text: Around 3.8 million people work in Switzerland; about 25% of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004. Switzerland has a more flexible job market than neighbouring countries and the unemployment rate is very low. The unemployment rate increased from a low of 1.7% in June 2000 to a peak of 4.4% in December 2009. The unemployment rate is 3.2% in 2014. Population growth from net immigration is quite high, at 0.52% of population in 2004. The foreign citizen population was 21.8% in 2004, about the same as in Australia. GDP per hour worked is the world's 16th highest, at 49.46 international dollars in 2012.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: Around

text: million

text: people

text: work

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: about

text: of

text: employees

text: belonged

text: to

text: a

text: trade

text: union

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: has

text: a

text: more

text: flexible

text: job

text: market

text: than

text: neighbouring

text: countries

text: and

text: the

text: unemployment

text: rate

text: is

text: very

text: low

text: The

text: unemployment

text: rate

text: increased

text: from

text: a

text: low

text: of

text: in

text: June

text: to

text: a

text: peak

text: of

text: in

text: December

text: The

text: unemployment

text: rate

text: is

text: in

text: Population

text: growth

text: from

text: net

text: immigration

text: is

text: quite

text: high

text: at

text: of

text: population

text: in

text: The

text: foreign

text: citizen

text: population

text: was

text: in

text: about

text: the

text: same

text: as

text: in

text: Australia

text: GDP

text: per

text: hour

text: worked

text: is

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: highest

text: at

text: international

text: dollars

text: in

question: What percentage of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004?

answer: about 25%

text: about 25%

question: How many people work in Switzerland?

answer: Around 3.8 million

text: Around 3.8 million

question: What was the unemployment rate in Switzerland in 2014?

answer: 3.2%

question: What was the foreign citizen population percentage in Switzerland in 2014?

answer: 21.8%

question: What was the peak unemployment rate reached in December, 2009?

answer: 4.4%


text: The hydraulic crane was invented by Sir William Armstrong in 1846, primarily for use at the Tyneside docks for loading cargo. These quickly supplanted the earlier steam driven elevators: exploiting Pascal's law, they provided a much greater force. A water pump supplied a variable level of water pressure to a plunger encased inside a vertical cylinder, allowing the level of the platform (carrying a heavy load) to be raised and lowered. Counterweights and balances were also used to increase the lifting power of the apparatus.

title: Elevator

title: Elevator

text: The

text: hydraulic

text: crane

text: was

text: invented

text: by

text: Sir

text: William

text: Armstrong

text: in

text: primarily

text: for

text: use

text: at

text: the

text: Tyneside

text: docks

text: for

text: loading

text: cargo

text: These

text: quickly

text: supplanted

text: the

text: earlier

text: steam

text: driven

text: elevators

text: exploiting

text: Pascal

text: 's

text: law

text: they

text: provided

text: a

text: much

text: greater

text: force

text: A

text: water

text: pump

text: supplied

text: a

text: variable

text: level

text: of

text: water

text: pressure

text: to

text: a

text: plunger

text: encased

text: inside

text: a

text: vertical

text: cylinder

text: allowing

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: the

text: platform

text: carrying

text: a

text: heavy

text: load

text: to

text: be

text: raised

text: and

text: lowered

text: Counterweights

text: and

text: balances

text: were

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: lifting

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: apparatus

question: Who invented the hydraulic crane in 1846?

answer: Sir William Armstrong

text: Sir William Armstrong

question: Were was the hydraulic crane initially used?

answer: Tyneside docks

text: Tyneside docks

question: In what manner did hydraulic cranes employ Pascal's law?

answer: they provided a much greater force

text: they provided a much greater force

question: The water pump supplied water pressure to a plunger located where?

answer: encased inside a vertical cylinder

text: encased inside a vertical cylinder

question: besides water pressure, what else was used to increase the lifting power?

answer: Counterweights and balances

text: Counterweights and balances


text: By the end of the early modern period, the structure and orientation of higher education had changed in ways that are eminently recognizable for the modern context. Aristotle was no longer a force providing the epistemological and methodological focus for universities and a more mechanistic orientation was emerging. The hierarchical place of theological knowledge had for the most part been displaced and the humanities had become a fixture, and a new openness was beginning to take hold in the construction and dissemination of knowledge that were to become imperative for the formation of the modern state.

title: University

title: University

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: modern

text: period

text: the

text: structure

text: and

text: orientation

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: had

text: changed

text: in

text: ways

text: that

text: are

text: eminently

text: recognizable

text: for

text: the

text: modern

text: context

text: Aristotle

text: was

text: no

text: longer

text: a

text: force

text: providing

text: the

text: epistemological

text: and

text: methodological

text: focus

text: for

text: universities

text: and

text: a

text: more

text: mechanistic

text: orientation

text: was

text: emerging

text: The

text: hierarchical

text: place

text: of

text: theological

text: knowledge

text: had

text: for

text: the

text: most

text: part

text: been

text: displaced

text: and

text: the

text: humanities

text: had

text: become

text: a

text: fixture

text: and

text: a

text: new

text: openness

text: was

text: beginning

text: to

text: take

text: hold

text: in

text: the

text: construction

text: and

text: dissemination

text: of

text: knowledge

text: that

text: were

text: to

text: become

text: imperative

text: for

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: state

question: At the end of what period would universities become alike to contemporary universities?

answer: the end of the early modern period

text: the end of the early modern period

question: What type of focus did universities have at the end of the early modern period?

answer: mechanistic

text: mechanistic

question: What replaced theological studies in universities at the completion of the early modern period?

answer: humanities

text: humanities

question: The change in universities towards the completion of the early modern period is credited with the formation of what entity?

answer: the modern state

text: the modern state

question: The study of the humanities at the end of the early modern period replaced the study of the work of what individual?

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

question: At the end of what period would universities become a fixture?

text: the end of the early modern period

question: What type of focus did universities have at the end of the modern state?

text: mechanistic

question: What replaced theological studies in universities at the completion of the modern state?

text: humanities

question: The change in universities towards the completion of the modern period is credited with the formation of what entity?

text: the modern state

question: The study of the humanities at the end of the modern state replaced the work of what individual?

text: Aristotle


text: The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, a line which marks the elevation at which waterfalls first appear on streams and rivers. The Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the state's most urbanized and densely populated section. It consists of gently rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. Small, isolated, and deeply eroded mountain ranges and peaks are located in the Piedmont, including the Sauratown Mountains, Pilot Mountain, the Uwharrie Mountains, Crowder's Mountain, King's Pinnacle, the Brushy Mountains, and the South Mountains. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 to 400 feet (91 to 122 m) in elevation in the east to over 1,000 feet (300 m) in the west. Because of the rapid population growth in the Piedmont, a significant part of the rural area in this region is being transformed into suburbs with shopping centers, housing, and corporate offices. Agriculture is steadily declining in importance. The major rivers of the Piedmont, such as the Yadkin and Catawba, tend to be fast-flowing, shallow, and narrow.

title: North_Carolina

title: North_Carolina

text: The

text: coastal

text: plain

text: transitions

text: to

text: the

text: Piedmont

text: region

text: along

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Seaboard

text: fall

text: line

text: a

text: line

text: which

text: marks

text: the

text: elevation

text: at

text: which

text: waterfalls

text: first

text: appear

text: on

text: streams

text: and

text: rivers

text: The

text: Piedmont

text: region

text: of

text: central

text: North

text: Carolina

text: is

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: most

text: urbanized

text: and

text: densely

text: populated

text: section

text: It

text: consists

text: of

text: gently

text: rolling

text: countryside

text: frequently

text: broken

text: by

text: hills

text: or

text: low

text: mountain

text: ridges

text: Small

text: isolated

text: and

text: deeply

text: eroded

text: mountain

text: ranges

text: and

text: peaks

text: are

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Piedmont

text: including

text: the

text: Sauratown

text: Mountains

text: Pilot

text: Mountain

text: the

text: Uwharrie

text: Mountains

text: Crowder

text: 's

text: Mountain

text: King

text: 's

text: Pinnacle

text: the

text: Brushy

text: Mountains

text: and

text: the

text: South

text: Mountains

text: The

text: Piedmont

text: ranges

text: from

text: about

text: to

text: feet

text: to

text: m

text: in

text: elevation

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: to

text: over

text: feet

text: m

text: in

text: the

text: west

text: Because

text: of

text: the

text: rapid

text: population

text: growth

text: in

text: the

text: Piedmont

text: a

text: significant

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: rural

text: area

text: in

text: this

text: region

text: is

text: being

text: transformed

text: into

text: suburbs

text: with

text: shopping

text: centers

text: housing

text: and

text: corporate

text: offices

text: Agriculture

text: is

text: steadily

text: declining

text: in

text: importance

text: The

text: major

text: rivers

text: of

text: the

text: Piedmont

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Yadkin

text: and

text: Catawba

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: fast

text: flowing

text: shallow

text: and

text: narrow

question: What do you call the line that marks the elevation that waterfalls first appear on rivers?

