text: In Australia, nonprofit organisations include trade unions, charitable entities, co-operatives, universities and hospitals, mutual societies, grass-root and support groups, political parties, religious groups, incorporated associations, not-for-profit companies, trusts and more. Furthermore, they operate across a multitude of domains and industries, from health, employment, disability and other human services to local sporting clubs, credit unions and research institutes. A nonprofit organisation in Australia can choose from a number of legal forms depending on the needs and activities of the organisation: co-operative, company limited by guarantee, unincorporated association, incorporated association (by the Associations Incorporation Act 1985) or incorporated association or council (by the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act 1976). From an academic perspective, social enterprise is for the most part considered a sub-set of the nonprofit sector as typically they too are concerned with a purpose relating to a public good, however these are not bound to adhere to a nonprofit legal structure and many incorporate and operate as for-profit entities.

title: Nonprofit_organization

title: Nonprofit_organization

text: In

text: Australia

text: nonprofit

text: organisations

text: include

text: trade

text: unions

text: charitable

text: entities

text: co

text: operatives

text: universities

text: and

text: hospitals

text: mutual

text: societies

text: grass

text: root

text: and

text: support

text: groups

text: political

text: parties

text: religious

text: groups

text: incorporated

text: associations

text: not

text: for

text: profit

text: companies

text: trusts

text: and

text: more

text: Furthermore

text: they

text: operate

text: across

text: a

text: multitude

text: of

text: domains

text: and

text: industries

text: from

text: health

text: employment

text: disability

text: and

text: other

text: human

text: services

text: to

text: local

text: sporting

text: clubs

text: credit

text: unions

text: and

text: research

text: institutes

text: A

text: nonprofit

text: organisation

text: in

text: Australia

text: can

text: choose

text: from

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: legal

text: forms

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: needs

text: and

text: activities

text: of

text: the

text: organisation

text: co

text: operative

text: company

text: limited

text: by

text: guarantee

text: unincorporated

text: association

text: incorporated

text: association

text: by

text: the

text: Associations

text: Incorporation

text: Act

text: or

text: incorporated

text: association

text: or

text: council

text: by

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: Aboriginal

text: Councils

text: and

text: Associations

text: Act

text: From

text: an

text: academic

text: perspective

text: social

text: enterprise

text: is

text: for

text: the

text: most

text: part

text: considered

text: a

text: sub

text: set

text: of

text: the

text: nonprofit

text: sector

text: as

text: typically

text: they

text: too

text: are

text: concerned

text: with

text: a

text: purpose

text: relating

text: to

text: a

text: public

text: good

text: however

text: these

text: are

text: not

text: bound

text: to

text: adhere

text: to

text: a

text: nonprofit

text: legal

text: structure

text: and

text: many

text: incorporate

text: and

text: operate

text: as

text: for

text: profit

text: entities

question: What is the biggest concern of non-profits in Australia?

answer: a purpose relating to a public good

text: a purpose relating to a public good

question: When was the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act adopted?

answer: 1976

question: When was the Associations Incorporation Act adopted?

answer: 1985

question: What does the Associations Incorporation Act cover?

answer: incorporated association

text: incorporated association

question: Who covers incorporated associations or councils?

answer: Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act

text: Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act

question: What are the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils most concerned with?

text: a purpose relating to a public good

question: What are health services not bound to since 1976?

text: a nonprofit legal structure

question: In what year was the Commonwealth Aboriginal Council formed?

question: What can the employment industry in Australia choose from depending on their needs?

text: a number of legal forms

question: What are religious groups considered by the Aboriginal Council?

text: a sub-set of the nonprofit sector


text: After a major blaze in 1405, the city's original wooden buildings were gradually replaced by half-timbered houses and subsequently the sandstone buildings which came to be characteristic for the Old Town. Despite the waves of pestilence that hit Europe in the 14th century, the city continued to grow: mainly due to immigration from the surrounding countryside.

title: Bern

title: Bern

text: After

text: a

text: major

text: blaze

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: original

text: wooden

text: buildings

text: were

text: gradually

text: replaced

text: by

text: half

text: timbered

text: houses

text: and

text: subsequently

text: the

text: sandstone

text: buildings

text: which

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: characteristic

text: for

text: the

text: Old

text: Town

text: Despite

text: the

text: waves

text: of

text: pestilence

text: that

text: hit

text: Europe

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: city

text: continued

text: to

text: grow

text: mainly

text: due

text: to

text: immigration

text: from

text: the

text: surrounding

text: countryside

question: What year was there a huge fire?

answer: 1405

question: What was destroyed in the fire?

answer: the city's original wooden buildings

text: the city's original wooden buildings


text: In 1971, Akira Endo, a Japanese biochemist working for the pharmaceutical company Sankyo, identified mevastatin (ML-236B), a molecule produced by the fungus Penicillium citrinum, as an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, a critical enzyme used by the body to produce cholesterol. Animal trials showed very good inhibitory effect as in clinical trials, however a long term study in dogs found toxic effects at higher doses and as a result mevastatin was believed to be too toxic for human use. Mevastatin was never marketed, because of its adverse effects of tumors, muscle deterioration, and sometimes death in laboratory dogs.

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: In

text: Akira

text: Endo

text: a

text: Japanese

text: biochemist

text: working

text: for

text: the

text: pharmaceutical

text: company

text: Sankyo

text: identified

text: mevastatin

text: a

text: molecule

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: fungus

text: Penicillium

text: citrinum

text: as

text: an

text: inhibitor

text: of

text: HMG

text: CoA

text: reductase

text: a

text: critical

text: enzyme

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: body

text: to

text: produce

text: cholesterol

text: Animal

text: trials

text: showed

text: very

text: good

text: inhibitory

text: effect

text: as

text: in

text: clinical

text: trials

text: however

text: a

text: long

text: term

text: study

text: in

text: dogs

text: found

text: toxic

text: effects

text: at

text: higher

text: doses

text: and

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: mevastatin

text: was

text: believed

text: to

text: be

text: too

text: toxic

text: for

text: human

text: use

text: Mevastatin

text: was

text: never

text: marketed

text: because

text: of

text: its

text: adverse

text: effects

text: of

text: tumors

text: muscle

text: deterioration

text: and

text: sometimes

text: death

text: in

text: laboratory

text: dogs

question: Why was Mevastatin never marketed?

answer: adverse effects of tumors, muscle deterioration, and sometimes death

text: adverse effects of tumors, muscle deterioration, and sometimes death

question: Who discovered Mevastatin?

answer: Akira Endo

text: Akira Endo

question: What is HMG-CoA responsible for producing?

answer: cholesterol

text: cholesterol

question: Where did Endo discover ML-236B?

answer: Penicillium citrinum

text: Penicillium citrinum

question: What was discovered in long term studies?

answer: too toxic for human use

text: too toxic for human use

question: In what year was mevastatin discovered?

answer: 1971

question: Who discovered mevastatin?

answer: Akira Endo

text: Akira Endo

question: What organism produces mevastatin?

answer: Penicillium citrinum

text: Penicillium citrinum

question: What enzyme helps produce cholesterol?

answer: HMG-CoA reductase

text: HMG-CoA reductase

question: Why was Penicillium never marketed?

question: Who discovered Penicillium?

text: Akira Endo

question: What is Penicillium responsible for producing?

text: Penicillium citrinum

question: What was discovered in short term studies?

text: too toxic for human use

question: In what year was Penicillium discovered?


text: "Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London."

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: Whereas

text: their

text: Majesties

text: have

text: been

text: Graciously

text: Pleased

text: to

text: grant

text: Letters

text: patent

text: to

text: John

text: Lofting

text: of

text: London

text: Merchant

text: for

text: a

text: New

text: Invented

text: Engine

text: for

text: Extinguishing

text: Fires

text: which

text: said

text: Engine

text: have

text: found

text: every

text: great

text: encouragement

text: The

text: said

text: Patentee

text: hath

text: also

text: projected

text: a

text: Very

text: Useful

text: Engine

text: for

text: starting

text: of

text: beer

text: and

text: other

text: liquors

text: which

text: will

text: deliver

text: from

text: to

text: barrels

text: an

text: hour

text: which

text: are

text: completely

text: fixed

text: with

text: Brass

text: Joints

text: and

text: Screws

text: at

text: Reasonable

text: Rates

text: Any

text: Person

text: that

text: hath

text: occasion

text: for

text: the

text: said

text: Engines

text: may

text: apply

text: themselves

text: to

text: the

text: Patentee

text: at

text: his

text: house

text: near

text: St

text: Thomas

text: Apostle

text: London

text: or

text: to

text: Mr.

text: Nicholas

text: Wall

text: at

text: the

text: Workshoppe

text: near

text: Saddlers

text: Wells

text: at

text: Islington

text: or

text: to

text: Mr.

text: William

text: Tillcar

text: Turner

text: his

text: agent

text: at

text: his

text: house

text: in

text: Woodtree

text: next

text: door

text: to

text: the

text: Sun

text: Tavern

text: London

question: How many barrels did Lofting promise his beer pump would deliver hourly?

answer: 20 to 30

text: 20 to 30

question: What location did John Lofting live near?

answer: St Thomas Apostle London

text: St Thomas Apostle London

question: In what London borough did Nicholas Wall reside?

answer: Islington

text: Islington

question: What was William Tillcar's profession?

answer: Turner

text: Turner

question: What tavern did William Tillcar live adjacent to?

