text: Research seems to favor the hypothesis that adolescents and adults think about risk in similar ways, but hold different values and thus come to different conclusions. Some have argued that there may be evolutionary benefits to an increased propensity for risk-taking in adolescence. For example, without a willingness to take risks, teenagers would not have the motivation or confidence necessary to leave their family of origin. In addition, from a population perspective, there is an advantage to having a group of individuals willing to take more risks and try new methods, counterbalancing the more conservative elements more typical of the received knowledge held by older adults. Risktaking may also have reproductive advantages: adolescents have a newfound priority in sexual attraction and dating, and risk-taking is required to impress potential mates. Research also indicates that baseline sensation seeking may affect risk-taking behavior throughout the lifespan.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: Research

text: seems

text: to

text: favor

text: the

text: hypothesis

text: that

text: adolescents

text: and

text: adults

text: think

text: about

text: risk

text: in

text: similar

text: ways

text: but

text: hold

text: different

text: values

text: and

text: thus

text: come

text: to

text: different

text: conclusions

text: Some

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: there

text: may

text: be

text: evolutionary

text: benefits

text: to

text: an

text: increased

text: propensity

text: for

text: risk

text: taking

text: in

text: adolescence

text: For

text: example

text: without

text: a

text: willingness

text: to

text: take

text: risks

text: teenagers

text: would

text: not

text: have

text: the

text: motivation

text: or

text: confidence

text: necessary

text: to

text: leave

text: their

text: family

text: of

text: origin

text: In

text: addition

text: from

text: a

text: population

text: perspective

text: there

text: is

text: an

text: advantage

text: to

text: having

text: a

text: group

text: of

text: individuals

text: willing

text: to

text: take

text: more

text: risks

text: and

text: try

text: new

text: methods

text: counterbalancing

text: the

text: more

text: conservative

text: elements

text: more

text: typical

text: of

text: the

text: received

text: knowledge

text: held

text: by

text: older

text: adults

text: Risktaking

text: may

text: also

text: have

text: reproductive

text: advantages

text: adolescents

text: have

text: a

text: newfound

text: priority

text: in

text: sexual

text: attraction

text: and

text: dating

text: and

text: risk

text: taking

text: is

text: required

text: to

text: impress

text: potential

text: mates

text: Research

text: also

text: indicates

text: that

text: baseline

text: sensation

text: seeking

text: may

text: affect

text: risk

text: taking

text: behavior

text: throughout

text: the

text: lifespan

question: Does research favor or reject the hypothesis that adolescents and adults think about risk similarly but hold different values and therefore come to different conclusions?

answer: favor

text: favor

question: A priority in sexual attraction and dating can prove helpful in order to complete what reproductive advantage?

answer: impress potential mates

text: impress potential mates

question: What does research indicate may affect risk-taking behavior throughout the lifespan?

answer: baseline sensation seeking

text: baseline sensation seeking


text: Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produced by "the folk", i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrayed indigenous peoples as "noble savages" living authentic and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified capitalist systems of the West.

title: Culture

title: Culture

text: Other

text: century

text: critics

text: following

text: Rousseau

text: have

text: accepted

text: this

text: differentiation

text: between

text: higher

text: and

text: lower

text: culture

text: but

text: have

text: seen

text: the

text: refinement

text: and

text: sophistication

text: of

text: high

text: culture

text: as

text: corrupting

text: and

text: unnatural

text: developments

text: that

text: obscure

text: and

text: distort

text: people

text: 's

text: essential

text: nature

text: These

text: critics

text: considered

text: folk

text: music

text: as

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: folk

text: i.e.

text: rural

text: illiterate

text: peasants

text: to

text: honestly

text: express

text: a

text: natural

text: way

text: of

text: life

text: while

text: classical

text: music

text: seemed

text: superficial

text: and

text: decadent

text: Equally

text: this

text: view

text: often

text: portrayed

text: indigenous

text: peoples

text: as

text: noble

text: savages

text: living

text: authentic

text: and

text: unblemished

text: lives

text: uncomplicated

text: and

text: uncorrupted

text: by

text: the

text: highly

text: stratified

text: capitalist

text: systems

text: of

text: the

text: West

question: What type of music did critics associate with corrupt high culture?

answer: folk music

text: folk music

question: Which type of music seemed superficial and decadent?

answer: classical music

text: classical music

question: What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the indigenous people?

answer: noble savages

text: noble savages

question: What type of music did critics associate with respected high culture?

text: folk music

question: Which type of music is always superficial and decadent?

text: classical

question: When was there no differentiation between higher and lower culture?

question: What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the foreign people?

text: noble savages


text: Nearly two-thirds of all murders in Michigan in 2011 occurred in Detroit. Although the rate of violent crime dropped 11 percent in 2008, violent crime in Detroit has not declined as much as the national average from 2007 to 2011. The violent crime rate is one of the highest in the United States. Neighborhoodscout.com reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes, and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes (compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008).

title: Detroit

title: Detroit

text: Nearly

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: all

text: murders

text: in

text: Michigan

text: in

text: occurred

text: in

text: Detroit

text: Although

text: the

text: rate

text: of

text: violent

text: crime

text: dropped

text: percent

text: in

text: violent

text: crime

text: in

text: Detroit

text: has

text: not

text: declined

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: the

text: national

text: average

text: from

text: to

text: The

text: violent

text: crime

text: rate

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Neighborhoodscout.com

text: reported

text: a

text: crime

text: rate

text: of

text: per

text: residents

text: for

text: property

text: crimes

text: and

text: per

text: for

text: violent

text: crimes

text: compared

text: to

text: national

text: figures

text: of

text: per

text: for

text: property

text: crimes

text: and

text: per

text: for

text: violent

text: crime

text: in

question: What fraction of Michigan's homicides occurred in Detroit?

answer: two-thirds

text: two-thirds

question: What is Detroit's rate of property crime?

answer: 62.18 per 1,000

text: 62.18 per 1,000

question: What was the national rate of violent crimes in 2008?

answer: 5 per 1,000

text: 5 per 1,000

question: What was Detroit's rate of violent crimes in 2008?

answer: 16.73 per 1,000

text: 16.73 per 1,000


text: During the Napoleonic Wars he was taken seriously by the British press as a dangerous tyrant, poised to invade. He was often referred to by the British as Boney. A nursery rhyme warned children that Bonaparte ravenously ate naughty people; the "bogeyman". The British Tory press sometimes depicted Napoleon as much smaller than average height, and this image persists. Confusion about his height also results from the difference between the French pouce and British inch—2.71 cm and 2.54 cm, respectively. The myth of the "Napoleon Complex” — named after him to describe men who have an inferiority complex — stems primarily from the fact that he was listed, incorrectly, as 5 feet 2 inches (in French units) at the time of his death. In fact, he was 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) tall, an average height for a man in that period.[note 11]

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: During

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: he

text: was

text: taken

text: seriously

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: press

text: as

text: a

text: dangerous

text: tyrant

text: poised

text: to

text: invade

text: He

text: was

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: by

text: the

text: British

text: as

text: Boney

text: A

text: nursery

text: rhyme

text: warned

text: children

text: that

text: Bonaparte

text: ravenously

text: ate

text: naughty

text: people

text: the

text: bogeyman

text: The

text: British

text: Tory

text: press

text: sometimes

text: depicted

text: Napoleon

text: as

text: much

text: smaller

text: than

text: average

text: height

text: and

text: this

text: image

text: persists

text: Confusion

text: about

text: his

text: height

text: also

text: results

text: from

text: the

text: difference

text: between

text: the

text: French

text: pouce

text: and

text: British

text: cm

text: and

text: cm

text: respectively

text: The

text: myth

text: of

text: the

text: Napoleon

text: Complex

text: named

text: after

text: him

text: to

text: describe

text: men

text: who

text: have

text: an

text: inferiority

text: complex

text: stems

text: primarily

text: from

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: listed

text: incorrectly

text: as

text: feet

text: inches

text: in

text: French

text: units

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: his

text: death

text: In

text: fact

text: he

text: was

text: metres

text: ft

text: in

text: tall

text: an

text: average

text: height

text: for

text: a

text: man

text: in

text: that

text: period.[note

question: Which foreign news service viewed Napoleon as a dangerous tyrant?

answer: the British press

text: the British press

question: What abbreviated term did the British often use to refer to Napoleon?

answer: Boney

text: Boney

question: Which segment of the British press often showed Napoleon as being much shorter than average?

answer: Tory

text: Tory

question: What height was Napoleon incorrectly listed as at his time of death?

answer: 5 feet 2 inches

text: 5 feet 2 inches

question: What was Napoleon's actual height, in feet and inches?

answer: 5 ft 6 in

text: 5 ft 6 in


text: The boundaries of Somerset are largely unaltered from medieval times. The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum, which straddles the Avon, formed part of Somerset. Bristol began as a town on the Gloucestershire side of the Avon, however as it grew it extended across the river into Somerset. In 1373 Edward III proclaimed "that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset... and that it should be a county by itself".

