text: According to John Everett-Heath, the author of Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names, Hyderabad means "Haydar's city" or "lion city", from haydar (lion) and ābād (city). It was named to honour the Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, who was also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battles. Andrew Petersen, a scholar of Islamic architecture, says the city was originally called Baghnagar (city of gardens). One popular theory suggests that Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the founder of the city, named it "Bhagyanagar" or "Bhāgnagar" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl with whom he had fallen in love. She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal. The city was renamed Hyderabad in her honour. According to another source, the city was named after Haidar, the son of Quli Qutb Shah.

title: Hyderabad

title: Hyderabad

text: According

text: to

text: John

text: Everett

text: Heath

text: the

text: author

text: of

text: Oxford

text: Concise

text: Dictionary

text: of

text: World

text: Place

text: Names

text: Hyderabad

text: means

text: Haydar

text: 's

text: city

text: or

text: lion

text: city

text: from

text: haydar

text: lion

text: and

text: ābād

text: city

text: It

text: was

text: named

text: to

text: honour

text: the

text: Caliph

text: Ali

text: Ibn

text: Abi

text: Talib

text: who

text: was

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Haydar

text: because

text: of

text: his

text: lion

text: like

text: valour

text: in

text: battles

text: Andrew

text: Petersen

text: a

text: scholar

text: of

text: Islamic

text: architecture

text: says

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: originally

text: called

text: Baghnagar

text: city

text: of

text: gardens

text: One

text: popular

text: theory

text: suggests

text: that

text: Muhammad

text: Quli

text: Qutb

text: Shah

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: named

text: it

text: Bhagyanagar

text: or

text: Bhāgnagar

text: after

text: Bhagmati

text: a

text: local

text: nautch

text: dancing

text: girl

text: with

text: whom

text: he

text: had

text: fallen

text: in

text: love

text: She

text: converted

text: to

text: Islam

text: and

text: adopted

text: the

text: title

text: Hyder

text: Mahal

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: renamed

text: Hyderabad

text: in

text: her

text: honour

text: According

text: to

text: another

text: source

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: named

text: after

text: Haidar

text: the

text: son

text: of

text: Quli

text: Qutb

text: Shah

question: What does the Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names say Hyderabad means?

answer: "Haydar's city" or "lion city"

text: "Haydar's city" or "lion city"

question: Hyderabad was named in honor of someone, who was it?

answer: Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib

text: Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib

question: What does Andrew Petersen say that Hyderabad was originally known as?

answer: Baghnagar (city of gardens).

text: Baghnagar (city of gardens).

question: Who founded what came to be known Hyderabad?

answer: Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah

text: Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah

question: What person is Hyderabad said to have been renamed for?

answer: "Bhagyanagar" or "Bhāgnagar" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl

text: "Bhagyanagar" or "Bhāgnagar" after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl


text: In 1985, Madonna commented that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" by Nancy Sinatra; she said it summed up her own "take-charge attitude". As a young woman, she attempted to broaden her taste in literature, art, and music, and during this time became interested in classical music. She noted that her favorite style was baroque, and loved Mozart and Chopin because she liked their "feminine quality". Madonna's major influences include Karen Carpenter, The Supremes and Led Zeppelin, as well as dancers Martha Graham and Rudolf Nureyev. She also grew up listening to David Bowie, whose show was the first rock concert she ever attended.

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: In

text: Madonna

text: commented

text: that

text: the

text: first

text: song

text: to

text: ever

text: make

text: a

text: strong

text: impression

text: on

text: her

text: was

text: These

text: Boots

text: Are

text: Made

text: for

text: Walkin

text: by

text: Nancy

text: Sinatra

text: she

text: said

text: it

text: summed

text: up

text: her

text: own

text: take

text: charge

text: attitude

text: As

text: a

text: young

text: woman

text: she

text: attempted

text: to

text: broaden

text: her

text: taste

text: in

text: literature

text: art

text: and

text: music

text: and

text: during

text: this

text: time

text: became

text: interested

text: in

text: classical

text: music

text: She

text: noted

text: that

text: her

text: favorite

text: style

text: was

text: baroque

text: and

text: loved

text: Mozart

text: and

text: Chopin

text: because

text: she

text: liked

text: their

text: feminine

text: quality

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: major

text: influences

text: include

text: Karen

text: Carpenter

text: The

text: Supremes

text: and

text: Led

text: Zeppelin

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: dancers

text: Martha

text: Graham

text: and

text: Rudolf

text: Nureyev

text: She

text: also

text: grew

text: up

text: listening

text: to

text: David

text: Bowie

text: whose

text: show

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: rock

text: concert

text: she

text: ever

text: attended

question: Which song made a strong impression on Madonna?

answer: These Boots Are Made for Walkin

text: These Boots Are Made for Walkin

question: Who sang the song these boots are made for walking?

answer: Nancy Sinatra;

text: Nancy Sinatra;

question: Whose favorite style is baroque?

answer: Madonna

text: Madonna

question: Who grew up listening to David Bowie?

answer: Madonna

text: Madonna

question: Name one of Madonna's major influence?

answer: Karen Carpenter

text: Karen Carpenter


text: It is often said that Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and administratively incompetent. Despite its grand ambitions toward the south, it had not built its railroad network in that direction, and communications were poor. The bureaucracy was riddled with graft, corruption and inefficiency and was unprepared for war. Its navy was weak and technologically backward; its army, although very large, was good only for parades, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, poor morale, and was out of touch with the latest technology developed by Britain and France. By the war's end, everyone realized the profound weaknesses of the Russian military, and the Russian leadership was determined to reform it.

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: It

text: is

text: often

text: said

text: that

text: Russia

text: was

text: militarily

text: weak

text: technologically

text: backward

text: and

text: administratively

text: incompetent

text: Despite

text: its

text: grand

text: ambitions

text: toward

text: the

text: south

text: it

text: had

text: not

text: built

text: its

text: railroad

text: network

text: in

text: that

text: direction

text: and

text: communications

text: were

text: poor

text: The

text: bureaucracy

text: was

text: riddled

text: with

text: graft

text: corruption

text: and

text: inefficiency

text: and

text: was

text: unprepared

text: for

text: war

text: Its

text: navy

text: was

text: weak

text: and

text: technologically

text: backward

text: its

text: army

text: although

text: very

text: large

text: was

text: good

text: only

text: for

text: parades

text: suffered

text: from

text: colonels

text: who

text: pocketed

text: their

text: men

text: 's

text: pay

text: poor

text: morale

text: and

text: was

text: out

text: of

text: touch

text: with

text: the

text: latest

text: technology

text: developed

text: by

text: Britain

text: and

text: France

text: By

text: the

text: war

text: 's

text: end

text: everyone

text: realized

text: the

text: profound

text: weaknesses

text: of

text: the

text: Russian

text: military

text: and

text: the

text: Russian

text: leadership

text: was

text: determined

text: to

text: reform

text: it

question: What did Russia fail to build south?

answer: railroad network

text: railroad network

question: What did some feel the Russian army was only good for?

answer: parades

text: parades

question: What did Russian colonels due to the men who served under them?

answer: pocketed their men's pay

text: pocketed their men's pay


text: A boy who is late for any division or other appointment may be required to sign "Tardy Book", a register kept in the School Office, between 7.35am and 7.45am, every morning for the duration of his sentence (typically three days). Tardy Book may also be issued for late work. For more serious misdeeds, a boy is summoned from his lessons to the Head Master, or Lower Master if the boy is in the lower two years, to talk personally about his misdeeds. This is known as the "Bill". The most serious misdeeds may result in expulsion, or rustication (suspension). Conversely, should a master be more than 15 minutes late for a class, traditionally the pupils might claim it as a "run" and absent themselves for the rest of its duration.

title: Eton_College

title: Eton_College

text: A

text: boy

text: who

text: is

text: late

text: for

text: any

text: division

text: or

text: other

text: appointment

text: may

text: be

text: required

text: to

text: sign

text: Tardy

text: Book

text: a

text: register

text: kept

text: in

text: the

text: School

text: Office

text: between

text: and

text: every

text: morning

text: for

text: the

text: duration

text: of

text: his

text: sentence

text: typically

text: three

text: days

text: Tardy

text: Book

text: may

text: also

text: be

text: issued

text: for

text: late

text: work

text: For

text: more

text: serious

text: misdeeds

text: a

text: boy

text: is

text: summoned

text: from

text: his

text: lessons

text: to

text: the

text: Head

text: Master

text: or

text: Lower

text: Master

text: if

text: the

text: boy

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: lower

text: two

text: years

text: to

text: talk

text: personally

text: about

text: his

text: misdeeds

text: This

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Bill

text: The

text: most

text: serious

text: misdeeds

text: may

text: result

text: in

text: expulsion

text: or

text: rustication

text: suspension

text: Conversely

text: should

text: a

text: master

text: be

text: more

text: than

text: minutes

text: late

text: for

text: a

text: class

text: traditionally

text: the

text: pupils

text: might

text: claim

text: it

text: as

text: a

text: run

text: and

text: absent

text: themselves

text: for

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: its

text: duration

question: What term is used if a master is more than 15 minutes late to a class?

answer: a "run"

text: a "run"

question: Where is the "Tardy Book" kept?

answer: School Office

text: School Office

question: How long is the typical punishment for being tardy?

answer: typically three days

text: typically three days

question: When a boy is summoned to the Head Master, what is the experience called?

answer: the "Bill"

text: the "Bill"

question: What is another term for rustication?

answer: suspension

text: suspension

question: What is the longest duration a student must sign the Tardy Book?

text: three days

question: What is the shortest duration a student would need to sign the Tardy Book?

text: three days

question: What must a student sign if the commit a serious misdeed?

text: Tardy Book

question: Who do students meet with if the commit the most serious misdeeds?