answer: Sun Tavern

text: Sun Tavern


text: The earliest evidence of cotton use in South Asia has been found at the site of Mehrgarh, Pakistan, where cotton threads have been found preserved in copper beads; these finds have been dated to Neolithic (between 6000 and 5000 BCE). Cotton cultivation in the region is dated to the Indus Valley Civilization, which covered parts of modern eastern Pakistan and northwestern India between 3300 and 1300 BCE The Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India. Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread across much of India. For example, it has been found at the site of Hallus in Karnataka dating from around 1000 BC.

title: Cotton

title: Cotton

text: The

text: earliest

text: evidence

text: of

text: cotton

text: use

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: has

text: been

text: found

text: at

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: Mehrgarh

text: Pakistan

text: where

text: cotton

text: threads

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: preserved

text: in

text: copper

text: beads

text: these

text: finds

text: have

text: been

text: dated

text: to

text: Neolithic

text: between

text: and

text: BCE

text: Cotton

text: cultivation

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: is

text: dated

text: to

text: the

text: Indus

text: Valley

text: Civilization

text: which

text: covered

text: parts

text: of

text: modern

text: eastern

text: Pakistan

text: and

text: northwestern

text: India

text: between

text: and

text: BCE

text: The

text: Indus

text: cotton

text: industry

text: was

text: well

text: developed

text: and

text: some

text: methods

text: used

text: in

text: cotton

text: spinning

text: and

text: fabrication

text: continued

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: until

text: the

text: industrialization

text: of

text: India

text: Between

text: and

text: BC

text: cotton

text: became

text: widespread

text: across

text: much

text: of

text: India

text: For

text: example

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: found

text: at

text: the

text: site

text: of

text: Hallus

text: in

text: Karnataka

text: dating

text: from

text: around

text: BC

question: Where in Southeast Asia has early use of cotton been discovered?

answer: Mehrgarh, Pakistan

text: Mehrgarh, Pakistan

question: To what period has cotton been dated in Pakistan?

answer: Neolithic

text: Neolithic

question: When did the Indus Valley Civilization cover parts of India and Pakistan?

answer: 3300 and 1300 BCE

text: 3300 and 1300 BCE

question: Until what event did the ancient methods of spinning and fabrication of cotton last?

answer: industrialization

text: industrialization

question: During what time did cotton become widely used in India?

answer: 2000 and 1000 BC

text: 2000 and 1000 BC

question: Where in Southeast Asia has early use of industry been discovered?

text: Mehrgarh, Pakistan

question: To what period has industry been dated in Pakistan?

text: Neolithic

question: When did cotton cover parts of Inida and Pakistan?

text: 3300 and 1300 BCE

question: Until what event did the ancient methods of bead spinning last?

text: industrialization

question: During what time did copper beads become widely used in India?

text: 2000 and 1000 BC


text: The city had a population of 1,307,402 according to the 2010 census, distributed over a land area of 372.1 square miles (963.7 km2). The urban area of San Diego extends beyond the administrative city limits and had a total population of 2,956,746, making it the third-largest urban area in the state, after that of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and San Francisco metropolitan area. They, along with the Riverside–San Bernardino, form those metropolitan areas in California larger than the San Diego metropolitan area, with a total population of 3,095,313 at the 2010 census.

title: San_Diego

title: San_Diego

text: The

text: city

text: had

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: census

text: distributed

text: over

text: a

text: land

text: area

text: of

text: square

text: miles

text: The

text: urban

text: area

text: of

text: San

text: Diego

text: extends

text: beyond

text: the

text: administrative

text: city

text: limits

text: and

text: had

text: a

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: urban

text: area

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: after

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Los

text: Angeles

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: and

text: San

text: Francisco

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: They

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Riverside

text: San

text: Bernardino

text: form

text: those

text: metropolitan

text: areas

text: in

text: California

text: larger

text: than

text: the

text: San

text: Diego

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: with

text: a

text: total

text: population

text: of

text: at

text: the

text: census

question: In the top five largest urban areas in California, where does San Diego rank?

answer: third-largest

text: third-largest

question: What area does Los Angeles and San Francisco merge with to form metropolitan areas larger than San Diego?

answer: Riverside–San Bernardino

text: Riverside–San Bernardino

question: What was the population of San Diego at the time of the 2010 census?

answer: 1,307,402

question: How many square miles does San Diego cover?

answer: 372.1

question: What is the population of San Diego's urgan area?

answer: 2,956,746

question: In the top ten smallest urban areas in California, where does San Diego rank?

text: third-largest

question: What area does Los Angeles and San Francisco merge with to form metropolitan areas smaller than San Diego?

text: Riverside–San Bernardino

question: What was the population of San Diego at the time of the 2000 census?

question: How many square miles does San Francisco cover?

question: What is the population of San Francisco's urban area?


text: Between 1853 and 1870, the Emperor Napoleon III and the city's first director of parks and gardens, Jean-Charles Alphand, created the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes, Parc Montsouris and the Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, located at the four points of the compass around the city, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris' quarters. Since 1977, the city has created 166 new parks, most notably the Parc de la Villette (1987), Parc André Citroën (1992), and Parc de Bercy (1997). One of the newest parks, the Promenade des Berges de la Seine (2013), built on a former highway on the Left Bank of the Seine between the Pont de l'Alma and the Musée d'Orsay, has floating gardens and gives a view of the city's landmarks.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: Between

text: and

text: the

text: Emperor

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: first

text: director

text: of

text: parks

text: and

text: gardens

text: Jean

text: Charles

text: Alphand

text: created

text: the

text: Bois

text: de

text: Boulogne

text: the

text: Bois

text: de

text: Vincennes

text: Parc

text: Montsouris

text: and

text: the

text: Parc

text: des

text: Buttes

text: Chaumont

text: located

text: at

text: the

text: four

text: points

text: of

text: the

text: compass

text: around

text: the

text: city

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: many

text: smaller

text: parks

text: squares

text: and

text: gardens

text: in

text: the

text: Paris

text: quarters

text: Since

text: the

text: city

text: has

text: created

text: new

text: parks

text: most

text: notably

text: the

text: Parc

text: de

text: la

text: Villette

text: Parc

text: André

text: Citroën

text: and

text: Parc

text: de

text: Bercy

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: newest

text: parks

text: the

text: Promenade

text: des

text: Berges

text: de

text: la

text: Seine

text: built

text: on

text: a

text: former

text: highway

text: on

text: the

text: Left

text: Bank

text: of

text: the

text: Seine

text: between

text: the

text: Pont

text: de

text: l'Alma

text: and

text: the

text: Musée

text: d'Orsay

text: has

text: floating

text: gardens

text: and

text: gives

text: a

text: view

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: landmarks

question: Who was Paris' first director of parks and gardens?

answer: Jean-Charles Alphand

text: Jean-Charles Alphand

question: How many new parks have been created in Paris since 1977?

answer: 166

question: WHen was the Parc de la Villette created?

answer: 1987

question: What park has floating gardens?

answer: Promenade des Berges de la Seine

text: Promenade des Berges de la Seine

question: When was the Promenade des Berges de la Seine built?

answer: 2013


text: Insects were the earliest organisms to produce and sense sounds. Insects make sounds mostly by mechanical action of appendages. In grasshoppers and crickets, this is achieved by stridulation. Cicadas make the loudest sounds among the insects by producing and amplifying sounds with special modifications to their body and musculature. The African cicada Brevisana brevis has been measured at 106.7 decibels at a distance of 50 cm (20 in). Some insects, such as the Helicoverpa zeamoths, hawk moths and Hedylid butterflies, can hear ultrasound and take evasive action when they sense that they have been detected by bats. Some moths produce ultrasonic clicks that were once thought to have a role in jamming bat echolocation. The ultrasonic clicks were subsequently found to be produced mostly by unpalatable moths to warn bats, just as warning colorations are used against predators that hunt by sight. Some otherwise palatable moths have evolved to mimic these calls. More recently, the claim that some moths can jam bat sonar has been revisited. Ultrasonic recording and high-speed infrared videography of bat-moth interactions suggest the palatable tiger moth really does defend against attacking big brown bats using ultrasonic clicks that jam bat sonar.

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: Insects

text: were

text: the

text: earliest

text: organisms

text: to

text: produce

text: and

text: sense

text: sounds

text: Insects

text: make

text: sounds

text: mostly

text: by

text: mechanical

text: action

text: of

text: appendages

text: In

text: grasshoppers

text: and

text: crickets

text: this

text: is

text: achieved

text: by

text: stridulation

text: Cicadas

text: make

text: the

text: loudest

text: sounds

text: among

text: the

text: insects

text: by

text: producing

text: and

text: amplifying

text: sounds

text: with

text: special

text: modifications

text: to

text: their

text: body

text: and

text: musculature

text: The

text: African

text: cicada

text: Brevisana

text: brevis

text: has

text: been

text: measured

text: at

text: decibels

text: at

text: a

text: distance

text: of

text: cm

text: in

text: Some

text: insects

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Helicoverpa

text: zeamoths

text: hawk

text: moths

text: and

text: Hedylid

text: butterflies

text: can

text: hear

text: ultrasound

text: and

text: take

text: evasive

text: action

text: when

text: they

text: sense

text: that

text: they

text: have

text: been

text: detected

text: by

text: bats

text: Some

text: moths

text: produce

text: ultrasonic

text: clicks

text: that

text: were

text: once

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: role

text: in

text: jamming

text: bat

text: echolocation

text: The

text: ultrasonic

text: clicks

text: were

text: subsequently

text: found

text: to

text: be

text: produced

text: mostly

text: by

text: unpalatable

text: moths

text: to

text: warn

text: bats

text: just

text: as

text: warning

text: colorations

text: are

text: used

text: against

text: predators

text: that

text: hunt

text: by

text: sight

text: Some

text: otherwise

text: palatable

text: moths

text: have

text: evolved

text: to

text: mimic

text: these

text: calls

text: More

text: recently

text: the

text: claim

text: that

text: some

text: moths

text: can

text: jam

text: bat

text: sonar

text: has

text: been

text: revisited

text: Ultrasonic

text: recording

text: and

text: high

text: speed

text: infrared

text: videography

text: of

text: bat

text: moth

text: interactions

text: suggest

text: the

text: palatable

text: tiger

text: moth

text: really

text: does

text: defend

text: against

text: attacking

text: big

text: brown

text: bats

text: using

text: ultrasonic

text: clicks

text: that

text: jam

text: bat

text: sonar

question: What were the earliest organisms to produce sound?

