacked Burke for receiving recognition from King George III?

answer: Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale

text: Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale

question: When did Burke submit a vote of thanks?

text: 20 June 1794

question: Who did Burke thank in June 1794?

text: the Commons

question: When did Richard resign?

text: August 1794

question: What pension did the Duke of Bedford receive?

question: Who wanted to make Richard Burke an Earl?

text: King George III


text: Such a theory would be true with higher probability, because it cannot be attacked so easily: to falsify the first one, it is sufficient to find that the sun has stopped rising; to falsify the second one, one additionally needs the assumption that the given day has not yet been reached. Popper held that it is the least likely, or most easily falsifiable, or simplest theory (attributes which he identified as all the same thing) that explains known facts that one should rationally prefer. His opposition to positivism, which held that it is the theory most likely to be true that one should prefer, here becomes very apparent. It is impossible, Popper argues, to ensure a theory to be true; it is more important that its falsity can be detected as easily as possible.

title: Karl_Popper

title: Karl_Popper

text: Such

text: a

text: theory

text: would

text: be

text: true

text: with

text: higher

text: probability

text: because

text: it

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: attacked

text: so

text: easily

text: to

text: falsify

text: the

text: first

text: one

text: it

text: is

text: sufficient

text: to

text: find

text: that

text: the

text: sun

text: has

text: stopped

text: rising

text: to

text: falsify

text: the

text: second

text: one

text: one

text: additionally

text: needs

text: the

text: assumption

text: that

text: the

text: given

text: day

text: has

text: not

text: yet

text: been

text: reached

text: Popper

text: held

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: least

text: likely

text: or

text: most

text: easily

text: falsifiable

text: or

text: simplest

text: theory

text: attributes

text: which

text: he

text: identified

text: as

text: all

text: the

text: same

text: thing

text: that

text: explains

text: known

text: facts

text: that

text: one

text: should

text: rationally

text: prefer

text: His

text: opposition

text: to

text: positivism

text: which

text: held

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: theory

text: most

text: likely

text: to

text: be

text: true

text: that

text: one

text: should

text: prefer

text: here

text: becomes

text: very

text: apparent

text: It

text: is

text: impossible

text: Popper

text: argues

text: to

text: ensure

text: a

text: theory

text: to

text: be

text: true

text: it

text: is

text: more

text: important

text: that

text: its

text: falsity

text: can

text: be

text: detected

text: as

text: easily

text: as

text: possible

question: Which type of theory is most falsifiable?

answer: simplest

text: simplest

question: What school of philosophy does Popper's thinking on induction oppose?

answer: positivism

text: positivism

question: For Popper, knowing that a theory is true is what?

answer: impossible

text: impossible

question: What quality of a useful theory must be easily detectable?

answer: its falsity

text: its falsity

question: Why would a theory be true with lower probability?

text: it cannot be attacked so easily

question: What did Popper hold that one should do with the most likely theory?

text: rationally prefer

question: Who supported positivism?

text: Popper

question: Who argues it is possible to ensure that a theory is true?

text: Popper

question: What is less important than detecting the falsity of a theory?

text: to ensure a theory to be true


text: By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extracts were of particular interest to surgeons as hemostatic agents and as treatment for shock, and a number of companies developed products based on adrenal extracts containing varying purities of the active substance. In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine, which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt. Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state, and licensed the technology to Parke Davis. Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin. Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks, and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 (Primatene Mist). By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion.

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: By

text: the

text: the

text: profound

text: effect

text: of

text: adrenal

text: extracts

text: on

text: many

text: different

text: tissue

text: types

text: had

text: been

text: discovered

text: setting

text: off

text: a

text: search

text: both

text: for

text: the

text: mechanism

text: of

text: chemical

text: signalling

text: and

text: efforts

text: to

text: exploit

text: these

text: observations

text: for

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: new

text: drugs

text: The

text: blood

text: pressure

text: raising

text: and

text: vasoconstrictive

text: effects

text: of

text: adrenal

text: extracts

text: were

text: of

text: particular

text: interest

text: to

text: surgeons

text: as

text: hemostatic

text: agents

text: and

text: as

text: treatment

text: for

text: shock

text: and

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: companies

text: developed

text: products

text: based

text: on

text: adrenal

text: extracts

text: containing

text: varying

text: purities

text: of

text: the

text: active

text: substance

text: In

text: John

text: Abel

text: of

text: Johns

text: Hopkins

text: University

text: identified

text: the

text: active

text: principle

text: as

text: epinephrine

text: which

text: he

text: isolated

text: in

text: an

text: impure

text: state

text: as

text: the

text: sulfate

text: salt

text: Industrial

text: chemist

text: Jokichi

text: Takamine

text: later

text: developed

text: a

text: method

text: for

text: obtaining

text: epinephrine

text: in

text: a

text: pure

text: state

text: and

text: licensed

text: the

text: technology

text: to

text: Parke

text: Davis

text: Parke

text: Davis

text: marketed

text: epinephrine

text: under

text: the

text: trade

text: name

text: Adrenalin

text: Injected

text: epinephrine

text: proved

text: to

text: be

text: especially

text: efficacious

text: for

text: the

text: acute

text: treatment

text: of

text: asthma

text: attacks

text: and

text: an

text: inhaled

text: version

text: was

text: sold

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: until

text: Primatene

text: Mist

text: By

text: epinephrine

text: had

text: been

text: formulated

text: into

text: an

text: inhaler

text: for

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: nasal

text: congestion

question: Who identified the active substance?

answer: John Abel

text: John Abel

question: Who marketed epinephrine?

answer: Parke Davis

text: Parke Davis

question: As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat?

answer: nasal congestion

text: nasal congestion

question: Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state?

answer: Jokichi Takamine

text: Jokichi Takamine

question: What could epinephrine treat?

answer: nasal congestion

text: nasal congestion

question: When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States?

answer: 2011

question: What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?

answer: Adrenalin

text: Adrenalin

question: Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form?

answer: Jokichi Takamine

text: Jokichi Takamine

question: In what year was epinephrine discovered?

answer: 1897

question: What was the trade name of epinephrine?

answer: Adrenalin

text: Adrenalin

question: Who first discovered epinephrine?

answer: John Abel

text: John Abel

question: What is epinephrine used to treat?

answer: asthma attacks

text: asthma attacks

question: In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States?

answer: 2011

question: Who identified the inactive substance?

text: John Abel

question: Who marketed Primatene?

text: Parke Davis

question: What trade name was Primatene marketed under?

text: Adrenalin

question: As an inhaler, what was Primatene used to treat?

text: nasal congestion

question: Who developed the method to obtain Primatene in a pure state?

text: Jokichi Takamine


text: Wary of protests, the Indian authorities have decided to shorten the route of the relay in New Delhi, and have given it the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets. Chinese intelligence's expectations of points on the relay route that would be particularly 'vulnerable' to protesters were presented to the Indian ambassador to Beijing, Nirupama Sen. The Indian media responded angrily to the news that the ambassador, a distinguished lady diplomat, was summoned to the Foreign Ministry at 2 am local time; the news was later denied by anonymous sources in Delhi. The Indian media reported that India's Commerce Minister, Kamal Nath, cancelled an official trip to Beijing in protest, though both Nath and Chinese sources have denied it.

