text: The most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages is gene duplication, which creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome. The resulting genes (paralogs) may then diverge in sequence and in function. Sets of genes formed in this way comprise a gene family. Gene duplications and losses within a family are common and represent a major source of evolutionary biodiversity. Sometimes, gene duplication may result in a nonfunctional copy of a gene, or a functional copy may be subject to mutations that result in loss of function; such nonfunctional genes are called pseudogenes.:7.6

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: source

text: of

text: new

text: genes

text: in

text: eukaryotic

text: lineages

text: is

text: gene

text: duplication

text: which

text: creates

text: copy

text: number

text: variation

text: of

text: an

text: existing

text: gene

text: in

text: the

text: genome

text: The

text: resulting

text: genes

text: paralogs

text: may

text: then

text: diverge

text: in

text: sequence

text: and

text: in

text: function

text: Sets

text: of

text: genes

text: formed

text: in

text: this

text: way

text: comprise

text: a

text: gene

text: family

text: Gene

text: duplications

text: and

text: losses

text: within

text: a

text: family

text: are

text: common

text: and

text: represent

text: a

text: major

text: source

text: of

text: evolutionary

text: biodiversity

text: Sometimes

text: gene

text: duplication

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: a

text: nonfunctional

text: copy

text: of

text: a

text: gene

text: or

text: a

text: functional

text: copy

text: may

text: be

text: subject

text: to

text: mutations

text: that

text: result

text: in

text: loss

text: of

text: function

text: such

text: nonfunctional

text: genes

text: are

text: called

question: What is the most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages?

answer: gene duplication

text: gene duplication

question: What creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome?

answer: gene duplication

text: gene duplication

question: What are the genes that result from eukaryotic gene duplication called?

answer: paralogs

text: paralogs

question: What type of copy can gene duplication sometimes result in?

answer: nonfunctional

text: nonfunctional

question: What are functional copies of a gene which have a loss of function due to mutation called?

answer: pseudogenes

text: pseudogenes


text: Copper has been used since ancient times as a durable, corrosion resistant, and weatherproof architectural material. Roofs, flashings, rain gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior wall cladding, building expansion joints, radio frequency shielding, and antimicrobial indoor products, such as attractive handrails, bathroom fixtures, and counter tops. Some of copper's other important benefits as an architectural material include its low thermal movement, light weight, lightning protection, and its recyclability.

title: Copper

title: Copper

text: Copper

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: since

text: ancient

text: times

text: as

text: a

text: durable

text: corrosion

text: resistant

text: and

text: weatherproof

text: architectural

text: material

text: Roofs

text: flashings

text: rain

text: gutters

text: downspouts

text: domes

text: spires

text: vaults

text: and

text: doors

text: have

text: been

text: made

text: from

text: copper

text: for

text: hundreds

text: or

text: thousands

text: of

text: years

text: Copper

text: 's

text: architectural

text: use

text: has

text: been

text: expanded

text: in

text: modern

text: times

text: to

text: include

text: interior

text: and

text: exterior

text: wall

text: cladding

text: building

text: expansion

text: joints

text: radio

text: frequency

text: shielding

text: and

text: antimicrobial

text: indoor

text: products

text: such

text: as

text: attractive

text: handrails

text: bathroom

text: fixtures

text: and

text: counter

text: tops

text: Some

text: of

text: copper

text: 's

text: other

text: important

text: benefits

text: as

text: an

text: architectural

text: material

text: include

text: its

text: low

text: thermal

text: movement

text: light

text: weight

text: lightning

text: protection

text: and

text: its

text: recyclability

question: What has copper been used for since ancient times?

answer: architectural material

text: architectural material

question: In recent times what is one interior use copper been expanded to include?

answer: antimicrobial indoor products

text: antimicrobial indoor products

question: What is an important benefit to using copper as an architectural material?

answer: low thermal movement

text: low thermal movement

question: How long has copper been used in building construction?

answer: hundreds or thousands of years

text: hundreds or thousands of years

question: What is the benefit to using copper for things such as counter tops and hand rails?

answer: antimicrobial

text: antimicrobial

question: What has copper been avoided as since ancient times?

text: architectural material

question: What is one interior use copper has been forbidden to include?

text: antimicrobial indoor products

question: What is an important danger to using copper as an architectural material?

text: low thermal movement

question: How long has copper been banned in building construction?

text: hundreds or thousands of years

question: What is the danger to using copper for things such as counter tops and hand rails?

text: antimicrobial


text: Express highways such as Hu–Ning, Ning–He, Ning–Hang enable commuters to travel to Shanghai, Hefei, Hangzhou, and other important cities quickly and conveniently. Inside the city of Nanjing, there are 230 km (140 mi) of highways, with a highway coverage density of 3.38 kilometres per hundred square kilometrs (5.44 mi/100 sq mi). The total road coverage density of the city is 112.56 kilometres per hundred square kilometres (181.15 mi/100 sq mi). The two artery roads in Nanjing are Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong. The two roads cross in the city centre, Xinjiekou.

title: Nanjing

title: Nanjing

text: Express

text: highways

text: such

text: as

text: Hu

text: Ning

text: Ning

text: He

text: Ning

text: Hang

text: enable

text: commuters

text: to

text: travel

text: to

text: Shanghai

text: Hefei

text: Hangzhou

text: and

text: other

text: important

text: cities

text: quickly

text: and

text: conveniently

text: Inside

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Nanjing

text: there

text: are

text: km

text: mi

text: of

text: highways

text: with

text: a

text: highway

text: coverage

text: density

text: of

text: kilometres

text: per

text: hundred

text: square

text: kilometrs

text: sq

text: mi

text: The

text: total

text: road

text: coverage

text: density

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: kilometres

text: per

text: hundred

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: The

text: two

text: artery

text: roads

text: in

text: Nanjing

text: are

text: Zhongshan

text: Road

text: and

text: Hanzhong

text: The

text: two

text: roads

text: cross

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: centre

text: Xinjiekou

question: What type of highways let commuters get to cities fast?

answer: Express highways

text: Express highways

question: How many miles of highways are in Nanjing?

answer: 140 mi

text: 140 mi

question: What are the names of the artery roads in Nanjing?

answer: Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong

text: Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong

question: Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong cross each other in what area of Nanjing?

answer: in the city centre, Xinjiekou

text: in the city centre, Xinjiekou

question: What is the total coverage of the city with roads, in miles?

answer: 181.15 mi/100 sq mi

text: 181.15 mi/100 sq mi


text: With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent João VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: With

text: the

text: occupation

text: by

text: Napoleon

text: Portugal

text: began

text: a

text: slow

text: but

text: inexorable

text: decline

text: that

text: lasted

text: until

text: the

text: century

text: This

text: decline

text: was

text: hastened

text: by

text: the

text: independence

text: in

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: largest

text: colonial

text: possession

text: Brazil

text: In

text: as

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: army

text: closed

text: in

text: on

text: Lisbon

text: the

text: Prince

text: Regent

text: João

text: VI

text: of

text: Portugal

text: transferred

text: his

text: court

text: to

text: Brazil

text: and

text: established

text: Rio

text: de

text: Janeiro

text: as

text: the

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: Empire

text: In

text: Brazil

text: was

text: declared

text: a

text: Kingdom

text: and

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Portugal

text: was

text: united

text: with

text: it

text: forming

text: a

text: pluricontinental

text: State

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: of

text: Portugal

text: Brazil

text: and

text: the

text: Algarves

question: Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline?

answer: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

question: How long did Portugal's decline last?

answer: until the 20th century

text: until the 20th century

question: In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?

answer: 1822

question: To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?

answer: Brazil

text: Brazil

question: What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?

answer: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

text: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves


text: The lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem, Kimi ga Yo, were written in the Heian period, as was The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, one of the first novels ever written. Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival Sei Shōnagon's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Empress' court were recorded collectively as The Pillow Book in the 990s, which revealed the quotidian capital lifestyle. The Heian period produced a flowering of poetry including works of Ariwara no Narihira, Ono no Komachi, Izumi Shikibu, Murasaki Shikibu, Saigyō and Fujiwara no Teika. The famous Japanese poem known as the Iroha (いろは), of uncertain authorship, was also written during the Heian period.

title: Heian_period

title: Heian_period

text: The

text: lyrics

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: Japanese

text: national

text: anthem

text: Kimi

text: ga

text: Yo

text: were

text: written

text: in

text: the

text: Heian

text: period

text: as

text: was

text: The

text: Tale

text: of

text: Genji

text: by

text: Murasaki

text: Shikibu

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: novels

text: ever

text: written

text: Murasaki

text: Shikibu

text: 's

text: contemporary

text: and

text: rival

text: Sei

text: Shōnagon

text: 's

text: revealing

text: observations

text: and

text: musings

text: as

text: an

text: attendant

text: in

text: the

text: Empress

text: court

text: were

text: recorded

text: collectively

text: as

text: The

text: Pillow

text: Book

text: in

text: the

text: which

text: revealed

text: the

text: quotidian

text: capital

text: lifestyle

text: The

text: Heian

text: period

text: produced

text: a

text: flowering

text: of

text: poetry

text: including

text: works

text: of

text: Ariwara

text: no

text: Narihira

text: Ono

text: no

text: Komachi

text: Izumi

text: Shikibu

text: Murasaki

text: Shikibu

text: Saigyō

text: and

text: Fujiwara

text: no

text: Teika

text: The

text: famous

text: Japanese

text: poem

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Iroha

text: いろは

text: of

text: uncertain

text: authorship

text: was

text: also

text: written

text: during

text: the

text: Heian

text: period

question: What is the name of the Japanese national anthem?

