text: The reemergence of Cubism coincided with the appearance from about 1917–24 of a coherent body of theoretical writing by Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler and, among the artists, by Gris, Léger and Gleizes. The occasional return to classicism—figurative work either exclusively or alongside Cubist work—experienced by many artists during this period (called Neoclassicism) has been linked to the tendency to evade the realities of the war and also to the cultural dominance of a classical or Latin image of France during and immediately following the war. Cubism after 1918 can be seen as part of a wide ideological shift towards conservatism in both French society and culture. Yet, Cubism itself remained evolutionary both within the oeuvre of individual artists, such as Gris and Metzinger, and across the work of artists as different from each other as Braque, Léger and Gleizes. Cubism as a publicly debated movement became relatively unified and open to definition. Its theoretical purity made it a gauge against which such diverse tendencies as Realism or Naturalism, Dada, Surrealism and abstraction could be compared.

title: Cubism

title: Cubism

text: The

text: reemergence

text: of

text: Cubism

text: coincided

text: with

text: the

text: appearance

text: from

text: about

text: of

text: a

text: coherent

text: body

text: of

text: theoretical

text: writing

text: by

text: Pierre

text: Reverdy

text: Maurice

text: Raynal

text: and

text: Daniel

text: Henry

text: Kahnweiler

text: and

text: among

text: the

text: artists

text: by

text: Gris

text: Léger

text: and

text: Gleizes

text: The

text: occasional

text: return

text: to

text: classicism

text: figurative

text: work

text: either

text: exclusively

text: or

text: alongside

text: Cubist

text: work

text: experienced

text: by

text: many

text: artists

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: called

text: Neoclassicism

text: has

text: been

text: linked

text: to

text: the

text: tendency

text: to

text: evade

text: the

text: realities

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: also

text: to

text: the

text: cultural

text: dominance

text: of

text: a

text: classical

text: or

text: Latin

text: image

text: of

text: France

text: during

text: and

text: immediately

text: following

text: the

text: war

text: Cubism

text: after

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: wide

text: ideological

text: shift

text: towards

text: conservatism

text: in

text: both

text: French

text: society

text: and

text: culture

text: Yet

text: Cubism

text: itself

text: remained

text: evolutionary

text: both

text: within

text: the

text: oeuvre

text: of

text: individual

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: Gris

text: and

text: Metzinger

text: and

text: across

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: artists

text: as

text: different

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: as

text: Braque

text: Léger

text: and

text: Gleizes

text: Cubism

text: as

text: a

text: publicly

text: debated

text: movement

text: became

text: relatively

text: unified

text: and

text: open

text: to

text: definition

text: Its

text: theoretical

text: purity

text: made

text: it

text: a

text: gauge

text: against

text: which

text: such

text: diverse

text: tendencies

text: as

text: Realism

text: or

text: Naturalism

text: Dada

text: Surrealism

text: and

text: abstraction

text: could

text: be

text: compared

question: Name the three artists who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.

answer: Gris, Léger and Gleizes

text: Gris, Léger and Gleizes

question: Name the three writers who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.

answer: Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler

text: Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler

question: In 1918 which way did the French idealogies shift that effected Cubism?

answer: conservatism

text: conservatism

question: Name the four artists who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.

text: Gris, Léger and Gleizes

question: In 1919 which way did the French idealogies shift that effected Cubism?

text: conservatism

question: What did not remain evolutionary?

text: Cubism

question: What happened to Cubism before 1918?


text: At the end of the 12th century, Europe was divided into a multitude of city states and kingdoms. The area encompassing modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy (excluding Venice and Papal State) was nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, but local rulers exercised considerable autonomy. France, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Portugal, Scotland, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Sicily and Cyprus were independent kingdoms, as was the Angevin Empire, whose Plantagenet kings ruled England and large domains in what was to become modern France. Norway came under the influence of England, while the other Scandinavian countries and Poland were influenced by trading contacts with the Hanseatic League. Angevin kings brought the Gothic tradition from France to Southern Italy, while Lusignan kings introduced French Gothic architecture to Cyprus.

title: Gothic_architecture

title: Gothic_architecture

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Europe

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: a

text: multitude

text: of

text: city

text: states

text: and

text: kingdoms

text: The

text: area

text: encompassing

text: modern

text: Germany

text: southern

text: Denmark

text: the

text: Netherlands

text: Belgium

text: Luxembourg

text: Switzerland

text: Austria

text: Slovakia

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: and

text: much

text: of

text: northern

text: Italy

text: excluding

text: Venice

text: and

text: Papal

text: State

text: was

text: nominally

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: but

text: local

text: rulers

text: exercised

text: considerable

text: autonomy

text: France

text: Denmark

text: Poland

text: Hungary

text: Portugal

text: Scotland

text: Castile

text: Aragon

text: Navarre

text: Sicily

text: and

text: Cyprus

text: were

text: independent

text: kingdoms

text: as

text: was

text: the

text: Angevin

text: Empire

text: whose

text: Plantagenet

text: kings

text: ruled

text: England

text: and

text: large

text: domains

text: in

text: what

text: was

text: to

text: become

text: modern

text: France

text: Norway

text: came

text: under

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: England

text: while

text: the

text: other

text: Scandinavian

text: countries

text: and

text: Poland

text: were

text: influenced

text: by

text: trading

text: contacts

text: with

text: the

text: Hanseatic

text: League

text: Angevin

text: kings

text: brought

text: the

text: Gothic

text: tradition

text: from

text: France

text: to

text: Southern

text: Italy

text: while

text: Lusignan

text: kings

text: introduced

text: French

text: Gothic

text: architecture

text: to

text: Cyprus

question: At the end of what century was Europe separated into several city states and kingdoms?

answer: the end of the 12th century

text: the end of the 12th century

question: What was the region covering modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy known as?

answer: the Holy Roman Empire

text: the Holy Roman Empire

question: What modern country contains regions in which Plantagenet kings controlled large domains?

answer: modern France

text: modern France

question: Poland was affected by trade connections with what League?

answer: the Hanseatic League

text: the Hanseatic League

question: What type of kings brought the Gothic style from France to Southern Italy?

answer: Angevin kings

text: Angevin kings

question: What century was Europe split into two city states and kingdoms?

text: the end of the 12th century

question: What modern country contains regions in which Plantagenet kings controlled small domains?

text: modern France

question: What type of kings brought the Gothic style from France to Southern Asia?

text: Angevin kings

question: What league affected trade connections with Peru?

text: the Hanseatic League

question: What was the region covering modern Germany, northern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of southern Italy known as?

text: the Holy Roman Empire


text: The early Qing military was rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhaci to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations. There were eight banners in all, differentiated by color. The yellow, bordered yellow, and white banners were known as the "Upper Three Banners" and were under the direct command of the emperor. Only Manchus belonging to the Upper Three Banners, and selected Han Chinese who had passed the highest level of martial exams could serve as the emperor's personal bodyguards. The remaining Banners were known as the "Lower Five Banners." They were commanded by hereditary Manchu princes descended from Nurhachi's immediate family, known informally as the "Iron cap princes". Together they formed the ruling council of the Manchu nation as well as high command of the army. Nurhachi's son Hong Taiji expanded the system to include mirrored Mongol and Han Banners. After capturing Beijing in 1644, the relatively small Banner armies were further augmented by the Green Standard Army, made up of those Ming troops who had surrendered to the Qing, which eventually outnumbered Banner troops three to one. They maintained their Ming era organization and were led by a mix of Banner and Green Standard officers.[citation needed]

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: The

text: early

text: Qing

text: military

text: was

text: rooted

text: in

text: the

text: Eight

text: Banners

text: first

text: developed

text: by

text: Nurhaci

text: to

text: organize

text: Jurchen

text: society

text: beyond

text: petty

text: clan

text: affiliations

text: There

text: were

text: eight

text: banners

text: in

text: all

text: differentiated

text: by

text: color

text: The

text: yellow

text: bordered

text: yellow

text: and

text: white

text: banners

text: were

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Upper

text: Three

text: Banners

text: and

text: were

text: under

text: the

text: direct

text: command

text: of

text: the

text: emperor

text: Only

text: Manchus

text: belonging

text: to

text: the

text: Upper

text: Three

text: Banners

text: and

text: selected

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: who

text: had

text: passed

text: the

text: highest

text: level

text: of

text: martial

text: exams

text: could

text: serve

text: as

text: the

text: emperor

text: 's

text: personal

text: bodyguards

text: The

text: remaining

text: Banners

text: were

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Lower

text: Five

text: Banners

text: They

text: were

text: commanded

text: by

text: hereditary

text: Manchu

text: princes

text: descended

text: from

text: Nurhachi

text: 's

text: immediate

text: family

text: known

text: informally

text: as

text: the

text: Iron

text: cap

text: princes

text: Together

text: they

text: formed

text: the

text: ruling

text: council

text: of

text: the

text: Manchu

text: nation

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: high

text: command

text: of

text: the

text: army

text: Nurhachi

text: 's

text: son

text: Hong

text: Taiji

text: expanded

text: the

text: system

text: to

text: include

text: mirrored

text: Mongol

text: and

text: Han

text: Banners

text: After

text: capturing

text: Beijing

text: in

text: the

text: relatively

text: small

text: Banner

text: armies

text: were

text: further

text: augmented

text: by

text: the

text: Green

text: Standard

text: Army

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: those

text: Ming

text: troops

text: who

text: had

text: surrendered

text: to

text: the

text: Qing

text: which

text: eventually

text: outnumbered

text: Banner

text: troops

text: three

text: to

text: one

text: They

text: maintained

text: their

text: Ming

text: era

text: organization

text: and

text: were

text: led

text: by

text: a

text: mix

text: of

text: Banner

text: and

text: Green

text: Standard

text: officers.[citation

text: needed

question: Who created the Eight Banners?

