text: Most clothing appears to have been made of animal skins, as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins which are ideal for fastening leather. Wool cloth and linen might have become available during the later Neolithic, as suggested by finds of perforated stones which (depending on size) may have served as spindle whorls or loom weights. The clothing worn in the Neolithic Age might be similar to that worn by Ötzi the Iceman, although he was not Neolithic (since he belonged to the later Copper age).

title: Neolithic

title: Neolithic

text: Most

text: clothing

text: appears

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: made

text: of

text: animal

text: skins

text: as

text: indicated

text: by

text: finds

text: of

text: large

text: numbers

text: of

text: bone

text: and

text: antler

text: pins

text: which

text: are

text: ideal

text: for

text: fastening

text: leather

text: Wool

text: cloth

text: and

text: linen

text: might

text: have

text: become

text: available

text: during

text: the

text: later

text: Neolithic

text: as

text: suggested

text: by

text: finds

text: of

text: perforated

text: stones

text: which

text: depending

text: on

text: size

text: may

text: have

text: served

text: as

text: spindle

text: whorls

text: or

text: loom

text: weights

text: The

text: clothing

text: worn

text: in

text: the

text: Neolithic

text: Age

text: might

text: be

text: similar

text: to

text: that

text: worn

text: by

text: Ötzi

text: the

text: Iceman

text: although

text: he

text: was

text: not

text: Neolithic

text: since

text: he

text: belonged

text: to

text: the

text: later

text: Copper

text: age

question: What did early humans use to make clothing?

answer: animal skins

text: animal skins

question: What evidence suggested that humans used animal products for clothing?

answer: finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins

text: finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins

question: What were perforated stones used for?

answer: spindle whorls or loom weights

text: spindle whorls or loom weights

question: What famous figure of the Copper Age wore clothes similar to the Neolithic Era?

answer: Ötzi the Iceman

text: Ötzi the Iceman

question: What did early humans use to make bones?

text: animal skins

question: What evidence suggested that humans used copperl products for clothing?

question: What were perforated antlers used for?

text: spindle whorls or loom weights

question: What famous figure of the Copper Age wore clothes similar to the Copper age?

text: Ötzi the Iceman

question: What might have become available during the Copper age?

text: Wool cloth and linen


text: Following the elections of 1973, the constitution of Swaziland was suspended by King Sobhuza II who thereafter ruled the country by decree until his death in 1982. At this point Sobhuza II had ruled Swaziland for 61 years, making him the longest ruling monarch in history. A regency followed his death, with Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe being head of state until 1984 when she was removed by Liqoqo and replaced by Queen Mother Ntfombi Tfwala. Mswati III, the son of Ntfombi, was crowned king on 25 April 1986 as King and Ingwenyama of Swaziland.

title: Swaziland

title: Swaziland

text: Following

text: the

text: elections

text: of

text: the

text: constitution

text: of

text: Swaziland

text: was

text: suspended

text: by

text: King

text: Sobhuza

text: II

text: who

text: thereafter

text: ruled

text: the

text: country

text: by

text: decree

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: At

text: this

text: point

text: Sobhuza

text: II

text: had

text: ruled

text: Swaziland

text: for

text: years

text: making

text: him

text: the

text: longest

text: ruling

text: monarch

text: in

text: history

text: A

text: regency

text: followed

text: his

text: death

text: with

text: Queen

text: Regent

text: Dzeliwe

text: Shongwe

text: being

text: head

text: of

text: state

text: until

text: when

text: she

text: was

text: removed

text: by

text: Liqoqo

text: and

text: replaced

text: by

text: Queen

text: Mother

text: Ntfombi

text: Tfwala

text: Mswati

text: III

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Ntfombi

text: was

text: crowned

text: king

text: on

text: April

text: as

text: King

text: and

text: Ingwenyama

text: of

text: Swaziland

question: In what year was the constitution of Swaziland suspended?

answer: 1973

question: Who ruled Swaziland in the late 1970s?

answer: King Sobhuza II

text: King Sobhuza II

question: When did King Sobhuza II die?

answer: 1982

question: Who was the head of state of Swaziland after King Sobhuza II

answer: Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe

text: Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe

question: Which monarch of Swaziland was crownd in April 1986?

answer: Mswati III

text: Mswati III

question: who suspended Swazilands constitution in the 19th century?

text: King Sobhuza II

question: When was the son ofDzeliwe Shongwe crowned king?

text: 25 April 1986

question: Who ruled Swaziland starting in 1973 and ending 1982?

text: King Sobhuza II

question: What rerent ruled for 61 years in Swaziland?

text: Queen Regent Dzeliwe Shongwe


text: In contrast to the entirely digital DVD, LaserDiscs use only analog video. As the LaserDisc format is not digitally encoded and does not make use of compression techniques, it is immune to video macroblocking (most visible as blockiness during high motion sequences) or contrast banding (subtle visible lines in gradient areas, such as out-of-focus backgrounds, skies, or light casts from spotlights) that can be caused by the MPEG-2 encoding process as video is prepared for DVD. Early DVD releases held the potential to surpass their LaserDisc counterparts, but often managed only to match them for image quality, and in some cases, the LaserDisc version was preferred. However, proprietary human-assisted encoders manually operated by specialists can vastly reduce the incidence of artifacts, depending on playing time and image complexity. By the end of LaserDisc's run, DVDs were living up to their potential as a superior format.

title: LaserDisc

title: LaserDisc

text: In

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: entirely

text: digital

text: DVD

text: LaserDiscs

text: use

text: only

text: analog

text: video

text: As

text: the

text: LaserDisc

text: format

text: is

text: not

text: digitally

text: encoded

text: and

text: does

text: not

text: make

text: use

text: of

text: compression

text: techniques

text: it

text: is

text: immune

text: to

text: video

text: macroblocking

text: most

text: visible

text: as

text: blockiness

text: during

text: high

text: motion

text: sequences

text: or

text: contrast

text: banding

text: subtle

text: visible

text: lines

text: in

text: gradient

text: areas

text: such

text: as

text: out

text: of

text: focus

text: backgrounds

text: skies

text: or

text: light

text: casts

text: from

text: spotlights

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: encoding

text: process

text: as

text: video

text: is

text: prepared

text: for

text: DVD

text: Early

text: DVD

text: releases

text: held

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: surpass

text: their

text: LaserDisc

text: counterparts

text: but

text: often

text: managed

text: only

text: to

text: match

text: them

text: for

text: image

text: quality

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: the

text: LaserDisc

text: version

text: was

text: preferred

text: However

text: proprietary

text: human

text: assisted

text: encoders

text: manually

text: operated

text: by

text: specialists

text: can

text: vastly

text: reduce

text: the

text: incidence

text: of

text: artifacts

text: depending

text: on

text: playing

text: time

text: and

text: image

text: complexity

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: LaserDisc

text: 's

text: run

text: DVDs

text: were

text: living

text: up

text: to

text: their

text: potential

text: as

text: a

text: superior

text: format

question: Do LaserDiscs or DVD use analog video?

answer: LaserDiscs

text: LaserDiscs

question: Are DVDs partially or entirely digital?

answer: entirely

text: entirely

question: What is contrast banding?

answer: subtle visible lines in gradient areas

text: subtle visible lines in gradient areas

question: What step of the DVD production process causes contrast banding?

answer: MPEG-2 encoding process

text: MPEG-2 encoding process


text: Phillips released "Home" as his coronation song, while Sanchez released "Change Nothing". Phillips' "Home" has since become the best selling of all coronation songs.

title: American_Idol

title: American_Idol

text: Phillips

text: released

text: Home

text: as

text: his

text: coronation

text: song

text: while

text: Sanchez

text: released

text: Change

text: Nothing

text: Phillips

text: Home

text: has

text: since

text: become

text: the

text: best

text: selling

text: of

text: all

text: coronation

text: songs

question: What is the first song that Phillip Phliips released after winning American Idol?

answer: Home

text: Home

question: What is the name of the song that Jessica Sanchez released first after American Idol?

answer: Change Nothing

text: Change Nothing

question: What was Phillip's coronation song?

answer: Home

text: Home

question: What song did Sanchez release?

answer: Change Nothing

text: Change Nothing

question: Which song is the best selling coronation song of all Idol seasons?

answer: Home

text: Home


text: The mosaics of the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now Umm ar-Rasas) were made in 785 (discovered after 1986). The perfectly preserved mosaic floor is the largest one in Jordan. On the central panel hunting and fishing scenes are depicted while another panel illustrates the most important cities of the region. The frame of the mosaic is especially decorative. Six mosaic masters signed the work: Staurachios from Esbus, Euremios, Elias, Constantinus, Germanus and Abdela. It overlays another, damaged, mosaic floor of the earlier (587) "Church of Bishop Sergius." Another four churches were excavated nearby with traces of mosaic decoration.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: The

text: mosaics

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: St

text: Stephen

text: in

text: ancient

text: Kastron

text: Mefaa

text: now

text: Umm

text: ar

text: Rasas

text: were

text: made

text: in

text: discovered

text: after

text: The

text: perfectly

text: preserved

text: mosaic

text: floor

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: one

text: in

text: Jordan

text: On

text: the

text: central

text: panel

text: hunting

text: and

text: fishing

text: scenes

text: are

text: depicted

text: while

text: another

text: panel

text: illustrates

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: cities

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: The

text: frame

text: of

text: the

text: mosaic

text: is

text: especially

text: decorative

text: Six

text: mosaic

text: masters

text: signed

text: the

text: work

text: Staurachios

text: from

text: Esbus

text: Euremios

text: Elias

text: Constantinus

text: Germanus

text: and

text: Abdela

text: It

text: overlays

text: another

text: damaged

text: mosaic

text: floor

text: of

text: the

text: earlier

text: Church

text: of

text: Bishop

text: Sergius

text: Another

text: four

text: churches

text: were

text: excavated

text: nearby

text: with

text: traces

text: of

text: mosaic

text: decoration

question: Where would the Church of St Stephen be located today?