answer: Atlantic Seaboard fall line

text: Atlantic Seaboard fall line

question: At what point does the coastal plin transition to the Piedmont region?

answer: along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line

text: along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line

question: What section of Central North Carolina has the most dense population?

answer: The Piedmont region

text: The Piedmont region

question: Pilot Mountain and South Mountains are located in what region of North Carolina?

answer: Piedmont

text: Piedmont

question: What is the average elevation in the west Piedmont region?

answer: 1,000 feet

text: 1,000 feet


text: Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported before 1970 by most Protestants (and most Jews), who opposed aid to religious schools, which were mostly Catholic at the time. After 1980, however, anti-Catholic sentiment has diminished among mainline Protestants, and the crucial coalition of public secularists and Protestant churches has collapsed. While mainline Protestant denominations are more inclined towards strict separation of church and state, much evangelical opinion has now largely deserted that position. As a consequence, strict separationism is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths, even perhaps eclipsing the opposition of Roman Catholics.[citation needed]

title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States

text: Jeffries

text: and

text: Ryan

text: argue

text: that

text: no

text: aid

text: position

text: drew

text: support

text: from

text: a

text: coalition

text: of

text: separationist

text: opinion

text: Most

text: important

text: was

text: the

text: pervasive

text: secularism

text: that

text: came

text: to

text: dominate

text: American

text: public

text: life

text: which

text: sought

text: to

text: confine

text: religion

text: to

text: a

text: private

text: sphere

text: Further

text: the

text: ban

text: against

text: government

text: aid

text: to

text: religious

text: schools

text: was

text: supported

text: before

text: by

text: most

text: Protestants

text: and

text: most

text: Jews

text: who

text: opposed

text: aid

text: to

text: religious

text: schools

text: which

text: were

text: mostly

text: Catholic

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: After

text: however

text: anti

text: Catholic

text: sentiment

text: has

text: diminished

text: among

text: mainline

text: Protestants

text: and

text: the

text: crucial

text: coalition

text: of

text: public

text: secularists

text: and

text: Protestant

text: churches

text: has

text: collapsed

text: While

text: mainline

text: Protestant

text: denominations

text: are

text: more

text: inclined

text: towards

text: strict

text: separation

text: of

text: church

text: and

text: state

text: much

text: evangelical

text: opinion

text: has

text: now

text: largely

text: deserted

text: that

text: position

text: As

text: a

text: consequence

text: strict

text: separationism

text: is

text: opposed

text: today

text: by

text: members

text: of

text: many

text: Protestant

text: faiths

text: even

text: perhaps

text: eclipsing

text: the

text: opposition

text: of

text: Roman

text: Catholics.[citation

text: needed

question: What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue was the reason for support from a coalition of separationists?

answer: no-aid

text: no-aid

question: What type of secularism came to dominate American public life?

answer: pervasive

text: pervasive

question: Who supported the ban against government aid to religious schools before 1970?

answer: most Protestants (and most Jews)

text: most Protestants (and most Jews)

question: What diminished after 1980?

answer: anti-Catholic sentiment

text: anti-Catholic sentiment

question: What is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths?

answer: strict separationism

text: strict separationism

question: What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue wasn't the reason for support from a coalition of separationists?

text: no-aid

question: What type of secularism came to dominate Non-American public life?

text: pervasive

question: Who supported the unban against government aid to religious schools before 1970?

text: most Protestants (and most Jews)

question: What diminished after 1981?

text: anti-Catholic sentiment

question: What is opposed today by members of no Protestant faiths?

text: strict separationism


text: European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in January 1773. The first confirmed sighting of Antarctica can be narrowed down to the crews of ships captained by three individuals. According to various organizations (the National Science Foundation, NASA, the University of California, San Diego, and other sources), ships captained by three men sighted Antarctica or its ice shelf in 1820: von Bellingshausen (a captain in the Imperial Russian Navy), Edward Bransfield (a captain in the Royal Navy), and Nathaniel Palmer (a sealer out of Stonington, Connecticut). The expedition led by von Bellingshausen and Lazarev on the ships Vostok and Mirny reached a point within 32 km (20 mi) from Queen Maud's Land and recorded the sight of an ice shelf at 69°21′28″S 2°14′50″W / 69.35778°S 2.24722°W / -69.35778; -2.24722, which became known as the Fimbul ice shelf. This happened three days before Bransfield sighted land, and ten months before Palmer did so in November 1820. The first documented landing on Antarctica was by the American sealer John Davis, apparently at Hughes Bay, near Cape Charles, in West Antarctica on 7 February 1821, although some historians dispute this claim. The first recorded and confirmed landing was at Cape Adair in 1895.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: European

text: maps

text: continued

text: to

text: show

text: this

text: hypothesized

text: land

text: until

text: Captain

text: James

text: Cook

text: 's

text: ships

text: HMS

text: Resolution

text: and

text: Adventure

text: crossed

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Circle

text: on

text: January

text: in

text: December

text: and

text: again

text: in

text: January

text: Cook

text: came

text: within

text: about

text: km

text: mi

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: coast

text: before

text: retreating

text: in

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: field

text: ice

text: in

text: January

text: The

text: first

text: confirmed

text: sighting

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: can

text: be

text: narrowed

text: down

text: to

text: the

text: crews

text: of

text: ships

text: captained

text: by

text: three

text: individuals

text: According

text: to

text: various

text: organizations

text: the

text: National

text: Science

text: Foundation

text: NASA

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: San

text: Diego

text: and

text: other

text: sources

text: ships

text: captained

text: by

text: three

text: men

text: sighted

text: Antarctica

text: or

text: its

text: ice

text: shelf

text: in

text: von

text: Bellingshausen

text: a

text: captain

text: in

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Russian

text: Navy

text: Edward

text: Bransfield

text: a

text: captain

text: in

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: and

text: Nathaniel

text: Palmer

text: a

text: sealer

text: out

text: of

text: Stonington

text: Connecticut

text: The

text: expedition

text: led

text: by

text: von

text: Bellingshausen

text: and

text: Lazarev

text: on

text: the

text: ships

text: Vostok

text: and

text: Mirny

text: reached

text: a

text: point

text: within

text: km

text: mi

text: from

text: Queen

text: Maud

text: 's

text: Land

text: and

text: recorded

text: the

text: sight

text: of

text: an

text: ice

text: shelf

text: at

text: S

text: W

text: which

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Fimbul

text: ice

text: shelf

text: This

text: happened

text: three

text: days

text: before

text: Bransfield

text: sighted

text: land

text: and

text: ten

text: months

text: before

text: Palmer

text: did

text: so

text: in

text: November

text: The

text: first

text: documented

text: landing

text: on

text: Antarctica

text: was

text: by

text: the

text: American

text: sealer

text: John

text: Davis

text: apparently

text: at

text: Hughes

text: Bay

text: near

text: Cape

text: Charles

text: in

text: West

text: Antarctica

text: on

text: February

text: although

text: some

text: historians

text: dispute

text: this

text: claim

text: The

text: first

text: recorded

text: and

text: confirmed

text: landing

text: was

text: at

text: Cape

text: Adair

text: in

question: When did Cook's ships cross the Antarctic circle?

answer: 17 January 1773

text: 17 January 1773

question: What kept Captain Cook from getting too close to Antarctica?

answer: field ice

text: field ice

question: How many men sighted Antarctica in 1820?

answer: three

text: three

question: How close did von Bellingshausen and Lazarev come to Antarctica?

answer: 32 km

text: 32 km

question: When was the first recorded landing on Antarctica?

answer: 1895

question: Who's ship crossed the Antarctic Circle in the 17th century?

text: Captain James Cook

question: What ships did Cook use to circle the Antarctic Circle?

text: HMS Resolution and Adventure

question: Who sighted Antarctica or its ice shelf in the 18th century?

question: What ships were captained by Bransfield and Lazarev?

text: Vostok and Mirny

question: Who sighted land ten months before Bransfield?

text: Palmer

question: What ships crossed the Arctic Circle on 17 January 1773?

text: HMS Resolution and Adventure

question: What crossed the Antarctic Circle in December 1774?

text: HMS Resolution and Adventure

question: Who came within 120 mi of the Antarctic coast in 1773?

text: Cook

question: What did three might sight in 1802?

text: Antarctica or its ice shelf

question: What ice shelf was spotted within 32 mi from Queen Maud's Land?

text: Fimbul ice shelf


text: Oklahoma City is an integral point on the United States Interstate Network, with three major interstate highways – Interstate 35, Interstate 40, and Interstate 44 – bisecting the city. Interstate 240 connects Interstate 40 and Interstate 44 in south Oklahoma City, while Interstate 235 spurs from Interstate 44 in north-central Oklahoma City into downtown.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: is

text: an

text: integral

text: point

text: on

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Interstate

text: Network

text: with

text: three

text: major

text: interstate

text: highways

text: Interstate

text: Interstate

text: and

text: Interstate

text: bisecting

text: the

text: city

text: Interstate

text: connects

text: Interstate

text: and

text: Interstate

text: in

text: south

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: while

text: Interstate

text: spurs

text: from

text: Interstate

text: in

text: north

text: central

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: into

text: downtown

question: How many major highways cross through Oklahoma City?