answer: Nurhaci

text: Nurhaci

question: How were the 8 banners recognized?

answer: color

text: color

question: What were the banners called that were under direct leadership of the emperor?

answer: Upper Three Banners

text: Upper Three Banners

question: What ethnicity made up the Upper Three Banners?

answer: Manchus

text: Manchus

question: What were the rest of the banners called?

answer: Lower Five Banners

text: Lower Five Banners


text: Major sporting venues in New Delhi include the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Ambedkar Stadium, Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium, Feroz Shah Kotla Ground, R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex, Dhyan Chand National Stadium and Siri Fort Sports Complex.

title: New_Delhi

title: New_Delhi

text: Major

text: sporting

text: venues

text: in

text: New

text: Delhi

text: include

text: the

text: Jawaharlal

text: Nehru

text: Stadium

text: Ambedkar

text: Stadium

text: Indira

text: Gandhi

text: Indoor

text: Stadium

text: Feroz

text: Shah

text: Kotla

text: Ground

text: R.K.

text: Khanna

text: Tennis

text: Complex

text: Dhyan

text: Chand

text: National

text: Stadium

text: and

text: Siri

text: Fort

text: Sports

text: Complex

question: What major tennis stadium is located in New Delhi?

answer: R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex

text: R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex

question: What major sports venue in New Delhi bears the name of the former prime minister Indira Gandhi?

answer: Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium

text: Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium

question: The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is located in which Indian city?

answer: New Delhi

text: New Delhi

question: In which Indian city is the Siri Fort Sports Complex located?

answer: New Delhi

text: New Delhi

question: The Dhyan Chand National Stadium is located in which major Indian city?

answer: New Delhi

text: New Delhi


text: The City of Charleston is served by the Charleston International Airport. It is located in the City of North Charleston and is about 12 miles (20 km) northwest of downtown Charleston. It is the busiest passenger airport in South Carolina (IATA: CHS, ICAO: KCHS). The airport shares runways with the adjacent Charleston Air Force Base. Charleston Executive Airport is a smaller airport located in the John's Island section of the city of Charleston and is used by noncommercial aircraft. Both airports are owned and operated by the Charleston County Aviation Authority.

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

text: The

text: City

text: of

text: Charleston

text: is

text: served

text: by

text: the

text: Charleston

text: International

text: Airport

text: It

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: City

text: of

text: North

text: Charleston

text: and

text: is

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: northwest

text: of

text: downtown

text: Charleston

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: busiest

text: passenger

text: airport

text: in

text: South

text: Carolina

text: IATA

text: CHS

text: ICAO

text: KCHS

text: The

text: airport

text: shares

text: runways

text: with

text: the

text: adjacent

text: Charleston

text: Air

text: Force

text: Base

text: Charleston

text: Executive

text: Airport

text: is

text: a

text: smaller

text: airport

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: John

text: 's

text: Island

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Charleston

text: and

text: is

text: used

text: by

text: noncommercial

text: aircraft

text: Both

text: airports

text: are

text: owned

text: and

text: operated

text: by

text: the

text: Charleston

text: County

text: Aviation

text: Authority

question: What airport provides service to the City to Charleston?

answer: Charleston International Airport

text: Charleston International Airport

question: The Charleston International Airport is located in what city?

answer: North Charleston

text: North Charleston

question: How far is the airport from downtown Charleston?

answer: 12 miles (20 km)

text: 12 miles (20 km)

question: Charleston Executive Airport is located where?

answer: the John's Island section of the city of Charleston

text: the John's Island section of the city of Charleston

question: What military base is located near the airport?

answer: Charleston Air Force Base

text: Charleston Air Force Base

question: What airport provides no service to the City to Charleston?

text: Charleston International Airport

question: The Charleston International Airport isn't located in what city?

text: North Charleston

question: How far is the airport from uptown Charleston?

text: 12 miles (20 km)

question: Charleston Executive Airport isn't located where?

question: What military base is located nowhere near the airport?

text: Charleston Air Force Base


text: The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island, operating 24 hours a day. The Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH train) links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey, primarily Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark. Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro).

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: The

text: Staten

text: Island

text: Railway

text: rapid

text: transit

text: system

text: solely

text: serves

text: Staten

text: Island

text: operating

text: hours

text: a

text: day

text: The

text: Port

text: Authority

text: Trans

text: Hudson

text: PATH

text: train

text: links

text: Midtown

text: and

text: Lower

text: Manhattan

text: to

text: northeastern

text: New

text: Jersey

text: primarily

text: Hoboken

text: Jersey

text: City

text: and

text: Newark

text: Like

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Subway

text: the

text: PATH

text: operates

text: hours

text: a

text: day

text: meaning

text: three

text: of

text: the

text: six

text: rapid

text: transit

text: systems

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: which

text: operate

text: on

text: schedules

text: are

text: wholly

text: or

text: partly

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: the

text: others

text: are

text: a

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Chicago

text: L

text: the

text: PATCO

text: Speedline

text: serving

text: Philadelphia

text: and

text: the

text: Copenhagen

text: Metro

question: How many 24-hour rapid transit systems are located in New York?

answer: three

text: three

question: What 24-hour rapid transit system is in Philadelphia?

answer: PATCO Speedline

text: PATCO Speedline

question: What 24-hour rapid transit system is outside the United States?

answer: Copenhagen Metro

text: Copenhagen Metro

question: What does the acronym PATH stand for?

answer: Port Authority Trans-Hudson

text: Port Authority Trans-Hudson


text: The peninsular borough's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways.The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system's turn-of-the-last-century master architect C. B. J. Snyder. The state's Maritime College in Fort Schuyler (on the southeastern shore) houses the Maritime Industry Museum. In addition, the Harlem River is reemerging as "Scullers' Row" due in large part to the efforts of the Bronx River Restoration Project, a joint public-private endeavor of the city's parks department. Canoeing and kayaking on the borough's namesake river have been promoted by the Bronx River Alliance. The river is also straddled by the New York Botanical Gardens, its neighbor, the Bronx Zoo, and a little further south, on the west shore, Bronx River Art Center.

title: The_Bronx

title: The_Bronx

text: The

text: peninsular

text: borough

text: 's

text: maritime

text: heritage

text: is

text: acknowledged

text: in

text: several

text: ways

text: The

text: City

text: Island

text: Historical

text: Society

text: and

text: Nautical

text: Museum

text: occupies

text: a

text: former

text: public

text: school

text: designed

text: by

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: school

text: system

text: 's

text: turn

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: century

text: master

text: architect

text: C.

text: B.

text: J.

text: Snyder

text: The

text: state

text: 's

text: Maritime

text: College

text: in

text: Fort

text: Schuyler

text: on

text: the

text: southeastern

text: shore

text: houses

text: the

text: Maritime

text: Industry

text: Museum

text: In

text: addition

text: the

text: Harlem

text: River

text: is

text: reemerging

text: as

text: Scullers

text: Row

text: due

text: in

text: large

text: part

text: to

text: the

text: efforts

text: of

text: the

text: Bronx

text: River

text: Restoration

text: Project

text: a

text: joint

text: public

text: private

text: endeavor

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: parks

text: department

text: Canoeing

text: and

text: kayaking

text: on

text: the

text: borough

text: 's

text: namesake

text: river

text: have

text: been

text: promoted

text: by

text: the

text: Bronx

text: River

text: Alliance

text: The

text: river

text: is

text: also

text: straddled

text: by

text: the

text: New

text: York

text: Botanical

text: Gardens

text: its

text: neighbor

text: the

text: Bronx

text: Zoo

text: and

text: a

text: little

text: further

text: south

text: on

text: the

text: west

text: shore

text: Bronx

text: River

text: Art

text: Center

question: Who designed the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building?

answer: C. B. J. Snyder

text: C. B. J. Snyder

question: What was the City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum's building originally?

answer: a former public school

text: a former public school

question: Where is the NY Maritime College?

answer: Fort Schuyler

text: Fort Schuyler

question: What is 'Scullers' Row'?

answer: the Harlem River

text: the Harlem River

question: Which river is near the New York Botanical Gardens?

answer: Bronx River

text: Bronx River


text: The 25,000 cotton growers in the United States of America are heavily subsidized at the rate of $2 billion per year although China now provides the highest overall level of cotton sector support. The future of these subsidies is uncertain and has led to anticipatory expansion of cotton brokers' operations in Africa. Dunavant expanded in Africa by buying out local operations. This is only possible in former British colonies and Mozambique; former French colonies continue to maintain tight monopolies, inherited from their former colonialist masters, on cotton purchases at low fixed prices.