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: Wary

text: of

text: protests

text: the

text: Indian

text: authorities

text: have

text: decided

text: to

text: shorten

text: the

text: route

text: of

text: the

text: relay

text: in

text: New

text: Delhi

text: and

text: have

text: given

text: it

text: the

text: security

text: normally

text: associated

text: with

text: Republic

text: Day

text: celebrations

text: which

text: are

text: considered

text: terrorist

text: targets

text: Chinese

text: intelligence

text: 's

text: expectations

text: of

text: points

text: on

text: the

text: relay

text: route

text: that

text: would

text: be

text: particularly

text: vulnerable

text: to

text: protesters

text: were

text: presented

text: to

text: the

text: Indian

text: ambassador

text: to

text: Beijing

text: Nirupama

text: Sen.

text: The

text: Indian

text: media

text: responded

text: angrily

text: to

text: the

text: news

text: that

text: the

text: ambassador

text: a

text: distinguished

text: lady

text: diplomat

text: was

text: summoned

text: to

text: the

text: Foreign

text: Ministry

text: at

text: am

text: local

text: time

text: the

text: news

text: was

text: later

text: denied

text: by

text: anonymous

text: sources

text: in

text: Delhi

text: The

text: Indian

text: media

text: reported

text: that

text: India

text: 's

text: Commerce

text: Minister

text: Kamal

text: Nath

text: cancelled

text: an

text: official

text: trip

text: to

text: Beijing

text: in

text: protest

text: though

text: both

text: Nath

text: and

text: Chinese

text: sources

text: have

text: denied

text: it

question: The security given to the torch relay in New Delhi is reminiscent of the security of what?

answer: Republic Day celebrations

text: Republic Day celebrations

question: The Chinese presented a list of vulnerable relay locations to who?

answer: Nirupama Sen.

text: Nirupama Sen.

question: Who supposedly cancelled a trip to Beijing in protest?

answer: India's Commerce Minister

text: India's Commerce Minister

question: Who was said to have canceled an official trip to China in protest?

answer: Kamal Nath

text: Kamal Nath

question: At what time in the middle of the night was the diplomat summoned?

answer: 2 am

text: 2 am

question: The Olympic relay had the same security precautions taken as what other special day?

answer: Republic Day

text: Republic Day

question: What kind of targets do Republic Day events present as?

answer: terrorist targets.

text: terrorist targets.


text: Gymnasts sprint down a runway, which is a maximum of 25 meters in length, before hurdling onto a spring board. The gymnast is allowed to choose where they start on the runway. The body position is maintained while "punching" (blocking using only a shoulder movement) the vaulting platform. The gymnast then rotates to a standing position. In advanced gymnastics, multiple twists and somersaults may be added before landing. Successful vaults depend on the speed of the run, the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, and the speed of rotation in the case of more difficult and complex vaults.

title: Gymnastics

title: Gymnastics

text: Gymnasts

text: sprint

text: down

text: a

text: runway

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: maximum

text: of

text: meters

text: in

text: length

text: before

text: hurdling

text: onto

text: a

text: spring

text: board

text: The

text: gymnast

text: is

text: allowed

text: to

text: choose

text: where

text: they

text: start

text: on

text: the

text: runway

text: The

text: body

text: position

text: is

text: maintained

text: while

text: punching

text: blocking

text: using

text: only

text: a

text: shoulder

text: movement

text: the

text: vaulting

text: platform

text: The

text: gymnast

text: then

text: rotates

text: to

text: a

text: standing

text: position

text: In

text: advanced

text: gymnastics

text: multiple

text: twists

text: and

text: somersaults

text: may

text: be

text: added

text: before

text: landing

text: Successful

text: vaults

text: depend

text: on

text: the

text: speed

text: of

text: the

text: run

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: hurdle

text: the

text: power

text: the

text: gymnast

text: generates

text: from

text: the

text: legs

text: and

text: shoulder

text: girdle

text: the

text: kinesthetic

text: awareness

text: in

text: the

text: air

text: and

text: the

text: speed

text: of

text: rotation

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: more

text: difficult

text: and

text: complex

text: vaults

question: What is the maximum length of a runway?

answer: 25 meters

text: 25 meters

question: Who gets to chose where a gymnast starts to run on the runway?

answer: The gymnast

text: The gymnast

question: What position is the gymnast when in the air?

answer: a standing position

text: a standing position

question: What are later added to the landing by advanced gymnasts?

answer: multiple twists and somersaults

text: multiple twists and somersaults

question: What do successful vaults depend on other than speed of the run?

answer: the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, and the speed of rotation

text: the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from the legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, and the speed of rotation

question: When does a gymnast put both hands in the air?

text: before hurdling onto a spring board

question: What is kicking?

question: What do the judges choose?

text: where they start on the runway

question: What is it called when gymnasts do routines with their team?

text: advanced gymnastics


text: The thirteenth season premiered on January 15, 2014, with Ryan Seacrest returning as host. Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned, though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor. Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season. Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. joined Urban on the panel. Also, Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of the show.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: The

text: thirteenth

text: season

text: premiered

text: on

text: January

text: with

text: Ryan

text: Seacrest

text: returning

text: as

text: host

text: Randy

text: Jackson

text: and

text: Keith

text: Urban

text: returned

text: though

text: Jackson

text: moved

text: from

text: the

text: judging

text: panel

text: to

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: in

text: mentor

text: Mariah

text: Carey

text: and

text: Nicki

text: Minaj

text: left

text: the

text: panel

text: after

text: one

text: season

text: Former

text: judge

text: Jennifer

text: Lopez

text: and

text: former

text: mentor

text: Harry

text: Connick

text: Jr.

text: joined

text: Urban

text: on

text: the

text: panel

text: Also

text: Nigel

text: Lythgoe

text: and

text: Ken

text: Warwick

text: were

text: replaced

text: as

text: executive

text: producers

text: by

text: Per

text: Blankens

text: Jesse

text: Ignjatovic

text: and

text: Evan

text: Pragger

text: Bill

text: DeRonde

text: replaced

text: Warwick

text: as

text: a

text: director

text: of

text: the

text: audition

text: episodes

text: while

text: Louis

text: J.

