text: Prior to moving its headquarters to Chicago, aerospace manufacturer Boeing (#30) was the largest company based in Seattle. Its largest division is still headquartered in nearby Renton, and the company has large aircraft manufacturing plants in Everett and Renton, so it remains the largest private employer in the Seattle metropolitan area. Former Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels announced a desire to spark a new economic boom driven by the biotechnology industry in 2006. Major redevelopment of the South Lake Union neighborhood is underway, in an effort to attract new and established biotech companies to the city, joining biotech companies Corixa (acquired by GlaxoSmithKline), Immunex (now part of Amgen), Trubion, and ZymoGenetics. Vulcan Inc., the holding company of billionaire Paul Allen, is behind most of the development projects in the region. While some see the new development as an economic boon, others have criticized Nickels and the Seattle City Council for pandering to Allen's interests at taxpayers' expense. Also in 2006, Expansion Magazine ranked Seattle among the top 10 metropolitan areas in the nation for climates favorable to business expansion. In 2005, Forbes ranked Seattle as the most expensive American city for buying a house based on the local income levels. In 2013, however, the magazine ranked Seattle No. 9 on its list of the Best Places for Business and Careers.

title: Seattle

title: Seattle

text: Prior

text: to

text: moving

text: its

text: headquarters

text: to

text: Chicago

text: aerospace

text: manufacturer

text: Boeing

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: company

text: based

text: in

text: Seattle

text: Its

text: largest

text: division

text: is

text: still

text: headquartered

text: in

text: nearby

text: Renton

text: and

text: the

text: company

text: has

text: large

text: aircraft

text: manufacturing

text: plants

text: in

text: Everett

text: and

text: Renton

text: so

text: it

text: remains

text: the

text: largest

text: private

text: employer

text: in

text: the

text: Seattle

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: Former

text: Seattle

text: Mayor

text: Greg

text: Nickels

text: announced

text: a

text: desire

text: to

text: spark

text: a

text: new

text: economic

text: boom

text: driven

text: by

text: the

text: biotechnology

text: industry

text: in

text: Major

text: redevelopment

text: of

text: the

text: South

text: Lake

text: Union

text: neighborhood

text: is

text: underway

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: attract

text: new

text: and

text: established

text: biotech

text: companies

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: joining

text: biotech

text: companies

text: Corixa

text: acquired

text: by

text: GlaxoSmithKline

text: Immunex

text: now

text: part

text: of

text: Amgen

text: Trubion

text: and

text: ZymoGenetics

text: Vulcan

text: Inc.

text: the

text: holding

text: company

text: of

text: billionaire

text: Paul

text: Allen

text: is

text: behind

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: development

text: projects

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: While

text: some

text: see

text: the

text: new

text: development

text: as

text: an

text: economic

text: boon

text: others

text: have

text: criticized

text: Nickels

text: and

text: the

text: Seattle

text: City

text: Council

text: for

text: pandering

text: to

text: Allen

text: 's

text: interests

text: at

text: taxpayers

text: expense

text: Also

text: in

text: Expansion

text: Magazine

text: ranked

text: Seattle

text: among

text: the

text: top

text: metropolitan

text: areas

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: for

text: climates

text: favorable

text: to

text: business

text: expansion

text: In

text: Forbes

text: ranked

text: Seattle

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: expensive

text: American

text: city

text: for

text: buying

text: a

text: house

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: local

text: income

text: levels

text: In

text: however

text: the

text: magazine

text: ranked

text: Seattle

text: No

text: on

text: its

text: list

text: of

text: the

text: Best

text: Places

text: for

text: Business

text: and

text: Careers

question: Before they moved to Chicago, what was the biggest company headquartered in Seattle?

answer: Boeing

text: Boeing

question: Where in the Seattle area does Boeing have manufacturing plants?

answer: Everett and Renton

text: Everett and Renton

question: Which past mayor of Seattle has been criticized for favoring the rich of industry at the expense of the people?

answer: Mayor Greg Nickels

text: Mayor Greg Nickels

question: What type of businesses did Nickles want to attract to Seattle?

answer: biotech companies

text: biotech companies

question: For what did Forbes rank Seattle the most expensive?

answer: buying a house

text: buying a house


text: With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: With

text: crude

text: oil

text: as

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: primary

text: export

text: Gaddafi

text: sought

text: to

text: improve

text: Libya

text: 's

text: oil

text: sector

text: In

text: October

text: he

text: proclaimed

text: the

text: current

text: trade

text: terms

text: unfair

text: benefiting

text: foreign

text: corporations

text: more

text: than

text: the

text: Libyan

text: state

text: and

text: by

text: threatening

text: to

text: reduce

text: production

text: in

text: December

text: Jalloud

text: successfully

text: increased

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: Libyan

text: oil

text: In

text: other

text: OPEC

text: states

text: followed

text: suit

text: leading

text: to

text: a

text: global

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: crude

text: oil

text: The

text: RCC

text: followed

text: with

text: the

text: Tripoli

text: Agreement

text: in

text: which

text: they

text: secured

text: income

text: tax

text: back

text: payments

text: and

text: better

text: pricing

text: from

text: the

text: oil

text: corporations

text: these

text: measures

text: brought

text: Libya

text: an

text: estimated

text: billion

text: in

text: additional

text: revenues

text: in

text: its

text: first

text: year

question: What was Libya's main export?

answer: crude oil

text: crude oil

question: How did Gaddafi's decisions in the oil industry impact other OPEC states?

answer: In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil.

text: In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil.

question: What was the main export of Libya?

answer: crude oil

text: crude oil

question: How much money did Libya accrue in a year as a result of the Tripoli Agreement?

answer: $1 billion

text: $1 billion

question: What organization of oil producers was Libya a part of?

answer: OPEC

text: OPEC

question: Who was responsible for raising the price of Libyan oil in 1969?

answer: Jalloud

text: Jalloud


text: DC commutating electric motors, if fitted with laminated pole pieces, become universal motors because they can also operate on AC; reversing the current in both stator and rotor does not reverse the motor. But the now-standard AC distribution frequencies of 50 and 60 Hz caused difficulties with inductive reactance and eddy current losses. Many railways chose low AC frequencies to overcome these problems. They must be converted from utility power by motor-generators or static inverters at the feeding substations or generated at dedicated traction powerstations.

title: Railway_electrification_system

title: Railway_electrification_system

text: DC

text: commutating

text: electric

text: motors

text: if

text: fitted

text: with

text: laminated

text: pole

text: pieces

text: become

text: universal

text: motors

text: because

text: they

text: can

text: also

text: operate

text: on

text: AC

text: reversing

text: the

text: current

text: in

text: both

text: stator

text: and

text: rotor

text: does

text: not

text: reverse

text: the

text: motor

text: But

text: the

text: now

text: standard

text: AC

text: distribution

text: frequencies

text: of

text: and

text: Hz

text: caused

text: difficulties

text: with

text: inductive

text: reactance

text: and

text: eddy

text: current

text: losses

text: Many

text: railways

text: chose

text: low

text: AC

text: frequencies

text: to

text: overcome

text: these

text: problems

text: They

text: must

text: be

text: converted

text: from

text: utility

text: power

text: by

text: motor

text: generators

text: or

text: static

text: inverters

text: at

text: the

text: feeding

text: substations

text: or

text: generated

text: at

text: dedicated

text: traction

text: powerstations

question: How can DC motor turn universal?

answer: if fitted with laminated pole pieces

text: if fitted with laminated pole pieces

question: What problems did AC distribution cause?

answer: inductive reactance and eddy current losses

text: inductive reactance and eddy current losses

question: How do railways try to solve the problem of inductive reactance of AC system?

answer: low AC frequencies

text: low AC frequencies

question: How can low frequencies be obtained?

answer: converted from utility power

text: converted from utility power

question: Reversing the current in both stator and rotor also reverses what?

text: the motor

question: Many railways choose high AC frequencies to overcome what?

question: The now-standard DC frequencies are what?

text: 50 and 60 Hz

question: The distribution frequencies of 60 and 70 Hz caused what?

question: Many railways choose low DC what?

text: frequencies


text: Tristan da Cunha /ˈtrɪstən də ˈkuːnjə/, colloquially Tristan, is both a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and the main island of that group. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest inhabited land, Saint Helena, 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) from the nearest continental land, South Africa, and 3,360 kilometres (2,090 mi) from South America. The territory consists of the main island, also named Tristan da Cunha, which has a north–south length of 11.27 kilometres (7.00 mi) and has an area of 98 square kilometres (38 sq mi), along with the smaller, uninhabited Nightingale Islands and the wildlife reserves of Inaccessible and Gough Islands.

