text: At about this time the surrounding areas experienced recurring fragmentation and reincorporations among a number of feudal secular and ecclesiastical lordships, a common process in the Holy Roman Empire. Alsace experienced great prosperity during the 12th and 13th centuries under Hohenstaufen emperors. Frederick I set up Alsace as a province (a procuratio, not a provincia) to be ruled by ministeriales, a non-noble class of civil servants. The idea was that such men would be more tractable and less likely to alienate the fief from the crown out of their own greed. The province had a single provincial court (Landgericht) and a central administration with its seat at Hagenau. Frederick II designated the Bishop of Strasbourg to administer Alsace, but the authority of the bishop was challenged by Count Rudolf of Habsburg, who received his rights from Frederick II's son Conrad IV. Strasbourg began to grow to become the most populous and commercially important town in the region. In 1262, after a long struggle with the ruling bishops, its citizens gained the status of free imperial city. A stop on the Paris-Vienna-Orient trade route, as well as a port on the Rhine route linking southern Germany and Switzerland to the Netherlands, England and Scandinavia, it became the political and economic center of the region. Cities such as Colmar and Hagenau also began to grow in economic importance and gained a kind of autonomy within the "Decapole" or "Dekapolis", a federation of ten free towns.

title: Alsace

title: Alsace

text: At

text: about

text: this

text: time

text: the

text: surrounding

text: areas

text: experienced

text: recurring

text: fragmentation

text: and

text: reincorporations

text: among

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: feudal

text: secular

text: and

text: ecclesiastical

text: lordships

text: a

text: common

text: process

text: in

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Alsace

text: experienced

text: great

text: prosperity

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: under

text: Hohenstaufen

text: emperors

text: Frederick

text: I

text: set

text: up

text: Alsace

text: as

text: a

text: province

text: a

text: procuratio

text: not

text: a

text: provincia

text: to

text: be

text: ruled

text: by

text: ministeriales

text: a

text: non

text: noble

text: class

text: of

text: civil

text: servants

text: The

text: idea

text: was

text: that

text: such

text: men

text: would

text: be

text: more

text: tractable

text: and

text: less

text: likely

text: to

text: alienate

text: the

text: fief

text: from

text: the

text: crown

text: out

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: greed

text: The

text: province

text: had

text: a

text: single

text: provincial

text: court

text: Landgericht

text: and

text: a

text: central

text: administration

text: with

text: its

text: seat

text: at

text: Hagenau

text: Frederick

text: II

text: designated

text: the

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Strasbourg

text: to

text: administer

text: Alsace

text: but

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: bishop

text: was

text: challenged

text: by

text: Count

text: Rudolf

text: of

text: Habsburg

text: who

text: received

text: his

text: rights

text: from

text: Frederick

text: II

text: 's

text: son

text: Conrad

text: IV

text: Strasbourg

text: began

text: to

text: grow

text: to

text: become

text: the

text: most

text: populous

text: and

text: commercially

text: important

text: town

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: In

text: after

text: a

text: long

text: struggle

text: with

text: the

text: ruling

text: bishops

text: its

text: citizens

text: gained

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: free

text: imperial

text: city

text: A

text: stop

text: on

text: the

text: Paris

text: Vienna

text: Orient

text: trade

text: route

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: port

text: on

text: the

text: Rhine

text: route

text: linking

text: southern

text: Germany

text: and

text: Switzerland

text: to

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: England

text: and

text: Scandinavia

text: it

text: became

text: the

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: Cities

text: such

text: as

text: Colmar

text: and

text: Hagenau

text: also

text: began

text: to

text: grow

text: in

text: economic

text: importance

text: and

text: gained

text: a

text: kind

text: of

text: autonomy

text: within

text: the

text: Decapole

text: or

text: Dekapolis

text: a

text: federation

text: of

text: ten

text: free

text: towns

question: What was considered a common practice in during the Holy Roman Empire?

answer: fragmentation and reincorporations among a number of feudal secular and ecclesiastical lordships

text: fragmentation and reincorporations among a number of feudal secular and ecclesiastical lordships

question: Under who's rule did Alsace thrive under?

answer: Hohenstaufen emperors

text: Hohenstaufen emperors

question: Was was the name given to the Alsace provincinal court?

answer: Landgericht

text: Landgericht

question: What was the name of the route that linked Germany,Switzerland , Netherlands, and England

answer: Paris-Vienna-Orient trade route

text: Paris-Vienna-Orient trade route

question: Which other two cities also started to grow economically?

answer: Colmar and Hagenau

text: Colmar and Hagenau

question: What emperors were responsible for the increased fragmentation?

text: Hohenstaufen

question: During which century did Frederick I make Alsace a province?

text: the 12th

question: What noble class ruled Alsace?

text: ministeriales

question: What was the name of the central administration at Hagenau?

text: Landgericht

question: Who questioned the authority of Count Rudolf?

text: the Bishop of Strasbourg


text: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Many types of bacteriophage exist, some simply infect and lyse their host bacteria, while others insert into the bacterial chromosome. A bacteriophage can contain genes that contribute to its host's phenotype: for example, in the evolution of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Clostridium botulinum, the toxin genes in an integrated phage converted a harmless ancestral bacterium into a lethal pathogen. Bacteria resist phage infection through restriction modification systems that degrade foreign DNA, and a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that the bacteria have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. This CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity to infection.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Bacteriophages

text: are

text: viruses

text: that

text: infect

text: bacteria

text: Many

text: types

text: of

text: bacteriophage

text: exist

text: some

text: simply

text: infect

text: and

text: lyse

text: their

text: host

text: bacteria

text: while

text: others

text: insert

text: into

text: the

text: bacterial

text: chromosome

text: A

text: bacteriophage

text: can

text: contain

text: genes

text: that

text: contribute

text: to

text: its

text: host

text: 's

text: phenotype

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: Escherichia

text: coli

text: and

text: Clostridium

text: botulinum

text: the

text: toxin

text: genes

text: in

text: an

text: integrated

text: phage

text: converted

text: a

text: harmless

text: ancestral

text: bacterium

text: into

text: a

text: lethal

text: pathogen

text: Bacteria

text: resist

text: phage

text: infection

text: through

text: restriction

text: modification

text: systems

text: that

text: degrade

text: foreign

text: DNA

text: and

text: a

text: system

text: that

text: uses

text: CRISPR

text: sequences

text: to

text: retain

text: fragments

text: of

text: the

text: genomes

text: of

text: phage

text: that

text: the

text: bacteria

text: have

text: come

text: into

text: contact

text: with

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: which

text: allows

text: them

text: to

text: block

text: virus

text: replication

text: through

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: RNA

text: interference

text: This

text: CRISPR

text: system

text: provides

text: bacteria

text: with

text: acquired

text: immunity

text: to

text: infection

question: What are Bacteriophages?

answer: viruses that infect bacteria

text: viruses that infect bacteria

question: What can viruses do to bacteria?

answer: infect and lyse their host bacteria

text: infect and lyse their host bacteria

question: What can happen if Bacteriophage contain genes of host's phenotype?

answer: lethal pathogen

text: lethal pathogen

question: How can bacteria resist virus DNA?

answer: CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity

text: CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity


text: Many scholars (including Makdisi) have argued that early medieval universities were influenced by the religious madrasahs in Al-Andalus, the Emirate of Sicily, and the Middle East (during the Crusades). Other scholars see this argument as overstated. Lowe and Yasuhara have recently drawn on the well-documented influences of scholarship from the Islamic world on the universities of Western Europe to call for a reconsideration of the development of higher education, turning away from a concern with local institutional structures to a broader consideration within a global context.

title: University

title: University

text: Many

text: scholars

text: including

text: Makdisi

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: early

text: medieval

text: universities

text: were

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: religious

text: madrasahs

text: in

text: Al

text: Andalus

text: the

text: Emirate

text: of

text: Sicily

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: during

text: the

text: Crusades

text: Other

text: scholars

text: see

text: this

text: argument

text: as

text: overstated

text: Lowe

text: and

text: Yasuhara

text: have

text: recently

text: drawn

text: on

text: the

text: well

text: documented

text: influences

text: of

text: scholarship

text: from

text: the

text: Islamic

text: world

text: on

text: the

text: universities

text: of

text: Western

text: Europe

text: to

text: call

text: for

text: a

text: reconsideration

text: of

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: turning

text: away

text: from

text: a

text: concern

text: with

text: local

text: institutional

text: structures

text: to

text: a

text: broader

text: consideration

text: within

text: a

text: global

text: context

question: Madrasas in which specific location are said to have guided the formation of medieval universities?

answer: Al-Andalus

text: Al-Andalus

question: Al-Andalus was an Emirate of which entity?

answer: Sicily

text: Sicily

question: Some scholars think that universities come from what, rather than solely local influences?

answer: a global context

text: a global context

question: During what notable Middle East conflict is it believed by some that Universities received influence from madrasas?

answer: the Crusades

text: the Crusades

question: Who argues that many religious madrashas were influenced by medieval universities?

text: Makdisi

question: What does Lowe argue was influenced by religious madrasa?

text: medieval universities

question: Who does Yasuhare say was influenced by Western Universities?

text: scholarship from the Islamic world

question: During what conflict did western universities influence madrasa?

text: Crusades)

question: Madrasas in which specific location are said to have guided the formation of the islamic world?

text: Al-Andalus

question: Lowe was an Emirate of which entity?

text: Sicily

question: During what notable Middle East conflict is it believed by some that Universities received influence from Yasuhara?

text: the Crusades

question: Who have drawn on the influences of scholarship from the European world?