text: Head Master


text: The structure known as "Virgil's tomb" is found at the entrance of an ancient Roman tunnel (also known as "grotta vecchia") in Piedigrotta, a district two miles from the centre of Naples, near the Mergellina harbor, on the road heading north along the coast to Pozzuoli. While Virgil was already the object of literary admiration and veneration before his death, in the Middle Ages his name became associated with miraculous powers, and for a couple of centuries his tomb was the destination of pilgrimages and veneration.

title: Virgil

title: Virgil

text: The

text: structure

text: known

text: as

text: Virgil

text: 's

text: tomb

text: is

text: found

text: at

text: the

text: entrance

text: of

text: an

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: tunnel

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: grotta

text: vecchia

text: in

text: Piedigrotta

text: a

text: district

text: two

text: miles

text: from

text: the

text: centre

text: of

text: Naples

text: near

text: the

text: Mergellina

text: harbor

text: on

text: the

text: road

text: heading

text: north

text: along

text: the

text: coast

text: to

text: Pozzuoli

text: While

text: Virgil

text: was

text: already

text: the

text: object

text: of

text: literary

text: admiration

text: and

text: veneration

text: before

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: his

text: name

text: became

text: associated

text: with

text: miraculous

text: powers

text: and

text: for

text: a

text: couple

text: of

text: centuries

text: his

text: tomb

text: was

text: the

text: destination

text: of

text: pilgrimages

text: and

text: veneration

question: During which time period did Virgil's name become associated with miraclous powers?

answer: Middle Ages

text: Middle Ages

question: In which district is "Virgil's tomb" located?

answer: Piedigrotta

text: Piedigrotta

question: What is the entrance of the ancient Roman tunnel where "Virgil's tomb" is located also called?

answer: grotta vecchia

text: grotta vecchia

question: Where did Virgil die?

text: the Mergellina harbor

question: Where did pilgrims pass through on the way to Virgil's tomb?

text: Naples

question: Where did most of the pilgrims come from?

text: Pozzuoli

question: When were Virgil's books the most widely read?

text: the Middle Ages


text: Energy production in Greece is dominated by the Public Power Corporation (known mostly by its acronym ΔΕΗ, or in English DEI). In 2009 DEI supplied for 85.6% of all energy demand in Greece, while the number fell to 77.3% in 2010. Almost half (48%) of DEI's power output is generated using lignite, a drop from the 51.6% in 2009. Another 12% comes from Hydroelectric power plants and another 20% from natural gas. Between 2009 and 2010, independent companies' energy production increased by 56%, from 2,709 Gigawatt hour in 2009 to 4,232 GWh in 2010.

title: Economy_of_Greece

title: Economy_of_Greece

text: Energy

text: production

text: in

text: Greece

text: is

text: dominated

text: by

text: the

text: Public

text: Power

text: Corporation

text: known

text: mostly

text: by

text: its

text: acronym

text: ΔΕΗ

text: or

text: in

text: English

text: DEI

text: In

text: DEI

text: supplied

text: for

text: of

text: all

text: energy

text: demand

text: in

text: Greece

text: while

text: the

text: number

text: fell

text: to

text: in

text: Almost

text: half

text: of

text: DEI

text: 's

text: power

text: output

text: is

text: generated

text: using

text: lignite

text: a

text: drop

text: from

text: the

text: in

text: Another

text: comes

text: from

text: Hydroelectric

text: power

text: plants

text: and

text: another

text: from

text: natural

text: gas

text: Between

text: and

text: independent

text: companies

text: energy

text: production

text: increased

text: by

text: from

text: Gigawatt

text: hour

text: in

text: to

text: GWh

text: in

question: Who dominates energy production in Greece?

answer: Public Power Corporation

text: Public Power Corporation

question: How much of all of Greece's energy demand was supplied by DEI in 2009?

answer: 85.6%

question: What is almost half of DEI's power output generated by the use of?

answer: lignite

text: lignite

question: How much of DEI's energy output is from natural gas?

answer: 20%

question: What percentage did independent companies' energy production increase between 2009 and 2010?

answer: 56%

question: Who has no energy production in Greece?

text: Public Power Corporation

question: How much of all of Greece's energy demand was removed by DEI in 2005?

question: What is almost a quarter of DEI's power output generated by the use of?

text: lignite

question: How much of DEI's energy output is lost from natural gas?

question: What percentage did independent companies' energy production decrease between 2007 and 2010?


text: The FBI also spied upon and collected information on Puerto Rican independence leader Pedro Albizu Campos and his Nationalist political party in the 1930s. Abizu Campos was convicted three times in connection with deadly attacks on US government officials: in 1937 (Conspiracy to overthrow the government of the United States), in 1950 (attempted murder), and in 1954 (after an armed assault on the US House of Representatives while in session; although not present, Abizu Campos was considered the mastermind). The FBI operation was covert and did not become known until U.S. Congressman Luis Gutierrez had it made public via the Freedom of Information Act in the 1980s.

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation

text: The

text: FBI

text: also

text: spied

text: upon

text: and

text: collected

text: information

text: on

text: Puerto

text: Rican

text: independence

text: leader

text: Pedro

text: Albizu

text: Campos

text: and

text: his

text: Nationalist

text: political

text: party

text: in

text: the

text: Abizu

text: Campos

text: was

text: convicted

text: three

text: times

text: in

text: connection

text: with

text: deadly

text: attacks

text: on

text: US

text: government

text: officials

text: in

text: Conspiracy

text: to

text: overthrow

text: the

text: government

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: attempted

text: murder

text: and

text: in

text: after

text: an

text: armed

text: assault

text: on

text: the

text: US

text: House

text: of

text: Representatives

text: while

text: in

text: session

text: although

text: not

text: present

text: Abizu

text: Campos

text: was

text: considered

text: the

text: mastermind

text: The

text: FBI

text: operation

text: was

text: covert

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: become

text: known

text: until

text: U.S.

text: Congressman

text: Luis

text: Gutierrez

text: had

text: it

text: made

text: public

text: via

text: the

text: Freedom

text: of

text: Information

text: Act

text: in

text: the

question: What Puerto Rican leader did the FBI spy on?

answer: Pedro Albizu Campos

text: Pedro Albizu Campos

question: What party was Pedro Albizu Campos part of?

answer: Nationalist

text: Nationalist

question: How many times was Pedro Albizu Campos convicted of attacks on US officials?

answer: three

text: three

question: Who released the Campos operation to the public?

answer: Luis Gutierrez

text: Luis Gutierrez

question: When was the Abizu Campos operation made public?

answer: 1980s

question: What independence leader did the CIA spy on?

text: Pedro Albizu Campos

question: What spied on the Cuban independence leader?

text: FBI

question: What U.S. congressman covered up the FBI operation?

text: Luis Gutierrez

question: What act made the Abizu Campos operation secret?

text: Freedom of Information Act

question: When did Luis Gutierrez cover up the Abizu Campos operation?


text: Indian political philosophy evolved in ancient times and demarcated a clear distinction between (1) nation and state (2) religion and state. The constitutions of Hindu states evolved over time and were based on political and legal treatises and prevalent social institutions. The institutions of state were broadly divided into governance, administration, defense, law and order. Mantranga, the principal governing body of these states, consisted of the King, Prime Minister, Commander in chief of army, Chief Priest of the King. The Prime Minister headed the committee of ministers along with head of executive (Maha Amatya).

title: Political_philosophy

title: Political_philosophy

text: Indian

text: political

text: philosophy

text: evolved

text: in

text: ancient

text: times

text: and

text: demarcated

text: a

text: clear

text: distinction

text: between

text: nation

text: and

text: state

text: religion

text: and

text: state

text: The

text: constitutions

text: of

text: Hindu

text: states

text: evolved

text: over

text: time

text: and

text: were

text: based

text: on

text: political

text: and

text: legal

text: treatises

text: and

text: prevalent

text: social

text: institutions

text: The

text: institutions

text: of

text: state

text: were

text: broadly

text: divided

text: into

text: governance

text: administration

text: defense

text: law

text: and

text: order

text: Mantranga

text: the

text: principal

text: governing

text: body

text: of

text: these

text: states

text: consisted

text: of

text: the

text: King

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Commander

text: in

text: chief

text: of

text: army

text: Chief

text: Priest

text: of

text: the

text: King

text: The

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: headed

text: the

text: committee

text: of

text: ministers

text: along

text: with

text: head

text: of

text: executive

text: Maha

text: Amatya

question: What demarcates a clear distinction between nation and state, as well as religion and state?

answer: Indian political philosophy

text: Indian political philosophy

question: What was divided into governance, administration, defense, law and  order?

answer: The institutions of state

text: The institutions of state

question: What was the governing body of the Hindu states?

answer: Mantranga

text: Mantranga

question: What political philosophy does not make a clear distinction between nation and state or religion state

text: Indian political philosophy

question: What evolved over time and is based on legal treaties and obscure social institutions?

text: Hindu states

question: Who state institutions were divided into narrow well-defined entities?

text: Hindu states

question: What governing body of the states listed of the Prime Minister and civil servants?

text: Mantranga

question: What did political and legal treatisies consist of in Indian government?

question: What were the constitutions of Maha states based on?

question: How was the committee of ministers divided?

question: What prevalant social institution made a clear line between nation and religion?

text: Indian political philosophy

question: What was the governing body of the head of executive?

text: Mantranga


text: During George's reign the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated. The parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the country's constitution on the day of his accession. From 1939, the Empire and Commonwealth, except Ireland, was at war with Nazi Germany. War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively. Though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained as king of both countries, but the title Emperor of India was abandoned in June 1948. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949, and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year. George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by health problems in the later years of his reign. His elder daughter, Elizabeth, succeeded him.