title: Somerset

title: Somerset

text: The

text: boundaries

text: of

text: Somerset

text: are

text: largely

text: unaltered

text: from

text: medieval

text: times

text: The

text: River

text: Avon

text: formed

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: border

text: with

text: Gloucestershire

text: except

text: that

text: the

text: hundred

text: of

text: Bath

text: Forum

text: which

text: straddles

text: the

text: Avon

text: formed

text: part

text: of

text: Somerset

text: Bristol

text: began

text: as

text: a

text: town

text: on

text: the

text: Gloucestershire

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: Avon

text: however

text: as

text: it

text: grew

text: it

text: extended

text: across

text: the

text: river

text: into

text: Somerset

text: In

text: Edward

text: III

text: proclaimed

text: that

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Bristol

text: with

text: its

text: suburbs

text: and

text: precincts

text: shall

text: henceforth

text: be

text: separate

text: from

text: the

text: counties

text: of

text: Gloucester

text: and

text: Somerset

text: and

text: that

text: it

text: should

text: be

text: a

text: county

text: by

text: itself

question: How long have the boundaries of somerset remained constant

answer: are largely unaltered from medieval times

text: are largely unaltered from medieval times

question: What river forms the border of Somerset

answer: The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum

text: The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum

question: What did king Edward the 3 do

answer: Edward III proclaimed "that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset

text: Edward III proclaimed "that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset

question: In what year was Somerset established?

question: In which county was Edward III born?

text: Somerset

question: Which county lies east of Somerset?

text: Gloucester

question: In what year did Edward III start his reign?

question: Is Bristol larger on the Gloucester or Somerset side of the River Avon?

text: Gloucester


title: FA_Cup

title: FA_Cup

text: The

text: competition

text: is

text: open

text: to

text: any

text: club

text: down

text: to

text: Level

text: of

text: the

text: English

text: football

text: league

text: system

text: which

text: meets

text: the

text: eligibility

text: criteria

text: All

text: clubs

text: in

text: the

text: top

text: four

text: levels

text: the

text: Premier

text: League

text: and

text: the

text: three

text: divisions

text: of

text: the

text: Football

text: League

text: are

text: automatically

text: eligible

text: Clubs

text: in

text: the

text: next

text: six

text: levels

text: non

text: league

text: football

text: are

text: also

text: eligible

text: provided

text: they

text: have

text: played

text: in

text: either

text: the

text: FA

text: Cup

text: FA

text: Trophy

text: or

text: FA

text: Vase

text: competitions

text: in

text: the

text: previous

text: season

text: Newly

text: formed

text: clubs

text: such

text: as

text: F.C.

text: United

text: of

text: Manchester

text: in

text: and

text: also

text: may

text: not

text: therefore

text: play

text: in

text: the

text: FA

text: Cup

text: in

text: their

text: first

text: season

text: All

text: clubs

text: entering

text: the

text: competition

text: must

text: also

text: have

text: a

text: suitable

text: stadium

question: Is the competition open to anyone?

answer: The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system

text: The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system

question: Is there anyone automatically eligible?

answer: . All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible

text: . All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible

question: Who else can play?

answer: Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions

text: Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions

question: Can new clubs play too?

answer: Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season.

text: Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season.

question: Do I need a stadium to compete?

answer: All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.

text: All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.

question: Who is the competition closed to?

text: any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system

question: Who is not automatically eligible?

text: All clubs in the top four levels

question: What season can newly formed clubs start playing in?

text: their first season

question: What does a club not need in order to play?

text: a suitable stadium

question: Which competitions do not make a team eligible if the team has played in them in the previous season?

text: the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase


text: Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom and political authority, as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason. Kant's work continued to shape German thought, and indeed all of European philosophy, well into the 20th century. Mary Wollstonecraft was one of England's earliest feminist philosophers. She argued for a society based on reason, and that women, as well as men, should be treated as rational beings. She is best known for her work A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791).

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

title: Age_of_Enlightenment

text: Immanuel

text: Kant

text: tried

text: to

text: reconcile

text: rationalism

text: and

text: religious

text: belief

text: individual

text: freedom

text: and

text: political

text: authority

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: map

text: out

text: a

text: view

text: of

text: the

text: public

text: sphere

text: through

text: private

text: and

text: public

text: reason

text: Kant

text: 's

text: work

text: continued

text: to

text: shape

text: German

text: thought

text: and

text: indeed

text: all

text: of

text: European

text: philosophy

text: well

text: into

text: the

text: century

text: Mary

text: Wollstonecraft

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: England

text: 's

text: earliest

text: feminist

text: philosophers

text: She

text: argued

text: for

text: a

text: society

text: based

text: on

text: reason

text: and

text: that

text: women

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: men

text: should

text: be

text: treated

text: as

text: rational

text: beings

text: She

text: is

text: best

text: known

text: for

text: her

text: work

text: A

text: Vindication

text: of

text: the

text: Rights

text: of

text: Woman

question: Kant's work continued to shape German thought and European philosophy well into what century?

answer: 20th

question: In what year was Immanuel Kant born?

answer: 1724

question: For which work is Mary Wollstonecraft best known?

answer: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791)

text: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791)

question: In what year was A Vindication on the Rights of Woman published?

answer: 1791

question: Mary Wollstonecraft argued for a society based on what idea?

answer: reason

text: reason


text: Menzies continued the expanded immigration program established under Chifley, and took important steps towards dismantling the White Australia Policy. In the early 1950s, external affairs minister Percy Spender helped to establish the Colombo Plan for providing economic aid to underdeveloped nations in Australia's region. Under that scheme many future Asian leaders studied in Australia. In 1958 the government replaced the Immigration Act's arbitrarily applied European language dictation test with an entry permit system, that reflected economic and skills criteria. In 1962, Menzies' Commonwealth Electoral Act provided that all Indigenous Australians should have the right to enrol and vote at federal elections (prior to this, indigenous people in Queensland, Western Australia and some in the Northern Territory had been excluded from voting unless they were ex-servicemen). In 1949 the Liberals appointed Dame Enid Lyons as the first woman to serve in an Australian Cabinet. Menzies remained a staunch supporter of links to the monarchy and British Commonwealth but formalised an alliance with the United States and concluded the Agreement on Commerce between Australia and Japan which was signed in July 1957 and launched post-war trade with Japan, beginning a growth of Australian exports of coal, iron ore and mineral resources that would steadily climb until Japan became Australia's largest trading partner.

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia

text: Menzies

text: continued

text: the

text: expanded

text: immigration

text: program

text: established

text: under

text: Chifley

text: and

text: took

text: important

text: steps

text: towards

text: dismantling

text: the

text: White

text: Australia

text: Policy

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: external

text: affairs

text: minister

text: Percy

text: Spender

text: helped

text: to

text: establish

text: the

text: Colombo

text: Plan

text: for

text: providing

text: economic

text: aid

text: to

text: underdeveloped

text: nations

text: in

text: Australia

text: 's

text: region

text: Under

text: that

text: scheme

text: many

text: future

text: Asian

text: leaders

text: studied

text: in

text: Australia

text: In

text: the

text: government

text: replaced

text: the

text: Immigration

text: Act

text: 's

text: arbitrarily

text: applied

text: European

text: language

text: dictation

text: test

text: with

text: an

text: entry

text: permit

text: system

text: that

text: reflected

text: economic

text: and

text: skills

text: criteria

text: In

text: Menzies

text: Commonwealth

text: Electoral

text: Act

text: provided

text: that

text: all

text: Indigenous

text: Australians

text: should

text: have

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: enrol

text: and

text: vote

text: at

text: federal

text: elections

text: prior

text: to

text: this

text: indigenous

text: people

text: in

text: Queensland

text: Western

text: Australia

text: and

text: some

text: in

text: the

text: Northern

text: Territory

text: had

text: been

text: excluded

text: from

text: voting

text: unless

text: they

text: were

text: ex

text: servicemen

text: In

text: the

text: Liberals

text: appointed

text: Dame

text: Enid

text: Lyons

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: woman

text: to

text: serve

text: in

text: an

text: Australian

text: Cabinet

text: Menzies

text: remained

text: a

text: staunch

text: supporter

text: of

text: links

text: to

text: the

text: monarchy

text: and

text: British

text: Commonwealth

text: but

text: formalised

text: an

text: alliance

text: with

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: concluded

text: the

text: Agreement

text: on

text: Commerce

text: between

text: Australia

text: and

text: Japan

text: which

text: was

text: signed

text: in

text: July

text: and

text: launched

text: post

text: war

text: trade

text: with

text: Japan

text: beginning

text: a

text: growth

text: of

text: Australian

text: exports

text: of

text: coal

text: iron

text: ore

text: and

text: mineral

text: resources

text: that

text: would

text: steadily

text: climb

text: until

text: Japan

text: became

text: Australia

text: 's

text: largest

text: trading

text: partner

question: What did the Immigration Act's entry permit system include?

answer: economic and skills criteria

text: economic and skills criteria

question: Which ruling allowed indigenous Australians the right to vote?

answer: Menzies' Commonwealth Electoral Act

text: Menzies' Commonwealth Electoral Act

question: Who was the first women to serve on the Australian Cabinet?

answer: Dame Enid Lyons

text: Dame Enid Lyons


text: Another example relates to AIG, which insured obligations of various financial institutions through the usage of credit default swaps. The basic CDS transaction involved AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A in the event party B defaulted. However, AIG did not have the financial strength to support its many CDS commitments as the crisis progressed and was taken over by the government in September 2008. U.S. taxpayers provided over $180 billion in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009, through which the money flowed to various counterparties to CDS transactions, including many large global financial institutions.