text: Lowe and Yasuhara

question: Who argued that early madrasahs were influenced by early midieval universities?

text: Many scholars (including Makdisi)


text: The World Bank reported in February 2009 that the Arab World was far less severely affected by the credit crunch. With generally good balance of payments positions coming into the crisis or with alternative sources of financing for their large current account deficits, such as remittances, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or foreign aid, Arab countries were able to avoid going to the market in the latter part of 2008. This group is in the best position to absorb the economic shocks. They entered the crisis in exceptionally strong positions. This gives them a significant cushion against the global downturn. The greatest impact of the global economic crisis will come in the form of lower oil prices, which remains the single most important determinant of economic performance. Steadily declining oil prices would force them to draw down reserves and cut down on investments. Significantly lower oil prices could cause a reversal of economic performance as has been the case in past oil shocks. Initial impact will be seen on public finances and employment for foreign workers.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: The

text: World

text: Bank

text: reported

text: in

text: February

text: that

text: the

text: Arab

text: World

text: was

text: far

text: less

text: severely

text: affected

text: by

text: the

text: credit

text: crunch

text: With

text: generally

text: good

text: balance

text: of

text: payments

text: positions

text: coming

text: into

text: the

text: crisis

text: or

text: with

text: alternative

text: sources

text: of

text: financing

text: for

text: their

text: large

text: current

text: account

text: deficits

text: such

text: as

text: remittances

text: Foreign

text: Direct

text: Investment

text: FDI

text: or

text: foreign

text: aid

text: Arab

text: countries

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: avoid

text: going

text: to

text: the

text: market

text: in

text: the

text: latter

text: part

text: of

text: This

text: group

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: best

text: position

text: to

text: absorb

text: the

text: economic

text: shocks

text: They

text: entered

text: the

text: crisis

text: in

text: exceptionally

text: strong

text: positions

text: This

text: gives

text: them

text: a

text: significant

text: cushion

text: against

text: the

text: global

text: downturn

text: The

text: greatest

text: impact

text: of

text: the

text: global

text: economic

text: crisis

text: will

text: come

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: lower

text: oil

text: prices

text: which

text: remains

text: the

text: single

text: most

text: important

text: determinant

text: of

text: economic

text: performance

text: Steadily

text: declining

text: oil

text: prices

text: would

text: force

text: them

text: to

text: draw

text: down

text: reserves

text: and

text: cut

text: down

text: on

text: investments

text: Significantly

text: lower

text: oil

text: prices

text: could

text: cause

text: a

text: reversal

text: of

text: economic

text: performance

text: as

text: has

text: been

text: the

text: case

text: in

text: past

text: oil

text: shocks

text: Initial

text: impact

text: will

text: be

text: seen

text: on

text: public

text: finances

text: and

text: employment

text: for

text: foreign

text: workers

question: What area of the world was less severely affected by the credit crunch according to The World Bank report In February 2009?

answer: Arab World

text: Arab World

question: What does the abbreviation FDI stand for?

answer: Foreign Direct Investment

text: Foreign Direct Investment

question: Arab countries entered the financial crisis in exceptionally strong positions giving them a cushion against this?

answer: global downturn

text: global downturn

question: What will have the greatest impact on the global economic crisis?

answer: lower oil prices

text: lower oil prices

question: What is the single most important determinant of economic performance?

answer: oil prices

text: oil prices


text: The Immaculate Collection, Madonna's first greatest-hits compilation album, was released in November 1990. It included two new songs, "Justify My Love" and "Rescue Me". The album was certified diamond by RIAA and sold over 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling compilation album by a solo artist in history. "Justify My Love" reached number one in the U.S. and top ten worldwide. Its music video featured scenes of sadomasochism, bondage, same-sex kissing, and brief nudity. The video was deemed too sexually explicit for MTV and was banned from the network. Madonna responded to the banning: "Why is it that people are willing to go and watch a movie about someone getting blown to bits for no reason at all, and nobody wants to see two girls kissing and two men snuggling?"

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: The

text: Immaculate

text: Collection

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: first

text: greatest

text: hits

text: compilation

text: album

text: was

text: released

text: in

text: November

text: It

text: included

text: two

text: new

text: songs

text: Justify

text: My

text: Love

text: and

text: Rescue

text: Me

text: The

text: album

text: was

text: certified

text: diamond

text: by

text: RIAA

text: and

text: sold

text: over

text: million

text: copies

text: worldwide

text: becoming

text: the

text: best

text: selling

text: compilation

text: album

text: by

text: a

text: solo

text: artist

text: in

text: history

text: Justify

text: My

text: Love

text: reached

text: number

text: one

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: and

text: top

text: ten

text: worldwide

text: Its

text: music

text: video

text: featured

text: scenes

text: of

text: sadomasochism

text: bondage

text: same

text: sex

text: kissing

text: and

text: brief

text: nudity

text: The

text: video

text: was

text: deemed

text: too

text: sexually

text: explicit

text: for

text: MTV

text: and

text: was

text: banned

text: from

text: the

text: network

text: Madonna

text: responded

text: to

text: the

text: banning

text: Why

text: is

text: it

text: that

text: people

text: are

text: willing

text: to

text: go

text: and

text: watch

text: a

text: movie

text: about

text: someone

text: getting

text: blown

text: to

text: bits

text: for

text: no

text: reason

text: at

text: all

text: and

text: nobody

text: wants

text: to

text: see

text: two

text: girls

text: kissing

text: and

text: two

text: men

text: snuggling

question: What is Madonna's compilation album called?

answer: The Immaculate Collection

text: The Immaculate Collection

question: How many albums did it sell worldwide?

answer: over 30 million copies

text: over 30 million copies

question: What is one of the title of the songs that was released in the Immaculate Collection?

answer: Justify My Love

text: Justify My Love

question: Why did MTV ban the video for Justify My Love?

answer: too sexually explicit

text: too sexually explicit

question: Justify My Love reached which number in the US charts?

answer: number one

text: number one


text: The light from LEDs can be modulated very quickly so they are used extensively in optical fiber and free space optics communications. This includes remote controls, such as for TVs, VCRs, and LED Computers, where infrared LEDs are often used. Opto-isolators use an LED combined with a photodiode or phototransistor to provide a signal path with electrical isolation between two circuits. This is especially useful in medical equipment where the signals from a low-voltage sensor circuit (usually battery-powered) in contact with a living organism must be electrically isolated from any possible electrical failure in a recording or monitoring device operating at potentially dangerous voltages. An optoisolator also allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential.

title: Light-emitting_diode

title: Light

title: emitting_diode

text: The

text: light

text: from

text: LEDs

text: can

text: be

text: modulated

text: very

text: quickly

text: so

text: they

text: are

text: used

text: extensively

text: in

text: optical

text: fiber

text: and

text: free

text: space

text: optics

text: communications

text: This

text: includes

text: remote

text: controls

text: such

text: as

text: for

text: TVs

text: VCRs

text: and

text: LED

text: Computers

text: where

text: infrared

text: LEDs

text: are

text: often

text: used

text: Opto

text: isolators

text: use

text: an

text: LED

text: combined

text: with

text: a

text: photodiode

text: or

text: phototransistor

text: to

text: provide

text: a

text: signal

text: path

text: with

text: electrical

text: isolation

text: between

text: two

text: circuits

text: This

text: is

text: especially

text: useful

text: in

text: medical

text: equipment

text: where

text: the

text: signals

text: from

text: a

text: low

text: voltage

text: sensor

text: circuit

text: usually

text: battery

text: powered

text: in

text: contact

text: with

text: a

text: living

text: organism

text: must

text: be

text: electrically

text: isolated

text: from

text: any

text: possible

text: electrical

text: failure

text: in

text: a

text: recording

text: or

text: monitoring

text: device

text: operating

text: at

text: potentially

text: dangerous

text: voltages

text: An

text: optoisolator

text: also

text: allows

text: information

text: to

text: be

text: transferred

text: between

text: circuits

text: not

text: sharing

text: a

text: common

text: ground

text: potential

question: Where are LEDs often used?

answer: free space optics communications

text: free space optics communications

question: What is an example of a device that uses free space optic communications?

answer: remote controls

text: remote controls

question: What does an optoisolator do?

answer: allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential

text: allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential

question: Where are opto-isolators found?

answer: medical equipment

text: medical equipment

question: In what common household item can you find infrared LEDs?

answer: LED Computers

text: LED Computers

question: Where are LEDs not often used?

text: optical fiber

question: What is an example of a device that uses not free space optic communications?

text: remote controls

question: What does an optoisolator don't do?


text: Early in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War. Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. "Iron Mike" O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there. Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Eisenhower stated prophetically that "this war would absorb our troops by divisions."