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

text: Tristan

text: da

text: Cunha

text: /ˈtrɪstən

text: də

text: ˈkuːnjə/

text: colloquially

text: Tristan

text: is

text: both

text: a

text: remote

text: group

text: of

text: volcanic

text: islands

text: in

text: the

text: south

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: and

text: the

text: main

text: island

text: of

text: that

text: group

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: remote

text: inhabited

text: archipelago

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: lying

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: from

text: the

text: nearest

text: inhabited

text: land

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: from

text: the

text: nearest

text: continental

text: land

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: from

text: South

text: America

text: The

text: territory

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: main

text: island

text: also

text: named

text: Tristan

text: da

text: Cunha

text: which

text: has

text: a

text: north

text: south

text: length

text: of

text: kilometres

text: mi

text: and

text: has

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: smaller

text: uninhabited

text: Nightingale

text: Islands

text: and

text: the

text: wildlife

text: reserves

text: of

text: Inaccessible

text: and

text: Gough

text: Islands

question: what type of islands are the Tristan da Cunha

answer: volcanic

text: volcanic

question: where are the islands of Tristan da Cunha located?

answer: south Atlantic Ocean

text: south Atlantic Ocean

question: how many square kilometres  is the island?

answer: 98

question: what type of island group are the islands?

answer: archipelago

text: archipelago

question: WHat is the name for the main kilometres of the group?

text: Tristan

question: Which is the least remotely inhabited archipelago in the world?

text: Tristan

question: What is the name for the group of remote volcanic islands in the north Atlantic Ocean?

text: Tristan da Cunha

question: What is the name for the group of remote volcanic islands in the south Pacific Ocean?

text: Tristan da Cunha

question: What is the name for the group of remote wildlife reserves in the north Atlantic Ocean?

text: Tristan da Cunha


text: The subsequent Slave dynasty of Delhi managed to conquer large areas of northern India, while the Khilji dynasty conquered most of central India but were ultimately unsuccessful in conquering and uniting the subcontinent. The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting "Indo-Muslim" fusion of cultures left lasting syncretic monuments in architecture, music, literature, religion, and clothing. It is surmised that the language of Urdu (literally meaning "horde" or "camp" in various Turkic dialects) was born during the Delhi Sultanate period as a result of the intermingling of the local speakers of Sanskritic Prakrits with immigrants speaking Persian, Turkic, and Arabic under the Muslim rulers. The Delhi Sultanate is the only Indo-Islamic empire to enthrone one of the few female rulers in India, Razia Sultana (1236–1240).

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: The

text: subsequent

text: Slave

text: dynasty

text: of

text: Delhi

text: managed

text: to

text: conquer

text: large

text: areas

text: of

text: northern

text: India

text: while

text: the

text: Khilji

text: dynasty

text: conquered

text: most

text: of

text: central

text: India

text: but

text: were

text: ultimately

text: unsuccessful

text: in

text: conquering

text: and

text: uniting

text: the

text: subcontinent

text: The

text: Sultanate

text: ushered

text: in

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: Indian

text: cultural

text: renaissance

text: The

text: resulting

text: Indo

text: Muslim

text: fusion

text: of

text: cultures

text: left

text: lasting

text: syncretic

text: monuments

text: in

text: architecture

text: music

text: literature

text: religion

text: and

text: clothing

text: It

text: is

text: surmised

text: that

text: the

text: language

text: of

text: Urdu

text: literally

text: meaning

text: horde

text: or

text: camp

text: in

text: various

text: Turkic

text: dialects

text: was

text: born

text: during

text: the

text: Delhi

text: Sultanate

text: period

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: intermingling

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: speakers

text: of

text: Sanskritic

text: Prakrits

text: with

text: immigrants

text: speaking

text: Persian

text: Turkic

text: and

text: Arabic

text: under

text: the

text: Muslim

text: rulers

text: The

text: Delhi

text: Sultanate

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: Indo

text: Islamic

text: empire

text: to

text: enthrone

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: few

text: female

text: rulers

text: in

text: India

text: Razia

text: Sultana

question: What conquered large areas of northern India?

answer: Slave dynasty of Delhi

text: Slave dynasty of Delhi

question: What dynasty captured most of central India?

answer: Khilji dynasty

text: Khilji dynasty

question: What language was created during the Delhi Sultanate?

answer: Urdu

text: Urdu

question: Who was the only female sultana to be enthroned in a Indo-Islamic empire?

answer: Razia Sultana

text: Razia Sultana

question: By what is the fusion of Islamic and Indian cultures called?

answer: Indo-Muslim

text: Indo-Muslim


text: With Egypt and Macedonia weakened, the Seleucid Empire made increasingly aggressive and successful attempts to conquer the entire Greek world. Now not only Rome's allies against Philip, but even Philip himself, sought a Roman alliance against the Seleucids. The situation was made worse by the fact that Hannibal was now a chief military advisor to the Seleucid emperor, and the two were believed to be planning an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself. The Seleucids were much stronger than the Macedonians had ever been, because they controlled much of the former Persian Empire, and by now had almost entirely reassembled Alexander the Great's former empire.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: With

text: Egypt

text: and

text: Macedonia

text: weakened

text: the

text: Seleucid

text: Empire

text: made

text: increasingly

text: aggressive

text: and

text: successful

text: attempts

text: to

text: conquer

text: the

text: entire

text: Greek

text: world

text: Now

text: not

text: only

text: Rome

text: 's

text: allies

text: against

text: Philip

text: but

text: even

text: Philip

text: himself

text: sought

text: a

text: Roman

text: alliance

text: against

text: the

text: Seleucids

text: The

text: situation

text: was

text: made

text: worse

text: by

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: Hannibal

text: was

text: now

text: a

text: chief

text: military

text: advisor

text: to

text: the

text: Seleucid

text: emperor

text: and

text: the

text: two

text: were

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: planning

text: an

text: outright

text: conquest

text: not

text: just

text: of

text: Greece

text: but

text: of

text: Rome

text: itself

text: The

text: Seleucids

text: were

text: much

text: stronger

text: than

text: the

text: Macedonians

text: had

text: ever

text: been

text: because

text: they

text: controlled

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: Persian

text: Empire

text: and

text: by

text: now

text: had

text: almost

text: entirely

text: reassembled

text: Alexander

text: the

text: Great

text: 's

text: former

text: empire

question: Who had now been appointed as a military advisor to the emperor of Seleucid?

answer: Hannibal

text: Hannibal

question: What was thought to be the plan of Hannibal and the emperor of Seleucid?

answer: an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself

text: an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself

question: Which empire currently controlled the majority of the former Persian Empire?

answer: Seleucids

text: Seleucids

question: Who had managed to recreate nearly the entirety of the empire of Alexander the Great?

answer: Seleucids

text: Seleucids

question: Which former enemy wanted an alliance with the Romans?

answer: Philip

text: Philip


text: Circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and prepare for precise and regular environmental changes. They thus enable organisms to best capitalize on environmental resources (e.g. light and food) compared to those that cannot predict such availability. It has therefore been suggested that circadian rhythms put organisms at a selective advantage in evolutionary terms. However, rhythmicity appears to be as important in regulating and coordinating internal metabolic processes, as in coordinating with the environment. This is suggested by the maintenance (heritability) of circadian rhythms in fruit flies after several hundred generations in constant laboratory conditions, as well as in creatures in constant darkness in the wild, and by the experimental elimination of behavioral, but not physiological, circadian rhythms in quail.

title: Circadian_rhythm

title: Circadian_rhythm

text: Circadian

text: rhythms

text: allow

text: organisms

text: to

text: anticipate

text: and

text: prepare

text: for

text: precise

text: and

text: regular

text: environmental

text: changes

text: They

text: thus

text: enable

text: organisms

text: to

text: best

text: capitalize

text: on

text: environmental

text: resources

text: e.g.

text: light

text: and

text: food

text: compared

text: to

text: those

text: that

text: can

text: not

text: predict

text: such

text: availability

text: It

text: has

text: therefore

text: been

text: suggested

text: that

text: circadian

text: rhythms

text: put

text: organisms

text: at

text: a

text: selective

text: advantage

text: in

text: evolutionary

text: terms

text: However

text: rhythmicity

text: appears

text: to

text: be

text: as

text: important

text: in

text: regulating

text: and

text: coordinating

text: internal

text: metabolic

text: processes

text: as

text: in

text: coordinating

text: with

text: the

text: environment

text: This

text: is

text: suggested

text: by

text: the

text: maintenance

text: heritability

text: of

text: circadian

text: rhythms

text: in

text: fruit

text: flies

text: after

text: several

text: hundred

text: generations

text: in

text: constant

text: laboratory

text: conditions

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: creatures

text: in

text: constant

text: darkness

text: in

text: the

text: wild

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: experimental

text: elimination

text: of

text: behavioral

text: but

text: not

text: physiological

text: circadian

text: rhythms

text: in

text: quail

question: For what do Circadian rhythms let an organism prepare?

answer: environmental changes

text: environmental changes

question: What can an organism that uses circadian rhythms use to its advantage that others can not?

answer: resources

text: resources

question: By better using resources, how does that improve an organism's chances of surviving?

answer: selective advantage

text: selective advantage

question: By improving what processes does the use of circadian rhythms serve to benefit the individual?

answer: internal metabolic

text: internal metabolic

question: What insect has been studied concerning the inheritability of rhythms?

answer: fruit flies

text: fruit flies

question: What allows organisms to anticipate and prepare for unexpected environmental changes?

text: Circadian rhythms

question: What kind Of resources can organisms without circadian rhythms capitalize on?

text: environmental

question: What do circadian rhythms put at a selective disadvantage in evolutionary terms?

text: organisms

question: What is rhythmicity more important for regulating then it is for coordinating with the environment?


