text: International observers of Council of Europe and US Department of State have questioned the fairness of Armenia's parliamentary and presidential elections and constitutional referendum since 1995, citing polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places. Freedom House categorized Armenia in its 2008 report as a "Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime" (along with Moldova, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia) and ranked Armenia 20th among 29 nations in transition, with a Democracy Score of 5.21 out of 7 (7 represents the lowest democratic progress).

title: Armenia

title: Armenia

text: International

text: observers

text: of

text: Council

text: of

text: Europe

text: and

text: US

text: Department

text: of

text: State

text: have

text: questioned

text: the

text: fairness

text: of

text: Armenia

text: 's

text: parliamentary

text: and

text: presidential

text: elections

text: and

text: constitutional

text: referendum

text: since

text: citing

text: polling

text: deficiencies

text: lack

text: of

text: cooperation

text: by

text: the

text: Electoral

text: Commission

text: and

text: poor

text: maintenance

text: of

text: electoral

text: lists

text: and

text: polling

text: places

text: Freedom

text: House

text: categorized

text: Armenia

text: in

text: its

text: report

text: as

text: a

text: Semi

text: consolidated

text: Authoritarian

text: Regime

text: along

text: with

text: Moldova

text: Kosovo

text: Kyrgyzstan

text: and

text: Russia

text: and

text: ranked

text: Armenia

text: among

text: nations

text: in

text: transition

text: with

text: a

text: Democracy

text: Score

text: of

text: out

text: of

text: represents

text: the

text: lowest

text: democratic

text: progress

question: What is the lowest score on the Democracy Score scale?

answer: 7

question: What Democracy Score does Armenia have?

answer: 5.21

question: What does the Freedom House classify Armenia as?

answer: Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime

text: Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime

question: What makes Armenia's presidential elections faulty?

answer: polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places

text: polling deficiencies, lack of cooperation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places


text: In 2001, she became the first African-American woman and second woman songwriter to win the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards. Beyoncé was the third woman to have writing credits on three number one songs ("Irreplaceable", "Grillz" and "Check on It") in the same year, after Carole King in 1971 and Mariah Carey in 1991. She is tied with American songwriter Diane Warren at third with nine songwriting credits on number-one singles. (The latter wrote her 9/11-motivated song "I Was Here" for 4.) In May 2011, Billboard magazine listed Beyoncé at number 17 on their list of the "Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters", for having co-written eight singles that hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. She was one of only three women on that list.

title: Beyoncé

title: Beyoncé

text: In

text: she

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: African

text: American

text: woman

text: and

text: second

text: woman

text: songwriter

text: to

text: win

text: the

text: Pop

text: Songwriter

text: of

text: the

text: Year

text: award

text: at

text: the

text: American

text: Society

text: of

text: Composers

text: Authors

text: and

text: Publishers

text: Pop

text: Music

text: Awards

text: Beyoncé

text: was

text: the

text: third

text: woman

text: to

text: have

text: writing

text: credits

text: on

text: three

text: number

text: one

text: songs

text: Irreplaceable

text: Grillz

text: and

text: Check

text: on

text: It

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: after

text: Carole

text: King

text: in

text: and

text: Mariah

text: Carey

text: in

text: She

text: is

text: tied

text: with

text: American

text: songwriter

text: Diane

text: Warren

text: at

text: third

text: with

text: nine

text: songwriting

text: credits

text: on

text: number

text: one

text: singles

text: The

text: latter

text: wrote

text: her

text: song

text: I

text: Was

text: Here

text: for

text: In

text: May

text: Billboard

text: magazine

text: listed

text: Beyoncé

text: at

text: number

text: on

text: their

text: list

text: of

text: the

text: Top

text: Hot

text: Songwriters

text: for

text: having

text: co

text: written

text: eight

text: singles

text: that

text: hit

text: number

text: one

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: chart

text: She

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: only

text: three

text: women

text: on

text: that

text: list

question: Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001 was awarded to whom?

answer: Beyoncé

text: Beyoncé

question: Beyonce received the Pop Songwriter of the Year award at which event?

answer: American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards

text: American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards

question: Beyonce has the same number of writing credits on number one singles as whom?

answer: Diane Warren

text: Diane Warren

question: Beyonce joined 2 other women on what list from Billboard magazine in 2011?

answer: Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters

text: Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters

question: When did Beyonce become the first African American woman to win Pop songwriter of the year?

answer: 2001

question: What place is she tied for in songwriting credits?

answer: third

text: third

question: Who listed her at number 17 in their list of  Top 20 hot 100 Songwriters?

answer: Billboard magazine

text: Billboard magazine

question: Where does she place in writing credits  for three number one songs?

answer: third woman

text: third woman

question: What did Beyoncé win in 2001, making her the first black woman to do so?

answer: Pop Songwriter of the Year award

text: Pop Songwriter of the Year award

question: Who gave Beyoncé the Pop Songwriter of the Year award in 2001?

answer: the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards.

text: the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards.

question: Beyoncé was one of how many women on Billboard magazine's 2011 "Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters" list.

answer: three

text: three

question: What number was Beyoncé on the Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters list?

answer: 17


text: The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'.

title: Federalism

title: Federalism

text: The

text: terms

text: federalism

text: and

text: confederalism

text: both

text: have

text: a

text: root

text: in

text: the

text: Latin

text: word

text: foedus

text: meaning

text: treaty

text: pact

text: or

text: covenant

text: Their

text: common

text: meaning

text: until

text: the

text: late

text: eighteenth

text: century

text: was

text: a

text: simple

text: league

text: or

text: inter

text: governmental

text: relationship

text: among

text: sovereign

text: states

text: based

text: upon

text: a

text: treaty

text: They

text: were

text: therefore

text: initially

text: synonyms

text: It

text: was

text: in

text: this

text: sense

text: that

text: James

text: Madison

text: in

text: Federalist

text: had

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: new

text: United

text: States

text: as

text: neither

text: a

text: national

text: nor

text: a

text: federal

text: Constitution

text: but

text: a

text: composition

text: of

text: both

text: ie

text: neither

text: a

text: single

text: large

text: unitary

text: state

text: nor

text: a

text: league

text: confederation

text: among

text: several

text: small

text: states

text: but

text: a

text: hybrid

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: In

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: the

text: meaning

text: of

text: federalism

text: would

text: come

text: to

text: shift

text: strengthening

text: to

text: refer

text: uniquely

text: to

text: the

text: novel

text: compound

text: political

text: form

text: while

text: the

text: meaning

text: of

text: confederalism

text: would

text: remain

text: at

text: a

text: league

text: of

text: states

text: Thus

text: this

text: article

text: relates

text: to

text: the

text: modern

text: usage

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: federalism

question: What is the Latin word for federalism?

answer: foedus

text: foedus

question: What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 18th century?

answer: a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty.

text: a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty.

question: What did James Madison referred to the new United States as?

answer: 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both

text: 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both

question: What isn't the Latin word for federalism?

text: foedus

question: What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 17th century?

question: What did James Madison referred to the old United States as?

question: What did John Madison referred to the new United States as?

question: What did James Madison referred to the new United Nations as?


text: In late 2005, Viacom's Paramount Pictures acquired DreamWorks SKG after acquisition talks between GE and DreamWorks stalled. Universal's long time chairperson, Stacey Snider, left the company in early 2006 to head up DreamWorks. Snider was replaced by then-Vice Chairman Marc Shmuger and Focus Features head David Linde. On October 5, 2009, Marc Shmuger and David Linde were ousted and their co-chairperson jobs consolidated under former president of worldwide marketing and distribution Adam Fogelson becoming the single chairperson. Donna Langley was also upped to co-chairperson. In 2009, Stephanie Sperber founded Universal Partnerships & Licensing within Universal to license consumer products for Universal. In September 2013, Adam Fogelson was ousted as co-chairman of Universal Pictures, promoting Donna Langley to sole-chairman. In addition, NBCUniversal International Chairman, Jeff Shell, would be appointed as Chairman of the newly created Filmed Entertainment Group. Longtime studio head Ron Meyer would give up oversight of the film studio and appointed Vice Chairman of NBCUniversal, providing consultation to CEO Steve Burke on all of the company's operations. Meyers still retains oversight of Universal Parks and Resorts.

