text: Thermal mass is any material that can be used to store heat—heat from the Sun in the case of solar energy. Common thermal mass materials include stone, cement and water. Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night. However, they can be used in cold temperate areas to maintain warmth as well. The size and placement of thermal mass depend on several factors such as climate, daylighting and shading conditions. When properly incorporated, thermal mass maintains space temperatures in a comfortable range and reduces the need for auxiliary heating and cooling equipment.

title: Solar_energy

title: Solar_energy

text: Thermal

text: mass

text: is

text: any

text: material

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: store

text: heat

text: heat

text: from

text: the

text: Sun

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: solar

text: energy

text: Common

text: thermal

text: mass

text: materials

text: include

text: stone

text: cement

text: and

text: water

text: Historically

text: they

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: in

text: arid

text: climates

text: or

text: warm

text: temperate

text: regions

text: to

text: keep

text: buildings

text: cool

text: by

text: absorbing

text: solar

text: energy

text: during

text: the

text: day

text: and

text: radiating

text: stored

text: heat

text: to

text: the

text: cooler

text: atmosphere

text: at

text: night

text: However

text: they

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: cold

text: temperate

text: areas

text: to

text: maintain

text: warmth

text: as

text: well

text: The

text: size

text: and

text: placement

text: of

text: thermal

text: mass

text: depend

text: on

text: several

text: factors

text: such

text: as

text: climate

text: daylighting

text: and

text: shading

text: conditions

text: When

text: properly

text: incorporated

text: thermal

text: mass

text: maintains

text: space

text: temperatures

text: in

text: a

text: comfortable

text: range

text: and

text: reduces

text: the

text: need

text: for

text: auxiliary

text: heating

text: and

text: cooling

text: equipment

question: Materials that can be used to store heat are known as what kind of mass?

answer: Thermal

text: Thermal

question: What is thermal mass?

answer: any material that can be used to store heat

text: any material that can be used to store heat

question: What are typical thermal mass material?

answer: stone, cement and water

text: stone, cement and water

question: How is thermal mass used to keep buildings cool?

answer: by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night

text: by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night

question: What is a something that determines the size of thermal mass?

answer: climates

text: climates

question: What does thermal mass reduce the need for?

answer: auxiliary heating and cooling equipment

text: auxiliary heating and cooling equipment


text: The story sees Bond pitted against the global criminal organisation Spectre, marking the group's first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971's Diamonds Are Forever,[N 2] and tying Craig's series of films together with an overarching storyline. Several recurring James Bond characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny return, with the new additions of Léa Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann, Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx, Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra.

title: Spectre_(2015_film)

title: Spectre_(2015_film

text: The

text: story

text: sees

text: Bond

text: pitted

text: against

text: the

text: global

text: criminal

text: organisation

text: Spectre

text: marking

text: the

text: group

text: 's

text: first

text: appearance

text: in

text: an

text: Eon

text: Productions

text: film

text: since

text: 's

text: Diamonds

text: Are

text: Forever,[N

text: and

text: tying

text: Craig

text: 's

text: series

text: of

text: films

text: together

text: with

text: an

text: overarching

text: storyline

text: Several

text: recurring

text: James

text: Bond

text: characters

text: including

text: M

text: Q

text: and

text: Eve

text: Moneypenny

text: return

text: with

text: the

text: new

text: additions

text: of

text: Léa

text: Seydoux

text: as

text: Dr.

text: Madeleine

text: Swann

text: Dave

text: Bautista

text: as

text: Mr.

text: Hinx

text: Andrew

text: Scott

text: as

text: Max

text: Denbigh

text: and

text: Monica

text: Bellucci

text: as

text: Lucia

text: Sciarra

question: What group is the enemy of the protagonist?

answer: Spectre

text: Spectre

question: Which movie was Spectre originally featured in?

answer: Diamonds Are Forever

text: Diamonds Are Forever

question: Which three personalities from previous films appear in Spectre?

answer: M, Q and Eve Moneypenny

text: M, Q and Eve Moneypenny

question: Which actor plays the role of Mr. Hinx?

answer: Dave Bautista

text: Dave Bautista

question: What role is performed by Monica Bellucci?

answer: Lucia Sciarra

text: Lucia Sciarra

question: Which recurring James Bond characters appear in Spectre?

answer: M, Q and Eve Moneypenny

text: M, Q and Eve Moneypenny

question: What actress portrays Dr. Madeleine Swann in Spectre?

answer: Léa Seydoux

text: Léa Seydoux

question: What actor portrays Mr. Hinx in Spectre?

answer: Dave Bautista

text: Dave Bautista

question: When was Diamonds are Forever released?

answer: 1971

question: Spectre is pitted against which global crime organization?

text: Bond

question: Diamonds Aren't Forever was released in what year?

question: M, Q, and Eva Moneypenny return in what 2015 film?

text: Spectre

question: Dave Bautista portrays Max Denbigh in which James Bond film?

text: Spectre

question: Andrew Scott portrays Mr. Hinx in which James Bond film?

text: Spectre


text: Through-hole manufacture adds to board cost by requiring many holes to be drilled accurately, and limits the available routing area for signal traces on layers immediately below the top layer on multi-layer boards since the holes must pass through all layers to the opposite side. Once surface-mounting came into use, small-sized SMD components were used where possible, with through-hole mounting only of components unsuitably large for surface-mounting due to power requirements or mechanical limitations, or subject to mechanical stress which might damage the PCB.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: Through

text: hole

text: manufacture

text: adds

text: to

text: board

text: cost

text: by

text: requiring

text: many

text: holes

text: to

text: be

text: drilled

text: accurately

text: and

text: limits

text: the

text: available

text: routing

text: area

text: for

text: signal

text: traces

text: on

text: layers

text: immediately

text: below

text: the

text: top

text: layer

text: on

text: multi

text: layer

text: boards

text: since

text: the

text: holes

text: must

text: pass

text: through

text: all

text: layers

text: to

text: the

text: opposite

text: side

text: Once

text: surface

text: mounting

text: came

text: into

text: use

text: small

text: sized

text: SMD

text: components

text: were

text: used

text: where

text: possible

text: with

text: through

text: hole

text: mounting

text: only

text: of

text: components

text: unsuitably

text: large

text: for

text: surface

text: mounting

text: due

text: to

text: power

text: requirements

text: or

text: mechanical

text: limitations

text: or

text: subject

text: to

text: mechanical

text: stress

text: which

text: might

text: damage

text: the

text: PCB

question: Which type of construction is more expensive?

answer: Through-hole

text: Through-hole

question: What type of boards end up with limited routing space in through-hole manufacture?

answer: multi-layer

text: multi-layer

question: What force might damage a PCB if large components are surface mounted?

answer: mechanical stress

text: mechanical stress

question: What components can be surface mounted to save space?

answer: small-sized SMD components

text: small-sized SMD components

question: A component might not be able to be made any smaller because of its mechanical limitations or what other need?

answer: power requirements

text: power requirements

question: What will not damage the PCB?

text: mechanical stress

question: Mechanical signs will damage the what?

text: PCB

question: What increases the available routing area?

text: Through-hole manufacture

question: Large-sized SMD components were used when?

text: Once surface-mounting came into use


text: Lie groups are of fundamental importance in modern physics: Noether's theorem links continuous symmetries to conserved quantities. Rotation, as well as translations in space and time are basic symmetries of the laws of mechanics. They can, for instance, be used to construct simple models—imposing, say, axial symmetry on a situation will typically lead to significant simplification in the equations one needs to solve to provide a physical description.v[›] Another example are the Lorentz transformations, which relate measurements of time and velocity of two observers in motion relative to each other. They can be deduced in a purely group-theoretical way, by expressing the transformations as a rotational symmetry of Minkowski space. The latter serves—in the absence of significant gravitation—as a model of space time in special relativity. The full symmetry group of Minkowski space, i.e. including translations, is known as the Poincaré group. By the above, it plays a pivotal role in special relativity and, by implication, for quantum field theories. Symmetries that vary with location are central to the modern description of physical interactions with the help of gauge theory.

title: Group_(mathematics)

title: Group_(mathematics

text: Lie

text: groups

text: are

text: of

text: fundamental

text: importance

text: in

text: modern

text: physics

text: Noether

text: 's

text: theorem

text: links

text: continuous

text: symmetries

text: to

text: conserved

text: quantities

text: Rotation

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: translations

text: in

text: space

text: and

text: time

text: are

text: basic

text: symmetries

text: of

text: the

text: laws

text: of

text: mechanics

text: They

text: can

text: for

text: instance

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: construct

text: simple

text: models

text: imposing

text: say

text: axial

text: symmetry

text: on

text: a

text: situation

text: will

text: typically

text: lead

text: to

text: significant

text: simplification

text: in

text: the

text: equations

text: one

text: needs

text: to

text: solve

text: to

text: provide

text: a

text: physical

text: description.v[›

text: Another

text: example

text: are

text: the

text: Lorentz

text: transformations

text: which

text: relate

text: measurements

text: of

text: time

text: and

text: velocity

text: of

text: two

text: observers

text: in

text: motion

text: relative

text: to

text: each

text: other

text: They

text: can

text: be

text: deduced

text: in

text: a

text: purely

text: group

text: theoretical

text: way

text: by

text: expressing

text: the

text: transformations

text: as

text: a

text: rotational

text: symmetry

text: of

text: Minkowski

text: space

text: The

text: latter

text: serves

text: in

text: the

text: absence

text: of

text: significant

text: gravitation

text: as

text: a

text: model

text: of

text: space

text: time

text: in

text: special

text: relativity

text: The

text: full

text: symmetry

text: group

text: of

text: Minkowski

text: space

text: i.e.