answer: Kimi ga Yo

text: Kimi ga Yo

question: What famous poem with an unknown author was written during the Heian period?

answer: Iroha

text: Iroha

question: The Pillow Book was a collection of whose observations of the imperial court?

answer: Sei Shōnagon

text: Sei Shōnagon

question: When were the lyrics of the ancient japanese anthem written.

text: the Heian period,

question: What was the title of the forst ever novel written by Sei Shonagon?

text: The Pillow Book

question: When did Fujiwara no Teika write Iroha?

text: the Heian period


text: The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:

title: Canon_law

title: Canon_law

text: The

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: canon

text: law

text: also

text: includes

text: the

text: main

text: five

text: rites

text: groups

text: of

text: churches

text: which

text: are

text: in

text: full

text: union

text: with

text: the

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: and

text: the

text: Supreme

text: Pontiff

question: What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff?

answer: rites

text: rites

question: How many major rites exist?

answer: five

text: five

question: Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?

answer: the Supreme Pontiff

text: the Supreme Pontiff

question: What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church?

answer: full union

text: full union

question: Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff?

answer: Roman Catholic

text: Roman Catholic

question: How many rights are there net Eastern Catholic church?

text: five

question: What is another name for the collection of Catholic churches led by the College of Cardinals?

text: rites

question: How many rights are not a full union with the Roman Catholic Church?

text: five

question: Who leads all Christian churches?

text: Supreme Pontiff


text: The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situation, however, is not possible, according to Leibniz, for if it were, a universe's position in absolute space would have no sufficient reason, as it might very well have been anywhere else. Therefore, it contradicts the principle of sufficient reason, and there could exist two distinct universes that were in all ways indiscernible, thus contradicting the identity of indiscernibles.

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

text: The

text: example

text: Leibniz

text: uses

text: involves

text: two

text: proposed

text: universes

text: situated

text: in

text: absolute

text: space

text: The

text: only

text: discernible

text: difference

text: between

text: them

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: latter

text: is

text: positioned

text: five

text: feet

text: to

text: the

text: left

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: The

text: example

text: is

text: only

text: possible

text: if

text: such

text: a

text: thing

text: as

text: absolute

text: space

text: exists

text: Such

text: a

text: situation

text: however

text: is

text: not

text: possible

text: according

text: to

text: Leibniz

text: for

text: if

text: it

text: were

text: a

text: universe

text: 's

text: position

text: in

text: absolute

text: space

text: would

text: have

text: no

text: sufficient

text: reason

text: as

text: it

text: might

text: very

text: well

text: have

text: been

text: anywhere

text: else

text: Therefore

text: it

text: contradicts

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: sufficient

text: reason

text: and

text: there

text: could

text: exist

text: two

text: distinct

text: universes

text: that

text: were

text: in

text: all

text: ways

text: indiscernible

text: thus

text: contradicting

text: the

text: identity

text: of

text: indiscernibles

question: Leibniz's example involves how many universes?

answer: two

text: two

question: Where are Leibniz's universes situated?

answer: absolute space

text: absolute space

question: How far are Leibniz's universes situated apart?

answer: five feet

text: five feet

question: What is the only way Leibniz's example would be possible?

answer: absolute space exists

text: absolute space exists

question: Who's example involves one universe in two places?

text: Leibniz

question: What does Leibniz place at two points in deep space?

text: two proposed universes

question: What proves the existence of absolute space?

text: The example


text: Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe, namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase. Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or "vital energy" channels leading to a certain organ had been disrupted. Thus, Han-era physicians prescribed medicine that was believed to counteract this imbalance. For example, since the wood phase was believed to promote the fire phase, medicinal ingredients associated with the wood phase could be used to heal an organ associated with the fire phase. To this end, the physician Zhang Zhongjing (c. 150–c. 219 AD) prescribed regulated diets rich in certain foods that were thought to cure specific illnesses. These are now known to be nutrition disorders caused by the lack of certain vitamins consumed in one's diet. Besides dieting, Han physicians also prescribed moxibustion, acupuncture, and calisthenics as methods of maintaining one's health. When surgery was performed by the physician Hua Tuo (d. 208 AD), he used anesthesia to numb his patients' pain and prescribed a rubbing ointment that allegedly sped the process of healing surgical wounds.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: Han

text: era

text: medical

text: physicians

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: human

text: body

text: was

text: subject

text: to

text: the

text: same

text: forces

text: of

text: nature

text: that

text: governed

text: the

text: greater

text: universe

text: namely

text: the

text: cosmological

text: cycles

text: of

text: yin

text: and

text: yang

text: and

text: the

text: five

text: phases

text: Each

text: organ

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: was

text: associated

text: with

text: a

text: particular

text: phase

text: Illness

text: was

text: viewed

text: as

text: a

text: sign

text: that

text: qi

text: or

text: vital

text: energy

text: channels

text: leading

text: to

text: a

text: certain

text: organ

text: had

text: been

text: disrupted

text: Thus

text: Han

text: era

text: physicians

text: prescribed

text: medicine

text: that

text: was

text: believed

text: to

text: counteract

text: this

text: imbalance

text: For

text: example

text: since

text: the

text: wood

text: phase

text: was

text: believed

text: to

text: promote

text: the

text: fire

text: phase

text: medicinal

text: ingredients

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: wood

text: phase

text: could

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: heal

text: an

text: organ

text: associated

text: with

text: the

text: fire

text: phase

text: To

text: this

text: end

text: the

text: physician

text: Zhang

text: Zhongjing

text: c.

text: AD

text: prescribed

text: regulated

text: diets

text: rich

text: in

text: certain

text: foods

text: that

text: were

text: thought

text: to

text: cure

text: specific

text: illnesses

text: These

text: are

text: now

text: known

text: to

text: be

text: nutrition

text: disorders

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: lack

text: of

text: certain

text: vitamins

text: consumed

text: in

text: one

text: 's

text: diet

text: Besides

text: dieting

text: Han

text: physicians

text: also

text: prescribed

text: moxibustion

text: acupuncture

text: and

text: calisthenics

text: as

text: methods

text: of

text: maintaining

text: one

text: 's

text: health

text: When

text: surgery

text: was

text: performed

text: by

text: the

text: physician

text: Hua

text: Tuo

text: d.

text: AD

text: he

text: used

text: anesthesia

text: to

text: numb

text: his

text: patients

text: pain

text: and

text: prescribed

text: a

text: rubbing

text: ointment

text: that

text: allegedly

text: sped

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: healing

text: surgical

text: wounds

question: Who believed that the same forces that controlled the universe also controlled the human body?

answer: Han-era medical physicians

text: Han-era medical physicians

question: What was used during surgery to relieve patients of their pain?

answer: anesthesia

text: anesthesia

question: What profession was the individual Zhang Zhongjing involved in?

answer: physician

text: physician

question: How did Zhang Zhongjing attempt to cure various illnesses?

answer: prescribed regulated diets

text: prescribed regulated diets

question: When did Hua Tuo die?

answer: 208 AD

text: 208 AD


text: West of Fort Washington Avenue, 181st Street is largely residential, bordering Hudson Heights and having a few shops to serve the local residents. East of Fort Washington Avenue, the street becomes increasingly commercial, becoming dominated entirely by retail stores where the street reaches Broadway and continues as such until reaching the Harlem River. It is the area's major shopping district.

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: West

text: of

text: Fort

text: Washington

text: Avenue

text: Street

text: is

text: largely

text: residential

text: bordering

text: Hudson

text: Heights

text: and

text: having

text: a

text: few

text: shops

text: to

text: serve

text: the

text: local

text: residents

text: East

text: of

text: Fort

text: Washington

text: Avenue

text: the

text: street

text: becomes

text: increasingly

text: commercial

text: becoming

text: dominated

text: entirely

text: by

text: retail

text: stores

text: where

text: the

text: street

text: reaches

text: Broadway

text: and

text: continues

text: as

text: such

text: until

text: reaching

text: the

text: Harlem

text: River

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: area

text: 's

text: major

text: shopping

text: district

question: In which direction is 181st Street largely residential?

answer: West

text: West

question: In which direction is 181st Street mostly commercial?

answer: East

text: East

question: Which street marks the western boundary of the shopping distrit?

answer: Fort Washington Avenue

text: Fort Washington Avenue

question: Which river touches the major shopping district near 181st Street?

answer: Harlem

text: Harlem


text: More complex inflection is still found in certain lexicalized expressions like de heer des huizes (literally, the man of the house), etc. These are usually remnants of cases (in this instance, the genitive case which is still used in German, cf. Der Herr des Hauses) and other inflections no longer in general use today. In such lexicalized expressions remnants of strong and weak nouns can be found too, e.g. in het jaar des Heren (Anno Domini), where "-en" is actually the genitive ending of the weak noun. Also in this case, German retains this feature. Though the genitive is widely avoided in speech.

