text: Boston has a continental climate with some maritime influence, and using the −3 °C (27 °F) coldest month (January) isotherm, the city lies within the transition zone from a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) to a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), although the suburbs north and west of the city are significantly colder in winter and solidly fall under the latter categorization; the city lies at the transition between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b (most of the city) and 7a (Downtown, South Boston, and East Boston neighborhoods). Summers are typically warm to hot, rainy, and humid, while winters oscillate between periods of cold rain and snow, with cold temperatures. Spring and fall are usually mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and jet stream positioning. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. The hottest month is July, with a mean temperature of 73.4 °F (23.0 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean of 29.0 °F (−1.7 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but rarely extended, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively. The most recent sub-0 °F (−18 °C) reading occurring on February 14, 2016 when the temperature dipped down to −9 °F (−23 °C), the coldest reading since 1957. In addition, several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) readings, with the most recent such occurrence on July 22, 2011 when the temperature reached 103 °F (39 °C). The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5.[c] Official temperature records have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911; the record cold daily maximum is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on August 2, 1975.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: Boston

text: has

text: a

text: continental

text: climate

text: with

text: some

text: maritime

text: influence

text: and

text: using

text: the

text: −3

text: C

text: F

text: coldest

text: month

text: January

text: isotherm

text: the

text: city

text: lies

text: within

text: the

text: transition

text: zone

text: from

text: a

text: humid

text: subtropical

text: climate

text: Köppen

text: Cfa

text: to

text: a

text: humid

text: continental

text: climate

text: Köppen

text: Dfa

text: although

text: the

text: suburbs

text: north

text: and

text: west

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: are

text: significantly

text: colder

text: in

text: winter

text: and

text: solidly

text: fall

text: under

text: the

text: latter

text: categorization

text: the

text: city

text: lies

text: at

text: the

text: transition

text: between

text: USDA

text: plant

text: hardiness

text: zones

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: Downtown

text: South

text: Boston

text: and

text: East

text: Boston

text: neighborhoods

text: Summers

text: are

text: typically

text: warm

text: to

text: hot

text: rainy

text: and

text: humid

text: while

text: winters

text: oscillate

text: between

text: periods

text: of

text: cold

text: rain

text: and

text: snow

text: with

text: cold

text: temperatures

text: Spring

text: and

text: fall

text: are

text: usually

text: mild

text: with

text: varying

text: conditions

text: dependent

text: on

text: wind

text: direction

text: and

text: jet

text: stream

text: positioning

text: Prevailing

text: wind

text: patterns

text: that

text: blow

text: offshore

text: minimize

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: The

text: hottest

text: month

text: is

text: July

text: with

text: a

text: mean

text: temperature

text: of

text: F

text: C

text: The

text: coldest

text: month

text: is

text: January

text: with

text: a

text: mean

text: of

text: F

text: C

text: Periods

text: exceeding

text: F

text: C

text: in

text: summer

text: and

text: below

text: freezing

text: in

text: winter

text: are

text: not

text: uncommon

text: but

text: rarely

text: extended

text: with

text: about

text: and

text: days

text: per

text: year

text: seeing

text: each

text: respectively

text: The

text: most

text: recent

text: F

text: C

text: reading

text: occurring

text: on

text: February

text: when

text: the

text: temperature

text: dipped

text: down

text: to

text: −9

text: F

text: C

text: the

text: coldest

text: reading

text: since

text: In

text: addition

text: several

text: decades

text: may

text: pass

text: between

text: F

text: C

text: readings

text: with

text: the

text: most

text: recent

text: such

text: occurrence

text: on

text: July

text: when

text: the

text: temperature

text: reached

text: F

text: C

text: The

text: city

text: 's

text: average

text: window

text: for

text: freezing

text: temperatures

text: is

text: November

text: through

text: April

text: Official

text: temperature

text: records

text: have

text: ranged

text: from

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: February

text: up

text: to

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: July

text: the

text: record

text: cold

text: daily

text: maximum

text: is

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: December

text: while

text: conversely

text: the

text: record

text: warm

text: daily

text: minimum

text: is

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: August

question: Most of the city lies in which USDA plant hardiness zone?

answer: 6b

question: What minimizes the influence of the Atlantic ocean on Bostons weather?

answer: Prevailing wind patterns

text: Prevailing wind patterns

question: What is the hottest month in Boston?

answer: July

text: July

question: What is the coldest month in Boston?

answer: January

text: January


text: Antibacterial antibiotics are commonly classified based on their mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity. Most target bacterial functions or growth processes. Those that target the bacterial cell wall (penicillins and cephalosporins) or the cell membrane (polymyxins), or interfere with essential bacterial enzymes (rifamycins, lipiarmycins, quinolones, and sulfonamides) have bactericidal activities. Those that target protein synthesis (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines) are usually bacteriostatic (with the exception of bactericidal aminoglycosides). Further categorization is based on their target specificity. "Narrow-spectrum" antibacterial antibiotics target specific types of bacteria, such as Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria, whereas broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria. Following a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibacterial compounds, four new classes of antibacterial antibiotics have been brought into clinical use in the late 2000s and early 2010s: cyclic lipopeptides (such as daptomycin), glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones (such as linezolid), and lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin).

title: Antibiotics

title: Antibiotics

text: Antibacterial

text: antibiotics

text: are

text: commonly

text: classified

text: based

text: on

text: their

text: mechanism

text: of

text: action

text: chemical

text: structure

text: or

text: spectrum

text: of

text: activity

text: Most

text: target

text: bacterial

text: functions

text: or

text: growth

text: processes

text: Those

text: that

text: target

text: the

text: bacterial

text: cell

text: wall

text: penicillins

text: and

text: cephalosporins

text: or

text: the

text: cell

text: membrane

text: polymyxins

text: or

text: interfere

text: with

text: essential

text: bacterial

text: enzymes

text: rifamycins

text: lipiarmycins

text: quinolones

text: and

text: sulfonamides

text: have

text: bactericidal

text: activities

text: Those

text: that

text: target

text: protein

text: synthesis

text: macrolides

text: lincosamides

text: and

text: tetracyclines

text: are

text: usually

text: bacteriostatic

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: bactericidal

text: aminoglycosides

text: Further

text: categorization

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: their

text: target

text: specificity

text: Narrow

text: spectrum

text: antibacterial

text: antibiotics

text: target

text: specific

text: types

text: of

text: bacteria

text: such

text: as

text: Gram

text: negative

text: or

text: Gram

text: positive

text: bacteria

text: whereas

text: broad

text: spectrum

text: antibiotics

text: affect

text: a

text: wide

text: range

text: of

text: bacteria

text: Following

text: a

text: hiatus

text: in

text: discovering

text: new

text: classes

text: of

text: antibacterial

text: compounds

text: four

text: new

text: classes

text: of

text: antibacterial

text: antibiotics

text: have

text: been

text: brought

text: into

text: clinical

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: and

text: early

text: cyclic

text: lipopeptides

text: such

text: as

text: daptomycin

text: glycylcyclines

text: such

text: as

text: tigecycline

text: oxazolidinones

text: such

text: as

text: linezolid

text: and

text: lipiarmycins

text: such

text: as

text: fidaxomicin

question: Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified?

answer: mechanism of action

text: mechanism of action

question: What is another name used for bacterial cell wall?

answer: penicillins and cephalosporins

text: penicillins and cephalosporins

question: whats another word for cell membrane?

answer: polymyxins

text: polymyxins

question: How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/

answer: four

text: four

question: What three ways are antibiotics classified?

answer: mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity

text: mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity

question: What do anitibiotics mostly target?

answer: bacterial functions or growth processes

text: bacterial functions or growth processes

question: Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall?

answer: penicillins and cephalosporins

text: penicillins and cephalosporins

question: Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane?

answer: polymyxins

text: polymyxins

question: What 3 types go after protein synthesis?

answer: (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines

text: (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines

question: Besides spectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can protein synthesis be classified?

text: mechanism of action

question: What is another name used for target specificity?

text: penicillins and cephalosporins

question: What is another word for interfere?

text: polymyxins

question: How many new classes of glycylcyclines was introduced in the late 2000's?

text: four

question: What three ways are bacteria classified?


text: The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient.

title: Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

text: The

text: president

text: as

text: noted

text: above

text: appoints

text: judges

text: with

text: the

text: Senate

text: 's

text: advice

text: and

text: consent

text: He

text: also

text: has

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: issue

text: pardons

text: and

text: reprieves

text: Such

text: pardons

text: are

text: not

text: subject

text: to

text: confirmation

text: by

text: either

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Representatives

text: or

text: the

text: Senate

text: or

text: even

text: to

text: acceptance

text: by

text: the

text: recipient

question: Who has the power to issue a pardon?

answer: The president

text: The president

question: Who has the power to issue a reprieve?

answer: The president

text: The president

question: Who appoints the President with the approval of judges?

text: Senate

question: Who appoints the Senate with the approval of judges?

text: president

question: Who appoints judges with the President's approval?

text: Senate

question: The president does not have the power to issue pardons or what else?

text: reprieves

question: Other than reprieves, what is the Senate able to issue?

text: pardons


text: In April 2008, a £90m contract was signed with Boeing for a "quick fix" solution, so they can fly by 2010: QinetiQ will downgrade the Chinooks—stripping out some of their more advanced equipment.

