text:
The energy density per unit volume of both liquid hydrogen and compressed hydrogen gas at any practicable pressure is significantly less than that of traditional fuel sources, although the energy density per unit fuel mass is higher. Nevertheless, elemental hydrogen has been widely discussed in the context of energy, as a possible future carrier of energy on an economy-wide scale. For example, CO
2 sequestration followed by carbon capture and storage could be conducted at the point of H
2 production from fossil fuels. Hydrogen used in transportation would burn relatively cleanly, with some NOx emissions, but without carbon emissions. However, the infrastructure costs associated with full conversion to a hydrogen economy would be substantial. Fuel cells can convert hydrogen and oxygen directly to electricity more efficiently than internal combustion engines.

title: Hydrogen

title: Hydrogen

text: The

text: energy

text: density

text: per

text: unit

text: volume

text: of

text: both

text: liquid

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: compressed

text: hydrogen

text: gas

text: at

text: any

text: practicable

text: pressure

text: is

text: significantly

text: less

text: than

text: that

text: of

text: traditional

text: fuel

text: sources

text: although

text: the

text: energy

text: density

text: per

text: unit

text: fuel

text: mass

text: is

text: higher

text: Nevertheless

text: elemental

text: hydrogen

text: has

text: been

text: widely

text: discussed

text: in

text: the

text: context

text: of

text: energy

text: as

text: a

text: possible

text: future

text: carrier

text: of

text: energy

text: on

text: an

text: economy

text: wide

text: scale

text: For

text: example

text: CO

text: sequestration

text: followed

text: by

text: carbon

text: capture

text: and

text: storage

text: could

text: be

text: conducted

text: at

text: the

text: point

text: of

text: H

text: production

text: from

text: fossil

text: fuels

text: Hydrogen

text: used

text: in

text: transportation

text: would

text: burn

text: relatively

text: cleanly

text: with

text: some

text: NOx

text: emissions

text: but

text: without

text: carbon

text: emissions

text: However

text: the

text: infrastructure

text: costs

text: associated

text: with

text: full

text: conversion

text: to

text: a

text: hydrogen

text: economy

text: would

text: be

text: substantial

text: Fuel

text: cells

text: can

text: convert

text: hydrogen

text: and

text: oxygen

text: directly

text: to

text: electricity

text: more

text: efficiently

text: than

text: internal

text: combustion

text: engines

question: What form of hydrogen has been discussed as a ussage for fuel?

answer: elemental

text: elemental


text: Christianity is the most widely practised religion in Galicia, as it has been since its introduction in Late Antiquity, although it lived alongside the old Gallaeci religion for a few centuries. Today about 73% of Galicians identify themselves as Christians. The largest form of Christianity practised in the present day is Catholicism, though only 20% of the population described themselves as active members. The Catholic Church in Galicia has had its primatial seat in Santiago de Compostela since the 12th century.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: Christianity

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: practised

text: religion

text: in

text: Galicia

text: as

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: since

text: its

text: introduction

text: in

text: Late

text: Antiquity

text: although

text: it

text: lived

text: alongside

text: the

text: old

text: Gallaeci

text: religion

text: for

text: a

text: few

text: centuries

text: Today

text: about

text: of

text: Galicians

text: identify

text: themselves

text: as

text: Christians

text: The

text: largest

text: form

text: of

text: Christianity

text: practised

text: in

text: the

text: present

text: day

text: is

text: Catholicism

text: though

text: only

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: described

text: themselves

text: as

text: active

text: members

text: The

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: in

text: Galicia

text: has

text: had

text: its

text: primatial

text: seat

text: in

text: Santiago

text: de

text: Compostela

text: since

text: the

text: century

question: What is Galicia's most widespread religion?

answer: Christianity

text: Christianity

question: What percentage of Galicians identify with this religion?

answer: 73%


text: Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.) In English, capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun "I" and the interjection "O" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with "oh" being preferred). Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature.

title: Letter_case

title: Letter_case

text: Capitalisation

text: in

text: English

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: general

text: orthographic

text: rules

text: independent

text: of

text: context

text: e.g.

text: title

text: vs.

text: heading

text: vs.

text: text

text: is

text: universally

text: standardized

text: for

text: formal

text: writing

text: Informal

text: communication

text: such

text: as

text: texting

text: instant

text: messaging

text: or

text: a

text: handwritten

text: sticky

text: note

text: may

text: not

text: bother

text: but

text: that

text: is

text: because

text: its

text: users

text: usually

text: do

text: not

text: expect

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: formal

text: In

text: English

text: capital

text: letters

text: are

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: letter

text: of

text: a

text: sentence

text: a

text: proper

text: noun

text: or

text: a

text: proper

text: adjective

text: There

text: are

text: a

text: few

text: pairs

text: of

text: words

text: of

text: different

text: meanings

text: whose

text: only

text: difference

text: is

text: capitalisation

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: letter

text: The

text: names

text: of

text: the

text: days

text: of

text: the

text: week

text: and

text: the

text: names

text: of

text: the

text: months

text: are

text: also

text: capitalised

text: as

text: are

text: the

text: first

text: person

text: pronoun

text: I

text: and

text: the

text: interjection

text: O

text: although

text: the

text: latter

text: is

text: uncommon

text: in

text: modern

text: usage

text: with

text: oh

text: being

text: preferred

text: Other

text: words

text: normally

text: start

text: with

text: a

text: lower

text: case

text: letter

text: There

text: are

text: however

text: situations

text: where

text: further

text: capitalisation

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: give

text: added

text: emphasis

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: headings

text: and

text: titles

text: see

text: below

text: In

text: some

text: traditional

text: forms

text: of

text: poetry

text: capitalisation

text: has

text: conventionally

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: marker

text: to

text: indicate

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: a

text: line

text: of

text: verse

text: independent

text: of

text: any

text: grammatical

text: feature

question: Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing?

answer: formal

text: formal

question: In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter?

answer: capital

text: capital

question: What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature?

answer: beginning of a line of verse

text: beginning of a line of verse

question: How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English?

answer: capitalised

text: capitalised

question: The interjection "O" has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English?

answer: oh

text: oh


text: The 9/11 Commission's final report on July 22, 2004 stated that the FBI and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were both partially to blame for not pursuing intelligence reports that could have prevented the September 11, 2001 attacks. In its most damning assessment, the report concluded that the country had "not been well served" by either agency and listed numerous recommendations for changes within the FBI. While the FBI has acceded to most of the recommendations, including oversight by the new Director of National Intelligence, some former members of the 9/11 Commission publicly criticized the FBI in October 2005, claiming it was resisting any meaningful changes.

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

text: The

text: Commission

text: 's

text: final

text: report

text: on

text: July

text: stated

text: that

text: the

text: FBI

text: and

text: Central

text: Intelligence

text: Agency

text: CIA

text: were

text: both

text: partially

text: to

text: blame

text: for

text: not

text: pursuing

text: intelligence

text: reports

text: that

text: could

text: have

text: prevented

text: the

text: September

text: attacks

text: In

text: its

text: most

text: damning

text: assessment

text: the

text: report

text: concluded

text: that

text: the

text: country

text: had

text: not

text: been

text: well

text: served

text: by

text: either

text: agency

text: and

text: listed

text: numerous

text: recommendations

text: for

text: changes

text: within

text: the

text: FBI

text: While

text: the

text: FBI

text: has

text: acceded

text: to

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: recommendations

text: including

text: oversight

text: by

text: the

text: new

text: Director

text: of

text: National

text: Intelligence

text: some

text: former

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: Commission

text: publicly

text: criticized

text: the

text: FBI

text: in

text: October

text: claiming

text: it

text: was

text: resisting

text: any

text: meaningful

text: changes

question: What agencies were to blame for 9/11?

answer: FBI and Central Intelligence Agency

text: FBI and Central Intelligence Agency

question: Did 9/11 lead to more FBI oversight?

answer: acceded to most of the recommendations, including oversight

text: acceded to most of the recommendations, including oversight

question: Did many believe the FBI was resisting important changes?

answer: resisting any meaningful changes

text: resisting any meaningful changes

question: Did the people believe they were served well by the FBI?

answer: not been well served

text: not been well served

question: When was the 9/11 Commission's first report?

text: July 22, 2004

question: What agencies did the 9/11 Commission say were not to blame?

text: FBI and Central Intelligence Agency

question: What did the report conclude could not have been prevented?

text: September 11, 2001 attacks

question: Who privately criticized the FBI in October 2005?

text: former members of the 9/11 Commission

question: When did former members of the 9/11 commission publicly praise the FBI?

text: October 2005


text: The ownership of the Spectre organisation—originally stylised "SPECTRE" as an acronym of SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion—and its characters, had been at the centre of long-standing litigation starting in 1961 between Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory over the film rights to the novel Thunderball. The dispute began after Fleming incorporated elements of an undeveloped film script written by McClory and screenwriter Jack Whittingham—including characters and plot points—into Thunderball, which McClory contested in court, claiming ownership over elements of the novel. In 1963, Fleming settled out of court with McClory, in an agreement which awarded McClory the film rights. This enabled him to become a producer for the 1965 film Thunderball—with Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman as executive producers—and the non-Eon film Never Say Never Again, an updated remake of Thunderball, in 1983.[N 3] A second remake, entitled Warhead 2000 A.D., was planned for production and release in the 1990s before being abandoned. Under the terms of the 1963 settlement, the literary rights stayed with Fleming, allowing the Spectre organisation and associated characters to continue appearing in print.