answer: 3


text: Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "ambiguities and errors" without using the word "heresy".

title: Heresy

title: Heresy

text: Although

text: less

text: common

text: than

text: in

text: earlier

text: periods

text: in

text: modern

text: times

text: formal

text: charges

text: of

text: heresy

text: within

text: Christian

text: churches

text: still

text: occur

text: Issues

text: in

text: the

text: Protestant

text: churches

text: have

text: included

text: modern

text: biblical

text: criticism

text: and

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: God

text: In

text: the

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: the

text: Congregation

text: for

text: the

text: Doctrine

text: of

text: the

text: Faith

text: criticizes

text: writings

text: for

text: ambiguities

text: and

text: errors

text: without

text: using

text: the

text: word

text: heresy

question: Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times?

answer: Christian

text: Christian

question: Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism?

answer: Protestant

text: Protestant

question: What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?

answer: Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

text: Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

question: What charge is just as common in modern times?

text: heresy

question: What churches have issues with modern bibles>

text: Protestant churches

question: Who criticizes writing for being heretical?


text: The broad field of animal communication encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Animal communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal. The study of animal communication, called zoo semiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, a great share of prior understanding related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, has been revolutionized. A special field of animal communication has been investigated in more detail such as vibrational communication.

title: Communication

title: Communication

text: The

text: broad

text: field

text: of

text: animal

text: communication

text: encompasses

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: issues

text: in

text: ethology

text: Animal

text: communication

text: can

text: be

text: defined

text: as

text: any

text: behavior

text: of

text: one

text: animal

text: that

text: affects

text: the

text: current

text: or

text: future

text: behavior

text: of

text: another

text: animal

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: animal

text: communication

text: called

text: zoo

text: semiotics

text: distinguishable

text: from

text: anthroposemiotics

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: human

text: communication

text: has

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: part

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: ethology

text: sociobiology

text: and

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: animal

text: cognition

text: Animal

text: communication

text: and

text: indeed

text: the

text: understanding

text: of

text: the

text: animal

text: world

text: in

text: general

text: is

text: a

text: rapidly

text: growing

text: field

text: and

text: even

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: so

text: far

text: a

text: great

text: share

text: of

text: prior

text: understanding

text: related

text: to

text: diverse

text: fields

text: such

text: as

text: personal

text: symbolic

text: name

text: use

text: animal

text: emotions

text: animal

text: culture

text: and

text: learning

text: and

text: even

text: sexual

text: conduct

text: long

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: well

text: understood

text: has

text: been

text: revolutionized

text: A

text: special

text: field

text: of

text: animal

text: communication

text: has

text: been

text: investigated

text: in

text: more

text: detail

text: such

text: as

text: vibrational

text: communication

question: How is animal communication defined?

answer: any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal

text: any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal

question: What is the study of animal communication called?

answer: zoo semiotics

text: zoo semiotics

question: What is the study of human communication called?

answer: anthroposemiotics

text: anthroposemiotics

question: What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century?

answer: animal emotions, animal culture and learning

text: animal emotions, animal culture and learning

question: What field of communication has been investigated more thoroughly?

answer: vibrational communication

text: vibrational communication

question: Anthroposemiotics is the study of animal what?

text: communication

question: Zoo semiotics is the study of human what?

text: communication

question: A special field of animal communication that has not been investigated is what?

text: vibrational communication

question: What is defined as any one behavior of all animals that affects the current or future behavior of another animal?

text: Animal communication

question: Human and animal communication is a rapidly growing field of study in what century.


text: The Times Digital Archive (1785–2008) is freely accessible via Gale databases to readers affiliated with subscribing academic, public, and school libraries.

title: The_Times

title: The_Times

text: The

text: Times

text: Digital

text: Archive

text: is

text: freely

text: accessible

text: via

text: Gale

text: databases

text: to

text: readers

text: affiliated

text: with

text: subscribing

text: academic

text: public

text: and

text: school

text: libraries

question: What is the name of the digital archive that holds The Times historical archive?

answer: The Times Digital Archive

text: The Times Digital Archive

question: The Times historical archive is freely accessible online from what database?

answer: Gale databases

text: Gale databases

question: What kind of reader can subscribe to the digital archive of The Times?

answer: academic

text: academic


text: Naturally occurring crude asphalt/bitumen impregnated in sedimentary rock is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from "Oil sands", currently under development in Alberta, Canada. Canada has most of the world's supply of natural asphalt/bitumen, covering 140,000 square kilometres (an area larger than England), giving it the second-largest proven oil reserves in the world. The Athabasca oil sands is the largest asphalt/bitumen deposit in Canada and the only one accessible to surface mining, although recent technological breakthroughs have resulted in deeper deposits becoming producible by in situ methods. Because of oil price increases after 2003, producing bitumen became highly profitable, but as a result of the decline after 2014 it became uneconomic to build new plants again. By 2014, Canadian crude asphalt/bitumen production averaged about 2.3 million barrels (370,000 m3) per day and was projected to rise to 4.4 million barrels (700,000 m3) per day by 2020. The total amount of crude asphalt/bitumen in Alberta which could be extracted is estimated to be about 310 billion barrels (50×10^9 m3), which at a rate of 4,400,000 barrels per day (700,000 m3/d) would last about 200 years.

title: Asphalt

title: Asphalt

text: Naturally

text: occurring

text: crude

text: asphalt

text: bitumen

text: impregnated

text: in

text: sedimentary

text: rock

text: is

text: the

text: prime

text: feed

text: stock

text: for

text: petroleum

text: production

text: from

text: Oil

text: sands

text: currently

text: under

text: development

text: in

text: Alberta

text: Canada

text: Canada

text: has

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: supply

text: of

text: natural

text: asphalt

text: bitumen

text: covering

text: square

text: kilometres

text: an

text: area

text: larger

text: than

text: England

text: giving

text: it

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: proven

text: oil

text: reserves

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: Athabasca

text: oil

text: sands

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: asphalt

text: bitumen

text: deposit

text: in

text: Canada

text: and

text: the

text: only

text: one

text: accessible

text: to

text: surface

text: mining

text: although

text: recent

text: technological

text: breakthroughs

text: have

text: resulted

text: in

text: deeper

text: deposits

text: becoming

text: producible

text: by

text: in

text: situ

text: methods

text: Because

text: of

text: oil

text: price

text: increases

text: after

text: producing

text: bitumen

text: became

text: highly

text: profitable

text: but

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: decline

text: after

text: it

text: became

text: uneconomic

text: to

text: build

text: new

text: plants

text: again

text: By

text: Canadian

text: crude

text: asphalt

text: bitumen

text: production

text: averaged

text: about

text: million

text: barrels

text: per

text: day

text: and

text: was

text: projected

text: to

text: rise

text: to

text: million

text: barrels

text: per

text: day

text: by

text: The

text: total

text: amount

text: of

text: crude

text: asphalt

text: bitumen

text: in

text: Alberta

text: which

text: could

text: be

text: extracted

text: is

text: estimated

text: to

text: be

text: about

text: billion

text: barrels

text: which

text: at

text: a

text: rate

text: of

text: barrels

text: per

text: day

text: would

text: last

text: about

text: years

question: Where is naturally occurring bitumen in rock being developed as a feed stock for petroleum production?

answer: Alberta, Canada

text: Alberta, Canada

question: How much area does Canada's natural bitumen cover?

answer: 140,000 square kilometres

text: 140,000 square kilometres

question: Where does Canada rank in world's oil supplies?

answer: second-largest

text: second-largest

question: What is Canada's only surface bitumen mine?

answer: Athabasca oil sands

text: Athabasca oil sands

question: What is the amount of bitumen that can be extracted in Alberta?

answer: 310 billion barrels

text: 310 billion barrels

question: How much area does the smallest supply of natural bitumen, in Canada, cover?

text: 140,000 square kilometres

question: Which country has the third-largest known oil preserves in the world?

text: Canada

question: Oil prices decreased after which year?

question: By what year did Canadian oil sands production average 2.3 million barrels per day?

question: By what year did Athabascan crude asphalt/bitumen production average 2.3 million barrels per day?


text: When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.

title: Aspirated_consonant

title: Aspirated_consonant

text: When

text: aspirated

text: consonants

text: are

text: doubled

text: or

text: geminated

text: the

text: stop

text: is

text: held

text: longer

text: and

text: then

text: has

text: an

text: aspirated

text: release

text: An

text: aspirated

text: affricate

text: consists

text: of

text: a

text: stop

text: fricative

text: and

text: aspirated

text: release

text: A

text: doubled

text: aspirated

text: affricate

text: has

text: a

text: longer

text: hold

text: in

text: the

text: stop

text: portion

text: and

text: then

text: has

text: a

text: release

text: consisting

text: of

text: the

text: fricative

text: and

text: aspiration

question: What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated?

answer: the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release.

text: the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release.

question: What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release?

answer: An aspirated affricate

text: An aspirated affricate

question: What happens when aspirated consonants are tripled or germinated?