title: Cotton

title: Cotton

text: The

text: cotton

text: growers

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: are

text: heavily

text: subsidized

text: at

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: billion

text: per

text: year

text: although

text: China

text: now

text: provides

text: the

text: highest

text: overall

text: level

text: of

text: cotton

text: sector

text: support

text: The

text: future

text: of

text: these

text: subsidies

text: is

text: uncertain

text: and

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: anticipatory

text: expansion

text: of

text: cotton

text: brokers

text: operations

text: in

text: Africa

text: Dunavant

text: expanded

text: in

text: Africa

text: by

text: buying

text: out

text: local

text: operations

text: This

text: is

text: only

text: possible

text: in

text: former

text: British

text: colonies

text: and

text: Mozambique

text: former

text: French

text: colonies

text: continue

text: to

text: maintain

text: tight

text: monopolies

text: inherited

text: from

text: their

text: former

text: colonialist

text: masters

text: on

text: cotton

text: purchases

text: at

text: low

text: fixed

text: prices

question: How many subsidized cotton growers are in the US?

answer: 25,000

question: What is the rate of subsidies of cotton growers in the US?

answer: $2 billion per year

text: $2 billion per year

question: What country provides the highest rate of support for cotton growers?

answer: China

text: China

question: Which former colonies still have tight monopolies on cotton brokering?

answer: French

text: French

question: Where in Africa is it possible to buy out brokerages in cotton?

answer: former British colonies

text: former British colonies

question: How many subsidized cotton growers are in Africa?

question: What is the rate of subsidies of cotton growers in Africa?

text: $2 billion per year

question: What country provides the highest rate of support for colonies?

text: China

question: Which former colonies still have tight monopolies on colonies?

text: French

question: Where in the United States is it possible to buy out brokerages in cotton?

text: former British colonies


text: Extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideological. The argument that corruption necessarily follows from the opportunity is weakened by the existence of countries with low to non-existent corruption but large public sectors, like the Nordic countries. These countries score high on the Ease of Doing Business Index, due to good and often simple regulations, and have rule of law firmly established. Therefore, due to their lack of corruption in the first place, they can run large public sectors without inducing political corruption. Recent evidence that takes both the size of expenditures and regulatory complexity into account has found that high-income democracies with more expansive state sectors do indeed have higher levels of corruption.

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: Extensive

text: and

text: diverse

text: public

text: spending

text: is

text: in

text: itself

text: inherently

text: at

text: risk

text: of

text: cronyism

text: kickbacks

text: and

text: embezzlement

text: Complicated

text: regulations

text: and

text: arbitrary

text: unsupervised

text: official

text: conduct

text: exacerbate

text: the

text: problem

text: This

text: is

text: one

text: argument

text: for

text: privatization

text: and

text: deregulation

text: Opponents

text: of

text: privatization

text: see

text: the

text: argument

text: as

text: ideological

text: The

text: argument

text: that

text: corruption

text: necessarily

text: follows

text: from

text: the

text: opportunity

text: is

text: weakened

text: by

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: countries

text: with

text: low

text: to

text: non

text: existent

text: corruption

text: but

text: large

text: public

text: sectors

text: like

text: the

text: Nordic

text: countries

text: These

text: countries

text: score

text: high

text: on

text: the

text: Ease

text: of

text: Doing

text: Business

text: Index

text: due

text: to

text: good

text: and

text: often

text: simple

text: regulations

text: and

text: have

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: firmly

text: established

text: Therefore

text: due

text: to

text: their

text: lack

text: of

text: corruption

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: place

text: they

text: can

text: run

text: large

text: public

text: sectors

text: without

text: inducing

text: political

text: corruption

text: Recent

text: evidence

text: that

text: takes

text: both

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: expenditures

text: and

text: regulatory

text: complexity

text: into

text: account

text: has

text: found

text: that

text: high

text: income

text: democracies

text: with

text: more

text: expansive

text: state

text: sectors

text: do

text: indeed

text: have

text: higher

text: levels

text: of

text: corruption

question: Public spending has risks of kickbacks, embezzlement and what?

answer: cronyism

text: cronyism

question: What type of regulations make corruption worse for public spending?

answer: Complicated

text: Complicated

question: The potential for corruption in public spending are one of the arguments that favor what?

answer: privatization and deregulation

text: privatization and deregulation

question: What countries have big public sectors but low corruption?

answer: Nordic

text: Nordic

question: What do the low corruption countries have solidly established?

answer: rule of law

text: rule of law


text: The Executive Board is responsible for the implementation of monetary policy (defined by the Governing Council) and the day-to-day running of the bank. It can issue decisions to national central banks and may also exercise powers delegated to it by the Governing Council. It is composed of the President of the Bank (currently Mario Draghi), the Vice-President (currently Vitor Constâncio) and four other members. They are all appointed for non-renewable terms of eight years. They are appointed "from among persons of recognised standing and professional experience in monetary or banking matters by common accord of the governments of the Member States at the level of Heads of State or Government, on a recommendation from the Council, after it has consulted the European Parliament and the Governing Council of the ECB". The Executive Board normally meets every Tuesday.

title: European_Central_Bank

title: European_Central_Bank

text: The

text: Executive

text: Board

text: is

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: implementation

text: of

text: monetary

text: policy

text: defined

text: by

text: the

text: Governing

text: Council

text: and

text: the

text: day

text: to

text: day

text: running

text: of

text: the

text: bank

text: It

text: can

text: issue

text: decisions

text: to

text: national

text: central

text: banks

text: and

text: may

text: also

text: exercise

text: powers

text: delegated

text: to

text: it

text: by

text: the

text: Governing

text: Council

text: It

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Bank

text: currently

text: Mario

text: Draghi

text: the

text: Vice

text: President

text: currently

text: Vitor

text: Constâncio

text: and

text: four

text: other

text: members

text: They

text: are

text: all

text: appointed

text: for

text: non

text: renewable

text: terms

text: of

text: eight

text: years

text: They

text: are

text: appointed

text: from

text: among

text: persons

text: of

text: recognised

text: standing

text: and

text: professional

text: experience

text: in

text: monetary

text: or

text: banking

text: matters

text: by

text: common

text: accord

text: of

text: the

text: governments

text: of

text: the

text: Member

text: States

text: at

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: Heads

text: of

text: State

text: or

text: Government

text: on

text: a

text: recommendation

text: from

text: the

text: Council

text: after

text: it

text: has

text: consulted

text: the

text: European

text: Parliament

text: and

text: the

text: Governing

text: Council

text: of

text: the

text: ECB

text: The

text: Executive

text: Board

text: normally

text: meets

text: every

text: Tuesday

question: Who is responsible for overseeing all monetary policy?

answer: The Executive Board

text: The Executive Board

question: Who is the current president of the ECB?

answer: Mario Draghi

text: Mario Draghi

question: Who is the Vice-President of The European Central Bank?

answer: Vitor Constâncio

text: Vitor Constâncio

question: Along with the President and Vice President, how many other members make up the Executive Board?

answer: four

text: four

question: For how long are the other members of the Executive Board appointed?

answer: non-renewable terms of eight years

text: non-renewable terms of eight years

question: Who is sabotaging all monetary policy?

text: The Executive Board

question: Who is the current emperor of the ECB?

text: Mario Draghi

question: Who is the Russian President of The European Central Bank?

text: Vitor Constâncio

question: How long are members of the Executive Board imprisoned?

text: non-renewable terms of eight years

question: How many other members are banned from the Executive Board along with the President and Vice President?

text: four


text: The enormous success of the show and the revenue it generated was transformative for Fox Broadcasting Company. American Idol and fellow competing shows Survivor and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire were altogether credited for expanding reality television programming in the United States in the 1990s and 2000s, and Idol became the most watched non-scripted primetime television series for almost a decade, from 2003 to 2012, breaking records on U.S. television (dominated by drama shows and sitcoms in the preceding decades).