text: Traditionally, the European intellectual transformation of and after the Renaissance bridged the Middle Ages and the Modern era. The Age of Reason in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach, especially Scholasticism. Early 17th-century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment, but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy, extending that era to two centuries. The 18th century saw the beginning of secularization in Europe, rising to notability in the wake of the French Revolution.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: Traditionally

text: the

text: European

text: intellectual

text: transformation

text: of

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: bridged

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: the

text: Modern

text: era

text: The

text: Age

text: of

text: Reason

text: in

text: the

text: Western

text: world

text: is

text: generally

text: regarded

text: as

text: being

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: modern

text: philosophy

text: and

text: a

text: departure

text: from

text: the

text: medieval

text: approach

text: especially

text: Scholasticism

text: Early

text: century

text: philosophy

text: is

text: often

text: called

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Rationalism

text: and

text: is

text: considered

text: to

text: succeed

text: Renaissance

text: philosophy

text: and

text: precede

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Enlightenment

text: but

text: some

text: consider

text: it

text: as

text: the

text: earliest

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Enlightenment

text: era

text: in

text: philosophy

text: extending

text: that

text: era

text: to

text: two

text: centuries

text: The

text: century

text: saw

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: secularization

text: in

text: Europe

text: rising

text: to

text: notability

text: in

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

question: What bridged the middle ages to the modern era?

answer: European intellectual transformation

text: European intellectual transformation

question: What is regarded as the start of modern philosophy?

answer: The Age of Reason

text: The Age of Reason

question: What is 17th century philosophy also referred to as?

answer: the Age of Rationalism

text: the Age of Rationalism

question: What does the Age of Rationalism succeed?

answer: Renaissance philosophy

text: Renaissance philosophy

question: What did the beginning of the 18th century mark the beginning of in Europe?

answer: secularization

text: secularization


text: Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell.

title: Symbiosis

title: Symbiosis

text: Another

text: non

text: obligate

text: symbiosis

text: is

text: known

text: from

text: encrusting

text: bryozoans

text: and

text: hermit

text: crabs

text: that

text: live

text: in

text: a

text: close

text: relationship

text: The

text: bryozoan

text: colony

text: Acanthodesia

text: commensale

text: develops

text: a

text: cirumrotatory

text: growth

text: and

text: offers

text: the

text: crab

text: Pseudopagurus

text: granulimanus

text: a

text: helicospiral

text: tubular

text: extension

text: of

text: its

text: living

text: chamber

text: that

text: initially

text: was

text: situated

text: within

text: a

text: gastropod

text: shell

question: What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs?

answer: non-obligate

text: non-obligate

question: What species of crab has a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber?

text: Pseudopagurus granulimanus

question: What species of crab develops a cirumrotatory growth?

text: Pseudopagurus granulimanus

question: What relationship is it considered when the bryozoans and hermit crabs do not live in a close relationship?

text: non-obligate symbiosis

question: Where is the cirumrotatory growth in the crab located?

text: gastropod shell


text: In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

title: Alfred_North_Whitehead

text: In

text: Whitehead

text: 's

text: academic

text: responsibilities

text: began

text: to

text: seriously

text: expand

text: as

text: he

text: accepted

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: high

text: administrative

text: positions

text: within

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: London

text: system

text: of

text: which

text: Imperial

text: College

text: London

text: was

text: a

text: member

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: He

text: was

text: elected

text: Dean

text: of

text: the

text: Faculty

text: of

text: Science

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: London

text: in

text: late

text: a

text: post

text: he

text: held

text: for

text: four

text: years

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: London

text: 's

text: Senate

text: in

text: and

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Senate

text: 's

text: Academic

text: leadership

text: Council

text: in

text: a

text: post

text: which

text: he

text: held

text: until

text: he

text: departed

text: for

text: America

text: in

text: Whitehead

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: exert

text: his

text: newfound

text: influence

text: to

text: successfully

text: lobby

text: for

text: a

text: new

text: history

text: of

text: science

text: department

text: help

text: establish

text: a

text: Bachelor

text: of

text: Science

text: degree

text: previously

text: only

text: Bachelor

text: of

text: Arts

text: degrees

text: had

text: been

text: offered

text: and

text: make

text: the

text: school

text: more

text: accessible

text: to

text: less

text: wealthy

text: students

question: When did Whitehead accept administrative positions?

answer: 1918

question: Where did Whitehead accept administrative positions?

answer: University of London

text: University of London

question: What was he elected at the University of London?

answer: Dean of the Faculty of Science

text: Dean of the Faculty of Science

question: When did Whitehead go to America?

answer: 1924

question: In which educational system was Whitehead employed in the late 1910s?

answer: University of London system

text: University of London system

question: What was Whitehead's title at the University of London in late 1918?

answer: Dean of the Faculty of Science

text: Dean of the Faculty of Science

question: What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to America?

answer: chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council

text: chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council

question: In which year did Whitehead relocate to America?

answer: 1924

question: What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London?

answer: Bachelor of Science

text: Bachelor of Science

question: In which year did Whitehead relocate to Africa?

question: What degree program did Whitehead contribute to unestablishing at University of London?

text: Bachelor of Science

question: What was Whitehead's title at the University of France in late 1918?

text: University of London

question: What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to Africa?

text: chairman of the Senate's Academic


text: The ISO 216 system used in most other countries is based on the surface area of a sheet of paper, not on a sheet's width and length. It was first adopted in Germany in 1922 and generally spread as nations adopted the metric system. The largest standard size paper is A0 (A zero), measuring one square meter (approx. 1189 × 841 mm). Two sheets of A1, placed upright side by side fit exactly into one sheet of A0 laid on its side. Similarly, two sheets of A2 fit into one sheet of A1 and so forth. Common sizes used in the office and the home are A4 and A3 (A3 is the size of two A4 sheets).

title: Paper

title: Paper

text: The

text: ISO

text: system

text: used

text: in

text: most

text: other

text: countries

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: surface

text: area

text: of

text: a

text: sheet

text: of

text: paper

text: not

text: on

text: a

text: sheet

text: 's

text: width

text: and

text: length

text: It

text: was

text: first

text: adopted

text: in

text: Germany

text: in

text: and

text: generally

text: spread

text: as

text: nations

text: adopted

text: the

text: metric

text: system

text: The

text: largest

text: standard

text: size

text: paper

text: is

text: A

text: zero

text: measuring

text: one

text: square

text: meter

text: approx

text: mm

text: Two

text: sheets

text: of

text: placed

text: upright

text: side

text: by

text: side

text: fit

text: exactly

text: into

text: one

text: sheet

text: of

text: laid

text: on

text: its

text: side

text: Similarly

text: two

text: sheets

text: of

text: fit

text: into

text: one

text: sheet

text: of

text: and

text: so

text: forth

text: Common

text: sizes

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: office

text: and

text: the

text: home

text: are

text: and

text: is

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: two

text: sheets

question: Most countries besides the US use what ISO System?

answer: ISO 216

text: ISO 216

question: What country first adopted the ISO 216 standard?

answer: Germany

text: Germany

question: What is the largest standard size paper?

answer: A0

question: How many sheets of A1 paper would cover one single piece of A0 paper?

answer: 2

question: What is the lowest numbered A paper that is commonly used at home?

answer: A3

question: Instead of the surface area of paper, what is the ISO 216 system based on?

text: width and length

question: When was the ISO 1189 system first adopted in Germany?

question: What is the smallest standard paper size?

question: How many sheets of A1 fit into a sheet of A2?

text: two

question: What are some common sizes never used in the home or office?

text: A4 and A3

question: Most countries besides the UK use what ISO System?

text: ISO 216

question: What country first rejected the ISO 216 standard?

text: Germany

question: What is the smallest standard size paper?

question: How many sheets of A1 paper would cover one single piece of AD paper?

question: What is the lowest numbered A paper that is uncommonly used at home?


text: An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.

title: Internet_service_provider

title: Internet_service_provider

text: An

text: Internet

text: service

text: provider

text: ISP

text: is

text: an

text: organization

text: that

text: provides

text: services

text: for

text: accessing

text: using

text: the

text: Internet

text: Internet

text: service

text: providers

text: may

text: be

text: organized

text: in

text: various

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: commercial

text: community

text: owned

text: non

text: profit

text: or

text: otherwise

text: privately

text: owned

question: What does ISP stand for?

answer: Internet service provider

text: Internet service provider

question: what does an isp do?

answer: provides services for accessing, using, the Internet

text: provides services for accessing, using, the Internet

question: What forms can an isp be organized in?

answer: commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned

text: commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned

question: What are the initials for an Internet service proxy?

text: ISP

question: What kind of service providers are always commercial providers?

text: Internet

question: What kind of organization are all for profit?

text: Internet service provider


text: Once known as "the Gibraltar of the West" and "Fortress Bermuda", Bermuda today is defended by forces of the British government. For the first two centuries of settlement, the most potent armed force operating from Bermuda was its merchant shipping fleet, which turned to privateering at every opportunity. The Bermuda government maintained a local militia. After the American Revolutionary War, Bermuda was established as the Western Atlantic headquarters of the Royal Navy. Once the Royal Navy established a base and dockyard defended by regular soldiers, however, the militias were disbanded following the War of 1812. At the end of the 19th century, the colony raised volunteer units to form a reserve for the military garrison.