text: Horvitz

text: replaced

text: Gregg

text: Gelfand

text: as

text: a

text: director

text: of

text: the

text: show

question: What year did season 13 of American Idol first air?

answer: 2014

question: Who was the host of American idol in its thirteenth season?

answer: Ryan Seacrest

text: Ryan Seacrest

question: What new role did Randy Jackson assume during American Idols thirteenth season?

answer: in-mentor

text: in-mentor

question: Who directed the thirteenth season of American Idol?

answer: Gregg Gelfand

text: Gregg Gelfand

question: When did season 13 premiere?

answer: January 15, 2014

text: January 15, 2014

question: Who was the mentor this season?

answer: Randy Jackson

text: Randy Jackson

question: Which former judge came back to the judges' panel this season?

answer: Jennifer Lopez

text: Jennifer Lopez

question: Which former mentor joined the judges' panel this season?

answer: Harry Connick, Jr.

text: Harry Connick, Jr.

question: Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic, and Evan Pragger replaced which two executives?

answer: Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick

text: Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick


text: In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers such as 30 St Mary Axe, Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary Wharf. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings. Nevertheless, there are a number of very tall skyscrapers in central London (see Tall buildings in London), including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the European Union.

title: London

title: London

text: In

text: the

text: dense

text: areas

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: concentration

text: is

text: via

text: medium-

text: and

text: high

text: rise

text: buildings

text: London

text: 's

text: skyscrapers

text: such

text: as

text: St

text: Mary

text: Axe

text: Tower

text: the

text: Broadgate

text: Tower

text: and

text: One

text: Canada

text: Square

text: are

text: mostly

text: in

text: the

text: two

text: financial

text: districts

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: London

text: and

text: Canary

text: Wharf

text: High

text: rise

text: development

text: is

text: restricted

text: at

text: certain

text: sites

text: if

text: it

text: would

text: obstruct

text: protected

text: views

text: of

text: St

text: Paul

text: 's

text: Cathedral

text: and

text: other

text: historic

text: buildings

text: Nevertheless

text: there

text: are

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: very

text: tall

text: skyscrapers

text: in

text: central

text: London

text: see

text: Tall

text: buildings

text: in

text: London

text: including

text: the

text: Shard

text: London

text: Bridge

text: the

text: tallest

text: building

text: in

text: the

text: European

text: Union

question: What are the financial districts of London known as?

answer: the City of London and Canary Wharf

text: the City of London and Canary Wharf

question: High-rise buildings may be restricted to prevent obstruction of what views?

answer: St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings

text: St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings

question: What is the European Union's tallest building?

answer: Shard London Bridge

text: Shard London Bridge

question: How high does the Shard London Bridge rise?

answer: 95-storey

question: Most of London's skyscrapers are located where?

answer: in the two financial districts

text: in the two financial districts


text: Despite his success as a producer, West's true aspiration was to be a rapper. Though he had developed his rapping long before he began producing, it was often a challenge for West to be accepted as a rapper, and he struggled to attain a record deal. Multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the gangsta image prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time. After a series of meetings with Capitol Records, West was ultimately denied an artist deal.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: Despite

text: his

text: success

text: as

text: a

text: producer

text: West

text: 's

text: true

text: aspiration

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: rapper

text: Though

text: he

text: had

text: developed

text: his

text: rapping

text: long

text: before

text: he

text: began

text: producing

text: it

text: was

text: often

text: a

text: challenge

text: for

text: West

text: to

text: be

text: accepted

text: as

text: a

text: rapper

text: and

text: he

text: struggled

text: to

text: attain

text: a

text: record

text: deal

text: Multiple

text: record

text: companies

text: ignored

text: him

text: because

text: he

text: did

text: not

text: portray

text: the

text: gangsta

text: image

text: prominent

text: in

text: mainstream

text: hip

text: hop

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: After

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: meetings

text: with

text: Capitol

text: Records

text: West

text: was

text: ultimately

text: denied

text: an

text: artist

text: deal

question: Although Kanye was achieving fame by producing, what did he actually want to be?

answer: rapper

text: rapper

question: What label declined to work with Kanye after many meetings?

answer: Capitol Records

text: Capitol Records

question: What career was Kanye's ultimate dream?

answer: rapper

text: rapper

question: What did Kanye West not have that made record companies turn him down?

answer: gangsta image

text: gangsta image

question: Which record company turned Kanye down after many meetings?

answer: Capitol Records

text: Capitol Records


text: Valencia stands on the banks of the Turia River, located on the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula and the western part of the Mediterranean Sea, fronting the Gulf of Valencia. At its founding by the Romans, it stood on a river island in the Turia, 6.4 km (4 mi) from the sea. The Albufera, a freshwater lagoon and estuary about 11 km (7 mi) south of the city, is one of the largest lakes in Spain. The City Council bought the lake from the Crown of Spain for 1,072,980 pesetas in 1911, and today it forms the main portion of the Parc Natural de l'Albufera (Albufera Nature Reserve), with a surface area of 21,120 hectares (52,200 acres). In 1986, because of its cultural, historical, and ecological value, the Generalitat Valenciana declared it a natural park.

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: Valencia

text: stands

text: on

text: the

text: banks

text: of

text: the

text: Turia

text: River

text: located

text: on

text: the

text: eastern

text: coast

text: of

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: and

text: the

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Sea

text: fronting

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Valencia

text: At

text: its

text: founding

text: by

text: the

text: Romans

text: it

text: stood

text: on

text: a

text: river

text: island

text: in

text: the

text: Turia

text: km

text: mi

text: from

text: the

text: sea

text: The

text: Albufera

text: a

text: freshwater

text: lagoon

text: and

text: estuary

text: about

text: km

text: mi

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: lakes

text: in

text: Spain

text: The

text: City

text: Council

text: bought

text: the

text: lake

text: from

text: the

text: Crown

text: of

text: Spain

text: for

text: pesetas

text: in

text: and

text: today

text: it

text: forms

text: the

text: main

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Parc

text: Natural

text: de

text: l'Albufera

text: Albufera

text: Nature

text: Reserve

text: with

text: a

text: surface

text: area

text: of

text: hectares

text: acres

text: In

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: cultural

text: historical

text: and

text: ecological

text: value

text: the

text: Generalitat

text: Valenciana

text: declared

text: it

text: a

text: natural

text: park

question: How far from Valencia is the Albufera?

answer: 11 km

text: 11 km

question: In what park is the Albufera located?

answer: Parc Natural de l'Albufera

text: Parc Natural de l'Albufera

question: How far from the sea was Valencia when it was founded?

answer: 6.4 km

text: 6.4 km

question: Who founded Valencia?