title: George_VI

title: George_VI

text: During

text: George

text: 's

text: reign

text: the

text: break

text: up

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: and

text: its

text: transition

text: into

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Nations

text: accelerated

text: The

text: parliament

text: of

text: the

text: Irish

text: Free

text: State

text: removed

text: direct

text: mention

text: of

text: the

text: monarch

text: from

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: constitution

text: on

text: the

text: day

text: of

text: his

text: accession

text: From

text: the

text: Empire

text: and

text: Commonwealth

text: except

text: Ireland

text: was

text: at

text: war

text: with

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: War

text: with

text: Italy

text: and

text: Japan

text: followed

text: in

text: and

text: respectively

text: Though

text: Britain

text: and

text: its

text: allies

text: were

text: ultimately

text: victorious

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: the

text: Soviet

text: Union

text: rose

text: as

text: pre

text: eminent

text: world

text: powers

text: and

text: the

text: British

text: Empire

text: declined

text: After

text: the

text: independence

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: Pakistan

text: in

text: George

text: remained

text: as

text: king

text: of

text: both

text: countries

text: but

text: the

text: title

text: Emperor

text: of

text: India

text: was

text: abandoned

text: in

text: June

text: Ireland

text: formally

text: declared

text: itself

text: a

text: republic

text: and

text: left

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: in

text: and

text: India

text: became

text: a

text: republic

text: within

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: the

text: following

text: year

text: George

text: adopted

text: the

text: new

text: title

text: of

text: Head

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: He

text: was

text: beset

text: by

text: health

text: problems

text: in

text: the

text: later

text: years

text: of

text: his

text: reign

text: His

text: elder

text: daughter

text: Elizabeth

text: succeeded

text: him

question: What year was Britain and allies victorious in the war?

answer: 1945

question: When did India and Pakistan gain independence?

answer: 1947

question: What title did George have in India prior to 1948?

answer: Emperor of India

text: Emperor of India

question: What did Ireland declare itself in 1950?

answer: republic

text: republic

question: In what year was the Commonwealth of Nations established?

question: In what year did George's reign begin?

question: In what year did Elizabeth succeed King George?

question: Who was one of Britain's allies during the war?

text: Soviet Union

question: What was India before becoming a republic?

text: Empire


text: Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows. These are virtually contemporary with the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris.

title: Westminster_Abbey

title: Westminster_Abbey

text: Inner

text: and

text: outer

text: vestibules

text: lead

text: to

text: the

text: octagonal

text: chapter

text: house

text: which

text: is

text: of

text: exceptional

text: architectural

text: purity

text: It

text: is

text: built

text: in

text: a

text: Geometrical

text: Gothic

text: style

text: with

text: an

text: octagonal

text: crypt

text: below

text: A

text: pier

text: of

text: eight

text: shafts

text: carries

text: the

text: vaulted

text: ceiling

text: To

text: the

text: sides

text: are

text: blind

text: arcading

text: remains

text: of

text: century

text: paintings

text: and

text: numerous

text: stone

text: benches

text: above

text: which

text: are

text: innovatory

text: large

text: quatre

text: foiled

text: windows

text: These

text: are

text: virtually

text: contemporary

text: with

text: the

text: Sainte

text: Chapelle

text: Paris

question: What style is the octagonal chapter house?

answer: Geometrical Gothic style

text: Geometrical Gothic style

question: There is an octagonal what below the chapter house?

answer: crypt

text: crypt

question: What kind of ceiling is in the chapter house?

answer: vaulted

text: vaulted

question: What kind of windows are in the chapter house?

answer: 4-light quatre-foiled windows

text: 4-light quatre-foiled windows

question: The architecture of the chapter house is contemporary with what?

answer: the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris

text: the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris

question: What style is the octagonal chapel house?

text: Geometrical Gothic style

question: There is an octagonal what above the chapter house?

text: crypt

question: What kind of ceiling isn't in the chapter house?

text: vaulted

question: What kind of windows aren't in the chapter house?

text: 4-light quatre-foiled windows

question: The architecture of the chapel house is contemporary with what?

text: the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris


text: In April, during the Revolution of 1848 in Paris, he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. This tour was suggested to him by his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister. Stirling also made all the logistical arrangements and provided much of the necessary funding.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: In

text: April

text: during

text: the

text: Revolution

text: of

text: in

text: Paris

text: he

text: left

text: for

text: London

text: where

text: he

text: performed

text: at

text: several

text: concerts

text: and

text: at

text: numerous

text: receptions

text: in

text: great

text: houses

text: This

text: tour

text: was

text: suggested

text: to

text: him

text: by

text: his

text: Scottish

text: pupil

text: Jane

text: Stirling

text: and

text: her

text: elder

text: sister

text: Stirling

text: also

text: made

text: all

text: the

text: logistical

text: arrangements

text: and

text: provided

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: necessary

text: funding

question: Where did Chopin head to during the Revolution of 1848?

answer: London

text: London

question: Who provided the majority of funds for his concert tour in London?

answer: Jane Stirling

text: Jane Stirling

question: Where did Chopin go in the spring of 1848?

answer: London

text: London

question: What two people suggested the 1848 tour?

answer: Jane Stirling and her elder sister

text: Jane Stirling and her elder sister

question: Who paid for most of the 1848 music tour of Chopin?

answer: Jane Stirling

text: Jane Stirling

question: What was happening in April 1848 in Paris?

answer: Revolution

text: Revolution

question: What was Jane Stirling's national heritage?

answer: Scottish

text: Scottish


text: Weather and climate in the coastal area are dominated by the cold, north-flowing Benguela current of the Atlantic Ocean which accounts for very low precipitation (50 mm per year or less), frequent dense fog, and overall lower temperatures than in the rest of the country. In Winter, occasionally a condition known as Bergwind (German: Mountain breeze) or Oosweer (Afrikaans: East weather) occurs, a hot dry wind blowing from the inland to the coast. As the area behind the coast is a desert, these winds can develop into sand storms with sand deposits in the Atlantic Ocean visible on satellite images.

title: Namibia

title: Namibia

text: Weather

text: and

text: climate

text: in

text: the

text: coastal

text: area

text: are

text: dominated

text: by

text: the

text: cold

text: north

text: flowing

text: Benguela

text: current

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: which

text: accounts

text: for

text: very

text: low

text: precipitation

text: mm

text: per

text: year

text: or

text: less

text: frequent

text: dense

text: fog

text: and

text: overall

text: lower

text: temperatures

text: than

text: in

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: In

text: Winter

text: occasionally

text: a

text: condition

text: known

text: as

text: Bergwind

text: German

text: Mountain

text: breeze

text: or

text: Oosweer

text: Afrikaans

text: East

text: weather

text: occurs

text: a

text: hot

text: dry

text: wind

text: blowing

text: from

text: the

text: inland

text: to

text: the

text: coast

text: As

text: the

text: area

text: behind

text: the

text: coast

text: is

text: a

text: desert

text: these

text: winds

text: can

text: develop

text: into

text: sand

text: storms

text: with

text: sand

text: deposits

text: in

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: visible

text: on

text: satellite

text: images

question: What current dominates the coastal area of Namibia?

answer: Benguela

text: Benguela

question: What direction does the current in the coastal area flow?

answer: north

text: north

question: Which ocean is on the coastal area of Namibia?

answer: Atlantic

text: Atlantic

question: What is the condition that happens in winter in Namibia?

answer: Bergwind

text: Bergwind

question: What do hot dry winds blowing inland to the coast create?

answer: sand storms

text: sand storms

question: What lies to the east of Namibia?

text: Atlantic Ocean

question: What is the wind direction outside of the coastal area?

text: north

question: What is the temperature of the wind outside the coastal area?

text: cold

question: What is the German expression for Oosweer?

text: East weather

question: What is the Afrikaans expression for Bergwind?

text: Mountain breeze


text: Qin armies finished their conquest of the kingdoms of Shu and Ba by 316 BC. Any written records and civil achievements of earlier kingdoms were destroyed. Qin administrators introduced improved agricultural technology. Li Bing, engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River, a major tributary of the Yangtze. This innovative hydraulic system was composed of movable weirs which could be adjusted for high or low water flow according to the season, to either provide irrigation or prevent floods. The increased agricultural output and taxes made the area a source of provisions and men for Qin's unification of China.

title: Sichuan

title: Sichuan

text: Qin

text: armies

text: finished

text: their

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: kingdoms

text: of

text: Shu

text: and

text: Ba

text: by

text: BC

text: Any

text: written

text: records

text: and

text: civil

text: achievements

text: of

text: earlier

text: kingdoms

text: were

text: destroyed

text: Qin

text: administrators

text: introduced

text: improved

text: agricultural

text: technology

text: Li

text: Bing

text: engineered

text: the

text: Dujiangyan

text: irrigation

text: system

text: to

text: control

text: the

text: Min

text: River

text: a

text: major

text: tributary

text: of

text: the

text: Yangtze

text: This

text: innovative

text: hydraulic

text: system

text: was

text: composed

text: of

text: movable

text: weirs

text: which

text: could

text: be

text: adjusted

text: for

text: high

text: or

text: low

text: water

text: flow

text: according

text: to

text: the

text: season

text: to

text: either

text: provide

text: irrigation

text: or

text: prevent

text: floods

text: The

text: increased

text: agricultural

text: output

text: and

text: taxes

text: made

text: the

text: area

text: a

text: source

text: of

text: provisions

text: and

text: men

text: for

text: Qin

text: 's

text: unification

text: of

text: China

question: By what year did the Qin armies finish their conquest of Shu and Ba?

answer: 316 BC

text: 316 BC

question: What did Qin administrators introduce to Shu and Ba?

answer: improved agricultural technology.

text: improved agricultural technology.