answer: Umm ar-Rasas

text: Umm ar-Rasas

question: When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen created?

answer: in 785

text: in 785

question: When were the mosaics in the Church of St Stephen re-discovered?

answer: 1986

question: The mosaic floor in the Church of St Stephen is the largest in what country?

answer: Jordan

text: Jordan

question: How many artists signed the frame of the mosaic at the Church of St Stephen?

answer: Six

text: Six


text: Chopin's music was used in the 1909 ballet Chopiniana, choreographed by Michel Fokine and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov. Sergei Diaghilev commissioned additional orchestrations—from Stravinsky, Anatoly Lyadov, Sergei Taneyev and Nikolai Tcherepnin—for later productions, which used the title Les Sylphides.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: music

text: was

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: ballet

text: Chopiniana

text: choreographed

text: by

text: Michel

text: Fokine

text: and

text: orchestrated

text: by

text: Alexander

text: Glazunov

text: Sergei

text: Diaghilev

text: commissioned

text: additional

text: orchestrations

text: from

text: Stravinsky

text: Anatoly

text: Lyadov

text: Sergei

text: Taneyev

text: and

text: Nikolai

text: Tcherepnin

text: for

text: later

text: productions

text: which

text: used

text: the

text: title

text: Les

text: Sylphides

question: What is the name of the ballet that included Chopin's work?

answer: Chopiniana

text: Chopiniana

question: Who choreographed a ballet which included Chopin's work?

answer: Michel Fokine

text: Michel Fokine

question: Chopiniana later went by a different name, what is that name?

answer: Les Sylphides

text: Les Sylphides

question: Who orchestrated Chopiniana?

answer: Alexander Glazunov

text: Alexander Glazunov

question: What year was the Chopiniana released?

answer: 1909

question: Which 1909 ballet used Chopin's music?

answer: Chopiniana

text: Chopiniana

question: Who choreographed Chopiniana?

answer: Michel Fokine

text: Michel Fokine

question: Who orchestrated Chopiniana?

answer: Alexander Glazunov.

text: Alexander Glazunov.

question: Sergei Diaghilev obtained additional orchestrations for subsequent productions, using which title?

answer: Les Sylphides.

text: Les Sylphides.


text: The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web.

title: Internet_service_provider

title: Internet_service_provider

text: The

text: Internet

text: was

text: developed

text: as

text: a

text: network

text: between

text: government

text: research

text: laboratories

text: and

text: participating

text: departments

text: of

text: universities

text: By

text: the

text: late

text: a

text: process

text: was

text: set

text: in

text: place

text: towards

text: public

text: commercial

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: Internet

text: The

text: remaining

text: restrictions

text: were

text: removed

text: by

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: introduction

text: of

text: the

text: World

text: Wide

text: Web

question: Why was the internet developed?

answer: a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities

text: a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities

question: when was the internet developed?

answer: 1980s

question: what happened to the internet in the late 1980s?

answer: a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet

text: a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet

question: When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed?

answer: 1995

question: how long after the introduction of the world wide web was 1995?

answer: 4 years

text: 4 years

question: What was developed as a way for various universities to communicate with each other?

text: The Internet

question: What process was set up by the early 1980s?

question: When was the Internet further restricted?

question: What happened four years after the introduction of the World Wide Web?

text: The remaining restrictions were removed


text: The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks, but needed the pragmatic muscles of Rome in order to become a practical reality. The influence of Terence's felicitous phrase on Roman thinking about human rights can hardly be overestimated. Two hundred years later Seneca ended his seminal exposition of the unity of humankind with a clarion-call:

title: Humanism

title: Humanism

text: The

text: words

text: of

text: the

text: comic

text: playwright

text: P.

text: Terentius

text: Afer

text: reverberated

text: across

text: the

text: Roman

text: world

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: BCE

text: and

text: beyond

text: Terence

text: an

text: African

text: and

text: a

text: former

text: slave

text: was

text: well

text: placed

text: to

text: preach

text: the

text: message

text: of

text: universalism

text: of

text: the

text: essential

text: unity

text: of

text: the

text: human

text: race

text: that

text: had

text: come

text: down

text: in

text: philosophical

text: form

text: from

text: the

text: Greeks

text: but

text: needed

text: the

text: pragmatic

text: muscles

text: of

text: Rome

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: become

text: a

text: practical

text: reality

text: The

text: influence

text: of

text: Terence

text: 's

text: felicitous

text: phrase

text: on

text: Roman

text: thinking

text: about

text: human

text: rights

text: can

text: hardly

text: be

text: overestimated

text: Two

text: hundred

text: years

text: later

text: Seneca

text: ended

text: his

text: seminal

text: exposition

text: of

text: the

text: unity

text: of

text: humankind

text: with

text: a

text: clarion

text: call

question: What author had a great impact in Rome?

answer: P. Terentius Afer

text: P. Terentius Afer

question: Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all through his words?

answer: Terence

text: Terence

question: From where did this school of thought emerge?

answer: the Greeks

text: the Greeks

question: Who again issued the same type of challenge centuries later

answer: Seneca

text: Seneca

question: What was the name of the main belief Terence offered

answer: universalism

text: universalism

question: What author had little impact in Rome?

text: P. Terentius Afer

question: Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all without any words?

text: Terence

question: What was the name of the main belief Terence avoided?

text: universalism

question: Where was no school of thought taken seriously?

text: Greeks


text: With the continued miniaturization of computing resources, and advancements in portable battery life, portable computers grew in popularity in the 2000s. The same developments that spurred the growth of laptop computers and other portable computers allowed manufacturers to integrate computing resources into cellular phones. These so-called smartphones and tablets run on a variety of operating systems and have become the dominant computing device on the market, with manufacturers reporting having shipped an estimated 237 million devices in 2Q 2013.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: With

text: the

text: continued

text: miniaturization

text: of

text: computing

text: resources

text: and

text: advancements

text: in

text: portable

text: battery

text: life

text: portable

text: computers

text: grew

text: in

text: popularity

text: in

text: the

text: The

text: same

text: developments

text: that

text: spurred

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: laptop

text: computers

text: and

text: other

text: portable

text: computers

text: allowed

text: manufacturers

text: to

text: integrate

text: computing

text: resources

text: into

text: cellular

text: phones

text: These

text: so

text: called

text: smartphones

text: and

text: tablets

text: run

text: on

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: operating

text: systems

text: and

text: have

text: become

text: the

text: dominant

text: computing

text: device

text: on

text: the

text: market

text: with

text: manufacturers

text: reporting

text: having

text: shipped

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: devices

text: in

question: Computing resources that are created in cell phones are called what?

answer: smartphones

text: smartphones

question: How many tablets were sold in 2Q 2013?

answer: 237 million devices

text: 237 million devices


text: Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179. The Choir School educates and trains the choirboys who sing for services in the Abbey.

title: Westminster_Abbey

title: Westminster_Abbey

text: Westminster

text: School

text: and

text: Westminster

text: Abbey

text: Choir

text: School

text: are

text: also

text: in

text: the

text: precincts

text: of

text: the

text: abbey

text: It

text: was

text: natural

text: for

text: the

text: learned

text: and

text: literate

text: monks

text: to

text: be

text: entrusted

text: with

text: education

text: and

text: Benedictine

text: monks

text: were

text: required

text: by

text: the

text: Pope

text: to

text: maintain

text: a

text: charity

text: school

text: in

text: The

text: Choir

text: School

text: educates

text: and

text: trains

text: the

text: choirboys

text: who

text: sing

text: for

text: services

text: in

text: the

text: Abbey

question: What are also in the precincts of Westminster Abbey?

answer: Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School

text: Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School

question: Who required the Benedictine monks to maintain a charity school?

answer: the Pope

text: the Pope

question: When were the Benedictine monks required to maintain a charity school?

answer: 1179

question: The choirboys of the abbey are trained where?

answer: Westminster Abbey Choir School

text: Westminster Abbey Choir School

question: What are also in the precincts of Eastminster Abbey?

question: Who never required the Benedictine monks to maintain a charity school?

text: the Pope

question: Who required the Benedictine monks to maintain a vanity school?

text: the Pope

question: When were the Benedictine monks required to maintain a vanity school?

question: The altar boys of the abbey are trained where?

text: Westminster Abbey Choir School


text: A corrupt dictatorship typically results in many years of general hardship and suffering for the vast majority of citizens as civil society and the rule of law disintegrate. In addition, corrupt dictators routinely ignore economic and social problems in their quest to amass ever more wealth and power.