answer: Romans

text: Romans

question: From what entity was the Albufera bought?

answer: Crown of Spain

text: Crown of Spain


text: When war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman, Breton and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204. John spent much of the next decade attempting to regain these lands, raising huge revenues, reforming his armed forces and rebuilding continental alliances. John's judicial reforms had a lasting impact on the English common law system, as well as providing an additional source of revenue. An argument with Pope Innocent III led to John's excommunication in 1209, a dispute finally settled by the king in 1213. John's attempt to defeat Philip in 1214 failed due to the French victory over John's allies at the battle of Bouvines. When he returned to England, John faced a rebellion by many of his barons, who were unhappy with his fiscal policies and his treatment of many of England's most powerful nobles. Although both John and the barons agreed to the Magna Carta peace treaty in 1215, neither side complied with its conditions. Civil war broke out shortly afterwards, with the barons aided by Louis of France. It soon descended into a stalemate. John died of dysentery contracted whilst on campaign in eastern England during late 1216; supporters of his son Henry III went on to achieve victory over Louis and the rebel barons the following year.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: When

text: war

text: with

text: France

text: broke

text: out

text: again

text: in

text: John

text: achieved

text: early

text: victories

text: but

text: shortages

text: of

text: military

text: resources

text: and

text: his

text: treatment

text: of

text: Norman

text: Breton

text: and

text: Anjou

text: nobles

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: his

text: empire

text: in

text: northern

text: France

text: in

text: John

text: spent

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: next

text: decade

text: attempting

text: to

text: regain

text: these

text: lands

text: raising

text: huge

text: revenues

text: reforming

text: his

text: armed

text: forces

text: and

text: rebuilding

text: continental

text: alliances

text: John

text: 's

text: judicial

text: reforms

text: had

text: a

text: lasting

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: English

text: common

text: law

text: system

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: providing

text: an

text: additional

text: source

text: of

text: revenue

text: An

text: argument

text: with

text: Pope

text: Innocent

text: III

text: led

text: to

text: John

text: 's

text: excommunication

text: in

text: a

text: dispute

text: finally

text: settled

text: by

text: the

text: king

text: in

text: John

text: 's

text: attempt

text: to

text: defeat

text: Philip

text: in

text: failed

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: French

text: victory

text: over

text: John

text: 's

text: allies

text: at

text: the

text: battle

text: of

text: Bouvines

text: When

text: he

text: returned

text: to

text: England

text: John

text: faced

text: a

text: rebellion

text: by

text: many

text: of

text: his

text: barons

text: who

text: were

text: unhappy

text: with

text: his

text: fiscal

text: policies

text: and

text: his

text: treatment

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: England

text: 's

text: most

text: powerful

text: nobles

text: Although

text: both

text: John

text: and

text: the

text: barons

text: agreed

text: to

text: the

text: Magna

text: Carta

text: peace

text: treaty

text: in

text: neither

text: side

text: complied

text: with

text: its

text: conditions

text: Civil

text: war

text: broke

text: out

text: shortly

text: afterwards

text: with

text: the

text: barons

text: aided

text: by

text: Louis

text: of

text: France

text: It

text: soon

text: descended

text: into

text: a

text: stalemate

text: John

text: died

text: of

text: dysentery

text: contracted

text: whilst

text: on

text: campaign

text: in

text: eastern

text: England

text: during

text: late

text: supporters

text: of

text: his

text: son

text: Henry

text: III

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: achieve

text: victory

text: over

text: Louis

text: and

text: the

text: rebel

text: barons

text: the

text: following

text: year

question: When did war with France break out?

answer: 1202

question: When was John excommunicated?

answer: 1209

question: When was the Magna Carta peace treaty agreed upon?

answer: 1215

question: Who won victory over Louis and the rebel barons?

answer: Henry III

text: Henry III


text: The humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa) of central, southern and eastern Oklahoma is influenced heavily by southerly winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Traveling westward, the climate transitions progressively toward a semi-arid zone (Koppen BSk) in the high plains of the Panhandle and other western areas from about Lawton westward, less frequently touched by southern moisture. Precipitation and temperatures decline from east to west accordingly, with areas in the southeast averaging an annual temperature of 62 °F (17 °C) and an annual rainfall of generally over 40 inches (1,020 mm) and up to 56 inches (1,420 mm), while areas of the (higher-elevation) panhandle average 58 °F (14 °C), with an annual rainfall under 17 inches (430 mm).

title: Oklahoma

title: Oklahoma

text: The

text: humid

text: subtropical

text: climate

text: Koppen

text: Cfa

text: of

text: central

text: southern

text: and

text: eastern

text: Oklahoma

text: is

text: influenced

text: heavily

text: by

text: southerly

text: winds

text: bringing

text: moisture

text: from

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Mexico

text: Traveling

text: westward

text: the

text: climate

text: transitions

text: progressively

text: toward

text: a

text: semi

text: arid

text: zone

text: Koppen

text: BSk

text: in

text: the

text: high

text: plains

text: of

text: the

text: Panhandle

text: and

text: other

text: western

text: areas

text: from

text: about

text: Lawton

text: westward

text: less

text: frequently

text: touched

text: by

text: southern

text: moisture

text: Precipitation

text: and

text: temperatures

text: decline

text: from

text: east

text: to

text: west

text: accordingly

text: with

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: southeast

text: averaging

text: an

text: annual

text: temperature

text: of

text: F

text: C

text: and

text: an

text: annual

text: rainfall

text: of

text: generally

text: over

text: inches

text: mm

text: and

text: up

text: to

text: inches

text: mm

text: while

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: higher

text: elevation

text: panhandle

text: average

text: F

text: C

text: with

text: an

text: annual

text: rainfall

text: under

text: inches

text: mm

question: What parts of Oklahoma are in a humid subtropical climate?

answer: central, southern and eastern

text: central, southern and eastern

question: Where do Oklahoma's winds bring moisture from?

answer: Gulf of Mexico

text: Gulf of Mexico

question: What is Oklahoma's western climate type?

answer: semi-arid

text: semi-arid

question: Where in Oklahoma does the semi-arid zone begin?

answer: Lawton

text: Lawton

question: What is the average annual temperature in southeast Oklahoma?