title: Spectre_(2015_film)

title: Spectre_(2015_film

text: The

text: ownership

text: of

text: the

text: Spectre

text: organisation

text: originally

text: stylised

text: SPECTRE

text: as

text: an

text: acronym

text: of

text: SPecial

text: Executive

text: for

text: Counter

text: intelligence

text: Terrorism

text: Revenge

text: and

text: Extortion

text: and

text: its

text: characters

text: had

text: been

text: at

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: long

text: standing

text: litigation

text: starting

text: in

text: between

text: Ian

text: Fleming

text: and

text: Kevin

text: McClory

text: over

text: the

text: film

text: rights

text: to

text: the

text: novel

text: Thunderball

text: The

text: dispute

text: began

text: after

text: Fleming

text: incorporated

text: elements

text: of

text: an

text: undeveloped

text: film

text: script

text: written

text: by

text: McClory

text: and

text: screenwriter

text: Jack

text: Whittingham

text: including

text: characters

text: and

text: plot

text: points

text: into

text: Thunderball

text: which

text: McClory

text: contested

text: in

text: court

text: claiming

text: ownership

text: over

text: elements

text: of

text: the

text: novel

text: In

text: Fleming

text: settled

text: out

text: of

text: court

text: with

text: McClory

text: in

text: an

text: agreement

text: which

text: awarded

text: McClory

text: the

text: film

text: rights

text: This

text: enabled

text: him

text: to

text: become

text: a

text: producer

text: for

text: the

text: film

text: Thunderball

text: with

text: Albert

text: R.

text: Broccoli

text: and

text: Harry

text: Saltzman

text: as

text: executive

text: producers

text: and

text: the

text: non

text: Eon

text: film

text: Never

text: Say

text: Never

text: Again

text: an

text: updated

text: remake

text: of

text: Thunderball

text: in

text: A

text: second

text: remake

text: entitled

text: Warhead

text: A.D.

text: was

text: planned

text: for

text: production

text: and

text: release

text: in

text: the

text: before

text: being

text: abandoned

text: Under

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: the

text: settlement

text: the

text: literary

text: rights

text: stayed

text: with

text: Fleming

text: allowing

text: the

text: Spectre

text: organisation

text: and

text: associated

text: characters

text: to

text: continue

text: appearing

text: in

text: print

question: What did SPECTRE originally stand for?

answer: SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion

text: SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion

question: Who fought over the movie rights for Thunderball?

answer: Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory

text: Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory

question: In what year did McClory and Fleming reach an agreement?

answer: 1963

question: Which movie was a modern version of Thunderball?

answer: Never Say Never Again

text: Never Say Never Again

question: What was the name of a proposed remake of Thunderball that was never made?

answer: Warhead 2000 A.D.

text: Warhead 2000 A.D.

question: In what year did Fleming settle with McClory?

answer: 1963

question: What was the name of the remake of Thunderball?

answer: Never Say Never Again

text: Never Say Never Again

question: Which Bond novel first featured Spectre?

answer: Thunderball.

text: Thunderball.

question: What organization has faced litigation issues since 1981?

text: Spectre

question: Who incorporated elements of an undeveloped film script written by Saltzman into Thuderball?

text: Fleming

question: Who became a producer on the 1985 film Thunderball?

text: McClory

question: What was planned for release in the 1980s but then abandoned?

text: Warhead 2000 A.D.


text: Due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire, Seattle is in a major earthquake zone. On February 28, 2001, the magnitude 6.8 Nisqually earthquake did significant architectural damage, especially in the Pioneer Square area (built on reclaimed land, as are the Industrial District and part of the city center), but caused only one fatality. Other strong quakes occurred on January 26, 1700 (estimated at 9 magnitude), December 14, 1872 (7.3 or 7.4), April 13, 1949 (7.1), and April 29, 1965 (6.5). The 1965 quake caused three deaths in Seattle directly, and one more by heart failure. Although the Seattle Fault passes just south of the city center, neither it nor the Cascadia subduction zone has caused an earthquake since the city's founding. The Cascadia subduction zone poses the threat of an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or greater, capable of seriously damaging the city and collapsing many buildings, especially in zones built on fill.

title: Seattle

title: Seattle

text: Due

text: to

text: its

text: location

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: Ring

text: of

text: Fire

text: Seattle

text: is

text: in

text: a

text: major

text: earthquake

text: zone

text: On

text: February

text: the

text: magnitude

text: Nisqually

text: earthquake

text: did

text: significant

text: architectural

text: damage

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: Pioneer

text: Square

text: area

text: built

text: on

text: reclaimed

text: land

text: as

text: are

text: the

text: Industrial

text: District

text: and

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: center

text: but

text: caused

text: only

text: one

text: fatality

text: Other

text: strong

text: quakes

text: occurred

text: on

text: January

text: estimated

text: at

text: magnitude

text: December

text: or

text: April

text: and

text: April

text: The

text: quake

text: caused

text: three

text: deaths

text: in

text: Seattle

text: directly

text: and

text: one

text: more

text: by

text: heart

text: failure

text: Although

text: the

text: Seattle

text: Fault

text: passes

text: just

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: center

text: neither

text: it

text: nor

text: the

text: Cascadia

text: subduction

text: zone

text: has

text: caused

text: an

text: earthquake

text: since

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: founding

text: The

text: Cascadia

text: subduction

text: zone

text: poses

text: the

text: threat

text: of

text: an

text: earthquake

text: of

text: magnitude

text: or

text: greater

text: capable

text: of

text: seriously

text: damaging

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: collapsing

text: many

text: buildings

text: especially

text: in

text: zones

text: built

text: on

text: fill

question: What hazardous geologic area does Seattle inhabit?

answer: Pacific Ring of Fire

text: Pacific Ring of Fire

question: What was the magnitude of the Nisqually quake?

answer: 6.8

question: On what date did the Nisqually earthquake occur that damaged the Pioneer Square area?

answer: February 28, 2001

text: February 28, 2001

question: What is the amount of magnitude possible on the Cascadia subduction zone?

answer: 9.0 or greater

text: 9.0 or greater

question: What type of land area is at most risk of earthquake damage?

answer: reclaimed land

text: reclaimed land


text: After the three-year transition period ended with Nasser's official assumption of power, his domestic and independent foreign policies increasingly collided with the regional interests of the UK and France. The latter condemned his strong support for Algerian independence, and the UK's Eden government was agitated by Nasser's campaign against the Baghdad Pact. In addition, Nasser's adherence to neutralism regarding the Cold War, recognition of communist China, and arms deal with the Eastern bloc alienated the United States. On 19 July 1956, the US and UK abruptly withdrew their offer to finance construction of the Aswan Dam, citing concerns that Egypt's economy would be overwhelmed by the project.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: After

text: the

text: three

text: year

text: transition

text: period

text: ended

text: with

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: official

text: assumption

text: of

text: power

text: his

text: domestic

text: and

text: independent

text: foreign

text: policies

text: increasingly

text: collided

text: with

text: the

text: regional

text: interests

text: of

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: France

text: The

text: latter

text: condemned

text: his

text: strong

text: support

text: for

text: Algerian

text: independence

text: and

text: the

text: UK

text: 's

text: Eden

text: government

text: was

text: agitated

text: by

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: campaign

text: against

text: the

text: Baghdad

text: Pact

text: In

text: addition

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: adherence

text: to

text: neutralism

text: regarding

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: recognition

text: of

text: communist

text: China

text: and

text: arms

text: deal

text: with

text: the

text: Eastern

text: bloc

text: alienated

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: On

text: July

text: the

text: US

text: and

text: UK

text: abruptly

text: withdrew

text: their

text: offer

text: to

text: finance

text: construction

text: of

text: the

text: Aswan

text: Dam

text: citing

text: concerns

text: that

text: Egypt

text: 's

text: economy

text: would

text: be

text: overwhelmed

text: by

text: the

text: project

question: With what two nations did Nasser's foreign policy clash?

answer: UK and France

text: UK and France

question: What construction project suffered from foreign political retaliation against Nasser?

answer: Aswan Dam

text: Aswan Dam

question: What communist country did Nasser and Egypt recognize?

answer: China

text: China

question: France was angered by Nasser's support of the independence of what people?

answer: Algerian

text: Algerian

question: The UK was chafed by Nasser's opposition to what agreement?

answer: Baghdad Pact

text: Baghdad Pact


text: On 22 September 2003 the newspaper appeared to misjudge the public mood surrounding mental health, as well as its affection for former world heavyweight champion boxer Frank Bruno, who had been admitted to hospital, when the headline "Bonkers Bruno Locked Up" appeared on the front page of early editions. The adverse reaction, once the paper had hit the streets on the evening of 21 September, led to the headline being changed for the paper's second edition to the more sympathetic "Sad Bruno In Mental Home".