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: Early

text: in

text: the

text: French

text: asked

text: Eisenhower

text: for

text: help

text: in

text: French

text: Indochina

text: against

text: the

text: Communists

text: supplied

text: from

text: China

text: who

text: were

text: fighting

text: the

text: First

text: Indochina

text: War

text: Eisenhower

text: sent

text: Lt

text: General

text: John

text: W.

text: Iron

text: Mike

text: O'Daniel

text: to

text: Vietnam

text: to

text: study

text: and

text: assess

text: the

text: French

text: forces

text: there

text: Chief

text: of

text: Staff

text: Matthew

text: Ridgway

text: dissuaded

text: the

text: President

text: from

text: intervening

text: by

text: presenting

text: a

text: comprehensive

text: estimate

text: of

text: the

text: massive

text: military

text: deployment

text: that

text: would

text: be

text: necessary

text: Eisenhower

text: stated

text: prophetically

text: that

text: this

text: war

text: would

text: absorb

text: our

text: troops

text: by

text: divisions

question: What war was being fought by France in 1953?

answer: First Indochina War

text: First Indochina War

question: What was John W. O'Daniel's nickname?

answer: Iron Mike

text: Iron Mike

question: Who convinced Eisenhower not to intervene in Vietnam?

answer: Matthew Ridgway

text: Matthew Ridgway

question: Who was providing supplies to the Vietnamese communists fighting against France?

answer: China

text: China

question: How large of a military deployment did Ridgway say would be necessary in Vietnam?

answer: massive

text: massive


text: At the time of its launch, TCM was available to approximately one million cable television subscribers. The network originally served as a competitor to AMC – which at the time was known as "American Movie Classics" and maintained a virtually identical format to TCM, as both networks largely focused on films released prior to 1970 and aired them in an uncut, uncolorized, and commercial-free format. AMC had broadened its film content to feature colorized and more recent films by 2002 and abandoned its commercial-free format, leaving TCM as the only movie-oriented cable channel to devote its programming entirely to classic films without commercial interruption.

title: Turner_Classic_Movies

title: Turner_Classic_Movies

text: At

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: its

text: launch

text: TCM

text: was

text: available

text: to

text: approximately

text: one

text: million

text: cable

text: television

text: subscribers

text: The

text: network

text: originally

text: served

text: as

text: a

text: competitor

text: to

text: AMC

text: which

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: American

text: Movie

text: Classics

text: and

text: maintained

text: a

text: virtually

text: identical

text: format

text: to

text: TCM

text: as

text: both

text: networks

text: largely

text: focused

text: on

text: films

text: released

text: prior

text: to

text: and

text: aired

text: them

text: in

text: an

text: uncut

text: uncolorized

text: and

text: commercial

text: free

text: format

text: AMC

text: had

text: broadened

text: its

text: film

text: content

text: to

text: feature

text: colorized

text: and

text: more

text: recent

text: films

text: by

text: and

text: abandoned

text: its

text: commercial

text: free

text: format

text: leaving

text: TCM

text: as

text: the

text: only

text: movie

text: oriented

text: cable

text: channel

text: to

text: devote

text: its

text: programming

text: entirely

text: to

text: classic

text: films

text: without

text: commercial

text: interruption

question: How many subscribers had access to TCM upon it launch?

answer: one million

text: one million

question: When TCM premiered, what was AMC called?

answer: American Movie Classics

text: American Movie Classics

question: What sorts of films did American Movie Classics primarily show?

answer: released prior to 1970

text: released prior to 1970

question: By what year was AMC showing commercials?

answer: 2002

question: How many subscribers had access to AMC upon its launch?

text: one million

question: When TCM ended, what was AMC called?

text: American Movie Classics

question: What sorts of films did TCM primarily show?

text: released prior to 1970

question: By what year was TCM showing commercials?

question: Who originally served as a free format to AMC?

text: TCM


text: The city is home or birthplace to a number of contemporary musicians such as R'n'B singer Craig David, Coldplay drummer Will Champion, former Holloways singer Rob Skipper as well as 1980s popstar Howard Jones. Several rock bands were formed in Southampton, including Band of Skulls, The Delays, Bury Tomorrow, Heart in Hand, Thomas Tantrum (disbanded in 2011) and Kids Can't Fly (disbanded in 2014). James Zabiela, a highly regarded and recognised name in dance music, is also from Southampton.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: home

text: or

text: birthplace

text: to

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: contemporary

text: musicians

text: such

text: as

text: R'n'B

text: singer

text: Craig

text: David

text: Coldplay

text: drummer

text: Will

text: Champion

text: former

text: Holloways

text: singer

text: Rob

text: Skipper

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: popstar

text: Howard

text: Jones

text: Several

text: rock

text: bands

text: were

text: formed

text: in

text: Southampton

text: including

text: Band

text: of

text: Skulls

text: The

text: Delays

text: Bury

text: Tomorrow

text: Heart

text: in

text: Hand

text: Thomas

text: Tantrum

text: disbanded

text: in

text: and

text: Kids

text: Ca

text: n't

text: Fly

text: disbanded

text: in

text: James

text: Zabiela

text: a

text: highly

text: regarded

text: and

text: recognised

text: name

text: in

text: dance

text: music

text: is

text: also

text: from

text: Southampton

question: What popular RnB singer hails from Southampton?

answer: Craig David

text: Craig David

question: What's the name of the Coldplay drummer from Southampton?

answer: Will Champion

text: Will Champion

question: What group did Southampton's Rob Skipper sing for?

answer: Holloways

text: Holloways

question: What band that broke up in 2014 was formed in Southampton?

answer: Kids Can't Fly

text: Kids Can't Fly

question: What genre of music is James Zabiela known for?

answer: dance

text: dance


text: In the 9th century, the rise of the cult of the Apostle James in Santiago de Compostela gave Galicia a particular symbolic importance among Christians, an importance it would hold throughout the Reconquista. As the Middle Ages went on, Santiago became a major pilgrim destination and the Way of Saint James (Camiño de Santiago) a major pilgrim road, a route for the propagation of Romanesque art and the words and music of the troubadors. During the 10th and 11th centuries, a period during which Galician nobility become related to the royal family, Galicia was at times headed by its own native kings, while Vikings (locally known as Leodemanes or Lordomanes) occasionally raided the coasts. The Towers of Catoira (Pontevedra) were built as a system of fortifications to prevent and stop the Viking raids on Santiago de Compostela.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: cult

text: of

text: the

text: Apostle

text: James

text: in

text: Santiago

text: de

text: Compostela

text: gave

text: Galicia

text: a

text: particular

text: symbolic

text: importance

text: among

text: Christians

text: an

text: importance

text: it

text: would

text: hold

text: throughout

text: the

text: Reconquista

text: As

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: went

text: on

text: Santiago

text: became

text: a

text: major

text: pilgrim

text: destination

text: and

text: the

text: Way

text: of

text: Saint

text: James

text: Camiño

text: de

text: Santiago

text: a

text: major

text: pilgrim

text: road

text: a

text: route

text: for

text: the

text: propagation

text: of

text: Romanesque

text: art

text: and

text: the

text: words

text: and

text: music

text: of

text: the

text: troubadors

text: During

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: a

text: period

text: during

text: which

text: Galician

text: nobility

text: become

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: royal

text: family

text: Galicia

text: was

text: at

text: times

text: headed

text: by

text: its

text: own

text: native

text: kings

text: while

text: Vikings

text: locally

text: known

text: as

text: Leodemanes

text: or

text: Lordomanes

text: occasionally

text: raided

text: the

text: coasts

text: The

text: Towers

text: of

text: Catoira

text: Pontevedra

text: were

text: built

text: as

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: fortifications

text: to

text: prevent

text: and

text: stop

text: the

text: Viking

text: raids

text: on

text: Santiago

text: de

text: Compostela

question: Which cult arose in Galicia during the 9th century?

answer: Apostle James

text: Apostle James

question: Where was this cult based in?

answer: Santiago de Compostela

text: Santiago de Compostela

question: Name the road that lead there.

answer: Way of Saint James

text: Way of Saint James

question: What did Galicians call the Vikings?

answer: Leodemanes or Lordomanes

text: Leodemanes or Lordomanes

question: To stop the Vikings from raiding, what did the Galicians build as a defense system?

answer: Towers of Catoira

text: Towers of Catoira


text: Ann Arbor was founded in 1824, named for wives of the village's founders and the stands of Bur Oak trees. The University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics. Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as various student movements.

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: named

text: for

text: wives

text: of

text: the

text: village

text: 's

text: founders

text: and

text: the

text: stands

text: of

text: Bur

text: Oak

text: trees

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Michigan

text: moved

text: from

text: Detroit

text: to

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: grew

text: at

text: a

text: rapid

text: rate

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: to

text: century

text: During

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: gained

text: a

text: reputation

text: as

text: a

text: center

text: for

text: left

text: wing

text: politics

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: became

text: a

text: focal

text: point

text: for

text: political

text: activism

text: and

text: served

text: as

text: a

text: hub

text: for

text: the

text: civil

text: rights

text: movement

text: and

text: anti

text: Vietnam

text: War

text: movement

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: various

text: student

text: movements

question: When was Ann Arbor founded?

answer: 1824

question: Which University moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837?

answer: University of Michigan

text: University of Michigan

question: During  the 1960's & 70's, Ann Arbor gained a reputation for what?

answer: center for left-wing politics

text: center for left-wing politics

question: Which type of tree is associated with the city Ann Arbor's name?

answer: Bur Oak

text: Bur Oak

question: What college moved to Ann Arbor in 1873?

text: University of Michigan

question: What Michigan city was founded in 1842?

text: Ann Arbor

question: During the 1950's and 60's, Ann Arbor gained a reputation for what?

text: center for left-wing politics


text: The American bison is a large bovid which inhabited much of western North America prior to the 1800s, living on the prairies in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only, leaving the rest to rot. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the population from several million in the early 1800s to a few hundred by the 1880s. Conservation efforts have allowed the population to increase, but the bison remains near-threatened.