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: A

text: corrupt

text: dictatorship

text: typically

text: results

text: in

text: many

text: years

text: of

text: general

text: hardship

text: and

text: suffering

text: for

text: the

text: vast

text: majority

text: of

text: citizens

text: as

text: civil

text: society

text: and

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: law

text: disintegrate

text: In

text: addition

text: corrupt

text: dictators

text: routinely

text: ignore

text: economic

text: and

text: social

text: problems

text: in

text: their

text: quest

text: to

text: amass

text: ever

text: more

text: wealth

text: and

text: power

question: In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what?

answer: economic and social problems

text: economic and social problems


text: A large number of Bell's writings, personal correspondence, notebooks, papers and other documents reside at both the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division (as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers), and at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute, Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia; major portions of which are available for online viewing.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: A

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: Bell

text: 's

text: writings

text: personal

text: correspondence

text: notebooks

text: papers

text: and

text: other

text: documents

text: reside

text: at

text: both

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Library

text: of

text: Congress

text: Manuscript

text: Division

text: as

text: the

text: Alexander

text: Graham

text: Bell

text: Family

text: Papers

text: and

text: at

text: the

text: Alexander

text: Graham

text: Bell

text: Institute

text: Cape

text: Breton

text: University

text: Nova

text: Scotia

text: major

text: portions

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: available

text: for

text: online

text: viewing

question: What are Bell's personal papers known as?

answer: Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers

text: Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers

question: In what part of the Library of Congress are Bell's papers kept?

answer: Manuscript Division

text: Manuscript Division

question: Apart from in person, how can one look at many of Bell's papers?

answer: online

text: online

question: In what university is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute?

answer: Cape Breton University

text: Cape Breton University

question: In what province is the Alexander Graham Bell Institute located?

answer: Nova Scotia

text: Nova Scotia


text: During the 20th century, the county became increasingly urbanised, particularly the southern part. To the existing county boroughs of Barrow-in-Furness, Blackburn, Bolton, Bootle, Burnley, Bury, Liverpool, Manchester, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale, Salford, St Helens and Wigan were added Blackpool (1904), Southport (1905), and Warrington (1900). The county boroughs also had many boundary extensions. The borders around the Manchester area were particularly complicated, with narrow protrusions of the administrative county between the county boroughs – Lees urban district formed a detached part of the administrative county, between Oldham county borough and the West Riding of Yorkshire.

title: Lancashire

title: Lancashire

text: During

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: county

text: became

text: increasingly

text: urbanised

text: particularly

text: the

text: southern

text: part

text: To

text: the

text: existing

text: county

text: boroughs

text: of

text: Barrow

text: in

text: Furness

text: Blackburn

text: Bolton

text: Bootle

text: Burnley

text: Bury

text: Liverpool

text: Manchester

text: Oldham

text: Preston

text: Rochdale

text: Salford

text: St

text: Helens

text: and

text: Wigan

text: were

text: added

text: Blackpool

text: Southport

text: and

text: Warrington

text: The

text: county

text: boroughs

text: also

text: had

text: many

text: boundary

text: extensions

text: The

text: borders

text: around

text: the

text: Manchester

text: area

text: were

text: particularly

text: complicated

text: with

text: narrow

text: protrusions

text: of

text: the

text: administrative

text: county

text: between

text: the

text: county

text: boroughs

text: Lees

text: urban

text: district

text: formed

text: a

text: detached

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: administrative

text: county

text: between

text: Oldham

text: county

text: borough

text: and

text: the

text: West

text: Riding

text: of

text: Yorkshire

question: When did the county become more urbanised?

answer: 20th century

text: 20th century

question: Which part in particular became urbanised in the 20th century?

answer: the southern part

text: the southern part

question: When was Warrington added to Lancashire?

answer: 1900

question: When was Southport added?

answer: 1905

question: When was Blackpool added to the county?

answer: 1904

question: When was the county borough of Liverpool created?

question: What was the county borough of St Helens created?

question: What a county bureau that lies in the southern part of Lancashire?

text: Burnley

question: Where does Bootle lie in Lancashire?

text: southern part

question: In what year was Oldham made part of Lancashire?


text: There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System. These resonances occur when Neptune's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object, such as 1:2, or 3:4. If, say, an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits, it will only complete half an orbit by the time Neptune returns to its original position. The most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt, with over 200 known objects, is the 2:3 resonance. Objects in this resonance complete 2 orbits for every 3 of Neptune, and are known as plutinos because the largest of the known Kuiper belt objects, Pluto, is among them. Although Pluto crosses Neptune's orbit regularly, the 2:3 resonance ensures they can never collide. The 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5 resonances are less populated.

title: Neptune

title: Neptune

text: There

text: do

text: exist

text: orbits

text: within

text: these

text: empty

text: regions

text: where

text: objects

text: can

text: survive

text: for

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: the

text: Solar

text: System

text: These

text: resonances

text: occur

text: when

text: Neptune

text: 's

text: orbital

text: period

text: is

text: a

text: precise

text: fraction

text: of

text: that

text: of

text: the

text: object

text: such

text: as

text: or

text: If

text: say

text: an

text: object

text: orbits

text: the

text: Sun

text: once

text: for

text: every

text: two

text: Neptune

text: orbits

text: it

text: will

text: only

text: complete

text: half

text: an

text: orbit

text: by

text: the

text: time

text: Neptune

text: returns

text: to

text: its

text: original

text: position

text: The

text: most

text: heavily

text: populated

text: resonance

text: in

text: the

text: Kuiper

text: belt

text: with

text: over

text: known

text: objects

text: is

text: the

text: resonance

text: Objects

text: in

text: this

text: resonance

text: complete

text: orbits

text: for

text: every

text: of

text: Neptune

text: and

text: are

text: known

text: as

text: plutinos

text: because

text: the

text: largest

text: of

text: the

text: known

text: Kuiper

text: belt

text: objects

text: Pluto

text: is

text: among

text: them

text: Although

text: Pluto

text: crosses

text: Neptune

text: 's

text: orbit

text: regularly

text: the

text: resonance

text: ensures

text: they

text: can

text: never

text: collide

text: The

text: and

text: resonances

text: are

text: less

text: populated

question: What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt?

answer: 2:3 resonance

text: 2:3 resonance

question: How many known objects is in the most populated resonance of the Kuiper belt?

answer: 200

question: What is the best known, and largest, object in the Kuiper belt?

answer: Pluto

text: Pluto

question: What is the resonance of Pluto in the Kuiper belt?

answer: 2:3

question: Which resonances are less populated in the Kuiper belt?

answer: 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5

text: 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5

question: What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Jupiter belt?

text: 2:3 resonance

question: How many unknown objects is in the most populated resonance of the Kuiper belt?

question: What is the least known object in the Kuiper belt?

text: Pluto

question: Which resonances are more populated in the Kuiper belt?

text: 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5

question: What is the resonance of Jupiter in the Kuiper belt?


text: Several private institutions of higher learning—ranging from liberal arts colleges, such as The University of St. Thomas, Houston's only Catholic university, to Rice University, the nationally recognized research university—are located within the city. Rice, with a total enrollment of slightly more than 6,000 students, has a number of distinguished graduate programs and research institutes, such as the James A. Baker Institute for Public Policy. Houston Baptist University, affiliated with the Baptist General Convention of Texas, offers bachelor's and graduate degrees. It was founded in 1960 and is located in the Sharpstown area in Southwest Houston.

title: Houston

title: Houston

text: Several

text: private

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: learning

text: ranging

text: from

text: liberal

text: arts

text: colleges

text: such

text: as

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: St.

text: Thomas

text: Houston

text: 's

text: only

text: Catholic

text: university

text: to

text: Rice

text: University

text: the

text: nationally

text: recognized

text: research

text: university

text: are

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: Rice

text: with

text: a

text: total

text: enrollment

text: of

text: slightly

text: more

text: than

text: students

text: has

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: distinguished

text: graduate

text: programs

text: and

text: research

text: institutes

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: James

text: A.

text: Baker

text: Institute

text: for

text: Public

text: Policy

text: Houston

text: Baptist

text: University

text: affiliated

text: with

text: the

text: Baptist

text: General

text: Convention

text: of

text: Texas

text: offers

text: bachelor

text: 's

text: and

text: graduate

text: degrees

text: It

text: was

text: founded

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: Sharpstown

text: area

text: in

text: Southwest

text: Houston

question: What is Houston's one Catholic university?

answer: The University of St. Thomas

text: The University of St. Thomas

question: What famous research university is located in Houston?

answer: Rice University

text: Rice University

question: What is the student enrollment of Rice University?

answer: 6,000

question: When was Houston Baptist University founded?

answer: 1960

question: What area in Houston is the home of the Houston Baptist University?

answer: Sharpstown

text: Sharpstown

question: What is Texas's one Catholic university?

text: The University of St. Thomas

question: What famous research university is located in Texas?

text: Rice University

question: What is the teacher enrollment of Rice University?

question: When was Texas Baptist University founded?

question: What area in Texas is the home of the Houston Baptist University?

text: Sharpstown


text: Israeli foreign aid ranks very low among OECD nations, spending less than 0.1% of its GNI on foreign aid, as opposed to the recommended 0.7%. Individual international charitable donations are also very low, with only 0.1% of charitable donations being sent to foreign causes. However, Israel has a history of providing emergency aid and humanitarian response teams to disasters across the world. Israel's humanitarian efforts officially began in 1958, with the establishment of MASHAV, the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs Agency for International Development Cooperation.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: Israeli

text: foreign

text: aid

text: ranks

text: very

text: low

text: among

text: OECD

text: nations

text: spending

text: less

text: than

text: of

text: its

text: GNI

text: on

text: foreign

text: aid

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: the

text: recommended

text: Individual

text: international

text: charitable

text: donations

text: are

text: also

text: very

text: low

text: with

text: only

text: of

text: charitable

text: donations

text: being

text: sent

text: to

text: foreign

text: causes

text: However

text: Israel

text: has

text: a

text: history

text: of

text: providing

text: emergency

text: aid

text: and

text: humanitarian

text: response

text: teams

text: to

text: disasters

text: across

text: the

text: world

text: Israel

text: 's

text: humanitarian

text: efforts

text: officially

text: began

text: in

text: with

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: MASHAV

text: the

text: Israeli

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Foreign

text: Affairs

text: Agency

text: for

text: International

text: Development

text: Cooperation

question: How much does Israel spend on foreign aid?