text: including

text: translations

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Poincaré

text: group

text: By

text: the

text: above

text: it

text: plays

text: a

text: pivotal

text: role

text: in

text: special

text: relativity

text: and

text: by

text: implication

text: for

text: quantum

text: field

text: theories

text: Symmetries

text: that

text: vary

text: with

text: location

text: are

text: central

text: to

text: the

text: modern

text: description

text: of

text: physical

text: interactions

text: with

text: the

text: help

text: of

text: gauge

text: theory

question: What concept is of basic importance in modern physics?

answer: Lie groups

text: Lie groups

question: What connects continuous symmetries to conserved quantities?

answer: Noether's theorem

text: Noether's theorem

question: What term describes the basic symmetries of the laws of mechanics?

answer: Rotation

text: Rotation

question: What concept relates measurements of time and velocity of two observers in motion relative to each other?

answer: Lorentz transformations

text: Lorentz transformations

question: What describe the complete symmetry group of Minkowski space including translations?

answer: Poincaré group

text: Poincaré group

question: What is important to Lie groups?

text: modern physics

question: What connects Lie groups with conserved quantities?

text: Noether's theorem

question: What are basic laws of mechanics?

question: What measures the time and velocity of two observers?

text: Lorentz transformations

question: What are the translations in a group of Minkowski space called?

text: Poincaré group


text: Until this time the British, at RAF insistence, continued their World War I use of machine guns, and introduced twin MG mountings for AAAD. The army was forbidden from considering anything larger than .50-inch. However, in 1935 their trials showed that the minimum effective round was an impact fused 2 lb HE shell. The following year they decided to adopt the Bofors 40 mm and a twin barrel Vickers 2-pdr (40 mm) on a modified naval mount. The air-cooled Bofors was vastly superior for land use, being much lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom, and UK production of the Bofors 40 mm was licensed. The Predictor AA No 3, as the Kerrison Predictor was officially known, was introduced with it.

title: Anti-aircraft_warfare

title: Anti

title: aircraft_warfare

text: Until

text: this

text: time

text: the

text: British

text: at

text: RAF

text: insistence

text: continued

text: their

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: use

text: of

text: machine

text: guns

text: and

text: introduced

text: twin

text: MG

text: mountings

text: for

text: AAAD

text: The

text: army

text: was

text: forbidden

text: from

text: considering

text: anything

text: larger

text: than

text: However

text: in

text: their

text: trials

text: showed

text: that

text: the

text: minimum

text: effective

text: round

text: was

text: an

text: impact

text: fused

text: lb

text: HE

text: shell

text: The

text: following

text: year

text: they

text: decided

text: to

text: adopt

text: the

text: Bofors

text: mm

text: and

text: a

text: twin

text: barrel

text: Vickers

text: mm

text: on

text: a

text: modified

text: naval

text: mount

text: The

text: air

text: cooled

text: Bofors

text: was

text: vastly

text: superior

text: for

text: land

text: use

text: being

text: much

text: lighter

text: than

text: the

text: water

text: cooled

text: pom

text: pom

text: and

text: UK

text: production

text: of

text: the

text: Bofors

text: mm

text: was

text: licensed

text: The

text: Predictor

text: AA

text: No

text: as

text: the

text: Kerrison

text: Predictor

text: was

text: officially

text: known

text: was

text: introduced

text: with

text: it

question: Who wanted the British to keep using machine guns in World War I?

answer: RAF

text: RAF

question: The military was not allowed to use anything that was bigger than what?

answer: .50-inch

question: What was determined to be the smallest effective round in 1935?

answer: an impact fused 2 lb HE shell

text: an impact fused 2 lb HE shell

question: What was lighter than the water-cooled pom-pom?

answer: The air-cooled Bofors

text: The air-cooled Bofors

question: What is the Kerrison Predictor's official name?

answer: The Predictor AA No 3

text: The Predictor AA No 3


text: On 5 June 2008, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, accepted the resignations of both the Secretary of the Air Force, Michael Wynne, and the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General T. Michael Moseley. Gates in effect fired both men for "systemic issues associated with declining Air Force nuclear mission focus and performance." This followed an investigation into two embarrassing incidents involving mishandling of nuclear weapons: specifically a nuclear weapons incident aboard a B-52 flight between Minot AFB and Barksdale AFB, and an accidental shipment of nuclear weapons components to Taiwan. The resignations were also the culmination of disputes between the Air Force leadership, populated primarily by non-nuclear background fighter pilots, versus Gates. To put more emphasis on nuclear assets, the USAF established the nuclear-focused Air Force Global Strike Command on 24 October 2008.

title: United_States_Air_Force

title: United_States_Air_Force

text: On

text: June

text: Secretary

text: of

text: Defense

text: Robert

text: Gates

text: accepted

text: the

text: resignations

text: of

text: both

text: the

text: Secretary

text: of

text: the

text: Air

text: Force

text: Michael

text: Wynne

text: and

text: the

text: Chief

text: of

text: Staff

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Air

text: Force

text: General

text: T.

text: Michael

text: Moseley

text: Gates

text: in

text: effect

text: fired

text: both

text: men

text: for

text: systemic

text: issues

text: associated

text: with

text: declining

text: Air

text: Force

text: nuclear

text: mission

text: focus

text: and

text: performance

text: This

text: followed

text: an

text: investigation

text: into

text: two

text: embarrassing

text: incidents

text: involving

text: mishandling

text: of

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: specifically

text: a

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: incident

text: aboard

text: a

text: flight

text: between

text: Minot

text: AFB

text: and

text: Barksdale

text: AFB

text: and

text: an

text: accidental

text: shipment

text: of

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: components

text: to

text: Taiwan

text: The

text: resignations

text: were

text: also

text: the

text: culmination

text: of

text: disputes

text: between

text: the

text: Air

text: Force

text: leadership

text: populated

text: primarily

text: by

text: non

text: nuclear

text: background

text: fighter

text: pilots

text: versus

text: Gates

text: To

text: put

text: more

text: emphasis

text: on

text: nuclear

text: assets

text: the

text: USAF

text: established

text: the

text: nuclear

text: focused

text: Air

text: Force

text: Global

text: Strike

text: Command

text: on

text: October

question: Who was Robert Gates?

answer: Secretary of Defense

text: Secretary of Defense

question: What Secretary of the Air Force resigned in 2008?

answer: Michael Wynne

text: Michael Wynne

question: What US Chief of Staff of the US Air Force also resigned in June of 2008?

answer: General T. Michael Moseley

text: General T. Michael Moseley

question: Where did the US Air Force accidentally ship a component of Nuclear Weapons?

answer: Taiwan

text: Taiwan

question: When was the Air Force Global Strike Command formed?

answer: 24 October 2008

text: 24 October 2008


text: In 1899, the local postage stamps were overprinted "Guam" as was done for the other former Spanish colonies, but this was discontinued shortly thereafter and regular U.S. postage stamps have been used ever since. Because Guam is also part of the U.S. Postal System (postal abbreviation: GU, ZIP code range: 96910–96932), mail to Guam from the U.S. mainland is considered domestic and no additional charges are required. Private shipping companies, such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL, however, have no obligation to do so, and do not regard Guam as domestic.

title: Guam

title: Guam

text: In

text: the

text: local

text: postage

text: stamps

text: were

text: overprinted

text: Guam

text: as

text: was

text: done

text: for

text: the

text: other

text: former

text: Spanish

text: colonies

text: but

text: this

text: was

text: discontinued

text: shortly

text: thereafter

text: and

text: regular

text: U.S.

text: postage

text: stamps

text: have

text: been

text: used

text: ever

text: since

text: Because

text: Guam

text: is

text: also

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Postal

text: System

text: postal

text: abbreviation

text: GU

text: ZIP

text: code

text: range

text: mail

text: to

text: Guam

text: from

text: the

text: U.S.

text: mainland

text: is

text: considered

text: domestic

text: and

text: no

text: additional

text: charges

text: are

text: required

text: Private

text: shipping

text: companies

text: such

text: as

text: FedEx

text: UPS

text: and

text: DHL

text: however

text: have

text: no

text: obligation

text: to

text: do

text: so

text: and

text: do

text: not

text: regard

text: Guam

text: as

text: domestic

question: In what year was the local postage stamp overprinted and has since been replaced?

answer: 1899

question: What type of postal service does Guam currently have today?

answer: U.S. postage

text: U.S. postage

question: What is the current Zip Code range in Guam?

answer: 96910–96932

question: Which three major companies do not consider Guam as domestic when shipping is involved?

answer: FedEx, UPS, and DHL

text: FedEx, UPS, and DHL

question: In what year did Guam get regular U.S. postage stamps?

question: What private shipping company considers Guam as an international nation?

text: FedEx

question: Which private shipping company charges more to ship packages to Guam?

text: UPS

question: Which private shipping company gets packages back and forth to Guam fastest?

text: DHL

question: In what year did UPS first start shipping packages to Guam?


text: Comic strips are generally short, multipanel comics that traditionally most commonly appeared in newspapers. In the US, daily strips have normally occupied a single tier, while Sunday strips have been given multiple tiers. In the early 20th century, daily strips were typically in black-and-white and Sundays were usually in colour and often occupied a full page.

title: Comics

title: Comics

text: Comic

text: strips

text: are

text: generally

text: short

text: multipanel

text: comics

text: that

text: traditionally

text: most

text: commonly

text: appeared

text: in

text: newspapers

text: In

text: the

text: US

text: daily

text: strips

text: have

text: normally

text: occupied

text: a

text: single

text: tier

text: while

text: Sunday

text: strips

text: have

text: been

text: given

text: multiple

text: tiers

text: In

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: daily

text: strips

text: were

text: typically

text: in

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: and

text: Sundays

text: were

text: usually

text: in

text: colour

text: and

text: often

text: occupied

text: a

text: full

text: page

question: Where do comics usually appear?