title: Universal_Studios

title: Universal_Studios

text: In

text: late

text: Viacom

text: 's

text: Paramount

text: Pictures

text: acquired

text: DreamWorks

text: SKG

text: after

text: acquisition

text: talks

text: between

text: GE

text: and

text: DreamWorks

text: stalled

text: Universal

text: 's

text: long

text: time

text: chairperson

text: Stacey

text: Snider

text: left

text: the

text: company

text: in

text: early

text: to

text: head

text: up

text: DreamWorks

text: Snider

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: then

text: Vice

text: Chairman

text: Marc

text: Shmuger

text: and

text: Focus

text: Features

text: head

text: David

text: Linde

text: On

text: October

text: Marc

text: Shmuger

text: and

text: David

text: Linde

text: were

text: ousted

text: and

text: their

text: co

text: chairperson

text: jobs

text: consolidated

text: under

text: former

text: president

text: of

text: worldwide

text: marketing

text: and

text: distribution

text: Adam

text: Fogelson

text: becoming

text: the

text: single

text: chairperson

text: Donna

text: Langley

text: was

text: also

text: upped

text: to

text: co

text: chairperson

text: In

text: Stephanie

text: Sperber

text: founded

text: Universal

text: Partnerships

text: Licensing

text: within

text: Universal

text: to

text: license

text: consumer

text: products

text: for

text: Universal

text: In

text: September

text: Adam

text: Fogelson

text: was

text: ousted

text: as

text: co

text: chairman

text: of

text: Universal

text: Pictures

text: promoting

text: Donna

text: Langley

text: to

text: sole

text: chairman

text: In

text: addition

text: NBCUniversal

text: International

text: Chairman

text: Jeff

text: Shell

text: would

text: be

text: appointed

text: as

text: Chairman

text: of

text: the

text: newly

text: created

text: Filmed

text: Entertainment

text: Group

text: Longtime

text: studio

text: head

text: Ron

text: Meyer

text: would

text: give

text: up

text: oversight

text: of

text: the

text: film

text: studio

text: and

text: appointed

text: Vice

text: Chairman

text: of

text: NBCUniversal

text: providing

text: consultation

text: to

text: CEO

text: Steve

text: Burke

text: on

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: operations

text: Meyers

text: still

text: retains

text: oversight

text: of

text: Universal

text: Parks

text: and

text: Resorts

question: In what year did Paramount Pictures purchase DreamWorks?

answer: 2005

question: What Universal chairperson headed DreamWorks as of 2006?

answer: Stacey Snider

text: Stacey Snider

question: Who became the chairperson in late 2009?

answer: Adam Fogelson

text: Adam Fogelson

question: Who was the founder of Universal Partnerships & Licensing?

answer: Stephanie Sperber

text: Stephanie Sperber

question: Who became chairperson of Universal Pictures in September 2013?

answer: Donna Langley

text: Donna Langley

question: What company did Viacom acquire in 2005?

text: DreamWorks SKG

question: What company did Stacey Shmuger leave in 2006?

text: Universal

question: What position did Donna Sperber hold?

text: co-chairperson

question: Who was ousted as co-chairman of Universal Pictures in October 2013?

text: Adam Fogelson


text: Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York's global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: Returning

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: veterans

text: created

text: a

text: post

text: war

text: economic

text: boom

text: and

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: large

text: housing

text: tracts

text: in

text: eastern

text: Queens

text: New

text: York

text: emerged

text: from

text: the

text: war

text: unscathed

text: as

text: the

text: leading

text: city

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: with

text: Wall

text: Street

text: leading

text: America

text: 's

text: place

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: dominant

text: economic

text: power

text: The

text: United

text: Nations

text: Headquarters

text: was

text: completed

text: in

text: solidifying

text: New

text: York

text: 's

text: global

text: geopolitical

text: influence

text: and

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: abstract

text: expressionism

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: precipitated

text: New

text: York

text: 's

text: displacement

text: of

text: Paris

text: as

text: the

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: art

text: world

question: When was construction finished on the United Nations Headquarters?

answer: 1952

question: Prior to New York, what city was the center of the world of art?

answer: Paris

text: Paris

question: What artistic movement caused New York to overtake Paris as the global art center?

answer: abstract expressionism

text: abstract expressionism

question: The headquarters what organization was done being build in 1952 in New York?

answer: United Nations

text: United Nations


text: Both low-cost and luxury housing were built by the government in the Brasília. The residential zones of the inner city are arranged into superquadras ("superblocks"): groups of apartment buildings along with a prescribed number and type of schools, retail stores, and open spaces. At the northern end of Lake Paranoá, separated from the inner city, is a peninsula with many fashionable homes, and a similar city exists on the southern lakeshore. Originally the city planners envisioned extensive public areas along the shores of the artificial lake, but during early development private clubs, hotels, and upscale residences and restaurants gained footholds around the water. Set well apart from the city are satellite cities, including Gama, Ceilândia, Taguatinga, Núcleo Bandeirante, Sobradinho, and Planaltina. These cities, with the exception of Gama and Sobradinho were not planned.

title: Bras%C3%ADlia

title: Bras%C3%ADlia

text: Both

text: low

text: cost

text: and

text: luxury

text: housing

text: were

text: built

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: in

text: the

text: Brasília

text: The

text: residential

text: zones

text: of

text: the

text: inner

text: city

text: are

text: arranged

text: into

text: superquadras

text: superblocks

text: groups

text: of

text: apartment

text: buildings

text: along

text: with

text: a

text: prescribed

text: number

text: and

text: type

text: of

text: schools

text: retail

text: stores

text: and

text: open

text: spaces

text: At

text: the

text: northern

text: end

text: of

text: Lake

text: Paranoá

text: separated

text: from

text: the

text: inner

text: city

text: is

text: a

text: peninsula

text: with

text: many

text: fashionable

text: homes

text: and

text: a

text: similar

text: city

text: exists

text: on

text: the

text: southern

text: lakeshore

text: Originally

text: the

text: city

text: planners

text: envisioned

text: extensive

text: public

text: areas

text: along

text: the

text: shores

text: of

text: the

text: artificial

text: lake

text: but

text: during

text: early

text: development

text: private

text: clubs

text: hotels

text: and

text: upscale

text: residences

text: and

text: restaurants

text: gained

text: footholds

text: around

text: the

text: water

text: Set

text: well

text: apart

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: are

text: satellite

text: cities

text: including

text: Gama

text: Ceilândia

text: Taguatinga

text: Núcleo

text: Bandeirante

text: Sobradinho

text: and

text: Planaltina

text: These

text: cities

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: Gama

text: and

text: Sobradinho

text: were

text: not

text: planned

question: What are 'superquadras' or superblocks?

answer: groups of apartment buildings along with a prescribed number and type of schools, retail stores, and open spaces

text: groups of apartment buildings along with a prescribed number and type of schools, retail stores, and open spaces

question: Where is there a peninsula with luxury homes?

answer: the northern end of Lake Paranoá

text: the northern end of Lake Paranoá

question: What did the planners want to have around Lake Paranoa?

answer: extensive public areas

text: extensive public areas

question: What took over Lake Paranoa's shores contrary to the plan?

answer: private clubs, hotels, and upscale residences and restaurants

text: private clubs, hotels, and upscale residences and restaurants

question: What mostly-unplanned cities are around Brasilia?

answer: Gama, Ceilândia, Taguatinga, Núcleo Bandeirante, Sobradinho, and Planaltina

text: Gama, Ceilândia, Taguatinga, Núcleo Bandeirante, Sobradinho, and Planaltina

question: What type of private clubs were built by the Brasilian government?

text: Both low-cost and luxury

question: How are open spaces arranged in Brasilia?

text: superquadras

question: What is the definition of a Nucleo?

question: What is located at the northern end of Bandeirante?

text: a peninsula

question: What did the cuperquadras plan to build near the lake shore?

text: extensive public areas


text: Davies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental. Their objections were also shared by some founders of quantum theory, such as Max Planck, who wrote:

title: Materialism

title: Materialism

text: Davies

text: and

text: Gribbin

text: 's

text: objections

text: are

text: shared

text: by

text: proponents

text: of

text: digital

text: physics

text: who

text: view

text: information

text: rather

text: than

text: matter

text: to

text: be

text: fundamental

text: Their

text: objections

text: were

text: also

text: shared

text: by

text: some

text: founders

text: of

text: quantum

text: theory

text: such

text: as

text: Max

text: Planck

text: who

text: wrote

question: Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter?

answer: information

text: information

question: Digital physicists consider what to be less important than matter?

text: information

question: Max Planck disagreed with who?

text: Davies' and Gribbin's

question: Who founded digital physics?

text: Max Planck

question: Who disagrees with the quantum theory?

text: Max Planck

question: Who believes matter is more important than information?