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: More

text: complex

text: inflection

text: is

text: still

text: found

text: in

text: certain

text: lexicalized

text: expressions

text: like

text: de

text: heer

text: des

text: huizes

text: literally

text: the

text: man

text: of

text: the

text: house

text: etc

text: These

text: are

text: usually

text: remnants

text: of

text: cases

text: in

text: this

text: instance

text: the

text: genitive

text: case

text: which

text: is

text: still

text: used

text: in

text: German

text: cf

text: Der

text: Herr

text: des

text: Hauses

text: and

text: other

text: inflections

text: no

text: longer

text: in

text: general

text: use

text: today

text: In

text: such

text: lexicalized

text: expressions

text: remnants

text: of

text: strong

text: and

text: weak

text: nouns

text: can

text: be

text: found

text: too

text: e.g.

text: in

text: het

text: jaar

text: des

text: Heren

text: Anno

text: Domini

text: where

text: -en

text: is

text: actually

text: the

text: genitive

text: ending

text: of

text: the

text: weak

text: noun

text: Also

text: in

text: this

text: case

text: German

text: retains

text: this

text: feature

text: Though

text: the

text: genitive

text: is

text: widely

text: avoided

text: in

text: speech

question: What case no longer used in Dutch is still present in German phrases like "Der Herr des Hauses"?

answer: genitive

text: genitive

question: How would you say "the man of the house" in Dutch?

answer: de heer des huizes

text: de heer des huizes

question: What word described standalone expressions that retain some outdated convention as an exception?

answer: lexicalized

text: lexicalized

question: Which word in the phrase "het jaar des Heren" is a weak noun with a genitive ending added?

answer: Heren

text: Heren


text: The original Cubist architecture is very rare. There is only one country in the world where Cubism was really applied to architecture – namely Bohemia (today Czech Republic) and especially its capital, Prague. Czech architects were the first and only ones in the world to ever design original Cubist buildings. Cubist architecture flourished for the most part between 1910–1914, but the Cubist or Cubism-influenced buildings were also built after the World War I. After the war, the architectural style called Rondo-Cubism was developed in Prague fusing the Cubist architecture with round shapes.

title: Cubism

title: Cubism

text: The

text: original

text: Cubist

text: architecture

text: is

text: very

text: rare

text: There

text: is

text: only

text: one

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: where

text: Cubism

text: was

text: really

text: applied

text: to

text: architecture

text: namely

text: Bohemia

text: today

text: Czech

text: Republic

text: and

text: especially

text: its

text: capital

text: Prague

text: Czech

text: architects

text: were

text: the

text: first

text: and

text: only

text: ones

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: to

text: ever

text: design

text: original

text: Cubist

text: buildings

text: Cubist

text: architecture

text: flourished

text: for

text: the

text: most

text: part

text: between

text: but

text: the

text: Cubist

text: or

text: Cubism

text: influenced

text: buildings

text: were

text: also

text: built

text: after

text: the

text: World

text: War

text: I.

text: After

text: the

text: war

text: the

text: architectural

text: style

text: called

text: Rondo

text: Cubism

text: was

text: developed

text: in

text: Prague

text: fusing

text: the

text: Cubist

text: architecture

text: with

text: round

text: shapes

question: Is original Cubist architecture rare?

answer: Cubist architecture is very rare

text: Cubist architecture is very rare

question: Which country applied Cubism to architecture the most?

answer: Bohemia (today Czech Republic

text: Bohemia (today Czech Republic

question: What was for the form of architectural Cubism in Prague called?

answer: Rondo-Cubism

text: Rondo-Cubism

question: What was for the form of architectural Cubism in France called?

text: Rondo-Cubism

question: What was built after World War II?

text: Cubist or Cubism-influenced buildings

question: What was built before WWI?

text: Cubist or Cubism-influenced buildings

question: Which country did not apply Cubism to architecture the most?

text: Bohemia


text: Richmond is home to the rapidly developing Virginia BioTechnology Research Park, which opened in 1995 as an incubator facility for biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. Located adjacent to the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Campus of Virginia Commonwealth University, the park currently[when?] has more than 575,000 square feet (53,400 m2) of research, laboratory and office space for a diverse tenant mix of companies, research institutes, government laboratories and non-profit organizations. The United Network for Organ Sharing, which maintains the nation's organ transplant waiting list, occupies one building in the park. Philip Morris USA opened a $350 million research and development facility in the park in 2007. Once fully developed, park officials expect the site to employ roughly 3,000 scientists, technicians and engineers.

title: Richmond,_Virginia

title: Richmond,_Virginia

text: Richmond

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: rapidly

text: developing

text: Virginia

text: BioTechnology

text: Research

text: Park

text: which

text: opened

text: in

text: as

text: an

text: incubator

text: facility

text: for

text: biotechnology

text: and

text: pharmaceutical

text: companies

text: Located

text: adjacent

text: to

text: the

text: Medical

text: College

text: of

text: Virginia

text: MCV

text: Campus

text: of

text: Virginia

text: Commonwealth

text: University

text: the

text: park

text: currently[when

text: has

text: more

text: than

text: square

text: feet

text: of

text: research

text: laboratory

text: and

text: office

text: space

text: for

text: a

text: diverse

text: tenant

text: mix

text: of

text: companies

text: research

text: institutes

text: government

text: laboratories

text: and

text: non

text: profit

text: organizations

text: The

text: United

text: Network

text: for

text: Organ

text: Sharing

text: which

text: maintains

text: the

text: nation

text: 's

text: organ

text: transplant

text: waiting

text: list

text: occupies

text: one

text: building

text: in

text: the

text: park

text: Philip

text: Morris

text: USA

text: opened

text: a

text: million

text: research

text: and

text: development

text: facility

text: in

text: the

text: park

text: in

text: Once

text: fully

text: developed

text: park

text: officials

text: expect

text: the

text: site

text: to

text: employ

text: roughly

text: scientists

text: technicians

text: and

text: engineers

question: How many square meters of space does Virginia BioTechnology Research Park consist of?

answer: 53,400

question: What does the United Network for Organ Sharing do?

answer: maintains the nation's organ transplant waiting list

text: maintains the nation's organ transplant waiting list

question: What was the cost of the Philip Morris R&D facility opened at the Virginia BioTechnology Research Park?

answer: $350 million

text: $350 million

question: When did Philip Morris' R&D facility open?

answer: 2007

question: What Virginia Commonwealth University campus is near Virginia BioTechnology Research Park?

answer: Medical College of Virginia

text: Medical College of Virginia


text: The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: The

text: Germans

text: developed

text: massive

text: reinforced

text: concrete

text: blockhouses

text: some

text: more

text: than

text: six

text: stories

text: high

text: which

text: were

text: known

text: as

text: Hochbunker

text: High

text: Bunkers

text: or

text: Flaktürme

text: flak

text: towers

text: on

text: which

text: they

text: placed

text: anti

text: aircraft

text: artillery

text: Those

text: in

text: cities

text: attacked

text: by

text: the

text: Allied

text: land

text: forces

text: became

text: fortresses

text: Several

text: in

text: Berlin

text: were

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: last

text: buildings

text: to

text: fall

text: to

text: the

text: Soviets

text: during

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Berlin

text: in

text: The

text: British

text: built

text: structures

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Maunsell

text: Forts

text: in

text: the

text: North

text: Sea

text: the

text: Thames

text: Estuary

text: and

text: other

text: tidal

text: areas

text: upon

text: which

text: they

text: based

text: guns

text: After

text: the

text: war

text: most

text: were

text: left

text: to

text: rot

text: Some

text: were

text: outside

text: territorial

text: waters

text: and

text: had

text: a

text: second

text: life

text: in

text: the

text: as

text: platforms

text: for

text: pirate

text: radio

text: stations

question: What were the large blockhouses called that the Germans developed?

answer: Hochbunker "High Bunkers"

text: Hochbunker "High Bunkers"

question: Another name for the High Bunkers was what?

answer: "Flaktürme" flak towers

text: "Flaktürme" flak towers

question: What was placed on the blockhouses by the Germans?

answer: anti-aircraft artillery

text: anti-aircraft artillery

question: What city had some of the last buildings to fall in 1945?

answer: Berlin

text: Berlin

question: What structure did the British build in the North Sea?

answer: Maunsell Forts

text: Maunsell Forts


text: Article 10 of the Berne Convention mandates that national laws provide for limitations to copyright, so that copyright protection does not extend to certain kinds of uses that fall under what the treaty calls "fair practice," including but not limited to minimal quotations used in journalism and education. The laws implementing these limitations and exceptions for uses that would otherwise be infringing broadly fall into the categories of either fair use or fair dealing. In common law systems, these fair practice statutes typically enshrine principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents, and are considered essential to freedom of speech.

title: Copyright_infringement

title: Copyright_infringement

text: Article

text: of

text: the

text: Berne

text: Convention

text: mandates

text: that

text: national

text: laws

text: provide

text: for

text: limitations

text: to

text: copyright

text: so

text: that

text: copyright

text: protection

text: does

text: not

text: extend

text: to

text: certain

text: kinds

text: of

text: uses

text: that

text: fall

text: under

text: what

text: the

text: treaty

text: calls

text: fair

text: practice

text: including

text: but

text: not

text: limited

text: to

text: minimal

text: quotations

text: used

text: in

text: journalism

text: and

text: education

text: The

text: laws

text: implementing

text: these

text: limitations

text: and

text: exceptions

text: for

text: uses

text: that

text: would

text: otherwise

text: be

text: infringing

text: broadly

text: fall

text: into

text: the

text: categories

text: of

text: either

text: fair

text: use

text: or

text: fair

text: dealing

text: In

text: common

text: law

text: systems

text: these

text: fair

text: practice

text: statutes

text: typically

text: enshrine

text: principles

text: underlying

text: many

text: earlier

text: judicial

text: precedents

text: and

text: are

text: considered

text: essential

text: to

text: freedom

text: of

text: speech

question: What does Article 10 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright?

answer: fair practice

text: fair practice

question: Where are minimal quotations commonly used?