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom

text: On

text: September

text: the

text: newspaper

text: appeared

text: to

text: misjudge

text: the

text: public

text: mood

text: surrounding

text: mental

text: health

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: its

text: affection

text: for

text: former

text: world

text: heavyweight

text: champion

text: boxer

text: Frank

text: Bruno

text: who

text: had

text: been

text: admitted

text: to

text: hospital

text: when

text: the

text: headline

text: Bonkers

text: Bruno

text: Locked

text: Up

text: appeared

text: on

text: the

text: front

text: page

text: of

text: early

text: editions

text: The

text: adverse

text: reaction

text: once

text: the

text: paper

text: had

text: hit

text: the

text: streets

text: on

text: the

text: evening

text: of

text: September

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: headline

text: being

text: changed

text: for

text: the

text: paper

text: 's

text: second

text: edition

text: to

text: the

text: more

text: sympathetic

text: Sad

text: Bruno

text: In

text: Mental

text: Home

question: What was the subject of the front page on 22 September 2003?

answer: mental health

text: mental health

question: Who was featured in the article on mental health?

answer: Frank Bruno

text: Frank Bruno

question: What was the original headline on 22 September 2003?

answer: Bonkers Bruno Locked Up

text: Bonkers Bruno Locked Up

question: What was the headline changed to after public backlash?

answer: Sad Bruno In Mental Home

text: Sad Bruno In Mental Home

question: What had happened to Frank Bruno to spur the publishing of a story about him?

answer: had been admitted to hospital

text: had been admitted to hospital


text: During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931. In addition, Shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 – February 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to traverse the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole on 14 December 1911, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the pole.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: During

text: the

text: Nimrod

text: Expedition

text: led

text: by

text: Ernest

text: Shackleton

text: in

text: parties

text: led

text: by

text: Edgeworth

text: David

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: climb

text: Mount

text: Erebus

text: and

text: to

text: reach

text: the

text: South

text: Magnetic

text: Pole

text: Douglas

text: Mawson

text: who

text: assumed

text: the

text: leadership

text: of

text: the

text: Magnetic

text: Pole

text: party

text: on

text: their

text: perilous

text: return

text: went

text: on

text: to

text: lead

text: several

text: expeditions

text: until

text: retiring

text: in

text: In

text: addition

text: Shackleton

text: himself

text: and

text: three

text: other

text: members

text: of

text: his

text: expedition

text: made

text: several

text: firsts

text: in

text: December

text: February

text: they

text: were

text: the

text: first

text: humans

text: to

text: traverse

text: the

text: Ross

text: Ice

text: Shelf

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: traverse

text: the

text: Transantarctic

text: Mountains

text: via

text: the

text: Beardmore

text: Glacier

text: and

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: set

text: foot

text: on

text: the

text: South

text: Polar

text: Plateau

text: An

text: expedition

text: led

text: by

text: Norwegian

text: polar

text: explorer

text: Roald

text: Amundsen

text: from

text: the

text: ship

text: Fram

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: reach

text: the

text: geographic

text: South

text: Pole

text: on

text: December

text: using

text: a

text: route

text: from

text: the

text: Bay

text: of

text: Whales

text: and

text: up

text: the

text: Axel

text: Heiberg

text: Glacier

text: One

text: month

text: later

text: the

text: doomed

text: Scott

text: Expedition

text: reached

text: the

text: pole

question: What explorer led the Nimrod Expedition into Antarctica?

answer: Ernest Shackleton

text: Ernest Shackleton

question: Who led the party to first climb Mount Erebus?

answer: Edgeworth David

text: Edgeworth David

question: Who led the return expedition to find the Magnetic pole?

answer: Douglas Mawson

text: Douglas Mawson

question: When did Mawson retire after leading several expeditions?

answer: 1931

question: When did Roald Amundsen reach the geographic south pole?

answer: 14 December 1911

text: 14 December 1911

question: What expitition was led by Shackleton in the 19th century?

text: Nimrod Expedition

question: What did the party led by Shckleton climb?

text: Mount Erebus

question: What expedition reached the North Magnetic Pole?

text: Nimrod Expedition

question: What did Edgeworth David traverse?

text: Ross Ice Shelf

question: What ship did Shackelton use to reach the geographic South Pole?

text: Fram

question: What expedition was led by Edgeworth Shackleton?

text: Nimrod Expedition

question: Who led Nimrod Expedition to Antarctica?

text: Ernest Shackleton

question: Who led the Magnetic Pole party in 1931?

text: Douglas Mawson

question: Who led the expedition that would first reach the geographic South Pole on 11 December 1914?

text: Roald Amundsen

question: When was the South Polar Plateau first traversed?

text: December 1908 – February 1909


text: The North Slope is mostly tundra peppered with small villages. The area is known for its massive reserves of crude oil, and contains both the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska and the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field. Barrow, the northernmost city in the United States, is located here. The Northwest Arctic area, anchored by Kotzebue and also containing the Kobuk River valley, is often regarded as being part of this region. However, the respective Inupiat of the North Slope and of the Northwest Arctic seldom consider themselves to be one people.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: The

text: North

text: Slope

text: is

text: mostly

text: tundra

text: peppered

text: with

text: small

text: villages

text: The

text: area

text: is

text: known

text: for

text: its

text: massive

text: reserves

text: of

text: crude

text: oil

text: and

text: contains

text: both

text: the

text: National

text: Petroleum

text: Reserve

text: Alaska

text: and

text: the

text: Prudhoe

text: Bay

text: Oil

text: Field

text: Barrow

text: the

text: northernmost

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: is

text: located

text: here

text: The

text: Northwest

text: Arctic

text: area

text: anchored

text: by

text: Kotzebue

text: and

text: also

text: containing

text: the

text: Kobuk

text: River

text: valley

text: is

text: often

text: regarded

text: as

text: being

text: part

text: of

text: this

text: region

text: However

text: the

text: respective

text: Inupiat

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: Slope

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Northwest

text: Arctic

text: seldom

text: consider

text: themselves

text: to

text: be

text: one

text: people

question: Which area contains the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field?

answer: The North Slope

text: The North Slope

question: What is the northernmost city in the US?

answer: Barrow

text: Barrow

question: What resource is the North Slope known for?

answer: massive reserves of crude oil

text: massive reserves of crude oil

question: Which area doesn't contain the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field?

text: The North Slope

question: Which area contains the Prudhoe Bay Fire Field?

text: The North Slope

question: What is the southernmost city in the US?

text: Barrow

question: What is the northernmost city in the UN?

text: Barrow

question: What resource is the South Slope known for?

text: massive reserves of crude oil


text: When a historic document survives only in translation, the original having been lost, researchers sometimes undertake back-translation in an effort to reconstruct the original text. An example involves the novel The Saragossa Manuscript by the Polish aristocrat Jan Potocki (1761–1815), who wrote the novel in French and anonymously published fragments in 1804 and 1813–14. Portions of the original French-language manuscript were subsequently lost; however, the missing fragments survived in a Polish translation that was made by Edmund Chojecki in 1847 from a complete French copy, now lost. French-language versions of the complete Saragossa Manuscript have since been produced, based on extant French-language fragments and on French-language versions that have been back-translated from Chojecki’s Polish version.

title: Translation

title: Translation

text: When

text: a

text: historic

text: document

text: survives

text: only

text: in

text: translation

text: the

text: original

text: having

text: been

text: lost

text: researchers

text: sometimes

text: undertake

text: back

text: translation

text: in

text: an

text: effort

text: to

text: reconstruct

text: the

text: original

text: text

text: An

text: example

text: involves

text: the

text: novel

text: The

text: Saragossa

text: Manuscript

text: by

text: the

text: Polish

text: aristocrat

text: Jan

text: Potocki

text: who

text: wrote

text: the

text: novel

text: in

text: French

text: and

text: anonymously

text: published

text: fragments

text: in

text: and

text: Portions

text: of

text: the

text: original

text: French

text: language

text: manuscript

text: were

text: subsequently

text: lost

text: however

text: the

text: missing

text: fragments

text: survived

text: in

text: a

text: Polish

text: translation

text: that

text: was

text: made

text: by

text: Edmund

text: Chojecki

text: in

text: from

text: a

text: complete

text: French

text: copy

text: now

text: lost

text: French

text: language

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: complete

text: Saragossa

text: Manuscript

text: have

text: since

text: been

text: produced

text: based

text: on

text: extant

text: French

text: language

text: fragments

text: and

text: on

text: French

text: language

text: versions

text: that

text: have

text: been

text: back

text: translated

text: from

text: Chojecki

text: ’s

text: Polish

text: version

question: What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation?

answer: the original text

text: the original text

question: Who was Jan Potocki?

answer: Polish aristocrat

text: Polish aristocrat

question: What language was The Saragossa Manuscript originally written in?

answer: French

text: French

question: When had Edmund Chojecki translated portions of the Saragossa Manuscript into Polish from French?

answer: 1847

question: What fragments were the complete Saragossa Manuscripts now produced based on?

answer: French-language

text: French-language

question: What do researchers use back-translation to try to destroy when a document survives only in translation?

text: the original text

question: Who was Jan Potocki related to?

text: Polish aristocrat

question: When had Edmund Chojecki translated portions of the Saragossa Manuscript into Polish from Japanese?


text: As of 2010, those of Hispanic or Latino ancestry ancestry accounted for 22.5% (4,223,806) of Florida's population. Out of the 22.5%, the largest groups were 6.5% (1,213,438) Cuban, 4.5% (847,550) Puerto Rican, 3.3% (629,718) Mexican, and 1.6% (300,414) Colombian. Florida's Hispanic population includes large communities of Cuban Americans in Miami and Tampa, Puerto Ricans in Orlando and Tampa, and Mexican/Central American migrant workers. The Hispanic community continues to grow more affluent and mobile. As of 2011, 57.0% of Florida's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups. Florida has a large and diverse Hispanic population, with Cubans and Puerto Ricans being the largest groups in the state. Nearly 80% of Cuban Americans live in Florida, especially South Florida where there is a long-standing and affluent Cuban community. Florida has the second largest Puerto Rican population after New York, as well as the fastest-growing in the nation. Puerto Ricans are more widespread throughout the state, though the heaviest concentrations are in the Orlando area of Central Florida.

