text: The hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522). Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Waterclocks, and later, mechanical clocks, were used to mark the events of the abbeys and monasteries of the Middle Ages. Richard of Wallingford (1292–1336), abbot of St. Alban's abbey, famously built a mechanical clock as an astronomical orrery about 1330. Great advances in accurate time-keeping were made by Galileo Galilei and especially Christiaan Huygens with the invention of pendulum driven clocks along with the invention of the minute hand by Jost Burgi.

title: Time

title: Time

text: The

text: hourglass

text: uses

text: the

text: flow

text: of

text: sand

text: to

text: measure

text: the

text: flow

text: of

text: time

text: They

text: were

text: used

text: in

text: navigation

text: Ferdinand

text: Magellan

text: used

text: glasses

text: on

text: each

text: ship

text: for

text: his

text: circumnavigation

text: of

text: the

text: globe

text: Incense

text: sticks

text: and

text: candles

text: were

text: and

text: are

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: measure

text: time

text: in

text: temples

text: and

text: churches

text: across

text: the

text: globe

text: Waterclocks

text: and

text: later

text: mechanical

text: clocks

text: were

text: used

text: to

text: mark

text: the

text: events

text: of

text: the

text: abbeys

text: and

text: monasteries

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Richard

text: of

text: Wallingford

text: abbot

text: of

text: St.

text: Alban

text: 's

text: abbey

text: famously

text: built

text: a

text: mechanical

text: clock

text: as

text: an

text: astronomical

text: orrery

text: about

text: Great

text: advances

text: in

text: accurate

text: time

text: keeping

text: were

text: made

text: by

text: Galileo

text: Galilei

text: and

text: especially

text: Christiaan

text: Huygens

text: with

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: pendulum

text: driven

text: clocks

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: minute

text: hand

text: by

text: Jost

text: Burgi

question: Which device uses the flow of sand to measure time?

answer: The hourglass

text: The hourglass

question: How many hourglasses did Magellan use on each ship during his famous voyage across the globe?

answer: 18

question: What method did temples and churches use to measure time?

answer: Incense sticks and candles

text: Incense sticks and candles

question: Which abbot of St. Alban's abbey built a mechanical clock around 1330?

answer: Richard of Wallingford

text: Richard of Wallingford

question: Who is credited with the invention of the minute hand?

answer: Jost Burgi.

text: Jost Burgi.

question: What did Richard of Wallingford use to circumnavigate the globe?

text: 18 glasses

question: In what year did Ferdinand Magellan build a mechanical clock?

text: about 1330

question: How many inventions were made by Galileo?

question: Where are pendulum driven clocks used now and also in the past to measure time?

text: in temples and churches

question: Where are the temples and churches located that use pendulum clocks to measure time?

text: across the globe

question: Which device uses minutes to measure time?

text: The hourglass

question: How many hourglasses did Galileo Galilei use on each ship during his famous voyage across the globe?

question: What method did temples and chruches use to measure the globe?

text: Incense sticks and candles

question: Which abbot of St. Alban's abbey built a mechanical clock around 1292?

text: Richard of Wallingford

question: Who made great advances in candles?


text: On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm."

title: Wayback_Machine

title: Wayback_Machine

text: On

text: April

text: Internet

text: Archive

text: and

text: Suzanne

text: Shell

text: jointly

text: announced

text: the

text: settlement

text: of

text: their

text: lawsuit

text: The

text: Internet

text: Archive

text: said

text: it

text: has

text: no

text: interest

text: in

text: including

text: materials

text: in

text: the

text: Wayback

text: Machine

text: of

text: persons

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: wish

text: to

text: have

text: their

text: Web

text: content

text: archived

text: We

text: recognize

text: that

text: Ms.

text: Shell

text: has

text: a

text: valid

text: and

text: enforceable

text: copyright

text: in

text: her

text: Web

text: site

text: and

text: we

text: regret

text: that

text: the

text: inclusion

text: of

text: her

text: Web

text: site

text: in

text: the

text: Wayback

text: Machine

text: resulted

text: in

text: this

text: litigation

text: Shell

text: said

text: I

text: respect

text: the

text: historical

text: value

text: of

text: Internet

text: Archive

text: 's

text: goal

text: I

text: never

text: intended

text: to

text: interfere

text: with

text: that

text: goal

text: nor

text: cause

text: it

text: any

text: harm

question: When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?

answer: April 25, 2007

text: April 25, 2007

question: Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights?

answer: Internet Archive

text: Internet Archive

question: Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive?

answer: Suzanne Shell

text: Suzanne Shell

question: When did Wayback Machine's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?

text: April 25, 2007

question: Who stated that they had no wish to violate the values of Suzanne Shell?

text: Internet Archive

question: Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Wayback Machine?

text: Suzanne Shell

question: Who regretted the inclusion of Wayback Mountain's Web site?

text: Internet Archive

question: Who never intended to interfere with Suzanne Shell's goal?

text: Internet Archive


text: Throughout the course of its life, a number of peripherals were released which added to the functionality of the SNES. Many of these devices were modeled after earlier add-ons for the NES: the Super Scope is a light gun functionally similar to the NES Zapper (though the Super Scope features wireless capabilities) and the Super Advantage is an arcade-style joystick with adjustable turbo settings akin to the NES Advantage. Nintendo also released the SNES Mouse in conjunction with its Mario Paint title. Hudson Soft, under license from Nintendo, released the Super Multitap, a multiplayer adapter for use with its popular series of Bomberman games. Some of the more unusual controllers include the BatterUP baseball bat, the Life Fitness Entertainment System (an exercise bike controller with built-in monitoring software), and the TeeV Golf golf club.

title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System

title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System

text: Throughout

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: its

text: life

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: peripherals

text: were

text: released

text: which

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: functionality

text: of

text: the

text: SNES

text: Many

text: of

text: these

text: devices

text: were

text: modeled

text: after

text: earlier

text: add

text: ons

text: for

text: the

text: NES

text: the

text: Super

text: Scope

text: is

text: a

text: light

text: gun

text: functionally

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: NES

text: Zapper

text: though

text: the

text: Super

text: Scope

text: features

text: wireless

text: capabilities

text: and

text: the

text: Super

text: Advantage

text: is

text: an

text: arcade

text: style

text: joystick

text: with

text: adjustable

text: turbo

text: settings

text: akin

text: to

text: the

text: NES

text: Advantage

text: Nintendo

text: also

text: released

text: the

text: SNES

text: Mouse

text: in

text: conjunction

text: with

text: its

text: Mario

text: Paint

text: title

text: Hudson

text: Soft

text: under

text: license

text: from

text: Nintendo

text: released

text: the

text: Super

text: Multitap

text: a

text: multiplayer

text: adapter

text: for

text: use

text: with

text: its

text: popular

text: series

text: of

text: Bomberman

text: games

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: more

text: unusual

text: controllers

text: include

text: the

text: BatterUP

text: baseball

text: bat

text: the

text: Life

text: Fitness

text: Entertainment

text: System

text: an

text: exercise

text: bike

text: controller

text: with

text: built

text: in

text: monitoring

text: software

text: and

text: the

text: TeeV

text: Golf

text: golf

text: club

question: What game accessory was similar to the NES Zapper?

answer: Super Scope

text: Super Scope

question: What game accessory was similar to the NES Advantage?

answer: Super Advantage

text: Super Advantage

question: What game used the SNES Mouse?

answer: Mario Paint

text: Mario Paint

question: What type of accessory was the Super Scope?

answer: light gun

text: light gun

question: What game came with a baseball bat controller?

answer: BatterUP

text: BatterUP

question: What was released that added to the Hudson Soft functionality?

text: a number of peripherals

question: What adjustable settings did the Super Scope have on its joystick?

text: turbo settings

question: What mulit player adapter did Super Scope release under its license from Nintendo?

text: the Super Multitap

question: What was the BatterUP baseball bat similar to?

text: the NES Zapper

question: What game was the NES Zapper released in conjunction with?

text: Mario Paint


text: Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order) are among the most senior prelates of the Catholic Church. Though in modern times most cardinals are also bishops, the term "cardinal bishop" only refers to the cardinals who are titular bishops of one of the "suburbicarian" sees.