answer: Insects

text: Insects

question: Insects can sense what?

answer: sounds

text: sounds

question: Insect sounds come from what kind of action?

answer: mechanical

text: mechanical

question: The mechanical action of what allows insects t make sound?

answer: appendages

text: appendages

question: Moths create what kind of click sounds?

answer: ultrasonic

text: ultrasonic


text: A samurai could take concubines but their backgrounds were checked by higher-ranked samurai. In many cases, taking a concubine was akin to a marriage. Kidnapping a concubine, although common in fiction, would have been shameful, if not criminal. If the concubine was a commoner, a messenger was sent with betrothal money or a note for exemption of tax to ask for her parents' acceptance. Even though the woman would not be a legal wife, a situation normally considered a demotion, many wealthy merchants believed that being the concubine of a samurai was superior to being the legal wife of a commoner. When a merchant's daughter married a samurai, her family's money erased the samurai's debts, and the samurai's social status improved the standing of the merchant family. If a samurai's commoner concubine gave birth to a son, the son could inherit his father's social status.

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: A

text: samurai

text: could

text: take

text: concubines

text: but

text: their

text: backgrounds

text: were

text: checked

text: by

text: higher

text: ranked

text: samurai

text: In

text: many

text: cases

text: taking

text: a

text: concubine

text: was

text: akin

text: to

text: a

text: marriage

text: Kidnapping

text: a

text: concubine

text: although

text: common

text: in

text: fiction

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: shameful

text: if

text: not

text: criminal

text: If

text: the

text: concubine

text: was

text: a

text: commoner

text: a

text: messenger

text: was

text: sent

text: with

text: betrothal

text: money

text: or

text: a

text: note

text: for

text: exemption

text: of

text: tax

text: to

text: ask

text: for

text: her

text: parents

text: acceptance

text: Even

text: though

text: the

text: woman

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: a

text: legal

text: wife

text: a

text: situation

text: normally

text: considered

text: a

text: demotion

text: many

text: wealthy

text: merchants

text: believed

text: that

text: being

text: the

text: concubine

text: of

text: a

text: samurai

text: was

text: superior

text: to

text: being

text: the

text: legal

text: wife

text: of

text: a

text: commoner

text: When

text: a

text: merchant

text: 's

text: daughter

text: married

text: a

text: samurai

text: her

text: family

text: 's

text: money

text: erased

text: the

text: samurai

text: 's

text: debts

text: and

text: the

text: samurai

text: 's

text: social

text: status

text: improved

text: the

text: standing

text: of

text: the

text: merchant

text: family

text: If

text: a

text: samurai

text: 's

text: commoner

text: concubine

text: gave

text: birth

text: to

text: a

text: son

text: the

text: son

text: could

text: inherit

text: his

text: father

text: 's

text: social

text: status

question: How did the samurai treat concubines?

answer: akin to a marriage

text: akin to a marriage

question: How did the samurai view kidnapping concubines?

answer: shameful, if not criminal

text: shameful, if not criminal

question: Who thought being a concubine was better than being a wife?

answer: many wealthy merchants

text: many wealthy merchants

question: Why did merchants prefer that their daughters not marry samurai?

answer: her family's money erased the samurai's debts

text: her family's money erased the samurai's debts

question: What happened if a commoner concubine had a son?

answer: the son could inherit his father's social status

text: the son could inherit his father's social status


text: Since 1898, Puerto Rico has had limited representation in the Congress in the form of a Resident Commissioner, a nonvoting delegate. The 110th Congress returned the Commissioner's power to vote in the Committee of the Whole, but not on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation. Puerto Rico has elections on the United States presidential primary or caucus of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party to select delegates to the respective parties' national conventions although presidential electors are not granted on the Electoral College. As American citizens, Puerto Ricans can vote in U.S. presidential elections, provided they reside in one of the 50 states or the District of Columbia and not in Puerto Rico itself.

title: 51st_state

title: 51st_state

text: Since

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: has

text: had

text: limited

text: representation

text: in

text: the

text: Congress

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: a

text: Resident

text: Commissioner

text: a

text: nonvoting

text: delegate

text: The

text: Congress

text: returned

text: the

text: Commissioner

text: 's

text: power

text: to

text: vote

text: in

text: the

text: Committee

text: of

text: the

text: Whole

text: but

text: not

text: on

text: matters

text: where

text: the

text: vote

text: would

text: represent

text: a

text: decisive

text: participation

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: has

text: elections

text: on

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: presidential

text: primary

text: or

text: caucus

text: of

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Party

text: and

text: the

text: Republican

text: Party

text: to

text: select

text: delegates

text: to

text: the

text: respective

text: parties

text: national

text: conventions

text: although

text: presidential

text: electors

text: are

text: not

text: granted

text: on

text: the

text: Electoral

text: College

text: As

text: American

text: citizens

text: Puerto

text: Ricans

text: can

text: vote

text: in

text: U.S.

text: presidential

text: elections

text: provided

text: they

text: reside

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: states

text: or

text: the

text: District

text: of

text: Columbia

text: and

text: not

text: in

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: itself

question: How long has Puerto Rico had representation in Congress?

answer: Since 1898

text: Since 1898

question: Who represents Puerto Rico in Congress?

answer: a Resident Commissioner

text: a Resident Commissioner

question: Which Congress gave the commissioner the power to vote?

answer: The 110th Congress

text: The 110th Congress

question: What is the commissioner not allowed to vote on?

answer: on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation

text: on matters where the vote would represent a decisive participation

question: How long has Puerto Rico had Commissioner representation?

question: Who represents the Democratic Party in Congress?

text: a Resident Commissioner

question: Which Congress gave the democrats the power to vote?

text: The 110th Congress

question: What are democrats not allowed to vote on?

question: Who has elections on the Electoral College?

text: Puerto Rico


text: The league's 2016 schedule, announced on the league's website on December 10, 2015, shows an eight-team league playing a 16-game regular season over 18 weeks, with two bye weeks for each team, one on a rotational basis and the other a "universal bye" for all teams during the Independence Day weekend, the first weekend in July. All teams will qualify for the postseason, meaning that the regular season will serve only to establish seeding.

title: Arena_Football_League

title: Arena_Football_League

text: The

text: league

text: 's

text: schedule

text: announced

text: on

text: the

text: league

text: 's

text: website

text: on

text: December

text: shows

text: an

text: eight

text: team

text: league

text: playing

text: a

text: regular

text: season

text: over

text: weeks

text: with

text: two

text: bye

text: weeks

text: for

text: each

text: team

text: one

text: on

text: a

text: rotational

text: basis

text: and

text: the

text: other

text: a

text: universal

text: bye

text: for

text: all

text: teams

text: during

text: the

text: Independence

text: Day

text: weekend

text: the

text: first

text: weekend

text: in

text: July

text: All

text: teams

text: will

text: qualify

text: for

text: the

text: postseason

text: meaning

text: that

text: the

text: regular

text: season

text: will

text: serve

text: only

text: to

text: establish

text: seeding

question: On what date did the league announce its schedule for 2016?

answer: December 10, 2015

text: December 10, 2015

question: How many teams are active in the AFL for 2016?

answer: eight

text: eight

question: How many regular season games will each team play in 2016?

answer: 16

question: How many weeks will the 2016 regular season last?

answer: 18

question: On the weekend of what holiday will all teams have a bye?

answer: Independence Day

text: Independence Day


text: A lot of temples dedicated to Apollo were built in Greece and in the Greek colonies, and they show the spread of the cult of Apollo, and the evolution of the Greek architecture, which was mostly based on the rightness of form, and on mathematical relations. Some of the earliest temples, especially in Crete, don't belong to any Greek order. It seems that the first peripteral temples were rectangle wooden structures. The different wooden elements were considered divine, and their forms were preserved in the marble or stone elements of the temples of Doric order. The Greeks used standard types, because they believed that the world of objects was a series of typical forms which could be represented in several instances. The temples should be canonic, and the architects were trying to achieve the esthetic perfection. From the earliest times there were certain rules strictly observed in rectangular peripteral and prostyle buildings. The first buildings were narrow to hold the roof, and when the dimensions changed, some mathematical relations became necessary, in order to keep the original forms. This probably influenced the theory of numbers of Pythagoras, who believed that behind the appearance of things, there was the permanent principle of mathematics.