question: Who engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River?

answer: Li Bing

text: Li Bing

question: The Min River is a major tributary of what river?

answer: Yangtze

text: Yangtze

question: The Dujiangyan irrigation system was used for what purpose?

answer: to either provide irrigation or prevent floods.

text: to either provide irrigation or prevent floods.

question: Who began their conquest of Shu and Ba in 316 BC?

text: Qin armies

question: What was preserved during the Qin conquest?

question: Who tried to control the Yangtze river?

text: Li Bing

question: What was built to control the Yangtze river?

text: Dujiangyan irrigation system

question: The Yantze is a major tributary of what river?

text: Min

question: By what year did the Quin armies finish their conquest of Yangtze?

text: 316 BC

question: What did Qin administrators introduce to Yangtze?

text: improved agricultural technology

question: Who engineered the Dujangyan irrigation sytem to control China?

text: Li Bing

question: The Qin River is a major tributary of what river?

text: Yangtze

question: The Min irrigation system was used for what purpose?

text: provide irrigation or prevent floods


text: A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals. As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to the Queen to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, stating that she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the governor-general. The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism.

title: Elizabeth_II

title: Elizabeth_II

text: A

text: year

text: later

text: at

text: the

text: height

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: constitutional

text: crisis

text: the

text: Australian

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Gough

text: Whitlam

text: was

text: dismissed

text: from

text: his

text: post

text: by

text: Governor

text: General

text: Sir

text: John

text: Kerr

text: after

text: the

text: Opposition

text: controlled

text: Senate

text: rejected

text: Whitlam

text: 's

text: budget

text: proposals

text: As

text: Whitlam

text: had

text: a

text: majority

text: in

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Representatives

text: Speaker

text: Gordon

text: Scholes

text: appealed

text: to

text: the

text: Queen

text: to

text: reverse

text: Kerr

text: 's

text: decision

text: She

text: declined

text: stating

text: that

text: she

text: would

text: not

text: interfere

text: in

text: decisions

text: reserved

text: by

text: the

text: Constitution

text: of

text: Australia

text: for

text: the

text: governor

text: general

text: The

text: crisis

text: fuelled

text: Australian

text: republicanism

question: During the Australian constitutional crisis, what Prime Minister was dismissed?

answer: Gough Whitlam

text: Gough Whitlam

question: Who dismissed Whilam from the post of Australian Prime Minister?

answer: Governor-General Sir John Kerr

text: Governor-General Sir John Kerr

question: What did Whitlam have in the House of Representatives?

answer: a majority

text: a majority

question: Who appealed to Elizabeth to reverse the dismissal of Whitlam?

answer: Speaker Gordon Scholes

text: Speaker Gordon Scholes

question: What did Elizabeth decline to do in response to the appeal by Scholes?

answer: interfere

text: interfere

question: In what year did Gough Whitlam become prime minister of Australia?

question: In what year did Sir John Kerr become governor-general of Australia?

question: In what year did Gordon Scholes become Speaker of the House of Representatives in Australia?

question: Who wanted Queen Elizabeth to approve of Sir John Kerr's decision to dismiss Gough Whitlam?

text: Gordon Scholes


text: The establishment of the Swiss Confederation is traditionally dated to 1 August 1291, which is celebrated annually as the Swiss National Day. The country has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. Nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to numerous international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, but notably it is not part of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area. However the country does participate in the Schengen Area and the EU's single market through a number of bilateral treaties.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: The

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Confederation

text: is

text: traditionally

text: dated

text: to

text: August

text: which

text: is

text: celebrated

text: annually

text: as

text: the

text: Swiss

text: National

text: Day

text: The

text: country

text: has

text: a

text: long

text: history

text: of

text: armed

text: neutrality

text: it

text: has

text: not

text: been

text: in

text: a

text: state

text: of

text: war

text: internationally

text: since

text: did

text: not

text: join

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: until

text: Nevertheless

text: it

text: pursues

text: an

text: active

text: foreign

text: policy

text: and

text: is

text: frequently

text: involved

text: in

text: peace

text: building

text: processes

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: being

text: the

text: birthplace

text: of

text: the

text: Red

text: Cross

text: Switzerland

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: numerous

text: international

text: organizations

text: including

text: the

text: second

text: largest

text: UN

text: office

text: On

text: the

text: European

text: level

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: founding

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Free

text: Trade

text: Association

text: but

text: notably

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: European

text: Union

text: nor

text: the

text: European

text: Economic

text: Area

text: However

text: the

text: country

text: does

text: participate

text: in

text: the

text: Schengen

text: Area

text: and

text: the

text: EU

text: 's

text: single

text: market

text: through

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: bilateral

text: treaties

question: What is the traditional date of the establishment of the Swiss Confederation?

answer: 1 August 1291

text: 1 August 1291

question: What year did Switzerland join the United Nations?

answer: 2002

question: What country is the birthplace of the Red Cross?

answer: Switzerland

text: Switzerland

question: In what year was Switzerland last involved in a war internationally?

answer: 1815

question: What Swiss holiday is celebrated on August 1st every year?

answer: Swiss National Day

text: Swiss National Day


text: Somalis (Somali: Soomaali, Arabic: صومال) are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa (Somali Peninsula). The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family. They are predominantly Sunni Muslim. Ethnic Somalis number around 16-20 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia (around 12.3 million), Ethiopia (4.6 million), Kenya (2.4 million), and Djibouti (464,600), with many also residing in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: Somalis

text: Somali

text: Soomaali

text: Arabic

text: صومال

text: are

text: an

text: ethnic

text: group

text: inhabiting

text: the

text: Horn

text: of

text: Africa

text: Somali

text: Peninsula

text: The

text: overwhelming

text: majority

text: of

text: Somalis

text: speak

text: the

text: Somali

text: language

text: which

text: is

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Cushitic

text: branch

text: of

text: the

text: Afro

text: Asiatic

text: family

text: They

text: are

text: predominantly

text: Sunni

text: Muslim

text: Ethnic

text: Somalis

text: number

text: around

text: million

text: and

text: are

text: principally

text: concentrated

text: in

text: Somalia

text: around

text: million

text: Ethiopia

text: million

text: Kenya

text: million

text: and

text: Djibouti

text: with

text: many

text: also

text: residing

text: in

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: Europe

question: What language family is Somali a part of?

answer: Afro-Asiatic

text: Afro-Asiatic

question: What part of the Afro-Asiatic language family is Somali a part of?

answer: Cushitic

text: Cushitic

question: What is the majority religion of Somalis?

answer: Sunni Muslim

text: Sunni Muslim

question: How many people of Somali ethnicity live in Somalia?

answer: 12.3 million

text: 12.3 million

question: What country has the second largest Somali population?

answer: Ethiopia

text: Ethiopia


text: In general, Tucson and Pima County support the Democratic Party, as opposed the state's largest metropolitan area, Phoenix, which usually supports the Republican Party. Congressional redistricting in 2013, following the publication of the 2010 Census, divided the Tucson area into three Federal Congressional districts (the first, second and third of Arizona). The city center is in the 3rd District, represented by Raul Grijalva, a Democrat, since 2003, while the more affluent residential areas to the south and east are in the 2nd District, represented by Republican Martha McSally since 2015, and the exurbs north and west between Tucson and Phoenix in the 3rd District are represented by Democrat Ann Kirkpatrick since 2008. The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Tucson. The Tucson Main Post Office is located at 1501 South Cherrybell Stravenue.

title: Tucson,_Arizona

title: Tucson,_Arizona

text: In

text: general

text: Tucson

text: and

text: Pima

text: County

text: support

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Party

text: as

text: opposed

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: largest

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: Phoenix

text: which

text: usually

text: supports

text: the

text: Republican

text: Party

text: Congressional

text: redistricting

text: in

text: following

text: the

text: publication

text: of

text: the

text: Census

text: divided

text: the

text: Tucson

text: area

text: into

text: three

text: Federal

text: Congressional

text: districts

text: the

text: first

text: second

text: and

text: third

text: of

text: Arizona

text: The

text: city

text: center

text: is

text: in

text: the

text: District

text: represented

text: by

text: Raul

text: Grijalva

text: a

text: Democrat

text: since

text: while

text: the

text: more

text: affluent

text: residential

text: areas

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: east

text: are

text: in

text: the

text: District

text: represented

text: by

text: Republican

text: Martha

text: McSally

text: since

text: and

text: the

text: exurbs

text: north

text: and

text: west

text: between

text: Tucson

text: and

text: Phoenix

text: in

text: the

text: District

text: are

text: represented

text: by

text: Democrat

text: Ann

text: Kirkpatrick

text: since

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Postal

text: Service

text: operates

text: post

text: offices

text: in

text: Tucson

text: The

text: Tucson

text: Main

text: Post

text: Office

text: is

text: located

text: at

text: South

text: Cherrybell

text: Stravenue

question: Which political party does Tucson usually support?

answer: Democratic

text: Democratic

question: Which political party does Phoenix usually support?

answer: Republican

text: Republican

question: How many Federal Congressional districts was Tucson split into in 2013?

answer: three

text: three

question: Who represents Tucson's city center in Congress?

answer: Raul Grijalva

text: Raul Grijalva

question: Who represent's Tucson's wealthy areas in Congress?