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

text: Another

text: example

text: relates

text: to

text: AIG

text: which

text: insured

text: obligations

text: of

text: various

text: financial

text: institutions

text: through

text: the

text: usage

text: of

text: credit

text: default

text: swaps

text: The

text: basic

text: CDS

text: transaction

text: involved

text: AIG

text: receiving

text: a

text: premium

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: a

text: promise

text: to

text: pay

text: money

text: to

text: party

text: A

text: in

text: the

text: event

text: party

text: B

text: defaulted

text: However

text: AIG

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: the

text: financial

text: strength

text: to

text: support

text: its

text: many

text: CDS

text: commitments

text: as

text: the

text: crisis

text: progressed

text: and

text: was

text: taken

text: over

text: by

text: the

text: government

text: in

text: September

text: U.S.

text: taxpayers

text: provided

text: over

text: billion

text: in

text: government

text: support

text: to

text: AIG

text: during

text: and

text: early

text: through

text: which

text: the

text: money

text: flowed

text: to

text: various

text: counterparties

text: to

text: CDS

text: transactions

text: including

text: many

text: large

text: global

text: financial

text: institutions

question: What firm insured obligations of various financial institutions using credit default swaps?

answer: AIG

text: AIG

question: What does the abbreviation CDS stand for?

answer: credit default swaps

text: credit default swaps

question: When did the government take over AIG?

answer: September 2008

text: September 2008

question: How much money did taxpayers provide in government support to AIG during 2008 and early 2009?

answer: over $180 billion

text: over $180 billion

question: What did AIG receive for promising to pay Party A in the event that Party B defaulted?

answer: a premium

text: a premium


text: Some researchers, such as Bruce Bagemihl, have criticized the labels "heterosexual" and "homosexual" as confusing and degrading. Bagemihl writes, "...the point of reference for 'heterosexual' or 'homosexual' orientation in this nomenclature is solely the individual's genetic sex prior to reassignment (see for example, Blanchard et al. 1987, Coleman and Bockting, 1988, Blanchard, 1989). These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around." Bagemihl goes on to take issue with the way this terminology makes it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.

title: Sexual_orientation

title: Sexual_orientation

text: Some

text: researchers

text: such

text: as

text: Bruce

text: Bagemihl

text: have

text: criticized

text: the

text: labels

text: heterosexual

text: and

text: homosexual

text: as

text: confusing

text: and

text: degrading

text: Bagemihl

text: writes

text: the

text: point

text: of

text: reference

text: for

text: heterosexual

text: or

text: homosexual

text: orientation

text: in

text: this

text: nomenclature

text: is

text: solely

text: the

text: individual

text: 's

text: genetic

text: sex

text: prior

text: to

text: reassignment

text: see

text: for

text: example

text: Blanchard

text: et

text: al

text: Coleman

text: and

text: Bockting

text: Blanchard

text: These

text: labels

text: thereby

text: ignore

text: the

text: individual

text: 's

text: personal

text: sense

text: of

text: gender

text: identity

text: taking

text: precedence

text: over

text: biological

text: sex

text: rather

text: than

text: the

text: other

text: way

text: around

text: Bagemihl

text: goes

text: on

text: to

text: take

text: issue

text: with

text: the

text: way

text: this

text: terminology

text: makes

text: it

text: easy

text: to

text: claim

text: transsexuals

text: are

text: really

text: homosexual

text: males

text: seeking

text: to

text: escape

text: from

text: stigma

question: What does Bruce criticize the labels heterosexual and homsexual as?

answer: confusing and degrading

text: confusing and degrading

question: What does Bruce Bagemilh write about the labels homosexual and heterosexual terms?

answer: . These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around

text: . These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around

question: What does Bagemihl say a major issue with this terminology is?

answer: it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.

text: it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.


text: The band had a number of bass players during this period who did not fit with the band's chemistry. It was not until February 1971 that they settled on John Deacon and began to rehearse for their first album. They recorded four of their own songs, "Liar", "Keep Yourself Alive", "The Night Comes Down" and "Jesus", for a demo tape; no record companies were interested. It was also around this time Freddie changed his surname to "Mercury", inspired by the line "Mother Mercury, look what they've done to me" in the song "My Fairy King". On 2 July 1971, Queen played their first show in the classic line-up of Mercury, May, Taylor and Deacon at a Surrey college outside London.

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: The

text: band

text: had

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: bass

text: players

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: who

text: did

text: not

text: fit

text: with

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: chemistry

text: It

text: was

text: not

text: until

text: February

text: that

text: they

text: settled

text: on

text: John

text: Deacon

text: and

text: began

text: to

text: rehearse

text: for

text: their

text: first

text: album

text: They

text: recorded

text: four

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: songs

text: Liar

text: Keep

text: Yourself

text: Alive

text: The

text: Night

text: Comes

text: Down

text: and

text: Jesus

text: for

text: a

text: demo

text: tape

text: no

text: record

text: companies

text: were

text: interested

text: It

text: was

text: also

text: around

text: this

text: time

text: Freddie

text: changed

text: his

text: surname

text: to

text: Mercury

text: inspired

text: by

text: the

text: line

text: Mother

text: Mercury

text: look

text: what

text: they

text: 've

text: done

text: to

text: me

text: in

text: the

text: song

text: My

text: Fairy

text: King

text: On

text: July

text: Queen

text: played

text: their

text: first

text: show

text: in

text: the

text: classic

text: line

text: up

text: of

text: Mercury

text: May

text: Taylor

text: and

text: Deacon

text: at

text: a

text: Surrey

text: college

text: outside

text: London

question: John Deacon played what instrument?

answer: bass

text: bass

question: In what year did John Deacon join Queen?

answer: 1971

question: What did Freddie from Queen change his last name to?

answer: Mercury

text: Mercury

question: What song inspired Freddie from Queen's surname?

answer: My Fairy King

text: My Fairy King

question: On what date did Queen play their first show?

answer: 2 July 1971

text: 2 July 1971


text: The Red Book audio specification, except for a simple "anti-copy" statement in the subcode, does not include any copy protection mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market "copy-protected" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be ripped, or copied, to hard drives or easily converted to MP3s. One major drawback to these copy-protected discs is that most will not play on either computer CD-ROM drives or some standalone CD players that use CD-ROM mechanisms. Philips has stated that such discs are not permitted to bear the trademarked Compact Disc Digital Audio logo because they violate the Red Book specifications. Numerous copy-protection systems have been countered by readily available, often free, software.

title: Compact_disc

title: Compact_disc

text: The

text: Red

text: Book

text: audio

text: specification

text: except

text: for

text: a

text: simple

text: anti

text: copy

text: statement

text: in

text: the

text: subcode

text: does

text: not

text: include

text: any

text: copy

text: protection

text: mechanism

text: Known

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: attempts

text: were

text: made

text: by

text: record

text: companies

text: to

text: market

text: copy

text: protected

text: non

text: standard

text: compact

text: discs

text: which

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: ripped

text: or

text: copied

text: to

text: hard

text: drives

text: or

text: easily

text: converted

text: to

text: One

text: major

text: drawback

text: to

text: these

text: copy

text: protected

text: discs

text: is

text: that

text: most

text: will

text: not

text: play

text: on

text: either

text: computer

text: CD

text: ROM

text: drives

text: or

text: some

text: standalone

text: CD

text: players

text: that

text: use

text: CD

text: ROM

text: mechanisms

text: Philips

text: has

text: stated

text: that

text: such

text: discs

text: are

text: not

text: permitted

text: to

text: bear

text: the

text: trademarked

text: Compact

text: Disc

text: Digital

text: Audio

text: logo

text: because

text: they

text: violate

text: the

text: Red

text: Book

text: specifications

text: Numerous

text: copy

text: protection

text: systems

text: have

text: been

text: countered

text: by

text: readily

text: available

text: often

text: free

text: software

question: When did record companies first attempt to protect their CDs from copying?

answer: 2001

question: Who said that protected CDs are not allowed to carry the CDDA logo?

answer: Philips

text: Philips

question: Where does the Red Book mention copy protection?

answer: in the subcode

text: in the subcode

question: When was the "anti-copy" subcode written in the Red Book?

question: Who created the anti-protection systems software?

text: Philips

question: When was the Compact Disc Digital Audio logo copyrighted?

question: What devices do standard CDs not play on?

question: Why does Philips want non-standard discs to have the trademarked logo?


text: Rome had a semi-divine ancestor in the Trojan refugee Aeneas, son of Venus, who was said to have established the nucleus of Roman religion when he brought the Palladium, Lares and Penates from Troy to Italy. These objects were believed in historical times to remain in the keeping of the Vestals, Rome's female priesthood. Aeneas had been given refuge by King Evander, a Greek exile from Arcadia, to whom were attributed other religious foundations: he established the Ara Maxima, "Greatest Altar," to Hercules at the site that would become the Forum Boarium, and he was the first to celebrate the Lupercalia, an archaic festival in February that was celebrated as late as the 5th century of the Christian era.