text: Max Planck


text: Greek cuisine is characteristic of the healthy Mediterranean diet, which is epitomized by dishes of Crete. Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients into a variety of local dishes such as moussaka, stifado, Greek salad, fasolada, spanakopita and souvlaki. Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece like skordalia (a thick purée of walnuts, almonds, crushed garlic and olive oil), lentil soup, retsina (white or rosé wine sealed with pine resin) and pasteli (candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey). Throughout Greece people often enjoy eating from small dishes such as meze with various dips such as tzatziki, grilled octopus and small fish, feta cheese, dolmades (rice, currants and pine kernels wrapped in vine leaves), various pulses, olives and cheese. Olive oil is added to almost every dish.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: Greek

text: cuisine

text: is

text: characteristic

text: of

text: the

text: healthy

text: Mediterranean

text: diet

text: which

text: is

text: epitomized

text: by

text: dishes

text: of

text: Crete

text: Greek

text: cuisine

text: incorporates

text: fresh

text: ingredients

text: into

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: local

text: dishes

text: such

text: as

text: moussaka

text: stifado

text: Greek

text: salad

text: fasolada

text: spanakopita

text: and

text: souvlaki

text: Some

text: dishes

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: back

text: to

text: ancient

text: Greece

text: like

text: skordalia

text: a

text: thick

text: purée

text: of

text: walnuts

text: almonds

text: crushed

text: garlic

text: and

text: olive

text: oil

text: lentil

text: soup

text: retsina

text: white

text: or

text: rosé

text: wine

text: sealed

text: with

text: pine

text: resin

text: and

text: pasteli

text: candy

text: bar

text: with

text: sesame

text: seeds

text: baked

text: with

text: honey

text: Throughout

text: Greece

text: people

text: often

text: enjoy

text: eating

text: from

text: small

text: dishes

text: such

text: as

text: meze

text: with

text: various

text: dips

text: such

text: as

text: tzatziki

text: grilled

text: octopus

text: and

text: small

text: fish

text: feta

text: cheese

text: dolmades

text: rice

text: currants

text: and

text: pine

text: kernels

text: wrapped

text: in

text: vine

text: leaves

text: various

text: pulses

text: olives

text: and

text: cheese

text: Olive

text: oil

text: is

text: added

text: to

text: almost

text: every

text: dish

question: What is a characteristic of the Mediterranean diet?

answer: Greek cuisine

text: Greek cuisine

question: The epitome of the Mediterranean diet are dishes from where?

answer: Crete

text: Crete

question: What food can be traced back to ancient Greece?

answer: skordalia

text: skordalia

question: What is added to almost every dish in Greece?

answer: Olive oil

text: Olive oil


text: Tuvalu participates in the work of Secretariat of the Pacific Community, or SPC (sometimes Pacific Community) and is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum, the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations. Tuvalu has maintained a mission at the United Nations in New York City since 2000. Tuvalu is a member of the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. On 18 February 2016 Tuvalu signed the Pacific Islands Development Forum Charter and formally joined the Pacific Islands Development Forum (PIDF).

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: Tuvalu

text: participates

text: in

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Secretariat

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Community

text: or

text: SPC

text: sometimes

text: Pacific

text: Community

text: and

text: is

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Islands

text: Forum

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Nations

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: Tuvalu

text: has

text: maintained

text: a

text: mission

text: at

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: since

text: Tuvalu

text: is

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Bank

text: and

text: the

text: Asian

text: Development

text: Bank

text: On

text: February

text: Tuvalu

text: signed

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Islands

text: Development

text: Forum

text: Charter

text: and

text: formally

text: joined

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Islands

text: Development

text: Forum

text: PIDF

question: In what group is Tuvalu involved?

answer: Secretariat of the Pacific Community

text: Secretariat of the Pacific Community

question: In which forum group is Tuvalu a member?

answer: Pacific Islands Forum

text: Pacific Islands Forum

question: In which British group is Tuvalu a member?

answer: Commonwealth of Nations

text: Commonwealth of Nations

question: To what world organization does Tuvalu belong?

answer: United Nations

text: United Nations

question: On what date did Tuvalu join the Pacific Islands Development Forum?

answer: 18 February 2016

text: 18 February 2016


text: Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape (Delaware) Indians in the village of Shackamaxon. The Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their historical territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island and the Lower Hudson Valley.[a] Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, exacerbated by losses from intertribal conflicts. Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape. Surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States' independence pushed them further west. In the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma and surrounding territory) under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with some communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario (Canada) and in their traditional homelands.

title: Philadelphia

title: Philadelphia

text: Before

text: Europeans

text: arrived

text: the

text: Philadelphia

text: area

text: was

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Lenape

text: Delaware

text: Indians

text: in

text: the

text: village

text: of

text: Shackamaxon

text: The

text: Lenape

text: are

text: a

text: Native

text: American

text: tribe

text: and

text: First

text: Nations

text: band

text: government

text: They

text: are

text: also

text: called

text: Delaware

text: Indians

text: and

text: their

text: historical

text: territory

text: was

text: along

text: the

text: Delaware

text: River

text: watershed

text: western

text: Long

text: Island

text: and

text: the

text: Lower

text: Hudson

text: Valley.[a

text: Most

text: Lenape

text: were

text: pushed

text: out

text: of

text: their

text: Delaware

text: homeland

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: by

text: expanding

text: European

text: colonies

text: exacerbated

text: by

text: losses

text: from

text: intertribal

text: conflicts

text: Lenape

text: communities

text: were

text: weakened

text: by

text: newly

text: introduced

text: diseases

text: mainly

text: smallpox

text: and

text: violent

text: conflict

text: with

text: Europeans

text: Iroquois

text: people

text: occasionally

text: fought

text: the

text: Lenape

text: Surviving

text: Lenape

text: moved

text: west

text: into

text: the

text: upper

text: Ohio

text: River

text: basin

text: The

text: American

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: and

text: United

text: States

text: independence

text: pushed

text: them

text: further

text: west

text: In

text: the

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: government

text: sent

text: most

text: Lenape

text: remaining

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: United

text: States

text: to

text: the

text: Indian

text: Territory

text: present

text: day

text: Oklahoma

text: and

text: surrounding

text: territory

text: under

text: the

text: Indian

text: removal

text: policy

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: most

text: Lenape

text: now

text: reside

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: state

text: of

text: Oklahoma

text: with

text: some

text: communities

text: living

text: also

text: in

text: Wisconsin

text: Ontario

text: Canada

text: and

text: in

text: their

text: traditional

text: homelands

question: What native American tribe lived in the area before settlement?

answer: Lenape

text: Lenape

question: What other tribe occasionally fought against the Lenape?

answer: Iroquois

text: Iroquois

question: What disease killed the most Lenape?

answer: smallpox

text: smallpox

question: Where did the Lenape go after being pushed out of the Philidelphia area?

answer: upper Ohio River basin

text: upper Ohio River basin

question: Where do the Lenape reside today?

answer: Oklahoma

text: Oklahoma


text: The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau (the Intermontane Plateaus) are arid or semiarid regions that lie in the rain shadow of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada. Precipitation averages less than 15 inches (38 cm). The Southwest is a hot desert, with temperatures exceeding 100 °F (37.8 °C) for several weeks at a time in summer. The Southwest and the Great Basin are also affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California from July to September, which brings localized but often severe thunderstorms to the region.

title: Geography_of_the_United_States

title: Geography_of_the_United_States

text: The

text: Great

text: Basin

text: and

text: Columbia

text: Plateau

text: the

text: Intermontane

text: Plateaus

text: are

text: arid

text: or

text: semiarid

text: regions

text: that

text: lie

text: in

text: the

text: rain

text: shadow

text: of

text: the

text: Cascades

text: and

text: Sierra

text: Nevada

text: Precipitation

text: averages

text: less

text: than

text: inches

text: cm

text: The

text: Southwest

text: is

text: a

text: hot

text: desert

text: with

text: temperatures

text: exceeding

text: F

text: C

text: for

text: several

text: weeks

text: at

text: a

text: time

text: in

text: summer

text: The

text: Southwest

text: and

text: the

text: Great

text: Basin

text: are

text: also

text: affected

text: by

text: the

text: monsoon

text: from

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: California

text: from

text: July

text: to

text: September

text: which

text: brings

text: localized

text: but

text: often

text: severe

text: thunderstorms

text: to

text: the

text: region

question: Which areas have arid regions?

answer: The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau

text: The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau

question: What is the precipitation average in the Intermontane plateaus?

answer: 15 inches

text: 15 inches

question: In the southwest, how high do temperatures get?

answer: 100 °F (37.8 °C)

text: 100 °F (37.8 °C)

question: During which months are portions of the US affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California?

answer: July to September

text: July to September

question: What type of weather do monsoons bring?

answer: severe thunderstorms

text: severe thunderstorms

question: The great basin and what other region are semiarid?

text: Columbia Plateau

question: The cascade Sierra Nevada receive how much precipitation on average

text: 15 inches

question: South-central United States is a hot desert with temperatures exceeding what?

text: 100 °F (37.8 °C)

question: The Southeast and great basin are affected by what?

text: monsoon from the Gulf of California

question: Monsoons bring widespread what to the region?

text: thunderstorms


text: Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Bible condemns the mixing of religions, on the basis that there can only be one truth from God, and therefore reject interfaith and ecumenical movements. They believe that only their religion represents true Christianity, and that other religions fail to meet all the requirements set by God and will soon be destroyed. Jehovah's Witnesses are taught that it is vital to remain "separate from the world." The Witnesses' literature defines the "world" as "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants" and teach that it is morally contaminated and ruled by Satan. Witnesses are taught that association with "worldly" people presents a "danger" to their faith, and are instructed to minimize social contact with non-members to better maintain their own standards of morality.