title: Florida

title: Florida

text: As

text: of

text: those

text: of

text: Hispanic

text: or

text: Latino

text: ancestry

text: ancestry

text: accounted

text: for

text: of

text: Florida

text: 's

text: population

text: Out

text: of

text: the

text: the

text: largest

text: groups

text: were

text: Cuban

text: Puerto

text: Rican

text: Mexican

text: and

text: Colombian

text: Florida

text: 's

text: Hispanic

text: population

text: includes

text: large

text: communities

text: of

text: Cuban

text: Americans

text: in

text: Miami

text: and

text: Tampa

text: Puerto

text: Ricans

text: in

text: Orlando

text: and

text: Tampa

text: and

text: Mexican

text: Central

text: American

text: migrant

text: workers

text: The

text: Hispanic

text: community

text: continues

text: to

text: grow

text: more

text: affluent

text: and

text: mobile

text: As

text: of

text: of

text: Florida

text: 's

text: children

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: belonged

text: to

text: minority

text: groups

text: Florida

text: has

text: a

text: large

text: and

text: diverse

text: Hispanic

text: population

text: with

text: Cubans

text: and

text: Puerto

text: Ricans

text: being

text: the

text: largest

text: groups

text: in

text: the

text: state

text: Nearly

text: of

text: Cuban

text: Americans

text: live

text: in

text: Florida

text: especially

text: South

text: Florida

text: where

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: long

text: standing

text: and

text: affluent

text: Cuban

text: community

text: Florida

text: has

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: Puerto

text: Rican

text: population

text: after

text: New

text: York

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: fastest

text: growing

text: in

text: the

text: nation

text: Puerto

text: Ricans

text: are

text: more

text: widespread

text: throughout

text: the

text: state

text: though

text: the

text: heaviest

text: concentrations

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: Orlando

text: area

text: of

text: Central

text: Florida

question: What percentage of the Florida population in 2010 was Hispanic

answer: Hispanic or Latino ancestry ancestry accounted for 22.5% (4,223,806) of Florida's population

text: Hispanic or Latino ancestry ancestry accounted for 22.5% (4,223,806) of Florida's population

question: What Origin makes up most of the Hispanics in Florida

answer: Out of the 22.5%, the largest groups were 6.5% (1,213,438) Cuban

text: Out of the 22.5%, the largest groups were 6.5% (1,213,438) Cuban

question: What percentage of Cuban Americans live in Florida

answer: Nearly 80% of Cuban Americans live in Florida, especially South Florida

text: Nearly 80% of Cuban Americans live in Florida, especially South Florida

question: What is percentage of Puerto Ricans in Florida

answer: the second largest Puerto Rican population after New York, as well as the fastest-growing in the nation

text: the second largest Puerto Rican population after New York, as well as the fastest-growing in the nation

question: What origin makes up the smallest population of hispanics in florida?

text: Cuban

question: What area is the third largest Puerto Rican population in the US?

text: Florida

question: What percentage of the Florida population in 2001 was Hispanic?

question: What percentage of the Florida population in 2001 was Cuban?

question: What percentage of the Florida population in 2001 was Colombian?


text: In April 1950, Stalin gave Kim permission to invade the South under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if they became needed. Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat, to avoid a direct war with the Americans. Kim met with Mao in May 1950. Mao was concerned that the Americans would intervene but agreed to support the North Korean invasion. China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets. At that time, the Chinese were in the process of demobilizing half of the PLA's 5.6 million soldiers. However, Mao sent more ethnic Korean PLA veterans to Korea and promised to move an army closer to the Korean border. Once Mao's commitment was secured, preparations for war accelerated.

title: Korean_War

title: Korean_War

text: In

text: April

text: Stalin

text: gave

text: Kim

text: permission

text: to

text: invade

text: the

text: South

text: under

text: the

text: condition

text: that

text: Mao

text: would

text: agree

text: to

text: send

text: reinforcements

text: if

text: they

text: became

text: needed

text: Stalin

text: made

text: it

text: clear

text: that

text: Soviet

text: forces

text: would

text: not

text: openly

text: engage

text: in

text: combat

text: to

text: avoid

text: a

text: direct

text: war

text: with

text: the

text: Americans

text: Kim

text: met

text: with

text: Mao

text: in

text: May

text: Mao

text: was

text: concerned

text: that

text: the

text: Americans

text: would

text: intervene

text: but

text: agreed

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: North

text: Korean

text: invasion

text: China

text: desperately

text: needed

text: the

text: economic

text: and

text: military

text: aid

text: promised

text: by

text: the

text: Soviets

text: At

text: that

text: time

text: the

text: Chinese

text: were

text: in

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: demobilizing

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: PLA

text: 's

text: million

text: soldiers

text: However

text: Mao

text: sent

text: more

text: ethnic

text: Korean

text: PLA

text: veterans

text: to

text: Korea

text: and

text: promised

text: to

text: move

text: an

text: army

text: closer

text: to

text: the

text: Korean

text: border

text: Once

text: Mao

text: 's

text: commitment

text: was

text: secured

text: preparations

text: for

text: war

text: accelerated

question: Who had to agree to send reinforcements for Stalin to give permission for the invasion of Korea?

answer: Mao

text: Mao

question: Who did the Soviets not want to engage in conflict?

answer: the Americans

text: the Americans

question: What concern did Mao have about the South Korean invasion?

answer: the Americans would intervene

text: the Americans would intervene

question: Who needed Soviet financial and military aid?

answer: China

text: China

question: What did Mao's assistance allow North Korea to accelerate?

answer: preparations for war

text: preparations for war


text: The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John "Walking" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850).

title: Materialism

title: Materialism

text: The

text: French

text: cleric

text: Pierre

text: Gassendi

text: represented

text: the

text: materialist

text: tradition

text: in

text: opposition

text: to

text: the

text: attempts

text: of

text: René

text: Descartes

text: to

text: provide

text: the

text: natural

text: sciences

text: with

text: dualist

text: foundations

text: There

text: followed

text: the

text: materialist

text: and

text: atheist

text: abbé

text: Jean

text: Meslier

text: Julien

text: Offray

text: de

text: La

text: Mettrie

text: the

text: German

text: French

text: Paul

text: Henri

text: Thiry

text: Baron

text: d'Holbach

text: the

text: Encyclopedist

text: Denis

text: Diderot

text: and

text: other

text: French

text: Enlightenment

text: thinkers

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: England

text: John

text: Walking

text: Stewart

text: whose

text: insistence

text: in

text: seeing

text: matter

text: as

text: endowed

text: with

text: a

text: moral

text: dimension

text: had

text: a

text: major

text: impact

text: on

text: the

text: philosophical

text: poetry

text: of

text: William

text: Wordsworth

question: Pierre Gassendi lived from what year to what year?

answer: 1592-1665

question: René Descartes lived from what year to what year?

answer: 1596-1650

question: abbé Jean Meslier lived from what year to what year?

answer: 1664-1729

question: Denis Diderot lived from what year to what year?

answer: 1713-1784

question: William Wordsworth lived from what year to what year?

answer: 1770-1850

question: Who agreed with Pierre Gassendi?

text: René Descartes

question: Who disagreed with Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach?

text: other French Enlightenment thinkers

question: Who did not see matter as endowed with moral dimension?

text: John "Walking" Stewart

question: William Wordsworth was not impacted by which thinker?

text: John "Walking" Stewart

question: Who provided the non-natural sciences with dualist foundations?

text: René Descartes


text: Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion.

title: Emotion

title: Emotion

text: Walter

text: Bradford

text: Cannon

text: agreed

text: that

text: physiological

text: responses

text: played

text: a

text: crucial

text: role

text: in

text: emotions

text: but

text: did

text: not

text: believe

text: that

text: physiological

text: responses

text: alone

text: could

text: explain

text: subjective

text: emotional

text: experiences

text: He

text: argued

text: that

text: physiological

text: responses

text: were

text: too

text: slow

text: and

text: often

text: imperceptible

text: and

text: this

text: could

text: not

text: account

text: for

text: the

text: relatively

text: rapid

text: and

text: intense

text: subjective

text: awareness

text: of

text: emotion

text: He

text: also

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: richness

text: variety

text: and

text: temporal

text: course

text: of

text: emotional

text: experiences

text: could

text: not

text: stem

text: from

text: physiological

text: reactions

text: that

text: reflected

text: fairly

text: undifferentiated

text: fight

text: or

text: flight

text: responses

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: this

text: theory

text: in

text: action

text: is

text: as

text: follows

text: An

text: emotion

text: evoking

text: event

text: snake

text: triggers

text: simultaneously

text: both

text: a

text: physiological

text: response

text: and

text: a

text: conscious

text: experience

text: of

text: an

text: emotion

question: Who argued that physiological responses were insufficient to explain emotional experiences?

answer: Walter Bradford Cannon

text: Walter Bradford Cannon

question: Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe was triggered by an emotional event?

answer: a conscious experience of an emotion

text: a conscious experience of an emotion

question: Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses were insufficient cause for emotions?