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: The

text: enormous

text: success

text: of

text: the

text: show

text: and

text: the

text: revenue

text: it

text: generated

text: was

text: transformative

text: for

text: Fox

text: Broadcasting

text: Company

text: American

text: Idol

text: and

text: fellow

text: competing

text: shows

text: Survivor

text: and

text: Who

text: Wants

text: to

text: Be

text: a

text: Millionaire

text: were

text: altogether

text: credited

text: for

text: expanding

text: reality

text: television

text: programming

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: and

text: Idol

text: became

text: the

text: most

text: watched

text: non

text: scripted

text: primetime

text: television

text: series

text: for

text: almost

text: a

text: decade

text: from

text: to

text: breaking

text: records

text: on

text: U.S.

text: television

text: dominated

text: by

text: drama

text: shows

text: and

text: sitcoms

text: in

text: the

text: preceding

text: decades

question: For how many years was American Idol the highest rated reality show on television?

answer: 9


text: There is also a widespread view[vague][who?] that giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels would discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness.[citation needed] There has also been a reluctance[citation needed] of financially stable eurozone states like Germany[citation needed] to further circumvent the no-bailout clause in the EU contracts and to generally take on the burden of financing or guaranteeing the debts of financially unstable or defaulting eurozone countries.[citation needed]

title: European_Central_Bank

title: European_Central_Bank

text: There

text: is

text: also

text: a

text: widespread

text: view[vague][who

text: that

text: giving

text: much

text: more

text: financial

text: support

text: to

text: continuously

text: cover

text: the

text: debt

text: crisis

text: or

text: allow

text: even

text: higher

text: budget

text: deficits

text: or

text: debt

text: levels

text: would

text: discourage

text: the

text: crisis

text: states

text: to

text: implement

text: necessary

text: reforms

text: to

text: regain

text: their

text: competitiveness.[citation

text: needed

text: There

text: has

text: also

text: been

text: a

text: reluctance[citation

text: needed

text: of

text: financially

text: stable

text: eurozone

text: states

text: like

text: Germany[citation

text: needed

text: to

text: further

text: circumvent

text: the

text: no

text: bailout

text: clause

text: in

text: the

text: EU

text: contracts

text: and

text: to

text: generally

text: take

text: on

text: the

text: burden

text: of

text: financing

text: or

text: guaranteeing

text: the

text: debts

text: of

text: financially

text: unstable

text: or

text: defaulting

text: eurozone

text: countries.[citation

text: needed

question: Which countries didn't want to go around the bail-out clause and have to shoulder the burden of backing the defaulters debts.

answer: financially stable eurozone states like Germany

text: financially stable eurozone states like Germany

question: What do most see raising the debt celing as doing?

answer: discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness

text: discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness

question: What could keep the crisis states from trying to stand on their own?

answer: giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels

text: giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels

question: Which countries wanted to go around the bail-out clause and have to shoulder the burden of backing the defaulters debts?

question: What could keep the crisis states independent?

question: What do most see lowering the debt celing as doing?

question: What contracts do not contain a no-bailout clause?

text: EU contracts


text: In recent Mercer’s 2015 annual quality-of-living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad air quality and pollution. The World Health Organization ranked New Delhi as the world’s worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organization tracked around the world.

title: New_Delhi

title: New_Delhi

text: In

text: recent

text: Mercer

text: ’s

text: annual

text: quality

text: of

text: living

text: survey

text: New

text: Delhi

text: ranks

text: at

text: number

text: out

text: of

text: cities

text: due

text: to

text: bad

text: air

text: quality

text: and

text: pollution

text: The

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: ranked

text: New

text: Delhi

text: as

text: the

text: world

text: ’s

text: worst

text: polluted

text: city

text: in

text: among

text: about

text: cities

text: the

text: organization

text: tracked

text: around

text: the

text: world

question: What is New Delhi's rank in Mercer's 2015 quality of living survey?

answer: 154

question: What is the main cause of New Delhi's relatively low ranking in Mercer's quality of life survey?

answer: bad air quality and pollution

text: bad air quality and pollution

question: New Delhi was ranked as the world's worst polluted city by what organization?

answer: The World Health Organization

text: The World Health Organization

question: How many cities were tracked for pollution by the World Health Organization in 2014?

answer: 1,600

question: How many cities were studied in Mercer's 2015 quality of living survey?

answer: 230


text: One of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE. The translation is known as the "Septuagint", a name that refers to the seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate the Bible at Alexandria, Egypt. Each translator worked in solitary confinement in his own cell, and according to legend all seventy versions proved identical. The Septuagint became the source text for later translations into many languages, including Latin, Coptic, Armenian and Georgian.

title: Translation

title: Translation

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: recorded

text: instances

text: of

text: translation

text: in

text: the

text: West

text: was

text: the

text: rendering

text: of

text: the

text: Old

text: Testament

text: into

text: Greek

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: The

text: translation

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Septuagint

text: a

text: name

text: that

text: refers

text: to

text: the

text: seventy

text: translators

text: seventy

text: two

text: in

text: some

text: versions

text: who

text: were

text: commissioned

text: to

text: translate

text: the

text: Bible

text: at

text: Alexandria

text: Egypt

text: Each

text: translator

text: worked

text: in

text: solitary

text: confinement

text: in

text: his

text: own

text: cell

text: and

text: according

text: to

text: legend

text: all

text: seventy

text: versions

text: proved

text: identical

text: The

text: Septuagint

text: became

text: the

text: source

text: text

text: for

text: later

text: translations

text: into

text: many

text: languages

text: including

text: Latin

text: Coptic

text: Armenian

text: and

text: Georgian

question: What is one of the first known instances of translation in the West?

answer: rendering of the Old Testament into Greek

text: rendering of the Old Testament into Greek

question: When was the Old Testament translated into Greek?

answer: 3rd century BCE

text: 3rd century BCE

question: Why is the translation of the Old Testament into Greek known as the Septuagint?

answer: seventy translators

text: seventy translators

question: How did each translator of the Bible work in Alexandria?

answer: in solitary confinement

text: in solitary confinement

question: According to myth, what property did all seventy versions of the bible have?

answer: identical

text: identical

question: What is one of the worst unknown instances of translation in the West?

question: When was the Old Testament illegal in Greek?

text: 3rd century BCE

question: Why is the translation of the New Testament into Greek known as the Septuagint?

text: seventy translators

question: How did each translator of the Bible die in Alexandria?

text: in solitary confinement

question: What property did all seventy versions of the bible lack being?

text: identical


text: Some scholars[note 44] use other schemes. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. Hinayana (literally "lesser vehicle") is used by Mahayana followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravada emerged, but as this term is rooted in the Mahayana viewpoint and can be considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are increasingly used instead, including Śrāvakayāna, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism, conservative Buddhism, mainstream Buddhism and non-Mahayana Buddhism.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Some

text: scholars[note

text: use

text: other

text: schemes

text: Buddhists

text: themselves

text: have

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: other

text: schemes

text: Hinayana

text: literally

text: lesser

text: vehicle

text: is

text: used

text: by

text: Mahayana

text: followers

text: to

text: name

text: the

text: family

text: of

text: early

text: philosophical

text: schools

text: and

text: traditions

text: from

text: which

text: contemporary

text: Theravada

text: emerged

text: but

text: as

text: this

text: term

text: is

text: rooted

text: in

text: the

text: Mahayana

text: viewpoint

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: considered

text: derogatory

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: other

text: terms

text: are

text: increasingly

text: used

text: instead

text: including

text: Śrāvakayāna

text: Nikaya

text: Buddhism

text: early

text: Buddhist

text: schools

text: sectarian

text: Buddhism

text: conservative

text: Buddhism

text: mainstream

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: non

text: Mahayana

text: Buddhism

question: What does Hinayana mean in English?

answer: lesser vehicle

text: lesser vehicle

question: What is used by Mahayana followers to name the early schools?

answer: Hinayana

text: Hinayana


text: Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley.

title: Wayback_Machine

title: Wayback_Machine

text: Information

text: had

text: been

text: kept

text: on

text: digital

text: tape

text: for

text: five

text: years

text: with

text: Kahle

text: occasionally

text: allowing

text: researchers

text: and

text: scientists

text: to

text: tap

text: into

text: the

text: clunky

text: database

text: When

text: the

text: archive

text: reached

text: its

text: fifth

text: anniversary

text: it

text: was

text: unveiled

text: and

text: opened

text: to

text: the

text: public

text: in

text: a

text: ceremony

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: California

text: Berkeley

question: What medium was originally used to keep Internet Archive's data?

answer: digital tape

text: digital tape

question: Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database?

answer: researchers and scientists

text: researchers and scientists

question: At what milestone was the archive made public?

answer: fifth anniversary

text: fifth anniversary

question: Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held?

answer: University of California, Berkeley

text: University of California, Berkeley

question: What medium was originally used to keep California's data?

text: digital tape

question: Who were sometimes permitted to attend the Archive's public ceremony?

text: researchers and scientists

question: At what milestone was the archive made clunky?

text: fifth anniversary

question: Where was the event launching the digital tape held?

text: University of California, Berkeley

question: Who allowed researchers and scientists to tap into Berkeley?

text: Kahle


text: The dominant northern and high elevation conifer is the red spruce (Picea rubens), which grows from near sea level to above 4,000 ft (1,200 m) above sea level (asl) in northern New England and southeastern Canada. It also grows southward along the Appalachian crest to the highest elevations of the southern Appalachians, as in North Carolina and Tennessee. In the central Appalachians it is usually confined above 3,000 ft (900 m) asl, except for a few cold valleys in which it reaches lower elevations. In the southern Appalachians it is restricted to higher elevations. Another species is the black spruce (Picea mariana), which extends farthest north of any conifer in North America, is found at high elevations in the northern Appalachians, and in bogs as far south as Pennsylvania.