answer: Martha McSally

text: Martha McSally


text: Paris and its close suburbs is home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including Le Monde, Le Figaro, Libération, Le Nouvel Observateur, Le Canard enchaîné, La Croix, Pariscope, Le Parisien (in Saint-Ouen), Les Échos, Paris Match (Neuilly-sur-Seine), Réseaux & Télécoms, Reuters France, and L'Officiel des Spectacles. France's two most prestigious newspapers, Le Monde and Le Figaro, are the centrepieces of the Parisian publishing industry. Agence France-Presse is France's oldest, and one of the world's oldest, continually operating news agencies. AFP, as it is colloquially abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since 1835. France 24 is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris. Another news agency is France Diplomatie, owned and operated by the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, and pertains solely to diplomatic news and occurrences.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: Paris

text: and

text: its

text: close

text: suburbs

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: numerous

text: newspapers

text: magazines

text: and

text: publications

text: including

text: Le

text: Monde

text: Le

text: Figaro

text: Libération

text: Le

text: Nouvel

text: Observateur

text: Le

text: Canard

text: enchaîné

text: La

text: Croix

text: Pariscope

text: Le

text: Parisien

text: in

text: Saint

text: Ouen

text: Les

text: Échos

text: Paris

text: Match

text: Neuilly

text: sur

text: Seine

text: Réseaux

text: Télécoms

text: Reuters

text: France

text: and

text: L'Officiel

text: des

text: Spectacles

text: France

text: 's

text: two

text: most

text: prestigious

text: newspapers

text: Le

text: Monde

text: and

text: Le

text: Figaro

text: are

text: the

text: centrepieces

text: of

text: the

text: Parisian

text: publishing

text: industry

text: Agence

text: France

text: Presse

text: is

text: France

text: 's

text: oldest

text: and

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: oldest

text: continually

text: operating

text: news

text: agencies

text: AFP

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: colloquially

text: abbreviated

text: maintains

text: its

text: headquarters

text: in

text: Paris

text: as

text: it

text: has

text: since

text: France

text: is

text: a

text: television

text: news

text: channel

text: owned

text: and

text: operated

text: by

text: the

text: French

text: government

text: and

text: is

text: based

text: in

text: Paris

text: Another

text: news

text: agency

text: is

text: France

text: Diplomatie

text: owned

text: and

text: operated

text: by

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Foreign

text: and

text: European

text: Affairs

text: and

text: pertains

text: solely

text: to

text: diplomatic

text: news

text: and

text: occurrences

question: What are France's two most prestigious newspapers?

answer: Le Monde and Le Figaro

text: Le Monde and Le Figaro

question: What is France's oldest operating news agency?

answer: Agence

text: Agence

question: When did Agence open in Paris?

answer: 1835

question: What television station is operated by the French government?

answer: France 24

text: France 24


text: The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of signal uses). Until 1968, visible and infrared LEDs were extremely costly, in the order of US$200 per unit, and so had little practical use. The Monsanto Company was the first organization to mass-produce visible LEDs, using gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) in 1968 to produce red LEDs suitable for indicators. Hewlett Packard (HP) introduced LEDs in 1968, initially using GaAsP supplied by Monsanto. These red LEDs were bright enough only for use as indicators, as the light output was not enough to illuminate an area. Readouts in calculators were so small that plastic lenses were built over each digit to make them legible. Later, other colors became widely available and appeared in appliances and equipment. In the 1970s commercially successful LED devices at less than five cents each were produced by Fairchild Optoelectronics. These devices employed compound semiconductor chips fabricated with the planar process invented by Dr. Jean Hoerni at Fairchild Semiconductor. The combination of planar processing for chip fabrication and innovative packaging methods enabled the team at Fairchild led by optoelectronics pioneer Thomas Brandt to achieve the needed cost reductions. These methods continue to be used by LED producers.

title: Light-emitting_diode

title: Light

title: emitting_diode

text: The

text: first

text: commercial

text: LEDs

text: were

text: commonly

text: used

text: as

text: replacements

text: for

text: incandescent

text: and

text: neon

text: indicator

text: lamps

text: and

text: in

text: seven

text: segment

text: displays

text: first

text: in

text: expensive

text: equipment

text: such

text: as

text: laboratory

text: and

text: electronics

text: test

text: equipment

text: then

text: later

text: in

text: such

text: appliances

text: as

text: TVs

text: radios

text: telephones

text: calculators

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: watches

text: see

text: list

text: of

text: signal

text: uses

text: Until

text: visible

text: and

text: infrared

text: LEDs

text: were

text: extremely

text: costly

text: in

text: the

text: order

text: of

text: US$

text: per

text: unit

text: and

text: so

text: had

text: little

text: practical

text: use

text: The

text: Monsanto

text: Company

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: organization

text: to

text: mass

text: produce

text: visible

text: LEDs

text: using

text: gallium

text: arsenide

text: phosphide

text: GaAsP

text: in

text: to

text: produce

text: red

text: LEDs

text: suitable

text: for

text: indicators

text: Hewlett

text: Packard

text: HP

text: introduced

text: LEDs

text: in

text: initially

text: using

text: GaAsP

text: supplied

text: by

text: Monsanto

text: These

text: red

text: LEDs

text: were

text: bright

text: enough

text: only

text: for

text: use

text: as

text: indicators

text: as

text: the

text: light

text: output

text: was

text: not

text: enough

text: to

text: illuminate

text: an

text: area

text: Readouts

text: in

text: calculators

text: were

text: so

text: small

text: that

text: plastic

text: lenses

text: were

text: built

text: over

text: each

text: digit

text: to

text: make

text: them

text: legible

text: Later

text: other

text: colors

text: became

text: widely

text: available

text: and

text: appeared

text: in

text: appliances

text: and

text: equipment

text: In

text: the

text: commercially

text: successful

text: LED

text: devices

text: at

text: less

text: than

text: five

text: cents

text: each

text: were

text: produced

text: by

text: Fairchild

text: Optoelectronics

text: These

text: devices

text: employed

text: compound

text: semiconductor

text: chips

text: fabricated

text: with

text: the

text: planar

text: process

text: invented

text: by

text: Dr.

text: Jean

text: Hoerni

text: at

text: Fairchild

text: Semiconductor

text: The

text: combination

text: of

text: planar

text: processing

text: for

text: chip

text: fabrication

text: and

text: innovative

text: packaging

text: methods

text: enabled

text: the

text: team

text: at

text: Fairchild

text: led

text: by

text: optoelectronics

text: pioneer

text: Thomas

text: Brandt

text: to

text: achieve

text: the

text: needed

text: cost

text: reductions

text: These

text: methods

text: continue

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: by

text: LED

text: producers

question: What was the first commercial uses of LEDs?

answer: replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps

text: replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps

question: How much did the early LEDs cost?

answer: US$200 per unit

text: US$200 per unit

question: What was one use of early LED light in products?

answer: calculators

text: calculators

question: What modern company introduced LEDs in 1968?

answer: Hewlett Packard (HP)

text: Hewlett Packard (HP)

question: In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for LEDs to enable successful commercial uses?

answer: 1970s

question: What was the first commercial uses of non-LEDs?

question: How much did the early non-LEDs cost?

text: $200 per unit

question: What was one use of early non-LED light in products?

text: calculators

question: What modern company introduced non-LEDs in 1968?

text: Hewlett Packard

question: In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for non-LEDs to enable successful commercial uses?


text: Sleep involves great changes in brain activity. Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep, but this is now known to be far from true; activity continues, but patterns become very different. There are two types of sleep: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM (non-REM, usually without dreaming) sleep, which repeat in slightly varying patterns throughout a sleep episode. Three broad types of distinct brain activity patterns can be measured: REM, light NREM and deep NREM. During deep NREM sleep, also called slow wave sleep, activity in the cortex takes the form of large synchronized waves, whereas in the waking state it is noisy and desynchronized. Levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin drop during slow wave sleep, and fall almost to zero during REM sleep; levels of acetylcholine show the reverse pattern.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: Sleep

text: involves

text: great

text: changes

text: in

text: brain

text: activity

text: Until

text: the

text: it

text: was

text: generally

text: believed

text: that

text: the

text: brain

text: essentially

text: shuts

text: off

text: during

text: sleep

text: but

text: this

text: is

text: now

text: known

text: to

text: be

text: far

text: from

text: true

text: activity

text: continues

text: but

text: patterns

text: become

text: very

text: different

text: There

text: are

text: two

text: types

text: of

text: sleep

text: REM

text: sleep

text: with

text: dreaming

text: and

text: NREM

text: non

text: REM

text: usually

text: without

text: dreaming

text: sleep

text: which

text: repeat

text: in

text: slightly

text: varying

text: patterns

text: throughout

text: a

text: sleep

text: episode

text: Three

text: broad

text: types

text: of

text: distinct

text: brain

text: activity

text: patterns

text: can

text: be

text: measured

text: REM

text: light

text: NREM

text: and

text: deep

text: NREM

text: During

text: deep

text: NREM

text: sleep

text: also

text: called

text: slow

text: wave

text: sleep

text: activity

text: in

text: the

text: cortex

text: takes

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: large

text: synchronized

text: waves

text: whereas

text: in

text: the

text: waking

text: state

text: it

text: is

text: noisy

text: and

text: desynchronized

text: Levels

text: of

text: the

text: neurotransmitters

text: norepinephrine

text: and

text: serotonin

text: drop

text: during

text: slow

text: wave

text: sleep

text: and

text: fall

text: almost

text: to

text: zero

text: during

text: REM

text: sleep

text: levels

text: of

text: acetylcholine

text: show

text: the

text: reverse

text: pattern

question: There are two types of sleep called what?

answer: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM

text: REM sleep (with dreaming) and NREM

question: What type of sleep involves dreaming?

answer: REM sleep

text: REM sleep

question: The three types of brain activity that can be measured are what?

answer: REM, light NREM and deep NREM

text: REM, light NREM and deep NREM

question: Slow wave sleep is also known as what?

answer: deep NREM sleep

text: deep NREM sleep

question: During what stage of sleep do serotonin and norepinephrine levels drop?

answer: slow wave sleep

text: slow wave sleep


text: In America, nonprofit organizations like Friends of UNFPA (formerly Americans for UNFPA) worked to compensate for the loss of United States federal funding by raising private donations.