title: Apollo

title: Apollo

text: A

text: lot

text: of

text: temples

text: dedicated

text: to

text: Apollo

text: were

text: built

text: in

text: Greece

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Greek

text: colonies

text: and

text: they

text: show

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: the

text: cult

text: of

text: Apollo

text: and

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: architecture

text: which

text: was

text: mostly

text: based

text: on

text: the

text: rightness

text: of

text: form

text: and

text: on

text: mathematical

text: relations

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: temples

text: especially

text: in

text: Crete

text: do

text: n't

text: belong

text: to

text: any

text: Greek

text: order

text: It

text: seems

text: that

text: the

text: first

text: peripteral

text: temples

text: were

text: rectangle

text: wooden

text: structures

text: The

text: different

text: wooden

text: elements

text: were

text: considered

text: divine

text: and

text: their

text: forms

text: were

text: preserved

text: in

text: the

text: marble

text: or

text: stone

text: elements

text: of

text: the

text: temples

text: of

text: Doric

text: order

text: The

text: Greeks

text: used

text: standard

text: types

text: because

text: they

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: world

text: of

text: objects

text: was

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: typical

text: forms

text: which

text: could

text: be

text: represented

text: in

text: several

text: instances

text: The

text: temples

text: should

text: be

text: canonic

text: and

text: the

text: architects

text: were

text: trying

text: to

text: achieve

text: the

text: esthetic

text: perfection

text: From

text: the

text: earliest

text: times

text: there

text: were

text: certain

text: rules

text: strictly

text: observed

text: in

text: rectangular

text: peripteral

text: and

text: prostyle

text: buildings

text: The

text: first

text: buildings

text: were

text: narrow

text: to

text: hold

text: the

text: roof

text: and

text: when

text: the

text: dimensions

text: changed

text: some

text: mathematical

text: relations

text: became

text: necessary

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: keep

text: the

text: original

text: forms

text: This

text: probably

text: influenced

text: the

text: theory

text: of

text: numbers

text: of

text: Pythagoras

text: who

text: believed

text: that

text: behind

text: the

text: appearance

text: of

text: things

text: there

text: was

text: the

text: permanent

text: principle

text: of

text: mathematics

question: What buildings were originally rectangle wood structures?

answer: peripteral temples

text: peripteral temples

question: Why did mathematical relations become necessary?

answer: in order to keep the original forms

text: in order to keep the original forms

question: Why were the first buildings narrow?

answer: to hold the roof

text: to hold the roof

question: Who believed that behind the appearance of things, there was a permanent principle of mathematics?

answer: Pythagoras

text: Pythagoras


text: Prior to 1992, Armenians would participate in the Olympics representing the USSR. As part of the Soviet Union, Armenia was very successful, winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan (sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan), who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. To highlight the level of success of Armenians in the Olympics, Shahinyan was quoted as saying:

title: Armenia

title: Armenia

text: Prior

text: to

text: Armenians

text: would

text: participate

text: in

text: the

text: Olympics

text: representing

text: the

text: USSR

text: As

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: Armenia

text: was

text: very

text: successful

text: winning

text: plenty

text: of

text: medals

text: and

text: helping

text: the

text: USSR

text: win

text: the

text: medal

text: standings

text: at

text: the

text: Olympics

text: on

text: numerous

text: occasions

text: The

text: first

text: medal

text: won

text: by

text: an

text: Armenian

text: in

text: modern

text: Olympic

text: history

text: was

text: by

text: Hrant

text: Shahinyan

text: sometimes

text: spelled

text: as

text: Grant

text: Shaginyan

text: who

text: won

text: two

text: golds

text: and

text: two

text: silvers

text: in

text: gymnastics

text: at

text: the

text: Summer

text: Olympics

text: in

text: Helsinki

text: To

text: highlight

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: success

text: of

text: Armenians

text: in

text: the

text: Olympics

text: Shahinyan

text: was

text: quoted

text: as

text: saying

question: What Olympic Sport did Hrant Shahinyan compete in?

answer: gymnastics

text: gymnastics

question: What medals did Hrant Shahinyan win at the 1952 Summer Olympics?

answer: two golds and two silvers

text: two golds and two silvers

question: Where were the 1952 Summer Olympics held?

answer: Helsinki

text: Helsinki

question: What year did Armenia begin competiting in the Olympics seperate from the USSR?

answer: 1992


text: For instance, a phased array consists of two or more simple antennas which are connected together through an electrical network. This often involves a number of parallel dipole antennas with a certain spacing. Depending on the relative phase introduced by the network, the same combination of dipole antennas can operate as a "broadside array" (directional normal to a line connecting the elements) or as an "end-fire array" (directional along the line connecting the elements). Antenna arrays may employ any basic (omnidirectional or weakly directional) antenna type, such as dipole, loop or slot antennas. These elements are often identical.

title: Antenna_(radio)

title: Antenna_(radio

text: For

text: instance

text: a

text: phased

text: array

text: consists

text: of

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: simple

text: antennas

text: which

text: are

text: connected

text: together

text: through

text: an

text: electrical

text: network

text: This

text: often

text: involves

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: parallel

text: dipole

text: antennas

text: with

text: a

text: certain

text: spacing

text: Depending

text: on

text: the

text: relative

text: phase

text: introduced

text: by

text: the

text: network

text: the

text: same

text: combination

text: of

text: dipole

text: antennas

text: can

text: operate

text: as

text: a

text: broadside

text: array

text: directional

text: normal

text: to

text: a

text: line

text: connecting

text: the

text: elements

text: or

text: as

text: an

text: end

text: fire

text: array

text: directional

text: along

text: the

text: line

text: connecting

text: the

text: elements

text: Antenna

text: arrays

text: may

text: employ

text: any

text: basic

text: omnidirectional

text: or

text: weakly

text: directional

text: antenna

text: type

text: such

text: as

text: dipole

text: loop

text: or

text: slot

text: antennas

text: These

text: elements

text: are

text: often

text: identical

question: How many antenna would make up a phased array?

answer: two or more

text: two or more

question: How are antennas oriented when arranged with specific spacing?

answer: parallel

text: parallel

question: What are the two standard antenna types?

answer: omnidirectional or weakly directional

text: omnidirectional or weakly directional

question: What determines if the antenna creates a broadside array or an end fire array?

answer: relative phase

text: relative phase


text: Walking trails line Lake Hefner and Lake Overholser in the northwest part of the city and downtown at the canal and the Oklahoma River. The majority of the east shore area is taken up by parks and trails, including a new leashless dog park and the postwar-era Stars and Stripes Park. Lake Stanley Draper is the city's largest and most remote lake.

title: Oklahoma_City

title: Oklahoma_City

text: Walking

text: trails

text: line

text: Lake

text: Hefner

text: and

text: Lake

text: Overholser

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: downtown

text: at

text: the

text: canal

text: and

text: the

text: Oklahoma

text: River

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: east

text: shore

text: area

text: is

text: taken

text: up

text: by

text: parks

text: and

text: trails

text: including

text: a

text: new

text: leashless

text: dog

text: park

text: and

text: the

text: postwar

text: era

text: Stars

text: and

text: Stripes

text: Park

text: Lake

text: Stanley

text: Draper

text: is

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: largest

text: and

text: most

text: remote

text: lake

question: Which lake is the cities largest lake?

answer: Lake Stanley Draper

text: Lake Stanley Draper


text: The Prussian Army, under the terms of the armistice, held a brief victory parade in Paris on 17 February; the city was silent and draped with black and the Germans quickly withdrew. Bismarck honoured the armistice, by allowing train loads of food into Paris and withdrawing Prussian forces to the east of the city, prior to a full withdrawal once France agreed to pay a five billion franc war indemnity. At the same time, Prussian forces were concentrated in the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. An exodus occurred from Paris as some 200,000 people, predominantly middle-class, went to the countryside.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: The

text: Prussian

text: Army

text: under

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: armistice

text: held

text: a

text: brief

text: victory

text: parade

text: in

text: Paris

text: on

text: February

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: silent

text: and

text: draped

text: with

text: black

text: and

text: the

text: Germans

text: quickly

text: withdrew

text: Bismarck

text: honoured

text: the

text: armistice

text: by

text: allowing

text: train

text: loads

text: of

text: food

text: into

text: Paris

text: and

text: withdrawing

text: Prussian

text: forces

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: prior

text: to

text: a

text: full

text: withdrawal

text: once

text: France

text: agreed

text: to

text: pay

text: a

text: five

text: billion

text: franc

text: war

text: indemnity

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: Prussian

text: forces

text: were

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: provinces

text: of

text: Alsace

text: and

text: Lorraine

text: An

text: exodus

text: occurred

text: from

text: Paris

text: as

text: some

text: people

text: predominantly

text: middle

text: class

text: went

text: to

text: the

text: countryside

question: What did the Prussian Army hold in Paris on 17 February?

answer: a brief victory parade

text: a brief victory parade

question: Under what provision was the Prussian Army permitted to have a victory parade?

answer: the terms of the armistice

text: the terms of the armistice

question: To hounour the armistice, Bismarck allowed train loads of what into Paris?

answer: food

text: food

question: France had to consent to pay how much in war indemnity?

answer: five billion franc

text: five billion franc

question: An ensuing mass exodus from Paris saw how many people head for the countryside?

answer: 200,000


text: Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator, currently Gary Hardgrave. From 1979 to 2015, a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly.

title: Norfolk_Island

title: Norfolk_Island

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: non

text: mainland

text: Australian

text: territory

text: to

text: have

text: achieved

text: self

text: governance

text: The

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: Act

text: passed

text: by

text: the

text: Parliament

text: of

text: Australia

text: in

text: is

text: the

text: Act

text: under

text: which

text: the

text: island

text: was

text: governed

text: until

text: the

text: passing

text: of

text: the

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: Legislation

text: Amendment

text: Act

text: The

text: Australian

text: government

text: maintains

text: authority

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: through

text: an

text: Administrator

text: currently

text: Gary

text: Hardgrave

text: From

text: to

text: a

text: Legislative

text: Assembly

text: was

text: elected

text: by

text: popular

text: vote

text: for

text: terms

text: of

text: not

text: more

text: than

text: three

text: years

text: although

text: legislation

text: passed

text: by

text: the

text: Australian

text: Parliament

text: could

text: extend

text: its

text: laws

text: to

text: the

text: territory

text: at

text: will

text: including

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: override

text: any

text: laws

text: made

text: by

text: the

text: assembly

question: What is the only non-mainland Australian territory that is governed by itself?