title: Bermuda

title: Bermuda

text: Once

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Gibraltar

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: and

text: Fortress

text: Bermuda

text: Bermuda

text: today

text: is

text: defended

text: by

text: forces

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: government

text: For

text: the

text: first

text: two

text: centuries

text: of

text: settlement

text: the

text: most

text: potent

text: armed

text: force

text: operating

text: from

text: Bermuda

text: was

text: its

text: merchant

text: shipping

text: fleet

text: which

text: turned

text: to

text: privateering

text: at

text: every

text: opportunity

text: The

text: Bermuda

text: government

text: maintained

text: a

text: local

text: militia

text: After

text: the

text: American

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: Bermuda

text: was

text: established

text: as

text: the

text: Western

text: Atlantic

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: Once

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: established

text: a

text: base

text: and

text: dockyard

text: defended

text: by

text: regular

text: soldiers

text: however

text: the

text: militias

text: were

text: disbanded

text: following

text: the

text: War

text: of

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: colony

text: raised

text: volunteer

text: units

text: to

text: form

text: a

text: reserve

text: for

text: the

text: military

text: garrison

question: Due to the British goverment's defense forces, what are two nicknames for bermuda?

answer: the Gibraltar of the West" and "Fortress Bermuda"

text: the Gibraltar of the West" and "Fortress Bermuda"

question: What did Bermuda's merchant shipping fleet do whenever it had the chance?

answer: turned to privateering

text: turned to privateering

question: What was Bermuda established as after the American Revolutionary War?

answer: Western Atlantic headquarters of the Royal Navy.

text: Western Atlantic headquarters of the Royal Navy.

question: When were the militias in Bermuda disbanded?

answer: following the War of 1812

text: following the War of 1812

question: How did the colony form a military garrison in the 19th century?

answer: raised volunteer units to form a reserve

text: raised volunteer units to form a reserve

question: What was known as the Fortress of the West and Gibraltar Bermuda?

text: Bermuda

question: Who is the British government defended by?

text: Bermuda

question: What did he British government maintain?

text: a local militia

question: What year were the militias disbanded?


text: Art historian Hravard Hakobyan notes that "Artsakh carpets occupy a special place in the history of Armenian carpet-making." Common themes and patterns found on Armenian carpets were the depiction of dragons and eagles. They were diverse in style, rich in color and ornamental motifs, and were even separated in categories depending on what sort of animals were depicted on them, such as artsvagorgs (eagle-carpets), vishapagorgs (dragon-carpets) and otsagorgs (serpent-carpets). The rug mentioned in the Kaptavan inscriptions is composed of three arches, "covered with vegatative ornaments", and bears an artistic resemblance to the illuminated manuscripts produced in Artsakh.

title: Armenians

title: Armenians

text: Art

text: historian

text: Hravard

text: Hakobyan

text: notes

text: that

text: Artsakh

text: carpets

text: occupy

text: a

text: special

text: place

text: in

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: Armenian

text: carpet

text: making

text: Common

text: themes

text: and

text: patterns

text: found

text: on

text: Armenian

text: carpets

text: were

text: the

text: depiction

text: of

text: dragons

text: and

text: eagles

text: They

text: were

text: diverse

text: in

text: style

text: rich

text: in

text: color

text: and

text: ornamental

text: motifs

text: and

text: were

text: even

text: separated

text: in

text: categories

text: depending

text: on

text: what

text: sort

text: of

text: animals

text: were

text: depicted

text: on

text: them

text: such

text: as

text: artsvagorgs

text: eagle

text: carpets

text: vishapagorgs

text: dragon

text: carpets

text: and

text: otsagorgs

text: serpent

text: carpets

text: The

text: rug

text: mentioned

text: in

text: the

text: Kaptavan

text: inscriptions

text: is

text: composed

text: of

text: three

text: arches

text: covered

text: with

text: vegatative

text: ornaments

text: and

text: bears

text: an

text: artistic

text: resemblance

text: to

text: the

text: illuminated

text: manuscripts

text: produced

text: in

text: Artsakh

question: What is Hakobyan's career?

answer: Art historian

text: Art historian

question: What creatures are often depicted on Armenian carpets?

answer: dragons and eagles

text: dragons and eagles

question: What are artsvagorgs?

answer: eagle-carpets

text: eagle-carpets

question: What are vishapagorgs?

answer: dragon-carpets

text: dragon-carpets

question: What are otsagorgs?

answer: serpent-carpets

text: serpent-carpets

question: What is Artsakh's profession?

text: Art historian

question: What two motifs were usually found in Kaptavian inscriptions?

text: depiction of dragons and eagles

question: What are the Hravard inscriptions composed of?

question: What are the Hravard inscriptions similar to?

question: What are manuscripts separated into depending on the animals on them?

text: categories


text: One-third of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB. New infections occur in about 1% of the population each year. In 2014, there were 9.6 million cases of active TB which resulted in 1.5 million deaths. More than 95% of deaths occurred in developing countries. The number of new cases each year has decreased since 2000. About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test positive while 5–10% of people in the United States population tests positive by the tuberculin test. Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times.

title: Tuberculosis

title: Tuberculosis

text: One

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: be

text: infected

text: with

text: TB

text: New

text: infections

text: occur

text: in

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: each

text: year

text: In

text: there

text: were

text: million

text: cases

text: of

text: active

text: TB

text: which

text: resulted

text: in

text: million

text: deaths

text: More

text: than

text: of

text: deaths

text: occurred

text: in

text: developing

text: countries

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: new

text: cases

text: each

text: year

text: has

text: decreased

text: since

text: About

text: of

text: people

text: in

text: many

text: Asian

text: and

text: African

text: countries

text: test

text: positive

text: while

text: of

text: people

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: population

text: tests

text: positive

text: by

text: the

text: tuberculin

text: test

text: Tuberculosis

text: has

text: been

text: present

text: in

text: humans

text: since

text: ancient

text: times

question: How much of the entire population of the planet is estimated to be carrying tuberculosis?

answer: One-third

text: One-third

question: How many cases of tuberculosis were active over the course of 2014?

answer: 9.6 million

text: 9.6 million

question: In 2014, how many people died from TB?

answer: 1.5 million

text: 1.5 million

question: Does the majority of fatalities from TB occur in developing countries or industrialized nations?

answer: developing countries

text: developing countries

question: Has TB infection increased or decreased worldwide since the start of the 21st century?

answer: decreased

text: decreased

question: What percentage of deaths worldwide died from TB in 2014?

question: How many people died from TB in 2000?

text: 1.5 million

question: How many new cases of TB occurred in 2014?

text: 9.6 million

question: When did deaths begin increasing?

question: Which Asian country has an 80% infection rate?

text: United States


text: Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass,:180 and identified four groups within it: insects (Ectognatha), springtails (Collembola), Protura, and Diplura, the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the basis of internalized mouth parts. Supraordinal relationships have undergone numerous changes with the advent of methods based on evolutionary history and genetic data. A recent theory is that the Hexapoda are polyphyletic (where the last common ancestor was not a member of the group), with the entognath classes having separate evolutionary histories from the Insecta. Many of the traditional appearance-based taxa have been shown to be paraphyletic, so rather than using ranks like subclass, superorder, and infraorder, it has proved better to use monophyletic groupings (in which the last common ancestor is a member of the group). The following represents the best-supported monophyletic groupings for the Insecta.

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: Traditional

text: morphology

text: based

text: or

text: appearance

text: based

text: systematics

text: have

text: usually

text: given

text: the

text: Hexapoda

text: the

text: rank

text: of

text: and

text: identified

text: four

text: groups

text: within

text: it

text: insects

text: Ectognatha

text: springtails

text: Collembola

text: Protura

text: and

text: Diplura

text: the

text: latter

text: three

text: being

text: grouped

text: together

text: as

text: the

text: Entognatha

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: internalized

text: mouth

text: parts

text: Supraordinal

text: relationships

text: have

text: undergone

text: numerous

text: changes

text: with

text: the

text: advent

text: of

text: methods

text: based

text: on

text: evolutionary

text: history

text: and

text: genetic

text: data

text: A

text: recent

text: theory

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: Hexapoda

text: are

text: polyphyletic

text: where

text: the

text: last

text: common

text: ancestor

text: was

text: not

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: with

text: the

text: entognath

text: classes

text: having

text: separate

text: evolutionary

text: histories

text: from

text: the

text: Insecta

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: traditional

text: appearance

text: based

text: taxa

text: have

text: been

text: shown

text: to

text: be

text: paraphyletic

text: so

text: rather

text: than

text: using

text: ranks

text: like

text: subclass

text: superorder

text: and

text: infraorder

text: it

text: has

text: proved

text: better

text: to

text: use

text: monophyletic

text: groupings

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: last

text: common

text: ancestor

text: is

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: group

text: The

text: following

text: represents

text: the

text: best

text: supported

text: monophyletic

text: groupings

text: for

text: the

text: Insecta

question: Morphology-based and appearance-based are known as what?

answer: systematics

text: systematics

question: What class is the Hexapoda ranked?

answer: superclass

text: superclass

question: How many groups are defined in the superclass?

answer: four groups

text: four groups

question: Springtails are also known as what?

answer: Collembola

text: Collembola

question: Collembola, protura, and dipkura are in a group called what?