answer: journalism and education

text: journalism and education

question: What categories do works that would normally be considered infringing fall into?

answer: fair use or fair dealing

text: fair use or fair dealing

question: What do these statutes represent?

answer: principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents

text: principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents

question: What are these statutes essential to?

answer: freedom of speech

text: freedom of speech

question: What does Article 11 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright?

text: fair practice

question: What does Article 10 of the Berne Convention not call certain uses that limit copyright?

text: fair practice

question: Where are maximum quotations commonly used?

text: journalism and education

question: What categories do work that wouldn't normally be considered infringing fall into?

text: fair use or fair dealing

question: What don't these statutes represent?


text: Malaria kills more residents; 9% of the population have reported infection, It causes three times as many deaths as AIDS. In 2008, fewer than half of children younger than five slept under antimalaria nets or had access to antimalarial drugs.

title: Guinea-Bissau

title: Guinea

title: Bissau

text: Malaria

text: kills

text: more

text: residents

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: have

text: reported

text: infection

text: It

text: causes

text: three

text: times

text: as

text: many

text: deaths

text: as

text: AIDS

text: In

text: fewer

text: than

text: half

text: of

text: children

text: younger

text: than

text: five

text: slept

text: under

text: antimalaria

text: nets

text: or

text: had

text: access

text: to

text: antimalarial

text: drugs

question: What kills more residents than AIDS?

answer: Malaria

text: Malaria

question: What percentage of the population has Malaria?

answer: 9%

question: How many more deaths does malaria cause vs. AIDS?

answer: three times as many

text: three times as many

question: How many children under five slept under antimalaria nets in 2008?

answer: fewer than half

text: fewer than half

question: What type of drugs did many young children not have access to in 2008?

answer: antimalarial

text: antimalarial


text: In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle".

title: Queen_Victoria

title: Queen_Victoria

text: In

text: Victoria

text: gave

text: birth

text: to

text: her

text: eighth

text: child

text: Leopold

text: with

text: the

text: aid

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: anaesthetic

text: chloroform

text: Victoria

text: was

text: so

text: impressed

text: by

text: the

text: relief

text: it

text: gave

text: from

text: the

text: pain

text: of

text: childbirth

text: that

text: she

text: used

text: it

text: again

text: in

text: at

text: the

text: birth

text: of

text: her

text: ninth

text: and

text: final

text: child

text: Beatrice

text: despite

text: opposition

text: from

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: clergy

text: who

text: considered

text: it

text: against

text: biblical

text: teaching

text: and

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: medical

text: profession

text: who

text: thought

text: it

text: dangerous

text: Victoria

text: may

text: have

text: suffered

text: from

text: post

text: natal

text: depression

text: after

text: many

text: of

text: her

text: pregnancies

text: Letters

text: from

text: Albert

text: to

text: Victoria

text: intermittently

text: complain

text: of

text: her

text: loss

text: of

text: self

text: control

text: For

text: example

text: about

text: a

text: month

text: after

text: Leopold

text: 's

text: birth

text: Albert

text: complained

text: in

text: a

text: letter

text: to

text: Victoria

text: about

text: her

text: continuance

text: of

text: hysterics

text: over

text: a

text: miserable

text: trifle

question: Who was Victoria's eighth child?

answer: Leopold

text: Leopold

question: What anaesthetic helped her give birth to her eighth child?

answer: chloroform

text: chloroform

question: What did Victoria suffer from after he pregnancies?

answer: post-natal depression

text: post-natal depression

question: Why did medical professionals advise against using an anaesthetic during childbirth?

answer: thought it dangerous

text: thought it dangerous

question: What did Albert complain about Victoria?

answer: her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle"

text: her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle"

question: What was the name of Victoria's eighth child?

answer: Leopold

text: Leopold

question: What was the name of the new anesthetic given to Victoria for the birth of Leopold?

answer: chloroform

text: chloroform

question: What year did Victoria give birth to her final child?

answer: 1857

question: What was the name of Victoria's final child?

answer: Beatrice

text: Beatrice

question: Hysteria and loss of control after the birts of many of her children were likely caused by what?

answer: post-natal depression

text: post-natal depression

question: When did Victoria give birth to her eigth child?

answer: 1853

question: What was the name of Victorias eighth child?

answer: Leopold

text: Leopold

question: What was the name of the new anesthetic used during leopolds birth?

answer: chloroform.

text: chloroform.

question: What year was victorias final child born?

answer: 1857

question: What was the name of Victorias final child?

answer: Beatrice

text: Beatrice

question: Who was Victoria's eighth child?

answer: Leopold

text: Leopold

question: What was the new anastethetic Victoria used in her last two childbirths?

answer: chloroform

text: chloroform

question: When was Victoria's final child, Beatrice, born?

answer: 1857

question: Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform?

answer: considered it against biblical teaching

text: considered it against biblical teaching

question: What did Albert complain about in letters to Victoria after the birth of her children?

answer: loss of self-control

text: loss of self-control

question: What was the name of Victoria's eigth child?

answer: Leopold

text: Leopold

question: What was a new anaesthetic being used for childbirth in Victoria's time?

answer: chloroform

text: chloroform

question: What was the name of Victoria's ninth child?

answer: Beatrice

text: Beatrice

question: Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform for childbirth?

answer: considered it against biblical teaching

text: considered it against biblical teaching

question: After nine pregnancies, what could Victoria have been suffering from that would make her sad and depressed?

answer: post-natal depression

text: post-natal depression

question: Who was Victoria's 18th child?

text: Leopold

question: What anaesthetic helped her give birth to her 18th child?

text: chloroform

question: What did Victoria not suffer from after he pregnancies?

text: post-natal depression

question: Why did medical professionals advise using an anaesthetic during childbirth?

text: thought it dangerous

question: What did Albert not complain about Victoria?


text: In November 1945, Eisenhower returned to Washington to replace Marshall as Chief of Staff of the Army. His main role was rapid demobilization of millions of soldiers, a slow job that was delayed by lack of shipping. Eisenhower was convinced in 1946 that the Soviet Union did not want war and that friendly relations could be maintained; he strongly supported the new United Nations and favored its involvement in the control of atomic bombs. However, in formulating policies regarding the atomic bomb and relations with the Soviets, Truman was guided by the U.S. State Department and ignored Eisenhower and the Pentagon. Indeed, Eisenhower had opposed the use of the atomic bomb against the Japanese, writing, "First, the Japanese were ready to surrender and it wasn't necessary to hit them with that awful thing. Second, I hated to see our country be the first to use such a weapon." Initially, Eisenhower was characterized by hopes for cooperation with the Soviets. He even visited Warsaw in 1945. Invited by Bolesław Bierut and decorated with the highest military decoration, he was shocked by the scale of destruction in the city. However, by mid-1947, as East–West tensions over economic recovery in Germany and the Greek Civil War escalated, Eisenhower gave up and agreed with a containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: In

text: November

text: Eisenhower

text: returned

text: to

text: Washington

text: to

text: replace

text: Marshall

text: as

text: Chief

text: of

text: Staff

text: of

text: the

text: Army

text: His

text: main

text: role

text: was

text: rapid

text: demobilization

text: of

text: millions

text: of

text: soldiers

text: a

text: slow

text: job

text: that

text: was

text: delayed

text: by

text: lack

text: of

text: shipping

text: Eisenhower

text: was

text: convinced

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: did

text: not

text: want

text: war

text: and

text: that

text: friendly

text: relations

text: could

text: be

text: maintained

text: he

text: strongly

text: supported

text: the

text: new

text: United

text: Nations

text: and

text: favored

text: its

text: involvement

text: in

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: atomic

text: bombs

text: However

text: in

text: formulating

text: policies

text: regarding

text: the

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: and

text: relations

text: with

text: the

text: Soviets

text: Truman

text: was

text: guided

text: by

text: the

text: U.S.

text: State

text: Department

text: and

text: ignored

text: Eisenhower

text: and

text: the

text: Pentagon

text: Indeed

text: Eisenhower

text: had

text: opposed

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: against

text: the

text: Japanese

text: writing

text: First

text: the

text: Japanese

text: were

text: ready

text: to

text: surrender

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: n't

text: necessary

text: to

text: hit

text: them

text: with

text: that

text: awful

text: thing

text: Second

text: I

text: hated

text: to

text: see

text: our

text: country

text: be

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: use

text: such

text: a

text: weapon

text: Initially

text: Eisenhower

text: was

text: characterized

text: by

text: hopes

text: for

text: cooperation

text: with

text: the

text: Soviets

text: He

text: even

text: visited

text: Warsaw

text: in

text: Invited

text: by

text: Bolesław

text: Bierut

text: and

text: decorated

text: with

text: the

text: highest

text: military

text: decoration

text: he

text: was

text: shocked

text: by

text: the

text: scale

text: of

text: destruction

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: However

text: by

text: as

text: East

text: West

text: tensions

text: over

text: economic

text: recovery

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: the

text: Greek

text: Civil

text: War

text: escalated

text: Eisenhower

text: gave

text: up

text: and

text: agreed

text: with

text: a

text: containment

text: policy

text: to

text: stop

text: Soviet

text: expansion

question: Who was Chief of Staff of the Army before Eisenhower?

answer: Marshall

text: Marshall

question: About how many soldiers demobilized after the war ended?

answer: millions

text: millions

question: What president ignored Eisenhower's recommendations in regard to atomic weapons?

answer: Truman

text: Truman

question: What was Eisenhower's position on the use of nuclear weapons against Japan?

answer: opposed

text: opposed

question: What city did Eisenhower notably visit in 1945?