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

title: United_Nations_Population_Fund

text: In

text: America

text: nonprofit

text: organizations

text: like

text: Friends

text: of

text: UNFPA

text: formerly

text: Americans

text: for

text: UNFPA

text: worked

text: to

text: compensate

text: for

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: United

text: States

text: federal

text: funding

text: by

text: raising

text: private

text: donations

question: What is one country in which nonprofit organizations try to make up for the loss of United States funding for the UNFPA?

answer: America

text: America

question: What kind of organization is Friends of UNFPA?

answer: nonprofit

text: nonprofit

question: What was Friends of UNFPA's previous name?

answer: Americans for UNFPA

text: Americans for UNFPA

question: What type of United States funding does Friends of UNFPA try to replace?

answer: federal funding

text: federal funding

question: Through what sort of donations does Friends of UNFPA raise money?

answer: private donations

text: private donations

question: What is one country in which nonprofit organizations try to increase the loss of funding for the UNFPA?

text: America

question: What kind of organization is not friends of UNFPA?

text: nonprofit

question: What organization is mainly funded through public donations?

text: UNFPA

question: What country has never been involved with UNFPA?

text: America


text: Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles, in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends. The Introduction establishes Darwin's credentials as a naturalist and author, then refers to John Herschel's letter suggesting that the origin of species "would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process":

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

title: On_the_Origin_of_Species

text: Page

text: ii

text: contains

text: quotations

text: by

text: William

text: Whewell

text: and

text: Francis

text: Bacon

text: on

text: the

text: theology

text: of

text: natural

text: laws

text: harmonising

text: science

text: and

text: religion

text: in

text: accordance

text: with

text: Isaac

text: Newton

text: 's

text: belief

text: in

text: a

text: rational

text: God

text: who

text: established

text: a

text: law

text: abiding

text: cosmos

text: In

text: the

text: second

text: edition

text: Darwin

text: added

text: an

text: epigraph

text: from

text: Joseph

text: Butler

text: affirming

text: that

text: God

text: could

text: work

text: through

text: scientific

text: laws

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: through

text: miracles

text: in

text: a

text: nod

text: to

text: the

text: religious

text: concerns

text: of

text: his

text: oldest

text: friends

text: The

text: Introduction

text: establishes

text: Darwin

text: 's

text: credentials

text: as

text: a

text: naturalist

text: and

text: author

text: then

text: refers

text: to

text: John

text: Herschel

text: 's

text: letter

text: suggesting

text: that

text: the

text: origin

text: of

text: species

text: would

text: be

text: found

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: natural

text: in

text: contradistinction

text: to

text: a

text: miraculous

text: process

question: What was Isaac Newton's belief about God  on the theory of natural law?

answer: a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos

text: a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos

question: Whose epigraph did Darwin add to On the Origin of Species harmonizing God with science and miracles together?

answer: Joseph Butler

text: Joseph Butler

question: Whose letter does the introduction to On the Origin of Species refer?

answer: John Herschel

text: John Herschel

question: In which edition of On the Origin of Species was the epigraph from Joseph Butler added?

answer: the second edition

text: the second edition


text: All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759, part of what became known as an Annus Mirabilis. Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces, cutting off French frontier forts further west. On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham outside the city. The French staged a counteroffensive in the spring of 1760, with initial success at the Battle of Sainte-Foy, but they were unable to retake Quebec, due to British naval superiority following the battle of Neuville. The French forces retreated to Montreal, where on 8 September they surrendered to overwhelming British numerical superiority.

title: Seven_Years%27_War

title: Seven_Years%27_War

text: All

text: of

text: Britain

text: 's

text: campaigns

text: against

text: New

text: France

text: succeeded

text: in

text: part

text: of

text: what

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: an

text: Annus

text: Mirabilis

text: Fort

text: Niagara

text: and

text: Fort

text: Carillon

text: on

text: July

text: fell

text: to

text: sizable

text: British

text: forces

text: cutting

text: off

text: French

text: frontier

text: forts

text: further

text: west

text: On

text: September

text: following

text: a

text: three

text: month

text: siege

text: of

text: Quebec

text: General

text: James

text: Wolfe

text: defeated

text: the

text: French

text: on

text: the

text: Plains

text: of

text: Abraham

text: outside

text: the

text: city

text: The

text: French

text: staged

text: a

text: counteroffensive

text: in

text: the

text: spring

text: of

text: with

text: initial

text: success

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Sainte

text: Foy

text: but

text: they

text: were

text: unable

text: to

text: retake

text: Quebec

text: due

text: to

text: British

text: naval

text: superiority

text: following

text: the

text: battle

text: of

text: Neuville

text: The

text: French

text: forces

text: retreated

text: to

text: Montreal

text: where

text: on

text: September

text: they

text: surrendered

text: to

text: overwhelming

text: British

text: numerical

text: superiority

question: Which country enjoyed the most success in battles in North America in 1759

answer: All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759

text: All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759

question: What two forts fell on the same day in 1758?

answer: Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces

text: Fort Niagara and Fort Carillon on 8 July 1758 fell to sizable British forces

question: When did General Wolfe take Quebec?

answer: On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French

text: On 13 September 1759, following a three-month siege of Quebec, General James Wolfe defeated the French

question: Did the French take Quebec back?

answer: they were unable to retake Quebec

text: they were unable to retake Quebec

question: What military advantage brought the success for the British in defending Quebec?

answer: British naval superiority

text: British naval superiority


text: The structure of a mosque is simple and it expresses openness. Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran decorate mosques and mausoleums in Punjab. The inscriptions on bricks and tiles of the mausoleum of Shah Rukn-e-Alam (1320 AD) at Multan are outstanding specimens of architectural calligraphy. The earliest existing building in South Asia with enamelled tile-work is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi (1150 AD) at Multan. A specimen of the sixteenth century tile-work at Lahore is the tomb of Sheikh Musa Ahangar, with its brilliant blue dome. The tile-work of Emperor Shah Jahan is of a richer and more elaborate nature. The pictured wall of Lahore Fort is the last line in the tile-work in the entire world.

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

title: Punjab,_Pakistan

text: The

text: structure

text: of

text: a

text: mosque

text: is

text: simple

text: and

text: it

text: expresses

text: openness

text: Calligraphic

text: inscriptions

text: from

text: the

text: Quran

text: decorate

text: mosques

text: and

text: mausoleums

text: in

text: Punjab

text: The

text: inscriptions

text: on

text: bricks

text: and

text: tiles

text: of

text: the

text: mausoleum

text: of

text: Shah

text: Rukn

text: e

text: Alam

text: AD

text: at

text: Multan

text: are

text: outstanding

text: specimens

text: of

text: architectural

text: calligraphy

text: The

text: earliest

text: existing

text: building

text: in

text: South

text: Asia

text: with

text: enamelled

text: tile

text: work

text: is

text: the

text: tomb

text: of

text: Shah

text: Yusuf

text: Gardezi

text: AD

text: at

text: Multan

text: A

text: specimen

text: of

text: the

text: sixteenth

text: century

text: tile

text: work

text: at

text: Lahore

text: is

text: the

text: tomb

text: of

text: Sheikh

text: Musa

text: Ahangar

text: with

text: its

text: brilliant

text: blue

text: dome

text: The

text: tile

text: work

text: of

text: Emperor

text: Shah

text: Jahan

text: is

text: of

text: a

text: richer

text: and

text: more

text: elaborate

text: nature

text: The

text: pictured

text: wall

text: of

text: Lahore

text: Fort

text: is

text: the

text: last

text: line

text: in

text: the

text: tile

text: work

text: in

text: the

text: entire

text: world

question: What kind of inscriptions decorate Punjab's burial places?

answer: Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran

text: Calligraphic inscriptions from the Quran

question: When did Rukn-e-Alam die?

answer: 1320 AD

text: 1320 AD

question: When did Gardezi die?

answer: 1150 AD

text: 1150 AD

question: When was Ahangar's tomb built?

answer: sixteenth century

text: sixteenth century

question: What color tile was used in Ahangar's tomb?

answer: blue

text: blue

question: Where does the structure of a mosque come from?

text: the Quran

question: What colour is the tomb of Shah Yusuf Gardezi?

text: blue

question: When did Emperor Shah Jahan live?

text: 1150 AD

question: Where was Emperor Shah Jahan buried?

text: Multan

question: Who built Lahore Fort?

text: Emperor Shah Jahan


text: Bal-musette is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls in the working-class neighbourhoods of the city. Patrons danced the bourrée to the accompaniment of the cabrette (a bellows-blown bagpipe locally called a "musette") and often the vielle à roue (hurdy-gurdy) in the cafés and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicians who played the accordion adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars especially in the 19th arrondissement, and the romantic sounds of the accordion has since become one of the musical icons of the city. Paris became a major centre for jazz and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafés.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: Bal

text: musette

text: is

text: a

text: style

text: of

text: French

text: music

text: and

text: dance

text: that

text: first

text: became

text: popular

text: in

text: Paris

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: by

text: Paris

text: had

text: some

text: dance

text: halls

text: in

text: the

text: working

text: class

text: neighbourhoods

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: Patrons

text: danced

text: the

text: bourrée

text: to

text: the

text: accompaniment

text: of

text: the

text: cabrette

text: a

text: bellows

text: blown

text: bagpipe

text: locally

text: called

text: a

text: musette

text: and

text: often

text: the

text: vielle

text: à

text: roue

text: hurdy

text: gurdy

text: in

text: the

text: cafés

text: and

text: bars

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: Parisian

text: and

text: Italian

text: musicians

text: who

text: played

text: the

text: accordion

text: adopted

text: the

text: style

text: and

text: established

text: themselves

text: in

text: Auvergnat

text: bars

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: arrondissement

text: and

text: the

text: romantic

text: sounds

text: of

text: the

text: accordion

text: has

text: since

text: become

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: musical

text: icons

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: Paris

text: became

text: a

text: major

text: centre

text: for

text: jazz

text: and

text: still

text: attracts

text: jazz

text: musicians

text: from

text: all

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: to

text: its

text: clubs

text: and

text: cafés

question: What style of french music became populars in the 1870sto 1880s?