answer: newspapers

text: newspapers

question: Where do comics never appear?

text: newspapers

question: What country do weekly strips have normally occupied a single tier?

text: US

question: What country do daily strips have abnormally occupied a single tier?

text: US

question: What country do daily strips have normally occupied a double tier?

text: US

question: while Saturday strips have been given how many tiers?

text: multiple


text: The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations. When genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group. Yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area. In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups. During the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military.

title: Genocide

title: Genocide

text: The

text: study

text: of

text: genocide

text: has

text: mainly

text: been

text: focused

text: towards

text: the

text: legal

text: aspect

text: of

text: the

text: term

text: By

text: formally

text: recognizing

text: the

text: act

text: of

text: genocide

text: as

text: a

text: crime

text: involves

text: the

text: undergoing

text: prosecution

text: that

text: begins

text: with

text: not

text: only

text: seeing

text: genocide

text: as

text: outrageous

text: past

text: any

text: moral

text: standpoint

text: but

text: also

text: may

text: be

text: a

text: legal

text: liability

text: within

text: international

text: relations

text: When

text: genocide

text: is

text: looked

text: at

text: in

text: a

text: general

text: aspect

text: it

text: is

text: viewed

text: as

text: the

text: deliberate

text: killing

text: of

text: a

text: certain

text: group

text: Yet

text: is

text: commonly

text: seen

text: to

text: escape

text: the

text: process

text: of

text: trial

text: and

text: prosecution

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: genocide

text: is

text: more

text: often

text: than

text: not

text: committed

text: by

text: the

text: officials

text: in

text: power

text: of

text: a

text: state

text: or

text: area

text: In

text: before

text: the

text: term

text: genocide

text: had

text: been

text: coined

text: the

text: Peace

text: of

text: Westphalia

text: was

text: established

text: to

text: protect

text: ethnic

text: national

text: racial

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: instances

text: religious

text: groups

text: During

text: the

text: century

text: humanitarian

text: intervention

text: was

text: needed

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: fact

text: of

text: conflict

text: and

text: justification

text: of

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: actions

text: executed

text: by

text: the

text: military

question: What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide?

answer: legal aspect of the term

text: legal aspect of the term

question: In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?

answer: a crime

text: a crime

question: In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as?

answer: the deliberate killing of a certain group

text: the deliberate killing of a certain group

question: In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute?

answer: officials in power of a state or area

text: officials in power of a state or area

question: Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings?

answer: the Peace of Westphalia

text: the Peace of Westphalia

question: What has been the lesser focus in the study of genocide?

text: legal aspect of the term

question: Why is genocide often punished?

question: What year was the Peace of Westphalia signed for the second time?

question: What is genocide not viewed as?

question: Who was the Peace of Westphalia designed to eliminate?

question: In trials of legal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute?

text: officials in power of a state or area

question: Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect the military?

text: the Peace of Westphalia

question: In prosecuting the military, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?

text: a crime

question: What has been the primary focus in the study of the military?

text: legal aspect of the term

question: In a general aspect, what is the military viewed as?


text: Modern Nationalism, as developed especially since the French Revolution, has made the distinction between "language" and "dialect" an issue of great political importance. A group speaking a separate "language" is often seen as having a greater claim to being a separate "people", and thus to be more deserving of its own independent state, while a group speaking a "dialect" tends to be seen not as "a people" in its own right, but as a sub-group, part of a bigger people, which must content itself with regional autonomy.[citation needed] The distinction between language and dialect is thus inevitably made at least as much on a political basis as on a linguistic one, and can lead to great political controversy, or even armed conflict.

title: Dialect

title: Dialect

text: Modern

text: Nationalism

text: as

text: developed

text: especially

text: since

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: has

text: made

text: the

text: distinction

text: between

text: language

text: and

text: dialect

text: an

text: issue

text: of

text: great

text: political

text: importance

text: A

text: group

text: speaking

text: a

text: separate

text: language

text: is

text: often

text: seen

text: as

text: having

text: a

text: greater

text: claim

text: to

text: being

text: a

text: separate

text: people

text: and

text: thus

text: to

text: be

text: more

text: deserving

text: of

text: its

text: own

text: independent

text: state

text: while

text: a

text: group

text: speaking

text: a

text: dialect

text: tends

text: to

text: be

text: seen

text: not

text: as

text: a

text: people

text: in

text: its

text: own

text: right

text: but

text: as

text: a

text: sub

text: group

text: part

text: of

text: a

text: bigger

text: people

text: which

text: must

text: content

text: itself

text: with

text: regional

text: autonomy.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: distinction

text: between

text: language

text: and

text: dialect

text: is

text: thus

text: inevitably

text: made

text: at

text: least

text: as

text: much

text: on

text: a

text: political

text: basis

text: as

text: on

text: a

text: linguistic

text: one

text: and

text: can

text: lead

text: to

text: great

text: political

text: controversy

text: or

text: even

text: armed

text: conflict

question: What event is regarded as a landmark in the development of modern nationalism?

answer: the French Revolution

text: the French Revolution

question: If possessing a language leads to a group being regarded as a separate people, what political arrangement presumably follows?

answer: its own independent state

text: its own independent state

question: What political arrangement is associated with being a dialect-speaking sub-group?

answer: regional autonomy

text: regional autonomy

question: Along with political controversy, what can the distinction between a language and dialect sometimes lead to?

answer: armed conflict

text: armed conflict

question: Since which revolution has Ancient Nationalism especially been developed?

text: French Revolution

question: What has failed to make a distinction between the terms language and dialect?

text: Modern Nationalism

question: On which basis is the distinction between language and dialect more often made?

text: linguistic one

question: What can the distinction between regional autonomy and dialect lead to?

question: What can the distinction between regional autonomy and the French Revolution lead to?


text: Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his régime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship, controlling aspects of the press, books, theater, and art, was part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to France. The propagandistic rhetoric changed in relation to events and to the atmosphere of Napoleon's reign, focusing first on his role as a general in the army and identification as a soldier, and moving to his role as emperor and a civil leader. Specifically targeting his civilian audience, Napoleon fostered an important, though uneasy, relationship with the contemporary art community, taking an active role in commissioning and controlling different forms of art production to suit his propaganda goals.

title: Napoleon

title: Napoleon

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: use

text: of

text: propaganda

text: contributed

text: to

text: his

text: rise

text: to

text: power

text: legitimated

text: his

text: régime

text: and

text: established

text: his

text: image

text: for

text: posterity

text: Strict

text: censorship

text: controlling

text: aspects

text: of

text: the

text: press

text: books

text: theater

text: and

text: art

text: was

text: part

text: of

text: his

text: propaganda

text: scheme

text: aimed

text: at

text: portraying

text: him

text: as

text: bringing

text: desperately

text: wanted

text: peace

text: and

text: stability

text: to

text: France

text: The

text: propagandistic

text: rhetoric

text: changed

text: in

text: relation

text: to

text: events

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: atmosphere

text: of

text: Napoleon

text: 's

text: reign

text: focusing

text: first

text: on

text: his

text: role

text: as

text: a

text: general

text: in

text: the

text: army

text: and

text: identification

text: as

text: a

text: soldier

text: and

text: moving

text: to

text: his

text: role

text: as

text: emperor

text: and

text: a

text: civil

text: leader

text: Specifically

text: targeting

text: his

text: civilian

text: audience

text: Napoleon

text: fostered

text: an

text: important

text: though

text: uneasy

text: relationship

text: with

text: the

text: contemporary

text: art

text: community

text: taking

text: an

text: active

text: role

text: in

text: commissioning

text: and

text: controlling

text: different

text: forms

text: of

text: art

text: production

text: to

text: suit

text: his

text: propaganda

text: goals

question: Napoleon's skillful employment of what technique aided his rise to power, legitimized his rule, and improved his posthumous reputation?

answer: propaganda

text: propaganda

question: Napoleon employed what practice in controlling aspects of the media, books, and the arts?

answer: censorship

text: censorship

question: Napoleon's propaganda plan was aimed at showing him as attempting to bring peace and stability to what country?

answer: France

text: France

question: Napoleon created a relationship with the art community to commission work specifically targeting what segment of his audience?

answer: civilian

text: civilian


text: Suger, friend and confidant of the French Kings, Louis VI and Louis VII, decided in about 1137, to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis, attached to an abbey which was also a royal residence. He began with the West Front, reconstructing the original Carolingian façade with its single door. He designed the façade of Saint-Denis to be an echo of the Roman Arch of Constantine with its three-part division and three large portals to ease the problem of congestion. The rose window is the earliest-known example above the West portal in France. The façade combines both round arches and pointed arches of the Gothic style.

title: Gothic_architecture

title: Gothic_architecture

text: Suger

text: friend

text: and

text: confidant

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Kings

text: Louis

text: VI

text: and

text: Louis

text: VII

text: decided

text: in

text: about

text: to

text: rebuild

text: the

text: great

text: Church

text: of

text: Saint

text: Denis

text: attached

text: to

text: an

text: abbey

text: which

text: was

text: also

text: a

text: royal

text: residence

text: He

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: West

text: Front

text: reconstructing

text: the

text: original

text: Carolingian

text: façade

text: with

text: its

text: single

text: door

text: He

text: designed

text: the

text: façade

text: of

text: Saint

text: Denis

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: echo

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Arch

text: of

text: Constantine

text: with

text: its

text: three

text: part

text: division

text: and

text: three

text: large

text: portals

text: to

text: ease

text: the

text: problem

text: of

text: congestion

text: The

text: rose

text: window

text: is

text: the

text: earliest

text: known

text: example

text: above

text: the

text: West

text: portal

text: in

text: France

text: The

text: façade

text: combines

text: both

text: round

text: arches

text: and

text: pointed

text: arches

text: of

text: the

text: Gothic

text: style

question: Who chose to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis in about 1137?