answer: Norfolk Island

text: Norfolk Island

question: What is the name of the Act that formerly governed Norfolk Island?

answer: The Norfolk Island Act 1979

text: The Norfolk Island Act 1979

question: What is the name of the new Act that governs Norfolk Island, passed in 2015?

answer: the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015

text: the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015

question: Who is the current administrator of Norfolk Island?

answer: Gary Hardgrave

text: Gary Hardgrave

question: During 1979-2015, Legislative Assembly terms lasted no longer than how many years?

answer: three years

text: three years

question: What is one of only two non-mainland Australian territories that is governed by itself?

text: Norfolk Island

question: What is the name of the Act that will govern Norfolk Island?

text: The Norfolk Island Act 1979

question: What is the name of the new Act that governs Norfolk Island, passed in 2016?

question: Who is the future administrator of Norfolk Island?

text: Gary Hardgrave


text: The funeral and burial for Donda West was held in Oklahoma City on November 20, 2007. West played his first concert following the funeral at The O2 in London on November 22. He dedicated a performance of "Hey Mama", as well as a cover of Journey's "Don't Stop Believin'", to his mother, and did so on all other dates of his Glow in the Dark tour.

title: Kanye_West

title: Kanye_West

text: The

text: funeral

text: and

text: burial

text: for

text: Donda

text: West

text: was

text: held

text: in

text: Oklahoma

text: City

text: on

text: November

text: West

text: played

text: his

text: first

text: concert

text: following

text: the

text: funeral

text: at

text: The

text: in

text: London

text: on

text: November

text: He

text: dedicated

text: a

text: performance

text: of

text: Hey

text: Mama

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: cover

text: of

text: Journey

text: 's

text: Do

text: n't

text: Stop

text: Believin

text: to

text: his

text: mother

text: and

text: did

text: so

text: on

text: all

text: other

text: dates

text: of

text: his

text: Glow

text: in

text: the

text: Dark

text: tour

question: Where was Donda West's funeral?

answer: Oklahoma City

text: Oklahoma City

question: What songs did Kanye dedicate to his late mother as his performance at The O2 in London?

answer: "Hey Mama", as well as a cover of Journey's "Don't Stop Believin'"

text: "Hey Mama", as well as a cover of Journey's "Don't Stop Believin'"

question: In what city was the funeral and burial for Donda West held?

answer: Oklahoma City

text: Oklahoma City

question: On what day was the funeral of Donda West?

answer: November 20, 2007

text: November 20, 2007

question: What day was Kanye's first concert after the death of his mother?

answer: November 22

text: November 22

question: On what tour did Kanye perform "Hey Mama" and his version of Journey's "Don't Stop Believing" in memory of his mother?

answer: Glow in the Dark tour

text: Glow in the Dark tour


text: The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. Over 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian Prime Minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves toward majority rule, declared unilateral independence from Britain while still expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth. Although the Queen dismissed him in a formal declaration, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade. As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973.

title: Elizabeth_II

title: Elizabeth_II

text: The

text: and

text: saw

text: an

text: acceleration

text: in

text: the

text: decolonisation

text: of

text: Africa

text: and

text: the

text: Caribbean

text: Over

text: countries

text: gained

text: independence

text: from

text: Britain

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: planned

text: transition

text: to

text: self

text: government

text: In

text: however

text: the

text: Rhodesian

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Ian

text: Smith

text: in

text: opposition

text: to

text: moves

text: toward

text: majority

text: rule

text: declared

text: unilateral

text: independence

text: from

text: Britain

text: while

text: still

text: expressing

text: loyalty

text: and

text: devotion

text: to

text: Elizabeth

text: Although

text: the

text: Queen

text: dismissed

text: him

text: in

text: a

text: formal

text: declaration

text: and

text: the

text: international

text: community

text: applied

text: sanctions

text: against

text: Rhodesia

text: his

text: regime

text: survived

text: for

text: over

text: a

text: decade

text: As

text: Britain

text: 's

text: ties

text: to

text: its

text: former

text: empire

text: weakened

text: the

text: British

text: government

text: sought

text: entry

text: to

text: the

text: European

text: Community

text: a

text: goal

text: it

text: achieved

text: in

question: When did the decolonization of Africa and the Caribbean accelerate?

answer: 1960s and 1970s

text: 1960s and 1970s

question: How many countries got independence from Britain during decolonization?

answer: Over 20 countries

text: Over 20 countries

question: When did Britain join the European Community?

answer: 1973

question: What did the Rhodesian president declare in 1965?

answer: independence from Britain

text: independence from Britain

question: In spite of sanctions by the international community, how long did the Ian Smith's regime last?

answer: over a decade

text: over a decade

question: What was the first African country to gain independence from Britain?

text: Rhodesia

question: In what year did Ian Smith become the Prime Minister of Rhodesia?

question: In what year was the European Community established?

question: In what year did Rhodesia cease to exist?

question: What was the last of 20 countries to gain independence from Britain?

text: Rhodesia


text: Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated.

title: Glacier

title: Glacier

text: Glaciers

text: are

text: present

text: on

text: every

text: continent

text: and

text: approximately

text: fifty

text: countries

text: excluding

text: those

text: Australia

text: South

text: Africa

text: that

text: have

text: glaciers

text: only

text: on

text: distant

text: subantarctic

text: island

text: territories

text: Extensive

text: glaciers

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: Antarctica

text: Chile

text: Canada

text: Alaska

text: Greenland

text: and

text: Iceland

text: Mountain

text: glaciers

text: are

text: widespread

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: Andes

text: the

text: Himalayas

text: the

text: Rocky

text: Mountains

text: the

text: Caucasus

text: and

text: the

text: Alps

text: Mainland

text: Australia

text: currently

text: contains

text: no

text: glaciers

text: although

text: a

text: small

text: glacier

text: on

text: Mount

text: Kosciuszko

text: was

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: last

text: glacial

text: period

text: In

text: New

text: Guinea

text: small

text: rapidly

text: diminishing

text: glaciers

text: are

text: located

text: on

text: its

text: highest

text: summit

text: massif

text: of

text: Puncak

text: Jaya

text: Africa

text: has

text: glaciers

text: on

text: Mount

text: Kilimanjaro

text: in

text: Tanzania

text: on

text: Mount

text: Kenya

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Rwenzori

text: Mountains

text: Oceanic

text: islands

text: with

text: glaciers

text: occur

text: on

text: Iceland

text: Svalbard

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Jan

text: Mayen

text: and

text: the

text: subantarctic

text: islands

text: of

text: Marion

text: Heard

text: Grande

text: Terre

text: Kerguelen

text: and

text: Bouvet

text: During

text: glacial

text: periods

text: of

text: the

text: Quaternary

text: Taiwan

text: Hawaii

text: on

text: Mauna

text: Kea

text: and

text: Tenerife

text: also

text: had

text: large

text: alpine

text: glaciers

text: while

text: the

text: Faroe

text: and

text: Crozet

text: Islands

text: were

text: completely

text: glaciated

question: How many countries contain glaciers?

answer: fifty

text: fifty

question: Which continent contains glaciers?

answer: every continent

text: every continent

question: Which mountain ranges contain glaciers?

answer: Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps

text: Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps

question: Where are glaciers in Africa located?

answer: Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains

text: Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains

question: Which sub-antarctic islands have glaciers?

answer: Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet

text: Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet

question: What are found on every coninant including Australia?

text: Glaciers

question: What sub-arctic islands do not have glaciers?

question: What Australian mountain has a glacier?

text: Mount Kosciuszko

question: What are spreading rapidly in New Guinea?

text: glaciers


text: Many were surprised by these changes to the CBC schedule, which were apparently intended to attract a younger audience to the network; some suggested they might alienate the core CBC viewership. Another note of criticism was made when the network decided to move The National in some time zones to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer. This later became a moot point, as The One was taken off the air after two weeks after extremely low American and Canadian ratings, and the newscast resumed its regular schedule.

title: CBC_Television

title: CBC_Television

text: Many

text: were

text: surprised

text: by

text: these

text: changes

text: to

text: the

text: CBC

text: schedule

text: which

text: were

text: apparently

text: intended

text: to

text: attract

text: a

text: younger

text: audience

text: to

text: the

text: network

text: some

text: suggested

text: they

text: might

text: alienate

text: the

text: core

text: CBC

text: viewership

text: Another

text: note

text: of

text: criticism

text: was

text: made

text: when

text: the

text: network

text: decided

text: to

text: move

text: The

text: National

text: in

text: some

text: time

text: zones

text: to

text: simulcast

text: the

text: American

text: version

text: of

text: The

text: One

text: over

text: the

text: summer

text: This

text: later

text: became

text: a

text: moot

text: point

text: as

text: The

text: One

text: was

text: taken

text: off

text: the

text: air

text: after

text: two

text: weeks

text: after

text: extremely

text: low

text: American

text: and

text: Canadian

text: ratings

text: and

text: the

text: newscast

text: resumed

text: its

text: regular

text: schedule

question: Which American newscast was taken off the air only two weeks after CBC began showing it?

answer: The One

text: The One

question: Why did CBC move The National in some areas?

answer: to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer

text: to simulcast the American version of The One over the summer

question: For what purpose did CBC make significant changes to their broadcasting?

answer: to attract a younger audience to the network

text: to attract a younger audience to the network

question: The CDC decided to model their news program after what American show?

text: The One

question: The National was taken off the air due to what problem?

question: The CCA was concerned that schedule changes would cause what problem?

text: might alienate the core CBC viewership

question: Twice a year, the CBC will retain new talent in order to serve what purpose?


text: The USA PATRIOT Act increased the powers allotted to the FBI, especially in wiretapping and monitoring of Internet activity. One of the most controversial provisions of the act is the so-called sneak and peek provision, granting the FBI powers to search a house while the residents are away, and not requiring them to notify the residents for several weeks afterwards. Under the PATRIOT Act's provisions, the FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records of those who are suspected of terrorism (something it had supposedly not done since the 1970s).