answer: Entognatha

text: Entognatha


text: Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world's largest laboratory, CERN, dedicated to particle physics research. Another important research center is the Paul Scherrer Institute. Notable inventions include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), the scanning tunneling microscope (Nobel prize) and Velcro. Some technologies enabled the exploration of new worlds such as the pressurized balloon of Auguste Piccard and the Bathyscaphe which permitted Jacques Piccard to reach the deepest point of the world's oceans.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: Geneva

text: and

text: the

text: nearby

text: French

text: department

text: of

text: Ain

text: co

text: host

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: largest

text: laboratory

text: CERN

text: dedicated

text: to

text: particle

text: physics

text: research

text: Another

text: important

text: research

text: center

text: is

text: the

text: Paul

text: Scherrer

text: Institute

text: Notable

text: inventions

text: include

text: lysergic

text: acid

text: diethylamide

text: LSD

text: the

text: scanning

text: tunneling

text: microscope

text: Nobel

text: prize

text: and

text: Velcro

text: Some

text: technologies

text: enabled

text: the

text: exploration

text: of

text: new

text: worlds

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: pressurized

text: balloon

text: of

text: Auguste

text: Piccard

text: and

text: the

text: Bathyscaphe

text: which

text: permitted

text: Jacques

text: Piccard

text: to

text: reach

text: the

text: deepest

text: point

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oceans

question: What is the world's largest laboratory?

answer: CERN

text: CERN

question: Who co-hosts CERN along with the French department of Ain?

answer: Geneva

text: Geneva

question: What research is CERN dedicated to?

answer: particle physics

text: particle physics

question: What notable Swiss invention won the nobel prize?

answer: scanning tunneling microscope

text: scanning tunneling microscope

question: Who invented the pressurized balloon?

answer: Auguste Piccard

text: Auguste Piccard


text: Changing clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost opportunity cost at around $1.7 billion USD. Although it has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency, and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on US stock exchanges, the estimated numbers depend on the methodology. The results have been disputed, and the original authors have refuted the points raised by disputers.

title: Daylight_saving_time

title: Daylight_saving_time

text: Changing

text: clocks

text: and

text: DST

text: rules

text: has

text: a

text: direct

text: economic

text: cost

text: entailing

text: extra

text: work

text: to

text: support

text: remote

text: meetings

text: computer

text: applications

text: and

text: the

text: like

text: For

text: example

text: a

text: North

text: American

text: rule

text: change

text: cost

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: to

text: billion

text: and

text: Utah

text: State

text: University

text: economist

text: William

text: F.

text: Shughart

text: II

text: has

text: estimated

text: the

text: lost

text: opportunity

text: cost

text: at

text: around

text: billion

text: USD

text: Although

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: argued

text: that

text: clock

text: shifts

text: correlate

text: with

text: decreased

text: economic

text: efficiency

text: and

text: that

text: in

text: the

text: daylight

text: saving

text: effect

text: implied

text: an

text: estimated

text: one

text: day

text: loss

text: of

text: billion

text: on

text: US

text: stock

text: exchanges

text: the

text: estimated

text: numbers

text: depend

text: on

text: the

text: methodology

text: The

text: results

text: have

text: been

text: disputed

text: and

text: the

text: original

text: authors

text: have

text: refuted

text: the

text: points

text: raised

text: by

text: disputers

question: What year did a change in DST policy cost North America somewhere between $500 million and $1 billion in extra work?

answer: 2007

question: Who is the economist who said there was about $1.7 billion in lost opportunity costs because of the 2007 changes?

answer: William F. Shughart II

text: William F. Shughart II

question: What have some people argued correlates with time shifts from daylight savings?

answer: decreased economic efficiency

text: decreased economic efficiency

question: What do some call the effect that they say caused a one-day loss for stock exchanges of approximately $31 billion in the year 2000?

answer: the daylight-saving effect

text: the daylight-saving effect

question: What factor determines the numbers people reach for estimates when studying DST?

answer: methodology

text: methodology


text: Knowledge, for Popper, was objective, both in the sense that it is objectively true (or truthlike), and also in the sense that knowledge has an ontological status (i.e., knowledge as object) independent of the knowing subject (Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, 1972). He proposed three worlds: World One, being the physical world, or physical states; World Two, being the world of mind, or mental states, ideas, and perceptions; and World Three, being the body of human knowledge expressed in its manifold forms, or the products of the second world made manifest in the materials of the first world (i.e., books, papers, paintings, symphonies, and all the products of the human mind). World Three, he argued, was the product of individual human beings in exactly the same sense that an animal path is the product of individual animals, and that, as such, has an existence and evolution independent of any individual knowing subjects. The influence of World Three, in his view, on the individual human mind (World Two) is at least as strong as the influence of World One. In other words, the knowledge held by a given individual mind owes at least as much to the total accumulated wealth of human knowledge, made manifest, as to the world of direct experience. As such, the growth of human knowledge could be said to be a function of the independent evolution of World Three. Many contemporary philosophers, such as Daniel Dennett, have not embraced Popper's Three World conjecture, due mostly, it seems, to its resemblance to mind-body dualism.

title: Karl_Popper

title: Karl_Popper

text: Knowledge

text: for

text: Popper

text: was

text: objective

text: both

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: objectively

text: true

text: or

text: truthlike

text: and

text: also

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: that

text: knowledge

text: has

text: an

text: ontological

text: status

text: i.e.

text: knowledge

text: as

text: object

text: independent

text: of

text: the

text: knowing

text: subject

text: Objective

text: Knowledge

text: An

text: Evolutionary

text: Approach

text: He

text: proposed

text: three

text: worlds

text: World

text: One

text: being

text: the

text: physical

text: world

text: or

text: physical

text: states

text: World

text: Two

text: being

text: the

text: world

text: of

text: mind

text: or

text: mental

text: states

text: ideas

text: and

text: perceptions

text: and

text: World

text: Three

text: being

text: the

text: body

text: of

text: human

text: knowledge

text: expressed

text: in

text: its

text: manifold

text: forms

text: or

text: the

text: products

text: of

text: the

text: second

text: world

text: made

text: manifest

text: in

text: the

text: materials

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: world

text: i.e.

text: books

text: papers

text: paintings

text: symphonies

text: and

text: all

text: the

text: products

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: mind

text: World

text: Three

text: he

text: argued

text: was

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: individual

text: human

text: beings

text: in

text: exactly

text: the

text: same

text: sense

text: that

text: an

text: animal

text: path

text: is

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: individual

text: animals

text: and

text: that

text: as

text: such

text: has

text: an

text: existence

text: and

text: evolution

text: independent

text: of

text: any

text: individual

text: knowing

text: subjects

text: The

text: influence

text: of

text: World

text: Three

text: in

text: his

text: view

text: on

text: the

text: individual

text: human

text: mind

text: World

text: Two

text: is

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: strong

text: as

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: World

text: One

text: In

text: other

text: words

text: the

text: knowledge

text: held

text: by

text: a

text: given

text: individual

text: mind

text: owes

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: much

text: to

text: the

text: total

text: accumulated

text: wealth

text: of

text: human

text: knowledge

text: made

text: manifest

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: world

text: of

text: direct

text: experience

text: As

text: such

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: human

text: knowledge

text: could

text: be

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: function

text: of

text: the

text: independent

text: evolution

text: of

text: World

text: Three

text: Many

text: contemporary

text: philosophers

text: such

text: as

text: Daniel

text: Dennett

text: have

text: not

text: embraced

text: Popper

text: 's

text: Three

text: World

text: conjecture

text: due

text: mostly

text: it

text: seems

text: to

text: its

text: resemblance

text: to

text: mind

text: body

text: dualism

question: What did Popper argue was objective and independent of its subject?

answer: knowledge

text: knowledge

question: How many different worlds or realities did Popper differentiate in Objective Knowledge?

answer: three

text: three

question: What constituted World One in Popper's theory?

answer: the physical world

text: the physical world

question: Who produced the contents of World Three?

answer: individual human beings

text: individual human beings

question: Which world's evolution corresponds to the growth of human knowledge?

answer: World Three

text: World Three

question: What was not objective for Popper?

text: Knowledge

question: In what book did Popper say that knowledge was dependent on the knowing subject?

question: How many different worlds or realities did Einstein define in Objective Knowledge?

text: three

question: What constituted World Four in Popper's theory?

text: the physical world

question: What items did Popper say were not a product of the second world made manifest in the first world?

text: books


text: Bohemia (as Czech civilization was known by then) increased in power over the centuries, as its language did in regional importance. This growth was expedited during the fourteenth century by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, who founded Charles University in Prague in 1348. Here, early Czech literature (a biblical translation, hymns and hagiography) flourished. Old Czech texts, including poetry and cookbooks, were produced outside the university as well. Later in the century Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography, advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners (particularly in religion) and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language.

title: Czech_language

title: Czech_language

text: Bohemia

text: as

text: Czech

text: civilization

text: was

text: known

text: by

text: then

text: increased

text: in

text: power

text: over

text: the

text: centuries

text: as

text: its

text: language

text: did

text: in

text: regional

text: importance

text: This

text: growth

text: was

text: expedited

text: during

text: the

text: fourteenth

text: century

text: by

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: Charles

text: IV

text: who

text: founded

text: Charles

text: University

text: in

text: Prague

text: in

text: Here

text: early

text: Czech

text: literature

text: a

text: biblical

text: translation

text: hymns

text: and

text: hagiography

text: flourished

text: Old

text: Czech

text: texts

text: including

text: poetry

text: and

text: cookbooks

text: were

text: produced

text: outside

text: the

text: university

text: as

text: well

text: Later

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Jan

text: Hus

text: contributed

text: significantly

text: to

text: the

text: standardization

text: of

text: Czech

text: orthography

text: advocated

text: for

text: widespread

text: literacy

text: among

text: Czech

text: commoners

text: particularly

text: in

text: religion

text: and

text: made

text: early

text: efforts

text: to

text: model

text: written

text: Czech

text: after

text: the

text: spoken

text: language

question: What was Czech civilization called back in the day?