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome

text: Rome

text: had

text: a

text: semi

text: divine

text: ancestor

text: in

text: the

text: Trojan

text: refugee

text: Aeneas

text: son

text: of

text: Venus

text: who

text: was

text: said

text: to

text: have

text: established

text: the

text: nucleus

text: of

text: Roman

text: religion

text: when

text: he

text: brought

text: the

text: Palladium

text: Lares

text: and

text: Penates

text: from

text: Troy

text: to

text: Italy

text: These

text: objects

text: were

text: believed

text: in

text: historical

text: times

text: to

text: remain

text: in

text: the

text: keeping

text: of

text: the

text: Vestals

text: Rome

text: 's

text: female

text: priesthood

text: Aeneas

text: had

text: been

text: given

text: refuge

text: by

text: King

text: Evander

text: a

text: Greek

text: exile

text: from

text: Arcadia

text: to

text: whom

text: were

text: attributed

text: other

text: religious

text: foundations

text: he

text: established

text: the

text: Ara

text: Maxima

text: Greatest

text: Altar

text: to

text: Hercules

text: at

text: the

text: site

text: that

text: would

text: become

text: the

text: Forum

text: Boarium

text: and

text: he

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: to

text: celebrate

text: the

text: Lupercalia

text: an

text: archaic

text: festival

text: in

text: February

text: that

text: was

text: celebrated

text: as

text: late

text: as

text: the

text: century

text: of

text: the

text: Christian

text: era

question: What mythical figure did the Romans consider to be semi-divine?

answer: Aeneas

text: Aeneas

question: Of what did Aeneas establish the central feature?

answer: Roman religion

text: Roman religion

question: Who were the keepers of Aeneas's sacred objects?

answer: Vestals

text: Vestals

question: What ancient festival was celebrated until the 5th century?

answer: Lupercalia

text: Lupercalia

question: To whom did Aeneas set up an alter in Rome?

answer: Hercules

text: Hercules


text: USB 2.0 also added a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC. This is used to perform split transactions. Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth, performs the data transfer at full or low bandwidth, and provides the response at high bandwidth when prompted by a second SPLIT token.

title: USB

title: USB

text: USB

text: also

text: added

text: a

text: larger

text: three

text: byte

text: SPLIT

text: token

text: with

text: a

text: seven

text: bit

text: hub

text: number

text: bits

text: of

text: control

text: flags

text: and

text: a

text: five

text: bit

text: CRC

text: This

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: perform

text: split

text: transactions

text: Rather

text: than

text: tie

text: up

text: the

text: high

text: bandwidth

text: USB

text: bus

text: sending

text: data

text: to

text: a

text: slower

text: USB

text: device

text: the

text: nearest

text: high

text: bandwidth

text: capable

text: hub

text: receives

text: a

text: SPLIT

text: token

text: followed

text: by

text: one

text: or

text: two

text: USB

text: packets

text: at

text: high

text: bandwidth

text: performs

text: the

text: data

text: transfer

text: at

text: full

text: or

text: low

text: bandwidth

text: and

text: provides

text: the

text: response

text: at

text: high

text: bandwidth

text: when

text: prompted

text: by

text: a

text: second

text: SPLIT

text: token

question: a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC were created to do what?

answer: to perform split transactions

text: to perform split transactions

question: Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, what happens?

answer: the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth

text: the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth

question: How many bits of control flags did USB 2.0 add?

answer: 12 bits

text: 12 bits


text: Translation of material into Arabic expanded after the creation of Arabic script in the 5th century, and gained great importance with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires. Arab translation initially focused primarily on politics, rendering Persian, Greek, even Chinese and Indic diplomatic materials into Arabic. It later focused on translating classical Greek and Persian works, as well as some Chinese and Indian texts, into Arabic for scholarly study at major Islamic learning centers, such as the Al-Karaouine (Fes, Morocco), Al-Azhar (Cairo, Egypt), and the Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad. In terms of theory, Arabic translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions as well as more contemporary Greek and Persian traditions.

title: Translation

title: Translation

text: Translation

text: of

text: material

text: into

text: Arabic

text: expanded

text: after

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: Arabic

text: script

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: gained

text: great

text: importance

text: with

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: Islam

text: and

text: Islamic

text: empires

text: Arab

text: translation

text: initially

text: focused

text: primarily

text: on

text: politics

text: rendering

text: Persian

text: Greek

text: even

text: Chinese

text: and

text: Indic

text: diplomatic

text: materials

text: into

text: Arabic

text: It

text: later

text: focused

text: on

text: translating

text: classical

text: Greek

text: and

text: Persian

text: works

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: some

text: Chinese

text: and

text: Indian

text: texts

text: into

text: Arabic

text: for

text: scholarly

text: study

text: at

text: major

text: Islamic

text: learning

text: centers

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Al

text: Karaouine

text: Fes

text: Morocco

text: Al

text: Azhar

text: Cairo

text: Egypt

text: and

text: the

text: Al

text: Nizamiyya

text: of

text: Baghdad

text: In

text: terms

text: of

text: theory

text: Arabic

text: translation

text: drew

text: heavily

text: on

text: earlier

text: Near

text: Eastern

text: traditions

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: more

text: contemporary

text: Greek

text: and

text: Persian

text: traditions

question: When did translation of material into Arabic begin to increase?

answer: 5th century

text: 5th century

question: What allowed the expansion of Arabic translations during the 5th century?

answer: creation of Arabic script

text: creation of Arabic script

question: What material was initial Arab translations primarily focused on?

answer: politics

text: politics

question: What cultures' classical works were later translated into Arabic?

answer: Greek and Persian

text: Greek and Persian

question: What type of translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions?

answer: Arabic

text: Arabic

question: When did translation of material into Arabic begin to stop?

text: 5th century

question: What allowed the reduction of Arabic translations during the 5th century?

text: creation of Arabic script

question: What material was initial Arab translations rarely focused on?

text: politics

question: What cultures' classical works were never translated into Arabic?

text: Greek and Persian

question: What type of translation had no influence from earlier Near Eastern traditions?

text: Arabic


text: In response to the 1966 ruling by the International Court of Justice, South-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) military wing, People's Liberation Army of Namibia, a guerrilla group began their armed struggle for independence, but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed to end its occupation of Namibia, in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire region. During the South African occupation of Namibia, white commercial farmers, most of whom came as settlers from South Africa and represented 0.2% of the national population, owned 74% of the arable land. Outside the central-southern area of Namibia (known as the "Police Zone" since the German era and which contained the main towns, industries, mines and best arable land), the country was divided into "homelands", the version of South African bantustan applied to Namibia, although only a few were actually established because indigenous Namibians often did not cooperate.

title: Namibia

title: Namibia

text: In

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: ruling

text: by

text: the

text: International

text: Court

text: of

text: Justice

text: South

text: West

text: Africa

text: People

text: 's

text: Organisation

text: SWAPO

text: military

text: wing

text: People

text: 's

text: Liberation

text: Army

text: of

text: Namibia

text: a

text: guerrilla

text: group

text: began

text: their

text: armed

text: struggle

text: for

text: independence

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: not

text: until

text: that

text: South

text: Africa

text: agreed

text: to

text: end

text: its

text: occupation

text: of

text: Namibia

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: a

text: UN

text: peace

text: plan

text: for

text: the

text: entire

text: region

text: During

text: the

text: South

text: African

text: occupation

text: of

text: Namibia

text: white

text: commercial

text: farmers

text: most

text: of

text: whom

text: came

text: as

text: settlers

text: from

text: South

text: Africa

text: and

text: represented

text: of

text: the

text: national

text: population

text: owned

text: of

text: the

text: arable

text: land

text: Outside

text: the

text: central

text: southern

text: area

text: of

text: Namibia

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Police

text: Zone

text: since

text: the

text: German

text: era

text: and

text: which

text: contained

text: the

text: main

text: towns

text: industries

text: mines

text: and

text: best

text: arable

text: land

text: the

text: country

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: homelands

text: the

text: version

text: of

text: South

text: African

text: bantustan

text: applied

text: to

text: Namibia

text: although

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: were

text: actually

text: established

text: because

text: indigenous

text: Namibians

text: often

text: did

text: not

text: cooperate

question: Which guerrilla group fought for Namibia's independence?

answer: People's Liberation Army of Namibia

text: People's Liberation Army of Namibia

question: When did a guerrilla group fight for Namibia's independence?

answer: 1966

question: When did South Africa end occupation of Namibia?

answer: 1988

question: Why did South Africa end occupation in Namibia?

answer: UN peace plan

text: UN peace plan

question: What is the central-southern area of Namibia known as?

answer: Police Zone

text: Police Zone

question: In what year was the South-West Africa People's Organization started?