title: Appalachian_Mountains

title: Appalachian_Mountains

text: The

text: dominant

text: northern

text: and

text: high

text: elevation

text: conifer

text: is

text: the

text: red

text: spruce

text: Picea

text: rubens

text: which

text: grows

text: from

text: near

text: sea

text: level

text: to

text: above

text: ft

text: m

text: above

text: sea

text: level

text: asl

text: in

text: northern

text: New

text: England

text: and

text: southeastern

text: Canada

text: It

text: also

text: grows

text: southward

text: along

text: the

text: Appalachian

text: crest

text: to

text: the

text: highest

text: elevations

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: Appalachians

text: as

text: in

text: North

text: Carolina

text: and

text: Tennessee

text: In

text: the

text: central

text: Appalachians

text: it

text: is

text: usually

text: confined

text: above

text: ft

text: m

text: asl

text: except

text: for

text: a

text: few

text: cold

text: valleys

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: reaches

text: lower

text: elevations

text: In

text: the

text: southern

text: Appalachians

text: it

text: is

text: restricted

text: to

text: higher

text: elevations

text: Another

text: species

text: is

text: the

text: black

text: spruce

text: Picea

text: mariana

text: which

text: extends

text: farthest

text: north

text: of

text: any

text: conifer

text: in

text: North

text: America

text: is

text: found

text: at

text: high

text: elevations

text: in

text: the

text: northern

text: Appalachians

text: and

text: in

text: bogs

text: as

text: far

text: south

text: as

text: Pennsylvania

question: What is the asl height of the red spruce in the cold valleys?

text: 3,000 ft (900 m)

question: How high does the black spruce grow?

text: 4,000 ft (1,200 m) above sea level

question: Where does the red spruce grow in Pennsylvania?

text: in bogs

question: How far south can red spruces be found?

text: Pennsylvania

question: Which part of Canada are black spruces found in?

text: southeastern


text: In its 2012 list of "500 Greatest Albums of All Time, Rolling Stone included three of West's albums—The College Dropout at number 298, Late Registration at number 118, and My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy at number 353.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: In

text: its

text: list

text: of

text: Greatest

text: Albums

text: of

text: All

text: Time

text: Rolling

text: Stone

text: included

text: three

text: of

text: West

text: 's

text: albums

text: The

text: College

text: Dropout

text: at

text: number

text: Late

text: Registration

text: at

text: number

text: and

text: My

text: Beautiful

text: Dark

text: Twisted

text: Fantasy

text: at

text: number

question: How many of Kanye's albums placed on the 2012 Rolling Stone list?

answer: 3

question: How many of West's albums were included on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list?

answer: 3


text: Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: Non

text: Muslim

text: groups

text: in

text: the

text: Umayyad

text: Caliphate

text: which

text: included

text: Christians

text: Jews

text: Zoroastrians

text: and

text: pagan

text: Berbers

text: were

text: called

text: dhimmis

text: They

text: were

text: given

text: a

text: legally

text: protected

text: status

text: as

text: second

text: class

text: citizens

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: they

text: accepted

text: and

text: acknowledged

text: the

text: political

text: supremacy

text: of

text: the

text: ruling

text: Muslims

text: They

text: were

text: allowed

text: to

text: have

text: their

text: own

text: courts

text: and

text: were

text: given

text: freedom

text: of

text: their

text: religion

text: within

text: the

text: empire.[citation

text: needed

text: Although

text: they

text: could

text: not

text: hold

text: the

text: highest

text: public

text: offices

text: in

text: the

text: empire

text: they

text: had

text: many

text: bureaucratic

text: positions

text: within

text: the

text: government

text: Christians

text: and

text: Jews

text: still

text: continued

text: to

text: produce

text: great

text: theological

text: thinkers

text: within

text: their

text: communities

text: but

text: as

text: time

text: wore

text: on

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: intellectuals

text: converted

text: to

text: Islam

text: leading

text: to

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: great

text: thinkers

text: in

text: the

text: non

text: Muslim

text: communities

question: What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called?

answer: dhimmis

text: dhimmis

question: Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate?

answer: Jews

text: Jews

question: Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads?

answer: Christians

text: Christians

question: What were Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate called?

text: dhimmis

question: Who was given a legally protected status as first class citizens?

text: dhimmis

question: What were Muslims banned from holding in the empire?

text: the highest public offices

question: What led to a lack of great thinkers in Muslim communities?

text: intellectuals converted

question: What were non-Muslims not required to acknowledge?


text: As of the census of 2000, there are 84,084 people, 44,497 households, and 16,775 families in the city. The population density is 10,178.7 inhabitants per square mile (3,930.4/km²). There are 47,863 housing units at an average density of 5,794.0 per square mile (2,237.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city is 78.29% White, 7.25% Asian, 3.78% African American, 0.47% Native American, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 5.97% from other races, and 4.13% from two or more races. 13.44% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 44,497 households, out of which 15.8% have children under the age of 18, 27.5% are married couples living together, 7.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 62.3% are non-families. 51.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.6% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 1.83 and the average family size is 2.80.

title: Santa_Monica,_California

title: Santa_Monica,_California

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: census

text: of

text: there

text: are

text: people

text: households

text: and

text: families

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: population

text: density

text: is

text: inhabitants

text: per

text: square

text: mile

text: There

text: are

text: housing

text: units

text: at

text: an

text: average

text: density

text: of

text: per

text: square

text: mile

text: The

text: racial

text: makeup

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: White

text: Asian

text: African

text: American

text: Native

text: American

text: Pacific

text: Islander

text: from

text: other

text: races

text: and

text: from

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: races

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: are

text: Hispanic

text: or

text: Latino

text: of

text: any

text: race

text: There

text: are

text: households

text: out

text: of

text: which

text: have

text: children

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: are

text: married

text: couples

text: living

text: together

text: have

text: a

text: female

text: householder

text: with

text: no

text: husband

text: present

text: and

text: are

text: non

text: families

text: of

text: all

text: households

text: are

text: made

text: up

text: of

text: individuals

text: and

text: have

text: someone

text: living

text: alone

text: who

text: is

text: years

text: of

text: age

text: or

text: older

text: The

text: average

text: household

text: size

text: is

text: and

text: the

text: average

text: family

text: size

text: is

question: How many citizen's were in the year 2000 census?

answer: 84,084

question: How many urban families were there?

answer: 16,775

question: What is the population density per square mile?

answer: 10,178.7

question: What percent in the 2000 census had persons under the age of 18?

answer: 15.8%

question: From 2000 what was the average family size?

answer: 2.80

question: How many children under the age of 18 live in Santa Monica?

question: What's the average family size for Latino's?

question: What's the average household size for Pacific Islander's?

question: How big is Santa Monica in regards to land space?

question: What population percentage is male householder with no wife present?


text: Some evidence shows that alternatives to pesticides can be equally effective as the use of chemicals. For example, Sweden has halved its use of pesticides with hardly any reduction in crops.[unreliable source?] In Indonesia, farmers have reduced pesticide use on rice fields by 65% and experienced a 15% crop increase.[unreliable source?] A study of Maize fields in northern Florida found that the application of composted yard waste with high carbon to nitrogen ratio to agricultural fields was highly effective at reducing the population of plant-parasitic nematodes and increasing crop yield, with yield increases ranging from 10% to 212%; the observed effects were long-term, often not appearing until the third season of the study.

title: Pesticide

title: Pesticide

text: Some

text: evidence

text: shows

text: that

text: alternatives

text: to

text: pesticides

text: can

text: be

text: equally

text: effective

text: as

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: chemicals

text: For

text: example

text: Sweden

text: has

text: halved

text: its

text: use

text: of

text: pesticides

text: with

text: hardly

text: any

text: reduction

text: in

text: crops.[unreliable

text: source

text: In

text: Indonesia

text: farmers

text: have

text: reduced

text: pesticide

text: use

text: on

text: rice

text: fields

text: by

text: and

text: experienced

text: a

text: crop

text: increase.[unreliable

text: source

text: A

text: study

text: of

text: Maize

text: fields

text: in

text: northern

text: Florida

text: found

text: that

text: the

text: application

text: of

text: composted

text: yard

text: waste

text: with

text: high

text: carbon

text: to

text: nitrogen

text: ratio

text: to

text: agricultural

text: fields

text: was

text: highly

text: effective

text: at

text: reducing

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: plant

text: parasitic

text: nematodes

text: and

text: increasing

text: crop

text: yield

text: with

text: yield

text: increases

text: ranging

text: from

text: to

text: the

text: observed

text: effects

text: were

text: long

text: term

text: often

text: not

text: appearing

text: until

text: the

text: third

text: season

text: of

text: the

text: study

question: How much was Sweden able to lower thier pesticide usage?

answer: halved its use

text: halved its use

question: What other country has reduced its pesticide usage?

answer: Indonesia

text: Indonesia

question: What natural substance has been found to effectively increase crop yields

answer: carbon to nitrogen

text: carbon to nitrogen

question: What amount of gain in crops can be contributed to application of composted yard waste?

answer: 10% to 212%

text: 10% to 212%

question: What happened after Indonesia cut its pesticide use in half?

text: hardly any reduction in crops

question: What happened when they reduced pesticide use by 65% in Sweden?

text: experienced a 15% crop increase

question: How long did it take to see a higher crop yield in Sweden when studied?

text: the third season of the study

question: What was the range of yield increases in Sweden during the study?