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

text: believe

text: that

text: the

text: Bible

text: condemns

text: the

text: mixing

text: of

text: religions

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: that

text: there

text: can

text: only

text: be

text: one

text: truth

text: from

text: God

text: and

text: therefore

text: reject

text: interfaith

text: and

text: ecumenical

text: movements

text: They

text: believe

text: that

text: only

text: their

text: religion

text: represents

text: true

text: Christianity

text: and

text: that

text: other

text: religions

text: fail

text: to

text: meet

text: all

text: the

text: requirements

text: set

text: by

text: God

text: and

text: will

text: soon

text: be

text: destroyed

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: Witnesses

text: are

text: taught

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: vital

text: to

text: remain

text: separate

text: from

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Witnesses

text: literature

text: defines

text: the

text: world

text: as

text: the

text: mass

text: of

text: mankind

text: apart

text: from

text: Jehovah

text: 's

text: approved

text: servants

text: and

text: teach

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: morally

text: contaminated

text: and

text: ruled

text: by

text: Satan

text: Witnesses

text: are

text: taught

text: that

text: association

text: with

text: worldly

text: people

text: presents

text: a

text: danger

text: to

text: their

text: faith

text: and

text: are

text: instructed

text: to

text: minimize

text: social

text: contact

text: with

text: non

text: members

text: to

text: better

text: maintain

text: their

text: own

text: standards

text: of

text: morality

question: Why do Jehovah Witnesses believe the Bible condemns mixing of religions?

answer: can only be one truth from God

text: can only be one truth from God

question: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe is true of their religion and their religion alone?

answer: represents true Christianity

text: represents true Christianity

question: What are Jehovah Witnesses taught it's vital to remain?

answer: "separate from the world."

text: "separate from the world."

question: What does Jehovah Witnesses define the "world" to mean?

answer: "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants"

text: "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants"

question: What are Jehovah Witnesses taught association with worldly people presents to their faith?

answer: danger

text: danger

question: What Protestant religion is open to talking with outsiders?

text: Jehovah's Witnesses

question: What Protestant religion encourage interacting with the broader world?

text: Jehovah's Witnesses

question: What Protestant group is fine with the mixing of religions?

text: Jehovah's Witnesses

question: What Protestant group thinks there can be many truths from God?

text: Jehovah's Witnesses


text: The Valencia Metro derailment occurred on 3 July 2006 at 1 pm. CEST (1100 UTC) between Jesús and Plaça d'Espanya stations on Line 1 of the Metrovalencia mass transit system. 43 people were killed and more than ten were seriously injured. It was not immediately clear what caused the crash. Both the Valencian government spokesman Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barberá called the accident a "fortuitous" event. However, the trade union CC.OO. accused the authorities of "rushing" to say anything but admit that Line 1 is in a state of "constant deterioration" with a "failure to carry out maintenance".

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: The

text: Valencia

text: Metro

text: derailment

text: occurred

text: on

text: July

text: at

text: pm

text: CEST

text: UTC

text: between

text: Jesús

text: and

text: Plaça

text: d'Espanya

text: stations

text: on

text: Line

text: of

text: the

text: Metrovalencia

text: mass

text: transit

text: system

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: ten

text: were

text: seriously

text: injured

text: It

text: was

text: not

text: immediately

text: clear

text: what

text: caused

text: the

text: crash

text: Both

text: the

text: Valencian

text: government

text: spokesman

text: Vicente

text: Rambla

text: and

text: Mayor

text: Rita

text: Barberá

text: called

text: the

text: accident

text: a

text: fortuitous

text: event

text: However

text: the

text: trade

text: union

text: CC.OO

text: accused

text: the

text: authorities

text: of

text: rushing

text: to

text: say

text: anything

text: but

text: admit

text: that

text: Line

text: is

text: in

text: a

text: state

text: of

text: constant

text: deterioration

text: with

text: a

text: failure

text: to

text: carry

text: out

text: maintenance

question: How many people died when the Valencia metro derailed?

answer: 43

question: When did the Valencia metro derail?

answer: 3 July 2006

text: 3 July 2006

question: Who said the Valencia derailment was fortuitous?

answer: Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barberá

text: Vicente Rambla and Mayor Rita Barberá

question: On which Valencia metro line did the derailment occur?

answer: 1

question: How many people were gravely injured by the derailment?

answer: more than ten

text: more than ten


text: A molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending on the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved. Saturated fats have all of the carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains bonded to hydrogen atoms, whereas unsaturated fats have some of these carbon atoms double-bonded, so their molecules have relatively fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid of the same length. Unsaturated fats may be further classified as monounsaturated (one double-bond) or polyunsaturated (many double-bonds). Furthermore, depending on the location of the double-bond in the fatty acid chain, unsaturated fatty acids are classified as omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat with trans-isomer bonds; these are rare in nature and in foods from natural sources; they are typically created in an industrial process called (partial) hydrogenation. There are nine kilocalories in each gram of fat. Fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid, catalpic acid, eleostearic acid and punicic acid, in addition to providing energy, represent potent immune modulatory molecules.

title: Nutrition

title: Nutrition

text: A

text: molecule

text: of

text: dietary

text: fat

text: typically

text: consists

text: of

text: several

text: fatty

text: acids

text: containing

text: long

text: chains

text: of

text: carbon

text: and

text: hydrogen

text: atoms

text: bonded

text: to

text: a

text: glycerol

text: They

text: are

text: typically

text: found

text: as

text: triglycerides

text: three

text: fatty

text: acids

text: attached

text: to

text: one

text: glycerol

text: backbone

text: Fats

text: may

text: be

text: classified

text: as

text: saturated

text: or

text: unsaturated

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: detailed

text: structure

text: of

text: the

text: fatty

text: acids

text: involved

text: Saturated

text: fats

text: have

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: carbon

text: atoms

text: in

text: their

text: fatty

text: acid

text: chains

text: bonded

text: to

text: hydrogen

text: atoms

text: whereas

text: unsaturated

text: fats

text: have

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: carbon

text: atoms

text: double

text: bonded

text: so

text: their

text: molecules

text: have

text: relatively

text: fewer

text: hydrogen

text: atoms

text: than

text: a

text: saturated

text: fatty

text: acid

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: length

text: Unsaturated

text: fats

text: may

text: be

text: further

text: classified

text: as

text: monounsaturated

text: one

text: double

text: bond

text: or

text: polyunsaturated

text: many

text: double

text: bonds

text: Furthermore

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: location

text: of

text: the

text: double

text: bond

text: in

text: the

text: fatty

text: acid

text: chain

text: unsaturated

text: fatty

text: acids

text: are

text: classified

text: as

text: or

text: fatty

text: acids

text: Trans

text: fats

text: are

text: a

text: type

text: of

text: unsaturated

text: fat

text: with

text: trans

text: isomer

text: bonds

text: these

text: are

text: rare

text: in

text: nature

text: and

text: in

text: foods

text: from

text: natural

text: sources

text: they

text: are

text: typically

text: created

text: in

text: an

text: industrial

text: process

text: called

text: partial

text: hydrogenation

text: There

text: are

text: nine

text: kilocalories

text: in

text: each

text: gram

text: of

text: fat

text: Fatty

text: acids

text: such

text: as

text: conjugated

text: linoleic

text: acid

text: catalpic

text: acid

text: eleostearic

text: acid

text: and

text: punicic

text: acid

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: providing

text: energy

text: represent

text: potent

text: immune

text: modulatory

text: molecules

question: Dietary fat can be said to consist of fatty acids bonded to which molecule?

answer: glycerol

text: glycerol

question: How many glycerol backbones does a triglyceride contain?

answer: one

text: one

question: What needs to be examined to determine whether a fat can be classified as saturated or unsaturated?

answer: the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved

text: the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved

question: Which element is present that is bonded to all of the carbons in a saturated fat?

answer: hydrogen

text: hydrogen

question: What kind of fat can a trans fat be categorized as?

answer: unsaturated fat

text: unsaturated fat


text: In 1939 East Prussia had 2.49 million inhabitants, 85% of them ethnic Germans, the others Poles in the south who, according to Polish estimates numbered in the interwar period around 300,000-350,000, the Latvian speaking Kursenieki, and Lietuvininkai who spoke Lithuanian in the northeast. Most German East Prussians, Masurians, Kursieniki, and Lietuvininkai were Lutheran, while the population of Ermland was mainly Roman Catholic due to the history of its bishopric. The East Prussian Jewish Congregation declined from about 9,000 in 1933 to 3,000 in 1939, as most fled from Nazi rule. Those who remained were later deported and killed in the Holocaust.

title: East_Prussia

title: East_Prussia

text: In

text: East

text: Prussia

text: had

text: million

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: them

text: ethnic

text: Germans

text: the

text: others

text: Poles

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: who

text: according

text: to

text: Polish

text: estimates

text: numbered

text: in

text: the

text: interwar

text: period

text: around

text: the

text: Latvian

text: speaking

text: Kursenieki

text: and

text: Lietuvininkai

text: who

text: spoke

text: Lithuanian

text: in

text: the

text: northeast

text: Most

text: German

text: East

text: Prussians

text: Masurians

text: Kursieniki

text: and

text: Lietuvininkai

text: were

text: Lutheran

text: while

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Ermland

text: was

text: mainly

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: its

text: bishopric

text: The

text: East

text: Prussian

text: Jewish

text: Congregation

text: declined

text: from

text: about

text: in

text: to

text: in

text: as

text: most

text: fled

text: from

text: Nazi

text: rule

text: Those

text: who

text: remained

text: were

text: later

text: deported

text: and

text: killed

text: in

text: the

text: Holocaust

question: How many people lived in Easy Prussia in 1939?