answer: 62 °F

text: 62 °F


text: The panel is eventually broken apart into individual PCBs; this is called depaneling. Separating the individual PCBs is frequently aided by drilling or routing perforations along the boundaries of the individual circuits, much like a sheet of postage stamps. Another method, which takes less space, is to cut V-shaped grooves across the full dimension of the panel. The individual PCBs can then be broken apart along this line of weakness. Today depaneling is often done by lasers which cut the board with no contact. Laser panelization reduces stress on the fragile circuits.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: The

text: panel

text: is

text: eventually

text: broken

text: apart

text: into

text: individual

text: PCBs

text: this

text: is

text: called

text: depaneling

text: Separating

text: the

text: individual

text: PCBs

text: is

text: frequently

text: aided

text: by

text: drilling

text: or

text: routing

text: perforations

text: along

text: the

text: boundaries

text: of

text: the

text: individual

text: circuits

text: much

text: like

text: a

text: sheet

text: of

text: postage

text: stamps

text: Another

text: method

text: which

text: takes

text: less

text: space

text: is

text: to

text: cut

text: V

text: shaped

text: grooves

text: across

text: the

text: full

text: dimension

text: of

text: the

text: panel

text: The

text: individual

text: PCBs

text: can

text: then

text: be

text: broken

text: apart

text: along

text: this

text: line

text: of

text: weakness

text: Today

text: depaneling

text: is

text: often

text: done

text: by

text: lasers

text: which

text: cut

text: the

text: board

text: with

text: no

text: contact

text: Laser

text: panelization

text: reduces

text: stress

text: on

text: the

text: fragile

text: circuits

question: What is the process called whereby the individual PCBs are separated?

answer: depaneling

text: depaneling

question: What boundaries would you follow to separate PCBs on a panel?

answer: individual circuits

text: individual circuits

question: What technology has made depaneling possible without needing to physically interact with the board?

answer: lasers

text: lasers

question: What does the V-shaped groove method save?

answer: space

text: space

question: What delicate component is less likely to be damaged if laser depanelization is used?

answer: circuits

text: circuits

question: The panel is eventually merged into what?

text: individual PCBs

question: The process of deadpanning is what?

question: Individual PCBs can be merged along what line?

text: line of weakness

question: In the old days, depaneling was often done how?


text: Dutch is written using the Latin script. Dutch uses one additional character beyond the standard alphabet, the digraph IJ. It has a relatively high proportion of doubled letters, both vowels and consonants, due to the formation of compound words and also to the spelling devices for distinguishing the many vowel sounds in the Dutch language. An example of five consecutive doubled letters is the word voorraaddoos (food storage container). The diaeresis (Dutch: trema) is used to mark vowels that are pronounced separately when involving a pre- or suffix. Whereas a hyphen is used when this problem occurs in compound words. For example; "beïnvloed" (influenced), but zee-eend (sea duck). Generally, other diacritical marks only occur in loanwords, though the acute accent can also be used for emphasis or to differentiate between two forms. Its most common use is to differentiate between the indefinite article 'een' (a, an) and the numeral 'één' (one).

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: Dutch

text: is

text: written

text: using

text: the

text: Latin

text: script

text: Dutch

text: uses

text: one

text: additional

text: character

text: beyond

text: the

text: standard

text: alphabet

text: the

text: digraph

text: IJ

text: It

text: has

text: a

text: relatively

text: high

text: proportion

text: of

text: doubled

text: letters

text: both

text: vowels

text: and

text: consonants

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: compound

text: words

text: and

text: also

text: to

text: the

text: spelling

text: devices

text: for

text: distinguishing

text: the

text: many

text: vowel

text: sounds

text: in

text: the

text: Dutch

text: language

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: five

text: consecutive

text: doubled

text: letters

text: is

text: the

text: word

text: voorraaddoos

text: food

text: storage

text: container

text: The

text: diaeresis

text: Dutch

text: trema

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: mark

text: vowels

text: that

text: are

text: pronounced

text: separately

text: when

text: involving

text: a

text: pre-

text: or

text: suffix

text: Whereas

text: a

text: hyphen

text: is

text: used

text: when

text: this

text: problem

text: occurs

text: in

text: compound

text: words

text: For

text: example

text: beïnvloed

text: influenced

text: but

text: zee

text: eend

text: sea

text: duck

text: Generally

text: other

text: diacritical

text: marks

text: only

text: occur

text: in

text: loanwords

text: though

text: the

text: acute

text: accent

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: emphasis

text: or

text: to

text: differentiate

text: between

text: two

text: forms

text: Its

text: most

text: common

text: use

text: is

text: to

text: differentiate

text: between

text: the

text: indefinite

text: article

text: een

text: a

text: an

text: and

text: the

text: numeral

text: één

text: one

question: How many extra characters does Dutch have in addition to the standard alphabet?

answer: one

text: one

question: What's the name for the additional character Dutch uses?

answer: digraph

text: digraph

question: Because Dutch has many vowel sounds and compound words, what occurs frequently in Dutch spelling?

answer: doubled letters

text: doubled letters

question: What is an example of a Dutch word that has double vowels or consonants five times in a row?

answer: voorraaddoos

text: voorraaddoos

question: What's the name for the type of accent that Dutch used to mark the difference between the word for "a" or "an" and the word for "one"?

answer: acute accent

text: acute accent


text: Burmese, the mother tongue of the Bamar and official language of Myanmar, is related to Tibetan and Chinese language. It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters, which were adapted from the Mon script, which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century. The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century. It is also used to write Pali, the sacred language of Theravada Buddhism, as well as several ethnic minority languages, including Shan, several Karen dialects, and Kayah (Karenni), with the addition of specialised characters and diacritics for each language.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: Burmese

text: the

text: mother

text: tongue

text: of

text: the

text: Bamar

text: and

text: official

text: language

text: of

text: Myanmar

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: Tibetan

text: and

text: Chinese

text: language

text: It

text: is

text: written

text: in

text: a

text: script

text: consisting

text: of

text: circular

text: and

text: semi

text: circular

text: letters

text: which

text: were

text: adapted

text: from

text: the

text: Mon

text: script

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: was

text: developed

text: from

text: a

text: southern

text: Indian

text: script

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: earliest

text: known

text: inscriptions

text: in

text: the

text: Burmese

text: script

text: date

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: is

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: write

text: Pali

text: the

text: sacred

text: language

text: of

text: Theravada

text: Buddhism

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: several

text: ethnic

text: minority

text: languages

text: including

text: Shan

text: several

text: Karen

text: dialects

text: and

text: Kayah

text: Karenni

text: with

text: the

text: addition

text: of

text: specialised

text: characters

text: and

text: diacritics

text: for

text: each

text: language

question: What is the matriarchal brogue of Burma that became the countries' standard vernacular ?

answer: Burmese

text: Burmese

question: Which two vernaculars hold relation to the official language?

answer: Tibetan and Chinese language

text: Tibetan and Chinese language

question: How is the recognized official language of Burma displayed ?

answer: It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters

text: It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters

question: On what is the visual display of the language a subset of  ?

answer: the Mon script, which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century

text: the Mon script, which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century

question: From when are the  first impressions of the visually displayed language ?

answer: The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century.