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism

text: Cardinal

text: bishops

text: cardinals

text: of

text: the

text: episcopal

text: order

text: are

text: among

text: the

text: most

text: senior

text: prelates

text: of

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: Though

text: in

text: modern

text: times

text: most

text: cardinals

text: are

text: also

text: bishops

text: the

text: term

text: cardinal

text: bishop

text: only

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: cardinals

text: who

text: are

text: titular

text: bishops

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: suburbicarian

text: sees

question: Who are among the most senior members of the Catholic Church?

answer: Cardinal bishops

text: Cardinal bishops

question: What is a cardinal bishop?

answer: cardinals of the episcopal order

text: cardinals of the episcopal order

question: Some cardinals are bishop in name only, what are they called?

answer: Cardinal bishops

text: Cardinal bishops

question: Who is among the most junior prelates of the Catholic Church?

text: Cardinal bishops

question: What is a cardinal of the Benedictine order?

text: Cardinal bishops

question: What are most cardinals not known as in modern times?

text: bishops

question: What does the term "cardinal bishop" not refer to?


text: The Great Depression ended at different times in different countries with the effect lasting into the next era. America's Great Depression ended in 1941 with America's entry into World War II. The majority of countries set up relief programs, and most underwent some sort of political upheaval, pushing them to the left or right. In some world states, the desperate citizens turned toward nationalist demagogues—the most infamous being Adolf Hitler—setting the stage for the next era of war. The convulsion brought on by the worldwide depression resulted in the rise of Nazism. In Asia, Japan became an ever more assertive power, especially with regards to China.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: The

text: Great

text: Depression

text: ended

text: at

text: different

text: times

text: in

text: different

text: countries

text: with

text: the

text: effect

text: lasting

text: into

text: the

text: next

text: era

text: America

text: 's

text: Great

text: Depression

text: ended

text: in

text: with

text: America

text: 's

text: entry

text: into

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: countries

text: set

text: up

text: relief

text: programs

text: and

text: most

text: underwent

text: some

text: sort

text: of

text: political

text: upheaval

text: pushing

text: them

text: to

text: the

text: left

text: or

text: right

text: In

text: some

text: world

text: states

text: the

text: desperate

text: citizens

text: turned

text: toward

text: nationalist

text: demagogues

text: the

text: most

text: infamous

text: being

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: setting

text: the

text: stage

text: for

text: the

text: next

text: era

text: of

text: war

text: The

text: convulsion

text: brought

text: on

text: by

text: the

text: worldwide

text: depression

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: Nazism

text: In

text: Asia

text: Japan

text: became

text: an

text: ever

text: more

text: assertive

text: power

text: especially

text: with

text: regards

text: to

text: China

question: When did Americas Great Depression end?

answer: 1941

question: In some world states who did the people turn to?

answer: nationalist demagogues

text: nationalist demagogues

question: Who was the most notable Nationalist Demagogue the people turned to?

answer: Adolf Hitler

text: Adolf Hitler

question: What did the Convulsion caused by the global depression resul in?

answer: the rise of Nazism

text: the rise of Nazism


text: The Manhattanville Bus Depot (formerly known as the 132nd Street Bus Depot) is located on West 132nd and 133rd Street between Broadway and Riverside Drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood.

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: The

text: Manhattanville

text: Bus

text: Depot

text: formerly

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Street

text: Bus

text: Depot

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: West

text: and

text: Street

text: between

text: Broadway

text: and

text: Riverside

text: Drive

text: in

text: the

text: Manhattanville

text: neighborhood

question: What is the 132nd Street Bus Depot currently known as?

answer: Manhattanville Bus Depot

text: Manhattanville Bus Depot

question: What was the Manhattanville Bus Depot formerly known as?

answer: 132nd Street Bus Depot

text: 132nd Street Bus Depot

question: In which neighborhood is the Manhattanville Bus Depot?

answer: Manhattanville

text: Manhattanville

question: The former 132nd Street Bus Depot is located between Broadway and what other drive in the Manhattanville neighborhood?

answer: Riverside Drive

text: Riverside Drive


text: The first "free election" (Polish: "wolna elekcja") of a king took place in 1492. (To be sure, some earlier Polish kings had been elected with help from bodies such as that which put Casimir II on the throne, thereby setting a precedent for free elections.) Only senators voted in the 1492 free election, which was won by John I Albert. For the duration of the Jagiellonian Dynasty, only members of that royal family were considered for election; later, there would be no restrictions on the choice of candidates.

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: The

text: first

text: free

text: election

text: Polish

text: wolna

text: elekcja

text: of

text: a

text: king

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: To

text: be

text: sure

text: some

text: earlier

text: Polish

text: kings

text: had

text: been

text: elected

text: with

text: help

text: from

text: bodies

text: such

text: as

text: that

text: which

text: put

text: Casimir

text: II

text: on

text: the

text: throne

text: thereby

text: setting

text: a

text: precedent

text: for

text: free

text: elections

text: Only

text: senators

text: voted

text: in

text: the

text: free

text: election

text: which

text: was

text: won

text: by

text: John

text: I

text: Albert

text: For

text: the

text: duration

text: of

text: the

text: Jagiellonian

text: Dynasty

text: only

text: members

text: of

text: that

text: royal

text: family

text: were

text: considered

text: for

text: election

text: later

text: there

text: would

text: be

text: no

text: restrictions

text: on

text: the

text: choice

text: of

text: candidates

question: When did the first free election take place?

answer: 1492

question: What was different about later elections then first free election?

answer: no restrictions on the choice of candidates.

text: no restrictions on the choice of candidates.

question: Who only voted in the election of 1492?

answer: senators

text: senators

question: Who won the election of 1492?

answer: John I Albert

text: John I Albert

question: What dynasty was in reign during the election of 1492?

answer: Jagiellonian Dynasty

text: Jagiellonian Dynasty


text: With house music already massive on the '80s dance-scene it was only a matter of time before it would penetrate the UK pop charts.[citation needed] The record generally credited as the first house hit in the UK was Farley "Jackmaster" Funk's "Love Can't Turn Around" which reached #10 in the UK singles chart in September 1986.

title: House_music

title: House_music

text: With

text: house

text: music

text: already

text: massive

text: on

text: the

text: dance

text: scene

text: it

text: was

text: only

text: a

text: matter

text: of

text: time

text: before

text: it

text: would

text: penetrate

text: the

text: UK

text: pop

text: charts.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: record

text: generally

text: credited

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: house

text: hit

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: was

text: Farley

text: Jackmaster

text: Funk

text: 's

text: Love

text: Ca

text: n't

text: Turn

text: Around

text: which

text: reached

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: singles

text: chart

text: in

text: September

question: what is credited as the first house hit in the UK?

answer: Farley "Jackmaster" Funk's "Love Can't Turn Around"

text: Farley "Jackmaster" Funk's "Love Can't Turn Around"

question: what did "Love Can't Turn Around" peak at in the UK charts?

answer: #10

question: what year did Farley Funk have his first UK hit?

answer: 1986

question: What is created as the second house hit in the UK?

question: What did "Love Can't Turn Around" peak at in the Farley charts?

question: What year did Love Funk have his first UK hit?

question: Which song reached #6 in the UK singles chart?

text: "Love Can't Turn Around"

question: When did "Jackmaster" reach #10 in the UK singles chart?

text: September 1986


text: Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Plymouth

text: is

text: often

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: base

text: by

text: visitors

text: to

text: Dartmoor

text: the

text: Tamar

text: Valley

text: and

text: the

text: beaches

text: of

text: south

text: east

text: Cornwall

text: Kingsand

text: Cawsand

text: and

text: Whitsand

text: Bay

text: are

text: popular

question: Visitors to what region's beaches often stop at Plymouth?

answer: south-east Cornwall

text: south-east Cornwall

question: Along with Whitsand Bay and Cawsand, what Plymouth-area beaches are popular with tourists?

answer: Kingsand

text: Kingsand

question: Visitors to what local valley often stop over in Plymouth?

answer: Tamar Valley

text: Tamar Valley


text: Following a peak in growth in 1979, the Liberian economy began a steady decline due to economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup. This decline was accelerated by the outbreak of civil war in 1989; GDP was reduced by an estimated 90% between 1989 and 1995, one of the fastest declines in history. Upon the end of the war in 2003, GDP growth began to accelerate, reaching 9.4% in 2007. The global financial crisis slowed GDP growth to 4.6% in 2009, though a strengthening agricultural sector led by rubber and timber exports increased growth to 5.1% in 2010 and an expected 7.3% in 2011, making the economy one of the 20 fastest growing in the world.

title: Liberia

title: Liberia

text: Following

text: a

text: peak

text: in

text: growth

text: in

text: the

text: Liberian

text: economy

text: began

text: a

text: steady

text: decline

text: due

text: to

text: economic

text: mismanagement

text: following

text: the

text: coup

text: This

text: decline

text: was

text: accelerated

text: by

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: civil

text: war

text: in

text: GDP

text: was

text: reduced

text: by

text: an

text: estimated

text: between

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: fastest

text: declines

text: in

text: history

text: Upon

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: in

text: GDP

text: growth

text: began

text: to

text: accelerate

text: reaching

text: in

text: The

text: global

text: financial

text: crisis

text: slowed

text: GDP

text: growth

text: to

text: in

text: though

text: a

text: strengthening

text: agricultural

text: sector

text: led

text: by

text: rubber

text: and

text: timber

text: exports

text: increased

text: growth

text: to

text: in

text: and

text: an

text: expected

text: in

text: making

text: the

text: economy

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: fastest

text: growing

text: in

text: the

text: world

question: When did the Liberian economy hit it's peak growth?

answer: 1979

question: Why did the Liberian economy decline after 1980?

answer: economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup.

text: economic mismanagement following the 1980 coup.

question: By what percentage did Liberia's GDP reduced by during the civil war?

answer: 90%

question: Why was Liberia's GDP growth stalled in 2007?

answer: The global financial crisis

text: The global financial crisis

question: In 2011 Liberia's economy was considered what?

answer: one of the 20 fastest growing in the world.

text: one of the 20 fastest growing in the world.

question: When did the Liberian economy reach peak timber exports?

question: Why was Liberia's GDP growth stalled prior to 2007?

text: The global financial crisis

question: In 2011 Liberia's exports were considered what?

question: When was the GDP reduced by 95%?

text: between 1989 and 1995

question: In what year did GDP growth reach 5.1%?