text: from 10% to 212%

question: What kind of crops were studied in Sweden?

text: Maize fields


text: Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: Video

text: games

text: are

text: playable

text: on

text: various

text: versions

text: of

text: iPods

text: The

text: original

text: iPod

text: had

text: the

text: game

text: Brick

text: originally

text: invented

text: by

text: Apple

text: 's

text: co

text: founder

text: Steve

text: Wozniak

text: included

text: as

text: an

text: easter

text: egg

text: hidden

text: feature

text: later

text: firmware

text: versions

text: added

text: it

text: as

text: a

text: menu

text: option

text: Later

text: revisions

text: of

text: the

text: iPod

text: added

text: three

text: more

text: games

text: Parachute

text: Solitaire

text: and

text: Music

text: Quiz

question: On what devices can video games be used?

answer: iPods

text: iPods

question: What was included on the first iPod?

answer: Brick

text: Brick

question: Who created Brick?

answer: Steve Wozniak

text: Steve Wozniak

question: What are three games, in addition to Brick, which have been included with the iPod?

answer: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz

text: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz

question: What is another phrase meaning hidden feature?

answer: easter egg

text: easter egg

question: What was the first, hidden game included with the original iPod?

answer: Brick

text: Brick

question: What other games were later added to the original iPod?

answer: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz

text: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz


text: Von Neumann continued unperturbed in his work and became, along with Edward Teller, one of those who sustained the hydrogen bomb project. He then collaborated with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb, and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent on "Improvement in Methods and Means for Utilizing Nuclear Energy", which outlined a scheme for using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion. The Fuchs–von Neumann patent used radiation implosion, but not in the same way as is used in what became the final hydrogen bomb design, the Teller–Ulam design. Their work was, however, incorporated into the "George" shot of Operation Greenhouse, which was instructive in testing out concepts that went into the final design. The Fuchs–von Neumann work was passed on, by Fuchs, to the Soviet Union as part of his nuclear espionage, but it was not used in the Soviets' own, independent development of the Teller–Ulam design. The historian Jeremy Bernstein has pointed out that ironically, "John von Neumann and Klaus Fuchs, produced a brilliant invention in 1946 that could have changed the whole course of the development of the hydrogen bomb, but was not fully understood until after the bomb had been successfully made."

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: Von

text: Neumann

text: continued

text: unperturbed

text: in

text: his

text: work

text: and

text: became

text: along

text: with

text: Edward

text: Teller

text: one

text: of

text: those

text: who

text: sustained

text: the

text: hydrogen

text: bomb

text: project

text: He

text: then

text: collaborated

text: with

text: Klaus

text: Fuchs

text: on

text: further

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: bomb

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: two

text: filed

text: a

text: secret

text: patent

text: on

text: Improvement

text: in

text: Methods

text: and

text: Means

text: for

text: Utilizing

text: Nuclear

text: Energy

text: which

text: outlined

text: a

text: scheme

text: for

text: using

text: a

text: fission

text: bomb

text: to

text: compress

text: fusion

text: fuel

text: to

text: initiate

text: nuclear

text: fusion

text: The

text: Fuchs

text: von

text: Neumann

text: patent

text: used

text: radiation

text: implosion

text: but

text: not

text: in

text: the

text: same

text: way

text: as

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: what

text: became

text: the

text: final

text: hydrogen

text: bomb

text: design

text: the

text: Teller

text: Ulam

text: design

text: Their

text: work

text: was

text: however

text: incorporated

text: into

text: the

text: George

text: shot

text: of

text: Operation

text: Greenhouse

text: which

text: was

text: instructive

text: in

text: testing

text: out

text: concepts

text: that

text: went

text: into

text: the

text: final

text: design

text: The

text: Fuchs

text: von

text: Neumann

text: work

text: was

text: passed

text: on

text: by

text: Fuchs

text: to

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: his

text: nuclear

text: espionage

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: Soviets

text: own

text: independent

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: Teller

text: Ulam

text: design

text: The

text: historian

text: Jeremy

text: Bernstein

text: has

text: pointed

text: out

text: that

text: ironically

text: John

text: von

text: Neumann

text: and

text: Klaus

text: Fuchs

text: produced

text: a

text: brilliant

text: invention

text: in

text: that

text: could

text: have

text: changed

text: the

text: whole

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: hydrogen

text: bomb

text: but

text: was

text: not

text: fully

text: understood

text: until

text: after

text: the

text: bomb

text: had

text: been

text: successfully

text: made

question: With whom did von Neumann collaborate for further development of the hydrogen bomb?

answer: Klaus Fuchs

text: Klaus Fuchs

question: What improvement did von Neumann see in the nuclear weaponry?

answer: using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion

text: using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion

question: What country was afforded access to design of improved nuclear weapon through espionage?

answer: Soviet Union

text: Soviet Union


text: Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantities of fresh water, enough that if both melted, global sea levels would rise by over 70 m (230 ft). Portions of an ice sheet or cap that extend into water are called ice shelves; they tend to be thin with limited slopes and reduced velocities. Narrow, fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams. In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. Some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier.

title: Glacier

title: Glacier

text: Glacial

text: bodies

text: larger

text: than

text: sq

text: mi

text: are

text: called

text: ice

text: sheets

text: or

text: continental

text: glaciers

text: Several

text: kilometers

text: deep

text: they

text: obscure

text: the

text: underlying

text: topography

text: Only

text: nunataks

text: protrude

text: from

text: their

text: surfaces

text: The

text: only

text: extant

text: ice

text: sheets

text: are

text: the

text: two

text: that

text: cover

text: most

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: and

text: Greenland

text: They

text: contain

text: vast

text: quantities

text: of

text: fresh

text: water

text: enough

text: that

text: if

text: both

text: melted

text: global

text: sea

text: levels

text: would

text: rise

text: by

text: over

text: m

text: ft

text: Portions

text: of

text: an

text: ice

text: sheet

text: or

text: cap

text: that

text: extend

text: into

text: water

text: are

text: called

text: ice

text: shelves

text: they

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: thin

text: with

text: limited

text: slopes

text: and

text: reduced

text: velocities

text: Narrow

text: fast

text: moving

text: sections

text: of

text: an

text: ice

text: sheet

text: are

text: called

text: ice

text: streams

text: In

text: Antarctica

text: many

text: ice

text: streams

text: drain

text: into

text: large

text: ice

text: shelves

text: Some

text: drain

text: directly

text: into

text: the

text: sea

text: often

text: with

text: an

text: ice

text: tongue

text: like

text: Mertz

text: Glacier

question: At what dimensions are glaciers called ice sheets or continental glaciers?

answer: 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi)

text: 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi)

question: How many extant ice sheets exist?

answer: two

text: two

question: How much would global sea levels rise if Greenland and Antartica's glaciers were to melt?

answer: 70 m (230 ft)

text: 70 m (230 ft)

question: What is the term for ice that protrude's from a glacier's surface?

answer: nunataks

text: nunataks

question: Narrow, fast-moving pathways on an ice sheet are called what?

answer: ice streams

text: ice streams

question: What are glaciers smaller it in 50,000 km² called?

text: ice sheets or continental glaciers.

question: What can often be seen beneath the sheets?

text: underlying topography

question: Where a sheets now extinct?

text: Antarctica and Greenland

question: What are ice sheets that cover the sea called?

text: ice shelves

question: What you shelves become is a melt?

text: ice streams


text: The Quran describes Muhammad as "ummi", which is traditionally interpreted as "illiterate," but the meaning is rather more complex. Medieval commentators such as Al-Tabari maintained that the term induced two meanings: first, the inability to read or write in general; second, the inexperience or ignorance of the previous books or scriptures (but they gave priority to the first meaning). Muhammad's illiteracy was taken as a sign of the genuineness of his prophethood. For example, according to Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, if Muhammad had mastered writing and reading he possibly would have been suspected of having studied the books of the ancestors. Some scholars such as Watt prefer the second meaning of "ummi" - they take it to indicate unfamiliarity with earlier sacred texts.

title: Quran

title: Quran

text: The

text: Quran

text: describes

text: Muhammad

text: as

text: ummi

text: which

text: is

text: traditionally

text: interpreted

text: as

text: illiterate

text: but

text: the

text: meaning

text: is

text: rather

text: more

text: complex

text: Medieval

text: commentators

text: such

text: as

text: Al

text: Tabari

text: maintained

text: that

text: the

text: term

text: induced

text: two

text: meanings

text: first

text: the

text: inability

text: to

text: read

text: or

text: write

text: in

text: general

text: second

text: the

text: inexperience

text: or

text: ignorance

text: of

text: the

text: previous

text: books

text: or

text: scriptures

text: but

text: they

text: gave

text: priority

text: to

text: the

text: first

text: meaning

text: Muhammad

text: 's

text: illiteracy

text: was

text: taken

text: as

text: a

text: sign

text: of

text: the

text: genuineness

text: of

text: his

text: prophethood

text: For

text: example

text: according

text: to

text: Fakhr

text: al

text: Din

text: al

text: Razi

text: if

text: Muhammad

text: had

text: mastered

text: writing

text: and

text: reading

text: he

text: possibly

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: suspected

text: of

text: having

text: studied

text: the

text: books

text: of

text: the

text: ancestors

text: Some

text: scholars

text: such

text: as

text: Watt

text: prefer

text: the

text: second

text: meaning

text: of

text: ummi

text: they

text: take

text: it

text: to

text: indicate

text: unfamiliarity

text: with

text: earlier

text: sacred

text: texts

question: What is the most common interpretation of the word "ummi" that the Quran applies to Muhammad?