title: Hunting

title: Hunting

text: The

text: American

text: bison

text: is

text: a

text: large

text: bovid

text: which

text: inhabited

text: much

text: of

text: western

text: North

text: America

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: living

text: on

text: the

text: prairies

text: in

text: large

text: herds

text: However

text: the

text: vast

text: herds

text: of

text: bison

text: attracted

text: market

text: hunters

text: who

text: killed

text: dozens

text: of

text: bison

text: for

text: their

text: hides

text: only

text: leaving

text: the

text: rest

text: to

text: rot

text: Thousands

text: of

text: these

text: hunters

text: quickly

text: eliminated

text: the

text: bison

text: herds

text: bringing

text: the

text: population

text: from

text: several

text: million

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: to

text: a

text: few

text: hundred

text: by

text: the

text: Conservation

text: efforts

text: have

text: allowed

text: the

text: population

text: to

text: increase

text: but

text: the

text: bison

text: remains

text: near

text: threatened

question: What type of creature is the American bison?

answer: a large bovid

text: a large bovid

question: What did the American bison inhabit much of prior to the 1800s?

answer: western North America

text: western North America

question: What did market hunters leave the parts of the bison they didn't need to do?

answer: rot

text: rot

question: What was the population of bison herds around prior to being eliminated by thousands of market hunters?

answer: several million

text: several million

question: What is the current status of bison?

answer: near-threatened

text: near-threatened

question: What did large herds of bison attract?

answer: market hunters

text: market hunters

question: What part of North America did the bison live?

answer: western

text: western

question: Why were the bison killed?

answer: for their hides

text: for their hides

question: What did hunter do with the rest of the bison?

answer: leaving the rest to rot

text: leaving the rest to rot

question: What do bison still remain?

answer: near-threatened

text: near-threatened

question: What area did market hunters come from in the 1880's?

text: western North America

question: How much did a bison hide cost in the 1800's?

text: Thousands

question: What was the population of the US in 1880?

text: several million

question: What areas of the US were settled first in 1880?

text: prairies

question: What were buildings prone to when built in a prarie area?

text: rot


text: The anti-bullying It Gets Better Project expanded from a single YouTube video directed to discouraged or suicidal LGBT teens, that within two months drew video responses from hundreds including U.S. President Barack Obama, Vice President Biden, White House staff, and several cabinet secretaries. Similarly, in response to fifteen-year-old Amanda Todd's video "My story: Struggling, bullying, suicide, self-harm", legislative action was undertaken almost immediately after her suicide to study the prevalence of bullying and form a national anti-bullying strategy.

title: YouTube

title: YouTube

text: The

text: anti

text: bullying

text: It

text: Gets

text: Better

text: Project

text: expanded

text: from

text: a

text: single

text: YouTube

text: video

text: directed

text: to

text: discouraged

text: or

text: suicidal

text: LGBT

text: teens

text: that

text: within

text: two

text: months

text: drew

text: video

text: responses

text: from

text: hundreds

text: including

text: U.S.

text: President

text: Barack

text: Obama

text: Vice

text: President

text: Biden

text: White

text: House

text: staff

text: and

text: several

text: cabinet

text: secretaries

text: Similarly

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: fifteen

text: year

text: old

text: Amanda

text: Todd

text: 's

text: video

text: My

text: story

text: Struggling

text: bullying

text: suicide

text: self

text: harm

text: legislative

text: action

text: was

text: undertaken

text: almost

text: immediately

text: after

text: her

text: suicide

text: to

text: study

text: the

text: prevalence

text: of

text: bullying

text: and

text: form

text: a

text: national

text: anti

text: bullying

text: strategy

question: What is the name of the group that drew responses from the resident and most of his staff regarding anti-bullying?

answer: It Gets Better Project

text: It Gets Better Project

question: How ling did it take the It Gets Better Project video to draw such a huge response?

answer: within two months

text: within two months

question: How old was Amanda Todd when she took her own life because of bullying?

answer: fifteen

text: fifteen

question: What was done after Amanda Todd's death?

answer: legislative action was undertaken

text: legislative action was undertaken

question: What was the goal of the actions taken after Amanda Todd's death?

answer: form a national anti-bullying strategy

text: form a national anti-bullying strategy

question: What project was aimed toward LTBG teens?

text: It Gets Better Project

question: Who did the It Gets Better video draw responses from within 15 months?

question: Whose video prompted legislative action within two months?

text: Amanda Todd


text: Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: Charles Léon (1806–1881) by Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne. Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810–1868), the son of his mistress Maria Walewska, although acknowledged by Walewska's husband, was also widely known to be his child, and the DNA of his direct male descendant has been used to help confirm Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype. He may have had further unacknowledged illegitimate offspring as well, such as Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld by Emilie Victoria Kraus and Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte (1816–1907) by Albine de Montholon.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

text: acknowledged

text: one

text: illegitimate

text: son

text: Charles

text: Léon

text: by

text: Eléonore

text: Denuelle

text: de

text: La

text: Plaigne

text: Alexandre

text: Colonna

text: Walewski

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: his

text: mistress

text: Maria

text: Walewska

text: although

text: acknowledged

text: by

text: Walewska

text: 's

text: husband

text: was

text: also

text: widely

text: known

text: to

text: be

text: his

text: child

text: and

text: the

text: DNA

text: of

text: his

text: direct

text: male

text: descendant

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: help

text: confirm

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: Y

text: chromosome

text: haplotype

text: He

text: may

text: have

text: had

text: further

text: unacknowledged

text: illegitimate

text: offspring

text: as

text: well

text: such

text: as

text: Eugen

text: Megerle

text: von

text: Mühlfeld

text: by

text: Emilie

text: Victoria

text: Kraus

text: and

text: Hélène

text: Napoleone

text: Bonaparte

text: by

text: Albine

text: de

text: Montholon

question: What was the name of the illegitimate son acknowledged by Napoleon?

answer: Charles Léon

text: Charles Léon

question: Who was the mother of Charles Léon?

answer: Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne

text: Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne

question: Who was Napoleon's illegitimate son by his mistress, Maria Walewska?

answer: Alexandre Colonna-Walewski

text: Alexandre Colonna-Walewski

question: DNA from Alexandre Colonna-Walewski's descendants has been used to confirm what attribute of Napoleon's?

answer: Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype

text: Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype

question: Who was the child of Emilie Victoria Kraus who might have been another of Napoleon's illegitimate children?

answer: Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld

text: Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld


text: The new Kievan state prospered due to its abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export, and because it controlled three main trade routes of Eastern Europe. In the north, Novgorod served as a commercial link between the Baltic Sea and the Volga trade route to the lands of the Volga Bulgars, the Khazars, and across the Caspian Sea as far as Baghdad, providing access to markets and products from Central Asia and the Middle East. Trade from the Baltic also moved south on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper known as the "route from the Varangians to the Greeks," continuing to the Black Sea and on to Constantinople. Kiev was a central outpost along the Dnieper route and a hub with the east-west overland trade route between the Khazars and the Germanic lands of Central Europe. These commercial connections enriched Rus' merchants and princes, funding military forces and the construction of churches, palaces, fortifications, and further towns. Demand for luxury goods fostered production of expensive jewelry and religious wares, allowing their export, and an advanced credit and money-lending system may have also been in place.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: The

text: new

text: Kievan

text: state

text: prospered

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: abundant

text: supply

text: of

text: furs

text: beeswax

text: honey

text: and

text: slaves

text: for

text: export

text: and

text: because

text: it

text: controlled

text: three

text: main

text: trade

text: routes

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Europe

text: In

text: the

text: north

text: Novgorod

text: served

text: as

text: a

text: commercial

text: link

text: between

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: and

text: the

text: Volga

text: trade

text: route

text: to

text: the

text: lands

text: of

text: the

text: Volga

text: Bulgars

text: the

text: Khazars

text: and

text: across

text: the

text: Caspian

text: Sea

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: Baghdad

text: providing

text: access

text: to

text: markets

text: and

text: products

text: from

text: Central

text: Asia

text: and

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: Trade

text: from

text: the

text: Baltic

text: also

text: moved

text: south

text: on

text: a

text: network

text: of

text: rivers

text: and

text: short

text: portages

text: along

text: the

text: Dnieper

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: route

text: from

text: the

text: Varangians

text: to

text: the

text: Greeks

text: continuing

text: to

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: and

text: on

text: to

text: Constantinople

text: Kiev

text: was

text: a

text: central

text: outpost

text: along

text: the

text: Dnieper

text: route

text: and

text: a

text: hub

text: with

text: the

text: east

text: west

text: overland

text: trade

text: route

text: between

text: the

text: Khazars

text: and

text: the

text: Germanic

text: lands

text: of

text: Central

text: Europe

text: These

text: commercial

text: connections

text: enriched

text: Rus

text: merchants

text: and

text: princes

text: funding

text: military

text: forces

text: and

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: churches

text: palaces

text: fortifications

text: and

text: further

text: towns

text: Demand

text: for

text: luxury

text: goods

text: fostered

text: production

text: of

text: expensive

text: jewelry

text: and

text: religious

text: wares

text: allowing

text: their

text: export

text: and

text: an

text: advanced

text: credit

text: and

text: money

text: lending

text: system

text: may

text: have

text: also

text: been

text: in

text: place

question: Why did the Kievan state prosper?

answer: abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export

text: abundant supply of furs, beeswax, honey, and slaves for export

question: How many trade routes did the Kievan state control?

answer: three

text: three

question: Which route was a central post in Kiev?

answer: Dnieper route

text: Dnieper route

question: What other means of pay when purchasing items may have been in place?

answer: money-lending system

text: money-lending system

question: What made the Kievan state deteriorate?

question: How many minor trade routes did the Kievan state control?

text: three

question: What was moved north on a network of rivers and short portages along the Dnieper?

text: Trade

question: What was the hub in the north-south overland trade route?