answer: too slow and often imperceptible

text: too slow and often imperceptible

question: Who argued that physiological responses were sufficient to explain emotional experiences?

text: Walter Bradford Cannon

question: Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe wasn't triggered by an emotional event?

text: conscious experience of an emotion

question: Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses weren't insufficient cause for emotions?

text: too slow and often imperceptible


text: Just as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in order to collect records, the relational approach would require loops to collect information about any one record. Codd's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language, a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous SQL. Using a branch of mathematics known as tuple calculus, he demonstrated that such a system could support all the operations of normal databases (inserting, updating etc.) as well as providing a simple system for finding and returning sets of data in a single operation.

title: Database

title: Database

text: Just

text: as

text: the

text: navigational

text: approach

text: would

text: require

text: programs

text: to

text: loop

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: collect

text: records

text: the

text: relational

text: approach

text: would

text: require

text: loops

text: to

text: collect

text: information

text: about

text: any

text: one

text: record

text: Codd

text: 's

text: solution

text: to

text: the

text: necessary

text: looping

text: was

text: a

text: set

text: oriented

text: language

text: a

text: suggestion

text: that

text: would

text: later

text: spawn

text: the

text: ubiquitous

text: SQL

text: Using

text: a

text: branch

text: of

text: mathematics

text: known

text: as

text: tuple

text: calculus

text: he

text: demonstrated

text: that

text: such

text: a

text: system

text: could

text: support

text: all

text: the

text: operations

text: of

text: normal

text: databases

text: inserting

text: updating

text: etc

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: providing

text: a

text: simple

text: system

text: for

text: finding

text: and

text: returning

text: sets

text: of

text: data

text: in

text: a

text: single

text: operation

question: How does a program collect information using a navigational system?

answer: require programs to loop

text: require programs to loop

question: What is used to solve the problem of looping?

answer: a set-oriented language

text: a set-oriented language

question: What computer language came about as a result of the looping problem?

answer: SQL

text: SQL

question: What type of math was used to create a system to find data sets?

answer: tuple calculus

text: tuple calculus

question: Who used tuple calculus to show the functionality of databases?

answer: Codd

text: Codd

question: How does a program collect information using a normalized system?

text: require programs to loop

question: What is used to create the problem of looping?

text: a set-oriented language

question: What computer language lost popularity as a result of the looping problem?

text: SQL

question: What type of physics was used to create a system to find data sets?

text: tuple calculus

question: Who used tuple calculus to hide the functionality of databases?

text: Codd


text: After years of foreign policy coordination and developing ties, Nasser, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Tito of Yugoslavia, and Prime Minister Nehru of India founded the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961. Its declared purpose was to solidify international non-alignment and promote world peace amid the Cold War, end colonization, and increase economic cooperation among developing countries. In 1964, Nasser was made president of the NAM and held the second conference of the organization in Cairo.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: After

text: years

text: of

text: foreign

text: policy

text: coordination

text: and

text: developing

text: ties

text: Nasser

text: President

text: Sukarno

text: of

text: Indonesia

text: President

text: Tito

text: of

text: Yugoslavia

text: and

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Nehru

text: of

text: India

text: founded

text: the

text: Non

text: Aligned

text: Movement

text: NAM

text: in

text: Its

text: declared

text: purpose

text: was

text: to

text: solidify

text: international

text: non

text: alignment

text: and

text: promote

text: world

text: peace

text: amid

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: end

text: colonization

text: and

text: increase

text: economic

text: cooperation

text: among

text: developing

text: countries

text: In

text: Nasser

text: was

text: made

text: president

text: of

text: the

text: NAM

text: and

text: held

text: the

text: second

text: conference

text: of

text: the

text: organization

text: in

text: Cairo

question: In what year was the Non-Aligned Movment formed?

answer: 1961

question: Who was named leader of the NAM in 1964?

answer: Nasser

text: Nasser

question: What global conflict was the NAM made to counter?

answer: Cold War

text: Cold War


text: Popper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students. Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method at the London School of Economics and there lectured and influenced both Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend, two of the foremost philosophers of science in the next generation of philosophy of science. (Lakatos significantly modified Popper's position,:1 and Feyerabend repudiated it entirely, but the work of both is deeply influenced by Popper and engaged with many of the problems that Popper set.)

title: Karl_Popper

title: Karl_Popper

text: Popper

text: played

text: a

text: vital

text: role

text: in

text: establishing

text: the

text: philosophy

text: of

text: science

text: as

text: a

text: vigorous

text: autonomous

text: discipline

text: within

text: philosophy

text: through

text: his

text: own

text: prolific

text: and

text: influential

text: works

text: and

text: also

text: through

text: his

text: influence

text: on

text: his

text: own

text: contemporaries

text: and

text: students

text: Popper

text: founded

text: in

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: Philosophy

text: Logic

text: and

text: Scientific

text: Method

text: at

text: the

text: London

text: School

text: of

text: Economics

text: and

text: there

text: lectured

text: and

text: influenced

text: both

text: Imre

text: Lakatos

text: and

text: Paul

text: Feyerabend

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: foremost

text: philosophers

text: of

text: science

text: in

text: the

text: next

text: generation

text: of

text: philosophy

text: of

text: science

text: Lakatos

text: significantly

text: modified

text: Popper

text: 's

text: and

text: Feyerabend

text: repudiated

text: it

text: entirely

text: but

text: the

text: work

text: of

text: both

text: is

text: deeply

text: influenced

text: by

text: Popper

text: and

text: engaged

text: with

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: problems

text: that

text: Popper

text: set

question: What branch of philosophy did Popper advance the most?

answer: philosophy of science

text: philosophy of science

question: Which department did Popper found at the London School of Economics?

answer: Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method

text: Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method

question: Which two major philosophers of science learned a great deal from Popper at the London School Economics?

answer: Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend

text: Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend

question: What did Paul Feyerabend ultimate do to Popper's philosophy of science?

answer: repudiated it entirely

text: repudiated it entirely

question: Where did Popper establish a university department for the philosophy of science in 1946?

answer: London School of Economics

text: London School of Economics

question: Who did not play a role in the philosophy of science?

text: Popper

question: When was the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method at the London School of Economics disbanded?

question: What department did Einstein found in 1946 in London?

question: Who did Imre Lakatos lecture to?

text: Paul Feyerabend

question: Which philosopher completely agreed with Popper's unmodified position?

text: Lakatos


text: The loss of viewers continued into season seven. The premiere was down 11% among total viewers, and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest-rated Wednesday show among the 18–34 demo since the first season in 2002. However, the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over season six as the series' third most watched finale. The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast network. Overall ratings for the season were down 10% from season six, which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: The

text: loss

text: of

text: viewers

text: continued

text: into

text: season

text: seven

text: The

text: premiere

text: was

text: down

text: among

text: total

text: viewers

text: and

text: the

text: results

text: show

text: in

text: which

text: Kristy

text: Lee

text: Cook

text: was

text: eliminated

text: delivered

text: its

text: lowest

text: rated

text: Wednesday

text: show

text: among

text: the

text: demo

text: since

text: the

text: first

text: season

text: in

text: However

text: the

text: ratings

text: rebounded

text: for

text: the

text: season

text: seven

text: finale

text: with

text: the

text: excitement

text: over

text: the

text: battle

text: of

text: the

text: Davids

text: and

text: improved

text: over

text: season

text: six

text: as

text: the

text: series

text: third

text: most

text: watched

text: finale

text: The

text: strong

text: finish

text: of

text: season

text: seven

text: also

text: helped

text: Fox

text: become

text: the

text: most

text: watched

text: TV

text: network

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: since

text: its

text: inception

text: a

text: first

text: ever

text: in

text: American

text: television

text: history

text: for

text: a

text: non

text: Big

text: Three

text: major

text: broadcast

text: network

text: Overall

text: ratings

text: for

text: the

text: season

text: were

text: down

text: from

text: season

text: six

text: which

text: is

text: in

text: line

text: with

text: the

text: fall

text: in

text: viewership

text: across

text: all

text: networks

text: due

text: in

text: part

text: to

text: the

text: Writers

text: Guild

text: of

text: America

text: strike

question: During which season of American Idol did Fox beat the other networks in ratings for the first time?

answer: season seven

text: season seven

question: Why were television ratings down across the board during American Idols seventh season?

answer: Writers Guild of America strike

text: Writers Guild of America strike

question: On what season was Kristy Lee Cook a contestant on American Idol?

answer: season seven

text: season seven

question: Who was eliminated during the lowest rated show since season one?

answer: Kristy Lee Cook

text: Kristy Lee Cook

question: What was the series' third most watched finale?

answer: season seven

text: season seven

question: Because of the rebound in viewers, Fox became what for the first time?

answer: the most watched TV network

text: the most watched TV network

question: What happened in 2007-2008 that had a drop in viewers for all networks?

answer: Writers Guild of America strike

text: Writers Guild of America strike


text: Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them. For example, according to one Buddhist ecumenical organization,[web 23] several concepts common to both major Buddhist branches:

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: Not

text: all

text: traditions

text: of

text: Buddhism

text: share

text: the

text: same

text: philosophical

text: outlook

text: or

text: treat

text: the

text: same

text: concepts

text: as

text: central

text: Each

text: tradition

text: however

text: does

text: have

text: its

text: own

text: core

text: concepts

text: and

text: some

text: comparisons

text: can

text: be

text: drawn

text: between

text: them

text: For

text: example

text: according

text: to

text: one

text: Buddhist

text: ecumenical

text: organization,[web

text: several

text: concepts

text: common

text: to

text: both

text: major

text: Buddhist

text: branches

question: Each tradition has its own core what?

answer: concepts

text: concepts

question: there are common concepts to both major buddhist branches according to what organization?

answer: Buddhist ecumenical organization

text: Buddhist ecumenical organization


text: In 1816, the United Kingdom annexed the islands, ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa. This is reported to have primarily been a measure to ensure that the French would be unable to use the islands as a base for a rescue operation to free Napoleon Bonaparte from his prison on Saint Helena. The occupation also prevented the United States from using Tristan da Cunha as a cruiser base, as it had during the War of 1812.