answer: Bohemia

text: Bohemia

question: What Holy Roman Emperor expedited the growth of Bohemia in the 14th century?

answer: Charles IV

text: Charles IV

question: When was Charles University founded in Prague?

answer: 1348

question: Who contributed heavily to the effort to standardize Czech orthography?

answer: Jan Hus

text: Jan Hus

question: What did Jan Hus advocate for among the Czech commoners?

answer: widespread literacy

text: widespread literacy

question: What university was founded by Jan Hus?

text: Charles University

question: In what city did Jan Hus found Charles University?

text: Prague

question: In what year did Jan Hus found Charles University?

question: What works were written by Jan Hus?

question: What type of literature was written by Czech commoners in 1348?

text: poetry and cookbooks


text: Various music journalists, critical theorists, and authors have deemed Madonna the most influential female recording artist of all time. Author Carol Clerk wrote that "during her career, Madonna has transcended the term 'pop star' to become a global cultural icon." Rolling Stone of Spain wrote that "She became the first viral Master of Pop in history, years before the Internet was massively used. Madonna was everywhere; in the almighty music television channels, 'radio formulas', magazine covers and even in bookshops. A pop dialectic, never seen since The Beatles's reign, which allowed her to keep on the edge of tendency and commerciality." Laura Barcella in her book Madonna and Me: Women Writers on the Queen of Pop (2012) wrote that "really, Madonna changed everything the musical landscape, the '80s look du jour, and most significantly, what a mainstream female pop star could (and couldn't) say, do, or accomplish in the public eye." William Langley from The Daily Telegraph felt that "Madonna has changed the world's social history, has done more things as more different people than anyone else is ever likely to." Alan McGee from The Guardian felt that Madonna is a post-modern art, the likes of which we will never see again. He further asserted that Madonna and Michael Jackson invented the terms Queen and King of Pop.

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Various

text: music

text: journalists

text: critical

text: theorists

text: and

text: authors

text: have

text: deemed

text: Madonna

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: female

text: recording

text: artist

text: of

text: all

text: time

text: Author

text: Carol

text: Clerk

text: wrote

text: that

text: during

text: her

text: career

text: Madonna

text: has

text: transcended

text: the

text: term

text: pop

text: star

text: to

text: become

text: a

text: global

text: cultural

text: icon

text: Rolling

text: Stone

text: of

text: Spain

text: wrote

text: that

text: She

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: viral

text: Master

text: of

text: Pop

text: in

text: history

text: years

text: before

text: the

text: Internet

text: was

text: massively

text: used

text: Madonna

text: was

text: everywhere

text: in

text: the

text: almighty

text: music

text: television

text: channels

text: radio

text: formulas

text: magazine

text: covers

text: and

text: even

text: in

text: bookshops

text: A

text: pop

text: dialectic

text: never

text: seen

text: since

text: The

text: Beatles

text: 's

text: reign

text: which

text: allowed

text: her

text: to

text: keep

text: on

text: the

text: edge

text: of

text: tendency

text: and

text: commerciality

text: Laura

text: Barcella

text: in

text: her

text: book

text: Madonna

text: and

text: Me

text: Women

text: Writers

text: on

text: the

text: Queen

text: of

text: Pop

text: wrote

text: that

text: really

text: Madonna

text: changed

text: everything

text: the

text: musical

text: landscape

text: the

text: look

text: du

text: jour

text: and

text: most

text: significantly

text: what

text: a

text: mainstream

text: female

text: pop

text: star

text: could

text: and

text: could

text: n't

text: say

text: do

text: or

text: accomplish

text: in

text: the

text: public

text: eye

text: William

text: Langley

text: from

text: The

text: Daily

text: Telegraph

text: felt

text: that

text: Madonna

text: has

text: changed

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: social

text: history

text: has

text: done

text: more

text: things

text: as

text: more

text: different

text: people

text: than

text: anyone

text: else

text: is

text: ever

text: likely

text: to

text: Alan

text: McGee

text: from

text: The

text: Guardian

text: felt

text: that

text: Madonna

text: is

text: a

text: post

text: modern

text: art

text: the

text: likes

text: of

text: which

text: we

text: will

text: never

text: see

text: again

text: He

text: further

text: asserted

text: that

text: Madonna

text: and

text: Michael

text: Jackson

text: invented

text: the

text: terms

text: Queen

text: and

text: King

text: of

text: Pop

question: Who is the most influential recording artist of all time?

answer: Madonna

text: Madonna

question: Who wrote the book, Madonna and Me?

answer: Laura Barcella

text: Laura Barcella

question: Who said that Madonna changed the world social history?

answer: William Langley from The Daily Telegraph

text: William Langley from The Daily Telegraph

question: Who said that Madonna is like post-moderm art?

answer: Alan McGee from The Guardian

text: Alan McGee from The Guardian


text: West's life took a different direction when his mother, Donda West, died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in November 2007. Months later, West and fiancée Alexis Phifer ended their engagement and their long-term intermittent relationship, which had begun in 2002. The events profoundly affected West, who set off for his 2008 Glow in the Dark Tour shortly thereafter. Purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping, West decided to sing using the voice audio processor Auto-Tune, which would become a central part of his next effort. West had previously experimented with the technology on his debut album The College Dropout for the background vocals of "Jesus Walks" and "Never Let Me Down." Recorded mostly in Honolulu, Hawaii in three weeks, West announced his fourth album, 808s & Heartbreak, at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, where he performed its lead single, "Love Lockdown". Music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of Auto-Tune, which typified the pre-release response to the record.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: West

text: 's

text: life

text: took

text: a

text: different

text: direction

text: when

text: his

text: mother

text: Donda

text: West

text: died

text: of

text: complications

text: from

text: cosmetic

text: surgery

text: involving

text: abdominoplasty

text: and

text: breast

text: reduction

text: in

text: November

text: Months

text: later

text: West

text: and

text: fiancée

text: Alexis

text: Phifer

text: ended

text: their

text: engagement

text: and

text: their

text: long

text: term

text: intermittent

text: relationship

text: which

text: had

text: begun

text: in

text: The

text: events

text: profoundly

text: affected

text: West

text: who

text: set

text: off

text: for

text: his

text: Glow

text: in

text: the

text: Dark

text: Tour

text: shortly

text: thereafter

text: Purportedly

text: because

text: his

text: emotions

text: could

text: not

text: be

text: conveyed

text: through

text: rapping

text: West

text: decided

text: to

text: sing

text: using

text: the

text: voice

text: audio

text: processor

text: Auto

text: Tune

text: which

text: would

text: become

text: a

text: central

text: part

text: of

text: his

text: next

text: effort

text: West

text: had

text: previously

text: experimented

text: with

text: the

text: technology

text: on

text: his

text: debut

text: album

text: The

text: College

text: Dropout

text: for

text: the

text: background

text: vocals

text: of

text: Jesus

text: Walks

text: and

text: Never

text: Let

text: Me

text: Down

text: Recorded

text: mostly

text: in

text: Honolulu

text: Hawaii

text: in

text: three

text: weeks

text: West

text: announced

text: his

text: fourth

text: album

text: Heartbreak

text: at

text: the

text: MTV

text: Video

text: Music

text: Awards

text: where

text: he

text: performed

text: its

text: lead

text: single

text: Love

text: Lockdown

text: Music

text: audiences

text: were

text: taken

text: aback

text: by

text: the

text: uncharacteristic

text: production

text: style

text: and

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: Auto

text: Tune

text: which

text: typified

text: the

text: pre

text: release

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: record

question: Following the loss of his mother, who did Kanye end his long-term relationship with?

answer: Alexis Phifer

text: Alexis Phifer

question: What vocal technology did Kanye pick up for his next set of artistic endeavors?

answer: Auto-Tune

text: Auto-Tune

question: In what year did Kanye West's mother pass away?

answer: 2007

question: What was the name of Kanye's ex-fiance?

answer: Alexis Phifer

text: Alexis Phifer

question: What was the name of Kanye's 2008 music tour?

answer: Glow in the Dark Tour

text: Glow in the Dark Tour

question: In what state did Kanye West record them majority of his fourth album?

answer: Hawaii

text: Hawaii

question: What was the first song released off of Kanye's fourth album?

answer: "Love Lockdown"

text: "Love Lockdown"


text: The Gurjar Pratihar Empire acted as a barrier for Arab invaders from the 8th to the 11th century. The chief accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara empire lies in its successful resistance to foreign invasions from the west, starting in the days of Junaid. Historian R. C. Majumdar says that this was openly acknowledged by the Arab writers. He further notes that historians of India have wondered at the slow progress of Muslim invaders in India, as compared with their rapid advance in other parts of the world. Now there seems little doubt that it was the power of the Gurjara Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Arabs beyond the confines of Sindh, their first conquest for nearly 300 years.

title: Rajasthan

title: Rajasthan

text: The

text: Gurjar

text: Pratihar

text: Empire

text: acted

text: as

text: a

text: barrier

text: for

text: Arab

text: invaders

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: chief

text: accomplishment

text: of

text: the

text: Gurjara

text: Pratihara

text: empire

text: lies

text: in

text: its

text: successful

text: resistance

text: to

text: foreign

text: invasions

text: from

text: the

text: west

text: starting

text: in

text: the

text: days

text: of

text: Junaid

text: Historian

text: R.