text: Kiev


text: Some early male settlers married Indigenous American women and had informal unions with them. Early contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation, and intimacy. Marriages took place in both English and Latin colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, Pocahontas, a Powhatan woman in present-day Virginia, married the Englishman John Rolfe of Jamestown. Their son Thomas Rolfe was an ancestor to many descendants in First Families of Virginia. As a result, English laws did not exclude people with some Indigenous American ancestry from being considered English or white.

title: Multiracial_American

title: Multiracial_American

text: Some

text: early

text: male

text: settlers

text: married

text: Indigenous

text: American

text: women

text: and

text: had

text: informal

text: unions

text: with

text: them

text: Early

text: contact

text: between

text: Indigenous

text: Americans

text: and

text: Europeans

text: was

text: often

text: charged

text: with

text: tension

text: but

text: also

text: had

text: moments

text: of

text: friendship

text: cooperation

text: and

text: intimacy

text: Marriages

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: both

text: English

text: and

text: Latin

text: colonies

text: between

text: European

text: men

text: and

text: Native

text: women

text: For

text: instance

text: on

text: April

text: Pocahontas

text: a

text: Powhatan

text: woman

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Virginia

text: married

text: the

text: Englishman

text: John

text: Rolfe

text: of

text: Jamestown

text: Their

text: son

text: Thomas

text: Rolfe

text: was

text: an

text: ancestor

text: to

text: many

text: descendants

text: in

text: First

text: Families

text: of

text: Virginia

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: English

text: laws

text: did

text: not

text: exclude

text: people

text: with

text: some

text: Indigenous

text: American

text: ancestry

text: from

text: being

text: considered

text: English

text: or

text: white

question: When was the wedding of Rolfe and Pocahontas?

answer: April 5, 1614

text: April 5, 1614

question: What did English laws not exclude people with some native blood from being?

answer: considered English or white

text: considered English or white

question: Who married Indigenous women early on?

answer: male settlers

text: male settlers

question: Where did Rolfe marry Pocahontas?

answer: present-day Virginia

text: present-day Virginia

question: Who was an ancestor of the First Families of Virginia?

answer: Thomas Rolfe

text: Thomas Rolfe

question: Who did some early female settlers marry?

text: Indigenous American women

question: What was later contact between Indigenous Americans and Europeans like?

text: charged with tension

question: Where did no marriages take place between European men and Native women?

text: English and Latin colonies

question: When was John Rolfe divorced from Pocahontas?

text: April 5, 1614

question: Who was an ancestor to many First Families of North Carolina?

text: Thomas Rolfe


text: Between January and May 1673, the Dutch East India Company forcibly took the island, before English reinforcements restored English East India Company control. The company experienced difficulty attracting new immigrants, and sentiments of unrest and rebellion fomented among the inhabitants. Ecological problems, including deforestation, soil erosion, vermin and drought, led Governor Isaac Pyke to suggest in 1715 that the population be moved to Mauritius, but this was not acted upon and the company continued to subsidise the community because of the island's strategic location. A census in 1723 recorded 1,110 people, including 610 slaves.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: Between

text: January

text: and

text: May

text: the

text: Dutch

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: forcibly

text: took

text: the

text: island

text: before

text: English

text: reinforcements

text: restored

text: English

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: control

text: The

text: company

text: experienced

text: difficulty

text: attracting

text: new

text: immigrants

text: and

text: sentiments

text: of

text: unrest

text: and

text: rebellion

text: fomented

text: among

text: the

text: inhabitants

text: Ecological

text: problems

text: including

text: deforestation

text: soil

text: erosion

text: vermin

text: and

text: drought

text: led

text: Governor

text: Isaac

text: Pyke

text: to

text: suggest

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: population

text: be

text: moved

text: to

text: Mauritius

text: but

text: this

text: was

text: not

text: acted

text: upon

text: and

text: the

text: company

text: continued

text: to

text: subsidise

text: the

text: community

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: strategic

text: location

text: A

text: census

text: in

text: recorded

text: people

text: including

text: slaves

question: What did the English East India Company have difficulty attracting?

answer: new immigrants

text: new immigrants

question: What problems lead to a suggesting to relocate the population?

answer: Ecological problems

text: Ecological problems

question: What was the name of the governor who suggested relocating the population of Saint Helena?

answer: Isaac Pyke

text: Isaac Pyke

question: What was the location that was suggested the population be moved too?

answer: Mauritius

text: Mauritius

question: How many slaves were on the island in 1723?

answer: 610


text: Universal Primary Education is one of the eight international Millennium Development Goals, towards which progress has been made in the past decade, though barriers still remain. Securing charitable funding from prospective donors is one particularly persistent problem. Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have indicated that the main obstacles to funding for education include conflicting donor priorities, an immature aid architecture, and a lack of evidence and advocacy for the issue. Additionally, Transparency International has identified corruption in the education sector as a major stumbling block to achieving Universal Primary Education in Africa. Furthermore, demand in the developing world for improved educational access is not as high as foreigners have expected. Indigenous governments are reluctant to take on the ongoing costs involved. There is also economic pressure from some parents, who prefer their children to earn money in the short term rather than work towards the long-term benefits of education.[citation needed]

title: Education

title: Education

text: Universal

text: Primary

text: Education

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: eight

text: international

text: Millennium

text: Development

text: Goals

text: towards

text: which

text: progress

text: has

text: been

text: made

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: decade

text: though

text: barriers

text: still

text: remain

text: Securing

text: charitable

text: funding

text: from

text: prospective

text: donors

text: is

text: one

text: particularly

text: persistent

text: problem

text: Researchers

text: at

text: the

text: Overseas

text: Development

text: Institute

text: have

text: indicated

text: that

text: the

text: main

text: obstacles

text: to

text: funding

text: for

text: education

text: include

text: conflicting

text: donor

text: priorities

text: an

text: immature

text: aid

text: architecture

text: and

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: evidence

text: and

text: advocacy

text: for

text: the

text: issue

text: Additionally

text: Transparency

text: International

text: has

text: identified

text: corruption

text: in

text: the

text: education

text: sector

text: as

text: a

text: major

text: stumbling

text: block

text: to

text: achieving

text: Universal

text: Primary

text: Education

text: in

text: Africa

text: Furthermore

text: demand

text: in

text: the

text: developing

text: world

text: for

text: improved

text: educational

text: access

text: is

text: not

text: as

text: high

text: as

text: foreigners

text: have

text: expected

text: Indigenous

text: governments

text: are

text: reluctant

text: to

text: take

text: on

text: the

text: ongoing

text: costs

text: involved

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: economic

text: pressure

text: from

text: some

text: parents

text: who

text: prefer

text: their

text: children

text: to

text: earn

text: money

text: in

text: the

text: short

text: term

text: rather

text: than

text: work

text: towards

text: the

text: long

text: term

text: benefits

text: of

text: education.[citation

text: needed

question: What does Universal Primary Education belong to?

answer: international Millennium Development Goals

text: international Millennium Development Goals

question: What is one issue that hurts Universal Primary Education?

answer: charitable funding

text: charitable funding

question: Which organization has discovered corruption in the educator sector?

answer: Transparency International

text: Transparency International

question: What does Universal Primary Education not belong to?

question: What is one issue that helps Universal Primary Education?

text: charitable funding

question: Which organization has not had corruption in the educator sector?

text: Transparency International

question: What parents do not give pressure to their children for schooling?

text: developing world

question: Who should earn money in the long term instead of short term?

text: children


text: During the Risorgimento, proponents of Italian republicanism and Italian nationalism, such as Alessandro Manzoni, stressed the importance of establishing a uniform national language in order to better create an Italian national identity. With the unification of Italy in the 1860s, standard Italian became the official national language of the new Italian state, while the various unofficial regional languages of Italy gradually became regarded as subordinate "dialects" to Italian, increasingly associated negatively with lack of education or provincialism. However, at the time of the Italian Unification, standard Italian still existed mainly as a literary language, and only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak standard Italian.

title: Dialect

title: Dialect

text: During

text: the

text: Risorgimento

text: proponents

text: of

text: Italian

text: republicanism

text: and

text: Italian

text: nationalism

text: such

text: as

text: Alessandro

text: Manzoni

text: stressed

text: the

text: importance

text: of

text: establishing

text: a

text: uniform

text: national

text: language

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: better

text: create

text: an

text: Italian

text: national

text: identity

text: With

text: the

text: unification

text: of

text: Italy

text: in

text: the

text: standard

text: Italian

text: became

text: the

text: official

text: national

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: Italian

text: state

text: while

text: the

text: various

text: unofficial

text: regional

text: languages

text: of

text: Italy

text: gradually

text: became

text: regarded

text: as

text: subordinate

text: dialects

text: to

text: Italian

text: increasingly

text: associated

text: negatively

text: with

text: lack

text: of

text: education

text: or

text: provincialism

text: However

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: Italian

text: Unification

text: standard

text: Italian

text: still

text: existed

text: mainly

text: as

text: a

text: literary

text: language

text: and

text: only

text: of

text: Italy

text: 's

text: population

text: could

text: speak

text: standard

text: Italian

question: What Italian nationalist spoke of the importance of a national Italian language?

answer: Alessandro Manzoni

text: Alessandro Manzoni

question: During what period was the importance of having an Italian national language raised?

answer: the Risorgimento

text: the Risorgimento

question: In what decade was Italy unified?

answer: 1860s

question: What percentage of Italians spoke standard Italian when Italy was first unified?

answer: 2.5%

question: When Italy was unified, what was named the official national language?