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

title: Tristan_da_Cunha

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: annexed

text: the

text: islands

text: ruling

text: them

text: from

text: the

text: Cape

text: Colony

text: in

text: South

text: Africa

text: This

text: is

text: reported

text: to

text: have

text: primarily

text: been

text: a

text: measure

text: to

text: ensure

text: that

text: the

text: French

text: would

text: be

text: unable

text: to

text: use

text: the

text: islands

text: as

text: a

text: base

text: for

text: a

text: rescue

text: operation

text: to

text: free

text: Napoleon

text: Bonaparte

text: from

text: his

text: prison

text: on

text: Saint

text: Helena

text: The

text: occupation

text: also

text: prevented

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: from

text: using

text: Tristan

text: da

text: Cunha

text: as

text: a

text: cruiser

text: base

text: as

text: it

text: had

text: during

text: the

text: War

text: of

question: in what year did the UK annex the islands?

answer: 1816

question: where did the UK rule the islands from?

answer: South Africa

text: South Africa

question: In what year did the islands annex the United Kingdom?

question: From where did the islands rule the United Kingdom?

text: Cape Colony in South Africa

question: When were the islands annexed by Napoleon Bonaparte?

question: Where was the prison of Tristan da Cunha located?

text: Saint Helena

question: What prevented the US from using Napoleon Bonaparte as a cruiser base?

text: The occupation


text: In the UK, the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency approves drugs for use, though the evaluation is done by the European Medicines Agency, an agency of the European Union based in London. Normally an approval in the UK and other European countries comes later than one in the USA. Then it is the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), for England and Wales, who decides if and how the National Health Service (NHS) will allow (in the sense of paying for) their use. The British National Formulary is the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians.

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

title: Pharmaceutical_industry

text: In

text: the

text: UK

text: the

text: Medicines

text: and

text: Healthcare

text: Products

text: Regulatory

text: Agency

text: approves

text: drugs

text: for

text: use

text: though

text: the

text: evaluation

text: is

text: done

text: by

text: the

text: European

text: Medicines

text: Agency

text: an

text: agency

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: based

text: in

text: London

text: Normally

text: an

text: approval

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: and

text: other

text: European

text: countries

text: comes

text: later

text: than

text: one

text: in

text: the

text: USA

text: Then

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: National

text: Institute

text: for

text: Health

text: and

text: Care

text: Excellence

text: NICE

text: for

text: England

text: and

text: Wales

text: who

text: decides

text: if

text: and

text: how

text: the

text: National

text: Health

text: Service

text: NHS

text: will

text: allow

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: of

text: paying

text: for

text: their

text: use

text: The

text: British

text: National

text: Formulary

text: is

text: the

text: core

text: guide

text: for

text: pharmacists

text: and

text: clinicians

question: Who is the core guide?

answer: The British National Formulary

text: The British National Formulary

question: Who is responsible for approving drugs in the United Kingdom?

answer: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency

text: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency

question: After an approval in the United States, when does an approval occur in the United Kingdom and other countries?

answer: comes later

text: comes later

question: Who decides how NHS will allow drugs?

answer: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)

text: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)

question: Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United Kingdom?

answer: European Medicines Agency

text: European Medicines Agency

question: What UK firm approves pharmaceutical drugs?

answer: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency

text: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency

question: What UK organization evaluates drugs?

answer: European Medicines Agency

text: European Medicines Agency

question: What firm in England and Wales decides if the NHS allows drugs?

answer: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

text: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

question: What is the name of the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians?

answer: British National Formulary

text: British National Formulary

question: Who is the core clinician?

text: The British National Formulary

question: Who is responsible for approving drugs in the NHS?

question: After an approval in the UK, when does an approval occur in the NHS and other countries?

text: comes later

question: Who decides how the USA will allow drugs?

question: Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United States?

text: European Medicines Agency


text: Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil. These interactions are governed by syntactic, pragmatic, and semantic rules,[citation needed] and are possible because of the decentralized "nervous system" of plants. The original meaning of the word "neuron" in Greek is "vegetable fiber" and recent research has shown that most of the microorganism plant communication processes are neuron-like. Plants also communicate via volatiles when exposed to herbivory attack behavior, thus warning neighboring plants. In parallel they produce other volatiles to attract parasites which attack these herbivores. In stress situations plants can overwrite the genomes they inherited from their parents and revert to that of their grand- or great-grandparents.[citation needed]

title: Communication

title: Communication

text: Communication

text: is

text: observed

text: within

text: the

text: plant

text: organism

text: i.e.

text: within

text: plant

text: cells

text: and

text: between

text: plant

text: cells

text: between

text: plants

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: or

text: related

text: species

text: and

text: between

text: plants

text: and

text: non

text: plant

text: organisms

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: root

text: zone

text: Plant

text: roots

text: communicate

text: with

text: rhizome

text: bacteria

text: fungi

text: and

text: insects

text: within

text: the

text: soil

text: These

text: interactions

text: are

text: governed

text: by

text: syntactic

text: pragmatic

text: and

text: semantic

text: rules,[citation

text: needed

text: and

text: are

text: possible

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: decentralized

text: nervous

text: system

text: of

text: plants

text: The

text: original

text: meaning

text: of

text: the

text: word

text: neuron

text: in

text: Greek

text: is

text: vegetable

text: fiber

text: and

text: recent

text: research

text: has

text: shown

text: that

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: microorganism

text: plant

text: communication

text: processes

text: are

text: neuron

text: like

text: Plants

text: also

text: communicate

text: via

text: volatiles

text: when

text: exposed

text: to

text: herbivory

text: attack

text: behavior

text: thus

text: warning

text: neighboring

text: plants

text: In

text: parallel

text: they

text: produce

text: other

text: volatiles

text: to

text: attract

text: parasites

text: which

text: attack

text: these

text: herbivores

text: In

text: stress

text: situations

text: plants

text: can

text: overwrite

text: the

text: genomes

text: they

text: inherited

text: from

text: their

text: parents

text: and

text: revert

text: to

text: that

text: of

text: their

text: grand-

text: or

text: great

text: grandparents.[citation

text: needed

question: What is a form of communication observed within plants?

answer: between plant cells

text: between plant cells

question: What part of a plant communicates with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?

answer: roots

text: roots

question: How are the plant roots able to communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?

answer: the decentralized "nervous system" of plants

text: the decentralized "nervous system" of plants

question: What is the meaning of the word neuron in Greek?

answer: vegetable fiber

text: vegetable fiber

question: How do plants communicate to warn nearby plants of danger?

answer: via volatiles

text: via volatiles

question: The plants leaves communicates with what in the soil?

text: rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects

question: This centralized system makes plant interactions possible?

text: nervous

question: The Hebrew word for 'neuron' is what?

text: vegetable fiber

question: During herbivory attack behavior what doesn't allow plants to communicate?

text: volatiles

question: What can't plants overwrite when they are stressed?

text: genomes


text: The first criminal provision in U.S. copyright law was added in 1897, which established a misdemeanor penalty for "unlawful performances and representations of copyrighted dramatic and musical compositions" if the violation had been "willful and for profit." Criminal copyright infringement requires that the infringer acted "for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain." 17 U.S.C. § 506. To establish criminal liability, the prosecutor must first show the basic elements of copyright infringement: ownership of a valid copyright, and the violation of one or more of the copyright holder's exclusive rights. The government must then establish that defendant willfully infringed or, in other words, possessed the necessary mens rea. Misdemeanor infringement has a very low threshold in terms of number of copies and the value of the infringed works.

title: Copyright_infringement

title: Copyright_infringement

text: The

text: first

text: criminal

text: provision

text: in

text: U.S.

text: copyright

text: law

text: was

text: added

text: in

text: which

text: established

text: a

text: misdemeanor

text: penalty

text: for

text: unlawful

text: performances

text: and

text: representations

text: of

text: copyrighted

text: dramatic

text: and

text: musical

text: compositions

text: if

text: the

text: violation

text: had

text: been

text: willful

text: and

text: for

text: profit

text: Criminal

text: copyright

text: infringement

text: requires

text: that

text: the

text: infringer

text: acted

text: for

text: the

text: purpose

text: of

text: commercial

text: advantage

text: or

text: private

text: financial

text: gain

text: U.S.C.

text: To

text: establish

text: criminal

text: liability

text: the

text: prosecutor

text: must

text: first

text: show

text: the

text: basic

text: elements

text: of

text: copyright

text: infringement

text: ownership

text: of

text: a

text: valid

text: copyright

text: and

text: the

text: violation

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: of

text: the

text: copyright

text: holder

text: 's

text: exclusive

text: rights

text: The

text: government

text: must

text: then

text: establish

text: that

text: defendant

text: willfully

text: infringed

text: or

text: in

text: other

text: words

text: possessed

text: the

text: necessary

text: mens

text: rea

text: Misdemeanor

text: infringement

text: has

text: a

text: very

text: low

text: threshold

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: number

text: of

text: copies

text: and

text: the

text: value

text: of

text: the

text: infringed

text: works

question: When was the first criminal part of copyright law in the U.S. added?