question: What has a release of the fricative and unaspiration?

text: A doubled aspirated affricate

question: An unaspirated consonant consists of what?

question: What consists of a stop, fricative, and unaspirated release?

text: An aspirated affricate

question: A tripled aspirated affricate has a longer what?

text: hold in the stop portion


text: The name of the metal was probably first documented by Paracelsus, a Swiss-born German alchemist, who referred to the metal as "zincum" or "zinken" in his book Liber Mineralium II, in the 16th century. The word is probably derived from the German zinke, and supposedly meant "tooth-like, pointed or jagged" (metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance). Zink could also imply "tin-like" because of its relation to German zinn meaning tin. Yet another possibility is that the word is derived from the Persian word سنگ seng meaning stone. The metal was also called Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.

title: Zinc

title: Zinc

text: The

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: metal

text: was

text: probably

text: first

text: documented

text: by

text: Paracelsus

text: a

text: Swiss

text: born

text: German

text: alchemist

text: who

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: metal

text: as

text: zincum

text: or

text: zinken

text: in

text: his

text: book

text: Liber

text: Mineralium

text: II

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: word

text: is

text: probably

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: German

text: zinke

text: and

text: supposedly

text: meant

text: tooth

text: like

text: pointed

text: or

text: jagged

text: metallic

text: zinc

text: crystals

text: have

text: a

text: needle

text: like

text: appearance

text: Zink

text: could

text: also

text: imply

text: tin

text: like

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: relation

text: to

text: German

text: zinn

text: meaning

text: tin

text: Yet

text: another

text: possibility

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: word

text: is

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Persian

text: word

text: سنگ

text: seng

text: meaning

text: stone

text: The

text: metal

text: was

text: also

text: called

text: Indian

text: tin

text: tutanego

text: calamine

text: and

text: spinter

question: Who is attributed as first documenting zinc?

answer: Paracelsus

text: Paracelsus

question: Why would zinc possibly be derived from the German word zinke?

answer: metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance

text: metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance

question: Why is it possible that the name zinc could be derived from the German zinn?

answer: imply "tin-like"

text: imply "tin-like"

question: What are some of the other terms for zinc?

answer: Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.

text: Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.

question: Who is attributed as the only person to document zinc?

text: Paracelsus

question: Why would zinc possibly be derived from the imaginary word zinke?

question: What are some of the other outlawed words for zinc?

question: What alchemist that first documented zinc was born in India?

text: Paracelsus


text: Another class of knights were granted land by the prince, allowing them the economic ability to serve the prince militarily. A Polish nobleman living at the time prior to the 15th century was referred to as a "rycerz", very roughly equivalent to the English "knight," the critical difference being the status of "rycerz" was almost strictly hereditary; the class of all such individuals was known as the "rycerstwo". Representing the wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes, this other class of rycerstwo, which became the szlachta/nobility ("szlachta" becomes the proper term for Polish nobility beginning about the 15th century), gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues. This rycerstwo/nobility obtained more privileges granting them favored status. They were absolved from particular burdens and obligations under ducal law, resulting in the belief only rycerstwo (those combining military prowess with high/noble birth) could serve as officials in state administration.

title: Szlachta

title: Szlachta

text: Another

text: class

text: of

text: knights

text: were

text: granted

text: land

text: by

text: the

text: prince

text: allowing

text: them

text: the

text: economic

text: ability

text: to

text: serve

text: the

text: prince

text: militarily

text: A

text: Polish

text: nobleman

text: living

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: was

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: a

text: rycerz

text: very

text: roughly

text: equivalent

text: to

text: the

text: English

text: knight

text: the

text: critical

text: difference

text: being

text: the

text: status

text: of

text: rycerz

text: was

text: almost

text: strictly

text: hereditary

text: the

text: class

text: of

text: all

text: such

text: individuals

text: was

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: rycerstwo

text: Representing

text: the

text: wealthier

text: families

text: of

text: Poland

text: and

text: itinerant

text: knights

text: from

text: abroad

text: seeking

text: their

text: fortunes

text: this

text: other

text: class

text: of

text: rycerstwo

text: which

text: became

text: the

text: szlachta

text: nobility

text: szlachta

text: becomes

text: the

text: proper

text: term

text: for

text: Polish

text: nobility

text: beginning

text: about

text: the

text: century

text: gradually

text: formed

text: apart

text: from

text: Mieszko

text: I

text: 's

text: and

text: his

text: successors

text: elite

text: retinues

text: This

text: rycerstwo

text: nobility

text: obtained

text: more

text: privileges

text: granting

text: them

text: favored

text: status

text: They

text: were

text: absolved

text: from

text: particular

text: burdens

text: and

text: obligations

text: under

text: ducal

text: law

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: belief

text: only

text: rycerstwo

text: those

text: combining

text: military

text: prowess

text: with

text: high

text: noble

text: birth

text: could

text: serve

text: as

text: officials

text: in

text: state

text: administration

question: WHat was a polish nobleman referred to as before the 15th century?

answer: rycerz

text: rycerz

question: What is roughly the same to the english version of rycerz?

answer: knight

text: knight

question: What people did the rycerstwo class represent?

answer: wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes

text: wealthier families of Poland and itinerant knights from abroad seeking their fortunes

question: What positive did the szlachta class receive?

answer: gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues.

text: gradually formed apart from Mieszko I's and his successors' elite retinues.

question: What did ducal law implement for the rycerstwo/nobility?

answer: could serve as officials in state administration.

text: could serve as officials in state administration.


text: Both languages are still largely mutually intelligible, although this relation can in some fields (such as lexicon, spelling and grammar) be asymmetric, as it is easier for Dutch speakers to understand written Afrikaans than it is for Afrikaans speakers to understand written Dutch. Afrikaans is grammatically far less complex than Dutch, and vocabulary items are generally altered in a clearly patterned manner, e.g. vogel becomes voël ("bird") and regen becomes reën ("rain"). In South Africa, the number of students following Dutch at university, is difficult to estimate, since the academic study of Afrikaans inevitably includes the study of Dutch. Elsewhere in the world, the number of people learning Dutch is relatively small.

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: Both

text: languages

text: are

text: still

text: largely

text: mutually

text: intelligible

text: although

text: this

text: relation

text: can

text: in

text: some

text: fields

text: such

text: as

text: lexicon

text: spelling

text: and

text: grammar

text: be

text: asymmetric

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: easier

text: for

text: Dutch

text: speakers

text: to

text: understand

text: written

text: Afrikaans

text: than

text: it

text: is

text: for

text: Afrikaans

text: speakers

text: to

text: understand

text: written

text: Dutch

text: Afrikaans

text: is

text: grammatically

text: far

text: less

text: complex

text: than

text: Dutch

text: and

text: vocabulary

text: items

text: are

text: generally

text: altered

text: in

text: a

text: clearly

text: patterned

text: manner

text: e.g.

text: vogel

text: becomes

text: voël

text: bird

text: and

text: regen

text: becomes

text: reën

text: rain

text: In

text: South

text: Africa

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: students

text: following

text: Dutch

text: at

text: university

text: is

text: difficult

text: to

text: estimate

text: since

text: the

text: academic

text: study

text: of

text: Afrikaans

text: inevitably

text: includes

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: Dutch

text: Elsewhere

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: people

text: learning

text: Dutch

text: is

text: relatively

text: small

question: Who has a more difficult time understanding the other's language: Dutch speakers or Afrikaans speakers?

answer: Afrikaans speakers

text: Afrikaans speakers

question: Is Afrikaans more or less complex compared to Dutch?

answer: less complex

text: less complex

question: What's the Dutch word for "bird"?

answer: vogel

text: vogel

question: What is the Afrikaans word for "rain"?

answer: reën

text: reën

question: Is it difficult or easy to estimate the number of students in South Africa who study Dutch?

answer: difficult

text: difficult


text: Island genetics provides one proposed explanation for the sudden, fully developed appearance of flowering plants. Island genetics is believed to be a common source of speciation in general, especially when it comes to radical adaptations that seem to have required inferior transitional forms. Flowering plants may have evolved in an isolated setting like an island or island chain, where the plants bearing them were able to develop a highly specialized relationship with some specific animal (a wasp, for example). Such a relationship, with a hypothetical wasp carrying pollen from one plant to another much the way fig wasps do today, could result in the development of a high degree of specialization in both the plant(s) and their partners. Note that the wasp example is not incidental; bees, which, it is postulated, evolved specifically due to mutualistic plant relationships, are descended from wasps.