question: What percentage of the population Of South Africa was white people?

question: How much of South Africa's arable land did white people control?

question: In what year did the UN start developing a peace plan for the whole region?


text: Austrian-born Adolf Hitler had a lifelong romantic fascination with the Alps and by the 1930s established a home in the Obersalzberg region outside of Berchtesgaden. His first visit to the area was in 1923 and he maintained a strong tie there until the end of his life. At the end of World War II the US Army occupied Obersalzberg, to prevent Hitler from retreating with the Wehrmacht into the mountains.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: Austrian

text: born

text: Adolf

text: Hitler

text: had

text: a

text: lifelong

text: romantic

text: fascination

text: with

text: the

text: Alps

text: and

text: by

text: the

text: established

text: a

text: home

text: in

text: the

text: Obersalzberg

text: region

text: outside

text: of

text: Berchtesgaden

text: His

text: first

text: visit

text: to

text: the

text: area

text: was

text: in

text: and

text: he

text: maintained

text: a

text: strong

text: tie

text: there

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: his

text: life

text: At

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: US

text: Army

text: occupied

text: Obersalzberg

text: to

text: prevent

text: Hitler

text: from

text: retreating

text: with

text: the

text: Wehrmacht

text: into

text: the

text: mountains

question: Where was Adolf Hitler born?

answer: Austrian

text: Austrian

question: What did Adolf Hitler have a lifelong romantic fascination with?

answer: the Alps

text: the Alps

question: Where did Adolf Hitler establish a home in the 1930s?

answer: the Obersalzberg region

text: the Obersalzberg region

question: When was Adolf Hitlers first visit to the Alps?

answer: 1923


text: The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.:4.2 The manner in which DNA is stored on the histones, as well as chemical modifications of the histone itself, regulate whether a particular region of DNA is accessible for gene expression. In addition to genes, eukaryotic chromosomes contain sequences involved in ensuring that the DNA is copied without degradation of end regions and sorted into daughter cells during cell division: replication origins, telomeres and the centromere.:4.2 Replication origins are the sequence regions where DNA replication is initiated to make two copies of the chromosome. Telomeres are long stretches of repetitive sequence that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes and prevent degradation of coding and regulatory regions during DNA replication. The length of the telomeres decreases each time the genome is replicated and has been implicated in the aging process. The centromere is required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division.:18.2

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: eukaryotic

text: genes

text: are

text: stored

text: on

text: a

text: set

text: of

text: large

text: linear

text: chromosomes

text: The

text: chromosomes

text: are

text: packed

text: within

text: the

text: nucleus

text: in

text: complex

text: with

text: storage

text: proteins

text: called

text: histones

text: to

text: form

text: a

text: unit

text: called

text: a

text: nucleosome

text: DNA

text: packaged

text: and

text: condensed

text: in

text: this

text: way

text: is

text: called

text: The

text: manner

text: in

text: which

text: DNA

text: is

text: stored

text: on

text: the

text: histones

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: chemical

text: modifications

text: of

text: the

text: histone

text: itself

text: regulate

text: whether

text: a

text: particular

text: region

text: of

text: DNA

text: is

text: accessible

text: for

text: gene

text: expression

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: genes

text: eukaryotic

text: chromosomes

text: contain

text: sequences

text: involved

text: in

text: ensuring

text: that

text: the

text: DNA

text: is

text: copied

text: without

text: degradation

text: of

text: end

text: regions

text: and

text: sorted

text: into

text: daughter

text: cells

text: during

text: cell

text: division

text: replication

text: origins

text: telomeres

text: and

text: the

text: Replication

text: origins

text: are

text: the

text: sequence

text: regions

text: where

text: DNA

text: replication

text: is

text: initiated

text: to

text: make

text: two

text: copies

text: of

text: the

text: chromosome

text: Telomeres

text: are

text: long

text: stretches

text: of

text: repetitive

text: sequence

text: that

text: cap

text: the

text: ends

text: of

text: the

text: linear

text: chromosomes

text: and

text: prevent

text: degradation

text: of

text: coding

text: and

text: regulatory

text: regions

text: during

text: DNA

text: replication

text: The

text: length

text: of

text: the

text: telomeres

text: decreases

text: each

text: time

text: the

text: genome

text: is

text: replicated

text: and

text: has

text: been

text: implicated

text: in

text: the

text: aging

text: process

text: The

text: centromere

text: is

text: required

text: for

text: binding

text: spindle

text: fibres

text: to

text: separate

text: sister

text: chromatids

text: into

text: daughter

text: cells

text: during

text: cell

question: Where are the majority of eukaryotic genes stored?

answer: on a set of large, linear chromosomes

text: on a set of large, linear chromosomes

question: Chromosomes that are packed within the nucleus in complex with histones are called what?

answer: a nucleosome

text: a nucleosome

question: What does the manner of DNA storage on the histone and the chemical modifications of the histone itself regulate?

answer: whether a particular region of DNA is accessible for gene expression

text: whether a particular region of DNA is accessible for gene expression

question: What are replication origins?

answer: regions where DNA replication is initiated to make two copies of the chromosome

text: regions where DNA replication is initiated to make two copies of the chromosome

question: Long stretches of repetitive sequence that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes are called what?

answer: Telomeres

text: Telomeres


text: 58.1% of the population described themselves in the 2011 census return as being at least nominally Christian and 0.8% as Muslim with all other religions represented by less than 0.5% each. The portion of people without a religion is 32.9%; above the national average of 24.7%. 7.1% did not state their religious belief. Since the 2001 Census, the number of Christians and Jews has decreased (-16% and -7% respectively), while all other religions have increased and non-religious people have almost doubled in number.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: described

text: themselves

text: in

text: the

text: census

text: return

text: as

text: being

text: at

text: least

text: nominally

text: Christian

text: and

text: as

text: Muslim

text: with

text: all

text: other

text: religions

text: represented

text: by

text: less

text: than

text: each

text: The

text: portion

text: of

text: people

text: without

text: a

text: religion

text: is

text: above

text: the

text: national

text: average

text: of

text: did

text: not

text: state

text: their

text: religious

text: belief

text: Since

text: the

text: Census

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: Christians

text: and

text: Jews

text: has

text: decreased

text: and

text: respectively

text: while

text: all

text: other

text: religions

text: have

text: increased

text: and

text: non

text: religious

text: people

text: have

text: almost

text: doubled

text: in

text: number

question: What percentage of Plymouth's population call themselves Christian?

answer: 58.1%

question: What percentage of Plymouth residents follow Islam?

answer: 0.8%

question: What percentage of Plymouth consists of non-religious people?

answer: 32.9%

question: What percentage of people in the United Kingdom describe themselves as non-religious?

answer: 24.7%

question: What was the percentage decline in Jewish residents of Plymouth between 2001 and 2011?

answer: 7%


text: In the year 2000, according to a study by American Association of University Professors (AAUP), affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities. This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students as well as the teaching of faculty members. According to a study by Geoffrey Maruyama and José F. Moreno, the results showed that faculty members believed diversity helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education, Caucasian students suffer no detrimental effects from classroom diversity, and that attention to multicultural learning improves the ability of colleges and universities to accomplish their missions. Furthermore, a diverse population of students offers unique perspectives in order to challenge preconceived notions through exposure to the experiences and ideas of others. According to Professor Gurin of the University of Michigan, skills such as "perspective-taking, acceptance of differences, a willingness and capacity to find commonalities among differences, acceptance of conflict as normal, conflict resolution, participation in democracy, and interest in the wider social world" can potentially be developed in college while being exposed to heterogeneous group of students. In addition, broadening perspectives helps students confront personal and substantive stereotypes and fosters discussion about racial and ethnic issues in a classroom setting. Furthermore, the 2000 AAUP study states that having a diversity of views leads to a better discussion and greater understanding among the students on issues of race, tolerance, fairness, etc.