answer: 2.49 million

text: 2.49 million

question: Of the population in East Prussia, what percentage of those were German?

answer: 85%

question: How many East Prussian Jews were around in 1939?

answer: 3,000

question: What happened to those Jews who remained?

answer: deported and killed in the Holocaust.

text: deported and killed in the Holocaust.

question: How many Latvian speaking Kursenieki were there?

question: How many Lietuvininkai were there?

question: Where did the Kursenieki live?

text: in the northeast

question: What language did ethnic Germans mostly speak?

text: Lithuanian

question: How many Masurians were there?


text: Early recordings were made entirely acoustically, the sound being collected by a horn and piped to a diaphragm, which vibrated the cutting stylus. Sensitivity and frequency range were poor, and frequency response was very irregular, giving acoustic recordings an instantly recognizable tonal quality. A singer practically had to put his or her face in the recording horn. Lower-pitched orchestral instruments such as cellos and double basses were often doubled (or replaced) by louder wind instruments, such as tubas. Standard violins in orchestral ensembles were commonly replaced by Stroh violins, which became popular with recording studios.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: Early

text: recordings

text: were

text: made

text: entirely

text: acoustically

text: the

text: sound

text: being

text: collected

text: by

text: a

text: horn

text: and

text: piped

text: to

text: a

text: diaphragm

text: which

text: vibrated

text: the

text: cutting

text: stylus

text: Sensitivity

text: and

text: frequency

text: range

text: were

text: poor

text: and

text: frequency

text: response

text: was

text: very

text: irregular

text: giving

text: acoustic

text: recordings

text: an

text: instantly

text: recognizable

text: tonal

text: quality

text: A

text: singer

text: practically

text: had

text: to

text: put

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: face

text: in

text: the

text: recording

text: horn

text: Lower

text: pitched

text: orchestral

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: cellos

text: and

text: double

text: basses

text: were

text: often

text: doubled

text: or

text: replaced

text: by

text: louder

text: wind

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: tubas

text: Standard

text: violins

text: in

text: orchestral

text: ensembles

text: were

text: commonly

text: replaced

text: by

text: Stroh

text: violins

text: which

text: became

text: popular

text: with

text: recording

text: studios

question: What were two drawback of early recordings?

answer: Sensitivity and frequency range were poor

text: Sensitivity and frequency range were poor

question: How would one make to early recordings?

answer: face in the recording horn

text: face in the recording horn

question: What types of violins worked best with early recordings?

answer: Stroh violins

text: Stroh violins

question: What instruments did not record well?

answer: Lower-pitched orchestral instruments

text: Lower-pitched orchestral instruments

question: How was the frequency response in early recordings?

answer: very irregular

text: very irregular


text: The islands were first sighted in 1506 by Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha; rough seas prevented a landing. He named the main island after himself, Ilha de Tristão da Cunha, which was anglicised from its earliest mention on British Admiralty charts to Tristan da Cunha Island. Some sources state that the Portuguese made the first landing in 1520, when the Lás Rafael captained by Ruy Vaz Pereira called at Tristan for water. The first undisputed landing was made in 1643 by the crew of the Heemstede, captained by Claes Gerritsz Bierenbroodspot.

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

text: The

text: islands

text: were

text: first

text: sighted

text: in

text: by

text: Portuguese

text: explorer

text: Tristão

text: da

text: Cunha

text: rough

text: seas

text: prevented

text: a

text: landing

text: He

text: named

text: the

text: main

text: island

text: after

text: himself

text: Ilha

text: de

text: Tristão

text: da

text: Cunha

text: which

text: was

text: anglicised

text: from

text: its

text: earliest

text: mention

text: on

text: British

text: Admiralty

text: charts

text: to

text: Tristan

text: da

text: Cunha

text: Island

text: Some

text: sources

text: state

text: that

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: made

text: the

text: first

text: landing

text: in

text: when

text: the

text: Lás

text: Rafael

text: captained

text: by

text: Ruy

text: Vaz

text: Pereira

text: called

text: at

text: Tristan

text: for

text: water

text: The

text: first

text: undisputed

text: landing

text: was

text: made

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: crew

text: of

text: the

text: Heemstede

text: captained

text: by

text: Claes

text: Gerritsz

text: Bierenbroodspot

question: in what year were the islands first sighted?

answer: 1506

question: what was the name of the explorer that sighted them?

answer: Tristão da Cunha

text: Tristão da Cunha

question: who was the main island named after?

answer: Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha

text: Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha

question: what year was it said the first island landing was made?

answer: 1520

question: Who first sighted the Islands in 1643?

text: Tristão da Cunha

question: Who made the first undisputed landing in 1506?

text: crew of the Heemstede

question: Who was the captain of the Tristan da Cunha?

text: Claes Gerritsz Bierenbroodspot

question: When do some sources say the British made the first landing?

question: By who was the Las Gerritsz captained?

text: Ruy Vaz Pereira


text: On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (−1.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers predicting a worldwide recession by −0.3% for 2009, averaged over the developed economies. On the same day, the Bank of England and the European Central Bank, respectively, reduced their interest rates from 4.5% down to 3%, and from 3.75% down to 3.25%. As a consequence, starting from November 2008, several countries launched large "help packages" for their economies.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: On

text: November

text: the

text: European

text: Commission

text: at

text: Brussels

text: predicted

text: for

text: an

text: extremely

text: weak

text: growth

text: of

text: GDP

text: by

text: for

text: the

text: countries

text: of

text: the

text: Eurozone

text: France

text: Germany

text: Italy

text: Belgium

text: etc

text: and

text: even

text: negative

text: number

text: for

text: the

text: UK

text: Ireland

text: and

text: Spain

text: On

text: November

text: the

text: IMF

text: at

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: launched

text: numbers

text: predicting

text: a

text: worldwide

text: recession

text: by

text: for

text: averaged

text: over

text: the

text: developed

text: economies

text: On

text: the

text: same

text: day

text: the

text: Bank

text: of

text: England

text: and

text: the

text: European

text: Central

text: Bank

text: respectively

text: reduced

text: their

text: interest

text: rates

text: from

text: down

text: to

text: and

text: from

text: down

text: to

text: As

text: a

text: consequence

text: starting

text: from

text: November

text: several

text: countries

text: launched

text: large

text: help

text: packages

text: for

text: their

text: economies

question: On November 3, 2008, who predicted extremely weak GDP growth for the Eurozone in 2009?

answer: European Commission at Brussels

text: European Commission at Brussels

question: How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for Eurozone countries would be in 2009?

answer: 0.1%

question: How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for the UK would be in 2009?

answer: −1.0%

question: On November 6, in Washington, D.C., who predicted a worldwide recession for 2009?

answer: the IMF

text: the IMF

question: On November 5, 2008, the Bank of England reduced their interest rate from 4.5% to what?

answer: 3%


text: As of September 2012, fifty-six species have been delisted; twenty-eight due to recovery, ten due to extinction (seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed), ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices, six due to discovery of new populations, one due to an error in the listing rule, and one due to an amendment to the Endangered Species Act specifically requiring the species delisting. Twenty-five others have been down listed from "endangered" to "threatened" status.

title: Endangered_Species_Act

title: Endangered_Species_Act

text: As

text: of

text: September

text: fifty

text: six

text: species

text: have

text: been

text: delisted

text: twenty

text: eight

text: due

text: to

text: recovery

text: ten

text: due

text: to

text: extinction

text: seven

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: extinct

text: prior

text: to

text: being

text: listed

text: ten

text: due

text: to

text: changes

text: in

text: taxonomic

text: classification

text: practices

text: six

text: due

text: to

text: discovery

text: of

text: new

text: populations

text: one

text: due

text: to

text: an

text: error

text: in

text: the

text: listing

text: rule

text: and

text: one

text: due

text: to

text: an

text: amendment

text: to

text: the

text: Endangered

text: Species

text: Act

text: specifically

text: requiring

text: the

text: species

text: delisting

text: Twenty

text: five

text: others

text: have

text: been

text: down

text: listed

text: from

text: endangered

text: to

text: threatened

text: status

question: As of September 2012, how many species had been delisted due to recovery?

answer: twenty-eight

text: twenty-eight

question: Of the ten species removed due to extinction, how many are believe to have already been extinct when listed?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: How many species have been downgraded from endangered to threatened status?

answer: Twenty-five

text: Twenty-five

question: How many species were delisted due to discoveries of new populations?

answer: six

text: six

question: How many species were delisted in September 2012?

text: fifty-six

question: How many species have gone from threatened to endangered?

text: Twenty-five

question: How many new populations were lost?

text: six

question: How many species have recovered since 2012 due to changes?