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

text: The

text: USA

text: PATRIOT

text: Act

text: increased

text: the

text: powers

text: allotted

text: to

text: the

text: FBI

text: especially

text: in

text: wiretapping

text: and

text: monitoring

text: of

text: Internet

text: activity

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: controversial

text: provisions

text: of

text: the

text: act

text: is

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: sneak

text: and

text: peek

text: provision

text: granting

text: the

text: FBI

text: powers

text: to

text: search

text: a

text: house

text: while

text: the

text: residents

text: are

text: away

text: and

text: not

text: requiring

text: them

text: to

text: notify

text: the

text: residents

text: for

text: several

text: weeks

text: afterwards

text: Under

text: the

text: PATRIOT

text: Act

text: 's

text: provisions

text: the

text: FBI

text: also

text: resumed

text: inquiring

text: into

text: the

text: library

text: records

text: of

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: suspected

text: of

text: terrorism

text: something

text: it

text: had

text: supposedly

text: not

text: done

text: since

text: the

question: What increased the powers of the FBI?

answer: USA PATRIOT Act

text: USA PATRIOT Act

question: What was one of the most controversial parts of the Patriot Act?

answer: sneak and peek provision

text: sneak and peek provision

question: What new residential powers did the FBI now have?

answer: search a house while the residents are away

text: search a house while the residents are away

question: Could the FBI inquire into library records?

answer: FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records

text: FBI also resumed inquiring into the library records

question: Who's library records did the FBI look into?

answer: those who are suspected of terrorism

text: those who are suspected of terrorism

question: What decreased the powers of the FBI?

text: USA PATRIOT Act

question: What did the USA PATRIOT Act allow the CIA to do more?

question: What is one of the least controversial provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act?

text: sneak and peek

question: What agency is required to notify residents of a search on their home right away?

text: FBI

question: What records does the PATRIOT Act ban the FBI from looking at?

text: library


text: The gates of the Temple of Jerusalem used Corinthian bronze made by depletion gilding. It was most prevalent in Alexandria, where alchemy is thought to have begun. In ancient India, copper was used in the holistic medical science Ayurveda for surgical instruments and other medical equipment. Ancient Egyptians (~2400 BC) used copper for sterilizing wounds and drinking water, and later on for headaches, burns, and itching. The Baghdad Battery, with copper cylinders soldered to lead, dates back to 248 BC to AD 226 and resembles a galvanic cell, leading people to believe this was the first battery; the claim has not been verified.

title: Copper

title: Copper

text: The

text: gates

text: of

text: the

text: Temple

text: of

text: Jerusalem

text: used

text: Corinthian

text: bronze

text: made

text: by

text: depletion

text: gilding

text: It

text: was

text: most

text: prevalent

text: in

text: Alexandria

text: where

text: alchemy

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: begun

text: In

text: ancient

text: India

text: copper

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: holistic

text: medical

text: science

text: Ayurveda

text: for

text: surgical

text: instruments

text: and

text: other

text: medical

text: equipment

text: Ancient

text: Egyptians

text: BC

text: used

text: copper

text: for

text: sterilizing

text: wounds

text: and

text: drinking

text: water

text: and

text: later

text: on

text: for

text: headaches

text: burns

text: and

text: itching

text: The

text: Baghdad

text: Battery

text: with

text: copper

text: cylinders

text: soldered

text: to

text: lead

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: BC

text: to

text: AD

text: and

text: resembles

text: a

text: galvanic

text: cell

text: leading

text: people

text: to

text: believe

text: this

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: battery

text: the

text: claim

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: verified

question: What material were the gates of the Temple of Jerusalem made from?

answer: Corinthian bronze

text: Corinthian bronze

question: How is Corinthian bronze made?

answer: depletion gilding

text: depletion gilding

question: Where do archeologists believe that alchemy was first practiced?

answer: Alexandria

text: Alexandria

question: What metal was used to make surgical equipment in ancient India?

answer: copper

text: copper

question: What is the name of the battery that was developed using copper in 248 BC?

answer: Baghdad Battery

text: Baghdad Battery

question: What material were the gates of the Temple of Jermaine made from?

text: Corinthian bronze

question: How is Corinthian bronze destroyed?

text: depletion gilding

question: Where do archaeologists believe that alchemy was last practiced?

text: Alexandria

question: What metal was used to make surgical equipment in ancient Atlantis?

text: copper

question: What is the name of the battery that was developed using copper in 168 BC?

text: Baghdad Battery


text: A defect in the human homologue of the Drosophila "period" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their interactions result in an interlocked feedback loop of gene products resulting in periodic fluctuations that the cells of the body interpret as a specific time of the day.[citation needed]

title: Circadian_rhythm

title: Circadian_rhythm

text: A

text: defect

text: in

text: the

text: human

text: homologue

text: of

text: the

text: Drosophila

text: period

text: gene

text: was

text: identified

text: as

text: a

text: cause

text: of

text: the

text: sleep

text: disorder

text: FASPS

text: Familial

text: advanced

text: sleep

text: phase

text: syndrome

text: underscoring

text: the

text: conserved

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: molecular

text: circadian

text: clock

text: through

text: evolution

text: Many

text: more

text: genetic

text: components

text: of

text: the

text: biological

text: clock

text: are

text: now

text: known

text: Their

text: interactions

text: result

text: in

text: an

text: interlocked

text: feedback

text: loop

text: of

text: gene

text: products

text: resulting

text: in

text: periodic

text: fluctuations

text: that

text: the

text: cells

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: interpret

text: as

text: a

text: specific

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: day.[citation

text: needed

question: What is the Drosophila gene the cause of?

answer: sleep disorder FASPS

text: sleep disorder FASPS

question: What is the Drosophila gene also known as?

answer: period

text: period

question: What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome?

answer: FASPS

text: FASPS

question: What kind of clock have genetic functions?

answer: biological clock

text: biological clock

question: What does the body interpret from the gene feedback loop?

answer: time of the day

text: time of the day

question: What Jean is responsible for the circadian rhythm?

text: Drosophila

question: What kind of clock does not have genetic functions?

text: biological clock

question: How do cells of the body interpret fluctuations in light?

text: as a specific time of the day

question: What does a defect in the period genome cause?

text: FASPS


text: In the north, the Republic of Novgorod prospered because it controlled trade routes from the River Volga to the Baltic Sea. As Kievan Rus' declined, Novgorod became more independent. A local oligarchy ruled Novgorod; major government decisions were made by a town assembly, which also elected a prince as the city's military leader. In the 12th century, Novgorod acquired its own archbishop Ilya in 1169, a sign of increased importance and political independence, while about 30 years prior to that in 1136 in Novgorod was established a republican form of government - elective monarchy. Since then Novgorod enjoyed a wide degree of autonomy although being closely associated with the Kievan Rus.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: In

text: the

text: north

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Novgorod

text: prospered

text: because

text: it

text: controlled

text: trade

text: routes

text: from

text: the

text: River

text: Volga

text: to

text: the

text: Baltic

text: Sea

text: As

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: declined

text: Novgorod

text: became

text: more

text: independent

text: A

text: local

text: oligarchy

text: ruled

text: Novgorod

text: major

text: government

text: decisions

text: were

text: made

text: by

text: a

text: town

text: assembly

text: which

text: also

text: elected

text: a

text: prince

text: as

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: military

text: leader

text: In

text: the

text: century

text: Novgorod

text: acquired

text: its

text: own

text: archbishop

text: Ilya

text: in

text: a

text: sign

text: of

text: increased

text: importance

text: and

text: political

text: independence

text: while

text: about

text: years

text: prior

text: to

text: that

text: in

text: in

text: Novgorod

text: was

text: established

text: a

text: republican

text: form

text: of

text: government

text: elective

text: monarchy

text: Since

text: then

text: Novgorod

text: enjoyed

text: a

text: wide

text: degree

text: of

text: autonomy

text: although

text: being

text: closely

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: Kievan

text: Rus

question: Why was the Republic of Novgorod doing so well while the Kievan Rus declined?

answer: it controlled trade routes

text: it controlled trade routes

question: What happened to Novgorod when Kievan Rus began to decline?

answer: became more independent

text: became more independent

question: In what year did Novgorod aquire its own archbishop?

answer: 1169

question: What prospered in the south?

text: Republic of Novgorod

question: Why was the Republic of Novogorod doing so poorly?

text: it controlled trade routes

question: What year did Novgorod assign its own archbishop?

question: What was a sign of decreased important and political independence?

text: Novgorod acquired its own archbishop

question: When was Novgorad established as a democrat form of government?