text: The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century.


text: The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers. Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system. Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution. Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were expected to lead their armies on the field, along with a group of privileged aristocratic companions or friends (hetairoi, philoi) which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council. Another role that was expected the monarch fill was that of charitable patron of his people, this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: The

text: Hellenistic

text: states

text: of

text: Asia

text: and

text: Egypt

text: were

text: run

text: by

text: an

text: occupying

text: imperial

text: elite

text: of

text: Greco

text: Macedonian

text: administrators

text: and

text: governors

text: propped

text: up

text: by

text: a

text: standing

text: army

text: of

text: mercenaries

text: and

text: a

text: small

text: core

text: of

text: Greco

text: Macedonian

text: settlers

text: Promotion

text: of

text: immigration

text: from

text: Greece

text: was

text: important

text: in

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: this

text: system

text: Hellenistic

text: monarchs

text: ran

text: their

text: kingdoms

text: as

text: royal

text: estates

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: heavy

text: tax

text: revenues

text: went

text: into

text: the

text: military

text: and

text: paramilitary

text: forces

text: which

text: preserved

text: their

text: rule

text: from

text: any

text: kind

text: of

text: revolution

text: Macedonian

text: and

text: Hellenistic

text: monarchs

text: were

text: expected

text: to

text: lead

text: their

text: armies

text: on

text: the

text: field

text: along

text: with

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: privileged

text: aristocratic

text: companions

text: or

text: friends

text: hetairoi

text: philoi

text: which

text: dined

text: and

text: drank

text: with

text: the

text: king

text: and

text: acted

text: as

text: his

text: advisory

text: council

text: Another

text: role

text: that

text: was

text: expected

text: the

text: monarch

text: fill

text: was

text: that

text: of

text: charitable

text: patron

text: of

text: his

text: people

text: this

text: public

text: philanthropy

text: could

text: mean

text: building

text: projects

text: and

text: handing

text: out

text: gifts

text: but

text: also

text: promotion

text: of

text: Greek

text: culture

text: and

text: religion

question: Who ran the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?

answer: Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors

text: Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors

question: Where did Hellenistic monarchs put most of the tax revenues?

answer: military and paramilitary forces

text: military and paramilitary forces

question: Who handed out gifts in the promotion of Greek culture and religion?

answer: the monarch

text: the monarch

question: What type of estates did Hellenistic monarchs run their kingdoms?

answer: royal estates

text: royal estates

question: Who were the small core in the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?

answer: Greco-Macedonian settlers

text: Greco-Macedonian settlers


text: In 1925, 78.26 rpm was chosen as the standard because of the introduction of the electrically powered synchronous turntable motor. This motor ran at 3600 rpm, such that a 46:1 gear ratio would produce 78.26 rpm. In parts of the world that used 50 Hz current, the standard was 77.92 rpm (3,000 rpm with a 77:2 ratio), which was also the speed at which a strobe disc with 77 lines would "stand still" in 50 Hz light (92 lines for 60 Hz). After World War II these records were retroactively known as 78s, to distinguish them from other newer disc record formats. Earlier they were just called records, or when there was a need to distinguish them from cylinders, disc records.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: In

text: rpm

text: was

text: chosen

text: as

text: the

text: standard

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: the

text: electrically

text: powered

text: synchronous

text: turntable

text: motor

text: This

text: motor

text: ran

text: at

text: rpm

text: such

text: that

text: a

text: gear

text: ratio

text: would

text: produce

text: rpm

text: In

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: that

text: used

text: Hz

text: current

text: the

text: standard

text: was

text: rpm

text: rpm

text: with

text: a

text: ratio

text: which

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: speed

text: at

text: which

text: a

text: strobe

text: disc

text: with

text: lines

text: would

text: stand

text: still

text: in

text: Hz

text: light

text: lines

text: for

text: Hz

text: After

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: these

text: records

text: were

text: retroactively

text: known

text: as

text: to

text: distinguish

text: them

text: from

text: other

text: newer

text: disc

text: record

text: formats

text: Earlier

text: they

text: were

text: just

text: called

text: records

text: or

text: when

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: need

text: to

text: distinguish

text: them

text: from

text: cylinders

text: disc

text: records

question: What gear ration creates 78.26 rpm?

answer: 46:1

question: In what year was 78.26 rpm chosen as standard?

answer: 1925

question: How many rpm did the electrically powered synchronous turanable motor run at?

answer: 3600 rpm

text: 3600 rpm

question: Why are these records known as '78s'?

answer: to distinguish them from other newer disc record formats

text: to distinguish them from other newer disc record formats


text: The name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña, meaning "mountain", or more broadly, "mountainous country". Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west. The name Montana was added to a bill by the United States House Committee on Territories, which was chaired at the time by Rep. James Ashley of Ohio, for the territory that would become Idaho Territory. The name was successfully changed by Representatives Henry Wilson (Massachusetts) and Benjamin F. Harding (Oregon), who complained that Montana had "no meaning". When Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose Montana Territory. This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also of Ohio, objected to the name. Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given that most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one. Other names such as Shoshone were suggested, but it was eventually decided that the Committee on Territories could name it whatever they wanted, so the original name of Montana was adopted.

title: Montana

title: Montana

text: The

text: name

text: Montana

text: comes

text: from

text: the

text: Spanish

text: word

text: Montaña

text: meaning

text: mountain

text: or

text: more

text: broadly

text: mountainous

text: country

text: Montaña

text: del

text: Norte

text: was

text: the

text: name

text: given

text: by

text: early

text: Spanish

text: explorers

text: to

text: the

text: entire

text: mountainous

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: west

text: The

text: name

text: Montana

text: was

text: added

text: to

text: a

text: bill

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: House

text: Committee

text: on

text: Territories

text: which

text: was

text: chaired

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: by

text: Rep.

text: James

text: Ashley

text: of

text: Ohio

text: for

text: the

text: territory

text: that

text: would

text: become

text: Idaho

text: Territory

text: The

text: name

text: was

text: successfully

text: changed

text: by

text: Representatives

text: Henry

text: Wilson

text: Massachusetts

text: and

text: Benjamin

text: F.

text: Harding

text: Oregon

text: who

text: complained

text: that

text: Montana

text: had

text: no

text: meaning

text: When

text: Ashley

text: presented

text: a

text: bill

text: to

text: establish

text: a

text: temporary

text: government

text: in

text: for

text: a

text: new

text: territory

text: to

text: be

text: carved

text: out

text: of

text: Idaho

text: he

text: again

text: chose

text: Montana

text: Territory

text: This

text: time

text: Rep.