text: Norfolk Island has 174 native plants; 51 of them are endemic. At least 18 of the endemic species are rare or threatened. The Norfolk Island palm (Rhopalostylis baueri) and the smooth tree-fern (Cyathea brownii), the tallest tree-fern in the world, are common in the Norfolk Island National Park but rare elsewhere on the island. Before European colonization, most of Norfolk Island was covered with subtropical rain forest, the canopy of which was made of Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine) in exposed areas, and the palm Rhopalostylis baueri and tree ferns Cyathea brownii and C. australis in moister protected areas. The understory was thick with lianas and ferns covering the forest floor. Only one small tract (5 km2) of rainforest remains, which was declared as the Norfolk Island National Park in 1986.

title: Norfolk_Island

title: Norfolk_Island

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: has

text: native

text: plants

text: of

text: them

text: are

text: endemic

text: At

text: least

text: of

text: the

text: endemic

text: species

text: are

text: rare

text: or

text: threatened

text: The

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: palm

text: Rhopalostylis

text: baueri

text: and

text: the

text: smooth

text: tree

text: fern

text: Cyathea

text: brownii

text: the

text: tallest

text: tree

text: fern

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: are

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: National

text: Park

text: but

text: rare

text: elsewhere

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: Before

text: European

text: colonization

text: most

text: of

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: was

text: covered

text: with

text: subtropical

text: rain

text: forest

text: the

text: canopy

text: of

text: which

text: was

text: made

text: of

text: Araucaria

text: heterophylla

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: pine

text: in

text: exposed

text: areas

text: and

text: the

text: palm

text: Rhopalostylis

text: baueri

text: and

text: tree

text: ferns

text: Cyathea

text: brownii

text: and

text: C.

text: australis

text: in

text: moister

text: protected

text: areas

text: The

text: understory

text: was

text: thick

text: with

text: lianas

text: and

text: ferns

text: covering

text: the

text: forest

text: floor

text: Only

text: one

text: small

text: tract

text: of

text: rainforest

text: remains

text: which

text: was

text: declared

text: as

text: the

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: National

text: Park

text: in

question: How many plants can only be found on Norfolk Island?

answer: 51

question: How many of the plants that can only be found on Norfolk Island are rare or threatened?

answer: 18

question: Where can the tallest tree-fern in the world be found?

answer: Norfolk Island National Park

text: Norfolk Island National Park

question: What was the majority of Norfolk Island covered with, before European colonization?

answer: subtropical rain forest

text: subtropical rain forest

question: How much of the rainforest remains in Norfolk Island today?

answer: 5 km2

text: 5 km2

question: How many plants can only be eaten on Norfolk Island?

question: How many of the plants that can only be found on Norfolk Island are extinct?

question: Where can the smallest tree-fern in the world be found?

text: Norfolk Island National Park

question: What was the majority of Norfolk Island covered with, after European colonization?

text: subtropical rain forest

question: How much of the rainforest was lost in Norfolk Island today?

text: 5 km2


text: From 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian Brothers of the Sword who joined the Teutonic Order in 1237 and became its branch known as the Livonian Order. The Duchy of Estonia was created out of the northern parts of the country and was a direct dominion of the King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346, when it was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordenstaat. In 1343, the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against German rule in the St. George's Night Uprising, which was put down by 1345. The unsuccessful rebellion led to a consolidation of power for the Baltic German minority. For the subsequent centuries they remained the ruling elite in both cities and in the countryside.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: From

text: after

text: of

text: the

text: Livonian

text: Crusade

text: through

text: the

text: Estonia

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: Terra

text: Mariana

text: established

text: on

text: February

text: as

text: a

text: principality

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: proclaimed

text: by

text: Pope

text: Innocent

text: III

text: in

text: as

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: Holy

text: See

text: The

text: southern

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: were

text: conquered

text: by

text: Livonian

text: Brothers

text: of

text: the

text: Sword

text: who

text: joined

text: the

text: Teutonic

text: Order

text: in

text: and

text: became

text: its

text: branch

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Livonian

text: Order

text: The

text: Duchy

text: of

text: Estonia

text: was

text: created

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: northern

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: and

text: was

text: a

text: direct

text: dominion

text: of

text: the

text: King

text: of

text: Denmark

text: from

text: until

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: sold

text: to

text: the

text: Teutonic

text: Order

text: and

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Ordenstaat

text: In

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: northern

text: Estonia

text: and

text: Saaremaa

text: rebelled

text: against

text: German

text: rule

text: in

text: the

text: St.

text: George

text: 's

text: Night

text: Uprising

text: which

text: was

text: put

text: down

text: by

text: The

text: unsuccessful

text: rebellion

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: consolidation

text: of

text: power

text: for

text: the

text: Baltic

text: German

text: minority

text: For

text: the

text: subsequent

text: centuries

text: they

text: remained

text: the

text: ruling

text: elite

text: in

text: both

text: cities

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: countryside

question: When was Terra Mariana established?

answer: 2 February 1207

text: 2 February 1207

question: Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia?

answer: Livonian Brothers of the Sword

text: Livonian Brothers of the Sword

question: What year did the Livonian Brothers join the Teutonic Order?

answer: 1237

question: What year did the King of Denmark sell Estonia to the Teutonic Order?

answer: 1346

question: Who did Estonia rebel against in 1343?

answer: German rule

text: German rule


text: The construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman system of mortise and tenon. Other improvements to ships included the use of lateen sails and the stern-post rudder, both of which increased the speed at which ships could be sailed.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: The

text: construction

text: of

text: cathedrals

text: and

text: castles

text: advanced

text: building

text: technology

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: large

text: stone

text: buildings

text: Ancillary

text: structures

text: included

text: new

text: town

text: halls

text: houses

text: bridges

text: and

text: tithe

text: barns

text: Shipbuilding

text: improved

text: with

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: rib

text: and

text: plank

text: method

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: old

text: Roman

text: system

text: of

text: mortise

text: and

text: tenon

text: Other

text: improvements

text: to

text: ships

text: included

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: lateen

text: sails

text: and

text: the

text: stern

text: post

text: rudder

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: increased

text: the

text: speed

text: at

text: which

text: ships

text: could

text: be

text: sailed

question: Along with bridges, tithe barns and town halls, what notable new structures were built during this period?

answer: houses

text: houses

question: What method, derived from the Romans, was traditionally used to build ships?

answer: mortise and tenon

text: mortise and tenon

question: What new shipbuilding method was invented in this period?

answer: rib and plank

text: rib and plank

question: What type of rudder was introduced during this period?

answer: stern-post

text: stern-post

question: What type of sails were first used during this era?

answer: lateen

text: lateen


text: Drying produces a decided increase in the strength of wood, particularly in small specimens. An extreme example is the case of a completely dry spruce block 5 cm in section, which will sustain a permanent load four times as great as a green (undried) block of the same size will.

title: Wood

title: Wood

text: Drying

text: produces

text: a

text: decided

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: strength

text: of

text: wood

text: particularly

text: in

text: small

text: specimens

text: An

text: extreme

text: example

text: is

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: a

text: completely

text: dry

text: spruce

text: block

text: cm

text: in

text: section

text: which

text: will

text: sustain

text: a

text: permanent

text: load

text: four

text: times

text: as

text: great

text: as

text: a

text: green

text: undried

text: block

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: size

text: will

question: What will drying often increase in wood?

answer: strength

text: strength

question: What color is also used interchangeably with "undried" for wood?

answer: green

text: green

question: What type of wood can hold four times as much of a load when dried?

answer: spruce

text: spruce


text: Numerous indigenous peoples occupied Alaska for thousands of years before the arrival of European peoples to the area. Linguistic and DNA studies done here have provided evidence for the settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge.[citation needed] The Tlingit people developed a society with a matrilineal kinship system of property inheritance and descent in what is today Southeast Alaska, along with parts of British Columbia and the Yukon. Also in Southeast were the Haida, now well known for their unique arts. The Tsimshian people came to Alaska from British Columbia in 1887, when President Grover Cleveland, and later the U.S. Congress, granted them permission to settle on Annette Island and found the town of Metlakatla. All three of these peoples, as well as other indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, experienced smallpox outbreaks from the late 18th through the mid-19th century, with the most devastating epidemics occurring in the 1830s and 1860s, resulting in high fatalities and social disruption.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: Numerous

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: occupied

text: Alaska

text: for

text: thousands

text: of

text: years

text: before

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: European

text: peoples

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: Linguistic

text: and

text: DNA

text: studies

text: done

text: here

text: have

text: provided

text: evidence

text: for

text: the

text: settlement

text: of

text: North

text: America

text: by

text: way

text: of

text: the

text: Bering

text: land

text: bridge.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: Tlingit

text: people

text: developed

text: a

text: society

text: with

text: a

text: matrilineal

text: kinship

text: system

text: of

text: property

text: inheritance

text: and

text: descent

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: today

text: Southeast

text: Alaska

text: along

text: with

text: parts

text: of

text: British

text: Columbia

text: and

text: the

text: Yukon

text: Also

text: in

text: Southeast

text: were

text: the

text: Haida

text: now

text: well

text: known

text: for

text: their

text: unique

text: arts

text: The

text: Tsimshian

text: people

text: came

text: to

text: Alaska

text: from

text: British

text: Columbia

text: in

text: when

text: President

text: Grover

text: Cleveland

text: and

text: later

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Congress

text: granted

text: them

text: permission

text: to

text: settle

text: on

text: Annette

text: Island

text: and

text: found

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Metlakatla

text: All

text: three

text: of

text: these

text: peoples

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: of

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Northwest

text: Coast

text: experienced

text: smallpox

text: outbreaks

text: from

text: the

text: late

text: through

text: the

text: century

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: devastating

text: epidemics

text: occurring

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: resulting

text: in

text: high

text: fatalities

text: and

text: social

text: disruption

question: Which President allowed Tsimshian settlers to inhabit Annette Island?