answer: standard Italian

text: standard Italian

question: During what period were proponents of Italian Unification stressing the importance of establishing a uniform national language?

text: Risorgimento

question: When did Alessandro Manzoni stress the importance of creating an Italian state?

text: During the Risorgimento

question: During which decade was Italy de-unified?

question: When did Risorgimento become the official language of the new Italian state?


text: The Byzantine Empire was able to take advantage of the turmoil to expand its political influence and commercial relationships, first with the Khazars and later with the Rus' and other steppe groups. The Byzantines established the Theme of Cherson, formally known as Klimata, in the Crimea in the 830s to defend against raids by the Rus' and to protect vital grain shipments supplying Constantinople. Cherson also served as a key diplomatic link with the Khazars and others on the steppe, and it became the centre of Black Sea commerce. The Byzantines also helped the Khazars build a fortress at Sarkel on the Don river to protect their northwest frontier against incursions by the Turkic migrants and the Rus', and to control caravan trade routes and the portage between the Don and Volga rivers.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: The

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: take

text: advantage

text: of

text: the

text: turmoil

text: to

text: expand

text: its

text: political

text: influence

text: and

text: commercial

text: relationships

text: first

text: with

text: the

text: Khazars

text: and

text: later

text: with

text: the

text: Rus

text: and

text: other

text: steppe

text: groups

text: The

text: Byzantines

text: established

text: the

text: Theme

text: of

text: Cherson

text: formally

text: known

text: as

text: Klimata

text: in

text: the

text: Crimea

text: in

text: the

text: to

text: defend

text: against

text: raids

text: by

text: the

text: Rus

text: and

text: to

text: protect

text: vital

text: grain

text: shipments

text: supplying

text: Constantinople

text: Cherson

text: also

text: served

text: as

text: a

text: key

text: diplomatic

text: link

text: with

text: the

text: Khazars

text: and

text: others

text: on

text: the

text: steppe

text: and

text: it

text: became

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: Black

text: Sea

text: commerce

text: The

text: Byzantines

text: also

text: helped

text: the

text: Khazars

text: build

text: a

text: fortress

text: at

text: Sarkel

text: on

text: the

text: Don

text: river

text: to

text: protect

text: their

text: northwest

text: frontier

text: against

text: incursions

text: by

text: the

text: Turkic

text: migrants

text: and

text: the

text: Rus

text: and

text: to

text: control

text: caravan

text: trade

text: routes

text: and

text: the

text: portage

text: between

text: the

text: Don

text: and

text: Volga

text: rivers

question: What did the Byzantine empire use to expand its political influence?

answer: turmoil

text: turmoil

question: What teritory did the Byzantine empire hit first with their political beliefs?

answer: Khazars

text: Khazars

question: What did the Byzantines help the Khazars with?

answer: build a fortress at Sarkel

text: build a fortress at Sarkel

question: What was established in the 800's?

text: the Theme of Cherson

question: What was written in 830?

text: the Theme of Cherson,

question: What was being protected in the 800's?

text: vital grain shipments

question: What did the Byzantines refuse to help the Khazars with?

text: build a fortress at Sarkel

question: What served as a minor diplomatic link with the Khazars and others?

text: Cherson


text: On July 19, 2013, West was leaving LAX as he was surrounded by dozens of paparazzi. West became increasingly agitated as a photographer, Daniel Ramos, continued to ask him why people were not allowed to speak in his presence. West then says, "I told you don't talk to me, right? You trying to get me in trouble so I steal off on you and have to pay you like $250,000 and shit." Then he allegedly charged the man and grabbed him and his camera. The incident captured by TMZ, took place for a few seconds before a female voice can be heard telling West to stop. West then released the man, and his camera, and drove away from the scene. Medics were later called to the scene on behalf of the photographer who was grabbed. It was reported West could be charged with felony attempted robbery behind the matter. However, the charges were reduced to misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft. In March 2014, West was sentenced to serve two years' probation for the misdemeanor battery conviction and required to attend 24 anger management sessions, perform 250 hours of community service and pay restitution to Ramos.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: On

text: July

text: West

text: was

text: leaving

text: LAX

text: as

text: he

text: was

text: surrounded

text: by

text: dozens

text: of

text: paparazzi

text: West

text: became

text: increasingly

text: agitated

text: as

text: a

text: photographer

text: Daniel

text: Ramos

text: continued

text: to

text: ask

text: him

text: why

text: people

text: were

text: not

text: allowed

text: to

text: speak

text: in

text: his

text: presence

text: West

text: then

text: says

text: I

text: told

text: you

text: do

text: n't

text: talk

text: to

text: me

text: right

text: You

text: trying

text: to

text: get

text: me

text: in

text: trouble

text: so

text: I

text: steal

text: off

text: on

text: you

text: and

text: have

text: to

text: pay

text: you

text: like

text: and

text: shit

text: Then

text: he

text: allegedly

text: charged

text: the

text: man

text: and

text: grabbed

text: him

text: and

text: his

text: camera

text: The

text: incident

text: captured

text: by

text: TMZ

text: took

text: place

text: for

text: a

text: few

text: seconds

text: before

text: a

text: female

text: voice

text: can

text: be

text: heard

text: telling

text: West

text: to

text: stop

text: West

text: then

text: released

text: the

text: man

text: and

text: his

text: camera

text: and

text: drove

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: scene

text: Medics

text: were

text: later

text: called

text: to

text: the

text: scene

text: on

text: behalf

text: of

text: the

text: photographer

text: who

text: was

text: grabbed

text: It

text: was

text: reported

text: West

text: could

text: be

text: charged

text: with

text: felony

text: attempted

text: robbery

text: behind

text: the

text: matter

text: However

text: the

text: charges

text: were

text: reduced

text: to

text: misdemeanor

text: criminal

text: battery

text: and

text: attempted

text: grand

text: theft

text: In

text: March

text: West

text: was

text: sentenced

text: to

text: serve

text: two

text: years

text: probation

text: for

text: the

text: misdemeanor

text: battery

text: conviction

text: and

text: required

text: to

text: attend

text: anger

text: management

text: sessions

text: perform

text: hours

text: of

text: community

text: service

text: and

text: pay

text: restitution

text: to

text: Ramos

question: What paparazzi member did Kanye attack at LAX in 2013?

answer: Daniel Ramos

text: Daniel Ramos

question: What was Kanye convicted for after his paparazzi attack?

answer: misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft

text: misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft

question: What was the name of the man who was hassling West outside of LAX that West later attacked?

answer: Daniel Ramos

text: Daniel Ramos

question: How many years' probation was Kanye supposed to serve for this altercation?

answer: 2

question: He had to attend 24 sessions of what kind of therapy?

answer: anger management

text: anger management

question: How many hours of community service did Kanye receive?

answer: 250


text: On November 13, 1988, approximately 10,000 people attended an officially sanctioned meeting organized by the cultural heritage organization Spadschyna, the Kyiv University student club Hromada, and the environmental groups Zelenyi Svit ("Green World") and Noosfera, to focus on ecological issues. From November 14–18, 15 Ukrainian activists were among the 100 human-, national- and religious-rights advocates invited to discuss human rights with Soviet officials and a visiting delegation of the U.S. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (also known as the Helsinki Commission). On December 10, hundreds gathered in Kiev to observe International Human Rights Day at a rally organized by the Democratic Union. The unauthorized gathering resulted in the detention of local activists.

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

text: On

text: November

text: approximately

text: people

text: attended

text: an

text: officially

text: sanctioned

text: meeting

text: organized

text: by

text: the

text: cultural

text: heritage

text: organization

text: Spadschyna

text: the

text: Kyiv

text: University

text: student

text: club

text: Hromada

text: and

text: the

text: environmental

text: groups

text: Zelenyi

text: Svit

text: Green

text: World

text: and

text: Noosfera

text: to

text: focus

text: on

text: ecological

text: issues

text: From

text: November

text: Ukrainian

text: activists

text: were

text: among

text: the

text: human-

text: national-

text: and

text: religious

text: rights

text: advocates

text: invited

text: to

text: discuss

text: human

text: rights

text: with

text: Soviet

text: officials

text: and

text: a

text: visiting

text: delegation

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Commission

text: on

text: Security

text: and

text: Cooperation

text: in

text: Europe

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Helsinki

text: Commission

text: On

text: December

text: hundreds

text: gathered

text: in

text: Kiev

text: to

text: observe

text: International

text: Human

text: Rights

text: Day

text: at

text: a

text: rally

text: organized

text: by

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Union

text: The

text: unauthorized

text: gathering

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: detention

text: of

text: local

text: activists

question: What is the English translation of Zelenyi Svit?

answer: Green World

text: Green World

question: What sort of issues were Zenlenyi Svit and Noosfera concerned with?

answer: ecological

text: ecological

question: What sort of organization is Spadschnyna?

answer: cultural heritage

text: cultural heritage

question: What did people gather to observe on December 10th?