text: Samuel

text: Cox

text: also

text: of

text: Ohio

text: objected

text: to

text: the

text: name

text: Cox

text: complained

text: that

text: the

text: name

text: was

text: a

text: misnomer

text: given

text: that

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: territory

text: was

text: not

text: mountainous

text: and

text: that

text: a

text: Native

text: American

text: name

text: would

text: be

text: more

text: appropriate

text: than

text: a

text: Spanish

text: one

text: Other

text: names

text: such

text: as

text: Shoshone

text: were

text: suggested

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: eventually

text: decided

text: that

text: the

text: Committee

text: on

text: Territories

text: could

text: name

text: it

text: whatever

text: they

text: wanted

text: so

text: the

text: original

text: name

text: of

text: Montana

text: was

text: adopted

question: Where does the state's name mean?

answer: "mountain"

text: "mountain"

question: What did the Spanish call this region?

answer: Montaña del Norte

text: Montaña del Norte


text: From as early as 1935 Japanese military strategists had concluded the Dutch East Indies were, because of their oil reserves, of considerable importance to Japan. By 1940 they had expanded this to include Indo-China, Malaya, and the Philippines within their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese troop build ups in Hainan, Taiwan, and Haiphong were noted, Japanese Army officers were openly talking about an inevitable war, and Admiral Sankichi Takahashi was reported as saying a showdown with the United States was necessary.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: From

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: Japanese

text: military

text: strategists

text: had

text: concluded

text: the

text: Dutch

text: East

text: Indies

text: were

text: because

text: of

text: their

text: oil

text: reserves

text: of

text: considerable

text: importance

text: to

text: Japan

text: By

text: they

text: had

text: expanded

text: this

text: to

text: include

text: Indo

text: China

text: Malaya

text: and

text: the

text: Philippines

text: within

text: their

text: concept

text: of

text: the

text: Greater

text: East

text: Asia

text: Co

text: Prosperity

text: Sphere

text: Japanese

text: troop

text: build

text: ups

text: in

text: Hainan

text: Taiwan

text: and

text: Haiphong

text: were

text: noted

text: Japanese

text: Army

text: officers

text: were

text: openly

text: talking

text: about

text: an

text: inevitable

text: war

text: and

text: Admiral

text: Sankichi

text: Takahashi

text: was

text: reported

text: as

text: saying

text: a

text: showdown

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: was

text: necessary

question: Which Japanese Admiral felt it was necessary to go to war with the U.S.?

answer: Sankichi Takahashi

text: Sankichi Takahashi

question: Why was the Dutch East Indies important to Japan?

answer: oil reserves

text: oil reserves

question: In what year did the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere expand?

answer: 1940

question: What was the importance of the Dutch East Indies to Japan?

answer: oil reserves

text: oil reserves

question: Who said a showdown between Japan and the United States would be necessary?

answer: Admiral Sankichi Takahashi

text: Admiral Sankichi Takahashi

question: By what year did Japanese strategists expand their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere?

answer: 1940


text: The primacy of the composer's written score has also led, today, to a relatively minor role played by improvisation in classical music, in sharp contrast to the practice of musicians who lived during the baroque, classical and romantic era. Improvisation in classical music performance was common during both the Baroque and early romantic eras, yet lessened strongly during the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries. During the classical era, Mozart and Beethoven often improvised the cadenzas to their piano concertos (and thereby encouraged others to do so), but they also provided written cadenzas for use by other soloists. In opera, the practice of singing strictly by the score, i.e. come scritto, was famously propagated by soprano Maria Callas, who called this practice 'straitjacketing' and implied that it allows the intention of the composer to be understood better, especially during studying the music for the first time.

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: The

text: primacy

text: of

text: the

text: composer

text: 's

text: written

text: score

text: has

text: also

text: led

text: today

text: to

text: a

text: relatively

text: minor

text: role

text: played

text: by

text: improvisation

text: in

text: classical

text: music

text: in

text: sharp

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: musicians

text: who

text: lived

text: during

text: the

text: baroque

text: classical

text: and

text: romantic

text: era

text: Improvisation

text: in

text: classical

text: music

text: performance

text: was

text: common

text: during

text: both

text: the

text: Baroque

text: and

text: early

text: romantic

text: eras

text: yet

text: lessened

text: strongly

text: during

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: centuries

text: During

text: the

text: classical

text: era

text: Mozart

text: and

text: Beethoven

text: often

text: improvised

text: the

text: cadenzas

text: to

text: their

text: piano

text: concertos

text: and

text: thereby

text: encouraged

text: others

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: but

text: they

text: also

text: provided

text: written

text: cadenzas

text: for

text: use

text: by

text: other

text: soloists

text: In

text: opera

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: singing

text: strictly

text: by

text: the

text: score

text: i.e.

text: come

text: scritto

text: was

text: famously

text: propagated

text: by

text: soprano

text: Maria

text: Callas

text: who

text: called

text: this

text: practice

text: straitjacketing

text: and

text: implied

text: that

text: it

text: allows

text: the

text: intention

text: of

text: the

text: composer

text: to

text: be

text: understood

text: better

text: especially

text: during

text: studying

text: the

text: music

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

question: When was improvisation in classical music performance common?

answer: the Baroque and early romantic eras

text: the Baroque and early romantic eras

question: When did improvisation begin to lessened strongly?

answer: the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries

text: the second half of the 19th and in the 20th centuries

question: What part did Mozart and Beethoven often improvise?

answer: the cadenzas to their piano concertos

text: the cadenzas to their piano concertos

question: What is the name for the practice of singing strictly by the score in opera?

answer: come scritto

text: come scritto

question: Who strongly supposed ome scritto?

answer: soprano Maria Callas

text: soprano Maria Callas


text: It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition, although it can happen in exceptional circumstances. Defending holders Manchester United did not enter the 1999–2000 FA Cup, as they were already in the inaugural Club World Championship, with the club stating that entering both tournaments would overload their fixture schedule and make it more difficult to defend their Champions League and Premiership titles. The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side. The move benefited United as they received a two-week break and won the 1999–2000 league title by an 18-point margin, although they did not progress past the group stage of the Club World Championship. The withdrawal from the FA Cup, however, drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige and Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.