text: "The first Ottoman Medrese was created in İznik in 1331 and most Ottoman medreses followed the traditions of Sunni Islam." "When an Ottoman sultan established a new medrese, he would invite scholars from the Islamic world—for example, Murad II brought scholars from Persia, such as ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn and Fakhr al-Dīn who helped enhance the reputation of the Ottoman medrese". This reveals that the Islamic world was interconnected in the early modern period as they travelled around to other Islamic states exchanging knowledge. This sense that the Ottoman Empire was becoming modernised through globalization is also recognised by Hamadeh who says: "Change in the eighteenth century as the beginning of a long and unilinear march toward westernisation reflects the two centuries of reformation in sovereign identity." İnalcık also mentions that while scholars from for example Persia travelled to the Ottomans in order to share their knowledge, Ottomans travelled as well to receive education from scholars of these Islamic lands, such as Egypt, Persia and Turkestan. Hence, this reveals that similar to today's modern world, individuals from the early modern society travelled abroad to receive education and share knowledge and that the world was more interconnected than it seems. Also, it reveals how the system of "schooling" was also similar to today's modern world where students travel abroad to different countries for studies. Examples of Ottoman madaris are the ones built by Mehmed the Conqueror. He built eight madaris that were built "on either side of the mosque where there were eight higher madaris for specialised studies and eight lower medreses, which prepared students for these." The fact that they were built around, or near mosques reveals the religious impulses behind madrasa building and it reveals the interconnectedness between institutions of learning and religion. The students who completed their education in the lower medreses became known as danismends. This reveals that similar to the education system today, the Ottomans' educational system involved different kinds of schools attached to different kinds of levels. For example, there were lower madaris and specialised ones, and for one to get into the specialised area meant that he had to complete the classes in the lower one in order to adequately prepare himself for higher learning.

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: The

text: first

text: Ottoman

text: Medrese

text: was

text: created

text: in

text: İznik

text: in

text: and

text: most

text: Ottoman

text: medreses

text: followed

text: the

text: traditions

text: of

text: Sunni

text: Islam

text: When

text: an

text: Ottoman

text: sultan

text: established

text: a

text: new

text: medrese

text: he

text: would

text: invite

text: scholars

text: from

text: the

text: Islamic

text: world

text: for

text: example

text: Murad

text: II

text: brought

text: scholars

text: from

text: Persia

text: such

text: as

text: ʻAlāʼ

text: al

text: Dīn

text: and

text: Fakhr

text: al

text: Dīn

text: who

text: helped

text: enhance

text: the

text: reputation

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: medrese

text: This

text: reveals

text: that

text: the

text: Islamic

text: world

text: was

text: interconnected

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: modern

text: period

text: as

text: they

text: travelled

text: around

text: to

text: other

text: Islamic

text: states

text: exchanging

text: knowledge

text: This

text: sense

text: that

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: was

text: becoming

text: modernised

text: through

text: globalization

text: is

text: also

text: recognised

text: by

text: Hamadeh

text: who

text: says

text: Change

text: in

text: the

text: eighteenth

text: century

text: as

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: a

text: long

text: and

text: unilinear

text: march

text: toward

text: westernisation

text: reflects

text: the

text: two

text: centuries

text: of

text: reformation

text: in

text: sovereign

text: identity

text: İnalcık

text: also

text: mentions

text: that

text: while

text: scholars

text: from

text: for

text: example

text: Persia

text: travelled

text: to

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: share

text: their

text: knowledge

text: Ottomans

text: travelled

text: as

text: well

text: to

text: receive

text: education

text: from

text: scholars

text: of

text: these

text: Islamic

text: lands

text: such

text: as

text: Egypt

text: Persia

text: and

text: Turkestan

text: Hence

text: this

text: reveals

text: that

text: similar

text: to

text: today

text: 's

text: modern

text: world

text: individuals

text: from

text: the

text: early

text: modern

text: society

text: travelled

text: abroad

text: to

text: receive

text: education

text: and

text: share

text: knowledge

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: world

text: was

text: more

text: interconnected

text: than

text: it

text: seems

text: Also

text: it

text: reveals

text: how

text: the

text: system

text: of

text: schooling

text: was

text: also

text: similar

text: to

text: today

text: 's

text: modern

text: world

text: where

text: students

text: travel

text: abroad

text: to

text: different

text: countries

text: for

text: studies

text: Examples

text: of

text: Ottoman

text: madaris

text: are

text: the

text: ones

text: built

text: by

text: Mehmed

text: the

text: Conqueror

text: He

text: built

text: eight

text: madaris

text: that

text: were

text: built

text: on

text: either

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: mosque

text: where

text: there

text: were

text: eight

text: higher

text: madaris

text: for

text: specialised

text: studies

text: and

text: eight

text: lower

text: medreses

text: which

text: prepared

text: students

text: for

text: these

text: The

text: fact

text: that

text: they

text: were

text: built

text: around

text: or

text: near

text: mosques

text: reveals

text: the

text: religious

text: impulses

text: behind

text: madrasa

text: building

text: and

text: it

text: reveals

text: the

text: interconnectedness

text: between

text: institutions

text: of

text: learning

text: and

text: religion

text: The

text: students

text: who

text: completed

text: their

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: lower

text: medreses

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: danismends

text: This

text: reveals

text: that

text: similar

text: to

text: the

text: education

text: system

text: today

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: educational

text: system

text: involved

text: different

text: kinds

text: of

text: schools

text: attached

text: to

text: different

text: kinds

text: of

text: levels

text: For

text: example

text: there

text: were

text: lower

text: madaris

text: and

text: specialised

text: ones

text: and

text: for

text: one

text: to

text: get

text: into

text: the

text: specialised

text: area

text: meant

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: to

text: complete

text: the

text: classes

text: in

text: the

text: lower

text: one

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: adequately

text: prepare

text: himself

text: for

text: higher

text: learning

question: Who traveled abroad to get an education at madaris?

answer: Ottomans

text: Ottomans

question: How many madaris were started by Mehmed the Conqueror?

answer: eight

text: eight

question: How would a student matriculate to the next level of schooling in the Ottoman Empire?

answer: complete the classes in the lower one

text: complete the classes in the lower one

question: Where were Ottoman madaris built?

answer: near mosques

text: near mosques

question: When was the first Ottoman madrasa built?

answer: 1331

question: Who didn't traveled abroad to get an education at madaris?

text: Ottoman Medrese

question: How many madaris were not started by Mehmed the Conqueror?

text: eight

question: How would a teacher matriculate to the next level of schooling in the Ottoman Empire?

text: complete the classes in the lower one

question: Where were Ottoman madaris torn down?

text: near mosques

question: When was the first Ottoman madrasa torn down?


text: Peruvian Carnival incorporates elements of violence and reflects the urban violence in Peruvian society following the internal conflict in Peru. Traditionally, Peruvian Andean festivities were held on this period every year because it is the rainy season. It was already violent during the 19th century, but the government limited the practice. During the early 20th century it consisted partying and parading, while in the second half of the 20th century it acquired violent characteristics that continued. It was banned, first from the streets in 1958 and altogether in 1959 by the Prado government. It consisted basically of water battles in a traditional way,[clarification needed] while in later years it included playing with dirty water, mud, oil and colorants -and also including fighting and sometimes looting private property and sexual assaults on women. It has become an excuse for criminal gangs to rob people while pretending to celebrate. As of 2010, it had become so violent that the government imposed penalties of up to eight years in prison for violence during the games (the games themselves are not forbidden, but using violence during the games or coercing others to participate is).

title: Carnival

title: Carnival

text: Peruvian

text: Carnival

text: incorporates

text: elements

text: of

text: violence

text: and

text: reflects

text: the

text: urban

text: violence

text: in

text: Peruvian

text: society

text: following

text: the

text: internal

text: conflict

text: in

text: Peru

text: Traditionally

text: Peruvian

text: Andean

text: festivities

text: were

text: held

text: on

text: this

text: period

text: every

text: year

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: rainy

text: season

text: It

text: was

text: already

text: violent

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: but

text: the

text: government

text: limited

text: the

text: practice

text: During

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: it

text: consisted

text: partying

text: and

text: parading

text: while

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: it

text: acquired

text: violent

text: characteristics

text: that

text: continued

text: It

text: was

text: banned

text: first

text: from

text: the

text: streets

text: in

text: and

text: altogether

text: in

text: by

text: the

text: Prado

text: government

text: It

text: consisted

text: basically

text: of

text: water

text: battles

text: in

text: a

text: traditional

text: way,[clarification

text: needed

text: while

text: in

text: later

text: years

text: it

text: included

text: playing

text: with

text: dirty

text: water

text: mud

text: oil

text: and

text: colorants

text: -and

text: also

text: including

text: fighting

text: and

text: sometimes

text: looting

text: private

text: property

text: and

text: sexual

text: assaults

text: on

text: women

text: It

text: has

text: become

text: an

text: excuse

text: for

text: criminal

text: gangs

text: to

text: rob

text: people

text: while

text: pretending

text: to

text: celebrate

text: As

text: of

text: it

text: had

text: become

text: so

text: violent

text: that

text: the

text: government

text: imposed

text: penalties

text: of

text: up

text: to

text: eight

text: years

text: in

text: prison

text: for

text: violence

text: during

text: the

text: games

text: the

text: games

text: themselves

text: are

text: not

text: forbidden

text: but

text: using

text: violence

text: during

text: the

text: games

text: or

text: coercing

text: others

text: to

text: participate

text: is

question: What does the Peruvian Carnival incorporate elements of?