answer: Grover Cleveland

text: Grover Cleveland

question: In what year did the Tsimshian people arrive in Alaska?

answer: 1887

question: What epidemic resulted in numerous deaths between the 1830s and 1860s?

answer: smallpox

text: smallpox

question: Which Alaskan indigenous group is now well-known for their art?

answer: the Haida

text: the Haida

question: Which President disallowed Tsimshian settlers to inhabit Annette Island?

text: Grover Cleveland

question: Which President allowed Tsimshian settlers not to inhabit Annette Island?

text: Grover Cleveland

question: In what year didn't the Tsimshian people arrive in Alaska?

question: What epidemic resulted in numerous deaths between the 1830s and 1870s?

text: smallpox

question: Which Alaskan indigenous group is not well-known for their art?

text: the Haida


text: Department stores today have sections that sell the following: clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods, do it yourself, paint, and hardware and additionally select other lines of products such as food, books, jewelry, electronics, stationery, photographic equipment, baby products, and products for pets. Customers check out near the front of the store or, alternatively, at sales counters within each department. Some are part of a retail chain of many stores, while others may be independent retailers. In the 1970s, they came under heavy pressure from discounters. Since 2010, they have come under even heavier pressure from online stores such as Amazon.

title: Department_store

title: Department_store

text: Department

text: stores

text: today

text: have

text: sections

text: that

text: sell

text: the

text: following

text: clothing

text: furniture

text: home

text: appliances

text: toys

text: cosmetics

text: gardening

text: toiletries

text: sporting

text: goods

text: do

text: it

text: yourself

text: paint

text: and

text: hardware

text: and

text: additionally

text: select

text: other

text: lines

text: of

text: products

text: such

text: as

text: food

text: books

text: jewelry

text: electronics

text: stationery

text: photographic

text: equipment

text: baby

text: products

text: and

text: products

text: for

text: pets

text: Customers

text: check

text: out

text: near

text: the

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: store

text: or

text: alternatively

text: at

text: sales

text: counters

text: within

text: each

text: department

text: Some

text: are

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: retail

text: chain

text: of

text: many

text: stores

text: while

text: others

text: may

text: be

text: independent

text: retailers

text: In

text: the

text: they

text: came

text: under

text: heavy

text: pressure

text: from

text: discounters

text: Since

text: they

text: have

text: come

text: under

text: even

text: heavier

text: pressure

text: from

text: online

text: stores

text: such

text: as

text: Amazon

question: What sorts of departments might one see in a major department store?

answer: clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods

text: clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods

question: Who started influencing department stores in the 1970's?

answer: discounters

text: discounters

question: What has begun pressuring department stores in more recent years?

answer: online stores such as Amazon.

text: online stores such as Amazon.

question: Other than at the check-out lanes at the front of a store, where may customers check out?

answer: at sales counters within each department.

text: at sales counters within each department.

question: What sorts of departments might one see in a minor department store?

question: Who started influencing department stores in the 1990's?

text: discounters

question: Who stopped influencing department stores in the 1970's?

text: discounters

question: What has stopped pressuring department stores in more recent years?

text: online stores such as Amazon

question: Other than at the check-out lanes at the front of a store, where can't customers check out?


text: In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which was limited to 2 grosze from łan (an old measure of land size)). In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility. Henceforth, also, district offices (Polish: "urzędy ziemskie") were reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights. Finally, this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders.

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: In

text: King

text: Louis

text: of

text: Hungary

text: approved

text: the

text: Privilege

text: of

text: Koszyce

text: Polish

text: przywilej

text: koszycki

text: or

text: ugoda

text: koszycka

text: in

text: Košice

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: guarantee

text: the

text: Polish

text: throne

text: for

text: his

text: daughter

text: Jadwiga

text: He

text: broadened

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: who

text: was

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: nobility

text: and

text: exempted

text: the

text: entire

text: class

text: from

text: all

text: but

text: one

text: tax

text: łanowy

text: which

text: was

text: limited

text: to

text: grosze

text: from

text: łan

text: an

text: old

text: measure

text: of

text: land

text: size

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: King

text: 's

text: right

text: to

text: raise

text: taxes

text: was

text: abolished

text: no

text: new

text: taxes

text: could

text: be

text: raised

text: without

text: the

text: agreement

text: of

text: the

text: nobility

text: Henceforth

text: also

text: district

text: offices

text: Polish

text: urzędy

text: ziemskie

text: were

text: reserved

text: exclusively

text: for

text: local

text: nobility

text: as

text: the

text: Privilege

text: of

text: Koszyce

text: forbade

text: the

text: king

text: to

text: grant

text: official

text: posts

text: and

text: major

text: Polish

text: castles

text: to

text: foreign

text: knights

text: Finally

text: this

text: privilege

text: obliged

text: the

text: King

text: to

text: pay

text: indemnities

text: to

text: nobles

text: injured

text: or

text: taken

text: captive

text: during

text: a

text: war

text: outside

text: Polish

text: borders

question: When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce?

answer: 1374

question: WHy did King louis approve the privilege?

answer: in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga

text: in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga

question: What did king louis of hungary do for the nobles?

answer: exempted the entire class from all but one tax

text: exempted the entire class from all but one tax

question: WHat happened to the kings right to raise taxes?

answer: abolished

text: abolished

question: What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war?

answer: King to pay indemnities

text: King to pay indemnities


text: Since the system's launch, production costs have been reduced significantly as a result of phasing out the Emotion Engine chip and falling hardware costs. The cost of manufacturing Cell microprocessors has fallen dramatically as a result of moving to the 65 nm production process, and Blu-ray Disc diodes have become cheaper to manufacture. As of January 2008, each unit cost around $400 to manufacture; by August 2009, Sony had reduced costs by a total of 70%, meaning it only costs Sony around $240 per unit.

title: PlayStation_3

title: PlayStation_3

text: Since

text: the

text: system

text: 's

text: launch

text: production

text: costs

text: have

text: been

text: reduced

text: significantly

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: phasing

text: out

text: the

text: Emotion

text: Engine

text: chip

text: and

text: falling

text: hardware

text: costs

text: The

text: cost

text: of

text: manufacturing

text: Cell

text: microprocessors

text: has

text: fallen

text: dramatically

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: moving

text: to

text: the

text: nm

text: production

text: process

text: and

text: Blu

text: ray

text: Disc

text: diodes

text: have

text: become

text: cheaper

text: to

text: manufacture

text: As

text: of

text: January

text: each

text: unit

text: cost

text: around

text: to

text: manufacture

text: by

text: August

text: Sony

text: had

text: reduced

text: costs

text: by

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: meaning

text: it

text: only

text: costs

text: Sony

text: around

text: per

text: unit

question: Along with a drop in the cost of hardware, PS3 has gotten cheaper to make because what chip was phased out?

answer: Emotion Engine chip

text: Emotion Engine chip

question: What's the name of the microprocessor produced by the 65 nm process?

answer: Cell

text: Cell

question: What specific component of Blu-Ray disc have also gotten less expensive to make?

answer: diodes

text: diodes

question: As of Summer 2009, what was the cost to Sony to make a PS3?

answer: $240

question: The August 2009 cost is a result of what percentage decrease in production cost?

answer: 70%

question: Along with a drop in the cost of hardware, PS2 has gotten cheaper to make because what chip was phased out?

text: Emotion Engine chip

question: What's the name of the microprocessor produced by the 56 nm process?

text: Cell

question: What specific component of dvd have also gotten less expensive to make?

text: diodes

question: As of Summer 2008, what was the cost to Sony to make a PS3?

question: The August 2009 cost is a result of what percentage increase in production cost?


text: The city's location was chosen, in part, for being within 11 mi (18 km) of Isaac Hunter's Tavern, a popular tavern frequented by the state legislators. No known city or town existed previously on the chosen city site. Raleigh is one of the few cities in the United States that was planned and built specifically to serve as a state capital. Its original boundaries were formed by the downtown streets of North, East, West and South streets. The plan, a grid with two main axes meeting at a central square and an additional square in each corner, was based on Thomas Holme's 1682 plan for Philadelphia.