title: FA_Cup

title: FA_Cup

text: It

text: is

text: very

text: rare

text: for

text: top

text: clubs

text: to

text: miss

text: the

text: competition

text: although

text: it

text: can

text: happen

text: in

text: exceptional

text: circumstances

text: Defending

text: holders

text: Manchester

text: United

text: did

text: not

text: enter

text: the

text: FA

text: Cup

text: as

text: they

text: were

text: already

text: in

text: the

text: inaugural

text: Club

text: World

text: Championship

text: with

text: the

text: club

text: stating

text: that

text: entering

text: both

text: tournaments

text: would

text: overload

text: their

text: fixture

text: schedule

text: and

text: make

text: it

text: more

text: difficult

text: to

text: defend

text: their

text: Champions

text: League

text: and

text: Premiership

text: titles

text: The

text: club

text: claimed

text: that

text: they

text: did

text: not

text: want

text: to

text: devalue

text: the

text: FA

text: Cup

text: by

text: fielding

text: a

text: weaker

text: side

text: The

text: move

text: benefited

text: United

text: as

text: they

text: received

text: a

text: two

text: week

text: break

text: and

text: won

text: the

text: league

text: title

text: by

text: an

text: margin

text: although

text: they

text: did

text: not

text: progress

text: past

text: the

text: group

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: Club

text: World

text: Championship

text: The

text: withdrawal

text: from

text: the

text: FA

text: Cup

text: however

text: drew

text: considerable

text: criticism

text: as

text: this

text: weakened

text: the

text: tournament

text: 's

text: prestige

text: and

text: Sir

text: Alex

text: Ferguson

text: later

text: admitted

text: his

text: regret

text: regarding

text: their

text: handling

text: of

text: the

text: situation

question: Does anyone ever miss a tournament?

answer: It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition

text: It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition

question: What clubs have missed the competition?

answer: Manchester United did not enter the 1999–2000 FA Cup,

text: Manchester United did not enter the 1999–2000 FA Cup,

question: Why did they miss that competition?

answer: The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side.

text: The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side.

question: How did people feel about Manchester's decision?

answer: drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige

text: drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige

question: Did the club later regret their choice?

answer: Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.

text: Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.

question: What FA Cup season did Manchester United enter?

question: What titles did Machester United not want to defend by pulling out of the FA Cup?

text: Champions League and Premiership

question: By what margin did Manchester United win the Club World Championship?

question: Did the club later regret pulling out of the Club World Championship?

question: What would entering both tournaments not do?


text: European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century. France conquered the regency of Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830, and French rule spread south from Algeria and eastwards from Senegal into the upper Niger to include present-day Algeria, Chad, Mali then French Sudan including Timbuktu, Mauritania, Morocco (1912), Niger, and Tunisia (1881). By the beginning of the 20th century, the trans-Saharan trade had clearly declined because goods were moved through more modern and efficient means, such as airplanes, rather than across the desert.

title: Sahara

title: Sahara

text: European

text: colonialism

text: in

text: the

text: Sahara

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: France

text: conquered

text: the

text: regency

text: of

text: Algiers

text: from

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: in

text: and

text: French

text: rule

text: spread

text: south

text: from

text: Algeria

text: and

text: eastwards

text: from

text: Senegal

text: into

text: the

text: upper

text: Niger

text: to

text: include

text: present

text: day

text: Algeria

text: Chad

text: Mali

text: then

text: French

text: Sudan

text: including

text: Timbuktu

text: Mauritania

text: Morocco

text: Niger

text: and

text: Tunisia

text: By

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: trans

text: Saharan

text: trade

text: had

text: clearly

text: declined

text: because

text: goods

text: were

text: moved

text: through

text: more

text: modern

text: and

text: efficient

text: means

text: such

text: as

text: airplanes

text: rather

text: than

text: across

text: the

text: desert

question: What time period did the colonialism of the Sahara begin?

answer: 19th century

text: 19th century

question: What country conquered the Algiers from the Ottomans in   1830?

answer: France

text: France

question: During what time were good moved through more modern   means?

answer: 20th century

text: 20th century

question: When did the Ottomans conquer France?

question: What caused trans-Saharan trade to take off in the 20th century?

text: more modern and efficient means

question: What area of the regency of Algiers was not under French control?

question: When did France relinquish control of Morocco?

question: What year did France conquer Niger?


text: On 29 October 1956, Israeli forces crossed the Sinai Peninsula, overwhelmed Egyptian army posts, and quickly advanced to their objectives. Two days later, British and French planes bombarded Egyptian airfields in the canal zone. Nasser ordered the military's high command to withdraw the Egyptian Army from Sinai to bolster the canal's defenses. Moreover, he feared that if the armored corps was dispatched to confront the Israeli invading force and the British and French subsequently landed in the canal city of Port Said, Egyptian armor in the Sinai would be cut off from the canal and destroyed by the combined tripartite forces. Amer strongly disagreed, insisting that Egyptian tanks meet the Israelis in battle. The two had a heated exchange on 3 November, and Amer conceded. Nasser also ordered blockage of the canal by sinking or otherwise disabling forty-nine ships at its entrance.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: On

text: October

text: Israeli

text: forces

text: crossed

text: the

text: Sinai

text: Peninsula

text: overwhelmed

text: Egyptian

text: army

text: posts

text: and

text: quickly

text: advanced

text: to

text: their

text: objectives

text: Two

text: days

text: later

text: British

text: and

text: French

text: planes

text: bombarded

text: Egyptian

text: airfields

text: in

text: the

text: canal

text: zone

text: Nasser

text: ordered

text: the

text: military

text: 's

text: high

text: command

text: to

text: withdraw

text: the

text: Egyptian

text: Army

text: from

text: Sinai

text: to

text: bolster

text: the

text: canal

text: 's

text: defenses

text: Moreover

text: he

text: feared

text: that

text: if

text: the

text: armored

text: corps

text: was

text: dispatched

text: to

text: confront

text: the

text: Israeli

text: invading

text: force

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: and

text: French

text: subsequently

text: landed

text: in

text: the

text: canal

text: city

text: of

text: Port

text: Said

text: Egyptian

text: armor

text: in

text: the

text: Sinai

text: would

text: be

text: cut

text: off

text: from

text: the

text: canal

text: and

text: destroyed

text: by

text: the

text: combined

text: tripartite

text: forces

text: Amer

text: strongly

text: disagreed

text: insisting

text: that

text: Egyptian

text: tanks

text: meet

text: the

text: Israelis

text: in

text: battle

text: The

text: two

text: had

text: a

text: heated

text: exchange

text: on

text: November

text: and

text: Amer

text: conceded

text: Nasser

text: also

text: ordered

text: blockage

text: of

text: the

text: canal

text: by

text: sinking

text: or

text: otherwise

text: disabling

text: forty

text: nine

text: ships

text: at

text: its

text: entrance

question: In what year did battle over the Suez Canal commence?

answer: 1956

question: What did the British and French air forces bomb?

answer: Egyptian airfields in the canal zone

text: Egyptian airfields in the canal zone

question: What city did Nasser want to keep the French and British out of?

answer: Port Said

text: Port Said

question: Who wanted the Egyptian armored units to fight the Israelis?

answer: Amer

text: Amer

question: What did Nasser do to the canal?

answer: blockage

text: blockage