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)

title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom

text: In

text: April

text: a

text: m

text: contract

text: was

text: signed

text: with

text: Boeing

text: for

text: a

text: quick

text: fix

text: solution

text: so

text: they

text: can

text: fly

text: by

text: QinetiQ

text: will

text: downgrade

text: the

text: Chinooks

text: stripping

text: out

text: some

text: of

text: their

text: more

text: advanced

text: equipment

question: Which aircraft manufacturer got a contract with the MoD?

answer: Boeing

text: Boeing

question: When was the Boeing contract signed?

answer: April 2008

text: April 2008

question: Who is downgrading the Chinook helicopters?

answer: QinetiQ

text: QinetiQ

question: How much was the Boeing contract worth?

answer: £90m

question: What was removed from the Chinook helicopters?

answer: more advanced equipment

text: more advanced equipment

question: What did Chinook sign in April 2008?

text: a £90m contract

question: What will Boeing downgrade?

text: the Chinooks

question: What will Boeing remove from the Chinooks?

text: some of their more advanced equipment

question: When was a contract signed for more advanced equipment?

text: April 2008

question: What was Chinook looking for when signing the contract?

text: a "quick fix" solution


text: In response to the September 11 attacks, and as part of the Global War on Terror, U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, displacing the Taliban government. The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003. It served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long-term deployment operations. In the following years the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency, resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more. 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003–2011.

title: United_States_Army

title: United_States_Army

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: September

text: attacks

text: and

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Global

text: War

text: on

text: Terror

text: U.S.

text: and

text: NATO

text: forces

text: invaded

text: Afghanistan

text: in

text: October

text: displacing

text: the

text: Taliban

text: government

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: also

text: led

text: the

text: combined

text: U.S.

text: and

text: allied

text: invasion

text: of

text: Iraq

text: in

text: It

text: served

text: as

text: the

text: primary

text: source

text: for

text: ground

text: forces

text: with

text: its

text: ability

text: to

text: sustain

text: short

text: and

text: long

text: term

text: deployment

text: operations

text: In

text: the

text: following

text: years

text: the

text: mission

text: changed

text: from

text: conflict

text: between

text: regular

text: militaries

text: to

text: counterinsurgency

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: deaths

text: of

text: more

text: than

text: U.S

text: service

text: members

text: as

text: of

text: March

text: and

text: injuries

text: to

text: thousands

text: more

text: insurgents

text: were

text: killed

text: in

text: Iraq

text: between

question: Which country was invaded by the U.S. in October 2001?

answer: Afghanistan

text: Afghanistan

question: The U.S. Army invaded Iraq in what year?

answer: 2003

question: About how many U.S. soldiers died as of March 2008 due to counterinsurgency?

answer: more than 4,000

text: more than 4,000

question: How many Iraqi insurgents were killed from 2003-2011?

answer: 23,813

question: Which country was liberated by the U.S. in October 2001?

text: Afghanistan

question: What year did the  European country invade Iraq?

question: How many European soldiers died as of March 2008 due to counterinsurgency?

text: more than 4,000

question: How many Palestinian insurgents were killed from 2003-2011?

question: What year did the Chinese lead a combined coalition into Iraq?


text: In August 2007, an increase in the price of diesel and petrol led to Saffron Revolution led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government. The government cracked down on them on 26 September 2007. The crackdown was harsh, with reports of barricades at the Shwedagon Pagoda and monks killed. There were also rumours of disagreement within the Burmese armed forces, but none was confirmed. The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the International reactions to the Saffron Revolution and led to an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: In

text: August

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: the

text: price

text: of

text: diesel

text: and

text: petrol

text: led

text: to

text: Saffron

text: Revolution

text: led

text: by

text: Buddhist

text: monks

text: that

text: were

text: dealt

text: with

text: harshly

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: The

text: government

text: cracked

text: down

text: on

text: them

text: on

text: September

text: The

text: crackdown

text: was

text: harsh

text: with

text: reports

text: of

text: barricades

text: at

text: the

text: Shwedagon

text: Pagoda

text: and

text: monks

text: killed

text: There

text: were

text: also

text: rumours

text: of

text: disagreement

text: within

text: the

text: Burmese

text: armed

text: forces

text: but

text: was

text: confirmed

text: The

text: military

text: crackdown

text: against

text: unarmed

text: protesters

text: was

text: widely

text: condemned

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: International

text: reactions

text: to

text: the

text: Saffron

text: Revolution

text: and

text: led

text: to

text: an

text: increase

text: in

text: economic

text: sanctions

text: against

text: the

text: Burmese

text: Government

question: What was the cause of the insurrection in the summer of 2007 ?

answer: an increase in the price of diesel and petrol

text: an increase in the price of diesel and petrol

question: What was the name of the insurgency lead by Buddhist Monks?

answer: Saffron Revolution

text: Saffron Revolution

question: Did the insurgency lead to any economic changes in Burma ?

answer: an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government.

text: an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government.

question: How did the world respond to the reported acts of military violence during the Burmese revolution of 2007?

answer: The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the International reactions

text: The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the International reactions


text: The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum, kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a third, carmine, which made a very fine crimson, though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully. It was used by almost all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries, including Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Diego Velázquez and Tintoretto. Later it was used by Thomas Gainsborough, Seurat and J.M.W. Turner.

title: Red

title: Red

text: The

text: painters

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: Renaissance

text: used

text: two

text: traditional

text: lake

text: pigments

text: made

text: from

text: mixing

text: dye

text: with

text: either

text: chalk

text: or

text: alum

text: kermes

text: lake

text: made

text: from

text: kermes

text: insects

text: and

text: madder

text: lake

text: made

text: from

text: the

text: rubia

text: tinctorum

text: plant

text: With

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: cochineal

text: they

text: had

text: a

text: third

text: carmine

text: which

text: made

text: a

text: very

text: fine

text: crimson

text: though

text: it

text: had

text: a

text: tendency

text: to

text: change

text: color

text: if

text: not

text: used

text: carefully

text: It

text: was

text: used

text: by

text: almost

text: all

text: the

text: great

text: painters

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: including

text: Rembrandt

text: Vermeer

text: Rubens

text: Anthony

text: van

text: Dyck

text: Diego

text: Velázquez

text: and

text: Tintoretto

text: Later

text: it

text: was

text: used

text: by

text: Thomas

text: Gainsborough

text: Seurat

text: and

text: J.M.W.

text: Turner

question: What was kermes lake made from?

answer: kermes insects

text: kermes insects

question: What was madder lake made from?

answer: rubia tinctorum plant

text: rubia tinctorum plant

question: What did Renaissance painters call the pigment made from cochineal?

answer: carmine

text: carmine

question: During what century did carmine start to see use?

answer: 15th

question: What would to the carmine pigment if not used diligently?

answer: change color

text: change color

question: What was used by all painters?

text: two traditional lake pigments

question: Who were the great painters of the 15th century?

question: What 16th century painters used carmine?

question: What did J.W.M Turner use?

text: carmine


text: Starting in 2014, ESPN returned to the AFL as broadcast partners, with weekly games being shown on CBS Sports Network, ESPN, ESPN2, ESPNEWS along with all games being broadcast on ESPN3 for free live on WatchESPN. ArenaBowl XXVII was also broadcast on ESPN. Most teams also have a local TV station broadcast their games locally and all games are available on local radio.

title: Arena_Football_League

title: Arena_Football_League

text: Starting

text: in

text: ESPN

text: returned

text: to

text: the

text: AFL

text: as

text: broadcast

text: partners

text: with

text: weekly

text: games

text: being

text: shown

text: on

text: CBS

text: Sports

text: Network

text: ESPN

text: ESPNEWS

text: along

text: with

text: all

text: games

text: being

text: broadcast

text: on

text: for

text: free

text: live

text: on

text: WatchESPN

text: ArenaBowl

text: XXVII

text: was

text: also

text: broadcast

text: on

text: ESPN

text: Most

text: teams

text: also

text: have

text: a

text: local

text: TV

text: station

text: broadcast

text: their

text: games

text: locally

text: and

text: all

text: games

text: are

text: available

text: on

text: local

text: radio

question: Who was the Arena Football League's 2014 broadcast partner?

answer: ESPN

text: ESPN

question: What app were Arena Football League games broadcast on in 2014?

answer: WatchESPN

text: WatchESPN

question: Along with the ESPN networks, on what network were 2014 AFL games broadcast?

answer: CBS Sports Network

text: CBS Sports Network

question: On what channel could one watch ArenaBowl XXVII live?

answer: ESPN

text: ESPN


text: Rainfall along the coast averages about 10 inches (250 mm) of precipitation annually. The average (mean) rainfall is 10.65 inches (271 mm) and the median is 9.6 inches (240 mm). Most of the rainfall occurs during the cooler months. The months of December through March supply most of the rain, with February the only month averaging 2 inches (51 mm) or more of rain. The months of May through September tend to be almost completely dry. Though there are few wet days per month during the rainy period, rainfall can be heavy when it does fall. Rainfall is usually greater in the higher elevations of San Diego; some of the higher elevation areas of San Diego can receive 11–15 inches (280–380 mm) of rain a year. Variability of rainfall can be extreme: in the wettest years of 1883/1884 and 1940/1941 more than 24 inches (610 mm) fell in the city, whilst in the driest years as little as 3.2 inches (80 mm) has fallen for a full year. The wettest month on record has been December 1921 with 9.21 inches (234 mm).