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: location

text: was

text: chosen

text: in

text: part

text: for

text: being

text: within

text: mi

text: km

text: of

text: Isaac

text: Hunter

text: 's

text: Tavern

text: a

text: popular

text: tavern

text: frequented

text: by

text: the

text: state

text: legislators

text: No

text: known

text: city

text: or

text: town

text: existed

text: previously

text: on

text: the

text: chosen

text: city

text: site

text: Raleigh

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: cities

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: that

text: was

text: planned

text: and

text: built

text: specifically

text: to

text: serve

text: as

text: a

text: state

text: capital

text: Its

text: original

text: boundaries

text: were

text: formed

text: by

text: the

text: downtown

text: streets

text: of

text: North

text: East

text: West

text: and

text: South

text: streets

text: The

text: plan

text: a

text: grid

text: with

text: two

text: main

text: axes

text: meeting

text: at

text: a

text: central

text: square

text: and

text: an

text: additional

text: square

text: in

text: each

text: corner

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: Thomas

text: Holme

text: 's

text: plan

text: for

text: Philadelphia

question: How many miles is the city from Isaac's Tavern?

answer: 11

question: Why is Isaac Hunter's Tavern popular?

answer: state legislators.

text: state legislators.

question: What was Raleigh as a city?

answer: planned

text: planned

question: What were the original boundaries?

answer: the downtown streets of North, East, West and South streets

text: the downtown streets of North, East, West and South streets

question: What city was the plan based on?

answer: Philadelphia

text: Philadelphia

question: Who does not go to Isaac Hunter's Tavern?

text: state legislators

question: What are the modern boundaries?

text: North, East, West and South streets

question: What city was the plan not inspired by?

text: Philadelphia

question: Who planned Raleigh?

text: Thomas Holme's

question: What is the opposite of a grid system?


text: The Buddhist texts are probably the earliest describing meditation techniques. They describe meditative practices and states that existed before the Buddha as well as those first developed within Buddhism. Two Upanishads written after the rise of Buddhism do contain full-fledged descriptions of yoga as a means to liberation.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: The

text: Buddhist

text: texts

text: are

text: probably

text: the

text: earliest

text: describing

text: meditation

text: techniques

text: They

text: describe

text: meditative

text: practices

text: and

text: states

text: that

text: existed

text: before

text: the

text: Buddha

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: those

text: first

text: developed

text: within

text: Buddhism

text: Two

text: Upanishads

text: written

text: after

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: do

text: contain

text: full

text: fledged

text: descriptions

text: of

text: yoga

text: as

text: a

text: means

text: to

text: liberation

question: What are probably the earliest texts describing meditation techniques?

answer: Buddhist texts

text: Buddhist texts

question: What describes meditative states exising before the Buddha?

answer: Buddhist texts

text: Buddhist texts

question: What two items were written after the rise of Buddhism?

answer: Upanishads

text: Upanishads


text: Although Mali has enjoyed a reasonably good inter-ethnic relationships based on the long history of coexistence, some hereditary servitude and bondage relationship exist, as well as ethnic tension between settled Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs of the north. Due to a backlash against the northern population after independence, Mali is now in a situation where both groups complain about discrimination on the part of the other group. This conflict also plays a role in the continuing Northern Mali conflict where there is a tension between both Tuaregs and the Malian government, and the Tuaregs and radical Islamists who are trying to establish sharia law.

title: Mali

title: Mali

text: Although

text: Mali

text: has

text: enjoyed

text: a

text: reasonably

text: good

text: inter

text: ethnic

text: relationships

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: long

text: history

text: of

text: coexistence

text: some

text: hereditary

text: servitude

text: and

text: bondage

text: relationship

text: exist

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: ethnic

text: tension

text: between

text: settled

text: Songhai

text: and

text: nomadic

text: Tuaregs

text: of

text: the

text: north

text: Due

text: to

text: a

text: backlash

text: against

text: the

text: northern

text: population

text: after

text: independence

text: Mali

text: is

text: now

text: in

text: a

text: situation

text: where

text: both

text: groups

text: complain

text: about

text: discrimination

text: on

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: group

text: This

text: conflict

text: also

text: plays

text: a

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: continuing

text: Northern

text: Mali

text: conflict

text: where

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: tension

text: between

text: both

text: Tuaregs

text: and

text: the

text: Malian

text: government

text: and

text: the

text: Tuaregs

text: and

text: radical

text: Islamists

text: who

text: are

text: trying

text: to

text: establish

text: sharia

text: law

question: Ethnic tension are between what two groups of people?

answer: Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs

text: Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs

question: Radical Islam and the Tuaregs are both considered problematic according to whom?

answer: Malian government

text: Malian government

question: What group of people are trying to establish sharia law?

answer: radical Islamists

text: radical Islamists

question: What type of hereditary relationships still exist today?

answer: servitude and bondage

text: servitude and bondage

question: Songhai and Tuaregs both complain about what same issue towards each other?

answer: discrimination

text: discrimination

question: What does Mali not have a long history of?

text: coexistence,

question: What kind of relationships no longer exist in Mali?

text: servitude and bondage relationship

question: What exists between the settled Tuaregs and the nomadic Songhai?

text: ethnic tension

question: What plays a role in the tension between the Soanghai and the government?


text: In a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc., defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case.

title: Wayback_Machine

title: Wayback_Machine

text: In

text: a

text: case

text: Netbula

text: LLC

text: v.

text: Chordiant

text: Software

text: Inc.

text: defendant

text: Chordiant

text: filed

text: a

text: motion

text: to

text: compel

text: Netbula

text: to

text: disable

text: the

text: robots.txt

text: file

text: on

text: its

text: web

text: site

text: that

text: was

text: causing

text: the

text: Wayback

text: Machine

text: to

text: retroactively

text: remove

text: access

text: to

text: previous

text: versions

text: of

text: pages

text: it

text: had

text: archived

text: from

text: Nebula

text: 's

text: site

text: pages

text: that

text: Chordiant

text: believed

text: would

text: support

text: its

text: case

question: What 2009 court battle involved the Wayback Machine?

answer: Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.

text: Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.

question: Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument?

answer: Chordiant

text: Chordiant

question: What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website?

answer: the robots.txt file

text: the robots.txt file

question: What 2009 court battle involved Netbula's robots?

text: Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.

question: Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for robots?

text: Chordiant

question: What did the Wayback Machine request that the court deactivate on Netbulas website?

text: the robots.txt file

question: What did the Wayback Machine believe would support its case?

text: pages

question: Who filed a motion to compel the Wayback Machine to disable the robots.txt file?

text: Chordiant


text: The air offensive against the RAF and British industry failed to have the desired effect. More might have been achieved had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot, the vulnerability of British sea communications. The Allies did so later when Bomber Command attacked rail communications and the United States Army Air Forces targeted oil, but that would have required an economic-industrial analysis of which the Luftwaffe was incapable. The OKL instead sought clusters of targets that suited the latest policy (which changed frequently), and disputes within the leadership were about tactics rather than strategy. Though militarily ineffective, the Blitz caused enormous damage to Britain's infrastructure and housing stock. It cost around 41,000 lives, and may have injured another 139,000.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: The

text: air

text: offensive

text: against

text: the

text: RAF

text: and

text: British

text: industry

text: failed

text: to

text: have

text: the

text: desired

text: effect

text: More

text: might

text: have

text: been

text: achieved

text: had

text: the

text: OKL

text: exploited

text: their

text: enemy

text: 's

text: weak

text: spot

text: the

text: vulnerability

text: of

text: British

text: sea

text: communications

text: The

text: Allies

text: did

text: so

text: later

text: when

text: Bomber

text: Command

text: attacked

text: rail

text: communications

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: Air

text: Forces

text: targeted

text: oil

text: but

text: that

text: would

text: have

text: required

text: an

text: economic

text: industrial

text: analysis

text: of

text: which

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: was

text: incapable

text: The

text: OKL

text: instead

text: sought

text: clusters

text: of

text: targets

text: that

text: suited

text: the

text: latest

text: policy

text: which

text: changed

text: frequently

text: and

text: disputes

text: within

text: the

text: leadership

text: were

text: about

text: tactics

text: rather

text: than

text: strategy

text: Though

text: militarily

text: ineffective

text: the

text: Blitz

text: caused

text: enormous

text: damage

text: to

text: Britain

text: 's

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: housing

text: stock

text: It

text: cost

text: around

text: lives

text: and

text: may

text: have

text: injured

text: another

question: How could have more been achieved in the air offensive?

answer: had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot

text: had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot

question: What did the disputes in the OKL tend to be about?

answer: about tactics rather than strategy

text: about tactics rather than strategy

question: What was the Luftwaffe incapable of doing?

answer: an economic-industrial analysis

text: an economic-industrial analysis

question: How many casualties did the Blitz ultimately cause?

answer: cost around 41,000 lives, and may have injured another 139,000

text: cost around 41,000 lives, and may have injured another 139,000


text: European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools (scholae monasticae), in which monks and nuns taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and perhaps from cathedral schools. It is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were also founded by Kings (University of Naples Federico II, Charles University in Prague, Jagiellonian University in Kraków) or municipal administrations (University of Cologne, University of Erfurt). In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries.

title: University

title: University

text: European

text: higher

text: education

text: took

text: place

text: for

text: hundreds

text: of

text: years

text: in

text: Christian

text: cathedral

text: schools

text: or

text: monastic

text: schools

text: scholae

text: monasticae

text: in

text: which

text: monks

text: and

text: nuns

text: taught

text: classes

text: evidence

text: of

text: these

text: immediate

text: forerunners

text: of

text: the

text: later

text: university

text: at

text: many

text: places

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: earliest

text: universities

text: were

text: developed

text: under

text: the

text: aegis

text: of

text: the

text: Latin

text: Church

text: by

text: papal

text: bull

text: as

text: studia

text: generalia

text: and

text: perhaps

text: from

text: cathedral

text: schools

text: It

text: is

text: possible

text: however

text: that

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: cathedral

text: schools

text: into

text: universities

text: was

text: quite

text: rare

text: with

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Paris

text: being

text: an

text: exception

text: Later

text: they

text: were

text: also

text: founded

text: by

text: Kings

text: University

text: of

text: Naples

text: Federico

text: II

text: Charles

text: University

text: in

text: Prague

text: Jagiellonian

text: University

text: in

text: Kraków

text: or

text: municipal

text: administrations

text: University

text: of

text: Cologne

text: University

text: of

text: Erfurt

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: medieval

text: period

text: most

text: new

text: universities

text: were

text: founded

text: from

text: pre

text: existing

text: schools

text: usually

text: when

text: these

text: schools

text: were

text: deemed

text: to

text: have

text: become

text: primarily

text: sites

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: Many

text: historians

text: state

text: that

text: universities

text: and

text: cathedral

text: schools

text: were

text: a

text: continuation

text: of

text: the

text: interest

text: in

text: learning

text: promoted

text: by

text: monasteries

question: What is a scholae monasticae?