answer: Bal-musette

text: Bal-musette

question: in 1880, how many dance halls were in Paris?

answer: 150

question: What is a cabrette known as locally?

answer: musette

text: musette

question: What type of bars were accordions often played in?

answer: Auvergnat

text: Auvergnat


text: The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology).

title: Anthropology

title: Anthropology

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: kinship

text: and

text: social

text: organization

text: is

text: a

text: central

text: focus

text: of

text: sociocultural

text: anthropology

text: as

text: kinship

text: is

text: a

text: human

text: universal

text: Sociocultural

text: anthropology

text: also

text: covers

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: organization

text: law

text: and

text: conflict

text: resolution

text: patterns

text: of

text: consumption

text: and

text: exchange

text: material

text: culture

text: technology

text: infrastructure

text: gender

text: relations

text: ethnicity

text: childrearing

text: and

text: socialization

text: religion

text: myth

text: symbols

text: values

text: etiquette

text: worldview

text: sports

text: music

text: nutrition

text: recreation

text: games

text: food

text: festivals

text: and

text: language

text: which

text: is

text: also

text: the

text: object

text: of

text: study

text: in

text: linguistic

text: anthropology

question: Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of?

answer: Sociocultural

text: Sociocultural

question: Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in?

answer: resolution

text: resolution

question: What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about?

answer: consumption and exchange

text: consumption and exchange

question: What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology?

answer: language

text: language

question: What is a human universal?

answer: kinship

text: kinship

question: What is the study of kinship and ancestory?

text: sociocultural anthropology

question: What type of anthropology covers the formation of conflict?

text: Sociocultural anthropology


text: Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503 (known as the Henry VII Chapel or the "Lady Chapel"). Much of the stone came from Caen, in France (Caen stone), the Isle of Portland (Portland stone) and the Loire Valley region of France (tuffeau limestone).[citation needed]

title: Westminster_Abbey

title: Westminster_Abbey

text: Henry

text: VII

text: added

text: a

text: Perpendicular

text: style

text: chapel

text: dedicated

text: to

text: the

text: Blessed

text: Virgin

text: Mary

text: in

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Henry

text: VII

text: Chapel

text: or

text: the

text: Lady

text: Chapel

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: stone

text: came

text: from

text: Caen

text: in

text: France

text: Caen

text: stone

text: the

text: Isle

text: of

text: Portland

text: Portland

text: stone

text: and

text: the

text: Loire

text: Valley

text: region

text: of

text: France

text: tuffeau

text: limestone).[citation

text: needed

question: Who added a Perpendicular style chapel?

answer: Henry VII

text: Henry VII

question: Who was the Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to?

answer: Blessed Virgin Mary

text: Blessed Virgin Mary

question: What part of France did the Caen stone come from?

answer: Caen

text: Caen

question: Where did the Portland stone come from?

answer: Isle of Portland

text: Isle of Portland

question: When was the Lady Chapel added?

answer: 1503

question: Who took away a Perpendicular style chapel?

text: Henry VII

question: Who was the Perpendicular style chapel undedicated to?

text: Blessed Virgin Mary

question: What part of England did the Caen stone come from?

text: Caen

question: Where did the Portland wood come from?

text: Isle of Portland

question: When was the Lady Chapel subtracted?


text: Sherman Ave is a humor website that formed in January 2011. The website often publishes content about Northwestern student life, and most of Sherman Ave's staffed writers are current Northwestern undergraduate students writing under pseudonyms. The publication is well known among students for its interviews of prominent campus figures, its "Freshman Guide", its live-tweeting coverage of football games, and its satiric campaign in autumn 2012 to end the Vanderbilt University football team's clubbing of baby seals.

title: Northwestern_University

title: Northwestern_University

text: Sherman

text: Ave

text: is

text: a

text: humor

text: website

text: that

text: formed

text: in

text: January

text: The

text: website

text: often

text: publishes

text: content

text: about

text: Northwestern

text: student

text: life

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: Sherman

text: Ave

text: 's

text: staffed

text: writers

text: are

text: current

text: Northwestern

text: undergraduate

text: students

text: writing

text: under

text: pseudonyms

text: The

text: publication

text: is

text: well

text: known

text: among

text: students

text: for

text: its

text: interviews

text: of

text: prominent

text: campus

text: figures

text: its

text: Freshman

text: Guide

text: its

text: live

text: tweeting

text: coverage

text: of

text: football

text: games

text: and

text: its

text: satiric

text: campaign

text: in

text: autumn

text: to

text: end

text: the

text: Vanderbilt

text: University

text: football

text: team

text: 's

text: clubbing

text: of

text: baby

text: seals

question: What is the name Northwestern's humor website formed in 2011?

answer: Sherman Ave

text: Sherman Ave

question: What do many of the writers staffed by Sherman Ave write under?

answer: pseudonyms

text: pseudonyms

question: Which website publishes the well known "Freshman Guide"?

answer: Sherman Ave

text: Sherman Ave

question: What is the name Northwestern's humor website formed in 2012?

text: Sherman Ave

question: What do many of the singers staffed by Sherman Ave write under?

text: pseudonyms

question: Which website publishes the well known "Sophomore Guide"?

text: Sherman Ave


text: On May 11, 2000, Glenallen Hill, facing Brewers starter Steve Woodard, became the first, and thus far only player, to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story residential building across Waveland Ave, beyond Wrigley Field's left field wall. The shot was estimated at well over 500 feet (150 m), but the Cubs fell to Milwaukee 12–8. No batted ball has ever hit the center field scoreboard, although the original "Slammin' Sammy", golfer Sam Snead, hit it with a golf ball in an exhibition in the 1950s. In 1948, Bill Nicholson barely missed the scoreboard when he launched a home run ball onto Sheffield Avenue and in 1959, Roberto Clemente came even closer with a home run ball hit onto Waveland Avenue. In 2001, a Sammy Sosa shot landed across Waveland and bounced a block down Kenmore Avenue. Dave Kingman hit a shot in 1979 that hit the third porch roof on the east side of Kenmore, estimated at 555 feet (169 m), and is regarded as the longest home run in Wrigley Field history. On May 26, 2015, the Cubs rookie third baseman, Kris Bryant, hit a homerun that traveled an estimated 477 feet (145 m) off the park's new videoboard in left field. Later the same year, he hit a homer that traveled 495 feet (151 m) that also ricocheted off of the videoboard On October 13, 2015, Kyle Schwarber's 438-foot home run landed on the equally new right field videoboard.

title: Chicago_Cubs

title: Chicago_Cubs

text: On

text: May

text: Glenallen

text: Hill

text: facing

text: Brewers

text: starter

text: Steve

text: Woodard

text: became

text: the

text: first

text: and

text: thus

text: far

text: only

text: player

text: to

text: hit

text: a

text: pitched

text: ball

text: onto

text: the

text: roof

text: of

text: a

text: five

text: story

text: residential

text: building

text: across

text: Waveland

text: Ave

text: beyond

text: Wrigley

text: Field

text: 's

text: left

text: field

text: wall

text: The

text: shot

text: was

text: estimated

text: at

text: well

text: over

text: feet

text: m

text: but

text: the

text: Cubs

text: fell

text: to

text: Milwaukee

text: No

text: batted

text: ball

text: has

text: ever

text: hit

text: the

text: center

text: field

text: scoreboard

text: although

text: the

text: original

text: Slammin

text: Sammy

text: golfer

text: Sam

text: Snead

text: hit

text: it

text: with

text: a

text: golf

text: ball

text: in

text: an

text: exhibition

text: in

text: the

text: In

text: Bill

text: Nicholson

text: barely

text: missed

text: the

text: scoreboard

text: when

text: he

text: launched

text: a

text: home

text: run

text: ball

text: onto

text: Sheffield

text: Avenue

text: and

text: in

text: Roberto

text: Clemente

text: came

text: even

text: closer

text: with

text: a

text: home

text: run

text: ball

text: hit

text: onto

text: Waveland

text: Avenue

text: In

text: a

text: Sammy

text: Sosa

text: shot

text: landed

text: across

text: Waveland

text: and

text: bounced

text: a

text: block

text: down

text: Kenmore

text: Avenue

text: Dave

text: Kingman

text: hit

text: a

text: shot

text: in

text: that

text: hit

text: the

text: third

text: porch

text: roof

text: on

text: the

text: east

text: side

text: of

text: Kenmore

text: estimated

text: at

text: feet

text: m

text: and

text: is

text: regarded

text: as

text: the

text: longest

text: home

text: run

text: in

text: Wrigley

text: Field

text: history

text: On

text: May

text: the

text: Cubs

text: rookie

text: third

text: baseman

text: Kris

text: Bryant

text: hit

text: a

text: homerun

text: that

text: traveled

text: an

text: estimated

text: feet

text: m

text: off

text: the

text: park

text: 's

text: new

text: videoboard

text: in

text: left

text: field

text: Later

text: the

text: same

text: year

text: he

text: hit

text: a

text: homer

text: that

text: traveled

text: feet

text: m

text: that

text: also

text: ricocheted

text: off

text: of

text: the

text: videoboard

text: On

text: October

text: Kyle

text: Schwarber

text: 's

text: home

text: run

text: landed

text: on

text: the

text: equally

text: new

text: right

text: field

text: videoboard

question: Who was the first and only player to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story building across Waveland Ave?