answer: Suger

text: Suger

question: Which portion the cathedral was the reconstruction of the great Church of Saint-Denis begun?

answer: the West Front

text: the West Front

question: The facade of Saint Denis resembled what other well known structure?

answer: the Roman Arch of Constantine

text: the Roman Arch of Constantine

question: Why were three large portal used in the construction of the Roman Arch of Constantine?

answer: to ease the problem of congestion

text: to ease the problem of congestion

question: The facade of Saint Denis combines round arches with what other style arch?

answer: pointed arches of the Gothic style

text: pointed arches of the Gothic style

question: Who chose to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis in about 1237?

text: Suger

question: Which portion of the cathedral was involved in the destruction of the great Church of Saint-Denis?

text: the West Front

question: What did the facade of Saint Denis resemble as a well known creature?

text: the Roman Arch of Constantine

question: Why were nine large portals used in the construction of the Roman Arch of Constantine?

text: to ease the problem of congestion

question: What does the facade of Saint Denis combine pyramids with what other style arch?

text: pointed arches of the Gothic style


text: The JEDEC EIA370 transistor device numbers usually start with "2N", indicating a three-terminal device (dual-gate field-effect transistors are four-terminal devices, so begin with 3N), then a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties (although early devices with low numbers tend to be germanium). For example, 2N3055 is a silicon n–p–n power transistor, 2N1301 is a p–n–p germanium switching transistor. A letter suffix (such as "A") is sometimes used to indicate a newer variant, but rarely gain groupings.

title: Transistor

title: Transistor

text: The

text: JEDEC

text: transistor

text: device

text: numbers

text: usually

text: start

text: with

text: indicating

text: a

text: three

text: terminal

text: device

text: dual

text: gate

text: field

text: effect

text: transistors

text: are

text: four

text: terminal

text: devices

text: so

text: begin

text: with

text: then

text: a

text: or

text: sequential

text: number

text: with

text: no

text: significance

text: as

text: to

text: device

text: properties

text: although

text: early

text: devices

text: with

text: low

text: numbers

text: tend

text: to

text: be

text: germanium

text: For

text: example

text: is

text: a

text: silicon

text: n

text: p

text: n

text: power

text: transistor

text: is

text: a

text: p

text: n

text: p

text: germanium

text: switching

text: transistor

text: A

text: letter

text: suffix

text: such

text: as

text: A

text: is

text: sometimes

text: used

text: to

text: indicate

text: a

text: newer

text: variant

text: but

text: rarely

text: gain

text: groupings

question: What does the JEDEC EIA370 transistor number start with?

answer: 2N

question: what does the 2N is the JEDEC EIA370 mean?

answer: a three-terminal device

text: a three-terminal device

question: What follows the 2N in a JEDEC EIA370?

answer: a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties

text: a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties

question: What does a letter at the end of a device number mean?

answer: a newer variant

text: a newer variant

question: What does the number 2N1301 indicate?

answer: a p–n–p germanium switching transistor

text: a p–n–p germanium switching transistor

question: What were most early devices made from?

text: germanium

question: What is the most common amount of extra digits in a device number?

question: Which devices usually have the shortest transistor device numbers?

text: early devices

question: What are most modern devices made from?

text: silicon

question: What is the most common letter suffix?

text: A


text: Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis. The daily mean temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 32.6 °F (0.3 °C); however, temperatures usually drop to 10 °F (−12 °C) several times per winter, and reach 50 °F (10 °C) several days each winter month. Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically warm to hot and humid, with a daily mean temperature of 76.5 °F (24.7 °C) in July and an average humidity level of 72%. Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, while daytime temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 °F (38 °C). In the warmer months, the dew point, a measure of atmospheric moisture, ranges from 57.3 °F (14.1 °C) in June to 62.0 °F (16.7 °C) in August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −15 °F (−26 °C), recorded on February 9, 1934, up to 106 °F (41 °C) on July 9, 1936.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: Winters

text: are

text: cold

text: and

text: damp

text: and

text: prevailing

text: wind

text: patterns

text: that

text: blow

text: offshore

text: minimize

text: the

text: moderating

text: effects

text: of

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: Ocean

text: yet

text: the

text: Atlantic

text: and

text: the

text: partial

text: shielding

text: from

text: colder

text: air

text: by

text: the

text: Appalachians

text: keep

text: the

text: city

text: warmer

text: in

text: the

text: winter

text: than

text: inland

text: North

text: American

text: cities

text: at

text: similar

text: or

text: lesser

text: latitudes

text: such

text: as

text: Pittsburgh

text: Cincinnati

text: and

text: Indianapolis

text: The

text: daily

text: mean

text: temperature

text: in

text: January

text: the

text: area

text: 's

text: coldest

text: month

text: is

text: F

text: C

text: however

text: temperatures

text: usually

text: drop

text: to

text: F

text: C

text: several

text: times

text: per

text: winter

text: and

text: reach

text: F

text: C

text: several

text: days

text: each

text: winter

text: month

text: Spring

text: and

text: autumn

text: are

text: unpredictable

text: and

text: can

text: range

text: from

text: chilly

text: to

text: warm

text: although

text: they

text: are

text: usually

text: mild

text: with

text: low

text: humidity

text: Summers

text: are

text: typically

text: warm

text: to

text: hot

text: and

text: humid

text: with

text: a

text: daily

text: mean

text: temperature

text: of

text: F

text: C

text: in

text: July

text: and

text: an

text: average

text: humidity

text: level

text: of

text: Nighttime

text: conditions

text: are

text: often

text: exacerbated

text: by

text: the

text: urban

text: heat

text: island

text: phenomenon

text: while

text: daytime

text: temperatures

text: exceed

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: average

text: of

text: days

text: each

text: summer

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: years

text: exceed

text: F

text: C

text: In

text: the

text: warmer

text: months

text: the

text: dew

text: point

text: a

text: measure

text: of

text: atmospheric

text: moisture

text: ranges

text: from

text: F

text: C

text: in

text: June

text: to

text: F

text: C

text: in

text: August

text: Extreme

text: temperatures

text: have

text: ranged

text: from

text: F

text: C

text: recorded

text: on

text: February

text: up

text: to

text: F

text: C

text: on

text: July

question: What mountains serve as a barrier to keep New York City comparatively warmer in the winter?

answer: Appalachians

text: Appalachians

question: What is New York City's daily January mean temperature in degrees celsius?

answer: 0.3

question: What is the average humidity in July as a percentage?

answer: 72%

question: On average, how often do New York temperatures exceed 90 degrees Fahrenheit each year?

answer: 17

question: On what date did New York record its highest temperature ever?

answer: July 9, 1936

text: July 9, 1936

question: What is the highest temperature recorded in NYC?

answer: 106

question: When was the lowest temperature recorded in NYC?

answer: 1934

question: The highest temperature ever recorded in NYC was in what year?

answer: 1936


text: According to Tilmann Vetter, the core of earliest Buddhism is the practice of dhyāna. Bronkhorst agrees that dhyana was a Buddhist invention, whereas Norman notes that "the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices." Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a later development.

title: Buddhism

title: Buddhism

text: According

text: to

text: Tilmann

text: Vetter

text: the

text: core

text: of

text: earliest

text: Buddhism

text: is

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: dhyāna

text: Bronkhorst

text: agrees

text: that

text: dhyana

text: was

text: a

text: Buddhist

text: invention

text: whereas

text: Norman

text: notes

text: that

text: the

text: Buddha

text: 's

text: way

text: to

text: release

text: was

text: by

text: means

text: of

text: meditative

text: practices

text: Discriminating

text: insight

text: into

text: transiency

text: as

text: a

text: separate

text: path

text: to

text: liberation

text: was

text: a

text: later

text: development

question: What was the earliest Buddhism type?

answer: dhyana

text: dhyana

question: Buddha's way to release was by means of what type of practices?

answer: meditative

text: meditative


text: After his coronation, John moved south into France with military forces and adopted a defensive posture along the eastern and southern Normandy borders. Both sides paused for desultory negotiations before the war recommenced; John's position was now stronger, thanks to confirmation that the counts Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne had renewed the anti-French alliances they had previously agreed to with Richard. The powerful Anjou nobleman William des Roches was persuaded to switch sides from Arthur to John; suddenly the balance seemed to be tipping away from Philip and Arthur in favour of John. Neither side was keen to continue the conflict, and following a papal truce the two leaders met in January 1200 to negotiate possible terms for peace. From John's perspective, what then followed represented an opportunity to stabilise control over his continental possessions and produce a lasting peace with Philip in Paris. John and Philip negotiated the May 1200 Treaty of Le Goulet; by this treaty, Philip recognised John as the rightful heir to Richard in respect to his French possessions, temporarily abandoning the wider claims of his client, Arthur.[nb 4] John, in turn, abandoned Richard's former policy of containing Philip through alliances with Flanders and Boulogne, and accepted Philip's right as the legitimate feudal overlord of John's lands in France. John's policy earned him the disrespectful title of "John Softsword" from some English chroniclers, who contrasted his behaviour with his more aggressive brother, Richard.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: After