answer: monastic schools

text: monastic schools

question: Who presided over classes at a scholae monasticae?

answer: monks and nuns

text: monks and nuns

question: In the chronology of academic institutions, where are Christian cathedral schools compared to universities?

answer: immediate forerunners

text: immediate forerunners

question: What church is said to be responsible for the formation of universities?

answer: Latin Church

text: Latin Church

question: During which era did universities grow out of already extant schools?

answer: early medieval period

text: early medieval period

question: Where did education originally take place across the world?

question: What type of schools forbid women to teach?

question: What began in the 600's?

text: forerunners of the later university

question: What church encouraged but did not get directly involved in forming universities?

text: Latin Church

question: What caused most existing schools to decline?

text: universities

question: Who presided over universities?

text: monks and nuns

question: During which era did universities grow out of monasteries?

text: early medieval period

question: What were the earliest monasteries developed under?

question: What are three monasteries started by Kings?

question: Where were most new universities funded from?

text: pre-existing schools


text: In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms.

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: In

text: the

text: private

text: sector

text: corruption

text: increases

text: the

text: cost

text: of

text: business

text: through

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: illicit

text: payments

text: themselves

text: the

text: management

text: cost

text: of

text: negotiating

text: with

text: officials

text: and

text: the

text: risk

text: of

text: breached

text: agreements

text: or

text: detection

text: Although

text: some

text: claim

text: corruption

text: reduces

text: costs

text: by

text: cutting

text: bureaucracy

text: the

text: availability

text: of

text: bribes

text: can

text: also

text: induce

text: officials

text: to

text: contrive

text: new

text: rules

text: and

text: delays

text: Openly

text: removing

text: costly

text: and

text: lengthy

text: regulations

text: are

text: better

text: than

text: covertly

text: allowing

text: them

text: to

text: be

text: bypassed

text: by

text: using

text: bribes

text: Where

text: corruption

text: inflates

text: the

text: cost

text: of

text: business

text: it

text: also

text: distorts

text: the

text: playing

text: field

text: shielding

text: firms

text: with

text: connections

text: from

text: competition

text: and

text: thereby

text: sustaining

text: inefficient

text: firms

question: Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector?

answer: private

text: private

question: Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what?

answer: bureaucracy

text: bureaucracy

question: What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place?

answer: Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations

text: Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations

question: Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what?

answer: competition

text: competition


text: Men's rhythmic gymnastics is related to both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts. It emerged in Japan from stick gymnastics. Stick gymnastics has been taught and performed for many years with the aim of improving physical strength and health. Male athletes are judged on some of the same physical abilities and skills as their female counterparts, such as hand/body-eye co-ordination, but tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus, as opposed to flexibility and dance in women's rhythmic gymnastics. There are a growing number of participants, competing alone and on a team; it is most popular in Asia, especially in Japan where high school and university teams compete fiercely. As of 2002[update], there were 1000 men's rhythmic gymnasts in Japan.[citation needed]

title: Gymnastics

title: Gymnastics

text: Men

text: 's

text: rhythmic

text: gymnastics

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: both

text: Men

text: 's

text: artistic

text: gymnastics

text: and

text: wushu

text: martial

text: arts

text: It

text: emerged

text: in

text: Japan

text: from

text: stick

text: gymnastics

text: Stick

text: gymnastics

text: has

text: been

text: taught

text: and

text: performed

text: for

text: many

text: years

text: with

text: the

text: aim

text: of

text: improving

text: physical

text: strength

text: and

text: health

text: Male

text: athletes

text: are

text: judged

text: on

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: physical

text: abilities

text: and

text: skills

text: as

text: their

text: female

text: counterparts

text: such

text: as

text: hand

text: body

text: eye

text: co

text: ordination

text: but

text: tumbling

text: strength

text: power

text: and

text: martial

text: arts

text: skills

text: are

text: the

text: main

text: focus

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: flexibility

text: and

text: dance

text: in

text: women

text: 's

text: rhythmic

text: gymnastics

text: There

text: are

text: a

text: growing

text: number

text: of

text: participants

text: competing

text: alone

text: and

text: on

text: a

text: team

text: it

text: is

text: most

text: popular

text: in

text: Asia

text: especially

text: in

text: Japan

text: where

text: high

text: school

text: and

text: university

text: teams

text: compete

text: fiercely

text: As

text: of

text: there

text: were

text: men

text: 's

text: rhythmic

text: gymnasts

text: in

text: Japan.[citation

text: needed

question: What are mens' rhythmic gymnastics related to?

answer: both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts

text: both Men's artistic gymnastics and wushu martial arts

question: Where did mens' rhythmic gymnastics develop from?

answer: stick gymnastics

text: stick gymnastics

question: What is the aim of stick gymnastics?

answer: improving physical strength and health

text: improving physical strength and health

question: What are the main focus?

answer: tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus

text: tumbling, strength, power, and martial arts skills are the main focus

question: How many mens' rhythmic gymnasts were in Japan in 2002?

answer: 1000

question: What is related to Women's artistic gymnastics and hop scotch?

text: Men's rhythmic gymnastics

question: Where is dancing most popular?

text: it is most popular in Asia

question: What country practices an unusual form of rhythmic gymnastics?

text: Japan

question: Where did gymnastic begin?

text: Japan

question: Why do people in Japan eat a diet high in fiber?

text: physical strength and health


text: On October 11, 1944, the Tuvan People's Republic joined the Russian SFSR as the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, in 1961 becoming an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic

text: On

text: October

text: the

text: Tuvan

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: joined

text: the

text: Russian

text: SFSR

text: as

text: the

text: Tuvan

text: Autonomous

text: Oblast

text: in

text: becoming

text: an

text: Autonomous

text: Soviet

text: Socialist

text: Republic

question: What was the Tuvan People's Republic renamed when it joined the RSFSR?

answer: Tuvan Autonomous Oblast

text: Tuvan Autonomous Oblast

question: On what date did the Tuvan People's Republic join the Russian SFSR?

answer: October 11, 1944

text: October 11, 1944

question: What did the former Tuvan People's Republic become in 1961?

answer: an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

text: an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

question: What was the Tuvan People's Republic renamed when it exited the RSFSR?

text: Tuvan People's Republic

question: On what date did the Tuvan People's Republic leave the Russian SFSR?

text: October 11, 1944

question: What did the former Tuvan People's Republic become in 1916?

text: Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

question: What happened on October 11, 1941?

question: What wasn't renamed to Tuvan Autonomous Oblast?

text: Tuvan People's Republic


text: Two of Chopin's long-standing pupils, Karol Mikuli (1821–1897) and Georges Mathias, were themselves piano teachers and passed on details of his playing to their own students, some of whom (such as Raoul Koczalski) were to make recordings of his music. Other pianists and composers influenced by Chopin's style include Louis Moreau Gottschalk, Édouard Wolff (1816–1880) and Pierre Zimmermann. Debussy dedicated his own 1915 piano Études to the memory of Chopin; he frequently played Chopin's music during his studies at the Paris Conservatoire, and undertook the editing of Chopin's piano music for the publisher Jacques Durand.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Two

text: of

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: long

text: standing

text: pupils

text: Karol

text: Mikuli

text: and

text: Georges

text: Mathias

text: were

text: themselves

text: piano

text: teachers

text: and

text: passed

text: on

text: details

text: of

text: his

text: playing

text: to

text: their

text: own

text: students

text: some

text: of

text: whom

text: such

text: as

text: Raoul

text: Koczalski

text: were

text: to

text: make

text: recordings

text: of

text: his

text: music

text: Other

text: pianists

text: and

text: composers

text: influenced

text: by

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: style

text: include

text: Louis

text: Moreau

text: Gottschalk

text: Édouard

text: Wolff

text: and

text: Pierre

text: Zimmermann

text: Debussy

text: dedicated

text: his

text: own

text: piano

text: Études

text: to

text: the

text: memory

text: of

text: Chopin

text: he

text: frequently

text: played

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: music

text: during

text: his

text: studies

text: at

text: the

text: Paris

text: Conservatoire

text: and

text: undertook

text: the

text: editing

text: of

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: piano

text: music

text: for

text: the

text: publisher

text: Jacques

text: Durand

question: Who dedicated his 1915 piano Études to Chopin?

answer: Debussy

text: Debussy

question: For what publisher to Debussy edit Chopin's music for?

answer: Jacques Durand

text: Jacques Durand

question: Who was a student of Chopin's former students and actually recorded some Chopin music?

answer: Raoul Koczalski

text: Raoul Koczalski

question: What music did Debussy play a lot at the Paris Conservatoire?