answer: Warsaw

text: Warsaw


text: After the death of Menander (c. 130 BC), the Kingdom appears to have fragmented, with several 'kings' attested contemporaneously in different regions. This inevitably weakened the Greek position, and territory seems to have been lost progressively. Around 70 BC, the western regions of Arachosia and Paropamisadae were lost to tribal invasions, presumably by those tribes responsible for the end of the Bactrian kingdom. The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek kingdom towards the east. The Indo-Greek kingdom appears to have lingered on in western Punjab until about 10 AD when finally ended by the Indo-Scythians.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: After

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Menander

text: c.

text: BC

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: appears

text: to

text: have

text: fragmented

text: with

text: several

text: kings

text: attested

text: contemporaneously

text: in

text: different

text: regions

text: This

text: inevitably

text: weakened

text: the

text: Greek

text: position

text: and

text: territory

text: seems

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: lost

text: progressively

text: Around

text: BC

text: the

text: western

text: regions

text: of

text: Arachosia

text: and

text: Paropamisadae

text: were

text: lost

text: to

text: tribal

text: invasions

text: presumably

text: by

text: those

text: tribes

text: responsible

text: for

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: Bactrian

text: kingdom

text: The

text: resulting

text: Indo

text: Scythian

text: kingdom

text: seems

text: to

text: have

text: gradually

text: pushed

text: the

text: remaining

text: Indo

text: Greek

text: kingdom

text: towards

text: the

text: east

text: The

text: Indo

text: Greek

text: kingdom

text: appears

text: to

text: have

text: lingered

text: on

text: in

text: western

text: Punjab

text: until

text: about

text: AD

text: when

text: finally

text: ended

text: by

text: the

text: Indo

text: Scythians

question: When did Menander die?

answer: 130 BC

text: 130 BC

question: What kingdom forced the Indo-Greek kingdom to the east?

answer: Indo-Scythian

text: Indo-Scythian

question: Around 70 BC, Arachosia and what other region where taken over by tribal invasion?

answer: Paropamisadae

text: Paropamisadae

question: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit.

answer: in

text: in


text: Western France, Spain, and other areas skew time zones and shift clocks, in effect observing DST in winter with an extra hour in summer. Nome, Alaska, is at 165°24′ W longitude, which is just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165° W), but Nome observes Alaska Time (135° W) with DST, so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and three in summer. Double daylight saving time has been used on occasion; for example, it was used in some European countries during and shortly after World War II when it was referred to as "Double Summer Time". See British Double Summer Time and Central European Midsummer Time for details.

title: Daylight_saving_time

title: Daylight_saving_time

text: Western

text: France

text: Spain

text: and

text: other

text: areas

text: skew

text: time

text: zones

text: and

text: shift

text: clocks

text: in

text: effect

text: observing

text: DST

text: in

text: winter

text: with

text: an

text: extra

text: hour

text: in

text: summer

text: Nome

text: Alaska

text: is

text: at

text: W

text: longitude

text: which

text: is

text: just

text: west

text: of

text: center

text: of

text: the

text: idealized

text: Samoa

text: Time

text: Zone

text: W

text: but

text: Nome

text: observes

text: Alaska

text: Time

text: W

text: with

text: DST

text: so

text: it

text: is

text: slightly

text: more

text: than

text: two

text: hours

text: ahead

text: of

text: the

text: sun

text: in

text: winter

text: and

text: three

text: in

text: summer

text: Double

text: daylight

text: saving

text: time

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: on

text: occasion

text: for

text: example

text: it

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: some

text: European

text: countries

text: during

text: and

text: shortly

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Double

text: Summer

text: Time

text: See

text: British

text: Double

text: Summer

text: Time

text: and

text: Central

text: European

text: Midsummer

text: Time

text: for

text: details

question: Places like Spain and parts of France effectively go by DST in the winter but add what in the summer?

answer: an extra hour

text: an extra hour

question: During the summer in Nome, about how many hours ahead of the sun do they set their clocks?

answer: three

text: three

question: What term was used in Britain for double daylight saving time?

answer: Double Summer Time

text: Double Summer Time

question: What's a third name for double daylight saving time or Double Summer Time used in Europe?

answer: Central European Midsummer Time

text: Central European Midsummer Time


text: Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where evidence of the Hallstatt culture was found by a mine manager in the 19th century. By the 6th century BC the La Tène culture was well established in the region, and became known for high quality decorated weapons and jewelry. The Celts were the most widespread of the mountain tribes—they had warriors that were strong, tall and fair skinned skilled with iron weapons, which gave them an advantage in warfare.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: Celtic

text: tribes

text: settled

text: in

text: Switzerland

text: between

text: to

text: BC

text: The

text: Raetians

text: lived

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: regions

text: while

text: the

text: west

text: was

text: occupied

text: by

text: the

text: Helvetii

text: and

text: the

text: Allobrogi

text: settled

text: in

text: the

text: Rhone

text: valley

text: and

text: in

text: Savoy

text: Among

text: the

text: many

text: substances

text: Celtic

text: tribes

text: mined

text: was

text: salt

text: in

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: Salzburg

text: in

text: Austria

text: where

text: evidence

text: of

text: the

text: Hallstatt

text: culture

text: was

text: found

text: by

text: a

text: mine

text: manager

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: By

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: the

text: La

text: Tène

text: culture

text: was

text: well

text: established

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: and

text: became

text: known

text: for

text: high

text: quality

text: decorated

text: weapons

text: and

text: jewelry

text: The

text: Celts

text: were

text: the

text: most

text: widespread

text: of

text: the

text: mountain

text: tribes

text: they

text: had

text: warriors

text: that

text: were

text: strong

text: tall

text: and

text: fair

text: skinned

text: skilled

text: with

text: iron

text: weapons

text: which

text: gave

text: them

text: an

text: advantage

text: in

text: warfare

question: When did Celtic tribes settle in Switzerland?

answer: between 1000 to 1500 BC

text: between 1000 to 1500 BC

question: The Raetians lived in what region?

answer: the eastern regions

text: the eastern regions

question: The Helvetii occupied which region?

answer: the west

text: the west

question: What did the Celtic tribes mine?

answer: salt

text: salt

question: Which were the most widespread of the mountain tribes?

answer: The Celts

text: The Celts


text: In 1931, RCA Victor introduced their vinyl-based Victrolac compound as a material for some unusual-format and special-purpose records. By the end of the 1930s vinyl's advantages of light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise had made it the material of choice for prerecorded radio programming and other critical applications. When it came to ordinary 78 rpm records, however, the much higher cost of the raw material, as well as its vulnerability to the heavy pickups and crudely mass-produced steel needles still commonly used in home record players, made its general substitution for shellac impractical at that time. During the Second World War, the United States Armed Forces produced thousands of 12-inch vinyl 78 rpm V-Discs for use by the troops overseas. After the war, the wider use of vinyl became more practical as new record players with relatively lightweight crystal pickups and precision-ground styli made of sapphire or an exotic osmium alloy proliferated. In late 1945, RCA Victor began offering special transparent red vinyl De Luxe pressings of some classical 78s, at a de luxe price. Later, Decca Records introduced vinyl Deccalite 78s, while other record companies came up with vinyl concoctions such as Metrolite, Merco Plastic and Sav-o-flex, but these were mainly used to produce "unbreakable" children's records and special thin vinyl DJ pressings for shipment to radio stations.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: In

text: RCA

text: Victor

text: introduced

text: their

text: vinyl

text: based

text: Victrolac

text: compound

text: as

text: a

text: material

text: for

text: some

text: unusual

text: format

text: and

text: special

text: purpose

text: records

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: vinyl

text: 's

text: advantages

text: of

text: light

text: weight

text: relative

text: unbreakability

text: and

text: low

text: surface

text: noise

text: had

text: made

text: it

text: the

text: material

text: of

text: choice

text: for

text: prerecorded

text: radio

text: programming

text: and

text: other

text: critical

text: applications

text: When

text: it

text: came

text: to

text: ordinary

text: rpm

text: records

text: however

text: the

text: much

text: higher

text: cost

text: of

text: the

text: raw

text: material

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: vulnerability

text: to

text: the

text: heavy

text: pickups

text: and

text: crudely

text: mass

text: produced

text: steel

text: needles

text: still

text: commonly

text: used

text: in

text: home

text: record

text: players

text: made

text: its

text: general

text: substitution

text: for

text: shellac

text: impractical

text: at

text: that

text: time

text: During

text: the

text: Second

text: World

text: War

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: produced

text: thousands

text: of

text: vinyl

text: rpm

text: V

text: Discs

text: for

text: use

text: by

text: the

text: troops

text: overseas

text: After

text: the

text: war

text: the

text: wider

text: use

text: of

text: vinyl

text: became

text: more

text: practical

text: as

text: new

text: record

text: players

text: with

text: relatively

text: lightweight

text: crystal

text: pickups

text: and

text: precision

text: ground

text: styli

text: made

text: of

text: sapphire

text: or

text: an

text: exotic

text: osmium

text: alloy

text: proliferated

text: In

text: late

text: RCA

text: Victor

text: began

text: offering

text: special

text: transparent

text: red

text: vinyl

text: De

text: Luxe

text: pressings

text: of

text: some

text: classical

text: at

text: a

text: de

text: luxe

text: price

text: Later

text: Decca

text: Records

text: introduced

text: vinyl

text: Deccalite

text: while

text: other

text: record

text: companies

text: came

text: up

text: with

text: vinyl

text: concoctions

text: such

text: as

text: Metrolite

text: Merco

text: Plastic

text: and

text: Sav

text: o

text: flex

text: but

text: these

text: were

text: mainly

text: used

text: to

text: produce

text: unbreakable

text: children

text: 's

text: records

text: and

text: special

text: thin

text: vinyl

text: DJ

text: pressings

text: for

text: shipment

text: to

text: radio

text: stations

question: What material was used by RCA Victor for special purpose records?

answer: vinyl-based Victrolac compound

text: vinyl-based Victrolac compound

question: What was Metrolite and Sav-o-flex materials primarily used for?

answer: children's records

text: children's records

question: What year was the Victrolac compound released?

answer: 1931

question: What were advantages of vinyl in the 1930's?

answer: light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise

text: light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise

question: What was a downfall of ordinary 78 rpm vinyls in household house?

answer: higher cost

text: higher cost


text: The Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division, is located in Clarksburg, West Virginia. Organized beginning in 1991, the office opened in 1995 as the youngest agency division. The complex is the length of three football fields. It provides a main repository for information in various data systems. Under the roof of the CJIS are the programs for the National Crime Information Center (NCIC), Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR), Fingerprint Identification, Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), NCIC 2000, and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Many state and local agencies use these data systems as a source for their own investigations and contribute to the database using secure communications. FBI provides these tools of sophisticated identification and information services to local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies.