answer: International Human Rights Day

text: International Human Rights Day


text: Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of 4,700 m2 (51,000 sq ft), could produce up to 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day and operate for 40 years. Individual still designs include single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and multiple effect. These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large-scale applications.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: Solar

text: distillation

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: make

text: saline

text: or

text: brackish

text: water

text: potable

text: The

text: first

text: recorded

text: instance

text: of

text: this

text: was

text: by

text: century

text: Arab

text: alchemists

text: A

text: large

text: scale

text: solar

text: distillation

text: project

text: was

text: first

text: constructed

text: in

text: in

text: the

text: Chilean

text: mining

text: town

text: of

text: Las

text: Salinas

text: The

text: plant

text: which

text: had

text: solar

text: collection

text: area

text: of

text: sq

text: ft

text: could

text: produce

text: up

text: to

text: L

text: imp

text: gal

text: US

text: gal

text: per

text: day

text: and

text: operate

text: for

text: years

text: Individual

text: still

text: designs

text: include

text: single

text: slope

text: double

text: slope

text: or

text: greenhouse

text: type

text: vertical

text: conical

text: inverted

text: absorber

text: multi

text: wick

text: and

text: multiple

text: effect

text: These

text: stills

text: can

text: operate

text: in

text: passive

text: active

text: or

text: hybrid

text: modes

text: Double

text: slope

text: stills

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: economical

text: for

text: decentralized

text: domestic

text: purposes

text: while

text: active

text: multiple

text: effect

text: units

text: are

text: more

text: suitable

text: for

text: large

text: scale

text: applications

question: In what year was a large scale solar distillation project constructed in Las Salinas?

answer: 1872

question: What is used to make saline or brackish water drinkable?

answer: Solar distillation

text: Solar distillation

question: By who was the first record of solar distillation done by?

answer: 16th-century Arab alchemists

text: 16th-century Arab alchemists

question: When was the first large solar distillation plant created?

answer: 1872

question: How much water was produced by the plant?

answer: 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day

text: 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day

question: What is an example of a solar distillation design?

answer: single-slope

text: single-slope


text: The principal gods of the ancient Greek religion were the Dodekatheon, or the Twelve Gods, who lived on the top of Mount Olympus. The most important of all ancient Greek gods was Zeus, the king of the gods, who was married to Hera, who was also Zeus's sister. The other Greek gods that made up the Twelve Olympians were Demeter, Ares, Poseidon, Athena, Dionysus, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Hephaestus and Hermes. Apart from these twelve gods, Greeks also had a variety of other mystical beliefs, such as nymphs and other magical creatures.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: The

text: principal

text: gods

text: of

text: the

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: religion

text: were

text: the

text: Dodekatheon

text: or

text: the

text: Twelve

text: Gods

text: who

text: lived

text: on

text: the

text: top

text: of

text: Mount

text: Olympus

text: The

text: most

text: important

text: of

text: all

text: ancient

text: Greek

text: gods

text: was

text: Zeus

text: the

text: king

text: of

text: the

text: gods

text: who

text: was

text: married

text: to

text: Hera

text: who

text: was

text: also

text: Zeus

text: 's

text: sister

text: The

text: other

text: Greek

text: gods

text: that

text: made

text: up

text: the

text: Twelve

text: Olympians

text: were

text: Demeter

text: Ares

text: Poseidon

text: Athena

text: Dionysus

text: Apollo

text: Artemis

text: Aphrodite

text: Hephaestus

text: and

text: Hermes

text: Apart

text: from

text: these

text: twelve

text: gods

text: Greeks

text: also

text: had

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: other

text: mystical

text: beliefs

text: such

text: as

text: nymphs

text: and

text: other

text: magical

text: creatures

question: Where did the mythical Greek gods live?

answer: Mount Olympus

text: Mount Olympus

question: The main gods of ancient Greece known as the what?

answer: Dodekatheon

text: Dodekatheon

question: The most important of the ancient gods was who?

answer: Zeus

text: Zeus

question: Zeus was married to which goddess?

answer: Hera

text: Hera

question: Who was Zeus's sister?

answer: Hera

text: Hera


text: According to some historians, Bismarck adroitly created a diplomatic crisis over the succession to the Spanish throne, then edited a dispatch about a meeting between King William of Prussia and the French ambassador, to make it appear that the French had been insulted. The French press and parliament demanded a war, which the generals of Napoleon III assured him that France would win. Napoleon and his Prime Minister, Émile Ollivier, for their parts sought war to solve their problems with political disunity in France. On 16 July 1870, the French parliament voted to declare war on the German Kingdom of Prussia and hostilities began three days later. The German coalition mobilised its troops much more quickly than the French and rapidly invaded northeastern France. The German forces were superior in numbers, had better training and leadership and made more effective use of modern technology, particularly railroads and artillery.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: According

text: to

text: some

text: historians

text: Bismarck

text: adroitly

text: created

text: a

text: diplomatic

text: crisis

text: over

text: the

text: succession

text: to

text: the

text: Spanish

text: throne

text: then

text: edited

text: a

text: dispatch

text: about

text: a

text: meeting

text: between

text: King

text: William

text: of

text: Prussia

text: and

text: the

text: French

text: ambassador

text: to

text: make

text: it

text: appear

text: that

text: the

text: French

text: had

text: been

text: insulted

text: The

text: French

text: press

text: and

text: parliament

text: demanded

text: a

text: war

text: which

text: the

text: generals

text: of

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: assured

text: him

text: that

text: France

text: would

text: win

text: Napoleon

text: and

text: his

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Émile

text: Ollivier

text: for

text: their

text: parts

text: sought

text: war

text: to

text: solve

text: their

text: problems

text: with

text: political

text: disunity

text: in

text: France

text: On

text: July

text: the

text: French

text: parliament

text: voted

text: to

text: declare

text: war

text: on

text: the

text: German

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Prussia

text: and

text: hostilities

text: began

text: three

text: days

text: later

text: The

text: German

text: coalition

text: mobilised

text: its

text: troops

text: much

text: more

text: quickly

text: than

text: the

text: French

text: and

text: rapidly

text: invaded

text: northeastern

text: France

text: The

text: German

text: forces

text: were

text: superior

text: in

text: numbers

text: had

text: better

text: training

text: and

text: leadership

text: and

text: made

text: more

text: effective

text: use

text: of

text: modern

text: technology

text: particularly

text: railroads

text: and

text: artillery

question: What diplomatic crisis was Bismarck credited with skillfully creating?

answer: succession to the Spanish throne

text: succession to the Spanish throne

question: A dispatch was edited about a meeting between the French ambassador and what Prussian king?

answer: King William

text: King William

question: What was the purpose of editing the dispatch?

answer: to make it appear that the French had been insulted

text: to make it appear that the French had been insulted

question: On which date did the French parliament vote to declare war on Prussia?

answer: 16 July 1870

text: 16 July 1870

question: Where did the quickly mobilised troops first invade in France?

answer: northeastern France

text: northeastern France


text: The age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the age at which people are allowed to marry. Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels. It should be noted that the legal coming of age often does not correspond with the sudden realization of autonomy; many adolescents who have legally reached adult age are still dependent on their guardians or peers for emotional and financial support. Nonetheless, new legal privileges converge with shifting social expectations to usher in a phase of heightened independence or social responsibility for most legal adolescents.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: The

text: age

text: of

text: consent

text: to

text: sexual

text: activity

text: varies

text: widely

text: between

text: jurisdictions

text: ranging

text: from

text: to

text: years

text: as

text: does

text: the

text: age

text: at

text: which

text: people

text: are

text: allowed

text: to

text: marry

text: Specific

text: legal

text: ages

text: for

text: adolescents

text: that

text: also

text: vary

text: by

text: culture

text: are

text: enlisting

text: in

text: the

text: military

text: gambling

text: and

text: the

text: purchase

text: of

text: alcohol

text: cigarettes

text: or

text: items

text: with

text: parental

text: advisory

text: labels

text: It

text: should

text: be

text: noted

text: that

text: the

text: legal

text: coming

text: of

text: age

text: often

text: does

text: not

text: correspond

text: with

text: the

text: sudden

text: realization

text: of

text: autonomy

text: many

text: adolescents

text: who

text: have

text: legally

text: reached

text: adult

text: age

text: are

text: still

text: dependent

text: on

text: their

text: guardians

text: or

text: peers

text: for

text: emotional

text: and

text: financial

text: support

text: Nonetheless

text: new

text: legal

text: privileges

text: converge

text: with

text: shifting

text: social

text: expectations

text: to

text: usher

text: in

text: a

text: phase

text: of

text: heightened

text: independence

text: or

text: social

text: responsibility

text: for

text: most

text: legal

text: adolescents

question: What is the range of consentual age variance between jurisdictions?

answer: 12 to 20 years

text: 12 to 20 years

question: Is the age that peope are allowed to marry universally decided upon?

answer: No

text: No

question: What are other areas in which legal societal age varies?

answer: enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels

text: enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels


text: Intermittent warfare lasting from July 23, 1670 until July 1695, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the smallpox epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000 to less than 5,000.:86 Precipitated by the death of Quipuha, and the murder of Father San Vitores and Pedro Calungsod by local rebel chief Matapang, tensions led to a number of conflicts. Captain Juan de Santiago started a campaign to pacify the island, which was continued by the successive commanders of the Spanish forces.:68–74

title: Guam

title: Guam

text: Intermittent

text: warfare

text: lasting

text: from

text: July

text: until

text: July

text: plus

text: the

text: typhoons

text: of

text: and

text: and

text: in

text: particular

text: the

text: smallpox

text: epidemic

text: of

text: reduced

text: the

text: Chamorro

text: population

text: from

text: to

text: to

text: less

text: than

text: Precipitated

text: by

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Quipuha

text: and

text: the

text: murder

text: of

text: Father

text: San

text: Vitores

text: and

text: Pedro

text: Calungsod

text: by

text: local

text: rebel

text: chief

text: Matapang

text: tensions

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: conflicts

text: Captain

text: Juan

text: de

text: Santiago

text: started

text: a

text: campaign

text: to

text: pacify

text: the

text: island

text: which

text: was

text: continued

text: by

text: the

text: successive

text: commanders

text: of

text: the

text: Spanish

question: When did the Smallpox epidemic take place?