answer: illiterate

text: illiterate

question: Because Mohammed was "ummi," what would he not have known about that lent credence to his prophethood?

answer: earlier sacred texts

text: earlier sacred texts

question: What term does the Quran use to describe Mohammad's lack of exposure to scripture?

answer: ummi

text: ummi

question: What skills would have made others more suspicious that Mohammad was not getting his revelations in the way he said?

answer: writing and reading

text: writing and reading

question: What is the most uncommon interpretation of the word "ummi" that the Quran applies to Muhammad?

text: illiterate

question: What is the most common misinterpretation of the word "ummi" that the Quran applies to Muhammad?

text: illiterate

question: Because Mohammed was "ummi," what would he have known about that lent credence to his prophethood?

text: earlier sacred texts

question: What term doesn't the Quran use to describe Mohammad's lack of exposure to scripture?

text: ummi

question: What skills would have made others more suspicious that Mohammad was getting his revelations in the way he said?

text: writing and reading


text: The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold, and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked (the Phillips curve), and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign. Between 1965 and 1981, the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value.

title: United_States_dollar

title: United_States_dollar

text: The

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: dollar

text: was

text: therefore

text: no

text: longer

text: anchored

text: to

text: gold

text: and

text: it

text: fell

text: upon

text: the

text: Federal

text: Reserve

text: to

text: maintain

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: currency

text: The

text: Federal

text: Reserve

text: however

text: continued

text: to

text: increase

text: the

text: money

text: supply

text: resulting

text: in

text: stagflation

text: and

text: a

text: rapidly

text: declining

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: dollar

text: in

text: the

text: This

text: was

text: largely

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: prevailing

text: economic

text: view

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: that

text: inflation

text: and

text: real

text: economic

text: growth

text: were

text: linked

text: the

text: Phillips

text: curve

text: and

text: so

text: inflation

text: was

text: regarded

text: as

text: relatively

text: benign

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: U.S.

text: dollar

text: lost

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: its

text: value

question: What was the value of the U.S. dollar no longer anchored to?

answer: gold

text: gold

question: Who's duty did it become to maintain the value of the U.S. currency?

answer: Federal Reserve

text: Federal Reserve

question: What move did the Federal Reserve take that resulted in stagflation and the decline of the U.S. dollar?

answer: increase the money supply

text: increase the money supply

question: What claimed that inflation and economic growth were linked?

answer: the Phillips curve

text: the Phillips curve

question: How much value did the U.S. dollar lose between 1965 and 1981?

answer: two thirds

text: two thirds

question: What was the value of the Federal Reserve no longer anchored to?

text: gold

question: Whose duty did it become to maintain the value of the Federal Reserve?

text: Federal Reserve

question: What move did the Phillips take that resulted in stagflation and the decline of the U.S. dollar?

text: increase the money supply

question: What claimed that inflation and the Federal Reserve were linked?

text: the Phillips curve

question: How much value did the Federal Reserve lose between 1965 and 1981?

text: two thirds


text: Australian citizens and residents from other parts of the nation now have automatic right of residence on the island after meeting these criteria (Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012). Australian citizens must carry either a passport or a Document of Identity to travel to Norfolk Island. Citizens of all other nations must carry a passport to travel to Norfolk Island even if arriving from other parts of Australia. Holders of Australian visas who travel to Norfolk Island have departed the Australian Migration Zone. Unless they hold a multiple-entry visa, the visa will have ceased; in which case they will require another visa to re-enter mainland Australia.

title: Norfolk_Island

title: Norfolk_Island

text: Australian

text: citizens

text: and

text: residents

text: from

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: nation

text: now

text: have

text: automatic

text: right

text: of

text: residence

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: after

text: meeting

text: these

text: criteria

text: Immigration

text: Amendment

text: No

text: Act

text: Australian

text: citizens

text: must

text: carry

text: either

text: a

text: passport

text: or

text: a

text: Document

text: of

text: Identity

text: to

text: travel

text: to

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: Citizens

text: of

text: all

text: other

text: nations

text: must

text: carry

text: a

text: passport

text: to

text: travel

text: to

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: even

text: if

text: arriving

text: from

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: Australia

text: Holders

text: of

text: Australian

text: visas

text: who

text: travel

text: to

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: have

text: departed

text: the

text: Australian

text: Migration

text: Zone

text: Unless

text: they

text: hold

text: a

text: multiple

text: entry

text: visa

text: the

text: visa

text: will

text: have

text: ceased

text: in

text: which

text: case

text: they

text: will

text: require

text: another

text: visa

text: to

text: re

text: enter

text: mainland

text: Australia

question: What automatic right do Australian citizens and residents have on Norfolk Island after meeting the criteria in Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012?

answer: automatic right of residence

text: automatic right of residence

question: What do Australian citizens need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?

answer: either a passport or a Document of Identity

text: either a passport or a Document of Identity

question: What do citizens from other nations need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?

answer: a passport

text: a passport

question: When someone has an Australian visa and they want to travel to Norfolk Island, where must they depart?

answer: Australian Migration Zone

text: Australian Migration Zone

question: What will happen to travelers with an Australian visa who don't depart from the Australian Migration Zone?

answer: the visa will have ceased

text: the visa will have ceased

question: What automatic right do Australian citizens and residents lose on Norfolk Island after meeting the criteria in Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012?

text: automatic right of residence

question: What do Australian citizens need in order to talk about Norfolk Island?

question: What do citizens from other nations need in order to talk about Norfolk Island?

text: a passport

question: When someone has an American visa and they want to travel to Norfolk Island, where must they depart?

text: Australian Migration Zone

question: What will happen to travelers with an American visa who don't depart from the Australian Migration Zone?

text: the visa will have ceased


text: In an operational capacity, limitations in weapons technology and quick British reactions were making it more difficult to achieve strategic effect. Attacking ports, shipping and imports as well as disrupting rail traffic in the surrounding areas, especially the distribution of coal, an important fuel in all industrial economies of the Second World War, would net a positive result. However, the use of delayed-action bombs, while initially very effective, gradually had less impact, partly because they failed to detonate.[c] Moreover, the British had anticipated the change in strategy and dispersed its production facilities making them less vulnerable to a concentrated attack. Regional commissioners were given plenipotentiary powers to restore communications and organise the distribution of supplies to keep the war economy moving.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: In

text: an

text: operational

text: capacity

text: limitations

text: in

text: weapons

text: technology

text: and

text: quick

text: British

text: reactions

text: were

text: making

text: it

text: more

text: difficult

text: to

text: achieve

text: strategic

text: effect

text: Attacking

text: ports

text: shipping

text: and

text: imports

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: disrupting

text: rail

text: traffic

text: in

text: the

text: surrounding

text: areas

text: especially

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: coal

text: an

text: important

text: fuel

text: in

text: all

text: industrial

text: economies

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: would

text: net

text: a

text: positive

text: result

text: However

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: delayed

text: action

text: bombs

text: while

text: initially

text: very

text: effective

text: gradually

text: had

text: less

text: impact

text: partly

text: because

text: they

text: failed

text: to

text: detonate.[c

text: Moreover

text: the

text: British

text: had

text: anticipated

text: the

text: change

text: in

text: strategy

text: and

text: dispersed

text: its

text: production

text: facilities

text: making

text: them

text: less

text: vulnerable

text: to

text: a

text: concentrated

text: attack

text: Regional

text: commissioners

text: were

text: given

text: plenipotentiary

text: powers

text: to

text: restore

text: communications

text: and

text: organise

text: the

text: distribution

text: of

text: supplies

text: to

text: keep

text: the

text: war

text: economy

text: moving

question: Coupled with British quick reactions what cause operational capacity hard to achieve?

answer: limitations in weapons technology

text: limitations in weapons technology

question: What was an important fuel in the Second World War?

answer: coal

text: coal

question: What kind of bombs were effective in the beginning but became less so with time?

answer: delayed-action bombs

text: delayed-action bombs

question: What did Britain do that helped make the new strategy less effective?

answer: dispersed its production facilities

text: dispersed its production facilities

question: Who was given permission to restore power and move supplies to keep the war moving?

answer: Regional commissioners

text: Regional commissioners


text: The funeral, held at the Church of the Madeleine in Paris, was delayed almost two weeks, until 30 October. Entrance was restricted to ticket holders as many people were expected to attend. Over 3,000 people arrived without invitations, from as far as London, Berlin and Vienna, and were excluded.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: The

text: funeral

text: held

text: at

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: the

text: Madeleine

text: in

text: Paris

text: was

text: delayed

text: almost

text: two

text: weeks

text: until

text: October

text: Entrance

text: was

text: restricted

text: to

text: ticket

text: holders

text: as

text: many

text: people

text: were

text: expected

text: to

text: attend

text: Over

text: people

text: arrived

text: without

text: invitations

text: from

text: as

text: far

text: as

text: London

text: Berlin

text: and

text: Vienna

text: and

text: were

text: excluded

question: Where was Chopin's funeral held?