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

text: The

text: Criminal

text: Justice

text: Information

text: Services

text: CJIS

text: Division

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: Clarksburg

text: West

text: Virginia

text: Organized

text: beginning

text: in

text: the

text: office

text: opened

text: in

text: as

text: the

text: youngest

text: agency

text: division

text: The

text: complex

text: is

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: three

text: football

text: fields

text: It

text: provides

text: a

text: main

text: repository

text: for

text: information

text: in

text: various

text: data

text: systems

text: Under

text: the

text: roof

text: of

text: the

text: CJIS

text: are

text: the

text: programs

text: for

text: the

text: National

text: Crime

text: Information

text: Center

text: NCIC

text: Uniform

text: Crime

text: Reporting

text: UCR

text: Fingerprint

text: Identification

text: Integrated

text: Automated

text: Fingerprint

text: Identification

text: System

text: IAFIS

text: NCIC

text: and

text: the

text: National

text: Incident

text: Based

text: Reporting

text: System

text: NIBRS

text: Many

text: state

text: and

text: local

text: agencies

text: use

text: these

text: data

text: systems

text: as

text: a

text: source

text: for

text: their

text: own

text: investigations

text: and

text: contribute

text: to

text: the

text: database

text: using

text: secure

text: communications

text: FBI

text: provides

text: these

text: tools

text: of

text: sophisticated

text: identification

text: and

text: information

text: services

text: to

text: local

text: state

text: federal

text: and

text: international

text: law

text: enforcement

text: agencies

question: Where is the CJIS located?

answer: Clarksburg, West Virginia

text: Clarksburg, West Virginia

question: When was the CJIS created?

answer: 1991

question: What purpose does the CJIS serve?

answer: main repository for information

text: main repository for information

question: Where is the data for the NCIC located?

answer: Under the roof of the CJIS

text: Under the roof of the CJIS

question: Do states have access to CJIS?

answer: Many state and local agencies use these data

text: Many state and local agencies use these data

question: What opened in 1995 as the oldest agency division?

question: When did the CJIS division close?

question: What program is not under the roof of the CJIS?

text: National Crime Information Center

question: What are state and local agencies not allowed to use for their own investigations?

text: data systems

question: What provides tools of sophisticated identification and information services to the FBI?


text: The party's leader is Malcolm Turnbull and its deputy leader is Julie Bishop. The pair were elected to their positions at the September 2015 Liberal leadership ballot, Bishop as the incumbent deputy leader and Turnbull as a replacement for Tony Abbott, whom he consequently succeeded as Prime Minister of Australia. Now the Turnbull Government, the party had been elected at the 2013 federal election as the Abbott Government which took office on 18 September 2013. At state and territory level, the Liberal Party is in office in three states: Colin Barnett has been Premier of Western Australia since 2008, Will Hodgman Premier of Tasmania since 2014 and Mike Baird Premier of New South Wales since 2014. Adam Giles is also the Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, having led a Country Liberal minority government since 2015. The party is in opposition in Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory.

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

text: The

text: party

text: 's

text: leader

text: is

text: Malcolm

text: Turnbull

text: and

text: its

text: deputy

text: leader

text: is

text: Julie

text: Bishop

text: The

text: pair

text: were

text: elected

text: to

text: their

text: positions

text: at

text: the

text: September

text: Liberal

text: leadership

text: ballot

text: Bishop

text: as

text: the

text: incumbent

text: deputy

text: leader

text: and

text: Turnbull

text: as

text: a

text: replacement

text: for

text: Tony

text: Abbott

text: whom

text: he

text: consequently

text: succeeded

text: as

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: Australia

text: Now

text: the

text: Turnbull

text: Government

text: the

text: party

text: had

text: been

text: elected

text: at

text: the

text: federal

text: election

text: as

text: the

text: Abbott

text: Government

text: which

text: took

text: office

text: on

text: September

text: At

text: state

text: and

text: territory

text: level

text: the

text: Liberal

text: Party

text: is

text: in

text: office

text: in

text: three

text: states

text: Colin

text: Barnett

text: has

text: been

text: Premier

text: of

text: Western

text: Australia

text: since

text: Will

text: Hodgman

text: Premier

text: of

text: Tasmania

text: since

text: and

text: Mike

text: Baird

text: Premier

text: of

text: New

text: South

text: Wales

text: since

text: Adam

text: Giles

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: Chief

text: Minister

text: of

text: the

text: Northern

text: Territory

text: having

text: led

text: a

text: Country

text: Liberal

text: minority

text: government

text: since

text: The

text: party

text: is

text: in

text: opposition

text: in

text: Victoria

text: Queensland

text: South

text: Australia

text: and

text: the

text: Australian

text: Capital

text: Territory

question: Who is the Australian Liberal Party's leader?

answer: Malcolm Turnbull

text: Malcolm Turnbull

question: Who is the Australian Party's deputy leader?

answer: Julie Bishop

text: Julie Bishop

question: Who was Turnbull elected to replace?

answer: Tony Abbott

text: Tony Abbott

question: What was the former name of the Turnbull Government?

answer: the Abbott Government

text: the Abbott Government

question: Who is the Abbott Party's leader?

text: Malcolm Turnbull

question: Who is the Abbot Party's deputy leader?

text: Julie Bishop

question: Who was Giles elected to replace?

text: Tony Abbott

question: What was the former name of Western Australia?

text: the Abbott Government

question: Who is Chief Minister of the Liberal Party?

text: Adam Giles


text: The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom.

title: Southern_Europe

title: Southern_Europe

text: The

text: period

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Crusades

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: religiously

text: motivated

text: military

text: expeditions

text: originally

text: intended

text: to

text: bring

text: the

text: Levant

text: back

text: into

text: Christian

text: rule

text: began

text: Several

text: Crusader

text: states

text: were

text: founded

text: in

text: the

text: eastern

text: Mediterranean

text: These

text: were

text: all

text: short

text: lived

text: The

text: Crusaders

text: would

text: have

text: a

text: profound

text: impact

text: on

text: many

text: parts

text: of

text: Europe

text: Their

text: Sack

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: in

text: brought

text: an

text: abrupt

text: end

text: to

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: Though

text: it

text: would

text: later

text: be

text: re

text: established

text: it

text: would

text: never

text: recover

text: its

text: former

text: glory

text: The

text: Crusaders

text: would

text: establish

text: trade

text: routes

text: that

text: would

text: develop

text: into

text: the

text: Silk

text: Road

text: and

text: open

text: the

text: way

text: for

text: the

text: merchant

text: republics

text: of

text: Genoa

text: and

text: Venice

text: to

text: become

text: major

text: economic

text: powers

text: The

text: Reconquista

text: a

text: related

text: movement

text: worked

text: to

text: reconquer

text: Iberia

text: for

text: Christendom

question: What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?

answer: the Crusades

text: the Crusades

question: When did Crusaders invade Constantinople?

answer: 1204

question: Which two cities benefited greatly from the activities of Crusaders?

answer: Genoa and Venice

text: Genoa and Venice

question: What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occuring on the Iberian peninsula?

answer: The Reconquista

text: The Reconquista

question: What empire was destroyed by the Sack of Constantinople?

answer: the Byzantine Empire

text: the Byzantine Empire

question: What is the name of the period of peaceful incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?

text: the Crusades

question: When did the Byzantine Empire invade Constantinople?

question: Which two cities were demolished by the crusaders?

text: Genoa and Venice

question: What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occurring in the eastern Mediterranean?

text: The Reconquista

question: What empire was destroyed Christian Rule?

text: the Byzantine Empire


text: Punjab's geography mostly consists of the alluvial plain of the Indus River and its four major tributaries in Pakistan, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers. There are several mountainous regions, including the Sulaiman Mountains in the southwest part of the province, and Margalla Hills, Salt Range, and Pothohar Plateau in the north. Agriculture is the chief source of income and employment in Punjab; wheat and cotton are the principal crops. Since independence, Punjab has become the seat of political and economic power; it remains the most industrialised province of Pakistan. It counts for 39.2% of large scale manufacturing and 70% of small scale manufacturing in the country. Its capital Lahore is a major regional cultural, historical, and economic centre.