text: his

text: coronation

text: John

text: moved

text: south

text: into

text: France

text: with

text: military

text: forces

text: and

text: adopted

text: a

text: defensive

text: posture

text: along

text: the

text: eastern

text: and

text: southern

text: Normandy

text: borders

text: Both

text: sides

text: paused

text: for

text: desultory

text: negotiations

text: before

text: the

text: war

text: recommenced

text: John

text: 's

text: position

text: was

text: now

text: stronger

text: thanks

text: to

text: confirmation

text: that

text: the

text: counts

text: Baldwin

text: IX

text: of

text: Flanders

text: and

text: Renaud

text: of

text: Boulogne

text: had

text: renewed

text: the

text: anti

text: French

text: alliances

text: they

text: had

text: previously

text: agreed

text: to

text: with

text: Richard

text: The

text: powerful

text: Anjou

text: nobleman

text: William

text: des

text: Roches

text: was

text: persuaded

text: to

text: switch

text: sides

text: from

text: Arthur

text: to

text: John

text: suddenly

text: the

text: balance

text: seemed

text: to

text: be

text: tipping

text: away

text: from

text: Philip

text: and

text: Arthur

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: John

text: Neither

text: side

text: was

text: keen

text: to

text: continue

text: the

text: conflict

text: and

text: following

text: a

text: papal

text: truce

text: the

text: two

text: leaders

text: met

text: in

text: January

text: to

text: negotiate

text: possible

text: terms

text: for

text: peace

text: From

text: John

text: 's

text: perspective

text: what

text: then

text: followed

text: represented

text: an

text: opportunity

text: to

text: stabilise

text: control

text: over

text: his

text: continental

text: possessions

text: and

text: produce

text: a

text: lasting

text: peace

text: with

text: Philip

text: in

text: Paris

text: John

text: and

text: Philip

text: negotiated

text: the

text: May

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Le

text: Goulet

text: by

text: this

text: treaty

text: Philip

text: recognised

text: John

text: as

text: the

text: rightful

text: heir

text: to

text: Richard

text: in

text: respect

text: to

text: his

text: French

text: possessions

text: temporarily

text: abandoning

text: the

text: wider

text: claims

text: of

text: his

text: client

text: Arthur.[nb

text: John

text: in

text: turn

text: abandoned

text: Richard

text: 's

text: former

text: policy

text: of

text: containing

text: Philip

text: through

text: alliances

text: with

text: Flanders

text: and

text: Boulogne

text: and

text: accepted

text: Philip

text: 's

text: right

text: as

text: the

text: legitimate

text: feudal

text: overlord

text: of

text: John

text: 's

text: lands

text: in

text: France

text: John

text: 's

text: policy

text: earned

text: him

text: the

text: disrespectful

text: title

text: of

text: John

text: Softsword

text: from

text: some

text: English

text: chroniclers

text: who

text: contrasted

text: his

text: behaviour

text: with

text: his

text: more

text: aggressive

text: brother

text: Richard

question: John moved south into where?

answer: France

text: France

question: Who renewed the anti-French alliances?

answer: Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne

text: Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne

question: When was the Treaty of Le Goulet negotiated?

answer: May 1200

text: May 1200

question: What nickname did John's policy earn him?

answer: John Softsword

text: John Softsword


text: Much of the early paper made from wood pulp contained significant amounts of alum, a variety of aluminium sulfate salts that is significantly acidic. Alum was added to paper to assist in sizing, making it somewhat water resistant so that inks did not "run" or spread uncontrollably. Early papermakers did not realize that the alum they added liberally to cure almost every problem encountered in making their product would eventually be detrimental. The cellulose fibres that make up paper are hydrolyzed by acid, and the presence of alum would eventually degrade the fibres until the paper disintegrated in a process that has come to be known as "slow fire". Documents written on rag paper were significantly more stable. The use of non-acidic additives to make paper is becoming more prevalent, and the stability of these papers is less of an issue.

title: Paper

title: Paper

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: early

text: paper

text: made

text: from

text: wood

text: pulp

text: contained

text: significant

text: amounts

text: of

text: alum

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: aluminium

text: sulfate

text: salts

text: that

text: is

text: significantly

text: acidic

text: Alum

text: was

text: added

text: to

text: paper

text: to

text: assist

text: in

text: sizing

text: making

text: it

text: somewhat

text: water

text: resistant

text: so

text: that

text: inks

text: did

text: not

text: run

text: or

text: spread

text: uncontrollably

text: Early

text: papermakers

text: did

text: not

text: realize

text: that

text: the

text: alum

text: they

text: added

text: liberally

text: to

text: cure

text: almost

text: every

text: problem

text: encountered

text: in

text: making

text: their

text: product

text: would

text: eventually

text: be

text: detrimental

text: The

text: cellulose

text: fibres

text: that

text: make

text: up

text: paper

text: are

text: hydrolyzed

text: by

text: acid

text: and

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: alum

text: would

text: eventually

text: degrade

text: the

text: fibres

text: until

text: the

text: paper

text: disintegrated

text: in

text: a

text: process

text: that

text: has

text: come

text: to

text: be

text: known

text: as

text: slow

text: fire

text: Documents

text: written

text: on

text: rag

text: paper

text: were

text: significantly

text: more

text: stable

text: The

text: use

text: of

text: non

text: acidic

text: additives

text: to

text: make

text: paper

text: is

text: becoming

text: more

text: prevalent

text: and

text: the

text: stability

text: of

text: these

text: papers

text: is

text: less

text: of

text: an

text: issue

question: What acidic salts were commonly found in the early types of paper produced?

answer: Alum

text: Alum

question: Early papermakers added alum to help in what process?

answer: sizing

text: sizing

question: How was rag paper superior to the early types of paper made using alum?

answer: more stable

text: more stable

question: What did a lot of the wood pulp made from paper contain?

text: significant amounts of alum

question: What was took out of paper to assist in sizing?

text: Alum

question: What is more of an issue with papers made with non acidic additives?

text: stability

question: What is becoming less prevalent when making paper?

text: use of non-acidic additives

question: By what are the acid fibers that make up paper hydrolyzed?

text: cellulose

question: What acidic salts were uncommonly found in the early types of paper produced?

text: alum

question: Late papermakers added alum to help in what process?

text: sizing

question: How was rag paper inferior to the early types of paper made using alum?

text: more stable


text: Changes in secondary sex characteristics include every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction. In males, these changes involve appearance of pubic, facial, and body hair, deepening of the voice, roughening of the skin around the upper arms and thighs, and increased development of the sweat glands. In females, secondary sex changes involve elevation of the breasts, widening of the hips, development of pubic and underarm hair, widening of the areolae, and elevation of the nipples. The changes in secondary sex characteristics that take place during puberty are often referred to in terms of five Tanner stages, named after the British pediatrician who devised the categorization system.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: Changes

text: in

text: secondary

text: sex

text: characteristics

text: include

text: every

text: change

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: directly

text: related

text: to

text: sexual

text: reproduction

text: In

text: males

text: these

text: changes

text: involve

text: appearance

text: of

text: pubic

text: facial

text: and

text: body

text: hair

text: deepening

text: of

text: the

text: voice

text: roughening

text: of

text: the

text: skin

text: around

text: the

text: upper

text: arms

text: and

text: thighs

text: and

text: increased

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: sweat

text: glands

text: In

text: females

text: secondary

text: sex

text: changes

text: involve

text: elevation

text: of

text: the

text: breasts

text: widening

text: of

text: the

text: hips

text: development

text: of

text: pubic

text: and

text: underarm

text: hair

text: widening

text: of

text: the

text: areolae

text: and

text: elevation

text: of

text: the

text: nipples

text: The

text: changes

text: in

text: secondary

text: sex

text: characteristics

text: that

text: take

text: place

text: during

text: puberty

text: are

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: five

text: Tanner

text: stages

text: named

text: after

text: the

text: British

text: pediatrician

text: who

text: devised

text: the

text: categorization

text: system

question: What is a secondary sex characteristic change?

answer: every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction

text: every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction

question: How many Tanner stages are there?

answer: five

text: five

question: What was the occupation of the person who devised the Tanner categorization system?

answer: pediatrician

text: pediatrician

question: Elevation of the breasts, development of pubic hair, and elevation of the nippes are examples of what type of changes?

answer: Changes in secondary sex characteristics

text: Changes in secondary sex characteristics

question: Is deepening of the voice in males a primary or secondary sex characteristic?

answer: secondary

text: secondary


title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System

text: According

text: to

text: Sun

text: Jiadong

text: the

text: chief

text: designer

text: of

text: the

text: navigation

text: system

text: Many

text: organizations

text: have

text: been

text: using

text: our

text: system

text: for

text: a

text: while

text: and

text: they

text: like

text: it

text: very

text: much

question: Who is the chief designer of the BeiDou navigation system?

answer: Sun Jiadong

text: Sun Jiadong

question: What did Sun Jiadong have to say about the BeiDou navigation system?

answer: "Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much."

text: "Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much."

question: Who is Sun Jiadong?

answer: the chief designer of the navigation system

text: the chief designer of the navigation system

question: Who says that many organizations dislike the system?

text: Sun Jiadong

question: Moon Jiadong says that many organizations have been doing what?

text: using our system for a while,

question: According to the CEO, how do many organizations feel about the system?

text: they like it very much

question: Who is quoted as saying not many organizations have used the system?

text: Sun Jiadong


text: The foregoing trees, shrubs and herbs are also more widely distributed in less rich mesic forests that generally occupy coves, stream valleys and flood plains throughout the southern and central Appalachians at low and intermediate elevations. In the northern Appalachians and at higher elevations of the central and southern Appalachians these diverse mesic forests give way to less diverse "northern hardwoods" with canopies dominated only by American beech, sugar maple, American basswood (Tilia americana) and yellow birch and with far fewer species of shrubs and herbs.