title: San_Diego

title: San_Diego

text: Rainfall

text: along

text: the

text: coast

text: averages

text: about

text: inches

text: mm

text: of

text: precipitation

text: annually

text: The

text: average

text: mean

text: rainfall

text: is

text: inches

text: mm

text: and

text: the

text: median

text: is

text: inches

text: mm

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: rainfall

text: occurs

text: during

text: the

text: cooler

text: months

text: The

text: months

text: of

text: December

text: through

text: March

text: supply

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: rain

text: with

text: February

text: the

text: only

text: month

text: averaging

text: inches

text: mm

text: or

text: more

text: of

text: rain

text: The

text: months

text: of

text: May

text: through

text: September

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: almost

text: completely

text: dry

text: Though

text: there

text: are

text: few

text: wet

text: days

text: per

text: month

text: during

text: the

text: rainy

text: period

text: rainfall

text: can

text: be

text: heavy

text: when

text: it

text: does

text: fall

text: Rainfall

text: is

text: usually

text: greater

text: in

text: the

text: higher

text: elevations

text: of

text: San

text: Diego

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: higher

text: elevation

text: areas

text: of

text: San

text: Diego

text: can

text: receive

text: inches

text: mm

text: of

text: rain

text: a

text: year

text: Variability

text: of

text: rainfall

text: can

text: be

text: extreme

text: in

text: the

text: wettest

text: years

text: of

text: and

text: more

text: than

text: inches

text: mm

text: fell

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: whilst

text: in

text: the

text: driest

text: years

text: as

text: little

text: as

text: inches

text: mm

text: has

text: fallen

text: for

text: a

text: full

text: year

text: The

text: wettest

text: month

text: on

text: record

text: has

text: been

text: December

text: with

text: inches

text: mm

question: What is the average rainfall in February along the coast?

answer: 2 inches (51 mm)

text: 2 inches (51 mm)

question: What is significant about the weather that San Diego experienced in December 1921?

answer: wettest month on record

text: wettest month on record

question: What is the average annual precipitation along San Diego's coast?

answer: 10.65 inches (271 mm)

text: 10.65 inches (271 mm)

question: What months are nearly completely dry in San Diego?

answer: May through September

text: May through September

question: What areas of San Diego typically experienced the greatest rainfall?

answer: higher elevation areas

text: higher elevation areas

question: What is the average rainfall in January along the coast?

text: 2 inches (51 mm)

question: What is significant about the weather that San Diego experienced in December 1912?

text: wettest month on record

question: What is the average annual precipitation along San Francisco's coast?

text: 10.65 inches (271 mm)

question: What months are nearly completely dry in San Francisco?

text: May through September

question: What areas of San Francisco typically experienced the greatest rainfall?

text: higher elevation areas


text: After the Genpei war of the late 12th century, a clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jito, and was allowed to organize soldiers and police, and to collect a certain amount of tax. Initially, their responsibility was restricted to arresting rebels and collecting needed army provisions, and they were forbidden from interfering with Kokushi Governors, but their responsibility gradually expanded and thus the samurai-class appeared as the political ruling power in Japan. Minamoto no Yoritomo opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate in 1192.

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: After

text: the

text: Genpei

text: war

text: of

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: a

text: clan

text: leader

text: Minamoto

text: no

text: Yoritomo

text: obtained

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: appoint

text: shugo

text: and

text: jito

text: and

text: was

text: allowed

text: to

text: organize

text: soldiers

text: and

text: police

text: and

text: to

text: collect

text: a

text: certain

text: amount

text: of

text: tax

text: Initially

text: their

text: responsibility

text: was

text: restricted

text: to

text: arresting

text: rebels

text: and

text: collecting

text: needed

text: army

text: provisions

text: and

text: they

text: were

text: forbidden

text: from

text: interfering

text: with

text: Kokushi

text: Governors

text: but

text: their

text: responsibility

text: gradually

text: expanded

text: and

text: thus

text: the

text: samurai

text: class

text: appeared

text: as

text: the

text: political

text: ruling

text: power

text: in

text: Japan

text: Minamoto

text: no

text: Yoritomo

text: opened

text: the

text: Kamakura

text: Bakufu

text: Shogunate

text: in

question: When was the Genpei war?

answer: late 12th century

text: late 12th century

question: Who was given the right to appoint shugo?

answer: Minamoto no Yoritomo

text: Minamoto no Yoritomo

question: What was Minamoto's position?

answer: clan leader

text: clan leader

question: Who opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate?

answer: Minamoto no Yoritomo

text: Minamoto no Yoritomo

question: When did the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate open?

answer: 1192


text: Northwestern's Evanston campus, where the undergraduate schools, the Graduate School, and the Kellogg School of Management are located, runs north-south from Lincoln Avenue to Clark Street west of Lake Michigan along Sheridan Road. North and South Campuses have noticeably different atmospheres, owing to the predominance of Science and Athletics in the one and Humanities and Arts in the other. North Campus is home to the fraternity quads, the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion and Norris Aquatics Center and other athletic facilities, the Technological Institute, Dearborn Observatory, and other science-related buildings including Patrick G. and Shirley W. Ryan Hall for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, and the Ford Motor Company Engineering Design Center. South Campus is home to the University's humanities buildings, Pick-Staiger Concert Hall and other music buildings, the Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, and the sorority quads. In the 1960s, the University created an additional 84 acres (34.0 ha) by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan. Among some of the buildings located on these broad new acres are University Library, Norris University Center (the student union), and Pick-Staiger Concert Hall.

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: Northwestern

text: 's

text: Evanston

text: campus

text: where

text: the

text: undergraduate

text: schools

text: the

text: Graduate

text: School

text: and

text: the

text: Kellogg

text: School

text: of

text: Management

text: are

text: located

text: runs

text: north

text: south

text: from

text: Lincoln

text: Avenue

text: to

text: Clark

text: Street

text: west

text: of

text: Lake

text: Michigan

text: along

text: Sheridan

text: Road

text: North

text: and

text: South

text: Campuses

text: have

text: noticeably

text: different

text: atmospheres

text: owing

text: to

text: the

text: predominance

text: of

text: Science

text: and

text: Athletics

text: in

text: the

text: one

text: and

text: Humanities

text: and

text: Arts

text: in

text: the

text: other

text: North

text: Campus

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: fraternity

text: quads

text: the

text: Henry

text: Crown

text: Sports

text: Pavilion

text: and

text: Norris

text: Aquatics

text: Center

text: and

text: other

text: athletic

text: facilities

text: the

text: Technological

text: Institute

text: Dearborn

text: Observatory

text: and

text: other

text: science

text: related

text: buildings

text: including

text: Patrick

text: G.

text: and

text: Shirley

text: W.

text: Ryan

text: Hall

text: for

text: Nanofabrication

text: and

text: Molecular

text: Self

text: Assembly

text: and

text: the

text: Ford

text: Motor

text: Company

text: Engineering

text: Design

text: Center

text: South

text: Campus

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: University

text: 's

text: humanities

text: buildings

text: Pick

text: Staiger

text: Concert

text: Hall

text: and

text: other

text: music

text: buildings

text: the

text: Mary

text: and

text: Leigh

text: Block

text: Museum

text: of

text: Art

text: and

text: the

text: sorority

text: quads

text: In

text: the

text: the

text: University

text: created

text: an

text: additional

text: acres

text: ha

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: a

text: lakefill

text: in

text: Lake

text: Michigan

text: Among

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: buildings

text: located

text: on

text: these

text: broad

text: new

text: acres

text: are

text: University

text: Library

text: Norris

text: University

text: Center

text: the

text: student

text: union

text: and

text: Pick

text: Staiger

text: Concert

text: Hall

question: How did Northwestern create 84 additional acres in the 1960's?

answer: by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan

text: by means of a lakefill in Lake Michigan

question: Which campus holds the undergraduate schools, the Graduate school, and the Kellogg school of Management?

answer: Evanston

text: Evanston

question: What is noticably different between Northwestern's North and South Campuses?

answer: atmospheres

text: atmospheres

question: Which campus is home to the fraternity quads?

answer: North Campus

text: North Campus

question: Which campus is home to the music and art buildings?

answer: South Campus

text: South Campus

question: How did Northwestern create 84 additional acres in the 1930's?

text: lakefill in Lake Michigan

question: Which campus holds the undergraduate schools, the Graduate school, and the Rice Krispie school of Management?

text: Evanston

question: What is noticably similar between Northwestern's North and South Campuses?

text: atmospheres

question: Which campus is not home to the fraternity quads?

text: North

question: Which campus is not home to the music and art buildings?

text: South


text: The hypothesis that plant growth and development is coordinated by plant hormones or plant growth regulators first emerged in the late 19th century. Darwin experimented on the movements of plant shoots and roots towards light and gravity, and concluded "It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the radicle . . acts like the brain of one of the lower animals . . directing the several movements". About the same time, the role of auxins (from the Greek auxein, to grow) in control of plant growth was first outlined by the Dutch scientist Frits Went. The first known auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which promotes cell growth, was only isolated from plants about 50 years later. This compound mediates the tropic responses of shoots and roots towards light and gravity. The finding in 1939 that plant callus could be maintained in culture containing IAA, followed by the observation in 1947 that it could be induced to form roots and shoots by controlling the concentration of growth hormones were key steps in the development of plant biotechnology and genetic modification.