answer: Church of the Madeleine

text: Church of the Madeleine

question: How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?

answer: two weeks

text: two weeks

question: How many people arrived for Chopin's funeral?

answer: Over 3,000

text: Over 3,000

question: Where was Chopin's funeral held?

answer: the Church of the Madeleine in Paris

text: the Church of the Madeleine in Paris

question: How long was Chopin's funeral delayed?

answer: two weeks

text: two weeks

question: How many people arrived without an invitation?

answer: Over 3,000

text: Over 3,000


text: During regular, day-to-day activities, Somali women usually wear the guntiino, a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. It is usually made out of alandi, which is a textile common in the Horn region and some parts of North Africa. The garment can be worn in different styles. It can also be made with other fabrics, including white cloth with gold borders. For more formal settings, such as at weddings or religious celebrations like Eid, women wear the dirac. It is a long, light, diaphanous voile dress made of silk, chiffon, taffeta or saree fabric. The gown is worn over a full-length half-slip and a brassiere. Known as the gorgorad, the underskirt is made out of silk and serves as a key part of the overall outfit. The dirac is usually sparkly and very colorful, the most popular styles being those with gilded borders or threads. The fabric is typically acquired from Somali clothing stores in tandem with the gorgorad. In the past, dirac fabric was also frequently purchased from South Asian merchandisers.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: During

text: regular

text: day

text: to

text: day

text: activities

text: Somali

text: women

text: usually

text: wear

text: the

text: guntiino

text: a

text: long

text: stretch

text: of

text: cloth

text: tied

text: over

text: the

text: shoulder

text: and

text: draped

text: around

text: the

text: waist

text: It

text: is

text: usually

text: made

text: out

text: of

text: alandi

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: textile

text: common

text: in

text: the

text: Horn

text: region

text: and

text: some

text: parts

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: The

text: garment

text: can

text: be

text: worn

text: in

text: different

text: styles

text: It

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: made

text: with

text: other

text: fabrics

text: including

text: white

text: cloth

text: with

text: gold

text: borders

text: For

text: more

text: formal

text: settings

text: such

text: as

text: at

text: weddings

text: or

text: religious

text: celebrations

text: like

text: Eid

text: women

text: wear

text: the

text: dirac

text: It

text: is

text: a

text: long

text: light

text: diaphanous

text: voile

text: dress

text: made

text: of

text: silk

text: chiffon

text: taffeta

text: or

text: saree

text: fabric

text: The

text: gown

text: is

text: worn

text: over

text: a

text: full

text: length

text: half

text: slip

text: and

text: a

text: brassiere

text: Known

text: as

text: the

text: gorgorad

text: the

text: underskirt

text: is

text: made

text: out

text: of

text: silk

text: and

text: serves

text: as

text: a

text: key

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: overall

text: outfit

text: The

text: dirac

text: is

text: usually

text: sparkly

text: and

text: very

text: colorful

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: styles

text: being

text: those

text: with

text: gilded

text: borders

text: or

text: threads

text: The

text: fabric

text: is

text: typically

text: acquired

text: from

text: Somali

text: clothing

text: stores

text: in

text: tandem

text: with

text: the

text: gorgorad

text: In

text: the

text: past

text: dirac

text: fabric

text: was

text: also

text: frequently

text: purchased

text: from

text: South

text: Asian

text: merchandisers

question: What is the regular garment of Somali women?

answer: the guntiino

text: the guntiino

question: What is the guntiino normally made from?

answer: alandi

text: alandi

question: What is the usual formal attire for Somali women?

answer: the dirac

text: the dirac

question: Along with silk, saree fabric or chiffon, what might the dirac be made out of?

answer: taffeta

text: taffeta

question: What is the underskirt of the dirac called?

answer: the gorgorad

text: the gorgorad


text: Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire, tens of thousands of Black Africans were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey. Some of their descendants remained in situ, and many migrated to larger cities and towns. Other blacks slaves were transported to Crete, from where they or their descendants later reached the İzmir area through the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, or indirectly from Ayvalık in pursuit of work.

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: Beginning

text: several

text: centuries

text: ago

text: during

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: tens

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: Black

text: Africans

text: were

text: brought

text: by

text: slave

text: traders

text: to

text: plantations

text: and

text: agricultural

text: areas

text: situated

text: between

text: Antalya

text: and

text: Istanbul

text: in

text: present

text: day

text: Turkey

text: Some

text: of

text: their

text: descendants

text: remained

text: in

text: situ

text: and

text: many

text: migrated

text: to

text: larger

text: cities

text: and

text: towns

text: Other

text: blacks

text: slaves

text: were

text: transported

text: to

text: Crete

text: from

text: where

text: they

text: or

text: their

text: descendants

text: later

text: reached

text: the

text: İzmir

text: area

text: through

text: the

text: population

text: exchange

text: between

text: Greece

text: and

text: Turkey

text: in

text: or

text: indirectly

text: from

text: Ayvalık

text: in

text: pursuit

text: of

text: work

question: When did the slave trade begin?

answer: during the period of the Ottoman Empire

text: during the period of the Ottoman Empire

question: Where were the slaves brought?

answer: Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey

text: Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey

question: Where did former slaves go for work once freed?

answer: İzmir area

text: İzmir area

question: What year did they begin to migrate to Izmir?

answer: 1923


text: Genetics compression algorithms are the latest generation of lossless algorithms that compress data (typically sequences of nucleotides) using both conventional compression algorithms and genetic algorithms adapted to the specific datatype. In 2012, a team of scientists from Johns Hopkins University published a genetic compression algorithm that does not use a reference genome for compression. HAPZIPPER was tailored for HapMap data and achieves over 20-fold compression (95% reduction in file size), providing 2- to 4-fold better compression and in much faster time than the leading general-purpose compression utilities. For this, Chanda, Elhaik, and Bader introduced MAF based encoding (MAFE), which reduces the heterogeneity of the dataset by sorting SNPs by their minor allele frequency, thus homogenizing the dataset. Other algorithms in 2009 and 2013 (DNAZip and GenomeZip) have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold—allowing 6 billion basepair diploid human genomes to be stored in 2.5 megabytes (relative to a reference genome or averaged over many genomes).

title: Data_compression

title: Data_compression

text: Genetics

text: compression

text: algorithms

text: are

text: the

text: latest

text: generation

text: of

text: lossless

text: algorithms

text: that

text: compress

text: data

text: typically

text: sequences

text: of

text: nucleotides

text: using

text: both

text: conventional

text: compression

text: algorithms

text: and

text: genetic

text: algorithms

text: adapted

text: to

text: the

text: specific

text: datatype

text: In

text: a

text: team

text: of

text: scientists

text: from

text: Johns

text: Hopkins

text: University

text: published

text: a

text: genetic

text: compression

text: algorithm

text: that

text: does

text: not

text: use

text: a

text: reference

text: genome

text: for

text: compression

text: HAPZIPPER

text: was

text: tailored

text: for

text: HapMap

text: data

text: and

text: achieves

text: over

text: compression

text: reduction

text: in

text: file

text: size

text: providing

text: to

text: better

text: compression

text: and

text: in

text: much

text: faster

text: time

text: than

text: the

text: leading

text: general

text: purpose

text: compression

text: utilities

text: For

text: this

text: Chanda

text: Elhaik

text: and

text: Bader

text: introduced

text: MAF

text: based

text: encoding

text: MAFE

text: which

text: reduces

text: the

text: heterogeneity

text: of

text: the

text: dataset

text: by

text: sorting

text: SNPs

text: by

text: their

text: minor

text: allele

text: frequency

text: thus

text: homogenizing

text: the

text: dataset

text: Other

text: algorithms

text: in

text: and

text: DNAZip

text: and

text: GenomeZip

text: have

text: compression

text: ratios

text: of

text: up

text: to

text: allowing

text: billion

text: basepair

text: diploid

text: human

text: genomes

text: to

text: be

text: stored

text: in

text: megabytes

text: relative

text: to

text: a

text: reference

text: genome

text: or

text: averaged

text: over

text: many

text: genomes

question: What are the latest generation of lossless algorithms?

answer: Genetics

text: Genetics

question: What encoding reduces the heterogeneity of a dataset by sorting SNPs?

answer: MAFE

text: MAFE

question: What two algorithms have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold?

answer: DNAZip and GenomeZip

text: DNAZip and GenomeZip

question: What are the latest generation of DNAZip and GEnomeZip?

text: Genetics

question: What encoding reduces the heterogenelty of a dataset by sorting megabytes?

text: MAFE

question: What two algorithms have allele frequency of up to 1200-fold?

text: DNAZip and GenomeZip

question: What provides 2- to 4- fold better heterogenelty than the leading gemeral-purpose compression utilities?

text: HAPZIPPER

question: Who published a genetic compression algorithm that does not use diploids?

text: Johns Hopkins University