title: Appalachian_Mountains

title: Appalachian_Mountains

text: The

text: foregoing

text: trees

text: shrubs

text: and

text: herbs

text: are

text: also

text: more

text: widely

text: distributed

text: in

text: less

text: rich

text: mesic

text: forests

text: that

text: generally

text: occupy

text: coves

text: stream

text: valleys

text: and

text: flood

text: plains

text: throughout

text: the

text: southern

text: and

text: central

text: Appalachians

text: at

text: low

text: and

text: intermediate

text: elevations

text: In

text: the

text: northern

text: Appalachians

text: and

text: at

text: higher

text: elevations

text: of

text: the

text: central

text: and

text: southern

text: Appalachians

text: these

text: diverse

text: mesic

text: forests

text: give

text: way

text: to

text: less

text: diverse

text: northern

text: hardwoods

text: with

text: canopies

text: dominated

text: only

text: by

text: American

text: beech

text: sugar

text: maple

text: American

text: basswood

text: Tilia

text: americana

text: and

text: yellow

text: birch

text: and

text: with

text: far

text: fewer

text: species

text: of

text: shrubs

text: and

text: herbs

question: What are examples of foregoing trees?

text: shrubs and herbs

question: Where are the northern hardwoods the most diverse?

question: What is the scientific name for the American beech?

text: Tilia americana

question: Which part of the appalachians have a significant number of shrubs at high elevations?

text: southern and central Appalachians

question: What are found more frequently in the rich mesic forests?

text: The foregoing trees


text: On 20 October 1944 the U.S. Sixth Army, supported by naval and air bombardment, landed on the favorable eastern shore of Leyte, north of Mindanao. The U.S. Sixth Army continued its advance from the east, as the Japanese rushed reinforcements to the Ormoc Bay area on the western side of the island. While the Sixth Army was reinforced successfully, the U.S. Fifth Air Force was able to devastate the Japanese attempts to resupply. In torrential rains and over difficult terrain, the advance continued across Leyte and the neighboring island of Samar to the north. On 7 December U.S. Army units landed at Ormoc Bay and, after a major land and air battle, cut off the Japanese ability to reinforce and supply Leyte. Although fierce fighting continued on Leyte for months, the U.S. Army was in control.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: On

text: October

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Sixth

text: Army

text: supported

text: by

text: naval

text: and

text: air

text: bombardment

text: landed

text: on

text: the

text: favorable

text: eastern

text: shore

text: of

text: Leyte

text: north

text: of

text: Mindanao

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Sixth

text: Army

text: continued

text: its

text: advance

text: from

text: the

text: east

text: as

text: the

text: Japanese

text: rushed

text: reinforcements

text: to

text: the

text: Ormoc

text: Bay

text: area

text: on

text: the

text: western

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: While

text: the

text: Sixth

text: Army

text: was

text: reinforced

text: successfully

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Fifth

text: Air

text: Force

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: devastate

text: the

text: Japanese

text: attempts

text: to

text: resupply

text: In

text: torrential

text: rains

text: and

text: over

text: difficult

text: terrain

text: the

text: advance

text: continued

text: across

text: Leyte

text: and

text: the

text: neighboring

text: island

text: of

text: Samar

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: On

text: December

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: units

text: landed

text: at

text: Ormoc

text: Bay

text: and

text: after

text: a

text: major

text: land

text: and

text: air

text: battle

text: cut

text: off

text: the

text: Japanese

text: ability

text: to

text: reinforce

text: and

text: supply

text: Leyte

text: Although

text: fierce

text: fighting

text: continued

text: on

text: Leyte

text: for

text: months

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Army

text: was

text: in

text: control

question: When did the U.S. Sixth Army land on the eastern shore of Leyte?

answer: 20 October 1944

text: 20 October 1944

question: Where did the Japanese rush reinforcments to on the western side of Leyte?

answer: Ormoc Bay area

text: Ormoc Bay area

question: What force devastated resupply attempts by the Japanese?

answer: U.S. Fifth Air Force

text: U.S. Fifth Air Force

question: What was the neighboring island to the north of Leyte.

answer: Samar

text: Samar

question: Fighting continued on Leyte for how long?

answer: months

text: months


text: By design, it is difficult to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly. The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be embossed on the "topside" of the USB plug, which "...provides easy user recognition and facilitates alignment during the mating process." The specification also shows that the "recommended" "Manufacturer's logo" ("engraved" on the diagram but not specified in the text) is on the opposite side of the USB icon. The specification further states, "The USB Icon is also located adjacent to each receptacle. Receptacles should be oriented to allow the icon on the plug to be visible during the mating process." However, the specification does not consider the height of the device compared to the eye level height of the user, so the side of the cable that is "visible" when mated to a computer on a desk can depend on whether the user is standing or kneeling.

title: USB

title: USB

text: By

text: design

text: it

text: is

text: difficult

text: to

text: insert

text: a

text: USB

text: plug

text: into

text: its

text: receptacle

text: incorrectly

text: The

text: USB

text: specification

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: required

text: USB

text: icon

text: must

text: be

text: embossed

text: on

text: the

text: topside

text: of

text: the

text: USB

text: plug

text: which

text: provides

text: easy

text: user

text: recognition

text: and

text: facilitates

text: alignment

text: during

text: the

text: mating

text: process

text: The

text: specification

text: also

text: shows

text: that

text: the

text: recommended

text: Manufacturer

text: 's

text: logo

text: engraved

text: on

text: the

text: diagram

text: but

text: not

text: specified

text: in

text: the

text: text

text: is

text: on

text: the

text: opposite

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: USB

text: icon

text: The

text: specification

text: further

text: states

text: The

text: USB

text: Icon

text: is

text: also

text: located

text: adjacent

text: to

text: each

text: receptacle

text: Receptacles

text: should

text: be

text: oriented

text: to

text: allow

text: the

text: icon

text: on

text: the

text: plug

text: to

text: be

text: visible

text: during

text: the

text: mating

text: process

text: However

text: the

text: specification

text: does

text: not

text: consider

text: the

text: height

text: of

text: the

text: device

text: compared

text: to

text: the

text: eye

text: level

text: height

text: of

text: the

text: user

text: so

text: the

text: side

text: of

text: the

text: cable

text: that

text: is

text: visible

text: when

text: mated

text: to

text: a

text: computer

text: on

text: a

text: desk

text: can

text: depend

text: on

text: whether

text: the

text: user

text: is

text: standing

text: or

text: kneeling

question: What is difficult to do with a USB plug?

answer: to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly

text: to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly

question: The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be what?

answer: embossed on the "topside" of the USB plug

text: embossed on the "topside" of the USB plug

question: How is the USB icon located to each receptacle?

answer: adjacent

text: adjacent

question: Receptacles should be oriented to allow the icon on the plug to what?

answer: to be visible during the mating process

text: to be visible during the mating process


text: A strong and prominent a cappella tradition was begun in the midwest part of the United States in 1911 by F. Melius Christiansen, a music faculty member at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota. The St. Olaf College Choir was established as an outgrowth of the local St. John's Lutheran Church, where Christiansen was organist and the choir was composed, at least partially, of students from the nearby St. Olaf campus. The success of the ensemble was emulated by other regional conductors, and a rich tradition of a cappella choral music was born in the region at colleges like Concordia College (Moorhead, Minnesota), Augustana College (Rock Island, Illinois), Wartburg College (Waverly, Iowa), Luther College (Decorah, Iowa), Gustavus Adolphus College (St. Peter, Minnesota), Augustana College (Sioux Falls, South Dakota), and Augsburg College (Minneapolis, Minnesota). The choirs typically range from 40 to 80 singers and are recognized for their efforts to perfect blend, intonation, phrasing and pitch in a large choral setting.

title: A_cappella

title: A_cappella

text: A

text: strong

text: and

text: prominent

text: a

text: cappella

text: tradition

text: was

text: begun

text: in

text: the

text: midwest

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: in

text: by

text: F.

text: Melius

text: Christiansen

text: a

text: music

text: faculty

text: member

text: at

text: St.

text: Olaf

text: College

text: in

text: Northfield

text: Minnesota

text: The

text: St.

text: Olaf

text: College

text: Choir

text: was

text: established

text: as

text: an

text: outgrowth

text: of

text: the

text: local

text: St.

text: John

text: 's

text: Lutheran

text: Church

text: where

text: Christiansen

text: was

text: organist

text: and

text: the

text: choir

text: was

text: composed

text: at

text: least

text: partially

text: of

text: students

text: from

text: the

text: nearby

text: St.

text: Olaf

text: campus

text: The

text: success

text: of

text: the

text: ensemble

text: was

text: emulated

text: by

text: other

text: regional

text: conductors

text: and

text: a

text: rich

text: tradition

text: of

text: a

text: cappella

text: choral

text: music

text: was

text: born

text: in

text: the

text: region

text: at

text: colleges

text: like

text: Concordia

text: College

text: Moorhead

text: Minnesota

text: Augustana

text: College

text: Rock

text: Island

text: Illinois

text: Wartburg

text: College

text: Waverly

text: Iowa

text: Luther

text: College

text: Decorah

text: Iowa

text: Gustavus

text: Adolphus

text: College

text: St.

text: Peter

text: Minnesota

text: Augustana

text: College

text: Sioux

text: Falls

text: South

text: Dakota

text: and

text: Augsburg

text: College

text: Minneapolis

text: Minnesota

text: The

text: choirs

text: typically

text: range

text: from

text: to

text: singers

text: and

text: are

text: recognized

text: for

text: their

text: efforts

text: to

text: perfect

text: blend

text: intonation

text: phrasing

text: and

text: pitch

text: in

text: a

text: large

text: choral

text: setting

question: When did a cappella begin to take hold in the United States?

answer: 1911

question: What was the name of the choir F. Mellus Christiansen used?

answer: The St. Olaf College Choir

text: The St. Olaf College Choir

question: How many singers are typically in the choirs?

answer: 40 to 80

text: 40 to 80

question: Who did the St. Olaf Choir influence?

answer: other regional conductors

text: other regional conductors

question: What tradition was started in the western US?

text: a cappella

question: Who spoke against a cappella in 1911?

text: F. Melius Christiansen

question: What was emulated by other conductors across the country?

text: The success of the ensemble

question: What do a capella choirs struggle to perfect in a large choral setting?

text: blend, intonation, phrasing and pitch

question: Who started a prominent choir in 1911?

text: F. Melius Christiansen

question: At what college was F. Melius Christiansen a student?

text: St. Olaf College

question: What church was Augsburg College connected to?

text: the local St. John's Lutheran Church

question: Who did Wartburg College influence?

text: other regional conductors

question: How many singers are in a cappella?

text: 40 to 80


text: By May 14, the Ministry of Civil Affairs stated that 10.7 billion yuan (approximately US$1.5 billion) had been donated by the Chinese public. Houston Rockets center Yao Ming, one of the country's most popular sports icons, gave $214,000 and $71,000 to the Red Cross Society of China. The association has also collected a total of $26 million in donations so far. Other multinational firms located in China have also announced large amounts of donations.