answer: 1897

question: What type of penalty was made for unlawful performances that are willful and for profit?

answer: misdemeanor

text: misdemeanor

question: What did a criminal infringer do to be prosecuted?

answer: for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain

text: for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain

question: What must a prosecuter show after the basic elements of infringement?

answer: that defendant willfully infringed

text: that defendant willfully infringed

question: What is the threshold of the number of copies and the value of the works?

answer: very low threshold

text: very low threshold

question: When was the last criminal part of copyright law in the U.S. added?

question: What type of penalty was made for lawful performances that are willful and for profit?

text: misdemeanor

question: What did a criminal infringer not do to be prosecuted?

question: What mustn't a prosecuter show after the basic elements of infringement?

text: that defendant willfully infringed

question: What isn't the threshold of the number of copies and the value of the works?

text: very low threshold


text: Since the middle of the 19th century, Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges, dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century. Alluding to the membership of a lodge of operative masons, they relate a mythologised history of the craft, the duties of its grades, and the manner in which oaths of fidelity are to be taken on joining. The fifteenth century also sees the first evidence of ceremonial regalia.

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: Since

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Masonic

text: historians

text: have

text: sought

text: the

text: origins

text: of

text: the

text: movement

text: in

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: similar

text: documents

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Old

text: Charges

text: dating

text: from

text: the

text: Regius

text: Poem

text: in

text: about

text: to

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: Alluding

text: to

text: the

text: membership

text: of

text: a

text: lodge

text: of

text: operative

text: masons

text: they

text: relate

text: a

text: mythologised

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: craft

text: the

text: duties

text: of

text: its

text: grades

text: and

text: the

text: manner

text: in

text: which

text: oaths

text: of

text: fidelity

text: are

text: to

text: be

text: taken

text: on

text: joining

text: The

text: fifteenth

text: century

text: also

text: sees

text: the

text: first

text: evidence

text: of

text: ceremonial

text: regalia

question: When did ceremonial regalia first appear in the Masonic culture?

answer: The fifteenth century

text: The fifteenth century

question: How long have historians been seeking information about the Masonic movement?

answer: middle of the 19th century

text: middle of the 19th century

question: What kind of an oath do Masons take when they join?

answer: fidelity

text: fidelity

question: What is the oldest written document about Freemasonary?

answer: Regius Poem

text: Regius Poem

question: When was the Regius Poem written?

answer: 1425

question: When did Masonic historians star seeking the origins of the Masonic Movement?

answer: middle of the 19th century

text: middle of the 19th century

question: What are the old Masonic document referred as?

answer: Old Charges

text: Old Charges

question: The Old Charges are dated from when to when?

answer: about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century

text: about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century

question: The fifteenth century also shows evidence of what in Masonic history?

answer: ceremonial regalia.

text: ceremonial regalia.

question: The duties of its grades is an example of what historic documents?

answer: Old Charges

text: Old Charges

question: When did ceremonial regalia last appear in the Masonic culture?

text: The fifteenth century

question: How long have historians been hiding information about the Masonic movement?

text: middle of the 19th century

question: What kind of an oath do Masons refuse to take when they join?

text: fidelity

question: When was the Regius Poem stolen?

question: What are the new Masonic documents referred as?

text: Old Charges


text: The starch source in a beer provides the fermentable material and is a key determinant of the strength and flavour of the beer. The most common starch source used in beer is malted grain. Grain is malted by soaking it in water, allowing it to begin germination, and then drying the partially germinated grain in a kiln. Malting grain produces enzymes that convert starches in the grain into fermentable sugars. Different roasting times and temperatures are used to produce different colours of malt from the same grain. Darker malts will produce darker beers.

title: Beer

title: Beer

text: The

text: starch

text: source

text: in

text: a

text: beer

text: provides

text: the

text: fermentable

text: material

text: and

text: is

text: a

text: key

text: determinant

text: of

text: the

text: strength

text: and

text: flavour

text: of

text: the

text: beer

text: The

text: most

text: common

text: starch

text: source

text: used

text: in

text: beer

text: is

text: malted

text: grain

text: Grain

text: is

text: malted

text: by

text: soaking

text: it

text: in

text: water

text: allowing

text: it

text: to

text: begin

text: germination

text: and

text: then

text: drying

text: the

text: partially

text: germinated

text: grain

text: in

text: a

text: kiln

text: Malting

text: grain

text: produces

text: enzymes

text: that

text: convert

text: starches

text: in

text: the

text: grain

text: into

text: fermentable

text: sugars

text: Different

text: roasting

text: times

text: and

text: temperatures

text: are

text: used

text: to

text: produce

text: different

text: colours

text: of

text: malt

text: from

text: the

text: same

text: grain

text: Darker

text: malts

text: will

text: produce

text: darker

text: beers

question: What is generally used as starch in most beer?

answer: malted grain

text: malted grain

question: How does grain become malted?

answer: by soaking it in water

text: by soaking it in water

question: What kind of container is partially germinated grain dried in?

answer: a kiln

text: a kiln

question: What happens to grain when it is soaked in water?

answer: germination

text: germination

question: What does a grains starch become after an is malted?

answer: fermentable sugars

text: fermentable sugars

question: What material does the flavour source in beer provide?

text: fermentable material

question: What is the most common enzyme source used in beer?

text: malted grain

question: What is malted by soaking it in a kiln?

text: Grain

question: What do different roasting sugars produce?


text: French police were criticised for their handling of the events, and notably for confiscating Tibetan flags from demonstrators. The newspaper Libération commented: "The police did so much that only the Chinese were given freedom of expression. The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocadéro." Minister of the Interior Michèle Alliot-Marie later stated that the police had not been ordered to do so, and that they had acted on their own initiative. A cameraman for France 2 was struck in the face by a police officer, knocked unconscious, and had to be sent to hospital.

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: French

text: police

text: were

text: criticised

text: for

text: their

text: handling

text: of

text: the

text: events

text: and

text: notably

text: for

text: confiscating

text: Tibetan

text: flags

text: from

text: demonstrators

text: The

text: newspaper

text: Libération

text: commented

text: The

text: police

text: did

text: so

text: much

text: that

text: only

text: the

text: Chinese

text: were

text: given

text: freedom

text: of

text: expression

text: The

text: Tibetan

text: flag

text: was

text: forbidden

text: everywhere

text: except

text: on

text: the

text: Trocadéro

text: Minister

text: of

text: the

text: Interior

text: Michèle

text: Alliot

text: Marie

text: later

text: stated

text: that

text: the

text: police

text: had

text: not

text: been

text: ordered

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: and

text: that

text: they

text: had

text: acted

text: on

text: their

text: own

text: initiative

text: A

text: cameraman

text: for

text: France

text: was

text: struck

text: in

text: the

text: face

text: by

text: a

text: police

text: officer

text: knocked

text: unconscious

text: and

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: sent

text: to

text: hospital

question: What did French police take from demonstrators?

answer: Tibetan flags

text: Tibetan flags

question: Which newspaper reported that only the Chinese could express themselves?

answer: Libération

text: Libération

question: Where was the only place the Tibetan flag could be held?

answer: the Trocadéro

text: the Trocadéro

question: Who was the Minister of the Interior?

answer: Michèle Alliot-Marie

text: Michèle Alliot-Marie

question: What did French law enforcement take from protesters?

answer: Tibetan flags

text: Tibetan flags

question: Where was the only place Tibetan flags were permitted?

answer: the Trocadéro.

text: the Trocadéro.

question: Who said the police acted on their own in taking the flags?

answer: Michèle Alliot-Marie

text: Michèle Alliot-Marie

question: Who rendered a France 2 camera person unconscious?

answer: a police officer

text: a police officer


text: "At 11 am Petrus Canisius Van Lierde as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope, ready to anoint him. The pope began to speak for the very last time: "I had the great grace to be born into a Christian family, modest and poor, but with the fear of the Lord. My time on earth is drawing to a close. But Christ lives on and continues his work in the Church. Souls, souls, ut omnes unum sint."[c] Van Lierde then anointed his eyes, ears, mouth, hands and feet. Overcome by emotion, Van Lierde forgot the right order of anointing. John XXIII gently helped him before bidding those present a last farewell.

title: Pope_John_XXIII

title: Pope_John_XXIII

text: At

text: am

text: Petrus

text: Canisius

text: Van

text: Lierde

text: as

text: Papal

text: Sacristan

text: was

text: at

text: the

text: bedside

text: of

text: the

text: dying

text: pope

text: ready

text: to

text: anoint

text: him

text: The

text: pope

text: began

text: to

text: speak

text: for

text: the

text: very

text: last

text: time

text: I

text: had

text: the

text: great

text: grace

text: to

text: be

text: born

text: into

text: a

text: Christian

text: family

text: modest

text: and

text: poor

text: but

text: with

text: the

text: fear

text: of

text: the

text: Lord

text: My

text: time

text: on

text: earth

text: is

text: drawing

text: to

text: a

text: close

text: But

text: Christ

text: lives

text: on

text: and

text: continues

text: his

text: work

text: in

text: the

text: Church

text: Souls

text: souls

text: ut

text: omnes

text: unum

text: sint."[c

text: Van

text: Lierde

text: then

text: anointed

text: his

text: eyes

text: ears

text: mouth

text: hands

text: and

text: feet

text: Overcome

text: by

text: emotion

text: Van

text: Lierde

text: forgot

text: the

text: right

text: order

text: of

text: anointing

text: John

text: XXIII

text: gently

text: helped

text: him

text: before

text: bidding

text: those

text: present

text: a

text: last

text: farewell

question: Who was at the dying pope's bedside?