answer: less than 0.1%

text: less than 0.1%

question: When was MASHAV established?

answer: 1958

question: Israel has a history of providing what?

answer: emergency aid

text: emergency aid


text: Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating.

title: Uranium

title: Uranium

text: Many

text: contemporary

text: uses

text: of

text: uranium

text: exploit

text: its

text: unique

text: nuclear

text: properties

text: has

text: the

text: distinction

text: of

text: being

text: the

text: only

text: naturally

text: occurring

text: fissile

text: isotope

text: is

text: fissionable

text: by

text: fast

text: neutrons

text: and

text: is

text: fertile

text: meaning

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: transmuted

text: to

text: fissile

text: in

text: a

text: nuclear

text: reactor

text: Another

text: fissile

text: isotope

text: can

text: be

text: produced

text: from

text: natural

text: thorium

text: and

text: is

text: also

text: important

text: in

text: nuclear

text: technology

text: While

text: has

text: a

text: small

text: probability

text: for

text: spontaneous

text: fission

text: or

text: even

text: induced

text: fission

text: with

text: fast

text: neutrons

text: and

text: to

text: a

text: lesser

text: degree

text: have

text: a

text: much

text: higher

text: fission

text: cross

text: section

text: for

text: slow

text: neutrons

text: In

text: sufficient

text: concentration

text: these

text: isotopes

text: maintain

text: a

text: sustained

text: nuclear

text: chain

text: reaction

text: This

text: generates

text: the

text: heat

text: in

text: nuclear

text: power

text: reactors

text: and

text: produces

text: the

text: fissile

text: material

text: for

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: Depleted

text: uranium

text: is

text: used

text: in

text: kinetic

text: energy

text: penetrators

text: and

text: armor

text: plating

question: What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs in nature?

answer: Uranium-235

question: What can be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor?

answer: Uranium-238

question: What uranium isotope is produced from thorium?

answer: uranium-233

question: Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a high fission cross-section for slow neutrons?

answer: uranium-233

question: What is 238U?

answer: Depleted uranium

text: Depleted uranium

question: What is the sole fissile isotope that occurs out of nature?

question: What can't be turned into plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor?

question: What uranium isotope is produced into thorium?

question: Along with uranium-235, what isotope is noted for having a low fission cross-section for slow neutrons?

question: What is 239U?

text: Depleted uranium


text: In June 2008, the Beijing Games' Organizing Committee announced that the planned international torch relay for the Paralympic Games had been cancelled. The Committee stated that the relay was being cancelled to enable the Chinese government to "focus on the rescue and relief work" following the Sichuan earthquake.

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: In

text: June

text: the

text: Beijing

text: Games

text: Organizing

text: Committee

text: announced

text: that

text: the

text: planned

text: international

text: torch

text: relay

text: for

text: the

text: Paralympic

text: Games

text: had

text: been

text: cancelled

text: The

text: Committee

text: stated

text: that

text: the

text: relay

text: was

text: being

text: cancelled

text: to

text: enable

text: the

text: Chinese

text: government

text: to

text: focus

text: on

text: the

text: rescue

text: and

text: relief

text: work

text: following

text: the

text: Sichuan

text: earthquake

question: The international torch relay was canceled for what event in June 2008?

answer: Paralympic Games

text: Paralympic Games

question: For what events was the torch relay decided to not be held?

answer: Paralympic Games

text: Paralympic Games


text: Aeromedical Evacuation is "the movement of patients under medical supervision to and between medical treatment facilities by air transportation" (JP 1-02). JP 4-02, Health Service Support, further defines it as "the fixed wing movement of regulated casualties to and between medical treatment facilities, using organic and/or contracted mobility airframes, with aircrew trained explicitly for this mission." Aeromedical evacuation forces can operate as far forward as fixed-wing aircraft are able to conduct airland operations.

title: United_States_Air_Force

title: United_States_Air_Force

text: Aeromedical

text: Evacuation

text: is

text: the

text: movement

text: of

text: patients

text: under

text: medical

text: supervision

text: to

text: and

text: between

text: medical

text: treatment

text: facilities

text: by

text: air

text: transportation

text: JP

text: JP

text: Health

text: Service

text: Support

text: further

text: defines

text: it

text: as

text: the

text: fixed

text: wing

text: movement

text: of

text: regulated

text: casualties

text: to

text: and

text: between

text: medical

text: treatment

text: facilities

text: using

text: organic

text: and/or

text: contracted

text: mobility

text: airframes

text: with

text: aircrew

text: trained

text: explicitly

text: for

text: this

text: mission

text: Aeromedical

text: evacuation

text: forces

text: can

text: operate

text: as

text: far

text: forward

text: as

text: fixed

text: wing

text: aircraft

text: are

text: able

text: to

text: conduct

text: airland

text: operations

question: What is the movement of patients who need medical attention called?

answer: Aeromedical Evacuation

text: Aeromedical Evacuation

question: Who coordinates the deployment of thee Aeromedical Evacuation?

answer: Health Service Support

text: Health Service Support

question: Where does the Aeromedical Evacuation team transport casualties?

answer: to and between medical treatment facilities

text: to and between medical treatment facilities

question: Who operates and is able to conduct airland missions?

answer: Aeromedical evacuation forces

text: Aeromedical evacuation forces


text: On May 1, 1960, a U.S. one-man U-2 spy plane was reportedly shot down at high altitude over Soviet Union airspace. The flight was made to gain photo intelligence before the scheduled opening of an East–West summit conference, which had been scheduled in Paris, 15 days later. Captain Francis Gary Powers had bailed out of his aircraft and was captured after parachuting down onto Russian soil. Four days after Powers disappeared, the Eisenhower Administration had NASA issue a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had "gone missing" north of Turkey. It speculated that the pilot might have fallen unconscious while the autopilot was still engaged, and falsely claimed that "the pilot reported over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties."

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: On

text: May

text: a

text: U.S.

text: one

text: man

text: spy

text: plane

text: was

text: reportedly

text: shot

text: down

text: at

text: high

text: altitude

text: over

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: airspace

text: The

text: flight

text: was

text: made

text: to

text: gain

text: photo

text: intelligence

text: before

text: the

text: scheduled

text: opening

text: of

text: an

text: East

text: West

text: summit

text: conference

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: scheduled

text: in

text: Paris

text: days

text: later

text: Captain

text: Francis

text: Gary

text: Powers

text: had

text: bailed

text: out

text: of

text: his

text: aircraft

text: and

text: was

text: captured

text: after

text: parachuting

text: down

text: onto

text: Russian

text: soil

text: Four

text: days

text: after

text: Powers

text: disappeared

text: the

text: Eisenhower

text: Administration

text: had

text: NASA

text: issue

text: a

text: very

text: detailed

text: press

text: release

text: noting

text: that

text: an

text: aircraft

text: had

text: gone

text: missing

text: north

text: of

text: Turkey

text: It

text: speculated

text: that

text: the

text: pilot

text: might

text: have

text: fallen

text: unconscious

text: while

text: the

text: autopilot

text: was

text: still

text: engaged

text: and

text: falsely

text: claimed

text: that

text: the

text: pilot

text: reported

text: over

text: the

text: emergency

text: frequency

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: experiencing

text: oxygen

text: difficulties

question: When was a U-2 downed over the Soviet Union?

answer: May 1, 1960

text: May 1, 1960

question: What was the downed U-2 gathering intelligence in advance of?

answer: East–West summit conference

text: East–West summit conference

question: Where was the East-West summit to have taken place?

answer: Paris

text: Paris

question: What was the rank of the pilot of the downed U-2?

answer: Captain

text: Captain


text: During the five-years from the end of 2004 through 2009, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10–60 percent annually for many technologies. In 2011, UN under-secretary general Achim Steiner said: "The continuing growth in this core segment of the green economy is not happening by chance. The combination of government target-setting, policy support and stimulus funds is underpinning the renewable industry's rise and bringing the much needed transformation of our global energy system within reach." He added: "Renewable energies are expanding both in terms of investment, projects and geographical spread. In doing so, they are making an increasing contribution to combating climate change, countering energy poverty and energy insecurity".