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

text: In

text: the

text: year

text: according

text: to

text: a

text: study

text: by

text: American

text: Association

text: of

text: University

text: Professors

text: AAUP

text: affirmative

text: action

text: promoted

text: diversity

text: within

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: This

text: has

text: been

text: shown

text: to

text: have

text: positive

text: effects

text: on

text: the

text: educational

text: outcomes

text: and

text: experiences

text: of

text: college

text: students

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: teaching

text: of

text: faculty

text: members

text: According

text: to

text: a

text: study

text: by

text: Geoffrey

text: Maruyama

text: and

text: José

text: F.

text: Moreno

text: the

text: results

text: showed

text: that

text: faculty

text: members

text: believed

text: diversity

text: helps

text: students

text: to

text: reach

text: the

text: essential

text: goals

text: of

text: a

text: college

text: education

text: Caucasian

text: students

text: suffer

text: no

text: detrimental

text: effects

text: from

text: classroom

text: diversity

text: and

text: that

text: attention

text: to

text: multicultural

text: learning

text: improves

text: the

text: ability

text: of

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: to

text: accomplish

text: their

text: missions

text: Furthermore

text: a

text: diverse

text: population

text: of

text: students

text: offers

text: unique

text: perspectives

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: challenge

text: preconceived

text: notions

text: through

text: exposure

text: to

text: the

text: experiences

text: and

text: ideas

text: of

text: others

text: According

text: to

text: Professor

text: Gurin

text: of

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Michigan

text: skills

text: such

text: as

text: perspective

text: taking

text: acceptance

text: of

text: differences

text: a

text: willingness

text: and

text: capacity

text: to

text: find

text: commonalities

text: among

text: differences

text: acceptance

text: of

text: conflict

text: as

text: normal

text: conflict

text: resolution

text: participation

text: in

text: democracy

text: and

text: interest

text: in

text: the

text: wider

text: social

text: world

text: can

text: potentially

text: be

text: developed

text: in

text: college

text: while

text: being

text: exposed

text: to

text: heterogeneous

text: group

text: of

text: students

text: In

text: addition

text: broadening

text: perspectives

text: helps

text: students

text: confront

text: personal

text: and

text: substantive

text: stereotypes

text: and

text: fosters

text: discussion

text: about

text: racial

text: and

text: ethnic

text: issues

text: in

text: a

text: classroom

text: setting

text: Furthermore

text: the

text: AAUP

text: study

text: states

text: that

text: having

text: a

text: diversity

text: of

text: views

text: leads

text: to

text: a

text: better

text: discussion

text: and

text: greater

text: understanding

text: among

text: the

text: students

text: on

text: issues

text: of

text: race

text: tolerance

text: fairness

text: etc

question: What does AAUP stand for?

answer: American Association of University Professors

text: American Association of University Professors

question: What were the effects of affirmative action on universities according to the study done by the AAUP?

answer: positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students

text: positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students

question: What did a study claim about the beliefs of faculty members on increased diversity?

answer: helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education

text: helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education

question: Who supposedly suffers no detrimental effects from classroom diversity?

answer: Caucasian students

text: Caucasian students

question: In which year did the AAUP release their study?

answer: 2000

question: What does ADUP stand for?

question: What were the effects of affirmative action on universities according to the study done by the AALP?

question: What did a study claim about the beliefs of faculty members on decreased diversity?

question: Who supposedly suffers a lot of detrimental effects from classroom diversity?

text: Caucasian students

question: In which year did the ALUP release their study?


text: The native language of the Romans was Latin. Although surviving Latin literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin, an artificial and highly stylised and polished literary language from the 1st century BC, the actual spoken language was Vulgar Latin, which significantly differed from Classical Latin in grammar, vocabulary, and eventually pronunciation. Rome's expansion spread Latin throughout Europe, and over time Vulgar Latin evolved and dialectised in different locations, gradually shifting into a number of distinct Romance languages. Many of these languages, including French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish, flourished, the differences between them growing greater over time. Although English is Germanic rather than Roman in origin, English borrows heavily from Latin and Latin-derived words.[citation needed]

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: The

text: native

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: Romans

text: was

text: Latin

text: Although

text: surviving

text: Latin

text: literature

text: consists

text: almost

text: entirely

text: of

text: Classical

text: Latin

text: an

text: artificial

text: and

text: highly

text: stylised

text: and

text: polished

text: literary

text: language

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: BC

text: the

text: actual

text: spoken

text: language

text: was

text: Vulgar

text: Latin

text: which

text: significantly

text: differed

text: from

text: Classical

text: Latin

text: in

text: grammar

text: vocabulary

text: and

text: eventually

text: pronunciation

text: Rome

text: 's

text: expansion

text: spread

text: Latin

text: throughout

text: Europe

text: and

text: over

text: time

text: Vulgar

text: Latin

text: evolved

text: and

text: dialectised

text: in

text: different

text: locations

text: gradually

text: shifting

text: into

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: distinct

text: Romance

text: languages

text: Many

text: of

text: these

text: languages

text: including

text: French

text: Italian

text: Portuguese

text: Romanian

text: and

text: Spanish

text: flourished

text: the

text: differences

text: between

text: them

text: growing

text: greater

text: over

text: time

text: Although

text: English

text: is

text: Germanic

text: rather

text: than

text: Roman

text: in

text: origin

text: English

text: borrows

text: heavily

text: from

text: Latin

text: and

text: Latin

text: derived

text: words.[citation

text: needed

question: What was the primary language of the Romans?

answer: Latin

text: Latin

question: What type of language is French considered to be?

answer: Romance languages

text: Romance languages

question: What type of Latin was likely spoken in Rome?

answer: Vulgar Latin

text: Vulgar Latin

question: How would Vulgar Latin eventually differ from Classical Latin?

answer: pronunciation

text: pronunciation

question: Which Germanic originating language densely acquired aspects from Latin?

answer: English

text: English


text: Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. New York City has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, with 127 Nobel laureates having roots in local institutions as of 2004; while in 2012, 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City. Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and Weill Cornell Medical College, being joined by the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology venture on Roosevelt Island.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: scientific

text: research

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: is

text: done

text: in

text: medicine

text: and

text: the

text: life

text: sciences

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: has

text: the

text: most

text: post

text: graduate

text: life

text: sciences

text: degrees

text: awarded

text: annually

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: with

text: Nobel

text: laureates

text: having

text: roots

text: in

text: local

text: institutions

text: as

text: of

text: while

text: in

text: licensed

text: physicians

text: were

text: practicing

text: in

text: New

text: York

text: City

text: Major

text: biomedical

text: research

text: institutions

text: include

text: Memorial

text: Sloan

text: Kettering

text: Cancer

text: Center

text: Rockefeller

text: University

text: SUNY

text: Downstate

text: Medical

text: Center

text: Albert

text: Einstein

text: College

text: of

text: Medicine

text: Mount

text: Sinai

text: School

text: of

text: Medicine

text: and

text: Weill

text: Cornell

text: Medical

text: College

text: being

text: joined

text: by

text: the

text: Cornell

text: University

text: Technion

text: Israel

text: Institute

text: of

text: Technology

text: venture

text: on

text: Roosevelt

text: Island

question: As of 2012, how many physicians were working in New York City?

answer: 43,523

question: Where is the Cornell University/Technion-Israel Institute of Technology located?

answer: Roosevelt Island

text: Roosevelt Island

question: As of 2004, how many Nobel Prize winners had roots in New York institutions?

answer: 127


text: Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is distinguished from poaching, which is the illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species. The species that are hunted are referred to as game or prey and are usually mammals and birds.

title: Hunting

title: Hunting

text: Hunting

text: is

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: killing

text: or

text: trapping

text: any

text: animal

text: or

text: pursuing

text: or

text: tracking

text: it

text: with

text: the

text: intent

text: of

text: doing

text: so

text: Hunting

text: wildlife

text: or

text: feral

text: animals

text: is

text: most

text: commonly

text: done

text: by

text: humans

text: for

text: food

text: recreation

text: to

text: remove

text: predators

text: which

text: are

text: dangerous

text: to

text: humans

text: or

text: domestic

text: animals

text: or

text: for

text: trade

text: In

text: the

text: lawful

text: hunting

text: is

text: distinguished

text: from

text: poaching

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: illegal

text: killing

text: trapping

text: or

text: capture

text: of

text: the

text: hunted

text: species

text: The

text: species

text: that

text: are

text: hunted

text: are

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: game

text: or

text: prey

text: and

text: are

text: usually

text: mammals

text: and

text: birds

question: What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal?

answer: Hunting

text: Hunting

question: Why do humans most commonly hunt wildlife?

answer: food

text: food

question: What is there a distinction between lawful hunting and?

answer: poaching

text: poaching

question: What is poaching?

answer: illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species

text: illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species

question: What is the species which is hunted referred to as?

answer: prey

text: prey

question: What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal called?

answer: Hunting

text: Hunting

question: Illegally killing, capturing or trapping an hunted species is called what?

answer: poaching

text: poaching

question: Hunted species are usually referred to as what?

answer: game or prey

text: game or prey

question: What animals are usually hunted?

answer: mammals and birds

text: mammals and birds

question: What is it called to kill or trap an animal?

answer: Hunting

text: Hunting

question: What species are usually hunted?

answer: mammals and birds

text: mammals and birds

question: Why do humans hunt?

answer: food, recreation, to remove predators

text: food, recreation, to remove predators

question: When was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching?

answer: 2010s

question: Species hunted are referred to as what?

answer: game or prey

text: game or prey

question: What do feral animals usually eat?

text: any animal

question: What tactics do feral animals use to find prey?

text: pursuing or tracking

question: In what year were feral animals first categorized?

question: What kinds of animals are usually considered feral?

text: mammals and birds

question: What does wildlife have to compete with humans to find?

text: food


text: Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of Tibet, went to Nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and show his allegiance to the Ming court, bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the Yuan court. They also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of "prince" had to travel to the Ming court to renew this title, and since lamas called themselves princes, the Ming court therefore had "full sovereignty over Tibet." They state that the Ming dynasty, by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex-Yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding, won submission from ex-Yuan religious and administrative leaders in the Tibetan areas, and thereby incorporated Tibetan areas into the rule of the Ming court. Thus, they conclude, the Ming court won the power to rule Tibetan areas formerly under the rule of the Yuan dynasty.