title: Botany

title: Botany

text: The

text: hypothesis

text: that

text: plant

text: growth

text: and

text: development

text: is

text: coordinated

text: by

text: plant

text: hormones

text: or

text: plant

text: growth

text: regulators

text: first

text: emerged

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: Darwin

text: experimented

text: on

text: the

text: movements

text: of

text: plant

text: shoots

text: and

text: roots

text: towards

text: light

text: and

text: gravity

text: and

text: concluded

text: It

text: is

text: hardly

text: an

text: exaggeration

text: to

text: say

text: that

text: the

text: tip

text: of

text: the

text: radicle

text: acts

text: like

text: the

text: brain

text: of

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: lower

text: animals

text: directing

text: the

text: several

text: movements

text: About

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: auxins

text: from

text: the

text: Greek

text: auxein

text: to

text: grow

text: in

text: control

text: of

text: plant

text: growth

text: was

text: first

text: outlined

text: by

text: the

text: Dutch

text: scientist

text: Frits

text: Went

text: The

text: first

text: known

text: auxin

text: acid

text: IAA

text: which

text: promotes

text: cell

text: growth

text: was

text: only

text: isolated

text: from

text: plants

text: about

text: years

text: later

text: This

text: compound

text: mediates

text: the

text: tropic

text: responses

text: of

text: shoots

text: and

text: roots

text: towards

text: light

text: and

text: gravity

text: The

text: finding

text: in

text: that

text: plant

text: callus

text: could

text: be

text: maintained

text: in

text: culture

text: containing

text: IAA

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: observation

text: in

text: that

text: it

text: could

text: be

text: induced

text: to

text: form

text: roots

text: and

text: shoots

text: by

text: controlling

text: the

text: concentration

text: of

text: growth

text: hormones

text: were

text: key

text: steps

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: plant

text: biotechnology

text: and

text: genetic

text: modification

question: When was the theory of plant hormones introduced?

answer: late 19th century

text: late 19th century

question: To what did Darwin compare the top of the plant radical?

answer: the brain of one of the lower animals

text: the brain of one of the lower animals

question: Why did Darwin feel plants had something comparable to a brain?

answer: movements of plant shoots

text: movements of plant shoots

question: What do auxins do?

answer: promotes cell growth

text: promotes cell growth

question: What can plant callus be coaxed into doing?

answer: form roots and shoots

text: form roots and shoots


text: Zinc deficiency is crop plants' most common micronutrient deficiency; it is particularly common in high-pH soils. Zinc-deficient soil is cultivated in the cropland of about half of Turkey and India, a third of China, and most of Western Australia, and substantial responses to zinc fertilization have been reported in these areas. Plants that grow in soils that are zinc-deficient are more susceptible to disease. Zinc is primarily added to the soil through the weathering of rocks, but humans have added zinc through fossil fuel combustion, mine waste, phosphate fertilizers, pesticide (zinc phosphide), limestone, manure, sewage sludge, and particles from galvanized surfaces. Excess zinc is toxic to plants, although zinc toxicity is far less widespread.

title: Zinc

title: Zinc

text: Zinc

text: deficiency

text: is

text: crop

text: plants

text: most

text: common

text: micronutrient

text: deficiency

text: it

text: is

text: particularly

text: common

text: in

text: high

text: pH

text: soils

text: Zinc

text: deficient

text: soil

text: is

text: cultivated

text: in

text: the

text: cropland

text: of

text: about

text: half

text: of

text: Turkey

text: and

text: India

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: China

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: Western

text: Australia

text: and

text: substantial

text: responses

text: to

text: zinc

text: fertilization

text: have

text: been

text: reported

text: in

text: these

text: areas

text: Plants

text: that

text: grow

text: in

text: soils

text: that

text: are

text: zinc

text: deficient

text: are

text: more

text: susceptible

text: to

text: disease

text: Zinc

text: is

text: primarily

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: soil

text: through

text: the

text: weathering

text: of

text: rocks

text: but

text: humans

text: have

text: added

text: zinc

text: through

text: fossil

text: fuel

text: combustion

text: mine

text: waste

text: phosphate

text: fertilizers

text: pesticide

text: zinc

text: phosphide

text: limestone

text: manure

text: sewage

text: sludge

text: and

text: particles

text: from

text: galvanized

text: surfaces

text: Excess

text: zinc

text: is

text: toxic

text: to

text: plants

text: although

text: zinc

text: toxicity

text: is

text: far

text: less

text: widespread

question: In what type of soil is zinc deficiency most common?

answer: high-pH soils

text: high-pH soils

question: Growing plants in zinc deficient soil makes them more susceptible to what?

answer: disease.

text: disease.

question: Excess zinc has what effect on plants?

answer: toxic

text: toxic

question: How is zinc primarily added to soil?

answer: weathering of rocks

text: weathering of rocks

question: What is the only type of soil with zinc deficiency?

text: high-pH soils

question: What does any level of zinc cause to plants?

text: disease

question: How is zinc primarily removed from soil?

text: weathering of rocks

question: What are plants immune to when in zinc deficient soil?

text: disease


text: Raleigh receives an average of 6.0 inches (15.2 cm) of snow in winter. Freezing rain and sleet also occur most winters, and occasionally the area experiences a major damaging ice storm. On January 24–25, 2000, Raleigh received its greatest snowfall from a single storm – 20.3 inches (52 cm) – the Winter Storm of January 2000. Storms of this magnitude are generally the result of cold air damming that affects the city due to its proximity to the Appalachian Mountains. Winter storms have caused traffic problems in the past as well.

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

text: Raleigh

text: receives

text: an

text: average

text: of

text: inches

text: cm

text: of

text: snow

text: in

text: winter

text: Freezing

text: rain

text: and

text: sleet

text: also

text: occur

text: most

text: winters

text: and

text: occasionally

text: the

text: area

text: experiences

text: a

text: major

text: damaging

text: ice

text: storm

text: On

text: January

text: Raleigh

text: received

text: its

text: greatest

text: snowfall

text: from

text: a

text: single

text: storm

text: inches

text: cm

text: the

text: Winter

text: Storm

text: of

text: January

text: Storms

text: of

text: this

text: magnitude

text: are

text: generally

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: cold

text: air

text: damming

text: that

text: affects

text: the

text: city

text: due

text: to

text: its

text: proximity

text: to

text: the

text: Appalachian

text: Mountains

text: Winter

text: storms

text: have

text: caused

text: traffic

text: problems

text: in

text: the

text: past

text: as

text: well

question: How much snow does Raleigh get?

answer: 6.0 inches

text: 6.0 inches

question: When was the greatest snowfall?

answer: January 24–25, 2000

text: January 24–25, 2000

question: How much snow did Raleigh get on January 24, 2000?

answer: 20.3 inches

text: 20.3 inches

question: What caused the Winter Storm of 2000?

answer: cold air damming

text: cold air damming

question: What mountains are the city near?

answer: Appalachian Mountains.

text: Appalachian Mountains.

question: How much snow did Raleigh get in January 2001?

text: 20.3 inches

question: How much snow fell on January 18 2001?

text: 20.3 inches

question: What mountains are not in Raleigh?

text: Appalachian Mountains

question: What caused the Summer Storm of 2000?

text: cold air damming


text: With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade. The company became the single largest player in the British global market. William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London (1808) that:

title: East_India_Company

title: East_India_Company

text: With

text: the

text: advent

text: of

text: the

text: Industrial

text: Revolution

text: Britain

text: surged

text: ahead

text: of

text: its

text: European

text: rivals

text: Demand

text: for

text: Indian

text: commodities

text: was

text: boosted

text: by

text: the

text: need

text: to

text: sustain

text: the

text: troops

text: and

text: the

text: economy

text: during

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: increased

text: availability

text: of

text: raw

text: materials

text: and

text: efficient

text: methods

text: of

text: production

text: As

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: revolution

text: Britain

text: experienced

text: higher

text: standards

text: of

text: living

text: Its

text: spiralling

text: cycle

text: of

text: prosperity

text: demand

text: and

text: production

text: had

text: a

text: profound

text: influence

text: on

text: overseas

text: trade

text: The

text: company

text: became

text: the

text: single

text: largest

text: player

text: in

text: the

text: British

text: global

text: market

text: William

text: Henry

text: Pyne

text: notes

text: in

text: his

text: book

text: The

text: Microcosm

text: of

text: London

text: that

question: what was the type of  Revolution that allowed Britian to move ahead of its European rivals?

answer: Industrial Revolution

text: Industrial Revolution

question: What was the name of William Henry Pyne book from 1808?

answer: The Microcosm of London

text: The Microcosm of London

question: What became the largest player in the British global market according to William Henry Pyne?

answer: The company

text: The company

question: What country was the home to the Industrial Revolution?

answer: Britain

text: Britain

question: The industrial revoluntion gave raise to the access to what type of material?

answer: raw

text: raw

question: What was the type of Revolution that allowed Britain to move ahead of its Asian rivals?

text: Industrial Revolution

question: What was the name of William Henry Pyne book from 1908?

text: The Microcosm of London

question: What became the only player in the British global market according to William Henry Pyne?

text: The company

question: What country was devastated by the Industrial Revolution?

text: Britain

question: What type of material became unavailable as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

text: raw


text: South Raleigh is located along U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay-Varina and along US 70 into suburban Garner. This area is the least developed and least dense area of Raleigh (much of the area lies within the Swift Creek watershed district, where development regulations limit housing densities and construction). The area is bordered to the west by Cary, to the east by Garner, and to the southwest by Holly Springs. Neighborhoods in South Raleigh include Renaissance Park, Lake Wheeler, Swift Creek, Carolina Pines, Rhamkatte, Riverbrooke, and Enchanted Oaks.