answer: Glenallen Hill

text: Glenallen Hill

question: When did the first and only player to hit a pitched ball onto the roof of a five-story building across Waveland Ave?

answer: May 11, 2000

text: May 11, 2000

question: Who barely missed the scoreboard when he launched a home run ball onto Sheffield Avenue?

answer: Bill Nicholson

text: Bill Nicholson


text: Most beers are cleared of yeast by filtering when packaged in bottles and cans. However, bottle conditioned beers retain some yeast—either by being unfiltered, or by being filtered and then reseeded with fresh yeast. It is usually recommended that the beer be poured slowly, leaving any yeast sediment at the bottom of the bottle. However, some drinkers prefer to pour in the yeast; this practice is customary with wheat beers. Typically, when serving a hefeweizen wheat beer, 90% of the contents are poured, and the remainder is swirled to suspend the sediment before pouring it into the glass. Alternatively, the bottle may be inverted prior to opening. Glass bottles are always used for bottle conditioned beers.

title: Beer

title: Beer

text: Most

text: beers

text: are

text: cleared

text: of

text: yeast

text: by

text: filtering

text: when

text: packaged

text: in

text: bottles

text: and

text: cans

text: However

text: bottle

text: conditioned

text: beers

text: retain

text: some

text: yeast

text: either

text: by

text: being

text: unfiltered

text: or

text: by

text: being

text: filtered

text: and

text: then

text: reseeded

text: with

text: fresh

text: yeast

text: It

text: is

text: usually

text: recommended

text: that

text: the

text: beer

text: be

text: poured

text: slowly

text: leaving

text: any

text: yeast

text: sediment

text: at

text: the

text: bottom

text: of

text: the

text: bottle

text: However

text: some

text: drinkers

text: prefer

text: to

text: pour

text: in

text: the

text: yeast

text: this

text: practice

text: is

text: customary

text: with

text: wheat

text: beers

text: Typically

text: when

text: serving

text: a

text: hefeweizen

text: wheat

text: beer

text: of

text: the

text: contents

text: are

text: poured

text: and

text: the

text: remainder

text: is

text: swirled

text: to

text: suspend

text: the

text: sediment

text: before

text: pouring

text: it

text: into

text: the

text: glass

text: Alternatively

text: the

text: bottle

text: may

text: be

text: inverted

text: prior

text: to

text: opening

text: Glass

text: bottles

text: are

text: always

text: used

text: for

text: bottle

text: conditioned

text: beers

question: What kind of containers are used for bottle conditioned beers?

answer: Glass bottles

text: Glass bottles

question: What do bottle conditioned beers contain that most fears do not?

answer: yeast

text: yeast

question: What ingredient is filtered out of most beers when it is packaged in bottles and cans?

answer: yeast

text: yeast

question: What are the recommendations for pouring bottle conditioned beers?

answer: slowly

text: slowly

question: What type of bottle conditioned beer is customarily poured with the yeast in it?

answer: wheat beers

text: wheat beers

question: Filtering clears all beers of what?

text: yeast

question: Where is yeast left when serving a hefeweizen wheet beer?

text: bottom of the bottle

question: What happens to 9% of the contents of a hefeweizen?

text: contents are poured


text: Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U-shaped tube, one side of which is connected to the region of interest. Any fluid can be used, but mercury is preferred for its high density and low vapour pressure. Simple hydrostatic gauges can measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric. An important variation is the McLeod gauge which isolates a known volume of vacuum and compresses it to multiply the height variation of the liquid column. The McLeod gauge can measure vacuums as high as 10−6 torr (0.1 mPa), which is the lowest direct measurement of pressure that is possible with current technology. Other vacuum gauges can measure lower pressures, but only indirectly by measurement of other pressure-controlled properties. These indirect measurements must be calibrated via a direct measurement, most commonly a McLeod gauge.

title: Vacuum

title: Vacuum

text: Hydrostatic

text: gauges

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: mercury

text: column

text: manometer

text: consist

text: of

text: a

text: vertical

text: column

text: of

text: liquid

text: in

text: a

text: tube

text: whose

text: ends

text: are

text: exposed

text: to

text: different

text: pressures

text: The

text: column

text: will

text: rise

text: or

text: fall

text: until

text: its

text: weight

text: is

text: in

text: equilibrium

text: with

text: the

text: pressure

text: differential

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: ends

text: of

text: the

text: tube

text: The

text: simplest

text: design

text: is

text: a

text: closed

text: end

text: U

text: shaped

text: tube

text: one

text: side

text: of

text: which

text: is

text: connected

text: to

text: the

text: region

text: of

text: interest

text: Any

text: fluid

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: but

text: mercury

text: is

text: preferred

text: for

text: its

text: high

text: density

text: and

text: low

text: vapour

text: pressure

text: Simple

text: hydrostatic

text: gauges

text: can

text: measure

text: pressures

text: ranging

text: from

text: torr

text: Pa

text: to

text: above

text: atmospheric

text: An

text: important

text: variation

text: is

text: the

text: McLeod

text: gauge

text: which

text: isolates

text: a

text: known

text: volume

text: of

text: vacuum

text: and

text: compresses

text: it

text: to

text: multiply

text: the

text: height

text: variation

text: of

text: the

text: liquid

text: column

text: The

text: McLeod

text: gauge

text: can

text: measure

text: vacuums

text: as

text: high

text: as

text: torr

text: mPa

text: which

text: is

text: the

text: lowest

text: direct

text: measurement

text: of

text: pressure

text: that

text: is

text: possible

text: with

text: current

text: technology

text: Other

text: vacuum

text: gauges

text: can

text: measure

text: lower

text: pressures

text: but

text: only

text: indirectly

text: by

text: measurement

text: of

text: other

text: pressure

text: controlled

text: properties

text: These

text: indirect

text: measurements

text: must

text: be

text: calibrated

text: via

text: a

text: direct

text: measurement

text: most

text: commonly

text: a

text: McLeod

text: gauge

question: Why is mercury the better option for liquid used in a Hydrostatic gauge?

answer: its high density and low vapour pressure

text: its high density and low vapour pressure

question: What is a vertical column of liquid in a tube which has different pressures at each end called?

answer: Hydrostatic gauges

text: Hydrostatic gauges

question: What is a hydrostatic gauge used for?

answer: measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric

text: measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric

question: Why is the McLeod gauge special?

answer: can measure vacuums as high as 10−6 torr

text: can measure vacuums as high as 10−6 torr

question: An indirect measurement of pressure is most often calibrated by what?

answer: McLeod gauge

text: McLeod gauge

question: What is the level of mercury in the air calibrated by?

text: a direct measurement

question: What is the density level of mercury in the air?

text: 10−6 torr (0.1 mPa)

question: What is used to measure mercury in the air?

text: the McLeod gauge

question: What is the lowest amount of mercury that can be measured in the air?

text: 1 torr (100 Pa)

question: What measurements are used to measure mercury in the air?

text: indirect measurements


text: Aristotle noted that cranes traveled from the steppes of Scythia to marshes at the headwaters of the Nile. Pliny the Elder, in his Historia Naturalis, repeats Aristotle's observations.

title: Bird_migration

title: Bird_migration

text: Aristotle

text: noted

text: that

text: cranes

text: traveled

text: from

text: the

text: steppes

text: of

text: Scythia

text: to

text: marshes

text: at

text: the

text: headwaters

text: of

text: the

text: Nile

text: Pliny

text: the

text: Elder

text: in

text: his

text: Historia

text: Naturalis

text: repeats

text: Aristotle

text: 's

text: observations

question: Who noted that cranes traveled from Scythia to the Nile?

answer: Aristotle

text: Aristotle

question: Who repeats Aristotle's observations?

answer: Pliny the Elder

text: Pliny the Elder

question: Where did Pliny the Elder repeat Aristotle's observations?

answer: in his Historia Naturalis

text: in his Historia Naturalis

question: What kind of bird did Aristotle and Pliny the Elder write about?

answer: cranes

text: cranes


text: In early 1962 Nasser again attempted to wrest control of the military command from Amer. Amer responded by directly confronting Nasser for the first time and secretly rallying his loyalist officers. Nasser ultimately backed down, wary of a possible violent confrontation between the military and his civilian government. According to Boghdadi, the stress caused by the UAR's collapse and Amer's increasing autonomy forced Nasser, who already had diabetes, to practically live on painkillers from then on.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: In

text: early

text: Nasser

text: again

text: attempted

text: to

text: wrest

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: military

text: command

text: from

text: Amer

text: Amer

text: responded

text: by

text: directly

text: confronting

text: Nasser

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: and

text: secretly

text: rallying

text: his

text: loyalist

text: officers

text: Nasser

text: ultimately

text: backed

text: down

text: wary

text: of

text: a

text: possible

text: violent

text: confrontation

text: between

text: the

text: military

text: and

text: his

text: civilian

text: government

text: According

text: to

text: Boghdadi

text: the

text: stress

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: UAR

text: 's

text: collapse

text: and

text: Amer

text: 's

text: increasing

text: autonomy

text: forced

text: Nasser

text: who

text: already

text: had

text: diabetes

text: to

text: practically

text: live

text: on

text: painkillers

text: from

text: then

text: on

question: From whom did Nasser want to seize control of Egypt's military?

answer: Amer

text: Amer

question: Who blinked in the confrontation between Nasser and Amer?

answer: Nasser

text: Nasser

question: How did Amer respond to Nasser's attempts to marginalize him?

answer: directly confronting Nasser

text: directly confronting Nasser

question: How did Nasser deal with the stress of the UAR's collapse and Amer's intransigence?

answer: painkillers

text: painkillers

question: From what chronic illness was Nasser suffering?

answer: diabetes

text: diabetes