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

title: Renewable_energy_commercialization

text: During

text: the

text: five

text: years

text: from

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: through

text: worldwide

text: renewable

text: energy

text: capacity

text: grew

text: at

text: rates

text: of

text: percent

text: annually

text: for

text: many

text: technologies

text: In

text: UN

text: under

text: secretary

text: general

text: Achim

text: Steiner

text: said

text: The

text: continuing

text: growth

text: in

text: this

text: core

text: segment

text: of

text: the

text: green

text: economy

text: is

text: not

text: happening

text: by

text: chance

text: The

text: combination

text: of

text: government

text: target

text: setting

text: policy

text: support

text: and

text: stimulus

text: funds

text: is

text: underpinning

text: the

text: renewable

text: industry

text: 's

text: rise

text: and

text: bringing

text: the

text: much

text: needed

text: transformation

text: of

text: our

text: global

text: energy

text: system

text: within

text: reach

text: He

text: added

text: Renewable

text: energies

text: are

text: expanding

text: both

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: investment

text: projects

text: and

text: geographical

text: spread

text: In

text: doing

text: so

text: they

text: are

text: making

text: an

text: increasing

text: contribution

text: to

text: combating

text: climate

text: change

text: countering

text: energy

text: poverty

text: and

text: energy

text: insecurity

question: Who was the UN under-secretary in 2011?

answer: Achim Steiner

text: Achim Steiner

question: Between what years did worldwide renewable energy capacity grow at rates of 10 to 60 percent annually?

answer: 2004 through 2009

text: 2004 through 2009

question: Who is Achim Steiner?

answer: UN under-secretary general

text: UN under-secretary general

question: Who was the US under-secretary in 2011?

text: Achim Steiner

question: Who was the UN under-secretary in 2012?

text: Achim Steiner

question: Between what years did worldwide renewable energy capacity drop at rates of 10 to 60 percent annually?

text: 2004 through 2009

question: Who is not the secretary general?

text: Achim Steiner


text: Ancient tables provided the sun's mean longitude. Christopher Clavius, the architect of the Gregorian calendar, noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year. Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies. The Gregorian leap year rule (97 leap years in 400 years) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560. He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus (De revolutionibus) and Reinhold (Prutenic tables). The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days (the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude) were 14,33,9,57 (Alphonsine), 14,33,11,12 (Copernicus) and 14,33,9,24 (Reinhold). All values are the same to two places (14:33) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year. Thus Pitatus' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers.

title: Gregorian_calendar

title: Gregorian_calendar

text: Ancient

text: tables

text: provided

text: the

text: sun

text: 's

text: mean

text: longitude

text: Christopher

text: Clavius

text: the

text: architect

text: of

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: calendar

text: noted

text: that

text: the

text: tables

text: agreed

text: neither

text: on

text: the

text: time

text: when

text: the

text: sun

text: passed

text: through

text: the

text: vernal

text: equinox

text: nor

text: on

text: the

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: mean

text: tropical

text: year

text: Tycho

text: Brahe

text: also

text: noticed

text: discrepancies

text: The

text: Gregorian

text: leap

text: year

text: rule

text: leap

text: years

text: in

text: years

text: was

text: put

text: forward

text: by

text: Petrus

text: Pitatus

text: of

text: Verona

text: in

text: He

text: noted

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: consistent

text: with

text: the

text: tropical

text: year

text: of

text: the

text: Alfonsine

text: tables

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: mean

text: tropical

text: year

text: of

text: Copernicus

text: De

text: revolutionibus

text: and

text: Reinhold

text: Prutenic

text: tables

text: The

text: three

text: mean

text: tropical

text: years

text: in

text: Babylonian

text: sexagesimals

text: as

text: the

text: excess

text: over

text: days

text: the

text: way

text: they

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: extracted

text: from

text: the

text: tables

text: of

text: mean

text: longitude

text: were

text: Alphonsine

text: Copernicus

text: and

text: Reinhold

text: All

text: values

text: are

text: the

text: same

text: to

text: two

text: places

text: and

text: this

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: mean

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: Gregorian

text: year

text: Thus

text: Pitatus

text: solution

text: would

text: have

text: commended

text: itself

text: to

text: the

text: astronomers

question: Who was the architect of the Gregorian calendar?

answer: Christopher Clavius

text: Christopher Clavius

question: What did the architects of the calendar notice about the astronomical tables?

answer: discrepancies

text: discrepancies

question: Whose solution to the discrepancies of the tables would have been agreeable to astronomers?

answer: Petrus Pitatus

text: Petrus Pitatus

question: When did Pitatus offer his solution to the leap year problem?

answer: 1560

question: What is the theory about leap year called?

answer: Gregorian leap year rule

text: Gregorian leap year rule

question: What provided the sons mean latitude?

text: Ancient tables

question: Who noticed that the tables agreed on the time the sun passed the vernal equinox?

text: Christopher Clavius

question: Who suggested ninety-seven leap years in 400 years during the fifteenth century

text: Petrus Pitatus

question: Who solution to discrepancies in the tables was not agreeable to astronomers?

text: Pitatus of Verona

question: What calendar did Pitatus create?

text: Gregorian calendar,


text: Any philosophy that assigns crucial importance to the ideal or spiritual realm in its account of human existence may be termed "idealist". Metaphysical idealism is an ontological doctrine that holds that reality itself is incorporeal or experiential at its core. Beyond this, idealists disagree on which aspects of the mental are more basic. Platonic idealism affirms that abstractions are more basic to reality than the things we perceive, while subjective idealists and phenomenalists tend to privilege sensory experience over abstract reasoning. Epistemological idealism is the view that reality can only be known through ideas, that only psychological experience can be apprehended by the mind.

title: Idealism

title: Idealism

text: Any

text: philosophy

text: that

text: assigns

text: crucial

text: importance

text: to

text: the

text: ideal

text: or

text: spiritual

text: realm

text: in

text: its

text: account

text: of

text: human

text: existence

text: may

text: be

text: termed

text: idealist

text: Metaphysical

text: idealism

text: is

text: an

text: ontological

text: doctrine

text: that

text: holds

text: that

text: reality

text: itself

text: is

text: incorporeal

text: or

text: experiential

text: at

text: its

text: core

text: Beyond

text: this

text: idealists

text: disagree

text: on

text: which

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: mental

text: are

text: more

text: basic

text: Platonic

text: idealism

text: affirms

text: that

text: abstractions

text: are

text: more

text: basic

text: to

text: reality

text: than

text: the

text: things

text: we

text: perceive

text: while

text: subjective

text: idealists

text: and

text: phenomenalists

text: tend

text: to

text: privilege

text: sensory

text: experience

text: over

text: abstract

text: reasoning

text: Epistemological

text: idealism

text: is

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: reality

text: can

text: only

text: be

text: known

text: through

text: ideas

text: that

text: only

text: psychological

text: experience

text: can

text: be

text: apprehended

text: by

text: the

text: mind

question: What is the term used for philosophies that consider the spiritual to be of paramount importance?

answer: idealist

text: idealist

question: What branch of idealism believes that reality is fundamentally nonphysical?

answer: Metaphysical

text: Metaphysical

question: What branch of idealism sees abstracts as more real than perceived objects?

answer: Platonic

text: Platonic

question: Along with phenomenalists, what idealists believe the senses are more important than reason?

answer: subjective

text: subjective

question: What branch of idealism believes that we can only know the real world via ideas?

answer: Epistemological

text: Epistemological

question: Philosophies that regard the spiritual realm highly cannot be called what?

text: idealist

question: What type of doctrine says reality is corporeal?

text: ontological

question: What aspects of the mental do idealists agree on?

question: Platonic idealism's understanding of abstractions is similar to what view?

text: subjective

question: What view believes ideas are irrelevant to the real world?

text: Epistemological


text: CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing. The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to corrode the metal reflective layer and to interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits. The fungus Geotrichum candidum, found in Belize, has been found to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs.

title: Compact_disc

title: Compact_disc

text: CDs

text: are

text: susceptible

text: to

text: damage

text: during

text: handling

text: and

text: from

text: environmental

text: exposure

text: Pits

text: are

text: much

text: closer

text: to

text: the

text: label

text: side

text: of

text: a

text: disc

text: enabling

text: defects

text: and

text: contaminants

text: on

text: the

text: clear

text: side

text: to

text: be

text: out

text: of

text: focus

text: during

text: playback

text: Consequently

text: CDs

text: are

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: suffer

text: damage

text: on

text: the

text: label

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: disc

text: Scratches

text: on

text: the

text: clear

text: side

text: can

text: be

text: repaired

text: by

text: refilling

text: them

text: with

text: similar

text: refractive

text: plastic

text: or

text: by

text: careful

text: polishing

text: The

text: edges

text: of

text: CDs

text: are

text: sometimes

text: incompletely

text: sealed

text: allowing

text: gases

text: and

text: liquids

text: to

text: corrode

text: the

text: metal

text: reflective

text: layer

text: and

text: to

text: interfere

text: with

text: the

text: focus

text: of

text: the

text: laser

text: on

text: the

text: pits

text: The

text: fungus

text: Geotrichum

text: candidum

text: found

text: in

text: Belize

text: has

text: been

text: found

text: to

text: consume

text: the

text: polycarbonate

text: plastic

text: and

text: aluminium

text: found

text: in

text: CDs

question: Where can one expect to find damage on a disc?

answer: label side of the disc

text: label side of the disc

question: How are scratches on a CD fixed?

answer: refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing

text: refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing

question: What eats at the plastic and aluminum found in CDs?

answer: fungus Geotrichum candidum

text: fungus Geotrichum candidum

question: Where does the fungus Geotrichum candidum originate from?

answer: Belize

text: Belize

question: Where is polycarbonate plastic created?

text: Belize

question: What are lands closer to?

text: the label side of a disc

question: How are scratches on the labeled side of a disc fixed?

question: What causes edges of CDs to be incorrectly sealed?

text: Geotrichum candidum

question: Where is the metal reflective layer located?