answer: violence

text: violence

question: Why are the festivals in Peru held when they are?

answer: because it is the rainy season

text: because it is the rainy season

question: When did the festivities acquire their violent tendencies?

answer: second half of the 20th century

text: second half of the 20th century

question: What is an element of Peruvian's Carnival not found in any other country's celebrations?

answer: sexual assaults on women

text: sexual assaults on women

question: How many years in prison can someone expect for being violent during the fun and games?

answer: eight

text: eight


text: There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the early 1980s, prior to the appearance of AZT for the treatment of AIDS, the course of the disease was closely followed by monitoring the composition of patient blood samples, even though the outcome would not offer the patient any further treatment options. In part, these studies on the appearance of HIV in specific communities permitted the advancement of hypotheses as to the route of transmission of the virus. By understanding how the disease was transmitted, resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk in campaigns aimed at reducing the number of new infections. The specific serological diagnostic identification, and later genotypic or molecular identification, of HIV also enabled the development of hypotheses as to the temporal and geographical origins of the virus, as well as a myriad of other hypothesis. The development of molecular diagnostic tools have enabled physicians and researchers to monitor the efficacy of treatment with anti-retroviral drugs. Molecular diagnostics are now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people long before the onset of illness and have been used to demonstrate the existence of people who are genetically resistant to HIV infection. Thus, while there still is no cure for AIDS, there is great therapeutic and predictive benefit to identifying the virus and monitoring the virus levels within the blood of infected individuals, both for the patient and for the community at large.

title: Infection

title: Infection

text: There

text: is

text: usually

text: an

text: indication

text: for

text: a

text: specific

text: identification

text: of

text: an

text: infectious

text: agent

text: only

text: when

text: such

text: identification

text: can

text: aid

text: in

text: the

text: treatment

text: or

text: prevention

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: or

text: to

text: advance

text: knowledge

text: of

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: an

text: illness

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: effective

text: therapeutic

text: or

text: preventative

text: measures

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: appearance

text: of

text: AZT

text: for

text: the

text: treatment

text: of

text: AIDS

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: was

text: closely

text: followed

text: by

text: monitoring

text: the

text: composition

text: of

text: patient

text: blood

text: samples

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: outcome

text: would

text: not

text: offer

text: the

text: patient

text: any

text: further

text: treatment

text: options

text: In

text: part

text: these

text: studies

text: on

text: the

text: appearance

text: of

text: HIV

text: in

text: specific

text: communities

text: permitted

text: the

text: advancement

text: of

text: hypotheses

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: route

text: of

text: transmission

text: of

text: the

text: virus

text: By

text: understanding

text: how

text: the

text: disease

text: was

text: transmitted

text: resources

text: could

text: be

text: targeted

text: to

text: the

text: communities

text: at

text: greatest

text: risk

text: in

text: campaigns

text: aimed

text: at

text: reducing

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: new

text: infections

text: The

text: specific

text: serological

text: diagnostic

text: identification

text: and

text: later

text: genotypic

text: or

text: molecular

text: identification

text: of

text: HIV

text: also

text: enabled

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: hypotheses

text: as

text: to

text: the

text: temporal

text: and

text: geographical

text: origins

text: of

text: the

text: virus

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: myriad

text: of

text: other

text: hypothesis

text: The

text: development

text: of

text: molecular

text: diagnostic

text: tools

text: have

text: enabled

text: physicians

text: and

text: researchers

text: to

text: monitor

text: the

text: efficacy

text: of

text: treatment

text: with

text: anti

text: retroviral

text: drugs

text: Molecular

text: diagnostics

text: are

text: now

text: commonly

text: used

text: to

text: identify

text: HIV

text: in

text: healthy

text: people

text: long

text: before

text: the

text: onset

text: of

text: illness

text: and

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: to

text: demonstrate

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: people

text: who

text: are

text: genetically

text: resistant

text: to

text: HIV

text: infection

text: Thus

text: while

text: there

text: still

text: is

text: no

text: cure

text: for

text: AIDS

text: there

text: is

text: great

text: therapeutic

text: and

text: predictive

text: benefit

text: to

text: identifying

text: the

text: virus

text: and

text: monitoring

text: the

text: virus

text: levels

text: within

text: the

text: blood

text: of

text: infected

text: individuals

text: both

text: for

text: the

text: patient

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: community

text: at

text: large

question: What is used in the treatment of AIDS?

answer: AZT

text: AZT

question: How was the course of AIDS followed?

answer: monitoring the composition of patient blood samples

text: monitoring the composition of patient blood samples

question: What could be done by understanding how the disease was transmitted?

answer: resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk

text: resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk

question: What did the genotypic identification of HIV later enable?

answer: geographical origins of the virus

text: geographical origins of the virus

question: What is now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illnes?

answer: Molecular diagnostics

text: Molecular diagnostics

question: What is used as a punishment for AIDS?

text: AZT

question: How was the course of AIDS hidden?

question: What could be in danger by understanding how the disease was transmitted?

text: resources

question: What did the genotypic identification of HIV later prevent?

text: geographical origins of the virus

question: What is now rarely used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illness?

text: Molecular diagnostics


text: These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses: USB was designed for simplicity and low cost, while FireWire was designed for high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video. Although similar in theoretical maximum transfer rate, FireWire 400 is faster than USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use, especially in high-bandwidth use such as external hard-drives. The newer FireWire 800 standard is twice as fast as FireWire 400 and faster than USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth both theoretically and practically. However, Firewire's speed advantages rely on low-level techniques such as direct memory access (DMA), which in turn have created opportunities for security exploits such as the DMA attack.

title: USB

title: USB

text: These

text: and

text: other

text: differences

text: reflect

text: the

text: differing

text: design

text: goals

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: buses

text: USB

text: was

text: designed

text: for

text: simplicity

text: and

text: low

text: cost

text: while

text: FireWire

text: was

text: designed

text: for

text: high

text: performance

text: particularly

text: in

text: time

text: sensitive

text: applications

text: such

text: as

text: audio

text: and

text: video

text: Although

text: similar

text: in

text: theoretical

text: maximum

text: transfer

text: rate

text: FireWire

text: is

text: faster

text: than

text: USB

text: Hi

text: Bandwidth

text: in

text: real

text: use

text: especially

text: in

text: high

text: bandwidth

text: use

text: such

text: as

text: external

text: hard

text: drives

text: The

text: newer

text: FireWire

text: standard

text: is

text: twice

text: as

text: fast

text: as

text: FireWire

text: and

text: faster

text: than

text: USB

text: Hi

text: Bandwidth

text: both

text: theoretically

text: and

text: practically

text: However

text: Firewire

text: 's

text: speed

text: advantages

text: rely

text: on

text: low

text: level

text: techniques

text: such

text: as

text: direct

text: memory

text: access

text: DMA

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: have

text: created

text: opportunities

text: for

text: security

text: exploits

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: DMA

text: attack

question: These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of what?

answer: two buses

text: two buses

question: USB was designed for what?

answer: simplicity and low cost

text: simplicity and low cost

question: FireWire was designed for what?

answer: high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video

text: high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video

question: FireWire 400 is faster than what?

answer: USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use

text: USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use


text: Obesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin, and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another. The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage, as a result of high intake of strongly insulin/leptin stimulating foods and energy. Both insulin and leptin normally function as satiety signals to the hypothalamus in the brain; however, insulin/leptin resistance may reduce this signal and therefore allow continued overfeeding despite large body fat stores. In addition, reduced leptin signalling to the brain may reduce leptin's normal effect to maintain an appropriately high metabolic rate.

title: Nutrition

title: Nutrition

text: Obesity

text: can

text: unfavourably

text: alter

text: hormonal

text: and

text: metabolic

text: status

text: via

text: resistance

text: to

text: the

text: hormone

text: leptin

text: and

text: a

text: vicious

text: cycle

text: may

text: occur

text: in

text: which

text: insulin

text: leptin

text: resistance

text: and

text: obesity

text: aggravate

text: one

text: another

text: The

text: vicious

text: cycle

text: is

text: putatively

text: fuelled

text: by

text: continuously

text: high

text: insulin

text: leptin

text: stimulation

text: and

text: fat

text: storage

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: high

text: intake

text: of

text: strongly

text: insulin

text: leptin

text: stimulating

text: foods

text: and

text: energy

text: Both

text: insulin

text: and

text: leptin

text: normally

text: function

text: as

text: satiety

text: signals

text: to

text: the

text: hypothalamus

text: in

text: the

text: brain

text: however

text: insulin

text: leptin

text: resistance

text: may

text: reduce

text: this

text: signal

text: and

text: therefore

text: allow

text: continued

text: overfeeding

text: despite

text: large

text: body

text: fat

text: stores

text: In

text: addition

text: reduced

text: leptin

text: signalling

text: to

text: the

text: brain

text: may

text: reduce

text: leptin

text: 's

text: normal

text: effect

text: to

text: maintain

text: an

text: appropriately

text: high

text: metabolic

text: rate

question: Obesity can cause resistance to which hormone?

answer: leptin

text: leptin

question: In the so called vicious cycle, what aggravates obesity to continue the cycle?

answer: insulin/leptin resistance

text: insulin/leptin resistance

question: A characteristic of the cycle other than fat storage is a continuously high stimulation of what?

answer: insulin/leptin

text: insulin/leptin

question: What function do insulin and leptin normally provide in the body?

answer: satiety signals to the hypothalamus

text: satiety signals to the hypothalamus

question: What effect does insulin/leptin resistance have on the function of insulin/leptin?

answer: reduce this signal

text: reduce this signal