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina

text: South

text: Raleigh

text: is

text: located

text: along

text: U.S.

text: south

text: toward

text: Fuquay

text: Varina

text: and

text: along

text: US

text: into

text: suburban

text: Garner

text: This

text: area

text: is

text: the

text: least

text: developed

text: and

text: least

text: dense

text: area

text: of

text: Raleigh

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: area

text: lies

text: within

text: the

text: Swift

text: Creek

text: watershed

text: district

text: where

text: development

text: regulations

text: limit

text: housing

text: densities

text: and

text: construction

text: The

text: area

text: is

text: bordered

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: by

text: Cary

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: by

text: Garner

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

text: by

text: Holly

text: Springs

text: Neighborhoods

text: in

text: South

text: Raleigh

text: include

text: Renaissance

text: Park

text: Lake

text: Wheeler

text: Swift

text: Creek

text: Carolina

text: Pines

text: Rhamkatte

text: Riverbrooke

text: and

text: Enchanted

text: Oaks

question: Where is South Raleigh?

answer: along U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay-Varina

text: along U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay-Varina

question: What is different about South Raleigh?

answer: least developed and least dense

text: least developed and least dense

question: What borders South Raleigh to the west?

answer: Cary,

text: Cary,

question: Where is Holly Springs compared to South Raleigh?

answer: southwest

text: southwest

question: What are some neighborhoods in South Raleigh?

answer: Renaissance Park, Lake Wheeler, Swift Creek

text: Renaissance Park, Lake Wheeler, Swift Creek

question: Where is North Raleigh?

text: U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay-Varina

question: What is not unique about South Raleigh?

text: least developed and least dense

question: What borders South Raleigh to the east?

text: Cary

question: What borders South Raleigh to the west?

text: Garner

question: What borders South Raleigh to the north?

text: Holly Springs


text: In September 2007, during a lawsuit with patent holding company Burst.com, Apple drew attention to a patent for a similar device that was developed in 1979. Kane Kramer applied for a UK patent for his design of a "plastic music box" in 1981, which he called the IXI. He was unable to secure funding to renew the US$120,000 worldwide patent, so it lapsed and Kramer never profited from his idea.

title: IPod

title: IPod

text: In

text: September

text: during

text: a

text: lawsuit

text: with

text: patent

text: holding

text: company

text: Burst.com

text: Apple

text: drew

text: attention

text: to

text: a

text: patent

text: for

text: a

text: similar

text: device

text: that

text: was

text: developed

text: in

text: Kane

text: Kramer

text: applied

text: for

text: a

text: UK

text: patent

text: for

text: his

text: design

text: of

text: a

text: plastic

text: music

text: box

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: called

text: the

text: IXI

text: He

text: was

text: unable

text: to

text: secure

text: funding

text: to

text: renew

text: the

text: US$

text: worldwide

text: patent

text: so

text: it

text: lapsed

text: and

text: Kramer

text: never

text: profited

text: from

text: his

text: idea

question: Apple was involved in a lawsuit with which company in 2007?

answer: Burst.com

text: Burst.com

question: Who previously applied for a patent for an iPod-like device?

answer: Kane Kramer

text: Kane Kramer

question: In what country did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?

answer: UK

text: UK

question: In what year did Kane Kramer apply for his patent?

answer: 1981

question: What did Kane Kramer call the device for which he wanted a patent?

answer: IXI

text: IXI

question: What patent holding company sued Apple in 2007?

answer: Burst.com

text: Burst.com

question: What was the name of the previously-patented music player from 1981?

answer: IXI

text: IXI

question: Who was the holder of the previous patent for the "plastic music box"?

answer: Kane Kramer

text: Kane Kramer


text: The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for human development. Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a modern context, meaning something similar, but no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection. His use, and that of many writers after him "refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully human".

title: Culture

title: Culture

text: The

text: modern

text: term

text: culture

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: term

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: Ancient

text: Roman

text: orator

text: Cicero

text: in

text: his

text: Tusculanae

text: Disputationes

text: where

text: he

text: wrote

text: of

text: a

text: cultivation

text: of

text: the

text: soul

text: or

text: cultura

text: animi

text: using

text: an

text: agricultural

text: metaphor

text: for

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: a

text: philosophical

text: soul

text: understood

text: teleologically

text: as

text: the

text: highest

text: possible

text: ideal

text: for

text: human

text: development

text: Samuel

text: Pufendorf

text: took

text: over

text: this

text: metaphor

text: in

text: a

text: modern

text: context

text: meaning

text: something

text: similar

text: but

text: no

text: longer

text: assuming

text: that

text: philosophy

text: was

text: man

text: 's

text: natural

text: perfection

text: His

text: use

text: and

text: that

text: of

text: many

text: writers

text: after

text: him

text: refers

text: to

text: all

text: the

text: ways

text: in

text: which

text: human

text: beings

text: overcome

text: their

text: original

text: barbarism

text: and

text: through

text: artifice

text: become

text: fully

text: human

question: What is the modern term "culture" based on?

answer: term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero

text: term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero

question: Who took over the metaphor used by Cicero?

answer: Samuel Pufendorf

text: Samuel Pufendorf

question: Samuel changed something that was in the old meaning of the metaphor, what was it?

answer: no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection

text: no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection

question: What term was used by the Ancient Roman Emperor Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes?

text: culture

question: What had written in it an agricultural metaphor for the destruction of a philosophical soul?

text: Tusculanae Disputationes

question: Who first introduced the metaphor later used by Cicero?

text: Samuel Pufendorf

question: Who assumed that philosophy was man's natural perfection?

text: Samuel Pufendorf


text: Governments of Republic of Turkey since that time have consistently rejected charges of genocide, typically arguing either that those Armenians who died were simply in the way of a war or that killings of Armenians were justified by their individual or collective support for the enemies of the Ottoman Empire. Passage of legislation in various foreign countries condemning the persecution of the Armenians as genocide has often provoked diplomatic conflict. (See Recognition of the Armenian Genocide)

title: Armenians

title: Armenians

text: Governments

text: of

text: Republic

text: of

text: Turkey

text: since

text: that

text: time

text: have

text: consistently

text: rejected

text: charges

text: of

text: genocide

text: typically

text: arguing

text: either

text: that

text: those

text: Armenians

text: who

text: died

text: were

text: simply

text: in

text: the

text: way

text: of

text: a

text: war

text: or

text: that

text: killings

text: of

text: Armenians

text: were

text: justified

text: by

text: their

text: individual

text: or

text: collective

text: support

text: for

text: the

text: enemies

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: Passage

text: of

text: legislation

text: in

text: various

text: foreign

text: countries

text: condemning

text: the

text: persecution

text: of

text: the

text: Armenians

text: as

text: genocide

text: has

text: often

text: provoked

text: diplomatic

text: conflict

text: See

text: Recognition

text: of

text: the

text: Armenian

text: Genocide

question: Who says they didn't kill Armenians as genocide, just because they were 'in the way of the war'?

answer: Governments of Republic of Turkey

text: Governments of Republic of Turkey

question: What has happened when other countries condemned Armenian genocide?

answer: diplomatic conflict

text: diplomatic conflict

question: Who ruled Turkey when the Armenian genocide happened?

answer: the Ottoman Empire

text: the Ottoman Empire

question: What has the government of Armenia consistently rejected?

text: charges of genocide

question: What do foreign countries argue that justifies the killings of the people of Turkey?

question: What does talking about the Ottoman Empire provoke?

text: diplomatic conflict

question: How do foreign countries categorize citizens of Turkey who died?

text: were simply in the way of a war

question: What does Turkey want to pass to condemn the Ottoman genocide?

text: legislation


text: Some critiqued Paul VI's decision; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own, although the Council decided exactly that. During the pontificate of Paul VI, five such synods took place, and he is on record of implementing all their decisions. Related questions were raised about the new National Bishop Conferences, which became mandatory after Vatican II. Others questioned his Ostpolitik and contacts with Communism and the deals he engaged in for the faithful.

title: Pope_Paul_VI

title: Pope_Paul_VI

text: Some

text: critiqued

text: Paul

text: VI

text: 's

text: decision

text: the

text: newly

text: created

text: Synod

text: of

text: Bishops

text: had

text: an

text: advisory

text: role

text: only

text: and

text: could

text: not

text: make

text: decisions

text: on

text: their

text: own

text: although

text: the

text: Council

text: decided

text: exactly

text: that

text: During

text: the

text: pontificate

text: of

text: Paul

text: VI

text: five

text: such

text: synods

text: took

text: place

text: and

text: he

text: is

text: on

text: record

text: of

text: implementing

text: all

text: their

text: decisions

text: Related

text: questions

text: were

text: raised

text: about

text: the

text: new

text: National

text: Bishop

text: Conferences

text: which

text: became

text: mandatory

text: after

text: Vatican

text: II

text: Others

text: questioned

text: his

text: Ostpolitik

text: and

text: contacts

text: with

text: Communism

text: and

text: the

text: deals

text: he

text: engaged

text: in

text: for

text: the

text: faithful

question: How many Synod of Bishops took place during Paul VI's papacy?

answer: five

text: five

question: What conferences became a requirement after Vatican II?

answer: National Bishop Conferences

text: National Bishop Conferences

question: What political movement was Paul VI criticized for having a relationship with?

answer: Communism

text: Communism

question: The Council, under Paul VI, decided whom could make decisions independently of Rome?

answer: Bishops

text: Bishops

question: How many of his bishop's decisions did Paul VI end up enacting?