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Wang

text: and

text: Nyima

text: argue

text: that

text: the

text: Ming

text: emperor

text: sent

text: edicts

text: to

text: Tibet

text: twice

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: year

text: of

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: and

text: demonstrated

text: that

text: he

text: viewed

text: Tibet

text: as

text: a

text: significant

text: region

text: to

text: pacify

text: by

text: urging

text: various

text: Tibetan

text: tribes

text: to

text: submit

text: to

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: They

text: note

text: that

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: the

text: Mongol

text: Prince

text: Punala

text: who

text: had

text: inherited

text: his

text: position

text: as

text: ruler

text: of

text: areas

text: of

text: Tibet

text: went

text: to

text: Nanjing

text: in

text: to

text: pay

text: tribute

text: and

text: show

text: his

text: allegiance

text: to

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: bringing

text: with

text: him

text: the

text: seal

text: of

text: authority

text: issued

text: by

text: the

text: Yuan

text: court

text: They

text: also

text: state

text: that

text: since

text: successors

text: of

text: lamas

text: granted

text: the

text: title

text: of

text: prince

text: had

text: to

text: travel

text: to

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: to

text: renew

text: this

text: title

text: and

text: since

text: lamas

text: called

text: themselves

text: princes

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: therefore

text: had

text: full

text: sovereignty

text: over

text: Tibet

text: They

text: state

text: that

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: by

text: issuing

text: imperial

text: edicts

text: to

text: invite

text: ex

text: Yuan

text: officials

text: to

text: the

text: court

text: for

text: official

text: positions

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: years

text: of

text: its

text: founding

text: won

text: submission

text: from

text: ex

text: Yuan

text: religious

text: and

text: administrative

text: leaders

text: in

text: the

text: Tibetan

text: areas

text: and

text: thereby

text: incorporated

text: Tibetan

text: areas

text: into

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: Thus

text: they

text: conclude

text: the

text: Ming

text: court

text: won

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: rule

text: Tibetan

text: areas

text: formerly

text: under

text: the

text: rule

text: of

text: the

text: Yuan

text: dynasty

question: Who believed that the Ming court had full sovereignty over Tibet?

answer: Wang and Nyima

text: Wang and Nyima

question: What year did Wang and Nyima believe that the Mongol Prince Punala went to Nanjing?

answer: 1371

question: What did the lamas called themselves?

answer: princes

text: princes

question: What edicts did the Ming issue?

answer: imperial edicts

text: imperial edicts


text: After the early 20th century revolutions, shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government. Despite the fact that various warlords gained control of the government in Beijing during the warlord era, this did not constitute a new era of control or governance, because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves. These military-dominated governments were collectively known as the Beiyang government. The warlord era ended around 1927.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: After

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: revolutions

text: shifting

text: alliances

text: of

text: China

text: 's

text: regional

text: warlords

text: waged

text: war

text: for

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: Beijing

text: government

text: Despite

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: various

text: warlords

text: gained

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: government

text: in

text: Beijing

text: during

text: the

text: warlord

text: era

text: this

text: did

text: not

text: constitute

text: a

text: new

text: era

text: of

text: control

text: or

text: governance

text: because

text: other

text: warlords

text: did

text: not

text: acknowledge

text: the

text: transitory

text: governments

text: in

text: this

text: period

text: and

text: were

text: a

text: law

text: unto

text: themselves

text: These

text: military

text: dominated

text: governments

text: were

text: collectively

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Beiyang

text: government

text: The

text: warlord

text: era

text: ended

text: around

question: What happened to China after the 20th century revolutions?

answer: shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government.

text: shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government.

question: Who ultimately gained control of the Beijing government?

answer: various warlords

text: various warlords

question: Why was there not a new era of governance in Beijing?

answer: because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves.

text: because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves.

question: What were the military dominated governments known as?

answer: the Beiyang government

text: the Beiyang government

question: When did the warlord era end?

answer: around 1927

text: around 1927


text: The majority of Freemasonry considers the Liberal (Continental) strand to be Irregular, and thus withhold recognition. For the Continental lodges, however, having a different approach to Freemasonry was not a reason for severing masonic ties. In 1961, an umbrella organisation, Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances maçonniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg (CLIPSAS) was set up, which today provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide. Included in the list of over 70 Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are representatives of all three of the above categories, including mixed and women's organisations. The United Grand Lodge of England does not communicate with any of these jurisdictions, and expects its allies to follow suit. This creates the distinction between Anglo-American and Continental Freemasonry.

title: Freemasonry

title: Freemasonry

text: The

text: majority

text: of

text: Freemasonry

text: considers

text: the

text: Liberal

text: Continental

text: strand

text: to

text: be

text: Irregular

text: and

text: thus

text: withhold

text: recognition

text: For

text: the

text: Continental

text: lodges

text: however

text: having

text: a

text: different

text: approach

text: to

text: Freemasonry

text: was

text: not

text: a

text: reason

text: for

text: severing

text: masonic

text: ties

text: In

text: an

text: umbrella

text: organisation

text: Centre

text: de

text: Liaison

text: et

text: d'Information

text: des

text: Puissances

text: maçonniques

text: Signataires

text: de

text: l'Appel

text: de

text: Strasbourg

text: CLIPSAS

text: was

text: set

text: up

text: which

text: today

text: provides

text: a

text: forum

text: for

text: most

text: of

text: these

text: Grand

text: Lodges

text: and

text: Grand

text: Orients

text: worldwide

text: Included

text: in

text: the

text: list

text: of

text: over

text: Grand

text: Lodges

text: and

text: Grand

text: Orients

text: are

text: representatives

text: of

text: all

text: three

text: of

text: the

text: above

text: categories

text: including

text: mixed

text: and

text: women

text: 's

text: organisations

text: The

text: United

text: Grand

text: Lodge

text: of

text: England

text: does

text: not

text: communicate

text: with

text: any

text: of

text: these

text: jurisdictions

text: and

text: expects

text: its

text: allies

text: to

text: follow

text: suit

text: This

text: creates

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: Anglo

text: American

text: and

text: Continental

text: Freemasonry

question: Why was the Centre de Liasion et d'information des Puissances maconniques signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg set up?

answer: provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide

text: provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide

question: When was CLIPSAS set up?

answer: 1961

question: What are two major sections of Freemasonry?

answer: Anglo-American and Continental

text: Anglo-American and Continental

question: What is the Continental Strand consideres to be by most of Freemasonry?

answer: Irregular

text: Irregular

question: What strand is considered to be irregular by the majority of Freemasons?

answer: the Liberal (Continental) strand

text: the Liberal (Continental) strand

question: The CLIPSAS Organization was formed in what year?

answer: 1961

question: How many Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are listed in the CLIPSAS list?

answer: 70

question: Does the United Grand Lodge of England communicate with any of the 70 lodges on the CLIPSAS list?

answer: does not communicate

text: does not communicate

question: Why was the Centre de Liasion et d'information des Puissances maconniques signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg removed?

question: When was CLIPSAS forbidden?

question: What is the only major section of Freemasonry?

text: Anglo-American

question: What is the Continental Strand considered to be by all of Freemasonry?

text: Irregular

question: How many Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are unlisted in the CLIPSAS list?


text: Bacterial growth follows four phases. When a population of bacteria first enter a high-nutrient environment that allows growth, the cells need to adapt to their new environment. The first phase of growth is the lag phase, a period of slow growth when the cells are adapting to the high-nutrient environment and preparing for fast growth. The lag phase has high biosynthesis rates, as proteins necessary for rapid growth are produced. The second phase of growth is the log phase, also known as the logarithmic or exponential phase. The log phase is marked by rapid exponential growth. The rate at which cells grow during this phase is known as the growth rate (k), and the time it takes the cells to double is known as the generation time (g). During log phase, nutrients are metabolised at maximum speed until one of the nutrients is depleted and starts limiting growth. The third phase of growth is the stationary phase and is caused by depleted nutrients. The cells reduce their metabolic activity and consume non-essential cellular proteins. The stationary phase is a transition from rapid growth to a stress response state and there is increased expression of genes involved in DNA repair, antioxidant metabolism and nutrient transport. The final phase is the death phase where the bacteria run out of nutrients and die.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Bacterial