text: the clear side


text: The Battle of Gravelotte, or Gravelotte–St. Privat (18 August), was the largest battle during the Franco-Prussian War. It was fought about 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz, where on the previous day, having intercepted the French army's retreat to the west at the Battle of Mars-La-Tour, the Prussians were now closing in to complete the destruction of the French forces. The combined German forces, under Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke, were the Prussian First and Second Armies of the North German Confederation numbering about 210 infantry battalions, 133 cavalry squadrons, and 732 heavy cannons totaling 188,332 officers and men. The French Army of the Rhine, commanded by Marshal François-Achille Bazaine, numbering about 183 infantry battalions, 104 cavalry squadrons, backed by 520 heavy cannons, totaling 112,800 officers and men, dug in along high ground with their southern left flank at the town of Rozerieulles, and their northern right flank at St. Privat.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: The

text: Battle

text: of

text: Gravelotte

text: or

text: Gravelotte

text: St

text: Privat

text: August

text: was

text: the

text: largest

text: battle

text: during

text: the

text: Franco

text: Prussian

text: War

text: It

text: was

text: fought

text: about

text: miles

text: km

text: west

text: of

text: Metz

text: where

text: on

text: the

text: previous

text: day

text: having

text: intercepted

text: the

text: French

text: army

text: 's

text: retreat

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Mars

text: La

text: Tour

text: the

text: Prussians

text: were

text: now

text: closing

text: in

text: to

text: complete

text: the

text: destruction

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: forces

text: The

text: combined

text: German

text: forces

text: under

text: Field

text: Marshal

text: Count

text: Helmuth

text: von

text: Moltke

text: were

text: the

text: Prussian

text: First

text: and

text: Second

text: Armies

text: of

text: the

text: North

text: German

text: Confederation

text: numbering

text: about

text: infantry

text: battalions

text: cavalry

text: squadrons

text: and

text: heavy

text: cannons

text: totaling

text: officers

text: and

text: men

text: The

text: French

text: Army

text: of

text: the

text: Rhine

text: commanded

text: by

text: Marshal

text: François

text: Achille

text: Bazaine

text: numbering

text: about

text: infantry

text: battalions

text: cavalry

text: squadrons

text: backed

text: by

text: heavy

text: cannons

text: totaling

text: officers

text: and

text: men

text: dug

text: in

text: along

text: high

text: ground

text: with

text: their

text: southern

text: left

text: flank

text: at

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Rozerieulles

text: and

text: their

text: northern

text: right

text: flank

text: at

text: St.

text: Privat

question: On which date was the Battle of Gravelotte?

answer: 18 August

text: 18 August

question: Which battle was considered the biggest in the war?

answer: The Battle of Gravelotte

text: The Battle of Gravelotte

question: Where was the location of the Battle of Gravelotte?

answer: 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz

text: 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Metz

question: Under which Field Marshall were the combined German forces commanded?

answer: Count Helmuth von Moltke

text: Count Helmuth von Moltke

question: Who commanded the French Army of the Rhine?

answer: Marshal François-Achille Bazaine

text: Marshal François-Achille Bazaine


text: President Bush denied funding to the UNFPA. Over the course of the Bush Administration, a total of $244 million in Congressionally approved funding was blocked by the Executive Branch.

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

text: President

text: Bush

text: denied

text: funding

text: to

text: the

text: UNFPA

text: Over

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: the

text: Bush

text: Administration

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: million

text: in

text: Congressionally

text: approved

text: funding

text: was

text: blocked

text: by

text: the

text: Executive

text: Branch

question: Which government official blocked funding to the UNFPA?

answer: President

text: President

question: What was the name of the official who blocked UNFPA funding?

answer: Bush

text: Bush

question: How much funding was blocked?

answer: $244 million

text: $244 million

question: Which branch of government denied the UNFPA funding?

answer: the Executive Branch

text: the Executive Branch

question: How had the UNFPA funding been initially approved?

answer: Congressionally

text: Congressionally

question: Which government official increased funding to the UNFPA?

text: President

question: What was the name of the official who increased UNFPA funding?

text: Bush

question: How much was funding increased by?

text: $244 million

question: Which administration increased funding to UNFPA?

text: the Bush Administration


text: On the other hand, classical (analog) television transmissions are usually horizontally polarized, because in urban areas buildings can reflect the electromagnetic waves and create ghost images due to multipath propagation. Using horizontal polarization, ghosting is reduced because the amount of reflection of electromagnetic waves in the p polarization (horizontal polarization off the side of a building) is generally less than s (vertical, in this case) polarization. Vertically polarized analog television has nevertheless been used in some rural areas. In digital terrestrial television such reflections are less problematic, due to robustness of binary transmissions and error correction.

title: Antenna_(radio)

title: Antenna_(radio

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: classical

text: analog

text: television

text: transmissions

text: are

text: usually

text: horizontally

text: polarized

text: because

text: in

text: urban

text: areas

text: buildings

text: can

text: reflect

text: the

text: electromagnetic

text: waves

text: and

text: create

text: ghost

text: images

text: due

text: to

text: multipath

text: propagation

text: Using

text: horizontal

text: polarization

text: ghosting

text: is

text: reduced

text: because

text: the

text: amount

text: of

text: reflection

text: of

text: electromagnetic

text: waves

text: in

text: the

text: p

text: polarization

text: horizontal

text: polarization

text: off

text: the

text: side

text: of

text: a

text: building

text: is

text: generally

text: less

text: than

text: s

text: vertical

text: in

text: this

text: case

text: polarization

text: Vertically

text: polarized

text: analog

text: television

text: has

text: nevertheless

text: been

text: used

text: in

text: some

text: rural

text: areas

text: In

text: digital

text: terrestrial

text: television

text: such

text: reflections

text: are

text: less

text: problematic

text: due

text: to

text: robustness

text: of

text: binary

text: transmissions

text: and

text: error

text: correction

question: What is another name for classical television transmissions?

answer: analog

text: analog

question: Buildings can create ghost images because of what?

answer: multipath propagation

text: multipath propagation

question: When is ghosting reduced?

answer: horizontal polarization

text: horizontal polarization

question: What cause less problems in digital terrestrial television?

answer: Vertically polarized analog television

text: Vertically polarized analog television


text: At the beginning of the Han dynasty, every male commoner aged twenty-three was liable for conscription into the military. The minimum age for the military draft was reduced to twenty after Emperor Zhao's (r. 87–74 BC) reign. Conscripted soldiers underwent one year of training and one year of service as non-professional soldiers. The year of training was served in one of three branches of the armed forces: infantry, cavalry or navy. The year of active service was served either on the frontier, in a king's court or under the Minister of the Guards in the capital. A small professional (paid) standing army was stationed near the capital.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: At

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: every

text: male

text: commoner

text: aged

text: twenty

text: three

text: was

text: liable

text: for

text: conscription

text: into

text: the

text: military

text: The

text: minimum

text: age

text: for

text: the

text: military

text: draft

text: was

text: reduced

text: to

text: twenty

text: after

text: Emperor

text: Zhao

text: 's

text: r.

text: BC

text: reign

text: Conscripted

text: soldiers

text: underwent

text: one

text: year

text: of

text: training

text: and

text: one

text: year

text: of

text: service

text: as

text: non

text: professional

text: soldiers

text: The

text: year

text: of

text: training

text: was

text: served

text: in

text: one

text: of

text: three

text: branches

text: of

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: infantry

text: cavalry

text: or

text: navy

text: The

text: year

text: of

text: active

text: service

text: was

text: served

text: either

text: on

text: the

text: frontier

text: in

text: a

text: king

text: 's

text: court

text: or

text: under

text: the

text: Minister

text: of

text: the

text: Guards

text: in

text: the

text: capital

text: A

text: small

text: professional

text: paid

text: standing

text: army

text: was

text: stationed

text: near

text: the

text: capital

question: What gender was expected to be conscripted into the military?

answer: male

text: male

question: At what age could a male common expect to be conscripted into the military?

answer: twenty-three

text: twenty-three

question: How long could a conscripted soldier expect to be in training for?

answer: one year

text: one year

question: What was the lowest age a soldier could be conscripted after the end of Emperor Zhao's tenure?

answer: twenty

text: twenty

question: Which Minister could a conscripted soldier expect to serve under during his year of service?

answer: Minister of the Guards

text: Minister of the Guards


text: In 1968 Ronald Melzack and Kenneth Casey described pain in terms of its three dimensions: "sensory-discriminative" (sense of the intensity, location, quality and duration of the pain), "affective-motivational" (unpleasantness and urge to escape the unpleasantness), and "cognitive-evaluative" (cognitions such as appraisal, cultural values, distraction and hypnotic suggestion). They theorized that pain intensity (the sensory discriminative dimension) and unpleasantness (the affective-motivational dimension) are not simply determined by the magnitude of the painful stimulus, but "higher" cognitive activities can influence perceived intensity and unpleasantness. Cognitive activities "may affect both sensory and affective experience or they may modify primarily the affective-motivational dimension. Thus, excitement in games or war appears to block both dimensions of pain, while suggestion and placebos may modulate the affective-motivational dimension and leave the sensory-discriminative dimension relatively undisturbed." (p. 432) The paper ends with a call to action: "Pain can be treated not only by trying to cut down the sensory input by anesthetic block, surgical intervention and the like, but also by influencing the motivational-affective and cognitive factors as well." (p. 435)

title: Pain

title: Pain

text: In

text: Ronald

text: Melzack

text: and

text: Kenneth

text: Casey

text: described

text: pain

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: its

text: three

text: dimensions

text: sensory

text: discriminative

text: sense

text: of

text: the

text: intensity

text: location

text: quality

text: and

text: duration

text: of

text: the

text: pain

text: affective

text: motivational

text: unpleasantness

text: and

text: urge

text: to

text: escape

text: the

text: unpleasantness

text: and

text: cognitive

text: evaluative

text: cognitions

text: such

text: as

text: appraisal

text: cultural

text: values

text: distraction

text: and

text: hypnotic

text: suggestion

text: They

text: theorized

text: that

text: pain

text: intensity

text: the

text: sensory

text: discriminative

text: dimension

text: and

text: unpleasantness

text: the

text: affective

text: motivational

text: dimension

text: are

text: not

text: simply

text: determined

text: by

text: the

text: magnitude

text: of

text: the

text: painful

text: stimulus

text: but

text: higher

text: cognitive

text: activities

text: can

text: influence

text: perceived

text: intensity

text: and

text: unpleasantness

text: Cognitive

text: activities

text: may

text: affect

text: both

text: sensory

text: and

text: affective

text: experience

text: or

text: they

text: may

text: modify

text: primarily

text: the

text: affective

text: motivational

text: dimension

text: Thus

text: excitement

text: in

text: games

text: or

text: war

text: appears

text: to

text: block

text: both

text: dimensions

text: of

text: pain

text: while

text: suggestion

text: and

text: placebos

text: may

text: modulate

text: the

text: affective

text: motivational

text: dimension

text: and

text: leave

text: the

text: sensory

text: discriminative

text: dimension

text: relatively

text: undisturbed

text: p.