title: Flowering_plant

title: Flowering_plant

text: Island

text: genetics

text: provides

text: one

text: proposed

text: explanation

text: for

text: the

text: sudden

text: fully

text: developed

text: appearance

text: of

text: flowering

text: plants

text: Island

text: genetics

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: common

text: source

text: of

text: speciation

text: in

text: general

text: especially

text: when

text: it

text: comes

text: to

text: radical

text: adaptations

text: that

text: seem

text: to

text: have

text: required

text: inferior

text: transitional

text: forms

text: Flowering

text: plants

text: may

text: have

text: evolved

text: in

text: an

text: isolated

text: setting

text: like

text: an

text: island

text: or

text: island

text: chain

text: where

text: the

text: plants

text: bearing

text: them

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: develop

text: a

text: highly

text: specialized

text: relationship

text: with

text: some

text: specific

text: animal

text: a

text: wasp

text: for

text: example

text: Such

text: a

text: relationship

text: with

text: a

text: hypothetical

text: wasp

text: carrying

text: pollen

text: from

text: one

text: plant

text: to

text: another

text: much

text: the

text: way

text: fig

text: wasps

text: do

text: today

text: could

text: result

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: a

text: high

text: degree

text: of

text: specialization

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: plant(s

text: and

text: their

text: partners

text: Note

text: that

text: the

text: wasp

text: example

text: is

text: not

text: incidental

text: bees

text: which

text: it

text: is

text: postulated

text: evolved

text: specifically

text: due

text: to

text: mutualistic

text: plant

text: relationships

text: are

text: descended

text: from

text: wasps

question: What is one proposed explanation for the instant appearance of flowering plants?

answer: Island genetics

text: Island genetics

question: What is island genetics thought to be a default source of?

answer: speciation

text: speciation

question: What did radical adaptations seem to have required?

answer: inferior transitional forms

text: inferior transitional forms

question: How did an isolated setting like an island help flowering plants evolve?

answer: highly specialized relationship with some specific animal

text: highly specialized relationship with some specific animal

question: What are bees descended from?

answer: wasps

text: wasps

question: What are transitional forms descended from?

text: wasps

question: What is an explanation for the sudden appearance of fig wasps?

text: Island genetics

question: What does a relationship between bees and wasps result in?

question: What is carrying pollen thought to be a common source of?

text: speciation

question: How did flowering plants help transitional forms evolve?


text: France used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830. In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, claimed independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople, which forced the sultan Mahmud II to seek for Russian military aid. 10 000 Russian army corps landed on the Bosphorus shores in 1833 and helped to prevent the capture of Constantinople, thus the possible disappearance of the Ottoman Empire was prevented.

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: France

text: used

text: the

text: right

text: moment

text: and

text: occupied

text: Alger

text: in

text: In

text: Muhammad

text: Ali

text: of

text: Egypt

text: who

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: powerful

text: vassal

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: claimed

text: independence

text: Ottoman

text: forces

text: were

text: defeated

text: in

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: battles

text: and

text: Egyptians

text: were

text: ready

text: to

text: capture

text: Constantinople

text: which

text: forced

text: the

text: sultan

text: Mahmud

text: II

text: to

text: seek

text: for

text: Russian

text: military

text: aid

text: Russian

text: army

text: corps

text: landed

text: on

text: the

text: Bosphorus

text: shores

text: in

text: and

text: helped

text: to

text: prevent

text: the

text: capture

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: thus

text: the

text: possible

text: disappearance

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: was

text: prevented

question: In what year did France move into Alger?

answer: 1830

question: In 1831, who was the strongest vassal of the Ottoman Empire?

answer: Muhammad Ali of Egypt

text: Muhammad Ali of Egypt

question: Who wanted to take over Constantinople?

answer: Egyptians

text: Egyptians

question: What military force did Mahmud II ask for aid?

answer: Russian

text: Russian

question: How many Russians troops were sent to the Bosphorus shores?

answer: 10 000

text: 10 000


text: Switzerland's most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufacturing consists largely of the production of specialist chemicals, health and pharmaceutical goods, scientific and precision measuring instruments and musical instruments. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/electronics (20.9%), and precision instruments/watches (16.9%). Exported services amount to a third of exports. The service sector – especially banking and insurance, tourism, and international organisations – is another important industry for Switzerland.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

text: 's

text: most

text: important

text: economic

text: sector

text: is

text: manufacturing

text: Manufacturing

text: consists

text: largely

text: of

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: specialist

text: chemicals

text: health

text: and

text: pharmaceutical

text: goods

text: scientific

text: and

text: precision

text: measuring

text: instruments

text: and

text: musical

text: instruments

text: The

text: largest

text: exported

text: goods

text: are

text: chemicals

text: of

text: exported

text: goods

text: machines

text: electronics

text: and

text: precision

text: instruments

text: watches

text: Exported

text: services

text: amount

text: to

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: exports

text: The

text: service

text: sector

text: especially

text: banking

text: and

text: insurance

text: tourism

text: and

text: international

text: organisations

text: is

text: another

text: important

text: industry

text: for

text: Switzerland

question: What is Switzerland's most important economic sector?

answer: manufacturing

text: manufacturing

question: What accounts for 34% of Switzerland's exported goods?

answer: chemicals

text: chemicals

question: What accounts for 20.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?

answer: machines/electronics

text: machines/electronics

question: What accounts for 16.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?

answer: precision instruments/watches

text: precision instruments/watches

question: What percentage of exports are exported services?

answer: a third

text: a third


text: "The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression "in the doghouse" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced.

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: The

text: most

text: widespread

text: form

text: of

text: interspecies

text: bonding

text: occurs

text: between

text: humans

text: and

text: dogs

text: and

text: the

text: keeping

text: of

text: dogs

text: as

text: companions

text: particularly

text: by

text: elites

text: has

text: a

text: long

text: history

text: As

text: a

text: possible

text: example

text: at

text: the

text: Natufian

text: culture

text: site

text: of

text: Ain

text: Mallaha

text: in

text: Israel

text: dated

text: to

text: BC

text: the

text: remains

text: of

text: an

text: elderly

text: human

text: and

text: a

text: four

text: to

text: five

text: month

text: old

text: puppy

text: were

text: found

text: buried

text: together

text: However

text: pet

text: dog

text: populations

text: grew

text: significantly

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: as

text: suburbanization

text: increased

text: In

text: the

text: and

text: dogs

text: were

text: kept

text: outside

text: more

text: often

text: than

text: they

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: today

text: using

text: the

text: expression

text: in

text: the

text: doghouse

text: to

text: describe

text: exclusion

text: from

text: the

text: group

text: signifies

text: the

text: distance

text: between

text: the

text: doghouse

text: and

text: the

text: home

text: and

text: were

text: still

text: primarily

text: functional

text: acting

text: as

text: a

text: guard

text: children

text: 's

text: playmate

text: or

text: walking

text: companion

text: From

text: the

text: there

text: have

text: been

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: the

text: pet

text: dog

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: increased

text: role

text: of

text: dogs

text: in

text: the

text: emotional

text: support

text: of

text: their

text: human

text: guardians

text: People

text: and

text: dogs

text: have

text: become

text: increasingly

text: integrated

text: and

text: implicated

text: in

text: each

text: other

text: 's

text: lives

text: to

text: the

text: point

text: where

text: pet

text: dogs

text: actively

text: shape

text: the

text: way

text: a

text: family

text: and

text: home

text: are

text: experienced

question: A grave from 12,000 BC was found to contain an older person and what else?

answer: puppy

text: puppy

question: What two species have the most widespread bonding?

answer: humans and dogs

text: humans and dogs

question: When did more people begin to keep dogs as pets?

answer: after World War II

text: after World War II

question: What decade showed a change in the way people kept dogs as pets?

answer: 1980s

question: In the 1950s and 1960s most dogs where kept where?

answer: outside

text: outside

question: Historically, who in particular had dogs as companions?

answer: elites

text: elites

question: Dogs were kept where in the 1950s and 1960s as compared to today?

answer: outside

text: outside

question: When did the role of dogs change to be more than guardians or walking companions?

answer: 1980s


text: To understand groups beyond the level of mere symbolic manipulations as above, more structural concepts have to be employed.c[›] There is a conceptual principle underlying all of the following notions: to take advantage of the structure offered by groups (which sets, being "structureless", do not have), constructions related to groups have to be compatible with the group operation. This compatibility manifests itself in the following notions in various ways. For example, groups can be related to each other via functions called group homomorphisms. By the mentioned principle, they are required to respect the group structures in a precise sense. The structure of groups can also be understood by breaking them into pieces called subgroups and quotient groups. The principle of "preserving structures"—a recurring topic in mathematics throughout—is an instance of working in a category, in this case the category of groups.

title: Group_(mathematics)

title: Group_(mathematics

text: To

text: understand

text: groups

text: beyond

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: mere

text: symbolic

text: manipulations

text: as

text: above

text: more

text: structural

text: concepts

text: have

text: to

text: be

text: employed.c[›

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: conceptual

text: principle

text: underlying

text: all

text: of

text: the

text: following

text: notions

text: to

text: take

text: advantage

text: of

text: the

text: structure

text: offered

text: by

text: groups

text: which

text: sets

text: being

text: structureless

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: constructions

text: related

text: to

text: groups

text: have

text: to

text: be

text: compatible

text: with

text: the

text: group

text: operation

text: This

text: compatibility

text: manifests

text: itself

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: notions

text: in

text: various

text: ways

text: For

text: example

text: groups

text: can

text: be

text: related

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: via

text: functions

text: called

text: group

text: homomorphisms

text: By

text: the

text: mentioned

text: principle

text: they

text: are

text: required

text: to

text: respect

text: the

text: group

text: structures

text: in

text: a

text: precise

text: sense

text: The

text: structure

text: of

text: groups

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: understood

text: by

text: breaking

text: them

text: into

text: pieces

text: called

text: subgroups

text: and

text: quotient

text: groups

text: The

text: principle

text: of

text: preserving

text: structures

text: a

text: recurring

text: topic

text: in

text: mathematics

text: throughout

text: is

text: an

text: instance

text: of

text: working

text: in

text: a

text: category

text: in

text: this

text: case

text: the

text: category

text: of

text: groups

question: What ideas are used to understand groups beyond symbols?