text: C.

text: Majumdar

text: says

text: that

text: this

text: was

text: openly

text: acknowledged

text: by

text: the

text: Arab

text: writers

text: He

text: further

text: notes

text: that

text: historians

text: of

text: India

text: have

text: wondered

text: at

text: the

text: slow

text: progress

text: of

text: Muslim

text: invaders

text: in

text: India

text: as

text: compared

text: with

text: their

text: rapid

text: advance

text: in

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Now

text: there

text: seems

text: little

text: doubt

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: Gurjara

text: Pratihara

text: army

text: that

text: effectively

text: barred

text: the

text: progress

text: of

text: the

text: Arabs

text: beyond

text: the

text: confines

text: of

text: Sindh

text: their

text: first

text: conquest

text: for

text: nearly

text: years

question: What empire stopped Arab invasions?

answer: Gurjar Pratihar Empire

text: Gurjar Pratihar Empire

question: Arab attempted to invade the Gurjar Pratihar Empire beginning in what century?

answer: 8th

question: What was the most notable accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire?

answer: its successful resistance to foreign invasions

text: its successful resistance to foreign invasions

question: Which historian claims that even the Arabs acknowledged the importance of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire in stopping invasions?

answer: Historian R. C. Majumdar

text: Historian R. C. Majumdar

question: Arab conquest was limited to what region?

answer: Sindh

text: Sindh

question: What did the Arab empire act as a barrier against?

text: The Gurjar Pratihar Empire

question: For how long did the Arab empire stand?

text: from the 8th to the 11th century

question: What is the main accomplishment of the Arab empire?

question: What did Sindh note that Indian historians wondered about?

question: How long did it take the Gurjara Pratihara army to conquer Sindh?

text: 300 years


text: Sometime after the publication of the Eclogues (probably before 37 BC), Virgil became part of the circle of Maecenas, Octavian's capable agent d'affaires who sought to counter sympathy for Antony among the leading families by rallying Roman literary figures to Octavian's side. Virgil came to know many of the other leading literary figures of the time, including Horace, in whose poetry he is often mentioned, and Varius Rufus, who later helped finish the Aeneid.

title: Virgil

title: Virgil

text: Sometime

text: after

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: the

text: Eclogues

text: probably

text: before

text: BC

text: Virgil

text: became

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: circle

text: of

text: Maecenas

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: capable

text: agent

text: d'affaires

text: who

text: sought

text: to

text: counter

text: sympathy

text: for

text: Antony

text: among

text: the

text: leading

text: families

text: by

text: rallying

text: Roman

text: literary

text: figures

text: to

text: Octavian

text: 's

text: side

text: Virgil

text: came

text: to

text: know

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: other

text: leading

text: literary

text: figures

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: including

text: Horace

text: in

text: whose

text: poetry

text: he

text: is

text: often

text: mentioned

text: and

text: Varius

text: Rufus

text: who

text: later

text: helped

text: finish

text: the

text: Aeneid

question: Who helped finish the Aeneid?

answer: Varius Rufus

text: Varius Rufus

question: When where the Eclogues likely published?

answer: before 37 BC

text: before 37 BC

question: What were Octavian' s agent d'affaires called?

answer: Maecenas

text: Maecenas

question: Which leading literary figure often mentioned Virgin in his poetry?

answer: Horace

text: Horace

question: Who invited Virgil to become part of the circle of Maecenas?

text: Horace

question: Which Roman figure of the time was the most prolific writer?

text: Varius Rufus

question: What was Octavian's favorite hobby?

text: poetry

question: What work was Virgil the most proud of?

text: the Aeneid

question: How many poems did Horace write?


text: In the classical era, several ancient city-states such as Opone, Essina, Sarapion, Nikon, Malao, Damo and Mosylon near Cape Guardafui, which competed with the Sabaeans, Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo-Greco-Roman trade, also flourished in Somalia.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: In

text: the

text: classical

text: era

text: several

text: ancient

text: city

text: states

text: such

text: as

text: Opone

text: Essina

text: Sarapion

text: Nikon

text: Malao

text: Damo

text: and

text: Mosylon

text: near

text: Cape

text: Guardafui

text: which

text: competed

text: with

text: the

text: Sabaeans

text: Parthians

text: and

text: Axumites

text: for

text: the

text: wealthy

text: Indo

text: Greco

text: Roman

text: trade

text: also

text: flourished

text: in

text: Somalia

question: Near what headland was Mosylon located?

answer: Cape Guardafui

text: Cape Guardafui

question: Along with Mosylon, Malao, Nikon, Sarapion, Opone and Essina, what city-state flourished in ancient Somalia?

answer: Damo

text: Damo

question: Along with the Parthians and Axumites, who were the commercial competitors of the ancient Somalis?

answer: Sabaeans

text: Sabaeans

question: What trade did the ancient Somalis and others compete for?

answer: Indo-Greco-Roman

text: Indo-Greco-Roman


text: The 10th century saw a mass migration of Turkic tribes from Central Asia into the Iranian plateau. Turkic tribesmen were first used in the Abbasid army as mamluks (slave-warriors), replacing Iranian and Arab elements within the army. As a result, the mamluks gained a significant political power. In 999, large portions of Iran came briefly under the rule of the Ghaznavids, whose rulers were of mamluk Turk origin, and longer subsequently under the Turkish Seljuk and Khwarezmian empires. These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership. The Seljuks subsequently gave rise to the Sultanate of Rum in Anatolia, while taking their thoroughly Persianized identity with them. The result of the adoption and patronage of Persian culture by Turkish rulers was the development of a distinct Turko-Persian tradition.

title: Iran

title: Iran

text: The

text: century

text: saw

text: a

text: mass

text: migration

text: of

text: Turkic

text: tribes

text: from

text: Central

text: Asia

text: into

text: the

text: Iranian

text: plateau

text: Turkic

text: tribesmen

text: were

text: first

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: Abbasid

text: army

text: as

text: mamluks

text: slave

text: warriors

text: replacing

text: Iranian

text: and

text: Arab

text: elements

text: within

text: the

text: army

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: the

text: mamluks

text: gained

text: a

text: significant

text: political

text: power

text: In

text: large

text: portions

text: of

text: Iran

text: came

text: briefly

text: under

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: Ghaznavids

text: whose

text: rulers

text: were

text: of

text: mamluk

text: Turk

text: origin

text: and

text: longer

text: subsequently

text: under

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Seljuk

text: and

text: Khwarezmian

text: empires

text: These

text: Turks

text: had

text: been

text: Persianized

text: and

text: had

text: adopted

text: Persian

text: models

text: of

text: administration

text: and

text: rulership

text: The

text: Seljuks

text: subsequently

text: gave

text: rise

text: to

text: the

text: Sultanate

text: of

text: Rum

text: in

text: Anatolia

text: while

text: taking

text: their

text: thoroughly

text: Persianized

text: identity

text: with

text: them

text: The

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: adoption

text: and

text: patronage

text: of

text: Persian

text: culture

text: by

text: Turkish

text: rulers

text: was

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: a

text: distinct

text: Turko

text: Persian

text: tradition

question: What tribes migranted en masse to the Iranian plateau in the 10th Century?

answer: Turkic tribes

text: Turkic tribes

question: Where did these Turkic tribes come from before the migrated into Iran in the 10th Century?

answer: Central Asia

text: Central Asia

question: The Abbasid army replaced Iranian and Arabic men with Turkic tribesmen as what element in their army?

answer: mamluks (slave-warriors)

text: mamluks (slave-warriors)

question: In what year did the Ghaznavids briefly control large portions of Iran?

answer: 999

question: How were the Ghaznavids different from the original Turkics that migrated into Iran?

answer: These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership

text: These Turks had been Persianized and had adopted Persian models of administration and rulership


text: Gray does not, however, give any indication of what available evidence these theories were at odds with, and his appeal to "crucial support" illustrates the very inductivist approach to science that Popper sought to show was logically illegitimate. For, according to Popper, Einstein's theory was at least equally as well corroborated as Newton's upon its initial conception; they both equally well accounted for all the hitherto available evidence. Moreover, since Einstein also explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory, general relativity was immediately deemed suitable for tentative acceptance on the Popperian account. Indeed, Popper wrote, several decades before Gray's criticism, in reply to a critical essay by Imre Lakatos:

title: Karl_Popper

title: Karl_Popper

text: Gray

text: does

text: not

text: however

text: give

text: any

text: indication

text: of

text: what

text: available

text: evidence

text: these

text: theories

text: were

text: at

text: odds

text: with

text: and

text: his

text: appeal

text: to

text: crucial

text: support

text: illustrates

text: the

text: very

text: inductivist

text: approach

text: to

text: science

text: that

text: Popper

text: sought

text: to

text: show

text: was

text: logically

text: illegitimate

text: For

text: according

text: to

text: Popper

text: Einstein

text: 's

text: theory

text: was

text: at

text: least

text: equally

text: as

text: well

text: corroborated

text: as

text: Newton

text: 's

text: upon

text: its

text: initial

text: conception

text: they

text: both

text: equally

text: well

text: accounted

text: for

text: all

text: the

text: hitherto

text: available

text: evidence

text: Moreover

text: since

text: Einstein

text: also

text: explained

text: the

text: empirical

text: refutations

text: of

text: Newton

text: 's

text: theory

text: general

text: relativity

text: was

text: immediately

text: deemed

text: suitable

text: for

text: tentative

text: acceptance

text: on

text: the

text: Popperian

text: account

text: Indeed

text: Popper

text: wrote

text: several

text: decades

text: before

text: Gray

text: 's

text: criticism

text: in

text: reply

text: to

text: a

text: critical

text: essay

text: by

text: Imre

text: Lakatos

question: Gray's approach aligns with which approach that Popper himself considered untenable?