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

text: Punjab

text: 's

text: geography

text: mostly

text: consists

text: of

text: the

text: alluvial

text: plain

text: of

text: the

text: Indus

text: River

text: and

text: its

text: four

text: major

text: tributaries

text: in

text: Pakistan

text: the

text: Jhelum

text: Chenab

text: Ravi

text: and

text: Sutlej

text: rivers

text: There

text: are

text: several

text: mountainous

text: regions

text: including

text: the

text: Sulaiman

text: Mountains

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: province

text: and

text: Margalla

text: Hills

text: Salt

text: Range

text: and

text: Pothohar

text: Plateau

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: Agriculture

text: is

text: the

text: chief

text: source

text: of

text: income

text: and

text: employment

text: in

text: Punjab

text: wheat

text: and

text: cotton

text: are

text: the

text: principal

text: crops

text: Since

text: independence

text: Punjab

text: has

text: become

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: political

text: and

text: economic

text: power

text: it

text: remains

text: the

text: most

text: industrialised

text: province

text: of

text: Pakistan

text: It

text: counts

text: for

text: of

text: large

text: scale

text: manufacturing

text: and

text: of

text: small

text: scale

text: manufacturing

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Its

text: capital

text: Lahore

text: is

text: a

text: major

text: regional

text: cultural

text: historical

text: and

text: economic

text: centre

question: What plain is Punjab in?

answer: the alluvial plain of the Indus River

text: the alluvial plain of the Indus River

question: What are the Indus River's tributaries?

answer: the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers

text: the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers

question: How much of Pakistan's large-scale manufacturing is in Punjab?

answer: 39.2%

question: How much of Pakistan's small-scale manufacturing is in Punjab?

answer: 70%

question: What crops does Punjab grow?

answer: wheat and cotton

text: wheat and cotton

question: How many mountain regions does Punjab have?

text: four

question: Where is the alluvial plain located?

text: the southwest part of the province

question: Which tributary is located in the north?

text: the Jhelum

question: What is Pakistan's main export?

text: wheat and cotton

question: What percentage of the large scale manufacturing takes place in Lahore?


text: Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression. Chopin's mazurkas, while originating in the traditional Polish dance (the mazurek), differed from the traditional variety in that they were written for the concert hall rather than the dance hall; "it was Chopin who put the mazurka on the European musical map." The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op. 26 pair (published 1836), set a new standard for music in the form. His waltzes were also written specifically for the salon recital rather than the ballroom and are frequently at rather faster tempos than their dance-floor equivalents.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Chopin

text: also

text: endowed

text: popular

text: dance

text: forms

text: with

text: a

text: greater

text: range

text: of

text: melody

text: and

text: expression

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: mazurkas

text: while

text: originating

text: in

text: the

text: traditional

text: Polish

text: dance

text: the

text: mazurek

text: differed

text: from

text: the

text: traditional

text: variety

text: in

text: that

text: they

text: were

text: written

text: for

text: the

text: concert

text: hall

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: dance

text: hall

text: it

text: was

text: Chopin

text: who

text: put

text: the

text: mazurka

text: on

text: the

text: European

text: musical

text: map

text: The

text: series

text: of

text: seven

text: polonaises

text: published

text: in

text: his

text: lifetime

text: another

text: nine

text: were

text: published

text: posthumously

text: beginning

text: with

text: the

text: Op

text: pair

text: published

text: set

text: a

text: new

text: standard

text: for

text: music

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: His

text: waltzes

text: were

text: also

text: written

text: specifically

text: for

text: the

text: salon

text: recital

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: ballroom

text: and

text: are

text: frequently

text: at

text: rather

text: faster

text: tempos

text: than

text: their

text: dance

text: floor

text: equivalents

question: How many polonaises were published while Chopin lived?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: How many polonaises were published after Chopin died?

answer: nine

text: nine

question: Chopin was credited for making what more internationally known?

answer: mazurkas

text: mazurkas

question: What is different about Chopin's waltzes versus a ballroom waltz?

answer: faster tempos

text: faster tempos

question: What did Chopin add to the modern dance of his era?

answer: greater range of melody and expression.

text: greater range of melody and expression.

question: Chopin's Polish dance music was developed for what type of hall?

answer: concert hall

text: concert hall

question: What was Chopin responsible for making popular with Euorpeans?

answer: the mazurka

text: the mazurka

question: How many Chopin polonaises were published after his death?

answer: nine

text: nine

question: What dance music of Chopin was written more for recitals than ballrooms?

answer: waltzes

text: waltzes


text: By the January 2004 Iowa caucuses, the field had dwindled down to nine candidates, as Bob Graham had dropped out of the race. Howard Dean was a strong front-runner. However, the Iowa caucuses yielded unexpectedly strong results for Democratic candidates John Kerry, who earned 38% of the state's delegates and John Edwards, who took 32%. Former front-runner Howard Dean slipped to 18% and third place, and Richard Gephardt finished fourth (11%). In the days leading up to the Iowa vote, there was much negative campaigning between the Dean and Gephardt camps.

title: United_States_presidential_election,_2004

text: By

text: the

text: January

text: Iowa

text: caucuses

text: the

text: field

text: had

text: dwindled

text: down

text: to

text: nine

text: candidates

text: as

text: Bob

text: Graham

text: had

text: dropped

text: out

text: of

text: the

text: race

text: Howard

text: Dean

text: was

text: a

text: strong

text: front

text: runner

text: However

text: the

text: Iowa

text: caucuses

text: yielded

text: unexpectedly

text: strong

text: results

text: for

text: Democratic

text: candidates

text: John

text: Kerry

text: who

text: earned

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: delegates

text: and

text: John

text: Edwards

text: who

text: took

text: Former

text: front

text: runner

text: Howard

text: Dean

text: slipped

text: to

text: and

text: third

text: place

text: and

text: Richard

text: Gephardt

text: finished

text: fourth

text: In

text: the

text: days

text: leading

text: up

text: to

text: the

text: Iowa

text: vote

text: there

text: was

text: much

text: negative

text: campaigning

text: between

text: the

text: Dean

text: and

text: Gephardt

text: camps

question: How many candidates remained by the end of the Iowa caucuses, in January 2004?

answer: nine

text: nine

question: Which two candidates had surprising results despite Howard Dean being the strong front-runner?

answer: John Kerry, who earned 38% of the state's delegates and John Edwards

text: John Kerry, who earned 38% of the state's delegates and John Edwards

question: Which candidate slipped into third place, following the Iowa caucuses?

answer: Dean

text: Dean

question: Preceding the Iowa caucuses, which candidates used naysaying tactics in their campaigning?

answer: Dean and Gephardt

text: Dean and Gephardt

question: Which candidate dropped out of the race, leaving the field to nine candidates?

answer: Bob Graham

text: Bob Graham

question: What percentage of the state's delegates had Bob Graham taken as the front-runner?

question: What did Graham and Kerry take part in leading up to the Iowa vote?

text: negative campaigning

question: How many ads were run by Graham in Iowa before the vote?

text: nine

question: How much of the vote did Bob Graham have in Iowa after the election?

question: When was Bob Graham performing his best in the race?

text: In the days leading up to the Iowa vote


text: The universal emergence of atomic hydrogen first occurred during the recombination epoch. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, nonmetallic, highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. Since hydrogen readily forms covalent compounds with most non-metallic elements, most of the hydrogen on Earth exists in molecular forms such as in the form of water or organic compounds. Hydrogen plays a particularly important role in acid–base reactions as many acid-base reactions involve the exchange of protons between soluble molecules. In ionic compounds, hydrogen can take the form of a negative charge (i.e., anion) when it is known as a hydride, or as a positively charged (i.e., cation) species denoted by the symbol H+. The hydrogen cation is written as though composed of a bare proton, but in reality, hydrogen cations in ionic compounds are always more complex species than that would suggest. As the only neutral atom for which the Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically, study of the energetics and bonding of the hydrogen atom has played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics.

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: The

text: universal

text: emergence

text: of

text: atomic

text: hydrogen

text: first

text: occurred

text: during

text: the

text: recombination

text: epoch

text: At

text: standard

text: temperature

text: and

text: pressure

text: hydrogen

text: is

text: a

text: colorless

text: odorless

text: tasteless

text: non

text: toxic

text: nonmetallic

text: highly

text: combustible

text: diatomic

text: gas

text: with

text: the

text: molecular

text: formula

text: Since

text: hydrogen

text: readily

text: forms

text: covalent

text: compounds

text: with

text: most

text: non

text: metallic

text: elements

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: hydrogen

text: on

text: Earth

text: exists

text: in

text: molecular

text: forms

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: water

text: or

text: organic

text: compounds

text: Hydrogen

text: plays

text: a

text: particularly

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: acid

text: base

text: reactions

text: as

text: many

text: acid

text: base

text: reactions

text: involve

text: the

text: exchange

text: of

text: protons

text: between

text: soluble

text: molecules

text: In

text: ionic

text: compounds

text: hydrogen

text: can

text: take

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: a

text: negative

text: charge

text: i.e.

text: anion

text: when

text: it

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: a

text: hydride

text: or

text: as

text: a

text: positively

text: charged

text: i.e.

text: cation

text: species

text: denoted

text: by

text: the

text: symbol

text: H+

text: The

text: hydrogen

text: cation

text: is

text: written

text: as

text: though

text: composed

text: of

text: a

text: bare

text: proton

text: but

text: in

text: reality

text: hydrogen

text: cations

text: in

text: ionic

text: compounds

text: are

text: always

text: more

text: complex

text: species

text: than

text: that

text: would

text: suggest

text: As

text: the

text: only

text: neutral

text: atom

text: for

text: which

text: the

text: Schrödinger

text: equation

text: can

text: be

text: solved

text: analytically

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: energetics

text: and

text: bonding

text: of

text: the

text: hydrogen

text: atom

text: has

text: played

text: a

text: key

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: quantum

text: mechanics

question: What form can you find hydrogen is on Earth?