text: The

text: paper

text: ends

text: with

text: a

text: call

text: to

text: action

text: Pain

text: can

text: be

text: treated

text: not

text: only

text: by

text: trying

text: to

text: cut

text: down

text: the

text: sensory

text: input

text: by

text: anesthetic

text: block

text: surgical

text: intervention

text: and

text: the

text: like

text: but

text: also

text: by

text: influencing

text: the

text: motivational

text: affective

text: and

text: cognitive

text: factors

text: as

text: well

text: p.

question: How many dimensions did Melzack and Casey describe pain in terms of?

answer: three

text: three

question: The affective-motivational dimension of pain is characterized by what urge?

answer: urge to escape the unpleasantness

text: urge to escape the unpleasantness

question: What did Melzack and Casey theorize could influence the perception of the magnitude of pain?

answer: cognitive activities

text: cognitive activities

question: War game excitement appears to block what aspect of pain?

answer: dimensions

text: dimensions

question: What did Melack's and Casey's paper end with a call towards?

answer: action

text: action

question: Who described pain in 1986?

text: Ronald Melzack and Kenneth Casey

question: How many dimensions did Ronald Casey and Kenneth Melzack describe pain in?

text: three

question: How many dimensions of pain are described by Ronald Casey and Kenneth Melzack?

text: three

question: How does Ronald Casey's paper end?

text: with a call to action


text: Time has historically been closely related with space, the two together merging into spacetime in Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. According to these theories, the concept of time depends on the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception as well as the measurement by instruments such as clocks are different for observers in relative motion. For example, if a spaceship carrying a clock flies through space at (very nearly) the speed of light, its crew does not notice a change in the speed of time on board their vessel because everything traveling at the same speed slows down at the same rate (including the clock, the crew's thought processes, and the functions of their bodies). However, to a stationary observer watching the spaceship fly by, the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling and the clock on board the spaceship appears to move very slowly.

title: Time

title: Time

text: Time

text: has

text: historically

text: been

text: closely

text: related

text: with

text: space

text: the

text: two

text: together

text: merging

text: into

text: spacetime

text: in

text: Einstein

text: 's

text: special

text: relativity

text: and

text: general

text: relativity

text: According

text: to

text: these

text: theories

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: time

text: depends

text: on

text: the

text: spatial

text: reference

text: frame

text: of

text: the

text: observer

text: and

text: the

text: human

text: perception

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: measurement

text: by

text: instruments

text: such

text: as

text: clocks

text: are

text: different

text: for

text: observers

text: in

text: relative

text: motion

text: For

text: example

text: if

text: a

text: spaceship

text: carrying

text: a

text: clock

text: flies

text: through

text: space

text: at

text: very

text: nearly

text: the

text: speed

text: of

text: light

text: its

text: crew

text: does

text: not

text: notice

text: a

text: change

text: in

text: the

text: speed

text: of

text: time

text: on

text: board

text: their

text: vessel

text: because

text: everything

text: traveling

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: speed

text: slows

text: down

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: rate

text: including

text: the

text: clock

text: the

text: crew

text: 's

text: thought

text: processes

text: and

text: the

text: functions

text: of

text: their

text: bodies

text: However

text: to

text: a

text: stationary

text: observer

text: watching

text: the

text: spaceship

text: fly

text: by

text: the

text: spaceship

text: appears

text: flattened

text: in

text: the

text: direction

text: it

text: is

text: traveling

text: and

text: the

text: clock

text: on

text: board

text: the

text: spaceship

text: appears

text: to

text: move

text: very

text: slowly

question: Historically, time has been closely related with what?

answer: space

text: space

question: In which of Einstein's two theories do time and space merge into spacetime?

answer: special relativity and general relativity

text: special relativity and general relativity

question: According to Einsteins two relativity theories, the concept of time depends on what?

answer: the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception

text: the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception

question: A crew in a spaceship travelling nearly the speed of light will not notice the change in what?

answer: in the speed of time on board their vessel

text: in the speed of time on board their vessel

question: How will the above mentioned spaceship appear to a stationary observer?

answer: the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling

text: the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling

question: What have a crew's thought processes usually been related to?

text: space

question: What is it called when a spaceship flies though space?

text: spacetime

question: What does a space crew's thought processes depend on?

question: Flying through what makes the crew appear flattened out to each other?

text: space

question: What will an observer not notice the change of when watching a spaceship fly by?

text: a change in the speed of time

question: Historically, what has been related to clocks?

text: space

question: In which of Einstein's two theories do time and clocks merge into spacetime?

question: According to Einstein's two relativity theories, what depends on the concept of clocks?

question: A crew in a spaceship traveling nearly the speed of sound will not notice the change in what?

text: the speed of time on board their vessel

question: How will the spaceship appear to an observer traveling at the same speed?


text: This is a communication-based theory developed by Howard M. Weiss and Russell Cropanzano (1996), that looks at the causes, structures, and consequences of emotional experience (especially in work contexts). This theory suggests that emotions are influenced and caused by events which in turn influence attitudes and behaviors. This theoretical frame also emphasizes time in that human beings experience what they call emotion episodes— a "series of emotional states extended over time and organized around an underlying theme." This theory has been utilized by numerous researchers to better understand emotion from a communicative lens, and was reviewed further by Howard M. Weiss and Daniel J. Beal in their article, "Reflections on Affective Events Theory", published in Research on Emotion in Organizations in 2005.

title: Emotion

title: Emotion

text: This

text: is

text: a

text: communication

text: based

text: theory

text: developed

text: by

text: Howard

text: M.

text: Weiss

text: and

text: Russell

text: Cropanzano

text: that

text: looks

text: at

text: the

text: causes

text: structures

text: and

text: consequences

text: of

text: emotional

text: experience

text: especially

text: in

text: work

text: contexts

text: This

text: theory

text: suggests

text: that

text: emotions

text: are

text: influenced

text: and

text: caused

text: by

text: events

text: which

text: in

text: turn

text: influence

text: attitudes

text: and

text: behaviors

text: This

text: theoretical

text: frame

text: also

text: emphasizes

text: time

text: in

text: that

text: human

text: beings

text: experience

text: what

text: they

text: call

text: emotion

text: episodes—

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: emotional

text: states

text: extended

text: over

text: time

text: and

text: organized

text: around

text: an

text: underlying

text: theme

text: This

text: theory

text: has

text: been

text: utilized

text: by

text: numerous

text: researchers

text: to

text: better

text: understand

text: emotion

text: from

text: a

text: communicative

text: lens

text: and

text: was

text: reviewed

text: further

text: by

text: Howard

text: M.

text: Weiss

text: and

text: Daniel

text: J.

text: Beal

text: in

text: their

text: article

text: Reflections

text: on

text: Affective

text: Events

text: Theory

text: published

text: in

text: Research

text: on

text: Emotion

text: in

text: Organizations

text: in

question: Along with Cropanzano, who developed a communication-based theory of emotional experience?

answer: Howard M. Weiss

text: Howard M. Weiss

question: When did Weiss and Cropanzano publish their work?

answer: 1996

question: What context did the theory of Weiss and Cropanzano pay particular attention to?

answer: work

text: work

question: Who did Beal write "Reflections on Affective Events Theory" with?

answer: Howard M. Weiss

text: Howard M. Weiss

question: Where was "Reflections on Affective Events Theory" published?

answer: Research on Emotion in Organizations

text: Research on Emotion in Organizations

question: Along with Cropanzano, who did not develop a communication-based theory of emotional experience?

text: Howard M. Weiss

question: When did Weiss and Cropanzano reject their work?

question: What context did the theory of Weiss and Cropanzano not pay any attention to?

text: work

question: Who did Beal draw "Reflections on Affective Events Theory" with?

text: Howard M. Weiss


text: The Ottoman Empire (/ˈɒtəmən/; Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye, Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. After conquests in the Balkans by Murad I between 1362 and 1389, the Ottoman sultanate was transformed into a transcontinental empire and claimant to the caliphate. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: The

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: /ˈɒtəmən/

text: Ottoman

text: Turkish

text: دَوْلَتِ

text: عَلِيّهٔ

text: عُثمَانِیّه

text: Devlet

text: i

text: Aliyye

text: i

text: Osmâniyye

text: Modern

text: Turkish

text: Osmanlı

text: İmparatorluğu

text: or

text: Osmanlı

text: Devleti

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Turkish

text: Empire

text: Ottoman

text: Turkey

text: or

text: Turkey

text: was

text: an

text: empire

text: founded

text: in

text: by

text: Oghuz

text: Turks

text: under

text: Osman

text: I

text: in

text: northwestern

text: Anatolia

text: After

text: conquests

text: in

text: the

text: Balkans

text: by

text: Murad

text: I

text: between

text: and

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: sultanate

text: was

text: transformed

text: into

text: a

text: transcontinental

text: empire

text: and

text: claimant

text: to

text: the

text: caliphate

text: The

text: Ottomans

text: ended

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: with

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: by

text: Mehmed

text: the

text: Conqueror

question: The Ottoman Empire is also known as what three other names?