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

text: By

text: May

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Civil

text: Affairs

text: stated

text: that

text: billion

text: yuan

text: approximately

text: US$

text: billion

text: had

text: been

text: donated

text: by

text: the

text: Chinese

text: public

text: Houston

text: Rockets

text: center

text: Yao

text: Ming

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: most

text: popular

text: sports

text: icons

text: gave

text: and

text: to

text: the

text: Red

text: Cross

text: Society

text: of

text: China

text: The

text: association

text: has

text: also

text: collected

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: million

text: in

text: donations

text: so

text: far

text: Other

text: multinational

text: firms

text: located

text: in

text: China

text: have

text: also

text: announced

text: large

text: amounts

text: of

text: donations

question: How much did Yao Ming donate?

answer: $214,000 and $71,000

text: $214,000 and $71,000

question: How much did the Red Cross collect in donations?

answer: $26 million

text: $26 million

question: How much money had been donated by May 14?

answer: 10.7 billion yuan

text: 10.7 billion yuan

question: What group donated the 10.7 yuan?

answer: the Chinese public

text: the Chinese public

question: What famous basketball player made two large donations to the crisis?

answer: Yao Ming

text: Yao Ming

question: How much has the Red Cross Society  collected?

answer: 26 million

text: 26 million


text: Increased interest in modern a cappella (particularly collegiate a cappella) can be seen in the growth of awards such as the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards (overseen by the Contemporary A Cappella Society) and competitions such as the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella for college groups and the Harmony Sweepstakes for all groups. In December 2009, a new television competition series called The Sing-Off aired on NBC. The show featured eight a cappella groups from the United States and Puerto Rico vying for the prize of $100,000 and a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music. The show was judged by Ben Folds, Shawn Stockman, and Nicole Scherzinger and was won by an all-male group from Puerto Rico called Nota. The show returned for a second and third season, won by Committed and Pentatonix, respectively.

title: A_cappella

title: A_cappella

text: Increased

text: interest

text: in

text: modern

text: a

text: cappella

text: particularly

text: collegiate

text: a

text: cappella

text: can

text: be

text: seen

text: in

text: the

text: growth

text: of

text: awards

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Contemporary

text: A

text: Cappella

text: Recording

text: Awards

text: overseen

text: by

text: the

text: Contemporary

text: A

text: Cappella

text: Society

text: and

text: competitions

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: International

text: Championship

text: of

text: Collegiate

text: A

text: Cappella

text: for

text: college

text: groups

text: and

text: the

text: Harmony

text: Sweepstakes

text: for

text: all

text: groups

text: In

text: December

text: a

text: new

text: television

text: competition

text: series

text: called

text: The

text: Sing

text: Off

text: aired

text: on

text: NBC

text: The

text: show

text: featured

text: eight

text: a

text: cappella

text: groups

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: vying

text: for

text: the

text: prize

text: of

text: and

text: a

text: recording

text: contract

text: with

text: Epic

text: Records

text: Sony

text: Music

text: The

text: show

text: was

text: judged

text: by

text: Ben

text: Folds

text: Shawn

text: Stockman

text: and

text: Nicole

text: Scherzinger

text: and

text: was

text: won

text: by

text: an

text: all

text: male

text: group

text: from

text: Puerto

text: Rico

text: called

text: Nota

text: The

text: show

text: returned

text: for

text: a

text: second

text: and

text: third

text: season

text: won

text: by

text: Committed

text: and

text: Pentatonix

text: respectively

question: What popular a capella competition is not specific to college groups?

answer: Harmony Sweepstakes

text: Harmony Sweepstakes

question: Aside from the monetary reward, what was offered to the winner of The Sing-Off?

answer: a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music

text: a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music

question: What is the name of the group that won The Sing-Off?

answer: Nota

text: Nota

question: Who won The Sing-Off final season?

answer: Pentatonix

text: Pentatonix

question: In The Sing-Off, where did the groups not from the United States come from?

answer: Puerto Rico

text: Puerto Rico

question: When did the  A Cappella Recording Awards air on NBC?

text: December 2009

question: What prize did Ben Folds win on The Sing-Off tv competition series?

question: What show was judged by Harmony Sweepstakes?

text: The Sing-Off

question: How many groups were competing for the prize from the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards?

text: eight

question: Who won the Contemporary A Cappella Society final season?

text: Pentatonix


text: Somalis have a rich musical heritage centered on traditional Somali folklore. Most Somali songs are pentatonic. That is, they only use five pitches per octave in contrast to a heptatonic (seven note) scale, such as the major scale. At first listen, Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as Ethiopia, Sudan or Arabia, but it is ultimately recognizable by its own unique tunes and styles. Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between lyricists (midho), songwriters (lahan) and singers ('odka or "voice").

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: Somalis

text: have

text: a

text: rich

text: musical

text: heritage

text: centered

text: on

text: traditional

text: Somali

text: folklore

text: Most

text: Somali

text: songs

text: are

text: pentatonic

text: That

text: is

text: they

text: only

text: use

text: five

text: pitches

text: per

text: octave

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: a

text: heptatonic

text: seven

text: note

text: scale

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: major

text: scale

text: At

text: first

text: listen

text: Somali

text: music

text: might

text: be

text: mistaken

text: for

text: the

text: sounds

text: of

text: nearby

text: regions

text: such

text: as

text: Ethiopia

text: Sudan

text: or

text: Arabia

text: but

text: it

text: is

text: ultimately

text: recognizable

text: by

text: its

text: own

text: unique

text: tunes

text: and

text: styles

text: Somali

text: songs

text: are

text: usually

text: the

text: product

text: of

text: collaboration

text: between

text: lyricists

text: midho

text: songwriters

text: lahan

text: and

text: singers

text: odka

text: or

text: voice

question: What scale is used by most Somali songs?

answer: pentatonic

text: pentatonic

question: How many notes are in a hepatonic scale?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: What is an exaple of a hepatonic scale?

answer: the major scale

text: the major scale

question: Along with Arabia and Ethiopia, what land has songs that sound similar to those of Somalia?

answer: Sudan

text: Sudan

question: What does midho mean in English?

answer: lyricists

text: lyricists


text: Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 1960s and 1970s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia; also with artists such as Sirusho, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry.

title: Armenia

title: Armenia

text: Richard

text: Hagopian

text: is

text: perhaps

text: the

text: most

text: famous

text: artist

text: of

text: the

text: traditional

text: kef

text: style

text: and

text: the

text: Vosbikian

text: Band

text: was

text: notable

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: for

text: developing

text: their

text: own

text: style

text: of

text: kef

text: music

text: heavily

text: influenced

text: by

text: the

text: popular

text: American

text: Big

text: Band

text: Jazz

text: of

text: the

text: time

text: Later

text: stemming

text: from

text: the

text: Middle

text: Eastern

text: Armenian

text: diaspora

text: and

text: influenced

text: by

text: Continental

text: European

text: especially

text: French

text: pop

text: music

text: the

text: Armenian

text: pop

text: music

text: genre

text: grew

text: to

text: fame

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: with

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: Adiss

text: Harmandian

text: and

text: Harout

text: Pamboukjian

text: performing

text: to

text: the

text: Armenian

text: diaspora

text: and

text: Armenia

text: also

text: with

text: artists

text: such

text: as

text: Sirusho

text: performing

text: pop

text: music

text: combined

text: with

text: Armenian

text: folk

text: music

text: in

text: today

text: 's

text: entertainment

text: industry

question: Who is the most well know kef artist?

answer: Richard Hagopian

text: Richard Hagopian

question: What type of music had the biggest impact on the kef of the Vosbikian Band?

answer: American Big Band Jazz

text: American Big Band Jazz

question: Who were some Armenian pop artists?

answer: Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian

text: Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian

question: When did Armenian pop music become popular?

answer: the 1960s and 1970s

text: the 1960s and 1970s


text: In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation, including any underlying data sets". This move has been widely applauded by those who are working in the area of capacity building and knowledge sharing.[citation needed] Its terms have been called the most stringent among similar OA policies. As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

text: In

text: November

text: the

text: Bill

text: and

text: Melinda

text: Gates

text: Foundation

text: announced

text: that

text: they

text: are

text: adopting

text: an

text: open

text: access

text: OA

text: policy

text: for

text: publications

text: and

text: data

text: to

text: enable

text: the

text: unrestricted

text: access

text: and

text: reuse

text: of

text: all

text: peer

text: reviewed

text: published

text: research

text: funded

text: by

text: the

text: foundation

text: including

text: any

text: underlying

text: data

text: sets

text: This

text: move

text: has

text: been

text: widely

text: applauded

text: by

text: those

text: who

text: are

text: working

text: in

text: the

text: area

text: of

text: capacity

text: building

text: and

text: knowledge

text: sharing.[citation

text: needed

text: Its

text: terms

text: have

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: most

text: stringent

text: among

text: similar

text: OA

text: policies

text: As

text: of

text: January

text: their

text: Open

text: Access

text: policy

text: is

text: effective

text: for

text: all

text: new

text: agreements

question: What did the foundation announce in November 2014

answer: In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data

text: In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data

question: What does the OA policy for publications and data do ?