answer: structural concepts

text: structural concepts

question: What has to be compatible with the group operation?

answer: constructions related to groups

text: constructions related to groups

question: What concept describes groups that can be related to each other via functions?

answer: group homomorphisms

text: group homomorphisms

question: What is needed to understand structural concepts?

text: symbolic manipulations

question: Both groups and sets have what?

text: structure

question: What function is used to break groups into pieces?

text: group homomorphisms

question: Groups do not need to respect structures in what sense?

text: precise

question: What is an example of a subgroup?

text: quotient groups


text: Another 44 million acres (18 million hectares) are owned by 12 regional, and scores of local, Native corporations created under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) of 1971. Regional Native corporation Doyon, Limited often promotes itself as the largest private landowner in Alaska in advertisements and other communications. Provisions of ANCSA allowing the corporations' land holdings to be sold on the open market starting in 1991 were repealed before they could take effect. Effectively, the corporations hold title (including subsurface title in many cases, a privilege denied to individual Alaskans) but cannot sell the land. Individual Native allotments can be and are sold on the open market, however.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: Another

text: million

text: acres

text: million

text: hectares

text: are

text: owned

text: by

text: regional

text: and

text: scores

text: of

text: local

text: Native

text: corporations

text: created

text: under

text: the

text: Alaska

text: Native

text: Claims

text: Settlement

text: Act

text: ANCSA

text: of

text: Regional

text: Native

text: corporation

text: Doyon

text: Limited

text: often

text: promotes

text: itself

text: as

text: the

text: largest

text: private

text: landowner

text: in

text: Alaska

text: in

text: advertisements

text: and

text: other

text: communications

text: Provisions

text: of

text: ANCSA

text: allowing

text: the

text: corporations

text: land

text: holdings

text: to

text: be

text: sold

text: on

text: the

text: open

text: market

text: starting

text: in

text: were

text: repealed

text: before

text: they

text: could

text: take

text: effect

text: Effectively

text: the

text: corporations

text: hold

text: title

text: including

text: subsurface

text: title

text: in

text: many

text: cases

text: a

text: privilege

text: denied

text: to

text: individual

text: Alaskans

text: but

text: can

text: not

text: sell

text: the

text: land

text: Individual

text: Native

text: allotments

text: can

text: be

text: and

text: are

text: sold

text: on

text: the

text: open

text: market

text: however

question: Which group claims it is Alaska's largest private land owner?

answer: Doyon, Limited

text: Doyon, Limited

question: What privelege do private Alaskan corporations have that its public citizens do not?

answer: hold title (including subsurface title in many cases

text: hold title (including subsurface title in many cases

question: Was a law enacted in 1991 allowing corporations to sell land holdings or was it repealed?

answer: repealed before they could take effect

text: repealed before they could take effect

question: Which group claims it is Alaska's smallest private land owner?

text: Doyon, Limited

question: Which group claims it is Alaska's largest public land owner?

text: Doyon, Limited

question: What privelege do public Alaskan corporations have that its public citizens do not?

question: What privelege do private Alaskan corporations have that its private citizens do not?

question: Was a law enacted in 1919 allowing corporations to sell land holdings or was it repealed?

text: repealed before they could take effect.


text: As god of colonization, Apollo gave oracular guidance on colonies, especially during the height of colonization, 750–550 BCE. According to Greek tradition, he helped Cretan or Arcadian colonists found the city of Troy. However, this story may reflect a cultural influence which had the reverse direction: Hittite cuneiform texts mention a Minor Asian god called Appaliunas or Apalunas in connection with the city of Wilusa attested in Hittite inscriptions, which is now generally regarded as being identical with the Greek Ilion by most scholars. In this interpretation, Apollo's title of Lykegenes can simply be read as "born in Lycia", which effectively severs the god's supposed link with wolves (possibly a folk etymology).

title: Apollo

title: Apollo

text: As

text: god

text: of

text: colonization

text: Apollo

text: gave

text: oracular

text: guidance

text: on

text: colonies

text: especially

text: during

text: the

text: height

text: of

text: colonization

text: BCE

text: According

text: to

text: Greek

text: tradition

text: he

text: helped

text: Cretan

text: or

text: Arcadian

text: colonists

text: found

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Troy

text: However

text: this

text: story

text: may

text: reflect

text: a

text: cultural

text: influence

text: which

text: had

text: the

text: reverse

text: direction

text: Hittite

text: cuneiform

text: texts

text: mention

text: a

text: Minor

text: Asian

text: god

text: called

text: Appaliunas

text: or

text: Apalunas

text: in

text: connection

text: with

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Wilusa

text: attested

text: in

text: Hittite

text: inscriptions

text: which

text: is

text: now

text: generally

text: regarded

text: as

text: being

text: identical

text: with

text: the

text: Greek

text: Ilion

text: by

text: most

text: scholars

text: In

text: this

text: interpretation

text: Apollo

text: 's

text: title

text: of

text: Lykegenes

text: can

text: simply

text: be

text: read

text: as

text: born

text: in

text: Lycia

text: which

text: effectively

text: severs

text: the

text: god

text: 's

text: supposed

text: link

text: with

text: wolves

text: possibly

text: a

text: folk

text: etymology

question: Who was god of colonization?

answer: Apollo

text: Apollo

question: When was the height of colonization?

answer: 750–550 BCE

text: 750–550 BCE

question: What does Lykegenes mean?

answer: born in Lycia

text: born in Lycia


text: Greek vocal music extends far back into ancient times where mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration and spiritual reasons. Instruments during that period included the double-reed aulos and the plucked string instrument, the lyre, especially the special kind called a kithara. Music played an important role in the education system during ancient times. Boys were taught music from the age of six. Later influences from the Roman Empire, Middle East, and the Byzantine Empire also had effect on Greek music.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: Greek

text: vocal

text: music

text: extends

text: far

text: back

text: into

text: ancient

text: times

text: where

text: mixed

text: gender

text: choruses

text: performed

text: for

text: entertainment

text: celebration

text: and

text: spiritual

text: reasons

text: Instruments

text: during

text: that

text: period

text: included

text: the

text: double

text: reed

text: aulos

text: and

text: the

text: plucked

text: string

text: instrument

text: the

text: lyre

text: especially

text: the

text: special

text: kind

text: called

text: a

text: kithara

text: Music

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: education

text: system

text: during

text: ancient

text: times

text: Boys

text: were

text: taught

text: music

text: from

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: six

text: Later

text: influences

text: from

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Middle

text: East

text: and

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: also

text: had

text: effect

text: on

text: Greek

text: music

question: Greek vocal music goes back how far in history?

answer: ancient times

text: ancient times

question: What is one of the musical instruments used in ancient Greece?

answer: lyre

text: lyre

question: During ancient Greece, at what age were boys taught music?

answer: six

text: six


text: The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.

title: Biodiversity

title: Biodiversity

text: The

text: number

text: and

text: variety

text: of

text: plants

text: animals

text: and

text: other

text: organisms

text: that

text: exist

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: biodiversity

text: It

text: is

text: an

text: essential

text: component

text: of

text: nature

text: and

text: it

text: ensures

text: the

text: survival

text: of

text: human

text: species

text: by

text: providing

text: food

text: fuel

text: shelter

text: medicines

text: and

text: other

text: resources

text: to

text: mankind

text: The

text: richness

text: of

text: biodiversity

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: climatic

text: conditions

text: and

text: area

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: All

text: species

text: of

text: plants

text: taken

text: together

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: flora

text: and

text: about

text: species

text: of

text: plants

text: are

text: known

text: till

text: date

text: All

text: species

text: of

text: animals

text: taken

text: together

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: fauna

text: which

text: includes

text: birds

text: mammals

text: fish

text: reptiles

text: insects

text: crustaceans

text: molluscs

text: etc

question: What term describes the number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms in existence?

answer: biodiversity

text: biodiversity

question: What ensures the survival of human species by providing food, shelter, other resources to mankind?

answer: biodiversity

text: biodiversity

question: What influences richness of biodiversity?

answer: the climatic conditions and area of the region

text: the climatic conditions and area of the region

question: What term describes all the species of plants in existence?

answer: flora

text: flora

question: What term describes the components of insects?

text: biodiversity

question: What ensures the survival of human species by providing insects?

text: biodiversity

question: What influences richness of insects?