answer: molecular

text: molecular

question: What is the molecular make-up of hydrogen?

answer: H2

question: What are three properties of hydrogen at normal temperature and normal pressure?

answer: colorless, odorless, tasteless

text: colorless, odorless, tasteless

question: What charge does hydrogen display in ionic compounds when it is called a hydride?

answer: negative

text: negative

question: What field of study has hydrogen and it's properties played a key role in development?

answer: quantum mechanics

text: quantum mechanics


text: Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift-work job gave him leisure time to collect insects, and led him to value after-hours daylight. In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift, and after considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch, he followed up in an 1898 paper. Many publications credit DST's proposal to the prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett, who independently conceived DST in 1905 during a pre-breakfast ride, when he observed with dismay how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer's day. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk. His solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) Robert Pearce, who introduced the first Daylight Saving Bill to the House of Commons on 12 February 1908. A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915.

title: Daylight_saving_time

title: Daylight_saving_time

text: Modern

text: DST

text: was

text: first

text: proposed

text: by

text: the

text: New

text: Zealand

text: entomologist

text: George

text: Hudson

text: whose

text: shift

text: work

text: job

text: gave

text: him

text: leisure

text: time

text: to

text: collect

text: insects

text: and

text: led

text: him

text: to

text: value

text: after

text: hours

text: daylight

text: In

text: he

text: presented

text: a

text: paper

text: to

text: the

text: Wellington

text: Philosophical

text: Society

text: proposing

text: a

text: two

text: hour

text: daylight

text: saving

text: shift

text: and

text: after

text: considerable

text: interest

text: was

text: expressed

text: in

text: Christchurch

text: he

text: followed

text: up

text: in

text: an

text: paper

text: Many

text: publications

text: credit

text: DST

text: 's

text: proposal

text: to

text: the

text: prominent

text: English

text: builder

text: and

text: outdoorsman

text: William

text: Willett

text: who

text: independently

text: conceived

text: DST

text: in

text: during

text: a

text: pre

text: breakfast

text: ride

text: when

text: he

text: observed

text: with

text: dismay

text: how

text: many

text: Londoners

text: slept

text: through

text: a

text: large

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: summer

text: 's

text: day

text: An

text: avid

text: golfer

text: he

text: also

text: disliked

text: cutting

text: short

text: his

text: round

text: at

text: dusk

text: His

text: solution

text: was

text: to

text: advance

text: the

text: clock

text: during

text: the

text: summer

text: months

text: a

text: proposal

text: he

text: published

text: two

text: years

text: later

text: The

text: proposal

text: was

text: taken

text: up

text: by

text: the

text: Liberal

text: Member

text: of

text: Parliament

text: MP

text: Robert

text: Pearce

text: who

text: introduced

text: the

text: first

text: Daylight

text: Saving

text: Bill

text: to

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: on

text: February

text: A

text: select

text: committee

text: was

text: set

text: up

text: to

text: examine

text: the

text: issue

text: but

text: Pearce

text: 's

text: bill

text: did

text: not

text: become

text: law

text: and

text: several

text: other

text: bills

text: failed

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: years

text: Willett

text: lobbied

text: for

text: the

text: proposal

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

question: What particular kind of scientist was George Hudson?

answer: entomologist

text: entomologist

question: What did George Hudson spend time collecting when he wasn't working?

answer: insects

text: insects

question: What year did Hudson first present his two-hour daylight saving theory to the Wellington Philosophical Society?

answer: 1895

question: Some people believe it wasn't Hudson who created DST, but an Englishman by what name?

answer: William Willett

text: William Willett

question: Who was the member of Parliament who brought a bill about Daylight Saving Time to the House of Commons in 1908?

answer: Robert Pearce

text: Robert Pearce


text: In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople. The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of Alexandros Ypsilantis, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north spurred the Greeks of the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821 the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: In

text: a

text: secret

text: organization

text: called

text: the

text: Filiki

text: Eteria

text: Society

text: of

text: Friends

text: was

text: founded

text: with

text: the

text: aim

text: of

text: liberating

text: Greece

text: The

text: Filiki

text: Eteria

text: planned

text: to

text: launch

text: revolution

text: in

text: the

text: Peloponnese

text: the

text: Danubian

text: Principalities

text: and

text: Constantinople

text: The

text: first

text: of

text: these

text: revolts

text: began

text: on

text: March

text: in

text: the

text: Danubian

text: Principalities

text: under

text: the

text: leadership

text: of

text: Alexandros

text: Ypsilantis

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: soon

text: put

text: down

text: by

text: the

text: Ottomans

text: The

text: events

text: in

text: the

text: north

text: spurred

text: the

text: Greeks

text: of

text: the

text: Peloponnese

text: into

text: action

text: and

text: on

text: March

text: the

text: Maniots

text: declared

text: war

text: on

text: the

text: Ottomans

question: In which year did the Society of Friends begin?

answer: 1814

question: The Society of Friends goal was what?

answer: liberating Greece

text: liberating Greece

question: The Society of Friends was also known by what name?

answer: Filiki Eteria

text: Filiki Eteria

question: The first of several revolutions began when?

answer: 6 March 1821

text: 6 March 1821

question: War was started with the Ottomans when?

answer: 17 March 1821

text: 17 March 1821


text: The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years. Stronger Nile floods and stabilisation of government, however, brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC, reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt, that of the Semitic Hyksos. The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris. They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes.

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: The

text: First

text: Intermediate

text: Period

text: ushered

text: in

text: a

text: time

text: of

text: political

text: upheaval

text: for

text: about

text: years

text: Stronger

text: Nile

text: floods

text: and

text: stabilisation

text: of

text: government

text: however

text: brought

text: back

text: renewed

text: prosperity

text: for

text: the

text: country

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Kingdom

text: c.

text: BC

text: reaching

text: a

text: peak

text: during

text: the

text: reign

text: of

text: Pharaoh

text: Amenemhat

text: III

text: A

text: second

text: period

text: of

text: disunity

text: heralded

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: foreign

text: ruling

text: dynasty

text: in

text: Egypt

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: Semitic

text: Hyksos

text: The

text: Hyksos

text: invaders

text: took

text: over

text: much

text: of

text: Lower

text: Egypt

text: around

text: BC

text: and

text: founded

text: a

text: new

text: capital

text: at

text: Avaris

text: They

text: were

text: driven

text: out

text: by

text: an

text: Upper

text: Egyptian

text: force

text: led

text: by

text: Ahmose

text: I

text: who

text: founded

text: the

text: Eighteenth

text: Dynasty

text: and

text: relocated

text: the

text: capital

text: from

text: Memphis

text: to

text: Thebes

question: How long was the upheval of the first Intermediate period?

answer: 150 years

text: 150 years

question: In 1650 BC Lower Egypt was control by what invaders?

answer: Hyksos

text: Hyksos

question: What new capital was founded in 1650, lower Egypt?

answer: Avaris

text: Avaris

question: What was the first foreign ruling dynasty of Egypt?

answer: Semitic Hyksos

text: Semitic Hyksos


text: Britain's fears of war with Germany were realised in 1914 with the outbreak of the First World War. Britain quickly invaded and occupied most of Germany's overseas colonies in Africa. In the Pacific, Australia and New Zealand occupied German New Guinea and Samoa respectively. Plans for a post-war division of the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war on Germany's side, were secretly drawn up by Britain and France under the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement. This agreement was not divulged to the Sharif of Mecca, who the British had been encouraging to launch an Arab revolt against their Ottoman rulers, giving the impression that Britain was supporting the creation of an independent Arab state.

title: British_Empire

title: British_Empire

text: Britain

text: 's

text: fears

text: of

text: war

text: with

text: Germany

text: were

text: realised

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: outbreak

text: of

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: Britain

text: quickly

text: invaded

text: and

text: occupied

text: most

text: of

text: Germany

text: 's

text: overseas

text: colonies

text: in

text: Africa

text: In

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Australia

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: occupied

text: German

text: New

text: Guinea

text: and

text: Samoa

text: respectively

text: Plans

text: for

text: a

text: post

text: war

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: which

text: had

text: joined

text: the

text: war

text: on

text: Germany

text: 's

text: side

text: were

text: secretly

text: drawn

text: up

text: by

text: Britain

text: and

text: France

text: under

text: the

text: Sykes

text: Picot

text: Agreement

text: This

text: agreement

text: was

text: not

text: divulged

text: to

text: the

text: Sharif

text: of

text: Mecca

text: who

text: the

text: British

text: had

text: been

text: encouraging

text: to

text: launch

text: an

text: Arab

text: revolt

text: against

text: their

text: Ottoman

text: rulers

text: giving

text: the

text: impression

text: that

text: Britain

text: was

text: supporting

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: an

text: independent

text: Arab

text: state

question: When did the First World War begin?

answer: 1914

question: When WW1 began, Britain took the opportunity to take over most of which country's colonies?

answer: Germany

text: Germany

question: Who took over German New Guinea?

answer: Australia

text: Australia

question: Who took over Samoa?

answer: Sykes–Picot Agreement

text: Sykes–Picot Agreement

question: The Sykes–Picot Agreement was signed in what year?

answer: 1916