answer: all

text: all


text: The Exeter to Plymouth railway of the LSWR needs to be reopened to connect Cornwall and Plymouth to the rest of the UK railway system on an all weather basis. There are proposals to reopen the line from Tavistock to Bere Alston for a through service to Plymouth. On the night of 4 February 2014, amid high winds and extremely rough seas, part of the sea wall at Dawlish was breached washing away around 40 metres (130 ft) of the wall and the ballast under the railway immediately behind. The line was closed. Network Rail began repair work  and the line reopened on 4 April 2014. In the wake of widespread disruption caused by damage to the mainline track at Dawlish by coastal storms in February 2014, Network Rail are considering reopening the Tavistock to Okehampton and Exeter section of the line as an alternative to the coastal route.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: The

text: Exeter

text: to

text: Plymouth

text: railway

text: of

text: the

text: LSWR

text: needs

text: to

text: be

text: reopened

text: to

text: connect

text: Cornwall

text: and

text: Plymouth

text: to

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: railway

text: system

text: on

text: an

text: all

text: weather

text: basis

text: There

text: are

text: proposals

text: to

text: reopen

text: the

text: line

text: from

text: Tavistock

text: to

text: Bere

text: Alston

text: for

text: a

text: through

text: service

text: to

text: Plymouth

text: On

text: the

text: night

text: of

text: February

text: amid

text: high

text: winds

text: and

text: extremely

text: rough

text: seas

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: sea

text: wall

text: at

text: Dawlish

text: was

text: breached

text: washing

text: away

text: around

text: metres

text: ft

text: of

text: the

text: wall

text: and

text: the

text: ballast

text: under

text: the

text: railway

text: immediately

text: behind

text: The

text: line

text: was

text: closed

text: Network

text: Rail

text: began

text: repair

text: work

text: and

text: the

text: line

text: reopened

text: on

text: April

text: In

text: the

text: wake

text: of

text: widespread

text: disruption

text: caused

text: by

text: damage

text: to

text: the

text: mainline

text: track

text: at

text: Dawlish

text: by

text: coastal

text: storms

text: in

text: February

text: Network

text: Rail

text: are

text: considering

text: reopening

text: the

text: Tavistock

text: to

text: Okehampton

text: and

text: Exeter

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: line

text: as

text: an

text: alternative

text: to

text: the

text: coastal

text: route

question: On what date was the Dawlish sea wall damaged?

answer: 4 February 2014

text: 4 February 2014

question: In feet, how much of the Dawlish sea wall was destroyed?

answer: 130

question: After the Dawlish sea wall was damaged, on what date did the line reopen?

answer: 4 April 2014

text: 4 April 2014

question: In what month and year did storms affect the coastal line near Dawlish?

answer: February 2014

text: February 2014


text: The franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets, akin to—and influenced in style by—the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys. The creatures were first designed to look cute and iconic even on the devices' small screens; later developments had them created with a harder-edged style influenced by American comics. The franchise gained momentum with its first anime incarnation, Digimon Adventure, and an early video game, Digimon World, both released in 1999. Several seasons of the anime and films based on them have aired, and the video game series has expanded into genres such as role-playing, racing, fighting, and MMORPGs. Other media forms have also been released.

title: Digimon

title: Digimon

text: The

text: franchise

text: was

text: first

text: created

text: in

text: as

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: virtual

text: pets

text: akin

text: to

text: and

text: influenced

text: in

text: style

text: by

text: the

text: contemporary

text: Tamagotchi

text: or

text: nano

text: Giga

text: Pet

text: toys

text: The

text: creatures

text: were

text: first

text: designed

text: to

text: look

text: cute

text: and

text: iconic

text: even

text: on

text: the

text: devices

text: small

text: screens

text: later

text: developments

text: had

text: them

text: created

text: with

text: a

text: harder

text: edged

text: style

text: influenced

text: by

text: American

text: comics

text: The

text: franchise

text: gained

text: momentum

text: with

text: its

text: first

text: anime

text: incarnation

text: Digimon

text: Adventure

text: and

text: an

text: early

text: video

text: game

text: Digimon

text: World

text: both

text: released

text: in

text: Several

text: seasons

text: of

text: the

text: anime

text: and

text: films

text: based

text: on

text: them

text: have

text: aired

text: and

text: the

text: video

text: game

text: series

text: has

text: expanded

text: into

text: genres

text: such

text: as

text: role

text: playing

text: racing

text: fighting

text: and

text: MMORPGs

text: Other

text: media

text: forms

text: have

text: also

text: been

text: released

question: When did Digimon first appear?

answer: 1997

question: Name the original Digimon anime.

answer: Digimon Adventure

text: Digimon Adventure

question: Name the Digimon video game that was released in 1999.

answer: Digimon World

text: Digimon World

question: Name two types of toys the original Digimon bore a close resemblence to.

answer: Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys

text: Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys

question: When was the Digimon series created?

answer: 1997

question: What influenced the look of the Digimons?

answer: Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys

text: Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys

question: In what year was the Digimon video game released?

answer: 1999

question: What started with a series of real pets?

text: The franchise

question: What cause the franchise to lose momentum?

text: its first anime incarnation

question: What was released in 1990

text: an early video game

question: What is aired for several seasons based on the films?

text: anime

question: What American media for the original did you mom based on?

text: American comics


text: However, the army was hopeless in battle against the western forces, particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni. In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the Qarakhanids north of the Hindu Kush, Jaipal attacked Ghazni once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day Peshawar. After the Battle of Peshawar, he committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: However

text: the

text: army

text: was

text: hopeless

text: in

text: battle

text: against

text: the

text: western

text: forces

text: particularly

text: against

text: the

text: young

text: Mahmud

text: of

text: Ghazni

text: In

text: the

text: year

text: soon

text: after

text: Sultan

text: Mahmud

text: came

text: to

text: power

text: and

text: was

text: occupied

text: with

text: the

text: Qarakhanids

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Hindu

text: Kush

text: Jaipal

text: attacked

text: Ghazni

text: once

text: more

text: and

text: upon

text: suffering

text: yet

text: another

text: defeat

text: by

text: the

text: powerful

text: Ghaznavid

text: forces

text: near

text: present

text: day

text: Peshawar

text: After

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Peshawar

text: he

text: committed

text: suicide

text: because

text: his

text: subjects

text: thought

text: he

text: had

text: brought

text: disaster

text: and

text: disgrace

text: to

text: the

text: Shahi

text: dynasty

question: In what year was Jaipal again soundly defeated by the Muslims?

answer: 1001

question: Where was the location of the Shahi defeat by the Muslims?

answer: Battle of Peshawar

text: Battle of Peshawar

question: What was Jaipal action after his last defeat?

answer: committed suicide

text: committed suicide

question: Upon what did Jaipal's subjects think he brought disaster?

answer: Shahi dynasty

text: Shahi dynasty

question: Who was the ruler of Ghazni?

answer: Mahmud of Ghazni

text: Mahmud of Ghazni


text: The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base as soon as the final has finished, in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony. This means the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take twenty under normal conditions, although time is saved by engraving the year on during the match, and sketching the presumed winner. During the final, the trophy wears is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists, with the loser's ribbons being removed at the end of the game. Traditionally, at Wembley finals, the presentation is made at the Royal Box, with players, led by the captain, mounting a staircase to a gangway in front of the box and returning by a second staircase on the other side of the box. At Cardiff the presentation was made on a podium on the pitch.

title: FA_Cup

title: FA_Cup

text: The

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: winning

text: team

text: is

text: engraved

text: on

text: the

text: silver

text: band

text: around

text: the

text: base

text: as

text: soon

text: as

text: the

text: final

text: has

text: finished

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: be

text: ready

text: in

text: time

text: for

text: the

text: presentation

text: ceremony

text: This

text: means

text: the

text: engraver

text: has

text: just

text: five

text: minutes

text: to

text: perform

text: a

text: task

text: which

text: would

text: take

text: twenty

text: under

text: normal

text: conditions

text: although

text: time

text: is

text: saved

text: by

text: engraving

text: the

text: year

text: on

text: during

text: the

text: match

text: and

text: sketching

text: the

text: presumed

text: winner

text: During

text: the

text: final

text: the

text: trophy

text: wears

text: is

text: decorated

text: with

text: ribbons

text: in

text: the

text: colours

text: of

text: both

text: finalists

text: with

text: the

text: loser

text: 's

text: ribbons

text: being

text: removed

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: game

text: Traditionally

text: at

text: Wembley

text: finals

text: the

text: presentation

text: is

text: made

text: at

text: the

text: Royal

text: Box

text: with

text: players

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: captain

text: mounting

text: a

text: staircase

text: to

text: a

text: gangway

text: in

text: front

text: of

text: the

text: box

text: and

text: returning

text: by

text: a

text: second

text: staircase

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: box

text: At

text: Cardiff

text: the

text: presentation

text: was

text: made

text: on

text: a

text: podium

text: on

text: the

text: pitch

question: Is the cup engraved for the winner?

answer: The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base

text: The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base

question: When does the engraving take place?

answer: as soon as the final has finished, in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony.

text: as soon as the final has finished, in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony.

question: how long does the engraved have from start to finish?

answer: the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take twenty under normal conditions,

text: the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take twenty under normal conditions,

question: Is the trophy decorated?

answer: the trophy wears is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists, with the loser's ribbons being removed at the end of the game.