question: What term describes all the species of insects in existence?

text: flora

question: How many species of insects are known to date?


text: Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices and rights. He proposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem's temple as an Imperial project and argued against the "irrational impieties" of Christian doctrine. His attempt to restore an Augustan form of principate, with himself as primus inter pares ended with his death in 363 in Persia, after which his reforms were reversed or abandoned. The empire once again fell under Christian control, this time permanently.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: Constantine

text: 's

text: nephew

text: Julian

text: rejected

text: the

text: Galilean

text: madness

text: of

text: his

text: upbringing

text: for

text: an

text: idiosyncratic

text: synthesis

text: of

text: neo

text: Platonism

text: Stoic

text: asceticism

text: and

text: universal

text: solar

text: cult

text: Julian

text: became

text: Augustus

text: in

text: and

text: actively

text: but

text: vainly

text: fostered

text: a

text: religious

text: and

text: cultural

text: pluralism

text: attempting

text: a

text: restitution

text: of

text: non

text: Christian

text: practices

text: and

text: rights

text: He

text: proposed

text: the

text: rebuilding

text: of

text: Jerusalem

text: 's

text: temple

text: as

text: an

text: Imperial

text: project

text: and

text: argued

text: against

text: the

text: irrational

text: impieties

text: of

text: Christian

text: doctrine

text: His

text: attempt

text: to

text: restore

text: an

text: Augustan

text: form

text: of

text: principate

text: with

text: himself

text: as

text: primus

text: inter

text: pares

text: ended

text: with

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: in

text: Persia

text: after

text: which

text: his

text: reforms

text: were

text: reversed

text: or

text: abandoned

text: The

text: empire

text: once

text: again

text: fell

text: under

text: Christian

text: control

text: this

text: time

text: permanently

question: Who rejected the Christian religion?

answer: Julian

text: Julian

question: When did Julian become Augustus?

answer: 361

question: What did Julian try to restore to the empire?

answer: non-Christian practices

text: non-Christian practices

question: What building did Julian want to rebuild?

answer: Jerusalem's temple

text: Jerusalem's temple

question: After Julian's death, under to what type of religion did the empire return?

answer: Christian control

text: Christian control


text: Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and § 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers.

title: Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

text: Congress

text: often

text: writes

text: legislation

text: to

text: restrain

text: executive

text: officials

text: to

text: the

text: performance

text: of

text: their

text: duties

text: as

text: laid

text: out

text: by

text: the

text: laws

text: Congress

text: passes

text: In

text: INS

text: v.

text: Chadha

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Court

text: decided

text: a

text: The

text: prescription

text: for

text: legislative

text: action

text: in

text: Art

text: I

text: all

text: legislative

text: powers

text: to

text: be

text: vested

text: in

text: a

text: Congress

text: consisting

text: of

text: a

text: Senate

text: and

text: a

text: House

text: of

text: Representatives

text: and

text: every

text: bill

text: passed

text: by

text: the

text: House

text: and

text: Senate

text: before

text: becoming

text: law

text: to

text: be

text: presented

text: to

text: the

text: president

text: and

text: if

text: he

text: disapproves

text: to

text: be

text: repassed

text: by

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: Senate

text: and

text: House

text: represents

text: the

text: Framers

text: decision

text: that

text: the

text: legislative

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: Government

text: be

text: exercised

text: in

text: accord

text: with

text: a

text: single

text: finely

text: wrought

text: and

text: exhaustively

text: considered

text: procedure

text: This

text: procedure

text: is

text: an

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: constitutional

text: design

text: for

text: the

text: separation

text: of

text: powers

text: Further

text: rulings

text: clarified

text: the

text: case

text: even

text: both

text: Houses

text: acting

text: together

text: can

text: not

text: override

text: Executive

text: vetos

text: without

text: a

text: majority

text: Legislation

text: may

text: always

text: prescribe

text: regulations

text: governing

text: executive

text: officers

question: To what does congress attempt to limit executive officials?

answer: the performance of their duties

text: the performance of their duties

question: What court case affirmed the mandates of the first and seventh sections of Article I of the Constitution?

answer: INS v. Chadha

text: INS v. Chadha

question: When was INS v Chadha tried before the Supreme Court?

answer: 1983

question: By what margin can congress over ride a Presidential veto?

answer: two-thirds

text: two-thirds

question: Who often writes laws to restrain Congress to the performance of their duties?

text: executive officials

question: In which case did Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives?

text: INS v. Chadha

question: Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a which two bodies?

text: Senate and a House of Representatives

question: In what year did Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives?

question: Who must be presented with every bill passed by the President?

text: the House and Senate


text: Cubism formed an important link between early-20th-century art and architecture. The historical, theoretical, and socio-political relationships between avant-garde practices in painting, sculpture and architecture had early ramifications in France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia. Though there are many points of intersection between Cubism and architecture, only a few direct links between them can be drawn. Most often the connections are made by reference to shared formal characteristics: faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity.

title: Cubism

title: Cubism

text: Cubism

text: formed

text: an

text: important

text: link

text: between

text: century

text: art

text: and

text: architecture

text: The

text: historical

text: theoretical

text: and

text: socio

text: political

text: relationships

text: between

text: avant

text: garde

text: practices

text: in

text: painting

text: sculpture

text: and

text: architecture

text: had

text: early

text: ramifications

text: in

text: France

text: Germany

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: and

text: Czechoslovakia

text: Though

text: there

text: are

text: many

text: points

text: of

text: intersection

text: between

text: Cubism

text: and

text: architecture

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: direct

text: links

text: between

text: them

text: can

text: be

text: drawn

text: Most

text: often

text: the

text: connections

text: are

text: made

text: by

text: reference

text: to

text: shared

text: formal

text: characteristics

text: faceting

text: of

text: form

text: spatial

text: ambiguity

text: transparency

text: and

text: multiplicity

question: What two things did Cubism in the early 20th century form an important link between?

answer: art and architecture.

text: art and architecture.

question: What are the four formal characteristics that are usually connected with Cubism?

answer: faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity.

text: faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity.

question: In which four countries were the impacts of avant garde art particularly strong?

answer: France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia

text: France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia

question: What four things did Cubism in the early 20th century form an important link between?

text: art and architecture

question: What two things did Cubism in the early 19th century form an important link between?

text: art and architecture

question: What are the four formal characteristics that are never connected with Cubism?

question: In which four countries were the impacts of avant garde art particularly weak?

question: What was the reception like in Italy?

text: important


text: Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain "at little expense." The London Polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous Polytechnic institutes across the UK in the late 19th Century. Most Polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering, applied science and technology education.

title: Institute_of_technology

title: Institute_of_technology

text: Polytechnics

text: were

text: tertiary

text: education

text: teaching

text: institutions

text: in

text: England

text: Wales

text: and

text: Northern

text: Ireland

text: Since

text: UK

text: Polytechnics

text: operated

text: under

text: the

text: binary

text: system

text: of

text: education

text: along

text: with

text: universities

text: Polytechnics

text: offered

text: diplomas

text: and

text: degrees

text: bachelor

text: 's

text: master

text: 's

text: PhD

text: validated

text: at

text: the

text: national

text: level

text: by

text: the

text: UK

text: Council

text: for

text: National

text: Academic

text: Awards

text: CNAA

text: They

text: particularly

text: excelled

text: in

text: engineering

text: and

text: applied

text: science

text: degree

text: courses

text: similar

text: to

text: technological

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: USA

text: and

text: continental

text: Europe

text: The

text: comparable

text: institutions

text: in

text: Scotland

text: were

text: collectively

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Central

text: Institutions

text: Britain

text: 's

text: first

text: Polytechnic

text: the

text: Royal

text: Polytechnic

text: Institution

text: later

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Polytechnic

text: of

text: Central

text: London

text: now

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Westminster

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: at

text: Regent

text: Street

text: in

text: London

text: and

text: its

text: goal

text: was

text: to

text: educate

text: and

text: popularize

text: engineering

text: and

text: scientific

text: knowledge

text: and

text: inventions

text: in

text: Victorian

text: Britain

text: at

text: little

text: expense

text: The

text: London

text: Polytechnic

text: led

text: a

text: mass

text: movement

text: to

text: create

text: numerous

text: Polytechnic

text: institutes

text: across

text: the

text: UK

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Century

text: Most

text: Polytechnic

text: institutes

text: were

text: established

text: at

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: major

text: metropolitan

text: cities

text: and

text: their

text: focus

text: was

text: on

text: engineering

text: applied

text: science

text: and

text: technology

text: education

question: What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system?

answer: 1970

question: What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools?

answer: the UK Council for National Academic Awards

text: the UK Council for National Academic Awards

question: What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities?

answer: Central Institutions

text: Central Institutions

question: What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named?

answer: Royal Polytechnic Institution

text: Royal Polytechnic Institution


text: Buddhists do not consider Siddhartha Gautama to have been the only Buddha. The Pali Canon refers to many previous ones (see List of the 28 Buddhas), while the Mahayana tradition additionally has many Buddhas of celestial, rather than historical, origin (see Amitabha or Vairocana as examples, for lists of many thousands Buddha names see Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō numbers 439–448). A common Theravada and Mahayana Buddhist belief is that the next Buddha will be one named Maitreya (Pali: Metteyya).