answer: 1688

question: In what years was there intermittent war fare?

answer: July 23, 1670 until July 1695

text: July 23, 1670 until July 1695

question: What did the smallpox epidemic reduce the population down to in Chamorro?

answer: 50,000 to 10,000

text: 50,000 to 10,000

question: What was the name of the person who started the campaign to pacify the area?

answer: Juan de Santiago

text: Juan de Santiago

question: In what year did Quipua die?

question: What did Quipuha dies of?

text: smallpox

question: In what year did Captain Juan de Santiago start to pacify Guam?

question: In what year did Father San Vitores arrive in Guam?

question: How did local rebel chief Matapang eventually die?

text: murder


text: Although public opinion in Paris was strongly against any form of surrender or concession to the Prussians, the Government realised that it could not hold the city for much longer, and that Gambetta's provincial armies would probably never break through to relieve Paris. President Trochu resigned on 25 January and was replaced by Favre, who signed the surrender two days later at Versailles, with the armistice coming into effect at midnight. Several sources claim that in his carriage on the way back to Paris, Favre broke into tears, and collapsed into his daughter's arms as the guns around Paris fell silent at midnight. At Tours, Gambetta received word from Paris on 30 January that the Government had surrendered. Furious, he refused to surrender and launched an immediate attack on German forces at Orleans which, predictably, failed. A delegation of Parisian diplomats arrived in Tours by train on 5 February to negotiate with Gambetta, and the following day Gambetta stepped down and surrendered control of the provincial armies to the Government of National Defence, which promptly ordered a cease-fire across France.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: Although

text: public

text: opinion

text: in

text: Paris

text: was

text: strongly

text: against

text: any

text: form

text: of

text: surrender

text: or

text: concession

text: to

text: the

text: Prussians

text: the

text: Government

text: realised

text: that

text: it

text: could

text: not

text: hold

text: the

text: city

text: for

text: much

text: longer

text: and

text: that

text: Gambetta

text: 's

text: provincial

text: armies

text: would

text: probably

text: never

text: break

text: through

text: to

text: relieve

text: Paris

text: President

text: Trochu

text: resigned

text: on

text: January

text: and

text: was

text: replaced

text: by

text: Favre

text: who

text: signed

text: the

text: surrender

text: two

text: days

text: later

text: at

text: Versailles

text: with

text: the

text: armistice

text: coming

text: into

text: effect

text: at

text: midnight

text: Several

text: sources

text: claim

text: that

text: in

text: his

text: carriage

text: on

text: the

text: way

text: back

text: to

text: Paris

text: Favre

text: broke

text: into

text: tears

text: and

text: collapsed

text: into

text: his

text: daughter

text: 's

text: arms

text: as

text: the

text: guns

text: around

text: Paris

text: fell

text: silent

text: at

text: midnight

text: At

text: Tours

text: Gambetta

text: received

text: word

text: from

text: Paris

text: on

text: January

text: that

text: the

text: Government

text: had

text: surrendered

text: Furious

text: he

text: refused

text: to

text: surrender

text: and

text: launched

text: an

text: immediate

text: attack

text: on

text: German

text: forces

text: at

text: Orleans

text: which

text: predictably

text: failed

text: A

text: delegation

text: of

text: Parisian

text: diplomats

text: arrived

text: in

text: Tours

text: by

text: train

text: on

text: February

text: to

text: negotiate

text: with

text: Gambetta

text: and

text: the

text: following

text: day

text: Gambetta

text: stepped

text: down

text: and

text: surrendered

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: provincial

text: armies

text: to

text: the

text: Government

text: of

text: National

text: Defence

text: which

text: promptly

text: ordered

text: a

text: cease

text: fire

text: across

text: France

question: What was public opinion in Paris strongly opposed to?

answer: any form of surrender

text: any form of surrender

question: On what date did president Trochu resign?

answer: 25 January

text: 25 January

question: Who replaced President Trochu?

answer: Favre

text: Favre

question: In which French city was the surrender made official?

answer: Versailles

text: Versailles

question: Who disregarded the surrender and launched a failed attack on the Germans?

answer: Gambetta

text: Gambetta


text: Robert of Ketton's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, was the first into a Western language (Latin). Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of L'Alcoran de Mahomet (1647) by Andre du Ryer. In 1734, George Sale produced the first scholarly translation of the Quran into English; another was produced by Richard Bell in 1937, and yet another by Arthur John Arberry in 1955. All these translators were non-Muslims. There have been numerous translations by Muslims. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has published translations of the Quran in 50 different languages besides a five-volume English commentary and an English translation of the Quran.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: Robert

text: of

text: Ketton

text: 's

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: for

text: Peter

text: the

text: Venerable

text: Lex

text: Mahumet

text: pseudoprophete

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: into

text: a

text: Western

text: language

text: Latin

text: Alexander

text: Ross

text: offered

text: the

text: first

text: English

text: version

text: in

text: from

text: the

text: French

text: translation

text: of

text: L'Alcoran

text: de

text: Mahomet

text: by

text: Andre

text: du

text: Ryer

text: In

text: George

text: Sale

text: produced

text: the

text: first

text: scholarly

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: into

text: English

text: another

text: was

text: produced

text: by

text: Richard

text: Bell

text: in

text: and

text: yet

text: another

text: by

text: Arthur

text: John

text: Arberry

text: in

text: All

text: these

text: translators

text: were

text: non

text: Muslims

text: There

text: have

text: been

text: numerous

text: translations

text: by

text: Muslims

text: The

text: Ahmadiyya

text: Muslim

text: Community

text: has

text: published

text: translations

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

text: in

text: different

text: languages

text: besides

text: a

text: five

text: volume

text: English

text: commentary

text: and

text: an

text: English

text: translation

text: of

text: the

text: Quran

question: In which year was the Quran first translated into a Western language?

answer: 1143

question: Who completed the first Latin version of the Quran?

answer: Robert of Ketton

text: Robert of Ketton

question: Whose French translation of the Quran was the model for the first English version?

answer: Andre du Ryer

text: Andre du Ryer

question: Which organization offers versions of the Quran in 50 languages?

answer: Ahmadiyya Muslim Community

text: Ahmadiyya Muslim Community

question: In which language was Alexander Ross' version of the Quran published in 1649?

answer: English

text: English

question: In which year was the Quran last translated into a Western language?

question: Who completed the last Latin version of the Quran?

text: Robert of Ketton

question: Whose French translation of the Quran was the model for the last English version?

text: Andre du Ryer

question: Which organization offers versions of the Quran in 60 languages?

text: Ahmadiyya Muslim Community

question: In which language was Alexander Ross' version of the Quran published in 1694?

text: English


text: Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth century. In the Renaissance to be secular meant simply to be in the world rather than in a monastery. Petrarch frequently admitted that his brother Gherardo's life as a Carthusian monk was superior to his own (although Petrarch himself was in Minor Orders and was employed by the Church all his life). He hoped that he could do some good by winning earthly glory and praising virtue, inferior though that might be to a life devoted solely to prayer. By embracing a non-theistic philosophic base, however, the methods of the humanists, combined with their eloquence, would ultimately have a corrosive effect on established authority.

title: Humanism

title: Humanism

text: Early

text: humanists

text: saw

text: no

text: conflict

text: between

text: reason

text: and

text: their

text: Christian

text: faith

text: see

text: Christian

text: Humanism

text: They

text: inveighed

text: against

text: the

text: abuses

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: but

text: not

text: against

text: the

text: Church

text: itself

text: much

text: less

text: against

text: religion

text: For

text: them

text: the

text: word

text: secular

text: carried

text: no

text: connotations

text: of

text: disbelief

text: that

text: would

text: come

text: later

text: in

text: the

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: In

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: to

text: be

text: secular

text: meant

text: simply

text: to

text: be

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: rather

text: than

text: in

text: a

text: monastery

text: Petrarch

text: frequently

text: admitted

text: that

text: his

text: brother

text: Gherardo

text: 's

text: life

text: as

text: a

text: Carthusian

text: monk

text: was

text: superior

text: to

text: his

text: own

text: although

text: Petrarch

text: himself

text: was

text: in

text: Minor

text: Orders

text: and

text: was

text: employed

text: by

text: the

text: Church

text: all

text: his

text: life

text: He

text: hoped

text: that

text: he

text: could

text: do

text: some

text: good

text: by

text: winning

text: earthly

text: glory

text: and

text: praising

text: virtue

text: inferior

text: though

text: that

text: might

text: be

text: to

text: a

text: life

text: devoted

text: solely

text: to

text: prayer

text: By

text: embracing

text: a

text: non

text: theistic

text: philosophic

text: base

text: however

text: the

text: methods

text: of

text: the

text: humanists

text: combined

text: with

text: their

text: eloquence

text: would

text: ultimately

text: have

text: a

text: corrosive

text: effect

text: on

text: established

text: authority

question: Who was able to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism?

answer: Early humanists

text: Early humanists

question: What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was not seen as an issue for Christians?

answer: secular

text: secular

question: During what time period did secular have a more neutral connotation?

answer: Renaissance

text: Renaissance

question: Petrarch felt that although he tried to do his own form of good whose life may have more meaning?

answer: Gherardo

text: Gherardo

question: Who was unable to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism?

text: Early humanists

question: What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was seen as an issue for Christians?

text: secular

question: What time period did secular have an ultra-positive connotation?

text: Renaissance

question: Who did Petrarch feel superior to in every possible way?

text: Gherardo

question: What had a positive effect on established authority?

text: the methods of the humanists