answer: Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey

text: Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey

question: When was the Ottoman empire founded?

answer: 1299

question: Who founded the Ottoman empire?

answer: Oghuz Turks

text: Oghuz Turks

question: Where was the Ottoman empire founded?

answer: northwestern Anatolia

text: northwestern Anatolia

question: Conquests by who began the transformation of the Ottoman sultanate into an Empire?

answer: Murad I

text: Murad I


text: In 1845, the Neapolitan architect Gaetano Genovese installed in the Royal Palace of Caserta the "Flying Chair", an elevator ahead of its time, covered with chestnut wood outside and with maple wood inside. It included a light, two benches and a hand operated signal, and could be activated from the outside, without any effort on the part of the occupants. Traction was controlled by a motor mechanic utilizing a system of toothed wheels. A safety system was designed to take effect if the cords broke. It consisted of a beam pushed outwards by a steel spring.

title: Elevator

title: Elevator

text: In

text: the

text: Neapolitan

text: architect

text: Gaetano

text: Genovese

text: installed

text: in

text: the

text: Royal

text: Palace

text: of

text: Caserta

text: the

text: Flying

text: Chair

text: an

text: elevator

text: ahead

text: of

text: its

text: time

text: covered

text: with

text: chestnut

text: wood

text: outside

text: and

text: with

text: maple

text: wood

text: inside

text: It

text: included

text: a

text: light

text: two

text: benches

text: and

text: a

text: hand

text: operated

text: signal

text: and

text: could

text: be

text: activated

text: from

text: the

text: outside

text: without

text: any

text: effort

text: on

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: occupants

text: Traction

text: was

text: controlled

text: by

text: a

text: motor

text: mechanic

text: utilizing

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: toothed

text: wheels

text: A

text: safety

text: system

text: was

text: designed

text: to

text: take

text: effect

text: if

text: the

text: cords

text: broke

text: It

text: consisted

text: of

text: a

text: beam

text: pushed

text: outwards

text: by

text: a

text: steel

text: spring

question: What Neapolitan architect created the "Flying Chair" elevator?

answer: Gaetano Genovese

text: Gaetano Genovese

question: At what location was the "Flying Chair" installed in 1845?

answer: Royal Palace of Caserta

text: Royal Palace of Caserta

question: What type of wood was used on the inside ?

answer: maple

text: maple

question: What controlled the traction?

answer: a motor mechanic utilizing a system of toothed wheels

text: a motor mechanic utilizing a system of toothed wheels

question: What did the safety system consist of?

answer: a beam pushed outwards by a steel spring

text: a beam pushed outwards by a steel spring


text: The main cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a small, aerobic, nonmotile bacillus. The high lipid content of this pathogen accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics. It divides every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour. Mycobacteria have an outer membrane lipid bilayer. If a Gram stain is performed, MTB either stains very weakly "Gram-positive" or does not retain dye as a result of the high lipid and mycolic acid content of its cell wall. MTB can withstand weak disinfectants and survive in a dry state for weeks. In nature, the bacterium can grow only within the cells of a host organism, but M. tuberculosis can be cultured in the laboratory.

title: Tuberculosis

title: Tuberculosis

text: The

text: main

text: cause

text: of

text: TB

text: is

text: Mycobacterium

text: tuberculosis

text: a

text: small

text: aerobic

text: nonmotile

text: bacillus

text: The

text: high

text: lipid

text: content

text: of

text: this

text: pathogen

text: accounts

text: for

text: many

text: of

text: its

text: unique

text: clinical

text: characteristics

text: It

text: divides

text: every

text: to

text: hours

text: which

text: is

text: an

text: extremely

text: slow

text: rate

text: compared

text: with

text: other

text: bacteria

text: which

text: usually

text: divide

text: in

text: less

text: than

text: an

text: hour

text: Mycobacteria

text: have

text: an

text: outer

text: membrane

text: lipid

text: bilayer

text: If

text: a

text: Gram

text: stain

text: is

text: performed

text: MTB

text: either

text: stains

text: very

text: weakly

text: Gram

text: positive

text: or

text: does

text: not

text: retain

text: dye

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: high

text: lipid

text: and

text: mycolic

text: acid

text: content

text: of

text: its

text: cell

text: wall

text: MTB

text: can

text: withstand

text: weak

text: disinfectants

text: and

text: survive

text: in

text: a

text: dry

text: state

text: for

text: weeks

text: In

text: nature

text: the

text: bacterium

text: can

text: grow

text: only

text: within

text: the

text: cells

text: of

text: a

text: host

text: organism

text: but

text: M.

text: tuberculosis

text: can

text: be

text: cultured

text: in

text: the

text: laboratory

question: The uniqueness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is due to its high level of what type of molecule?

answer: lipid

text: lipid

question: Is the division rate of the TB bacterium fast or slow relative to other bacteria?

answer: slow

text: slow

question: In nature, what "helper" does the MTB bacterium require to grow?

answer: a host organism

text: a host organism

question: How long is the period between division of MTB cells?

answer: 16 to 20 hours

text: 16 to 20 hours

question: How much time does it take most bacteria to divide?

answer: less than an hour

text: less than an hour

question: What is the main cause of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

text: TB

question: How long can a Gram stain last?

text: weeks

question: What grows outside of the cells of a host organism?

text: M. tuberculosis

question: How often do lipids divide?

text: every 16 to 20 hours

question: What divides faster than other bacteria?

text: Mycobacterium tuberculosis


text: The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, and Roger Bacon), the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: The

text: English

text: word

text: scientist

text: is

text: relatively

text: recent

text: first

text: coined

text: by

text: William

text: Whewell

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: Previously

text: people

text: investigating

text: nature

text: called

text: themselves

text: natural

text: philosophers

text: While

text: empirical

text: investigations

text: of

text: the

text: natural

text: world

text: have

text: been

text: described

text: since

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: for

text: example

text: by

text: Thales

text: Aristotle

text: and

text: others

text: and

text: scientific

text: methods

text: have

text: been

text: employed

text: since

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: for

text: example

text: by

text: Ibn

text: al

text: Haytham

text: and

text: Roger

text: Bacon

text: the

text: dawn

text: of

text: modern

text: science

text: is

text: often

text: traced

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: modern

text: period

text: and

text: in

text: particular

text: to

text: the

text: scientific

text: revolution

text: that

text: took

text: place

text: in

text: and

text: century

text: Europe

text: Scientific

text: methods

text: are

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: so

text: fundamental

text: to

text: modern

text: science

text: that

text: some

text: consider

text: earlier

text: inquiries

text: into

text: nature

text: to

text: be

text: pre

text: scientific

text: Traditionally

text: historians

text: of

text: science

text: have

text: defined

text: science

text: sufficiently

text: broadly

text: to

text: include

text: those

text: inquiries

question: Who coined the word "scientist"?

answer: William Whewell

text: William Whewell

question: When was the word "scientist" created?

answer: 19th century

text: 19th century

question: What are people who study nature called?

answer: natural philosophers

text: natural philosophers

question: Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon were scientists in which time period?

answer: the Middle Ages

text: the Middle Ages

question: When was the beginning of modern science considered to be?

answer: the scientific revolution

text: the scientific revolution


text: In Germany, practical reference works intended for the uneducated majority became popular in the 18th century. The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon (1712) explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education. Jablonksi Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) was better known than the Handlungs-Lexicon, and underscored technical subjects rather than scientific theory. For example, over five columns of text were dedicated to wine, while geometry and logic were allocated only twenty-two and seventeen lines, respectively. The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1771) was modelled along the same lines as the German lexicons.

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: In

text: Germany

text: practical

text: reference

text: works

text: intended

text: for

text: the

text: uneducated

text: majority

text: became

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: Marperger

text: Curieuses

text: Natur-

text: Kunst-

text: Berg-

text: Gewerkund

text: Handlungs

text: Lexicon

text: explained

text: terms

text: that

text: usefully

text: described

text: the

text: trades

text: and

text: scientific

text: and

text: commercial

text: education

text: Jablonksi

text: Allgemeines

text: Lexicon

text: was

text: better

text: known

text: than

text: the

text: Handlungs

text: Lexicon

text: and

text: underscored

text: technical

text: subjects

text: rather

text: than

text: scientific

text: theory

text: For

text: example

text: over

text: five

text: columns

text: of

text: text

text: were

text: dedicated

text: to

text: wine

text: while

text: geometry

text: and

text: logic

text: were

text: allocated

text: only

text: twenty

text: two

text: and

text: seventeen

text: lines

text: respectively

text: The

text: first

text: edition

text: of

text: the

text: Encyclopædia

text: Britannica

text: was

text: modelled

text: along

text: the

text: same

text: lines

text: as

text: the

text: German

text: lexicons

question: Which work published in 1712 explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education?

answer: The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon

text: The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon

question: In the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) how many colums of text were dedicated to wine?

answer: over five

text: over five

question: Was the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) more dedicated to technical subjects or scientific theory?

answer: technical subjects

text: technical subjects

question: In what year was the first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica published?

answer: 1771

question: The Encyclopaedia Britannica was modelled along the same lines as a work from which country?

answer: Germany

text: Germany