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Buddhists

text: do

text: not

text: consider

text: Siddhartha

text: Gautama

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: the

text: only

text: Buddha

text: The

text: Pali

text: Canon

text: refers

text: to

text: many

text: previous

text: ones

text: see

text: List

text: of

text: the

text: Buddhas

text: while

text: the

text: Mahayana

text: tradition

text: additionally

text: has

text: many

text: Buddhas

text: of

text: celestial

text: rather

text: than

text: historical

text: origin

text: see

text: Amitabha

text: or

text: Vairocana

text: as

text: examples

text: for

text: lists

text: of

text: many

text: thousands

text: Buddha

text: names

text: see

text: Taishō

text: Shinshū

text: Daizōkyō

text: numbers

text: A

text: common

text: Theravada

text: and

text: Mahayana

text: Buddhist

text: belief

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: next

text: Buddha

text: will

text: be

text: one

text: named

text: Maitreya

text: Pali

text: Metteyya

question: How many Buddhas are considered to have existed in the Pali Canon?

answer: 28

question: A Theravada and Mahayana belief is that the next Buddha will be one named what?

answer: Maitreya

text: Maitreya

question: Mahayana has many Buddhas of what origin?

answer: celestial

text: celestial


text: With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children." In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.

title: Elizabeth_II

title: Elizabeth_II

text: With

text: Elizabeth

text: 's

text: accession

text: it

text: seemed

text: probable

text: that

text: the

text: royal

text: house

text: would

text: bear

text: her

text: husband

text: 's

text: name

text: becoming

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Mountbatten

text: in

text: line

text: with

text: the

text: custom

text: of

text: a

text: wife

text: taking

text: her

text: husband

text: 's

text: surname

text: on

text: marriage

text: The

text: British

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Winston

text: Churchill

text: and

text: Elizabeth

text: 's

text: grandmother

text: Queen

text: Mary

text: favoured

text: the

text: retention

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Windsor

text: and

text: so

text: on

text: April

text: Elizabeth

text: issued

text: a

text: declaration

text: that

text: Windsor

text: would

text: continue

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: royal

text: house

text: The

text: Duke

text: complained

text: I

text: am

text: the

text: only

text: man

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: not

text: allowed

text: to

text: give

text: his

text: name

text: to

text: his

text: own

text: children

text: In

text: after

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Queen

text: Mary

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: resignation

text: of

text: Churchill

text: in

text: the

text: surname

text: Mountbatten

text: Windsor

text: was

text: adopted

text: for

text: Philip

text: and

text: Elizabeth

text: 's

text: male

text: line

text: descendants

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: carry

text: royal

text: titles

question: What name was it assumed Elizabeth would take upon her marriage to Philip?

answer: Mountbatten,

text: Mountbatten,

question: What Prime Minister objected to the name change?

answer: Winston Churchill

text: Winston Churchill

question: What name did Elizabeth keep as her married name?

answer: House of Windsor

text: House of Windsor

question: What name was adopted for Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not have royal titles?

answer: Mountbatten-Windsor

text: Mountbatten-Windsor

question: When did Elizabeth decree the use of Mountbatten-Windsor as the  surname?

answer: 1960

question: In what year did Winston Churchill die?

question: How many male-line descendants do Elizabeth and Philip have with no royal title?

question: What was the Duke's first name?

text: Winston

question: What was the name of Elizabeth and Philip's last child?

text: Winston


text: Beginning in April 1985, Madonna embarked on her first concert tour in North America, The Virgin Tour, with the Beastie Boys as her opening act. She progressed from playing CBGB and the Mudd Club to playing large sporting arenas. At that time she released two more hit singles from the album, "Angel" and "Dress You Up". In July, Penthouse and Playboy magazines published a number of nude photos of Madonna, taken in New York in 1978. She had posed for the photographs as she needed money at the time, and was paid as little as $25 a session. The publication of the photos caused a media uproar, but Madonna remained "unapologetic and defiant". The photographs were ultimately sold for up to $100,000. She referred to these events at the 1985 outdoor Live Aid charity concert, saying that she would not take her jacket off because "[the media] might hold it against me ten years from now."

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Beginning

text: in

text: April

text: Madonna

text: embarked

text: on

text: her

text: first

text: concert

text: tour

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: The

text: Virgin

text: Tour

text: with

text: the

text: Beastie

text: Boys

text: as

text: her

text: opening

text: act

text: She

text: progressed

text: from

text: playing

text: CBGB

text: and

text: the

text: Mudd

text: Club

text: to

text: playing

text: large

text: sporting

text: arenas

text: At

text: that

text: time

text: she

text: released

text: two

text: more

text: hit

text: singles

text: from

text: the

text: album

text: Angel

text: and

text: Dress

text: You

text: Up

text: In

text: July

text: Penthouse

text: and

text: Playboy

text: magazines

text: published

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: nude

text: photos

text: of

text: Madonna

text: taken

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: in

text: She

text: had

text: posed

text: for

text: the

text: photographs

text: as

text: she

text: needed

text: money

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: and

text: was

text: paid

text: as

text: little

text: as

text: a

text: session

text: The

text: publication

text: of

text: the

text: photos

text: caused

text: a

text: media

text: uproar

text: but

text: Madonna

text: remained

text: unapologetic

text: and

text: defiant

text: The

text: photographs

text: were

text: ultimately

text: sold

text: for

text: up

text: to

text: She

text: referred

text: to

text: these

text: events

text: at

text: the

text: outdoor

text: Live

text: Aid

text: charity

text: concert

text: saying

text: that

text: she

text: would

text: not

text: take

text: her

text: jacket

text: off

text: because

text: the

text: media

text: might

text: hold

text: it

text: against

text: me

text: ten

text: years

text: from

text: now

question: When was Madonna's first concert tour in North America?

answer: Beginning in April 1985

text: Beginning in April 1985

question: Who were the opening act for Madonna's concert The Virgin tour?

answer: Beastie Boys

text: Beastie Boys

question: When did Madonna have nude photos taken of her in New York?

answer: 1978

question: How much was Madonna's nude photos were finally sold for?

answer: up to $100,000

text: up to $100,000

question: When was the Live Aid Charity Concert held?

answer: 1985


text: Neptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere, with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47° and offset at least 0.55 radii, or about 13500 km from the planet's physical centre. Before Voyager 2's arrival at Neptune, it was hypothesised that Uranus's tilted magnetosphere was the result of its sideways rotation. In comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets, scientists now think the extreme orientation may be characteristic of flows in the planets' interiors. This field may be generated by convective fluid motions in a thin spherical shell of electrically conducting liquids (probably a combination of ammonia, methane and water) resulting in a dynamo action.

title: Neptune

title: Neptune

text: Neptune

text: also

text: resembles

text: Uranus

text: in

text: its

text: magnetosphere

text: with

text: a

text: magnetic

text: field

text: strongly

text: tilted

text: relative

text: to

text: its

text: rotational

text: axis

text: at

text: and

text: offset

text: at

text: least

text: radii

text: or

text: about

text: km

text: from

text: the

text: planet

text: 's

text: physical

text: centre

text: Before

text: Voyager

text: 's

text: arrival

text: at

text: Neptune

text: it

text: was

text: hypothesised

text: that

text: Uranus

text: 's

text: tilted

text: magnetosphere

text: was

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: its

text: sideways

text: rotation

text: In

text: comparing

text: the

text: magnetic

text: fields

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: planets

text: scientists

text: now

text: think

text: the

text: extreme

text: orientation

text: may

text: be

text: characteristic

text: of

text: flows

text: in

text: the

text: planets

text: interiors

text: This

text: field

text: may

text: be

text: generated

text: by

text: convective

text: fluid

text: motions

text: in

text: a

text: thin

text: spherical

text: shell

text: of

text: electrically

text: conducting

text: liquids

text: probably

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: ammonia

text: methane

text: and

text: water

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: dynamo

text: action

question: What is the rotational axis of Neptune's magnetic field?

answer: 47°

question: Where is Neptune's magnetic field offset from the physical centre?

answer: 0.55 radii

text: 0.55 radii

question: What planet besides Neptune has a sideways rotation?

answer: Uranus's

text: Uranus's

question: What might cause Neptune's extreme orientation?

answer: flows in the planets' interiors

text: flows in the planets' interiors

question: What fluids are in Neptune's interior?

answer: ammonia, methane and water

text: ammonia, methane and water

question: What is the rotational axis of Uranus's magnetic field?

question: Where is Neptune's magnetic field offset from the outside?

text: 0.55 radii,

question: What planet besides Jupiter has a sideways rotation?

text: Uranus's

question: What definitely doesn't cause Neptune's extreme orientation?

text: flows in the planets' interiors.

question: What fluids aren't in Neptune's interior?

text: ammonia, methane and water