answer: Chopin's

text: Chopin's


text: The long-standing claim that the present uniform was first worn as mourning for the death of George III is unfounded. "Eton dress" has undergone significant changes since its standardisation in the 19th century. Originally (along with a top-hat and walking-cane), Etonian dress was reserved for formal occasions, but boys wear it today for classes, which are referred to as "divisions", or "divs". As stated above, King's Scholars wear a black gown over the top of their tailcoats, and occasionally a surplice in Chapel. Members of the teaching staff (known as Beaks) are required to wear a form of school dress when teaching.

title: Eton_College

title: Eton_College

text: The

text: long

text: standing

text: claim

text: that

text: the

text: present

text: uniform

text: was

text: first

text: worn

text: as

text: mourning

text: for

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: George

text: III

text: is

text: unfounded

text: Eton

text: dress

text: has

text: undergone

text: significant

text: changes

text: since

text: its

text: standardisation

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Originally

text: along

text: with

text: a

text: top

text: hat

text: and

text: walking

text: cane

text: Etonian

text: dress

text: was

text: reserved

text: for

text: formal

text: occasions

text: but

text: boys

text: wear

text: it

text: today

text: for

text: classes

text: which

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: divisions

text: or

text: divs

text: As

text: stated

text: above

text: King

text: 's

text: Scholars

text: wear

text: a

text: black

text: gown

text: over

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: their

text: tailcoats

text: and

text: occasionally

text: a

text: surplice

text: in

text: Chapel

text: Members

text: of

text: the

text: teaching

text: staff

text: known

text: as

text: Beaks

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: wear

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: school

text: dress

text: when

text: teaching

question: There is false belief that the current uniforms were first worn for what event?

answer: mourning for the death of George III

text: mourning for the death of George III

question: What are Beaks?

answer: Members of the teaching staff

text: Members of the teaching staff

question: When are Beaks required to wear a form of school dress?

answer: when teaching

text: when teaching

question: What are classes at Eaton known as today?

answer: "divisions", or "divs"

text: "divisions", or "divs"

question: In what century did George III die?

question: What number of king of Britain was George III?

question: What are students known as at Eton?

text: Beaks

question: What color top-hats did Eton students originally wear?

text: black

question: What color are King's Scholars tailcoats?

text: black


text: In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's "warring of the species" in plants; he immediately envisioned "a force like a hundred thousand wedges" pushing well-adapted variations into "gaps in the economy of nature", so that the survivors would pass on their form and abilities, and unfavourable variations would be destroyed. By December 1838, he had noted a similarity between the act of breeders selecting traits and a Malthusian Nature selecting among variants thrown up by "chance" so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected".

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: In

text: late

text: September

text: he

text: started

text: reading

text: Thomas

text: Malthus

text: 's

text: An

text: Essay

text: on

text: the

text: Principle

text: of

text: Population

text: with

text: its

text: statistical

text: argument

text: that

text: human

text: populations

text: if

text: unrestrained

text: breed

text: beyond

text: their

text: means

text: and

text: struggle

text: to

text: survive

text: Darwin

text: related

text: this

text: to

text: the

text: struggle

text: for

text: existence

text: among

text: wildlife

text: and

text: botanist

text: de

text: Candolle

text: 's

text: warring

text: of

text: the

text: species

text: in

text: plants

text: he

text: immediately

text: envisioned

text: a

text: force

text: like

text: a

text: hundred

text: thousand

text: wedges

text: pushing

text: well

text: adapted

text: variations

text: into

text: gaps

text: in

text: the

text: economy

text: of

text: nature

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: survivors

text: would

text: pass

text: on

text: their

text: form

text: and

text: abilities

text: and

text: unfavourable

text: variations

text: would

text: be

text: destroyed

text: By

text: December

text: he

text: had

text: noted

text: a

text: similarity

text: between

text: the

text: act

text: of

text: breeders

text: selecting

text: traits

text: and

text: a

text: Malthusian

text: Nature

text: selecting

text: among

text: variants

text: thrown

text: up

text: by

text: chance

text: so

text: that

text: every

text: part

text: of

text: newly

text: acquired

text: structure

text: is

text: fully

text: practical

text: and

text: perfected

question: Which book did Darwin begin reading in 1838?

answer: An Essay on the Principle of Population

text: An Essay on the Principle of Population

question: What did Thomas Malthus' book theorize would happen to human populations if they were unrestrained?

answer: breed beyond their means and struggle to survive

text: breed beyond their means and struggle to survive

question: Which species did Darwin compare with the human struggle to survive?

answer: plants

text: plants

question: What concept was de Candolle considering as he studied plants?

answer: "warring of the species"

text: "warring of the species"


text:
In the absence of atmospheric oxygen (O
2), in deep geological conditions prevailing far away from Earth atmosphere, hydrogen (H
2) is produced during the process of serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation by the water protons (H+) of the ferrous (Fe2+) silicate present in the crystal lattice of the fayalite (Fe
2SiO
4, the olivine iron-endmember). The corresponding reaction leading to the formation of magnetite (Fe
3O
4), quartz (SiO
2) and hydrogen (H
2) is the following:

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: In

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: atmospheric

text: oxygen

text: O

text: in

text: deep

text: geological

text: conditions

text: prevailing

text: far

text: away

text: from

text: Earth

text: atmosphere

text: hydrogen

text: H

text: is

text: produced

text: during

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: serpentinization

text: by

text: the

text: anaerobic

text: oxidation

text: by

text: the

text: water

text: protons

text: H+

text: of

text: the

text: ferrous

text: silicate

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: crystal

text: lattice

text: of

text: the

text: fayalite

text: Fe

text: the

text: olivine

text: iron

text: endmember

text: The

text: corresponding

text: reaction

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: magnetite

text: Fe

text: quartz

text: SiO

text: and

text: hydrogen

text: H

text: is

text: the

text: following

question: How is hydrogen produced when there is no atmospheric oxygen?

answer: serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation

text: serpentinization by the anaerobic oxidation

question: Where do you find silicate?

answer: crystal lattice of the fayalite

text: crystal lattice of the fayalite


text: The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: The

text: first

text: polytechnic

text: in

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: is

text: The

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Polytechnic

text: established

text: in

text: through

text: upgrading

text: the

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Technical

text: College

text: Government

text: Trade

text: School

text: before

text: The

text: second

text: polytechnic

text: the

text: City

text: Polytechnic

text: of

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: These

text: polytechnics

text: awards

text: diplomas

text: higher

text: diplomas

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: academic

text: degrees

text: Like

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: the

text: two

text: polytechnics

text: were

text: granted

text: university

text: status

text: in

text: and

text: renamed

text: The

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: Polytechnic

text: University

text: and

text: the

text: City

text: University

text: of

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: respectively

text: The

text: Hong

text: Kong

text: University

text: of

text: Science

text: and

text: Technology

text: a

text: university

text: with

text: a

text: focus

text: in

text: applied

text: science

text: engineering

text: and

text: business

text: was

text: founded

text: in

question: What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong?

answer: The Hong Kong Polytechnic

text: The Hong Kong Polytechnic

question: What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic?

answer: Hong Kong Technical College

text: Hong Kong Technical College

question: In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded?

answer: 1984

question: What Hong Kong university was created in 1991?

answer: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

text: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

question: When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities?

answer: 1994


text: The invention of electronic computers in the 1940s, along with the development of mathematical information theory, led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems. This concept formed the basis of the field of cybernetics, and eventually gave rise to the field now known as computational neuroscience. The earliest attempts at cybernetics were somewhat crude in that they treated the brain as essentially a digital computer in disguise, as for example in John von Neumann's 1958 book, The Computer and the Brain. Over the years, though, accumulating information about the electrical responses of brain cells recorded from behaving animals has steadily moved theoretical concepts in the direction of increasing realism.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: The

text: invention

text: of

text: electronic

text: computers

text: in

text: the

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: mathematical

text: information

text: theory

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: realization

text: that

text: brains

text: can

text: potentially

text: be

text: understood

text: as

text: information

text: processing

text: systems

text: This

text: concept

text: formed

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: cybernetics

text: and

text: eventually

text: gave

text: rise

text: to

text: the

text: field

text: now

text: known

text: as

text: computational

text: neuroscience

text: The

text: earliest

text: attempts

text: at

text: cybernetics

text: were

text: somewhat

text: crude

text: in

text: that

text: they

text: treated

text: the

text: brain

text: as

text: essentially

text: a

text: digital

text: computer

text: in

text: disguise

text: as

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: John

text: von

text: Neumann

text: 's

text: book

text: The

text: Computer

text: and

text: the

text: Brain

text: Over

text: the

text: years

text: though

text: accumulating

text: information

text: about

text: the

text: electrical

text: responses

text: of

text: brain

text: cells

text: recorded

text: from

text: behaving

text: animals

text: has

text: steadily

text: moved

text: theoretical

text: concepts

text: in

text: the

text: direction

text: of

text: increasing

text: realism

question: Computers were invented in what decade in history?

answer: 1940s

question: Neuroscience spawned from what field of science in history?

answer: cybernetics

text: cybernetics

question: Who wrote the book, The Computer and the Brain?

answer: John von Neumann's

text: John von Neumann's

question: When was John von Neumann's book, The Computer and the Brain published?