text: ten

question: When was the amendment to the ESA published?


text: The earliest Greek philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics, provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors: "How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?" The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales (640-546 BC), dubbed the "father of science", was the first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena, for example, that land floats on water and that earthquakes are caused by the agitation of the water upon which the land floats, rather than the god Poseidon. Thales' student Pythagoras of Samos founded the Pythagorean school, which investigated mathematics for its own sake, and was the first to postulate that the Earth is spherical in shape. Leucippus (5th century BC) introduced atomism, the theory that all matter is made of indivisible, imperishable units called atoms. This was greatly expanded by his pupil Democritus.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: The

text: earliest

text: Greek

text: philosophers

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: pre

text: Socratics

text: provided

text: competing

text: answers

text: to

text: the

text: question

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: myths

text: of

text: their

text: neighbors

text: How

text: did

text: the

text: ordered

text: cosmos

text: in

text: which

text: we

text: live

text: come

text: to

text: be

text: The

text: pre

text: Socratic

text: philosopher

text: Thales

text: BC

text: dubbed

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: science

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: postulate

text: non

text: supernatural

text: explanations

text: for

text: natural

text: phenomena

text: for

text: example

text: that

text: land

text: floats

text: on

text: water

text: and

text: that

text: earthquakes

text: are

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: agitation

text: of

text: the

text: water

text: upon

text: which

text: the

text: land

text: floats

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: god

text: Poseidon

text: Thales

text: student

text: Pythagoras

text: of

text: Samos

text: founded

text: the

text: Pythagorean

text: school

text: which

text: investigated

text: mathematics

text: for

text: its

text: own

text: sake

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: postulate

text: that

text: the

text: Earth

text: is

text: spherical

text: in

text: shape

text: Leucippus

text: century

text: BC

text: introduced

text: atomism

text: the

text: theory

text: that

text: all

text: matter

text: is

text: made

text: of

text: indivisible

text: imperishable

text: units

text: called

text: atoms

text: This

text: was

text: greatly

text: expanded

text: by

text: his

text: pupil

text: Democritus

question: What are early Greek philosophers known as?

answer: pre-Socratics

text: pre-Socratics

question: What question were Greek philosophers trying to answer?

answer: How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?

text: How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?

question: Who was named "the father of science"?

answer: Thales

text: Thales

question: Which religious deity did Thales undermine with his scientific theories?

answer: Poseidon

text: Poseidon

question: Who was the first person to determine that the Earth is round?

answer: Samos

text: Samos


text: Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate has an image of a crow with gates as wings.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: Other

text: subjects

text: that

text: lent

text: themselves

text: to

text: visual

text: depiction

text: included

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: battles

text: e.g.

text: Trafalgar

text: explorers

text: local

text: notables

text: discoveries

text: sporting

text: heroes

text: and

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: royal

text: family

text: Some

text: pub

text: signs

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: a

text: pictorial

text: pun

text: or

text: rebus

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: pub

text: in

text: Crowborough

text: East

text: Sussex

text: called

text: The

text: Crow

text: and

text: Gate

text: has

text: an

text: image

text: of

text: a

text: crow

text: with

text: gates

text: as

text: wings

question: What was an example of a battle that might lend itself to a pub name?

answer: Trafalgar

text: Trafalgar

question: What town is The Crow and Gate located in?

answer: Crowborough

text: Crowborough

question: What county is home to The Crow and Gate?

answer: East Sussex

text: East Sussex

question: Members of what family were sometimes used as pub names?

answer: royal

text: royal


text: These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.

title: Daylight_saving_time

title: Daylight_saving_time

text: These

text: limitations

text: have

text: caused

text: problems

text: For

text: example

text: before

text: DST

text: in

text: Israel

text: varied

text: each

text: year

text: and

text: was

text: skipped

text: some

text: years

text: Windows

text: used

text: rules

text: correct

text: for

text: only

text: causing

text: problems

text: in

text: later

text: years

text: In

text: Windows

text: Microsoft

text: marked

text: Israel

text: as

text: not

text: having

text: DST

text: forcing

text: Israeli

text: users

text: to

text: shift

text: their

text: computer

text: clocks

text: manually

text: twice

text: a

text: year

text: The

text: Israeli

text: Daylight

text: Saving

text: Law

text: established

text: predictable

text: rules

text: using

text: the

text: Jewish

text: calendar

text: but

text: Windows

text: zone

text: files

text: could

text: not

text: represent

text: the

text: rules

text: dates

text: in

text: a

text: year

text: independent

text: way

text: Partial

text: workarounds

text: which

text: mishandled

text: older

text: time

text: stamps

text: included

text: manually

text: switching

text: zone

text: files

text: every

text: year

text: and

text: a

text: Microsoft

text: tool

text: that

text: switches

text: zones

text: automatically

text: In

text: Israel

text: standardized

text: its

text: daylight

text: saving

text: time

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: calendar

question: What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?

answer: 1995

question: Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?

answer: marked Israel as not having DST

text: marked Israel as not having DST

question: How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current?

answer: twice a year

text: twice a year

question: What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar?

answer: The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law

text: The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law

question: Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005, there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013?

answer: the Gregorian calendar

text: the Gregorian calendar


text: In December 2013, Vatican officials approved a supposed miracle that was attributed to the intercession of the late pontiff which was the curing of an unborn child in California, U.S.A in the 1990s. It was expected that Pope Francis would approve the miracle in the near future, thus, warranting the beatification of the late pontiff. In February 2014, it was reported that the consulting Vatican theologians to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints recognized the miracle attributed to the late pontiff.

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: In

text: December

text: Vatican

text: officials

text: approved

text: a

text: supposed

text: miracle

text: that

text: was

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: intercession

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: pontiff

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: curing

text: of

text: an

text: unborn

text: child

text: in

text: California

text: U.S.A

text: in

text: the

text: It

text: was

text: expected

text: that

text: Pope

text: Francis

text: would

text: approve

text: the

text: miracle

text: in

text: the

text: near

text: future

text: thus

text: warranting

text: the

text: beatification

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: pontiff

text: In

text: February

text: it

text: was

text: reported

text: that

text: the

text: consulting

text: Vatican

text: theologians

text: to

text: the

text: Congregation

text: for

text: the

text: Causes

text: of

text: Saints

text: recognized

text: the

text: miracle

text: attributed

text: to

text: the

text: late

text: pontiff

question: According to the Vatican who could the healing of an unborn child be attributed to in the 1990's?

answer: pontiff

text: pontiff

question: Who approved the miracle of Paul VI?

answer: Pope Francis

text: Pope Francis

question: What group was responsible for recognizing Paul Vi's miracle?

answer: Congregation for the Causes of Saints

text: Congregation for the Causes of Saints

question: What is the process called that acknowledges sainthood?

answer: beatification

text: beatification


text: Jews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews, long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity. Most Jews were confined to the cities, as they were not allowed to own land or be peasants.[U] Besides the Jews, there were other non-Christians on the edges of Europe—pagan Slavs in Eastern Europe and Muslims in Southern Europe.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: Jews

text: also

text: spread

text: across

text: Europe

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: Communities

text: were

text: established

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: England

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: but

text: Spanish

text: Jews

text: long

text: settled

text: in

text: Spain

text: under

text: the

text: Muslims

text: came

text: under

text: Christian

text: rule

text: and

text: increasing

text: pressure

text: to

text: convert

text: to

text: Christianity

text: Most

text: Jews

text: were

text: confined

text: to

text: the

text: cities

text: as

text: they

text: were

text: not

text: allowed

text: to

text: own

text: land

text: or

text: be

text: peasants.[U

text: Besides

text: the

text: Jews

text: there

text: were

text: other

text: non

text: Christians

text: on

text: the

text: edges

text: of

text: Europe

text: pagan

text: Slavs

text: in

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: and

text: Muslims

text: in

text: Southern

text: Europe

question: In what type of settlement did most Jews live?

answer: cities

text: cities

question: In what centuries did a Jewish community develop in England?

answer: the 11th and 12th

text: the 11th and 12th

question: What religion were Spanish Jews pressured into converting to?

answer: Christianity

text: Christianity

question: In what part of Europe did the Slavs live?

answer: Eastern

text: Eastern

question: What was the religion of the Slavs?

answer: pagan

text: pagan


text: The Guangxu Emperor died on November 14, 1908, and on November 15, 1908, Cixi also died. Rumors held that she or Yuan Shikai ordered trusted eunuchs to poison the Guangxu Emperor, and an autopsy conducted nearly a century later confirmed lethal levels of arsenic in his corpse. Puyi, the oldest son of Zaifeng, Prince Chun, and nephew to the childless Guangxu Emperor, was appointed successor at the age of two, leaving Zaifeng with the regency. This was followed by the dismissal of General Yuan Shikai from his former positions of power. In April 1911 Zaifeng created a cabinet in which there were two vice-premiers. Nonetheless, this cabinet was also known by contemporaries as "The Royal Cabinet" because among the thirteen cabinet members, five were members of the imperial family or Aisin Gioro relatives. This brought a wide range of negative opinions from senior officials like Zhang Zhidong. The Wuchang Uprising of October 10, 1911, led to the creation of a new central government, the Republic of China, in Nanjing with Sun Yat-sen as its provisional head. Many provinces soon began "separating" from Qing control. Seeing a desperate situation unfold, the Qing government brought Yuan Shikai back to military power. He took control of his Beiyang Army to crush the revolution in Wuhan at the Battle of Yangxia. After taking the position of Prime Minister and creating his own cabinet, Yuan Shikai went as far as to ask for the removal of Zaifeng from the regency. This removal later proceeded with directions from Empress Dowager Longyu.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: The

text: Guangxu

text: Emperor

text: died

text: on

text: November

text: and

text: on

text: November

text: Cixi

text: also

text: died

text: Rumors

text: held

text: that

text: she

text: or

text: Yuan

text: Shikai

text: ordered

text: trusted

text: eunuchs

text: to

text: poison

text: the

text: Guangxu

text: Emperor

text: and

text: an

text: autopsy

text: conducted

text: nearly

text: a

text: century

text: later

text: confirmed

text: lethal

text: levels

text: of

text: arsenic

text: in

text: his

text: corpse

text: Puyi

text: the

text: oldest

text: son

text: of

text: Zaifeng

text: Prince

text: Chun

text: and

text: nephew

text: to

text: the

text: childless

text: Guangxu

text: Emperor

text: was

text: appointed

text: successor

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: two

text: leaving

text: Zaifeng

text: with

text: the

text: regency

text: This

text: was

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: dismissal

text: of

text: General

text: Yuan

text: Shikai

text: from

text: his

text: former

text: positions

text: of

text: power

text: In

text: April

text: Zaifeng

text: created

text: a

text: cabinet

text: in

text: which

text: there

text: were

text: two

text: vice

text: premiers

text: Nonetheless

text: this

text: cabinet

text: was

text: also

text: known

text: by

text: contemporaries

text: as

text: The

text: Royal

text: Cabinet

text: because

text: among

text: the

text: thirteen

text: cabinet

text: members

text: five

text: were

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: imperial

text: family

text: or

text: Aisin

text: Gioro

text: relatives

text: This

text: brought

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: negative

text: opinions

text: from

text: senior

text: officials

text: like

text: Zhang

text: Zhidong

text: The

text: Wuchang

text: Uprising

text: of

text: October

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: central

text: government

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: in

text: Nanjing

text: with

text: Sun

text: Yat

text: sen

text: as

text: its

text: provisional

text: head

text: Many

text: provinces

text: soon

text: began

text: separating

text: from

text: Qing

text: control

text: Seeing

text: a

text: desperate

text: situation

text: unfold

text: the

text: Qing

text: government

text: brought

text: Yuan

text: Shikai

text: back

text: to

text: military

text: power

text: He

text: took

text: control

text: of

text: his

text: Beiyang

text: Army

text: to

text: crush

text: the

text: revolution

text: in

text: Wuhan

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Yangxia

text: After

text: taking

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: and

text: creating

text: his

text: own

text: cabinet

text: Yuan

text: Shikai

text: went

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: to

text: ask

text: for

text: the

text: removal

text: of

text: Zaifeng

text: from

text: the

text: regency

text: This

text: removal

text: later

text: proceeded

text: with

text: directions

text: from

text: Empress

text: Dowager

text: Longyu

question: What year did Guangxu die?

answer: 1908

question: What year did Cixi die?

answer: 1908

question: Who ruled after Guangxu?

answer: Prince Chun

text: Prince Chun

question: How old was Prince Chun?

answer: two

text: two

question: What year was the Republic of China created?

answer: 1911


text: In 1902, the Siemens company developed a tantalum lamp filament. These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures. Since tantalum metal has a lower resistivity than carbon, the tantalum lamp filament was quite long and required multiple internal supports. The metal filament had the property of gradually shortening in use; the filaments were installed with large loops that tightened in use. This made lamps in use for several hundred hours quite fragile. Metal filaments had the property of breaking and re-welding, though this would usually decrease resistance and shorten the life of the filament. General Electric bought the rights to use tantalum filaments and produced them in the US until 1913.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: In

text: the

text: Siemens

text: company

text: developed

text: a

text: tantalum

text: lamp

text: filament

text: These

text: lamps

text: were

text: more

text: efficient

text: than

text: even

text: graphitized

text: carbon

text: filaments

text: and

text: could

text: operate

text: at

text: higher

text: temperatures

text: Since

text: tantalum

text: metal

text: has

text: a

text: lower

text: resistivity

text: than

text: carbon

text: the

text: tantalum

text: lamp

text: filament

text: was

text: quite

text: long

text: and

text: required

text: multiple

text: internal

text: supports

text: The

text: metal

text: filament

text: had

text: the

text: property

text: of

text: gradually

text: shortening

text: in

text: use

text: the

text: filaments

text: were

text: installed

text: with

text: large

text: loops

text: that

text: tightened

text: in

text: use

text: This

text: made

text: lamps

text: in

text: use

text: for

text: several

text: hundred

text: hours

text: quite

text: fragile

text: Metal

text: filaments

text: had

text: the

text: property

text: of

text: breaking

text: and

text: re

text: welding

text: though

text: this

text: would

text: usually

text: decrease

text: resistance

text: and

text: shorten

text: the

text: life

text: of

text: the

text: filament

text: General

text: Electric

text: bought

text: the

text: rights

text: to

text: use

text: tantalum

text: filaments

text: and

text: produced

text: them

text: in

text: the

text: US

text: until

question: What company invented the tantalum light filament?

answer: Siemens

text: Siemens

question: In what year was the tantalum light filament invented?

answer: 1902

question: What were the major advantages of the tantalum light filament?

answer: These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures.

text: These lamps were more efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments and could operate at higher temperatures.

question: Who purchased the rights to the tantalum light filament from Siemens?

answer: General Electric

text: General Electric

question: When did GE cease production of the tantalum light filament?

answer: 1913

question: Who developed the tantalum light filament in 1905?

text: Siemens

question: What lamps were less efficient than even graphitized carbon filaments?

text: tantalum lamp filament

question: What had a higher resistivity than carbon?

text: tantalum metal

question: Who bought the rights to use tantalum filaments and produce then in Canada in 1913?

text: General Electric

question: What were the minor advantages of the tantalum light filament from Siemens?


text: The paper is then fed onto reels if it is to be used on web printing presses, or cut into sheets for other printing processes or other purposes. The fibres in the paper basically run in the machine direction. Sheets are usually cut "long-grain", i.e. with the grain parallel to the longer dimension of the sheet.

title: Paper

title: Paper

text: The

text: paper

text: is

text: then

text: fed

text: onto

text: reels

text: if

text: it

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: on

text: web

text: printing

text: presses

text: or

text: cut

text: into

text: sheets

text: for

text: other

text: printing

text: processes

text: or

text: other

text: purposes

text: The

text: fibres

text: in

text: the

text: paper

text: basically

text: run

text: in

text: the

text: machine

text: direction

text: Sheets

text: are

text: usually

text: cut

text: long

text: grain

text: i.e.

text: with

text: the

text: grain

text: parallel

text: to

text: the

text: longer

text: dimension

text: of

text: the

text: sheet

question: What contraption is used to carry the paper to the web printing presses?

answer: reels

text: reels

question: In what manner are sheets normally cut?

answer: long-grain

text: long-grain

question: If the paper is not to be used in the web printing process, what is done?

answer: cut into sheets

text: cut into sheets

question: What is the paper fed onto unless it is going to be used in web printing presses?

text: reels

question: What is the paper fed onto unless it is going to be cut into sheets?

text: reels

question: In which direction to the fibers in the paper run opposite of?

text: the machine direction

question: What is usually cut in a short-grain fashion?

text: Sheets

question: What is usually cut with the grain perpendicular to the longer dimension of the sheet?

text: Sheets

question: What contraption is not used to carry the paper to the web printing presses?

text: reels

question: In what manner are sheets not usually cut?

text: long-grain

question: If the paper is to be used in the web printing process, what is done?

text: cut into sheets


text: A government report covered by the Guardian in 2002 indicates that between 1940 and 1979, the Ministry of Defence "turned large parts of the country into a giant laboratory to conduct a series of secret germ warfare tests on the public" and many of these tests "involved releasing potentially dangerous chemicals and micro-organisms over vast swaths of the population without the public being told." The Ministry of Defence claims that these trials were to simulate germ warfare and that the tests were harmless. Still, families who have been in the area of many of the tests are experiencing children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps and many are asking for a public inquiry. According to the report these tests affected estimated millions of people including one period between 1961 and 1968 where "more than a million people along the south coast of England, from Torquay to the New Forest, were exposed to bacteria including e.coli and bacillus globigii, which mimics anthrax." Two scientists commissioned by the Ministry of Defence stated that these trials posed no risk to the public. This was confirmed by Sue Ellison, a representative of Porton Down who said that the results from these trials "will save lives, should the country or our forces face an attack by chemical and biological weapons." Asked whether such tests are still being carried out, she said: "It is not our policy to discuss ongoing research." It is unknown whether or not the harmlessness of the trials was known at the time of their occurrence.