answer: inductivist

text: inductivist

question: A possible rebuttal to Gray's argument appears in Popper's reply to which philosopher?

answer: Imre Lakatos

text: Imre Lakatos

question: What did general relativity do that made it tentatively acceptable when it was proposed?

answer: explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory

text: explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory

question: In contrast to Gray, which theory did Popper argue was at least equally consistent with Newton's on the available evidence?

answer: Einstein's theory

text: Einstein's theory

question: What does Gray give an indication of?

question: What did Popper seek to show was logically legitimate?

text: inductivist approach

question: Whose theory was less well corroborated than Newton's on it's conception?

text: Einstein's

question: What was not deemed suitable for tentative acceptance?

text: general relativity

question: Who wrote several decades after Gray's criticism?

text: Popper


text: In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.

title: Emotion

title: Emotion

text: In

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: the

text: most

text: influential

text: theorists

text: were

text: William

text: James

text: and

text: Carl

text: Lange

text: James

text: was

text: an

text: American

text: psychologist

text: and

text: philosopher

text: who

text: wrote

text: about

text: educational

text: psychology

text: psychology

text: of

text: religious

text: experience

text: mysticism

text: and

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: pragmatism

text: Lange

text: was

text: a

text: Danish

text: physician

text: and

text: psychologist

text: Working

text: independently

text: they

text: developed

text: the

text: James

text: Lange

text: theory

text: a

text: hypothesis

text: on

text: the

text: origin

text: and

text: nature

text: of

text: emotions

text: The

text: theory

text: states

text: that

text: within

text: human

text: beings

text: as

text: a

text: response

text: to

text: experiences

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: the

text: autonomic

text: nervous

text: system

text: creates

text: physiological

text: events

text: such

text: as

text: muscular

text: tension

text: a

text: rise

text: in

text: heart

text: rate

text: perspiration

text: and

text: dryness

text: of

text: the

text: mouth

text: Emotions

text: then

text: are

text: feelings

text: which

text: come

text: about

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: these

text: physiological

text: changes

text: rather

text: than

text: being

text: their

text: cause

question: Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?

answer: Carl Lange

text: Carl Lange

question: What was William James' nationality?

answer: American

text: American

question: What was the nationality of Carl Lange?

answer: Danish

text: Danish

question: What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?

answer: the James–Lange theory

text: the James–Lange theory

question: In what year did Lange die?

answer: 1900

question: Along with William James, who wasn't an influential 19th century theorist?

text: Carl Lange

question: What was William James' religion?

text: philosopher

question: What was the age of Carl Lange?

question: What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed dependently?

text: James–Lange theory


text: After 1857, the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructure via the court system, legal procedures, and statutes. The Indian Penal Code came into being. In education, Thomas Babington Macaulay had made schooling a priority for the Raj in his famous minute of February 1835 and succeeded in implementing the use of English as the medium of instruction. By 1890 some 60,000 Indians had matriculated. The Indian economy grew at about 1% per year from 1880 to 1920, and the population also grew at 1%. However, from 1910s Indian private industry began to grow significantly. India built a modern railway system in the late 19th century which was the fourth largest in the world. The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure, including canals and irrigation systems in addition to railways, telegraphy, roads and ports. However, historians have been bitterly divided on issues of economic history, with the Nationalist school arguing that India was poorer at the end of British rule than at the beginning and that impoverishment occurred because of the British.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: After

text: the

text: colonial

text: government

text: strengthened

text: and

text: expanded

text: its

text: infrastructure

text: via

text: the

text: court

text: system

text: legal

text: procedures

text: and

text: statutes

text: The

text: Indian

text: Penal

text: Code

text: came

text: into

text: being

text: In

text: education

text: Thomas

text: Babington

text: Macaulay

text: had

text: made

text: schooling

text: a

text: priority

text: for

text: the

text: Raj

text: in

text: his

text: famous

text: minute

text: of

text: February

text: and

text: succeeded

text: in

text: implementing

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: English

text: as

text: the

text: medium

text: of

text: instruction

text: By

text: some

text: Indians

text: had

text: matriculated

text: The

text: Indian

text: economy

text: grew

text: at

text: about

text: per

text: year

text: from

text: to

text: and

text: the

text: population

text: also

text: grew

text: at

text: However

text: from

text: Indian

text: private

text: industry

text: began

text: to

text: grow

text: significantly

text: India

text: built

text: a

text: modern

text: railway

text: system

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: which

text: was

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: British

text: Raj

text: invested

text: heavily

text: in

text: infrastructure

text: including

text: canals

text: and

text: irrigation

text: systems

text: in

text: addition

text: to

text: railways

text: telegraphy

text: roads

text: and

text: ports

text: However

text: historians

text: have

text: been

text: bitterly

text: divided

text: on

text: issues

text: of

text: economic

text: history

text: with

text: the

text: Nationalist

text: school

text: arguing

text: that

text: India

text: was

text: poorer

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: British

text: rule

text: than

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: and

text: that

text: impoverishment

text: occurred

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: British

question: What did the Colonial government expand by legal means?

answer: infrastructure

text: infrastructure

question: What new law was created?

answer: Indian Penal Code

text: Indian Penal Code

question: Who insisted that schooling be a priority in India?

answer: Thomas Babington Macaulay

text: Thomas Babington Macaulay

question: When did India build the forth largest rail system in the world?

answer: late 19th century

text: late 19th century

question: In what feature of management did the British invest heavily?

answer: infrastructure

text: infrastructure


text: The Medill School of Journalism has produced notable journalists and political activists including 38 Pulitzer Prize laureates. National correspondents, reporters and columnists such as The New York Times's Elisabeth Bumiller, David Barstow, Dean Murphy, and Vincent Laforet, USA Today's Gary Levin, Susan Page and Christine Brennan, NBC correspondent Kelly O'Donnell, CBS correspondent Richard Threlkeld, CNN correspondent Nicole Lapin and former CNN and current Al Jazeera America anchor Joie Chen, and ESPN personalities Rachel Nichols, Michael Wilbon, Mike Greenberg, Steve Weissman, J. A. Adande, and Kevin Blackistone. The bestselling author of the A Song of Ice and Fire series, George R. R. Martin, earned a B.S. and M.S. from Medill. Elisabeth Leamy is the recipient of 13 Emmy awards  and 4 Edward R. Murrow Awards.

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: The

text: Medill

text: School

text: of

text: Journalism

text: has

text: produced

text: notable

text: journalists

text: and

text: political

text: activists

text: including

text: Pulitzer

text: Prize

text: laureates

text: National

text: correspondents

text: reporters

text: and

text: columnists

text: such

text: as

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: 's

text: Elisabeth

text: Bumiller

text: David

text: Barstow

text: Dean

text: Murphy

text: and

text: Vincent

text: Laforet

text: USA

text: Today

text: 's

text: Gary

text: Levin

text: Susan

text: Page

text: and

text: Christine

text: Brennan

text: NBC

text: correspondent

text: Kelly

text: O'Donnell

text: CBS

text: correspondent

text: Richard

text: Threlkeld

text: CNN

text: correspondent

text: Nicole

text: Lapin

text: and

text: former

text: CNN

text: and

text: current

text: Al

text: Jazeera

text: America

text: anchor

text: Joie

text: Chen

text: and

text: ESPN

text: personalities

text: Rachel

text: Nichols

text: Michael

text: Wilbon

text: Mike

text: Greenberg

text: Steve

text: Weissman

text: J.

text: A.

text: Adande

text: and

text: Kevin

text: Blackistone

text: The

text: bestselling

text: author

text: of

text: the

text: A

text: Song

text: of

text: Ice

text: and

text: Fire

text: series

text: George

text: R.

text: R.

text: Martin

text: earned

text: a

text: B.S.

text: and

text: M.S.

text: from

text: Medill

text: Elisabeth

text: Leamy

text: is

text: the

text: recipient

text: of

text: Emmy

text: awards

text: and

text: Edward

text: R.

text: Murrow

text: Awards

question: How many Pulitzer Prize laureates attended the Medill School of Journalism?

answer: 38

question: Where did NBC correspondant Kelly O'Donnell attend school?

answer: The Medill School of Journalism

text: The Medill School of Journalism

question: Where did bestselling author George R. R. Martin earn his B.S. and M.S.?

answer: The Medill School of Journalism

text: The Medill School of Journalism

question: How many Emmy awards did alumni Elisabeth Leamy receive?

answer: 13

question: Which CBS correspondant graduated from The Medill School of Journalism?

answer: Richard Threlkeld

text: Richard Threlkeld

question: How many Pulitzer Prize laureates attended the Medill School of Science?

question: Where did ABC correspondant attend school?

text: The Medill School of Journalism

question: Where did bestselling author George R. R. Martin earn his PhD?

text: The Medill School of Journalism

question: How many Emmy awards didn't alumni Elisabeth Leamy receive?

question: Which CBC correspondant graduated from The Medill School of Journalism?

text: Richard Threlkeld