answer: open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation

text: open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation

question: What does the OA policy cover ?

answer: As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.

text: As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.

question: In what year did Bill and Melinda Gates adopt open access policy for capacity building and knowledge sharing?

text: November 2014

question: What does the new agreement policy cover?

question: What does the OA policy for data sets do?

question: What is the most applauded among similar policies?

text: open access (OA) policy

question: When is the publication and data policy effective for new agreements?

text: As of January 1, 2015


text: The fact that the 1912 exhibition had been curated to show the successive stages through which Cubism had transited, and that Du "Cubisme" had been published for the occasion, indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience (art critics, art collectors, art dealers and the general public). Undoubtedly, due to the great success of the exhibition, Cubism became recognized as a tendency, genre or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal: a new avant-garde movement.

title: Cubism

title: Cubism

text: The

text: fact

text: that

text: the

text: exhibition

text: had

text: been

text: curated

text: to

text: show

text: the

text: successive

text: stages

text: through

text: which

text: Cubism

text: had

text: transited

text: and

text: that

text: Du

text: Cubisme

text: had

text: been

text: published

text: for

text: the

text: occasion

text: indicates

text: the

text: artists

text: intention

text: of

text: making

text: their

text: work

text: comprehensible

text: to

text: a

text: wide

text: audience

text: art

text: critics

text: art

text: collectors

text: art

text: dealers

text: and

text: the

text: general

text: public

text: Undoubtedly

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: great

text: success

text: of

text: the

text: exhibition

text: Cubism

text: became

text: recognized

text: as

text: a

text: tendency

text: genre

text: or

text: style

text: in

text: art

text: with

text: a

text: specific

text: common

text: philosophy

text: or

text: goal

text: a

text: new

text: avant

text: garde

text: movement

question: What did the 1912 exhiibtion of Cubism show?

answer: indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience

text: indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience

question: What did the 1912 exhibtion of Cubism not show?

question: What type of audience did the exhibition not appeal to?

question: What came out of the exhibit failing?

text: Cubism became recognized as a tendency

question: What did not become a genre after the exhibition?

text: Cubism

question: What wasn't a new avant-garde style?

text: Cubism


text: St. John's is the eastern terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway, one of the longest national highways in the world. The divided highway, also known as "Outer Ring Road" in the city, runs just outside the main part of the city, with exits to Pitts Memorial Drive, Topsail Road, Team Gushue Highway, Thorburn Road, Allandale Road, Portugal Cove Road and Torbay Road, providing relatively easy access to neighbourhoods served by those streets. Pitts Memorial Drive runs from Conception Bay South, through the city of Mount Pearl and into downtown St. John's, with interchanges for Goulds, Water Street and Hamilton Avenue-New Gower Street.

title: St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

title: St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador

text: St.

text: John

text: 's

text: is

text: the

text: eastern

text: terminus

text: of

text: the

text: Trans

text: Canada

text: Highway

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: longest

text: national

text: highways

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: divided

text: highway

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Outer

text: Ring

text: Road

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: runs

text: just

text: outside

text: the

text: main

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: with

text: exits

text: to

text: Pitts

text: Memorial

text: Drive

text: Topsail

text: Road

text: Team

text: Gushue

text: Highway

text: Thorburn

text: Road

text: Allandale

text: Road

text: Portugal

text: Cove

text: Road

text: and

text: Torbay

text: Road

text: providing

text: relatively

text: easy

text: access

text: to

text: neighbourhoods

text: served

text: by

text: those

text: streets

text: Pitts

text: Memorial

text: Drive

text: runs

text: from

text: Conception

text: Bay

text: South

text: through

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Mount

text: Pearl

text: and

text: into

text: downtown

text: St.

text: John

text: 's

text: with

text: interchanges

text: for

text: Goulds

text: Water

text: Street

text: and

text: Hamilton

text: Avenue

text: New

text: Gower

text: Street

question: Where is the eastern terminus of the Trans-Canada Highway?

answer: St. John's

text: St. John's

question: Outer Ring Road is a another name for what?

answer: The divided highway

text: The divided highway

question: What does the divided highway provide?

answer: relatively easy access to neighbourhoods

text: relatively easy access to neighbourhoods

question: What is the longest national highway in the world?

text: Trans-Canada Highway

question: What runs through the main part of the city?

text: "Outer Ring Road"


text: John Forbes Kerry was born on December 11, 1943 in Aurora, Colorado, at Fitzsimons Army Hospital. He was the second oldest of four children born to Richard John Kerry, a Foreign Service officer and lawyer, and Rosemary Isabel Forbes, a nurse and social activist. His father was raised Catholic (John's paternal grandparents were Austro-Hungarian Jewish immigrants who converted to Catholicism) and his mother was Episcopalian. He was raised with an elder sister named Margaret (born 1941), a younger sister named Diana (born 1947) and a younger brother named Cameron (born 1950). The children were raised in their father's faith; John Kerry served as an altar boy.

title: John_Kerry

title: John_Kerry

text: John

text: Forbes

text: Kerry

text: was

text: born

text: on

text: December

text: in

text: Aurora

text: Colorado

text: at

text: Fitzsimons

text: Army

text: Hospital

text: He

text: was

text: the

text: second

text: oldest

text: of

text: four

text: children

text: born

text: to

text: Richard

text: John

text: Kerry

text: a

text: Foreign

text: Service

text: officer

text: and

text: lawyer

text: and

text: Rosemary

text: Isabel

text: Forbes

text: a

text: nurse

text: and

text: social

text: activist

text: His

text: father

text: was

text: raised

text: Catholic

text: John

text: 's

text: paternal

text: grandparents

text: were

text: Austro

text: Hungarian

text: Jewish

text: immigrants

text: who

text: converted

text: to

text: Catholicism

text: and

text: his

text: mother

text: was

text: Episcopalian

text: He

text: was

text: raised

text: with

text: an

text: elder

text: sister

text: named

text: Margaret

text: born

text: a

text: younger

text: sister

text: named

text: Diana

text: born

text: and

text: a

text: younger

text: brother

text: named

text: Cameron

text: born

text: The

text: children

text: were

text: raised

text: in

text: their

text: father

text: 's

text: faith

text: John

text: Kerry

text: served

text: as

text: an

text: altar

text: boy

question: What is Kerry's middle name?

answer: Forbes

text: Forbes

question: At what facility was Kerry born?

answer: Fitzsimons Army Hospital

text: Fitzsimons Army Hospital

question: What was Kerry's father's religion?

answer: Catholic

text: Catholic

question: What was Kerry's mother's religion?

answer: Episcopalian

text: Episcopalian

question: What is Kerry's older sibling's name?

answer: Margaret

text: Margaret


text: On Children's Day, June 1, 2008, many parents went to the rubble of schools to mourn for their children. The surviving children, who were mostly living in relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake.

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake

text: On

text: Children

text: 's

text: Day

text: June

text: many

text: parents

text: went

text: to

text: the

text: rubble

text: of

text: schools

text: to

text: mourn

text: for

text: their

text: children

text: The

text: surviving

text: children

text: who

text: were

text: mostly

text: living

text: in

text: relief

text: centres

text: performed

text: ceremonies

text: marking

text: the

text: special

text: day

text: but

text: also

text: acknowledging

text: the

text: earthquake

question: What was June 1, 2008 called?

answer: Children's Day

text: Children's Day

question: Where were most of the surviving children?

answer: living in relief centres

text: living in relief centres

question: What did these children do on that day?

answer: performed ceremonies

text: performed ceremonies

question: Where did parents go to mourn their children?

answer: rubble of schools

text: rubble of schools

question: When is Children's Day?

answer: June 1

text: June 1

question: Where were surviving children living?

answer: in relief centres

text: in relief centres


text: France's blended Jewish community is typical of the cultural recombination that is going on among Jews throughout the world. Although France expelled its original Jewish population in the Middle Ages, by the time of the French Revolution, there were two distinct Jewish populations. One consisted of Sephardic Jews, originally refugees from the Inquisition and concentrated in the southwest, while the other community was Ashkenazi, concentrated in formerly German Alsace, and speaking mainly Yiddish. The two communities were so separate and different that the National Assembly emancipated them separately in 1790 and 1791.

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

text: France

text: 's

text: blended

text: Jewish

text: community

text: is

text: typical

text: of

text: the

text: cultural

text: recombination

text: that

text: is

text: going

text: on

text: among

text: Jews

text: throughout

text: the

text: world

text: Although

text: France

text: expelled

text: its

text: original

text: Jewish

text: population

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: by

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Revolution

text: there

text: were

text: two

text: distinct

text: Jewish

text: populations

text: One

text: consisted

text: of

text: Sephardic

text: Jews

text: originally

text: refugees

text: from

text: the

text: Inquisition

text: and

text: concentrated

text: in

text: the

text: southwest

text: while

text: the

text: other

text: community

text: was

text: Ashkenazi

text: concentrated

text: in

text: formerly

text: German

text: Alsace

text: and

text: speaking

text: mainly

text: Yiddish

text: The

text: two

text: communities

text: were

text: so

text: separate

text: and

text: different

text: that

text: the

text: National

text: Assembly

text: emancipated

text: them

text: separately

text: in

text: and

question: When did France expel its original Jewish population?

answer: the Middle Ages

text: the Middle Ages

question: By the time of the French Revolution there were how many distinct Jewish populations?

answer: two distinct Jewish populations

text: two distinct Jewish populations