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom

text: A

text: government

text: report

text: covered

text: by

text: the

text: Guardian

text: in

text: indicates

text: that

text: between

text: and

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: turned

text: large

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: into

text: a

text: giant

text: laboratory

text: to

text: conduct

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: secret

text: germ

text: warfare

text: tests

text: on

text: the

text: public

text: and

text: many

text: of

text: these

text: tests

text: involved

text: releasing

text: potentially

text: dangerous

text: chemicals

text: and

text: micro

text: organisms

text: over

text: vast

text: swaths

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: without

text: the

text: public

text: being

text: told

text: The

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: claims

text: that

text: these

text: trials

text: were

text: to

text: simulate

text: germ

text: warfare

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: tests

text: were

text: harmless

text: Still

text: families

text: who

text: have

text: been

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: tests

text: are

text: experiencing

text: children

text: with

text: birth

text: defects

text: and

text: physical

text: and

text: mental

text: handicaps

text: and

text: many

text: are

text: asking

text: for

text: a

text: public

text: inquiry

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: report

text: these

text: tests

text: affected

text: estimated

text: millions

text: of

text: people

text: including

text: one

text: period

text: between

text: and

text: where

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: million

text: people

text: along

text: the

text: south

text: coast

text: of

text: England

text: from

text: Torquay

text: to

text: the

text: New

text: Forest

text: were

text: exposed

text: to

text: bacteria

text: including

text: e.coli

text: and

text: bacillus

text: globigii

text: which

text: mimics

text: anthrax

text: Two

text: scientists

text: commissioned

text: by

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: stated

text: that

text: these

text: trials

text: posed

text: no

text: risk

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: This

text: was

text: confirmed

text: by

text: Sue

text: Ellison

text: a

text: representative

text: of

text: Porton

text: Down

text: who

text: said

text: that

text: the

text: results

text: from

text: these

text: trials

text: will

text: save

text: lives

text: should

text: the

text: country

text: or

text: our

text: forces

text: face

text: an

text: attack

text: by

text: chemical

text: and

text: biological

text: weapons

text: Asked

text: whether

text: such

text: tests

text: are

text: still

text: being

text: carried

text: out

text: she

text: said

text: It

text: is

text: not

text: our

text: policy

text: to

text: discuss

text: ongoing

text: research

text: It

text: is

text: unknown

text: whether

text: or

text: not

text: the

text: harmlessness

text: of

text: the

text: trials

text: was

text: known

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: their

text: occurrence

question: What publication released a report about the Ministry of Defence in 2002?

answer: the Guardian

text: the Guardian

question: What was the MoD accused of doing to the public?

answer: secret germ warfare tests

text: secret germ warfare tests

question: What are the children of some families in the area of the testing experiencing?

answer: children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps

text: children with birth defects and physical and mental handicaps

question: When was the supposed germ warfare testing taking place?

answer: between 1940 and 1979

text: between 1940 and 1979

question: When were millions of people supposedly exposed to e. coli and an anthrax-like bacteria?

answer: between 1961 and 1968

text: between 1961 and 1968

question: What was released by Porton Down in 2002?

text: A government report

question: What did Porton Down do between 1940 and 1979?

question: What was the purpose of Porton Down releasing germs on the public unknowingly?

question: What does Torquay say about the secret germ warfare tests?

text: the tests were harmless

question: What is the Guardian asking for regarding the secret tests?

text: a public inquiry


text: In an ecosystem, predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation often results in the death of the prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption. Thus predation is often, though not always, carnivory. Other categories of consumption are herbivory (eating parts of plants), fungivory (eating parts of fungi), and detritivory (the consumption of dead organic material (detritus)). All these consumption categories fall under the rubric of consumer-resource systems. It can often be difficult to separate various types of feeding behaviors. For example, some parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on it while it continues to live in or on its decaying corpse after it has died. The key characteristic of predation however is the predator's direct impact on the prey population. On the other hand, detritivores simply eat dead organic material arising from the decay of dead individuals and have no direct impact on the "donor" organism(s).

title: Predation

title: Predation

text: In

text: an

text: ecosystem

text: predation

text: is

text: a

text: biological

text: interaction

text: where

text: a

text: predator

text: an

text: organism

text: that

text: is

text: hunting

text: feeds

text: on

text: its

text: prey

text: the

text: organism

text: that

text: is

text: attacked

text: Predators

text: may

text: or

text: may

text: not

text: kill

text: their

text: prey

text: prior

text: to

text: feeding

text: on

text: them

text: but

text: the

text: act

text: of

text: predation

text: often

text: results

text: in

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: prey

text: and

text: the

text: eventual

text: absorption

text: of

text: the

text: prey

text: 's

text: tissue

text: through

text: consumption

text: Thus

text: predation

text: is

text: often

text: though

text: not

text: always

text: carnivory

text: Other

text: categories

text: of

text: consumption

text: are

text: herbivory

text: eating

text: parts

text: of

text: plants

text: fungivory

text: eating

text: parts

text: of

text: fungi

text: and

text: detritivory

text: the

text: consumption

text: of

text: dead

text: organic

text: material

text: detritus

text: All

text: these

text: consumption

text: categories

text: fall

text: under

text: the

text: rubric

text: of

text: consumer

text: resource

text: systems

text: It

text: can

text: often

text: be

text: difficult

text: to

text: separate

text: various

text: types

text: of

text: feeding

text: behaviors

text: For

text: example

text: some

text: parasitic

text: species

text: prey

text: on

text: a

text: host

text: organism

text: and

text: then

text: lay

text: their

text: eggs

text: on

text: it

text: for

text: their

text: offspring

text: to

text: feed

text: on

text: it

text: while

text: it

text: continues

text: to

text: live

text: in

text: or

text: on

text: its

text: decaying

text: corpse

text: after

text: it

text: has

text: died

text: The

text: key

text: characteristic

text: of

text: predation

text: however

text: is

text: the

text: predator

text: 's

text: direct

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: prey

text: population

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: detritivores

text: simply

text: eat

text: dead

text: organic

text: material

text: arising

text: from

text: the

text: decay

text: of

text: dead

text: individuals

text: and

text: have

text: no

text: direct

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: donor

text: organism(s

question: What must a species do in order to be classified as a predator?

answer: direct impact on the prey population

text: direct impact on the prey population

question: How would you describe a predator that primarily eats plants?

answer: herbivory

text: herbivory

question: A predator must do what to the prey after it is killed?

answer: absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption

text: absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption

question: A species that uses a host body to survive and reproduce is classified as a what?

answer: parasitic species

text: parasitic species

question: How would you describe a diet of a species that eats primarily dead organic material?

answer: detritivory

text: detritivory

question: What does an herbivore eat?

answer: plants

text: plants

question: Do detritivores have a direct impact on "donor" organisms?

answer: no

text: no

question: What term is given to an organism that is being hunted?

answer: prey

text: prey

question: What term is given to the biological interaction where a predator feeds upon prey?

answer: predation

text: predation

question: What do detritivores eat?

answer: dead organic material

text: dead organic material

question: What is the key characteristic of predation?

answer: predator's direct impact on the prey population

text: predator's direct impact on the prey population

question: What is the definition of a host system?

question: What does prey eventually do to its predator's tissue in defense?

text: absorption

question: What is the feeding nature of some prey?

text: carnivory

question: When does a carnivore know when it has a parasite?

text: after it has died

question: What does a detrivore have a direct impact on while its trying to mature?

text: the prey population


text: From 1946 to 1964 five Departments of State did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence: the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, the Ministry of Aviation, and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence. These departments merged in 1964; the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merged into the Ministry of Defence in 1971.

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom

text: From

text: to

text: five

text: Departments

text: of

text: State

text: did

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: the

text: Admiralty

text: the

text: War

text: Office

text: the

text: Air

text: Ministry

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Aviation

text: and

text: an

text: earlier

text: form

text: of

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: These

text: departments

text: merged

text: in

text: the

text: defence

text: functions

text: of

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Aviation

text: Supply

text: merged

text: into

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Defence

text: in

question: During what years did the five Departments of State do the work of the modern Ministry of Defence?

answer: 1946 to 1964

text: 1946 to 1964

question: What were the five Departments of State that did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence?

answer: the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, the Ministry of Aviation, and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence

text: the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, the Ministry of Aviation, and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence

question: When did the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merge into the Ministry of Defence?

answer: 1971

question: All former Departments of State (except the Ministry of Aviation Supply) merged in what year?

answer: 1964

question: What work was done by the War Office in 1971?

text: of the modern Ministry of Defence

question: What five defence functions merged together in 1971?

question: What did the Ministry of Aviation Supply do from 1946 to 1964?

question: What did the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merge into in 1964?

text: the Ministry of Defence

question: What happened to the War Office in 1971?

text: merged