text: the trophy wears is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists, with the loser's ribbons being removed at the end of the game.

question: Where is he cup presentation made?

answer: , the presentation is made at the Royal Box

text: , the presentation is made at the Royal Box

question: Where is the name of the losing team engraved?

text: on the silver band around the base

question: How many minutes does the engraver have to perform a task that would take five minutes under normal conditions?

text: twenty

question: When are the winner's ribbons removed?

text: at the end of the game

question: Where is the cup presentation never made?

text: the Royal Box

question: What is behind the Royal Box?

text: a gangway


text: The Obama administration began to reengage in Iraq with a series of airstrikes aimed at ISIS beginning on 10 August 2014. On 9 September 2014 President Obama said that he had the authority he needed to take action to destroy the militant group known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, citing the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists, and thus did not require additional approval from Congress. The following day on 10 September 2014 President Barack Obama made a televised speech about ISIL, which he stated "Our objective is clear: We will degrade, and ultimately destroy, ISIL through a comprehensive and sustained counter-terrorism strategy". Obama has authorized the deployment of additional U.S. Forces into Iraq, as well as authorizing direct military operations against ISIL within Syria. On the night of 21/22 September the United States, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the UAE, Jordan and Qatar started air attacks against ISIS in Syria.[citation needed]

title: War_on_Terror

title: War_on_Terror

text: The

text: Obama

text: administration

text: began

text: to

text: reengage

text: in

text: Iraq

text: with

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: airstrikes

text: aimed

text: at

text: ISIS

text: beginning

text: on

text: August

text: On

text: September

text: President

text: Obama

text: said

text: that

text: he

text: had

text: the

text: authority

text: he

text: needed

text: to

text: take

text: action

text: to

text: destroy

text: the

text: militant

text: group

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Islamic

text: State

text: of

text: Iraq

text: and

text: the

text: Levant

text: citing

text: the

text: Authorization

text: for

text: Use

text: of

text: Military

text: Force

text: Against

text: Terrorists

text: and

text: thus

text: did

text: not

text: require

text: additional

text: approval

text: from

text: Congress

text: The

text: following

text: day

text: on

text: September

text: President

text: Barack

text: Obama

text: made

text: a

text: televised

text: speech

text: about

text: ISIL

text: which

text: he

text: stated

text: Our

text: objective

text: is

text: clear

text: We

text: will

text: degrade

text: and

text: ultimately

text: destroy

text: ISIL

text: through

text: a

text: comprehensive

text: and

text: sustained

text: counter

text: terrorism

text: strategy

text: Obama

text: has

text: authorized

text: the

text: deployment

text: of

text: additional

text: U.S.

text: Forces

text: into

text: Iraq

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: authorizing

text: direct

text: military

text: operations

text: against

text: ISIL

text: within

text: Syria

text: On

text: the

text: night

text: of

text: September

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Saudi

text: Arabia

text: Bahrain

text: the

text: UAE

text: Jordan

text: and

text: Qatar

text: started

text: air

text: attacks

text: against

text: ISIS

text: in

text: Syria.[citation

text: needed

question: When did Obama launch airstrikes on ISIS?

answer: 10 August 2014

text: 10 August 2014

question: What law did Obama cite on Sep 9, 2014?

answer: the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists

text: the 2001 Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists

question: When did Obama make a speech about ISIS on TV?

answer: 10 September 2014

text: 10 September 2014

question: Which countries worked together to bomb ISIS on Sep 21-22, 2014?

answer: the United States, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the UAE, Jordan and Qatar

text: the United States, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the UAE, Jordan and Qatar

question: Where were the Sep 21-22 airstrikes?

answer: Syria

text: Syria

question: When did Iraq reengage with the Obama administration?

text: 10 August 2014

question: Who did Iraq aim their airstrikes at?

text: ISIS

question: Who is the president of Iraq?

text: Obama

question: What law did Congress cite, allowing it to take action against ISIS?

question: Which countries did ISIS launch an air attack against on 21/22 September?


text: In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union. This ended the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop, although Charles V had gained the right to appoint new bishops. In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces.

title: Utrecht

title: Utrecht

text: In

text: the

text: bishop

text: lost

text: secular

text: power

text: over

text: both

text: Neder-

text: and

text: Oversticht

text: which

text: included

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: to

text: Charles

text: V

text: Holy

text: Roman

text: Emperor

text: Charles

text: V

text: combined

text: the

text: Seventeen

text: Provinces

text: the

text: current

text: Benelux

text: and

text: the

text: northern

text: parts

text: of

text: France

text: as

text: a

text: personal

text: union

text: This

text: ended

text: the

text: prince

text: bishopric

text: Utrecht

text: as

text: the

text: secular

text: rule

text: was

text: now

text: the

text: lordship

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: with

text: the

text: religious

text: power

text: remaining

text: with

text: the

text: bishop

text: although

text: Charles

text: V

text: had

text: gained

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: appoint

text: new

text: bishops

text: In

text: the

text: bishopric

text: of

text: Utrecht

text: was

text: raised

text: to

text: archbishopric

text: to

text: make

text: it

text: the

text: religious

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: Northern

text: ecclesiastical

text: province

text: in

text: the

text: Seventeen

text: provinces

question: What year did the bishop lose power

answer: In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

text: In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

question: What did Charles V combine

answer: Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union

text: Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union

question: What did the loss of power end

answer: the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop

text: the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop

question: What was the bishop of Utrecht raised to

answer: In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces

text: In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces

question: Who lost power in the 15th century?

text: the bishop

question: Who replaced the bishop?

text: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

question: What bishopric was raised archbishopric in the 15th century?

text: bishopric of Utrecht

question: What was the religious center of Norther Europe?

text: Utrecht


text: Fused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure SiO2 (silica). It has excellent thermal shock characteristics, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot. However, its high melting-temperature (1723 °C) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Normally, other substances are added to simplify processing. One is sodium carbonate (Na2CO3, "soda"), which lowers the glass transition temperature. The soda makes the glass water-soluble, which is usually undesirable, so lime (calcium oxide [CaO], generally obtained from limestone), some magnesium oxide (MgO) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) are added to provide for a better chemical durability. The resulting glass contains about 70 to 74% silica by weight and is called a soda-lime glass. Soda-lime glasses account for about 90% of manufactured glass.

title: Glass

title: Glass

text: Fused

text: quartz

text: is

text: a

text: glass

text: made

text: from

text: chemically

text: pure

text: silica

text: It

text: has

text: excellent

text: thermal

text: shock

text: characteristics

text: being

text: able

text: to

text: survive

text: immersion

text: in

text: water

text: while

text: red

text: hot

text: However

text: its

text: high

text: melting

text: temperature

text: C

text: and

text: viscosity

text: make

text: it

text: difficult

text: to

text: work

text: with

text: Normally

text: other

text: substances

text: are

text: added

text: to

text: simplify

text: processing

text: One

text: is

text: sodium

text: carbonate

text: soda

text: which

text: lowers

text: the

text: glass

text: transition

text: temperature

text: The

text: soda

text: makes

text: the

text: glass

text: water

text: soluble

text: which

text: is

text: usually

text: undesirable

text: so

text: lime

text: calcium

text: oxide

text: CaO

text: generally

text: obtained

text: from

text: limestone

text: some

text: magnesium

text: oxide

text: MgO

text: and

text: aluminium

text: oxide

text: are

text: added

text: to

text: provide

text: for

text: a

text: better

text: chemical

text: durability

text: The

text: resulting

text: glass

text: contains

text: about

text: to

text: silica

text: by

text: weight

text: and

text: is

text: called

text: a

text: soda

text: lime

text: glass

text: Soda

text: lime

text: glasses

text: account

text: for

text: about

text: of

text: manufactured

text: glass

question: What causes glass to dissolve in water?

answer: soda

text: soda

question: Why is lime often added to glass?

answer: better chemical durability

text: better chemical durability

question: What percentage of soda-lime glass is silica?

answer: 70 to 74

text: 70 to 74

question: What is a benefit of fused quartz?

answer: excellent thermal shock characteristics

text: excellent thermal shock characteristics

question: What besides viscosity is a drawback of fused quartz?

answer: high melting-temperature

text: high melting-temperature

question: What causes glass to dissolve in Na2CO3?

text: soda

question: Why is lime often added to magnesium?

text: better chemical durability

question: What percentage of soda-lime glass is obtained from limestone?

text: 70 to 74

question: What is a benefit of chemical durability?

text: excellent thermal shock characteristics

question: What besides viscosity is a drawback of soda-lime glasses?

text: high melting-temperature


text: A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought". "We estimate that 14 to 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population," the authors wrote. Professor Kelly Graf said,

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

text: A

text: study

text: in

text: Nature

text: reported

text: that

text: DNA

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: old

text: remains

text: of

text: a

text: young

text: boy

text: from

text: the

text: archaeological

text: Mal'ta

text: Buret

text: culture

text: suggest

text: that

text: up

text: to

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: indigenous

text: Americans

text: may

text: have

text: ancestry

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: traced

text: back

text: to

text: western

text: Eurasians

text: who

text: may

text: have

text: had

text: a

text: more

text: north

text: easterly

text: distribution

text: years

text: ago

text: than

text: commonly

text: thought

text: We

text: estimate

text: that

text: to

text: percent

text: of

text: Native

text: American

text: ancestry

text: may

text: originate

text: through

text: gene

text: flow

text: from

text: this

text: ancient

text: population

text: the

text: authors

text: wrote

text: Professor

text: Kelly

text: Graf

text: said

question: When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature?