answer: 1958


text: Required attendance at school is 10 years for males and 11 years for females (2001). The adult literacy rate is 99.0% (2002). In 2010, there were 1,918 students who were taught by 109 teachers (98 certified and 11 uncertified). The teacher-pupil ratio for primary schools in Tuvalu is around 1:18 for all schools with the exception of Nauti School, which has a teacher-student ratio of 1:27. Nauti School on Funafuti is the largest primary in Tuvalu with more than 900 students (45 percent of the total primary school enrolment). The pupil-teacher ratio for Tuvalu is low compared to the Pacific region (ratio of 1:29).

title: Tuvalu

title: Tuvalu

text: Required

text: attendance

text: at

text: school

text: is

text: years

text: for

text: males

text: and

text: years

text: for

text: females

text: The

text: adult

text: literacy

text: rate

text: is

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: students

text: who

text: were

text: taught

text: by

text: teachers

text: certified

text: and

text: uncertified

text: The

text: teacher

text: pupil

text: ratio

text: for

text: primary

text: schools

text: in

text: Tuvalu

text: is

text: around

text: for

text: all

text: schools

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: Nauti

text: School

text: which

text: has

text: a

text: teacher

text: student

text: ratio

text: of

text: Nauti

text: School

text: on

text: Funafuti

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: primary

text: in

text: Tuvalu

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: students

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: total

text: primary

text: school

text: enrolment

text: The

text: pupil

text: teacher

text: ratio

text: for

text: Tuvalu

text: is

text: low

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: Pacific

text: region

text: ratio

text: of

question: What is the required education for males on Tuvalu?

answer: 10 years

text: 10 years

question: How long are females required to go to school?

answer: 11 years

text: 11 years

question: What was the literacy rate on Tuvalu in 2002?

answer: 99.0%

question: How many students were in Tuvalu schools in 2010?

answer: 1,918

question: What si the teacher-student ratio for Tuvalu schools?

answer: 1:18


text: The Eastern Han, also known as the Later Han, formally began on 5 August 25, when Liu Xiu became Emperor Guangwu of Han. During the widespread rebellion against Wang Mang, the state of Goguryeo was free to raid Han's Korean commanderies; Han did not reaffirm its control over the region until AD 30. The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam rebelled against Han in AD 40. Their rebellion was crushed by Han general Ma Yuan (d. AD 49) in a campaign from AD 42–43. Wang Mang renewed hostilities against the Xiongnu, who were estranged from Han until their leader Bi (比), a rival claimant to the throne against his cousin Punu (蒲奴), submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in AD 50. This created two rival Xiongnu states: the Southern Xiongnu led by Bi, an ally of Han, and the Northern Xiongnu led by Punu, an enemy of Han.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: The

text: Eastern

text: Han

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Later

text: Han

text: formally

text: began

text: on

text: August

text: when

text: Liu

text: Xiu

text: became

text: Emperor

text: Guangwu

text: of

text: Han

text: During

text: the

text: widespread

text: rebellion

text: against

text: Wang

text: Mang

text: the

text: state

text: of

text: Goguryeo

text: was

text: free

text: to

text: raid

text: Han

text: 's

text: Korean

text: commanderies

text: Han

text: did

text: not

text: reaffirm

text: its

text: control

text: over

text: the

text: region

text: until

text: AD

text: The

text: Trưng

text: Sisters

text: of

text: Vietnam

text: rebelled

text: against

text: Han

text: in

text: AD

text: Their

text: rebellion

text: was

text: crushed

text: by

text: Han

text: general

text: Ma

text: Yuan

text: d.

text: AD

text: in

text: a

text: campaign

text: from

text: AD

text: Wang

text: Mang

text: renewed

text: hostilities

text: against

text: the

text: Xiongnu

text: who

text: were

text: estranged

text: from

text: Han

text: until

text: their

text: leader

text: Bi

text: 比

text: a

text: rival

text: claimant

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: against

text: his

text: cousin

text: Punu

text: 蒲奴

text: submitted

text: to

text: Han

text: as

text: a

text: tributary

text: vassal

text: in

text: AD

text: This

text: created

text: two

text: rival

text: Xiongnu

text: states

text: the

text: Southern

text: Xiongnu

text: led

text: by

text: Bi

text: an

text: ally

text: of

text: Han

text: and

text: the

text: Northern

text: Xiongnu

text: led

text: by

text: Punu

text: an

text: enemy

text: of

text: Han

question: On what date did the Eastern Han dynasty begin?

answer: 5 August 25

text: 5 August 25

question: Which state raided Han's Korean commanderies?

answer: Goguryeo

text: Goguryeo

question: Who started a rebellion against Han in the year AD 40?

answer: The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam

text: The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam

question: In what year did Ma Yuan die?

answer: AD 49

text: AD 49

question: Who was the leader of the Xiongnu?

answer: Bi

text: Bi


text: His birthday (14 December 1895) was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Prince Albert, the Prince Consort. Uncertain of how the Prince Consort's widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been "rather distressed". Two days later, he wrote again: "I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her". Queen Victoria was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert, and wrote to the Duchess of York: "I am all impatience to see the new one, born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me, especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good". Consequently, he was baptised "Albert Frederick Arthur George" at St. Mary Magdalene's Church near Sandringham three months later.[a] As a great-grandson of Queen Victoria, he was known formally as His Highness Prince Albert of York from birth. Within the family, he was known informally as "Bertie". His maternal grandmother, the Duchess of Teck, did not like the first name the baby had been given, and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name "may supplant the less favoured one".

title: George_VI

title: George_VI

text: His

text: birthday

text: December

text: was

text: the

text: anniversary

text: of

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: his

text: great

text: grandfather

text: Prince

text: Albert

text: the

text: Prince

text: Consort

text: Uncertain

text: of

text: how

text: the

text: Prince

text: Consort

text: 's

text: widow

text: Queen

text: Victoria

text: would

text: take

text: the

text: news

text: of

text: the

text: birth

text: the

text: Prince

text: of

text: Wales

text: wrote

text: to

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: York

text: that

text: the

text: Queen

text: had

text: been

text: rather

text: distressed

text: Two

text: days

text: later

text: he

text: wrote

text: again

text: I

text: really

text: think

text: it

text: would

text: gratify

text: her

text: if

text: you

text: yourself

text: proposed

text: the

text: name

text: Albert

text: to

text: her

text: Queen

text: Victoria

text: was

text: mollified

text: by

text: the

text: proposal

text: to

text: name

text: the

text: new

text: baby

text: Albert

text: and

text: wrote

text: to

text: the

text: Duchess

text: of

text: York

text: I

text: am

text: all

text: impatience

text: to

text: see

text: the

text: new

text: one

text: born

text: on

text: such

text: a

text: sad

text: day

text: but

text: rather

text: more

text: dear

text: to

text: me

text: especially

text: as

text: he

text: will

text: be

text: called

text: by

text: that

text: dear

text: name

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: byword

text: for

text: all

text: that

text: is

text: great

text: and

text: good

text: Consequently

text: he

text: was

text: baptised

text: Albert

text: Frederick

text: Arthur

text: George

text: at

text: St.

text: Mary

text: Magdalene

text: 's

text: Church

text: near

text: Sandringham

text: three

text: months

text: later.[a

text: As

text: a

text: great

text: grandson

text: of

text: Queen

text: Victoria

text: he

text: was

text: known

text: formally

text: as

text: His

text: Highness

text: Prince

text: Albert

text: of

text: York

text: from

text: birth

text: Within

text: the

text: family

text: he

text: was

text: known

text: informally

text: as

text: Bertie

text: His

text: maternal

text: grandmother

text: the

text: Duchess

text: of

text: Teck

text: did

text: not

text: like

text: the

text: first

text: name

text: the

text: baby

text: had

text: been

text: given

text: and

text: she

text: wrote

text: prophetically

text: that

text: she

text: hoped

text: the

text: last

text: name

text: may

text: supplant

text: the

text: less

text: favoured

text: one

question: What month and day was the death of Prince Albert?

answer: 14 December

text: 14 December

question: Who was Prince Albert's great grandmother?

answer: Queen Victoria

text: Queen Victoria

question: What was Prince Albert's nickname?

answer: Bertie

text: Bertie

question: In which church was Prince Albert baptized?

answer: St. Mary Magdalene's Church

text: St. Mary Magdalene's Church

question: What was the name of the Duchess of York?

text: Victoria

question: What was the name of the Duke of York?

text: Albert

question: Who was the Duchess of Teck?

text: Victoria

question: In what year was Queen Victoria crowned?

question: On what date did the Prince of Wales write to the Duke of York?

text: 14 December 1895


text: An important guiding principle of Buddhist practice is the Middle Way (or Middle Path), which is said to have been discovered by Gautama Buddha prior to his enlightenment. The Middle Way has several definitions:

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: An

text: important

text: guiding

text: principle

text: of

text: Buddhist

text: practice

text: is

text: the

text: Middle

text: Way

text: or

text: Middle

text: Path

text: which

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: discovered

text: by

text: Gautama

text: Buddha

text: prior

text: to

text: his

text: enlightenment

text: The

text: Middle

text: Way

text: has

text: several

text: definitions

question: When did Gautama Buddha discover the Middle Way?

answer: prior to his enlightenment

text: prior to his enlightenment

question: An important guiding priciple of Buddhist practice is what?

answer: the Middle Way

text: the Middle Way

question: Guatama discovered the middle path before his what?

answer: enlightenment

text: enlightenment