answer: Petrus Canisius Van Lierde

text: Petrus Canisius Van Lierde

question: Who was the Papal Sacristan for John XXIII?

answer: Petrus Canisius Van Lierde

text: Petrus Canisius Van Lierde

question: When did the pope bid farewell?

answer: 11 am

text: 11 am

question: What kind of family was Petrus Canisius Van Lierde born into?

text: Christian

question: What did Van Lierde mention about the work of the church?

question: What did John XXIII forget to do when he was overcome with emotion?

text: forgot the right order of anointing

question: When did Van Lierde give everyone a last farewell?

text: At 11 am

question: What was annointed by John XXIII?

text: his eyes, ears, mouth, hands and feet


text: The Triassic was generally dry, a trend that began in the late Carboniferous, and highly seasonal, especially in the interior of Pangaea. Low sea levels may have also exacerbated temperature extremes. With its high specific heat capacity, water acts as a temperature-stabilizing heat reservoir, and land areas near large bodies of water—especially the oceans—experience less variation in temperature. Because much of the land that constituted Pangaea was distant from the oceans, temperatures fluctuated greatly, and the interior of Pangaea probably included expansive areas of desert. Abundant red beds and evaporites such as halite support these conclusions, but evidence exists that the generally dry climate of the Triassic was punctuated by episodes of increased rainfall. Most important humid episodes were the Carnian Pluvial Event and one in the Rhaetian, few million years before the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event.

title: Mesozoic

title: Mesozoic

text: The

text: Triassic

text: was

text: generally

text: dry

text: a

text: trend

text: that

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: Carboniferous

text: and

text: highly

text: seasonal

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: interior

text: of

text: Pangaea

text: Low

text: sea

text: levels

text: may

text: have

text: also

text: exacerbated

text: temperature

text: extremes

text: With

text: its

text: high

text: specific

text: heat

text: capacity

text: water

text: acts

text: as

text: a

text: temperature

text: stabilizing

text: heat

text: reservoir

text: and

text: land

text: areas

text: near

text: large

text: bodies

text: of

text: water

text: especially

text: the

text: oceans

text: experience

text: less

text: variation

text: in

text: temperature

text: Because

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: land

text: that

text: constituted

text: Pangaea

text: was

text: distant

text: from

text: the

text: oceans

text: temperatures

text: fluctuated

text: greatly

text: and

text: the

text: interior

text: of

text: Pangaea

text: probably

text: included

text: expansive

text: areas

text: of

text: desert

text: Abundant

text: red

text: beds

text: and

text: evaporites

text: such

text: as

text: halite

text: support

text: these

text: conclusions

text: but

text: evidence

text: exists

text: that

text: the

text: generally

text: dry

text: climate

text: of

text: the

text: Triassic

text: was

text: punctuated

text: by

text: episodes

text: of

text: increased

text: rainfall

text: Most

text: important

text: humid

text: episodes

text: were

text: the

text: Carnian

text: Pluvial

text: Event

text: and

text: one

text: in

text: the

text: Rhaetian

text: few

text: million

text: years

text: before

text: the

text: Triassic

text: Jurassic

text: extinction

text: event

question: What was the general rainfall in the Triassic?

answer: dry

text: dry

question: What could have made temperatures more extreme?

answer: Low sea levels

text: Low sea levels

question: Because of distance form the sea and wide variance in temperatures, what was the interior of Pangaea like?

answer: desert

text: desert

question: What were there periods of during the Triassic?

answer: increased rainfall

text: increased rainfall

question: What was the Carnian Pluvial event?

answer: increased rainfall

text: increased rainfall

question: In what period was it consistently rainy?

text: Triassic

question: What caused the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event?

text: dry climate

question: Why was the Carnian Pluvial event especially dry?

text: Low sea levels


text: The southern portion of the Point Loma peninsula was set aside for military purposes as early as 1852. Over the next several decades the Army set up a series of coastal artillery batteries and named the area Fort Rosecrans. Significant U.S. Navy presence began in 1901 with the establishment of the Navy Coaling Station in Point Loma, and expanded greatly during the 1920s. By 1930, the city was host to Naval Base San Diego, Naval Training Center San Diego, San Diego Naval Hospital, Camp Matthews, and Camp Kearny (now Marine Corps Air Station Miramar). The city was also an early center for aviation: as early as World War I, San Diego was proclaiming itself "The Air Capital of the West". The city was home to important airplane developers and manufacturers like Ryan Airlines (later Ryan Aeronautical), founded in 1925, and Consolidated Aircraft (later Convair), founded in 1923. Charles A. Lindbergh's plane The Spirit of St. Louis was built in San Diego in 1927 by Ryan Airlines.

title: San_Diego

title: San_Diego

text: The

text: southern

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: Point

text: Loma

text: peninsula

text: was

text: set

text: aside

text: for

text: military

text: purposes

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: Over

text: the

text: next

text: several

text: decades

text: the

text: Army

text: set

text: up

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: coastal

text: artillery

text: batteries

text: and

text: named

text: the

text: area

text: Fort

text: Rosecrans

text: Significant

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: presence

text: began

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Navy

text: Coaling

text: Station

text: in

text: Point

text: Loma

text: and

text: expanded

text: greatly

text: during

text: the

text: By

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: host

text: to

text: Naval

text: Base

text: San

text: Diego

text: Naval

text: Training

text: Center

text: San

text: Diego

text: San

text: Diego

text: Naval

text: Hospital

text: Camp

text: Matthews

text: and

text: Camp

text: Kearny

text: now

text: Marine

text: Corps

text: Air

text: Station

text: Miramar

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: also

text: an

text: early

text: center

text: for

text: aviation

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: San

text: Diego

text: was

text: proclaiming

text: itself

text: The

text: Air

text: Capital

text: of

text: the

text: West

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: home

text: to

text: important

text: airplane

text: developers

text: and

text: manufacturers

text: like

text: Ryan

text: Airlines

text: later

text: Ryan

text: Aeronautical

text: founded

text: in

text: and

text: Consolidated

text: Aircraft

text: later

text: Convair

text: founded

text: in

text: Charles

text: A.

text: Lindbergh

text: 's

text: plane

text: The

text: Spirit

text: of

text: St.

text: Louis

text: was

text: built

text: in

text: San

text: Diego

text: in

text: by

text: Ryan

text: Airlines

question: What names was given to coastal artillery batteries erected shortly after 1852?

answer: Fort Rosecrans

text: Fort Rosecrans

question: What was the name of Charles A. Lindbergh's plane that was built in San Diego by Ryan Airlines?

answer: Spirit of St. Louis

text: Spirit of St. Louis

question: What was the original name of today's Marine Corps Air Station Miramar?

answer: Camp Kearny

text: Camp Kearny

question: What branch of the military began to have a strong presence in San Diego in 1901?

answer: U.S. Navy

text: U.S. Navy

question: What airplane developer was founded in San Diego in 1923?

answer: Consolidated Aircraft

text: Consolidated Aircraft

question: What names was given to coastal artillery batteries erected shortly after 1825?

text: Fort Rosecrans

question: What was the name of Charles A. Lindbergh's plane that was built in San Francisco by Ryan Airlines?

text: The Spirit of St. Louis

question: What was the final name of today's Marine Corps Air Station Miramar?

text: Camp Kearny

question: What branch of the military began to have a strong presence in San Diego in 1910?

text: U.S. Navy

question: What airplane developer was founded in San Diego in 1932?

text: Consolidated Aircraft


text: Many, if not most, birds migrate in flocks. For larger birds, flying in flocks reduces the energy cost. Geese in a V-formation may conserve 12–20% of the energy they would need to fly alone. Red knots Calidris canutus and dunlins Calidris alpina were found in radar studies to fly 5 km/h (3.1 mph) faster in flocks than when they were flying alone.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Many

text: if

text: not

text: most

text: birds

text: migrate

text: in

text: flocks

text: For

text: larger

text: birds

text: flying

text: in

text: flocks

text: reduces

text: the

text: energy

text: cost

text: Geese

text: in

text: a

text: V

text: formation

text: may

text: conserve

text: of

text: the

text: energy

text: they

text: would

text: need

text: to

text: fly

text: alone

text: Red

text: knots

text: Calidris

text: canutus

text: and

text: dunlins

text: Calidris

text: alpina

text: were

text: found

text: in

text: radar

text: studies

text: to

text: fly

text: km

text: h

text: mph

text: faster

text: in

text: flocks

text: than

text: when

text: they

text: were

text: flying

text: alone

question: How do most birds migrate?

answer: in flocks

text: in flocks

question: How much energy do geese conserve flying in a flock?

answer: 12–20%

question: How much faster do Red knots and dunlins fly in a flock?

answer: 3.1 mph

text: 3.1 mph

question: How do birds conserve energy?

answer: a V-formation

text: a V-formation

question: What does flying in flocks reduce?

answer: energy cost

text: energy cost