answer: 2013

question: How old was the young boy's remains?

answer: 24,000-year-old

question: What culture was the boy from?

answer: Mal'ta-Buret'

text: Mal'ta-Buret'

question: What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to?

answer: western Eurasians

text: western Eurasians

question: What percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from the Mal'ta-Buret' population?

answer: 14 to 38 percent

text: 14 to 38 percent


text: In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central planning, arguing that the former allows for more rapid adaptation to changes in particular circumstances of time and place. Thus, he set the stage for Oliver Williamson's later contrast between markets and hierarchies as alternative co-ordination mechanisms for economic transactions. He used the term catallaxy to describe a "self-organizing system of voluntary co-operation". Hayek's research into this argument was specifically cited by the Nobel Committee in its press release awarding Hayek the Nobel prize.

title: Friedrich_Hayek

title: Friedrich_Hayek

text: In

text: The

text: Use

text: of

text: Knowledge

text: in

text: Society

text: Hayek

text: argued

text: that

text: the

text: price

text: mechanism

text: serves

text: to

text: share

text: and

text: synchronise

text: local

text: and

text: personal

text: knowledge

text: allowing

text: society

text: 's

text: members

text: to

text: achieve

text: diverse

text: complicated

text: ends

text: through

text: a

text: principle

text: of

text: spontaneous

text: self

text: organization

text: He

text: contrasted

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: price

text: mechanism

text: with

text: central

text: planning

text: arguing

text: that

text: the

text: former

text: allows

text: for

text: more

text: rapid

text: adaptation

text: to

text: changes

text: in

text: particular

text: circumstances

text: of

text: time

text: and

text: place

text: Thus

text: he

text: set

text: the

text: stage

text: for

text: Oliver

text: Williamson

text: 's

text: later

text: contrast

text: between

text: markets

text: and

text: hierarchies

text: as

text: alternative

text: co

text: ordination

text: mechanisms

text: for

text: economic

text: transactions

text: He

text: used

text: the

text: term

text: catallaxy

text: to

text: describe

text: a

text: self

text: organizing

text: system

text: of

text: voluntary

text: co

text: operation

text: Hayek

text: 's

text: research

text: into

text: this

text: argument

text: was

text: specifically

text: cited

text: by

text: the

text: Nobel

text: Committee

text: in

text: its

text: press

text: release

text: awarding

text: Hayek

text: the

text: Nobel

text: prize

question: Which of Hayek's books argued against the socialist price mechanism?

answer: The Use of Knowledge in Society

text: The Use of Knowledge in Society

question: Which type of economy did Hayek believe the price mechanism to be less effective with?

answer: central planning

text: central planning

question: The arguments presented in The Use of Knowledge in Society created an starting point for who?

answer: Oliver Williamson

text: Oliver Williamson

question: The arguments presented in Hayek's 1945 book were a large reason for being granted what award?

answer: the Nobel prize

text: the Nobel prize


text: The description or representation of individual and group identity is a central task for psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists and those of other disciplines where "identity" needs to be mapped and defined. How should one describe the identity of another, in ways which encompass both their idiosyncratic qualities and their group memberships or identifications, both of which can shift according to circumstance? Following on from the work of Kelly, Erikson, Tajfel and others Weinreich's Identity Structure Analysis (ISA), is "a structural representation of the individual's existential experience, in which the relationships between self and other agents are organised in relatively stable structures over time … with the emphasis on the socio-cultural milieu in which self relates to other agents and institutions" (Weinreich and Saunderson, (eds) 2003, p1). Using constructs drawn from the salient discourses of the individual, the group and cultural norms, the practical operationalisation of ISA provides a methodology that maps how these are used by the individual, applied across time and milieus by the "situated self" to appraise self and other agents and institutions (for example, resulting in the individual's evaluation of self and significant others and institutions).[citation needed]

title: Identity_(social_science)

title: Identity_(social_science

text: The

text: description

text: or

text: representation

text: of

text: individual

text: and

text: group

text: identity

text: is

text: a

text: central

text: task

text: for

text: psychologists

text: sociologists

text: and

text: anthropologists

text: and

text: those

text: of

text: other

text: disciplines

text: where

text: identity

text: needs

text: to

text: be

text: mapped

text: and

text: defined

text: How

text: should

text: one

text: describe

text: the

text: identity

text: of

text: another

text: in

text: ways

text: which

text: encompass

text: both

text: their

text: idiosyncratic

text: qualities

text: and

text: their

text: group

text: memberships

text: or

text: identifications

text: both

text: of

text: which

text: can

text: shift

text: according

text: to

text: circumstance

text: Following

text: on

text: from

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: Kelly

text: Erikson

text: Tajfel

text: and

text: others

text: Weinreich

text: 's

text: Identity

text: Structure

text: Analysis

text: ISA

text: is

text: a

text: structural

text: representation

text: of

text: the

text: individual

text: 's

text: existential

text: experience

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: relationships

text: between

text: self

text: and

text: other

text: agents

text: are

text: organised

text: in

text: relatively

text: stable

text: structures

text: over

text: time

text: with

text: the

text: emphasis

text: on

text: the

text: socio

text: cultural

text: milieu

text: in

text: which

text: self

text: relates

text: to

text: other

text: agents

text: and

text: institutions

text: Weinreich

text: and

text: Saunderson

text: eds

text: Using

text: constructs

text: drawn

text: from

text: the

text: salient

text: discourses

text: of

text: the

text: individual

text: the

text: group

text: and

text: cultural

text: norms

text: the

text: practical

text: operationalisation

text: of

text: ISA

text: provides

text: a

text: methodology

text: that

text: maps

text: how

text: these

text: are

text: used

text: by

text: the

text: individual

text: applied

text: across

text: time

text: and

text: milieus

text: by

text: the

text: situated

text: self

text: to

text: appraise

text: self

text: and

text: other

text: agents

text: and

text: institutions

text: for

text: example

text: resulting

text: in

text: the

text: individual

text: 's

text: evaluation

text: of

text: self

text: and

text: significant

text: others

text: and

text: institutions).[citation

text: needed

question: The central task for psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists is to describe what topics?

answer: individual and group identity

text: individual and group identity

question: ISA stands for what?

answer: Identity Structure Analysis

text: Identity Structure Analysis

question: Who developed the ISA?

answer: Weinreich

text: Weinreich

question: His central task is to describe social identity?

text: psychologists

question: What provides a method that maps how cultural norms are used by the group?

text: ISA

question: What results in the individual evaluating their community?

text: ISA

question: What don't shift according to circumstances?


text: No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some species the septa are incomplete and in a few cases missing. Most of the segments contain the same sets of organs, although sharing a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system makes them inter-dependent. Their bodies are covered by a cuticle (outer covering) that does not contain cells but is secreted by cells in the skin underneath, is made of tough but flexible collagen and does not molt – on the other hand arthropods' cuticles are made of the more rigid α-chitin, and molt until the arthropods reach their full size. Most annelids have closed circulatory systems, where the blood makes its entire circuit via blood vessels.

title: Annelid

title: Annelid

text: No

text: single

text: feature

text: distinguishes

text: Annelids

text: from

text: other

text: invertebrate

text: phyla

text: but

text: they

text: have

text: a

text: distinctive

text: combination

text: of

text: features

text: Their

text: bodies

text: are

text: long

text: with

text: segments

text: that

text: are

text: divided

text: externally

text: by

text: shallow

text: ring

text: like

text: constrictions

text: called

text: annuli

text: and

text: internally

text: by

text: septa

text: partitions

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: points

text: although

text: in

text: some

text: species

text: the

text: septa

text: are

text: incomplete

text: and

text: in

text: a

text: few

text: cases

text: missing

text: Most

text: of

text: the

text: segments

text: contain

text: the

text: same

text: sets

text: of

text: organs

text: although

text: sharing

text: a

text: common

text: gut

text: circulatory

text: system

text: and

text: nervous

text: system

text: makes

text: them

text: inter

text: dependent

text: Their

text: bodies

text: are

text: covered

text: by

text: a

text: cuticle

text: outer

text: covering

text: that

text: does

text: not

text: contain

text: cells

text: but

text: is

text: secreted

text: by

text: cells

text: in

text: the

text: skin

text: underneath

text: is

text: made

text: of

text: tough

text: but

text: flexible

text: collagen

text: and

text: does

text: not

text: molt

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: arthropods

text: cuticles

text: are

text: made

text: of

text: the

text: more

text: rigid

text: α-chitin

text: and

text: molt

text: until

text: the

text: arthropods

text: reach

text: their

text: full

text: size

text: Most

text: annelids

text: have

text: closed

text: circulatory

text: systems

text: where

text: the

text: blood

text: makes

text: its

text: entire

text: circuit

text: via

text: blood

text: vessels

question: What externally divides annelids' segments?

answer: shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli

text: shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli

question: What divides annelids' segments internally?

answer: septa ("partitions")

text: septa ("partitions")

question: What do the segments of an annelid share?

answer: a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system

text: a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system

question: What covers an annelid's exterior?

answer: a cuticle

text: a cuticle

question: What is an annelid's cuticle made of?

answer: collagen

text: collagen

question: What externally combines annelids' segments?

question: What combines annelids' segments internally?

text: septa ("partitions")

question: What do the segments of an annelid lack?

question: What conceals an annelid's exterior?

text: a cuticle

question: What is an annelid's cuticle made into?

text: collagen