text: growth

text: follows

text: four

text: phases

text: When

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: bacteria

text: first

text: enter

text: a

text: high

text: nutrient

text: environment

text: that

text: allows

text: growth

text: the

text: cells

text: need

text: to

text: adapt

text: to

text: their

text: new

text: environment

text: The

text: first

text: phase

text: of

text: growth

text: is

text: the

text: lag

text: phase

text: a

text: period

text: of

text: slow

text: growth

text: when

text: the

text: cells

text: are

text: adapting

text: to

text: the

text: high

text: nutrient

text: environment

text: and

text: preparing

text: for

text: fast

text: growth

text: The

text: lag

text: phase

text: has

text: high

text: biosynthesis

text: rates

text: as

text: proteins

text: necessary

text: for

text: rapid

text: growth

text: are

text: produced

text: The

text: second

text: phase

text: of

text: growth

text: is

text: the

text: log

text: phase

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: logarithmic

text: or

text: exponential

text: phase

text: The

text: log

text: phase

text: is

text: marked

text: by

text: rapid

text: exponential

text: growth

text: The

text: rate

text: at

text: which

text: cells

text: grow

text: during

text: this

text: phase

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: growth

text: rate

text: k

text: and

text: the

text: time

text: it

text: takes

text: the

text: cells

text: to

text: double

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: generation

text: time

text: g

text: During

text: log

text: phase

text: nutrients

text: are

text: metabolised

text: at

text: maximum

text: speed

text: until

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: nutrients

text: is

text: depleted

text: and

text: starts

text: limiting

text: growth

text: The

text: third

text: phase

text: of

text: growth

text: is

text: the

text: stationary

text: phase

text: and

text: is

text: caused

text: by

text: depleted

text: nutrients

text: The

text: cells

text: reduce

text: their

text: metabolic

text: activity

text: and

text: consume

text: non

text: essential

text: cellular

text: proteins

text: The

text: stationary

text: phase

text: is

text: a

text: transition

text: from

text: rapid

text: growth

text: to

text: a

text: stress

text: response

text: state

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: increased

text: expression

text: of

text: genes

text: involved

text: in

text: DNA

text: repair

text: antioxidant

text: metabolism

text: and

text: nutrient

text: transport

text: The

text: final

text: phase

text: is

text: the

text: death

text: phase

text: where

text: the

text: bacteria

text: run

text: out

text: of

text: nutrients

text: and

text: die

question: How many phase are in the growth of bacteria?

answer: four phases

text: four phases

question: What is the first stage of bacteria adaptation?

answer: lag phase

text: lag phase

question: What is the second phase of bacteria growth known for?

answer: rapid exponential growth

text: rapid exponential growth

question: What is called the third statge of growth of bacteria?

answer: stationary phase

text: stationary phase

question: The absence of what causes the last stage of bacteria growth?

answer: nutrients

text: nutrients


text: The Aleutian Islands are still home to the Aleut people's seafaring society, although they were the first Native Alaskans to be exploited by Russians. Western and Southwestern Alaska are home to the Yup'ik, while their cousins the Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq lived in what is now Southcentral Alaska. The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region are Athabaskan and primarily known today for their dependence on the caribou within the much-contested Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The North Slope and Little Diomede Island are occupied by the widespread Inupiat people.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: The

text: Aleutian

text: Islands

text: are

text: still

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Aleut

text: people

text: 's

text: seafaring

text: society

text: although

text: they

text: were

text: the

text: first

text: Native

text: Alaskans

text: to

text: be

text: exploited

text: by

text: Russians

text: Western

text: and

text: Southwestern

text: Alaska

text: are

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Yup'ik

text: while

text: their

text: cousins

text: the

text: Alutiiq

text: Sugpiaq

text: lived

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Southcentral

text: Alaska

text: The

text: Gwich'in

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: northern

text: Interior

text: region

text: are

text: Athabaskan

text: and

text: primarily

text: known

text: today

text: for

text: their

text: dependence

text: on

text: the

text: caribou

text: within

text: the

text: much

text: contested

text: Arctic

text: National

text: Wildlife

text: Refuge

text: The

text: North

text: Slope

text: and

text: Little

text: Diomede

text: Island

text: are

text: occupied

text: by

text: the

text: widespread

text: Inupiat

text: people

question: Which indigenous group is controversially known for hunting caribou on protected land?

answer: The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region

text: The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region

question: The Inuplat population inhabit what areas?

answer: The North Slope and Little Diomede Island

text: The North Slope and Little Diomede Island

question: Which Alaskan indigenous group was the fist to be exploited by Russians?

answer: Aleut

text: Aleut

question: Which indigenous group is controversially unknown for hunting caribou on protected land?

question: Which indigenous group is controversially known for hunting caribou on unprotected land?

question: The Inuplat population don't inhabit what areas?

question: Which Alaskan indigenous group wasn't the first to be exploited by Russians?

text: Aleut

question: Which Alaskan indigenous group was the last to be exploited by Russians?

text: Aleut


text: The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by the Prussians, to silence French guns at long range and then to directly support infantry attacks at close range, proved to be superior to the defensive doctrine employed by French gunners. The Prussian tactics were adopted by European armies by 1914, exemplified in the French 75, an artillery piece optimised to provide direct fire support to advancing infantry. Most European armies ignored the evidence of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 which suggested that infantry armed with new smokeless-powder rifles could engage gun crews effectively. This forced gunners to fire at longer range using indirect fire, usually from a position of cover.

title: Franco-Prussian_War

title: Franco

title: Prussian_War

text: The

text: events

text: of

text: the

text: Franco

text: Prussian

text: War

text: had

text: great

text: influence

text: on

text: military

text: thinking

text: over

text: the

text: next

text: forty

text: years

text: Lessons

text: drawn

text: from

text: the

text: war

text: included

text: the

text: need

text: for

text: a

text: general

text: staff

text: system

text: the

text: scale

text: and

text: duration

text: of

text: future

text: wars

text: and

text: the

text: tactical

text: use

text: of

text: artillery

text: and

text: cavalry

text: The

text: bold

text: use

text: of

text: artillery

text: by

text: the

text: Prussians

text: to

text: silence

text: French

text: guns

text: at

text: long

text: range

text: and

text: then

text: to

text: directly

text: support

text: infantry

text: attacks

text: at

text: close

text: range

text: proved

text: to

text: be

text: superior

text: to

text: the

text: defensive

text: doctrine

text: employed

text: by

text: French

text: gunners

text: The

text: Prussian

text: tactics

text: were

text: adopted

text: by

text: European

text: armies

text: by

text: exemplified

text: in

text: the

text: French

text: an

text: artillery

text: piece

text: optimised

text: to

text: provide

text: direct

text: fire

text: support

text: to

text: advancing

text: infantry

text: Most

text: European

text: armies

text: ignored

text: the

text: evidence

text: of

text: the

text: Russo

text: Japanese

text: War

text: of

text: which

text: suggested

text: that

text: infantry

text: armed

text: with

text: new

text: smokeless

text: powder

text: rifles

text: could

text: engage

text: gun

text: crews

text: effectively

text: This

text: forced

text: gunners

text: to

text: fire

text: at

text: longer

text: range

text: using

text: indirect

text: fire

text: usually

text: from

text: a

text: position

text: of

text: cover

question: The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on what?

answer: military thinking

text: military thinking

question: Lessons garnered from the war included recognizing the need for what kind of system?

answer: general staff system

text: general staff system

question: Who adopted the Prussian artillery tactics in 1914?

answer: European armies

text: European armies

question: What was the French 75 optimised to directly support?

answer: advancing infantry

text: advancing infantry

question: Evidence from what war suggested the increased benefits of smokeless poweder rifles?

answer: Russo-Japanese War

text: Russo-Japanese War


text: Chapter VIII addresses the idea that species had special characteristics that prevented hybrids from being fertile in order to preserve separately created species. Darwin said that, far from being constant, the difficulty in producing hybrids of related species, and the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants. Sometimes what were widely considered to be separate species produced fertile hybrid offspring freely, and in other cases what were considered to be mere varieties of the same species could only be crossed with difficulty. Darwin concluded: "Finally, then, the facts briefly given in this chapter do not seem to me opposed to, but even rather to support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties."

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: Chapter

text: VIII

text: addresses

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: species

text: had

text: special

text: characteristics

text: that

text: prevented

text: hybrids

text: from

text: being

text: fertile

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: preserve

text: separately

text: created

text: species

text: Darwin

text: said

text: that

text: far

text: from

text: being

text: constant

text: the

text: difficulty

text: in

text: producing

text: hybrids

text: of

text: related

text: species

text: and

text: the

text: viability

text: and

text: fertility

text: of

text: the

text: hybrids

text: varied

text: greatly

text: especially

text: among

text: plants

text: Sometimes

text: what

text: were

text: widely

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: separate

text: species

text: produced

text: fertile

text: hybrid

text: offspring

text: freely

text: and

text: in

text: other

text: cases

text: what

text: were

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: mere

text: varieties

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: species

text: could

text: only

text: be

text: crossed

text: with

text: difficulty

text: Darwin

text: concluded

text: Finally

text: then

text: the

text: facts

text: briefly

text: given

text: in

text: this

text: chapter

text: do

text: not

text: seem

text: to

text: me

text: opposed

text: to

text: but

text: even

text: rather

text: to

text: support

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: fundamental

text: distinction

text: between

text: species

text: and

text: varieties

question: Why would hybrids have characteristics that keep them from being fertile?

answer: in order to preserve separately created species

text: in order to preserve separately created species

question: What are Darwin's thoughts on producing hybrids of related species?

answer: the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants

text: the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants

question: What conclusion did Darwin come to after realizing that some diverse species were able to create variations easily, while other species thought to be closely related had difficulty?

answer: support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties

text: support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties