text: When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms.

title: Architecture

title: Architecture

text: When

text: modern

text: architecture

text: was

text: first

text: practiced

text: it

text: was

text: an

text: avant

text: garde

text: movement

text: with

text: moral

text: philosophical

text: and

text: aesthetic

text: underpinnings

text: Immediately

text: after

text: World

text: War

text: I

text: pioneering

text: modernist

text: architects

text: sought

text: to

text: develop

text: a

text: completely

text: new

text: style

text: appropriate

text: for

text: a

text: new

text: post

text: war

text: social

text: and

text: economic

text: order

text: focused

text: on

text: meeting

text: the

text: needs

text: of

text: the

text: middle

text: and

text: working

text: classes

text: They

text: rejected

text: the

text: architectural

text: practice

text: of

text: the

text: academic

text: refinement

text: of

text: historical

text: styles

text: which

text: served

text: the

text: rapidly

text: declining

text: aristocratic

text: order

text: The

text: approach

text: of

text: the

text: Modernist

text: architects

text: was

text: to

text: reduce

text: buildings

text: to

text: pure

text: forms

text: removing

text: historical

text: references

text: and

text: ornament

text: in

text: favor

text: of

text: functionalist

text: details

text: Buildings

text: displayed

text: their

text: functional

text: and

text: structural

text: elements

text: exposing

text: steel

text: beams

text: and

text: concrete

text: surfaces

text: instead

text: of

text: hiding

text: them

text: behind

text: decorative

text: forms

question: What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning?

answer: avant-garde movement

text: avant-garde movement

question: Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of?

answer: the middle and working classes

text: the middle and working classes

question: Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style?

answer: the rapidly declining aristocratic order

text: the rapidly declining aristocratic order

question: What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings?

answer: functionalist

text: functionalist

question: What details did Modernists' do away with?

answer: historical references and ornament

text: historical references and ornament

question: What kind of movement was prehistoric architecture in the beginning?

text: avant-garde

question: What kind of movement was modern architecture in the ending?

text: avant-garde

question: Who was the old movement meant to suit the needs of?

text: middle and working classes

question: What details did Modernists' encourage?

text: historical styles


text: The Westminster Abbey Museum is located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey. This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space has been used as a museum since 1908.

title: Westminster_Abbey

title: Westminster_Abbey

text: The

text: Westminster

text: Abbey

text: Museum

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: vaulted

text: undercroft

text: beneath

text: the

text: former

text: monks

text: dormitory

text: in

text: Westminster

text: Abbey

text: This

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: areas

text: of

text: the

text: abbey

text: dating

text: back

text: almost

text: to

text: the

text: foundation

text: of

text: the

text: church

text: by

text: Edward

text: the

text: Confessor

text: in

text: This

text: space

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: museum

text: since

question: What is located in the vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory?

answer: The Westminster Abbey Museum

text: The Westminster Abbey Museum

question: The area the museum occupies dates back to when?

answer: 1065

question: The vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory has been a museum since when?

answer: 1908

question: What is located in the vaulted overcroft beneath the monks' dormitory?

text: The Westminster Abbey Museum

question: What is located in the vaulted undercroft above the monks' dormitory?

text: The Westminster Abbey Museum

question: The area the store occupies dates back to when?

question: The vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory hasn't been a museum since when?

question: The vaulted overcroft beneath the monks' dormitory has been a museum since when?


text: One of the problems of the standard electric light bulb is filament notching due to evaporation of the filament. Small variations in resistivity along the filament cause "hot spots" to form at points of higher resistivity; a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life. These hot spots evaporate faster than the rest of the filament, which increases the resistance at that point—this creates a positive feedback that ends in the familiar tiny gap in an otherwise healthy-looking filament. Irving Langmuir found that an inert gas, instead of vacuum, would retard evaporation. General service incandescent light bulbs over about 25 watts in rating are now filled with a mixture of mostly argon and some nitrogen, or sometimes krypton. Lamps operated on direct current develop random stairstep irregularities on the filament surface which may cut lifespan in half compared to AC operation; different alloys of tungsten and rhenium can be used to counteract the effect.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: problems

text: of

text: the

text: standard

text: electric

text: light

text: bulb

text: is

text: filament

text: notching

text: due

text: to

text: evaporation

text: of

text: the

text: filament

text: Small

text: variations

text: in

text: resistivity

text: along

text: the

text: filament

text: cause

text: hot

text: spots

text: to

text: form

text: at

text: points

text: of

text: higher

text: resistivity

text: a

text: variation

text: of

text: diameter

text: of

text: only

text: will

text: cause

text: a

text: reduction

text: in

text: service

text: life

text: These

text: hot

text: spots

text: evaporate

text: faster

text: than

text: the

text: rest

text: of

text: the

text: filament

text: which

text: increases

text: the

text: resistance

text: at

text: that

text: point

text: this

text: creates

text: a

text: positive

text: feedback

text: that

text: ends

text: in

text: the

text: familiar

text: tiny

text: gap

text: in

text: an

text: otherwise

text: healthy

text: looking

text: filament

text: Irving

text: Langmuir

text: found

text: that

text: an

text: inert

text: gas

text: instead

text: of

text: vacuum

text: would

text: retard

text: evaporation

text: General

text: service

text: incandescent

text: light

text: bulbs

text: over

text: about

text: watts

text: in

text: rating

text: are

text: now

text: filled

text: with

text: a

text: mixture

text: of

text: mostly

text: argon

text: and

text: some

text: nitrogen

text: or

text: sometimes

text: krypton

text: Lamps

text: operated

text: on

text: direct

text: current

text: develop

text: random

text: stairstep

text: irregularities

text: on

text: the

text: filament

text: surface

text: which

text: may

text: cut

text: lifespan

text: in

text: half

text: compared

text: to

text: AC

text: operation

text: different

text: alloys

text: of

text: tungsten

text: and

text: rhenium

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: counteract

text: the

text: effect

question: What is the negative effect of "hot spots" forming on the filament?

answer: a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life

text: a variation of diameter of only 1% will cause a 25% reduction in service life

question: Who discovered that inert gas could slow evaporation?

answer: Irving Langmuir

text: Irving Langmuir

question: Which gases are typically used in a light bulb?

answer: argon and some nitrogen, or sometimes krypton

text: argon and some nitrogen, or sometimes krypton

question: Which type of alloys can decrease "stairstep" irregularities in light bulb filaments?

answer: alloys of tungsten and rhenium

text: alloys of tungsten and rhenium

question: What is an advantage of the standard electric light bulb?

question: What do large variations in resistivity along the filament cause?

question: What evaporates slower than the rest of the filament?

text: hot spots

question: What did Irving Langmuir find that would increase evaporation?

text: inert gas

question: Which gases are not typically used in a light bulb?


text: The economic output of the metropolitan area alone is worth more than one third of national GDP around $6.5billion in terms of nominal GDP NR.s 550 billion approximately per year $2200 per capital income approx three times national average. Kathmandu exports handicrafts, artworks, garments, carpets, pashmina, paper; trade accounts for 21% of its finances.[which?] Manufacturing is also important and accounts for 19% of the revenue that Kathmandu generates. Garments and woolen carpets are the most notable manufactured products. Other economic sectors in Kathmandu include agriculture (9%), education (6%), transport (6%), and hotels and restaurants (5%). Kathmandu is famous for lokta paper and pashmina shawls.

title: Kathmandu

title: Kathmandu

text: The

text: economic

text: output

text: of

text: the

text: metropolitan

text: area

text: alone

text: is

text: worth

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: national

text: GDP

text: around

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: nominal

text: GDP

text: NR.s

text: billion

text: approximately

text: per

text: year

text: per

text: capital

text: income

text: approx

text: three

text: times

text: national

text: average

text: Kathmandu

text: exports

text: handicrafts

text: artworks

text: garments

text: carpets

text: pashmina

text: paper

text: trade

text: accounts

text: for

text: of

text: its

text: finances.[which

text: Manufacturing

text: is

text: also

text: important

text: and

text: accounts

text: for

text: of

text: the

text: revenue

text: that

text: Kathmandu

text: generates

text: Garments

text: and

text: woolen

text: carpets

text: are

text: the

text: most

text: notable

text: manufactured

text: products

text: Other

text: economic

text: sectors

text: in

text: Kathmandu

text: include

text: agriculture

text: education

text: transport

text: and

text: hotels

text: and

text: restaurants

text: Kathmandu

text: is

text: famous

text: for

text: lokta

text: paper

text: and

text: pashmina

text: shawls

question: Approximately what portion of Nepal's GDP is produced by the Kathmandu metropolitan area?

answer: one third

text: one third

question: What do Kathmandu residents earn per capita each year?

answer: $2200

question: What is the GDP of Kathmandu?

answer: 6.5billion

question: What percentage of Kathmandu's economy is trade?

answer: 21

question: What portion of Kathmandu's economy consists of agriculture?

answer: 9%


text: In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this "dog" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category "hound". By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting. The word "hound" is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon- "dog".

title: Dog

title: Dog

text: In

text: century

text: England

text: hound

text: from

text: Old

text: English

text: hund

text: was

text: the

text: general

text: word

text: for

text: all

text: domestic

text: canines

text: and

text: dog

text: referred

text: to

text: a

text: subtype

text: of

text: hound

text: a

text: group

text: including

text: the

text: mastiff

text: It

text: is

text: believed

text: this

text: dog

text: type

text: was

text: so

text: common

text: it

text: eventually

text: became

text: the

text: prototype

text: of

text: the

text: category

text: hound

text: By

text: the

text: century

text: dog

text: had

text: become

text: the

text: general

text: word

text: and

text: hound

text: had

text: begun

text: to

text: refer

text: only

text: to

text: types

text: used

text: for

text: hunting

text: The

text: word

text: hound

text: is

text: ultimately

text: derived

text: from

text: the

text: Proto

text: Indo

text: European

text: word

text: kwon-

text: dog

question: What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English?

answer: hound

text: hound

question: What breed was so prolific it became a prototype of hound?

answer: mastiff.

text: mastiff.

question: In what century did "hound" start to only apply to hunting dogs?

answer: 16th

question: What was the common term for all domesticated dogs in England during the 14th century?

answer: hound

text: hound

question: When did the word dog become the common term for canines?

answer: 16th century

text: 16th century

question: Hound became the term for dogs who did what activity during this time?

answer: hunting

text: hunting

question: What Proto-Indo-European word is hound from?

answer: *kwon- "dog"

text: *kwon- "dog"


text: A Freedom of Information request in 2005 revealed that Eton had received £2,652 in farming subsidies in 2004 under the Common Agricultural Policy. Asked to explain under what grounds it was eligible to receive farming subsidies, Eton admitted that it was 'a bit of a mystery'. The TaxPayers' Alliance also stated that Eton had received a total of £5,300 in CAP subsidies between 2002 and 2007. Panorama revealed in March 2012 that farming subsidies were granted to Eton for 'environmental improvements', in effect 'being paid without having to do any farming at all'.

title: Eton_College

title: Eton_College

text: A

text: Freedom

text: of

text: Information

text: request

text: in

text: revealed

text: that

text: Eton

text: had

text: received

text: in

text: farming

text: subsidies

text: in

text: under

text: the

text: Common

text: Agricultural

text: Policy

text: Asked

text: to

text: explain

text: under

text: what

text: grounds

text: it

text: was

text: eligible

text: to

text: receive

text: farming

text: subsidies

text: Eton

text: admitted

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: a

text: bit

text: of

text: a

text: mystery

text: The

text: TaxPayers

text: Alliance

text: also

text: stated

text: that

text: Eton

text: had

text: received

text: a

text: total

text: of

text: in

text: CAP

text: subsidies

text: between

text: and

text: Panorama

text: revealed

text: in

text: March

text: that

text: farming

text: subsidies

text: were

text: granted

text: to

text: Eton

text: for

text: environmental

text: improvements

text: in

text: effect

text: being

text: paid

text: without

text: having

text: to

text: do

text: any

text: farming

text: at

text: all

question: How much had Eton received in farming subsidies in 2005?

answer: £2,652

question: Under what policy was Eton able to receive funds without farming?

answer: Common Agricultural Policy

text: Common Agricultural Policy

question: What did Panorama say was the documented reason Eton was eligible for farming subsidies?

answer: environmental improvements

text: environmental improvements

question: In what year was the Taxpayers' Alliance established?

question: In what year was the Common Agricultural Policy established?

question: In what year was Panorama established?

question: How much in farming subsidies did Eton receive in 2012?


text: José Manuel González-Páramo, a Spanish member of the Executive Board since June 2004, was due to leave the board in early June 2012 and no replacement had been named as of late May 2012. The Spanish had nominated Barcelona-born Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña, an ECB veteran who heads its legal department, as González-Páramo's replacement as early as January 2012 but alternatives from Luxembourg, Finland, and Slovenia were put forward and no decision made by May. After a long political battle, Luxembourg's Yves Mersch, was appointed as González-Páramo's replacement.

title: European_Central_Bank

title: European_Central_Bank

text: José

text: Manuel

text: González

text: Páramo

text: a

text: Spanish

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Executive

text: Board

text: since

text: June

text: was

text: due

text: to

text: leave

text: the

text: board

text: in

text: early

text: June

text: and

text: no

text: replacement

text: had

text: been

text: named

text: as

text: of

text: late

text: May

text: The

text: Spanish

text: had

text: nominated

text: Barcelona

text: born

text: Antonio

text: Sáinz

text: de

text: Vicuña

text: an

text: ECB

text: veteran

text: who

text: heads

text: its

text: legal

text: department

text: as

text: González

text: Páramo

text: 's

text: replacement

text: as

text: early

text: as

text: January

text: but

text: alternatives

text: from

text: Luxembourg

text: Finland

text: and

text: Slovenia

text: were

text: put

text: forward

text: and

text: no

text: decision

text: made

text: by

text: May.

text: After

text: a

text: long

text: political

text: battle

text: Luxembourg

text: 's

text: Yves

text: Mersch

text: was

text: appointed

text: as

text: González

text: Páramo

text: 's

text: replacement

question: Who did the Spanish want to take José Manuel González-Páramo's seat on the board?

answer: Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña

text: Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña

question: Who was ulitmately named as González-Páramo's replacement?

answer: Luxembourg's Yves Mersch

text: Luxembourg's Yves Mersch

question: When was González-Páramo's supposed to leave his seat on the board?

answer: June 2012

text: June 2012

question: When did González-Páramo take his seat on the Executive Board?

answer: June 2004

text: June 2004

question: Why did the Spanish think that Vicuña would be a suitable replacement for González-Páramo?

answer: ECB veteran who heads its legal department

text: ECB veteran who heads its legal department

question: Who did the French want to steal José Manuel González-Páramo's seat on the board?

text: Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña

question: Who was ulitmately named as González-Páramo's assistant?

text: Luxembourg's Yves Mersch

question: When was González-Páramo's upgraded from his seat on the board?

text: June 2012

question: When did González-Páramo sabotage his seat on the Executive Board?

text: June 2004

question: Why did the Spanish think that Vicuña would be an awful replacement for González-Páramo?


text: Beyoncé names Michael Jackson as her major musical influence. Aged five, Beyoncé attended her first ever concert where Jackson performed and she claims to have realised her purpose. When she presented him with a tribute award at the World Music Awards in 2006, Beyoncé said, "if it wasn't for Michael Jackson, I would never ever have performed." She admires Diana Ross as an "all-around entertainer" and Whitney Houston, who she said "inspired me to get up there and do what she did." She credits Mariah Carey's singing and her song "Vision of Love" as influencing her to begin practicing vocal runs as a child. Her other musical influences include Aaliyah, Prince, Lauryn Hill, Sade Adu, Donna Summer, Mary J. Blige, Janet Jackson, Anita Baker and Rachelle Ferrell.

title: Beyoncé

title: Beyoncé

text: Beyoncé

text: names

text: Michael

text: Jackson

text: as

text: her

text: major

text: musical

text: influence

text: Aged

text: five

text: Beyoncé

text: attended

text: her

text: first

text: ever

text: concert

text: where

text: Jackson

text: performed

text: and

text: she

text: claims

text: to

text: have

text: realised

text: her

text: purpose

text: When

text: she

text: presented

text: him

text: with

text: a

text: tribute

text: award

text: at

text: the

text: World

text: Music

text: Awards

text: in

text: Beyoncé

text: said

text: if

text: it

text: was

text: n't

text: for

text: Michael

text: Jackson

text: I

text: would

text: never

text: ever

text: have

text: performed

text: She

text: admires

text: Diana

text: Ross

text: as

text: an

text: all

text: around

text: entertainer

text: and

text: Whitney

text: Houston

text: who

text: she

text: said

text: inspired

text: me

text: to

text: get

text: up

text: there

text: and

text: do

text: what

text: she

text: did

text: She

text: credits

text: Mariah

text: Carey

text: 's

text: singing

text: and

text: her

text: song

text: Vision

text: of

text: Love

text: as

text: influencing

text: her

text: to

text: begin

text: practicing

text: vocal

text: runs

text: as

text: a

text: child

text: Her

text: other

text: musical

text: influences

text: include

text: Aaliyah

text: Prince

text: Lauryn

text: Hill

text: Sade

text: Adu

text: Donna

text: Summer

text: Mary

text: J.

text: Blige

text: Janet

text: Jackson

text: Anita

text: Baker

text: and

text: Rachelle

text: Ferrell

question: To whom did Beyonce credit as her major influence on her music?

answer: Michael Jackson

text: Michael Jackson

question: How old was Beyonce when she went to her first Michael Jackson concert as a kid?

answer: five

text: five

question: Beyonce gave a tribute award to who in 2006?

answer: Michael Jackson

text: Michael Jackson

question: Beyonce cites Mariah Carey to making her want to start doing what?

answer: vocal runs

text: vocal runs

question: Who influenced Beyonce?

answer: Michael Jackson

text: Michael Jackson

question: What song by Mariah Carey influenced her?

answer: Vision of Love

text: Vision of Love

question: Who is Beyoncé's biggest musical influence?

answer: Michael Jackson

text: Michael Jackson

question: What was Beyoncé's first concert?

answer: Michael Jackson

text: Michael Jackson

question: Who does Beyoncé feel is an all-around entertainer?

answer: Diana Ross

text: Diana Ross

question: Who does she credit for the inspiration to "get up there and do what she did"?

answer: Whitney Houston

text: Whitney Houston

question: What song caused Beyoncé to practice runs as a child?

answer: Vision of Love

text: Vision of Love


text: During the First World War, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne. The city was also bombed by Zeppelins and shelled by German long-range guns. In the years after the war, known as Les Années Folles, Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dalí.

title: Paris

title: Paris

text: During

text: the

text: First

text: World

text: War

text: Paris

text: sometimes

text: found

text: itself

text: on

text: the

text: front

text: line

text: to

text: Paris

text: taxis

text: played

text: a

text: small

text: but

text: highly

text: important

text: symbolic

text: role

text: in

text: transporting

text: soldiers

text: to

text: the

text: front

text: line

text: at

text: the

text: First

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Marne

text: The

text: city

text: was

text: also

text: bombed

text: by

text: Zeppelins

text: and

text: shelled

text: by

text: German

text: long

text: range

text: guns

text: In

text: the

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: war

text: known

text: as

text: Les

text: Années

text: Folles

text: Paris

text: continued

text: to

text: be

text: a

text: mecca

text: for

text: writers

text: musicians

text: and

text: artists

text: from

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: including

text: Ernest

text: Hemingway

text: Igor

text: Stravinsky

text: James

text: Joyce

text: Josephine

text: Baker

text: Sidney

text: Bechet

text: and

text: the

text: surrealist

text: Salvador

text: Dalí

question: How many soldiers did Parisian Taxis transport to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne?

answer: 6,000

question: What are the years after the war commonly known as?

answer: Les Années Folles

text: Les Années Folles

question: Who are some popular artists, writers and musicians that resided in Paris after the war?

answer: Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dalí.

text: Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dalí.


text: Gaddafi was a very private individual, who described himself as a "simple revolutionary" and "pious Muslim" called upon by Allah to continue Nasser's work. Reporter Mirella Bianco found that his friends considered him particularly loyal and generous, and asserted that he adored children. She was told by Gaddafi's father that even as a child he had been "always serious, even taciturn", a trait he also exhibited in adulthood. His father said that he was courageous, intelligent, pious, and family oriented.

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

title: Muammar_Gaddafi

text: Gaddafi

text: was

text: a

text: very

text: private

text: individual

text: who

text: described

text: himself

text: as

text: a

text: simple

text: revolutionary

text: and

text: pious

text: Muslim

text: called

text: upon

text: by

text: Allah

text: to

text: continue

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: work

text: Reporter

text: Mirella

text: Bianco

text: found

text: that

text: his

text: friends

text: considered

text: him

text: particularly

text: loyal

text: and

text: generous

text: and

text: asserted

text: that

text: he

text: adored

text: children

text: She

text: was

text: told

text: by

text: Gaddafi

text: 's

text: father

text: that

text: even

text: as

text: a

text: child

text: he

text: had

text: been

text: always

text: serious

text: even

text: taciturn

text: a

text: trait

text: he

text: also

text: exhibited

text: in

text: adulthood

text: His

text: father

text: said

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: courageous

text: intelligent

text: pious

text: and

text: family

text: oriented

question: Whose efforts did Gaddafi see himself as continuing?

answer: Nasser

text: Nasser

question: What was Gaddafi's religious affiliation?

answer: Muslim

text: Muslim

question: Who stated that Gaddafi was fond of children?

answer: Mirella Bianco

text: Mirella Bianco

question: What is Mirella Biano's occupation?

answer: Reporter

text: Reporter

question: Who remarked on Gaddafi's family orientation?

answer: His father

text: His father


text: Neptune's mass of 1.0243×1026 kg, is intermediate between Earth and the larger gas giants: it is 17 times that of Earth but just 1/19th that of Jupiter.[d] Its gravity at 1 bar is 11.15 m/s2, 1.14 times the surface gravity of Earth, and surpassed only by Jupiter. Neptune's equatorial radius of 24,764 km is nearly four times that of Earth. Neptune, like Uranus, is an ice giant, a subclass of giant planet, due to their smaller size and higher concentrations of volatiles relative to Jupiter and Saturn. In the search for extrasolar planets, Neptune has been used as a metonym: discovered bodies of similar mass are often referred to as "Neptunes", just as scientists refer to various extrasolar bodies as "Jupiters".

title: Neptune

title: Neptune

text: Neptune

text: 's

text: mass

text: of

text: kg

text: is

text: intermediate

text: between

text: Earth

text: and

text: the

text: larger

text: gas

text: giants

text: it

text: is

text: times

text: that

text: of

text: Earth

text: but

text: just

text: that

text: of

text: Jupiter.[d

text: Its

text: gravity

text: at

text: bar

text: is

text: m

text: times

text: the

text: surface

text: gravity

text: of

text: Earth

text: and

text: surpassed

text: only

text: by

text: Jupiter

text: Neptune

text: 's

text: equatorial

text: radius

text: of

text: km

text: is

text: nearly

text: four

text: times

text: that

text: of

text: Earth

text: Neptune

text: like

text: Uranus

text: is

text: an

text: ice

text: giant

text: a

text: subclass

text: of

text: giant

text: planet

text: due

text: to

text: their

text: smaller

text: size

text: and

text: higher

text: concentrations

text: of

text: volatiles

text: relative

text: to

text: Jupiter

text: and

text: Saturn

text: In

text: the

text: search

text: for

text: extrasolar

text: planets

text: Neptune

text: has

text: been

text: used

text: as

text: a

text: metonym

text: discovered

text: bodies

text: of

text: similar

text: mass

text: are

text: often

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: Neptunes

text: just

text: as

text: scientists

text: refer

text: to

text: various

text: extrasolar

text: bodies

text: as

text: Jupiters

question: What is Neptune's mass?

answer: 1.0243×1026 kg

text: 1.0243×1026 kg

question: How much more mass does Neptune have compared to Earth?

answer: 17 times

text: 17 times

question: What is Neptune's gravity at 1 bar?

answer: 11.15 m/s2

text: 11.15 m/s2

question: What is Neptune's equatorial radius?

answer: 24,764 km

text: 24,764 km

question: What is Neptune referred to due to it's size and concentration of volatiles?

answer: ice giant

text: ice giant

question: What planet is larger than the Gas Giants?

text: Neptune

question: What planet is 17 times smaller than the earth?

text: Neptune

question: What is the equatoral radius of Earth?

text: 24,764 km

question: What two planets are less volitile than Jupiter and Saturn?

text: Neptune, like Uranus

question: What is Neptune's weight?

text: 1.0243×1026 kg

question: How much less mass does Neptune have compared to Earth?

text: 17 times

question: What is Neptune's gravity at 41 bar?

text: 11.15 m/s2

question: What is Uranus' equatorial radius?

text: 24,764 km

question: What is Neptune referred to due to it's heat and concentration of volatiles?

text: ice giant


text: Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers. Royal haemophiliacs descended from Victoria included her great-grandsons, Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain. The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led to modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent but a haemophiliac. There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always suffer the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill. It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers. Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases.

title: Queen_Victoria

title: Queen_Victoria

text: Victoria

text: 's

text: youngest

text: son

text: Leopold

text: was

text: affected

text: by

text: the

text: blood

text: clotting

text: disease

text: haemophilia

text: B

text: and

text: two

text: of

text: her

text: five

text: daughters

text: Alice

text: and

text: Beatrice

text: were

text: carriers

text: Royal

text: haemophiliacs

text: descended

text: from

text: Victoria

text: included

text: her

text: great

text: grandsons

text: Tsarevich

text: Alexei

text: of

text: Russia

text: Alfonso

text: Prince

text: of

text: Asturias

text: and

text: Infante

text: Gonzalo

text: of

text: Spain

text: The

text: presence

text: of

text: the

text: disease

text: in

text: Victoria

text: 's

text: descendants

text: but

text: not

text: in

text: her

text: ancestors

text: led

text: to

text: modern

text: speculation

text: that

text: her

text: true

text: father

text: was

text: not

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Kent

text: but

text: a

text: haemophiliac

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: documentary

text: evidence

text: of

text: a

text: haemophiliac

text: in

text: connection

text: with

text: Victoria

text: 's

text: mother

text: and

text: as

text: male

text: carriers

text: always

text: suffer

text: the

text: disease

text: even

text: if

text: such

text: a

text: man

text: had

text: existed

text: he

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: seriously

text: ill

text: It

text: is

text: more

text: likely

text: that

text: the

text: mutation

text: arose

text: spontaneously

text: because

text: Victoria

text: 's

text: father

text: was

text: over

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: her

text: conception

text: and

text: haemophilia

text: arises

text: more

text: frequently

text: in

text: the

text: children

text: of

text: older

text: fathers

text: Spontaneous

text: mutations

text: account

text: for

text: about

text: a

text: third

text: of

text: cases

question: What blood clotting disease did Victorias youngest son have?

answer: haemophilia B

text: haemophilia B

question: How many of Victorias daughters were carriers of the blood clotting disease that Leopold had?

answer: two

text: two

question: It was believed that Victorias true father was a hemophiliac and not who?

answer: the Duke of Kent

text: the Duke of Kent

question: What is the sex of carriers that always suffer the blood clotting disease haemophi;ia B?

answer: male

text: male

question: How old was Victorias father at the time of her conception?

answer: over 50

text: over 50

question: What disease did Victoria's youngest son have?

answer: the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B

text: the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B

question: Which two of Victoria's daughters also were carriers for the blood clotting disorder?

answer: Alice and Beatrice

text: Alice and Beatrice

question: Who was Queen Victoria's father rumored to be instead of the Duke of Kent?

answer: a haemophiliac

text: a haemophiliac

question: What disease affected Leopold and was carried by two of Victoria's daughters?

answer: haemophilia B

text: haemophilia B

question: Which Royal haemophiliacs are said to have descended from Victoria?

answer: Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain

text: Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain

question: Which of Victoria's daughters were carriers of haemophilia?

answer: Alice and Beatrice

text: Alice and Beatrice

question: What is a big factor on whether or not an offspring will spontaneously develop haemophilia?

answer: older fathers

text: older fathers

question: In how many births do spontaneous cases of haemophilia arise?

answer: about a third of cases

text: about a third of cases

question: What blood clotting disease did Victorias oldest son have?

text: haemophilia B

question: How many of Victorias sons were carriers of the blood clotting disease that Leopold had?

text: two

question: It was believed that Victorias true mother was a hemophiliac and not who?

text: Duke of Kent

question: What is the age of carriers that always suffer the blood clotting disease haemophi;ia B?

text: male

question: How old was Victorias father at the time of her death?

text: over 50


text: In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service bells and the 1320 bell, along with a fourth small silver "dish bell", kept in the refectory, have been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England.

title: Westminster_Abbey

title: Westminster_Abbey

text: In

text: addition

text: there

text: are

text: two

text: service

text: bells

text: cast

text: by

text: Robert

text: Mot

text: in

text: and

text: respectively

text: a

text: Sanctus

text: bell

text: cast

text: in

text: by

text: Richard

text: Phelps

text: and

text: Thomas

text: Lester

text: and

text: two

text: unused

text: bells

text: one

text: cast

text: about

text: by

text: the

text: successor

text: to

text: R

text: de

text: Wymbish

text: and

text: a

text: second

text: cast

text: in

text: by

text: Thomas

text: Lester

text: The

text: two

text: service

text: bells

text: and

text: the

text: bell

text: along

text: with

text: a

text: fourth

text: small

text: silver

text: dish

text: bell

text: kept

text: in

text: the

text: refectory

text: have

text: been

text: noted

text: as

text: being

text: of

text: historical

text: importance

text: by

text: the

text: Church

text: Buildings

text: Council

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: England

question: Who cast the two service bells?

answer: Robert Mot

text: Robert Mot

question: When were the two service bells cast?

answer: 1585 and 1598

text: 1585 and 1598

question: When was the Sanctus bell cast?

answer: 1738

question: Who cast the Sanctus bell?

answer: Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester

text: Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester

question: Where is the "dish bell" kept?

answer: in the refectory

text: in the refectory

question: Who cast the three service bells?

text: Robert Mot,

question: When were the three service bells cast?

text: 1585 and 1598

question: When was the Sanctus bell ruined?

question: Who destroyed the Sanctus bell?

text: Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester

question: Where isn't the "dish bell" kept?

text: in the refectory


text: Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls into it. This snow collects and is compacted by the weight of the snow falling above it forming névé. Further crushing of the individual snowflakes and squeezing the air from the snow turns it into 'glacial ice'. This glacial ice will fill the cirque until it 'overflows' through a geological weakness or vacancy, such as the gap between two mountains. When the mass of snow and ice is sufficiently thick, it begins to move due to a combination of surface slope, gravity and pressure. On steeper slopes, this can occur with as little as 15 m (50 ft) of snow-ice.

title: Glacier

title: Glacier

text: Glaciers

text: form

text: where

text: the

text: accumulation

text: of

text: snow

text: and

text: ice

text: exceeds

text: ablation

text: The

text: area

text: in

text: which

text: a

text: glacier

text: forms

text: is

text: called

text: a

text: cirque

text: corrie

text: or

text: cwm

text: a

text: typically

text: armchair

text: shaped

text: geological

text: feature

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: depression

text: between

text: mountains

text: enclosed

text: by

text: arêtes

text: which

text: collects

text: and

text: compresses

text: through

text: gravity

text: the

text: snow

text: which

text: falls

text: into

text: it

text: This

text: snow

text: collects

text: and

text: is

text: compacted

text: by

text: the

text: weight

text: of

text: the

text: snow

text: falling

text: above

text: it

text: forming

text: névé

text: Further

text: crushing

text: of

text: the

text: individual

text: snowflakes

text: and

text: squeezing

text: the

text: air

text: from

text: the

text: snow

text: turns

text: it

text: into

text: glacial

text: ice

text: This

text: glacial

text: ice

text: will

text: fill

text: the

text: cirque

text: until

text: it

text: overflows

text: through

text: a

text: geological

text: weakness

text: or

text: vacancy

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: gap

text: between

text: two

text: mountains

text: When

text: the

text: mass

text: of

text: snow

text: and

text: ice

text: is

text: sufficiently

text: thick

text: it

text: begins

text: to

text: move

text: due

text: to

text: a

text: combination

text: of

text: surface

text: slope

text: gravity

text: and

text: pressure

text: On

text: steeper

text: slopes

text: this

text: can

text: occur

text: with

text: as

text: little

text: as

text: m

text: ft

text: of

text: snow

text: ice

question: Under what circumstances do glaciers form?

answer: where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation

text: where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation

question: What is a cirque?

answer: The area in which a glacier forms

text: The area in which a glacier forms

question: What shape is a cirque, generally?

answer: armchair-shaped

text: armchair-shaped

question: How much ice and snow is minimally necessary to begin to slide on steep glaciers?

answer: 15 m (50 ft)

text: 15 m (50 ft)

question: What forms were snow and ice accumulation is equal to its melting

text: Glaciers

question: What geological features formed by glaciers?

text: cirque

question: What happens in a minimum of 15 feet of snow?

text: it begins to move

question: What causes a glaciers stop moving?


text: Far from being a mere "stopgap" pope, to great excitement, John XXIII called for an ecumenical council fewer than ninety years after the First Vatican Council (Vatican I's predecessor, the Council of Trent, had been held in the 16th century). This decision was announced on 29 January 1959 at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who later became Pope Paul VI, remarked to Giulio Bevilacqua that "this holy old boy doesn't realise what a hornet's nest he's stirring up". From the Second Vatican Council came changes that reshaped the face of Catholicism: a comprehensively revised liturgy, a stronger emphasis on ecumenism, and a new approach to the world.

title: Pope_John_XXIII

title: Pope_John_XXIII

text: Far

text: from

text: being

text: a

text: mere

text: stopgap

text: pope

text: to

text: great

text: excitement

text: John

text: XXIII

text: called

text: for

text: an

text: ecumenical

text: council

text: fewer

text: than

text: ninety

text: years

text: after

text: the

text: First

text: Vatican

text: Council

text: Vatican

text: I

text: 's

text: predecessor

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Trent

text: had

text: been

text: held

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: This

text: decision

text: was

text: announced

text: on

text: January

text: at

text: the

text: Basilica

text: of

text: Saint

text: Paul

text: Outside

text: the

text: Walls

text: Cardinal

text: Giovanni

text: Battista

text: Montini

text: who

text: later

text: became

text: Pope

text: Paul

text: VI

text: remarked

text: to

text: Giulio

text: Bevilacqua

text: that

text: this

text: holy

text: old

text: boy

text: does

text: n't

text: realise

text: what

text: a

text: hornet

text: 's

text: nest

text: he

text: 's

text: stirring

text: up

text: From

text: the

text: Second

text: Vatican

text: Council

text: came

text: changes

text: that

text: reshaped

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: Catholicism

text: a

text: comprehensively

text: revised

text: liturgy

text: a

text: stronger

text: emphasis

text: on

text: ecumenism

text: and

text: a

text: new

text: approach

text: to

text: the

text: world

question: What did John XXIII call for?

answer: an ecumenical council

text: an ecumenical council

question: When was the decision made for this council?

answer: 29 January 1959

text: 29 January 1959

question: Where was the decision made for this council?

answer: the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls

text: the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls

question: Who did Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini later become?

answer: Pope Paul VI

text: Pope Paul VI

question: What did Pope Paul VI call for?

text: an ecumenical council

question: What changes were made by the Council of Trent?

question: Who did Giulio Bevilacqua later become?

text: Pope Paul VI

question: In what century was Catholocism popular?

text: the 16th century

question: How many years had passed since Giulio Bevilacqua called for the First Vatican Council?

text: fewer than ninety years


text: On January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office. In his farewell speech, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the U.S. armed forces. He described the Cold War: "We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method ..." and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military–industrial complex."

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: On

text: January

text: Eisenhower

text: gave

text: his

text: final

text: televised

text: Address

text: to

text: the

text: Nation

text: from

text: the

text: Oval

text: Office

text: In

text: his

text: farewell

text: speech

text: Eisenhower

text: raised

text: the

text: issue

text: of

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: and

text: role

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: armed

text: forces

text: He

text: described

text: the

text: Cold

text: War

text: We

text: face

text: a

text: hostile

text: ideology

text: global

text: in

text: scope

text: atheistic

text: in

text: character

text: ruthless

text: in

text: purpose

text: and

text: insidious

text: in

text: method

text: and

text: warned

text: about

text: what

text: he

text: saw

text: as

text: unjustified

text: government

text: spending

text: proposals

text: and

text: continued

text: with

text: a

text: warning

text: that

text: we

text: must

text: guard

text: against

text: the

text: acquisition

text: of

text: unwarranted

text: influence

text: whether

text: sought

text: or

text: unsought

text: by

text: the

text: military

text: industrial

text: complex

question: On what date did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?

answer: January 17, 1961

text: January 17, 1961

question: In his farewell speech, what complex did Eisenhower warn the American people of?

answer: military–industrial

text: military–industrial

question: What war did Eisenhower talk about in his Address to the Nation?

answer: Cold

text: Cold

question: From where did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?

answer: Oval Office

text: Oval Office

question: What term did Eisenhower use to describe the character of communism?

answer: atheistic

text: atheistic


text: In vertebrates, the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus, a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function. The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei, most of which are involved in basic biological functions. Some of these functions relate to arousal or to social interactions such as sexuality, aggression, or maternal behaviors; but many of them relate to homeostasis. Several hypothalamic nuclei receive input from sensors located in the lining of blood vessels, conveying information about temperature, sodium level, glucose level, blood oxygen level, and other parameters. These hypothalamic nuclei send output signals to motor areas that can generate actions to rectify deficiencies. Some of the outputs also go to the pituitary gland, a tiny gland attached to the brain directly underneath the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream, where they circulate throughout the body and induce changes in cellular activity.

title: Brain

title: Brain

text: In

text: vertebrates

text: the

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: brain

text: that

text: plays

text: the

text: greatest

text: role

text: is

text: the

text: hypothalamus

text: a

text: small

text: region

text: at

text: the

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: forebrain

text: whose

text: size

text: does

text: not

text: reflect

text: its

text: complexity

text: or

text: the

text: importance

text: of

text: its

text: function

text: The

text: hypothalamus

text: is

text: a

text: collection

text: of

text: small

text: nuclei

text: most

text: of

text: which

text: are

text: involved

text: in

text: basic

text: biological

text: functions

text: Some

text: of

text: these

text: functions

text: relate

text: to

text: arousal

text: or

text: to

text: social

text: interactions

text: such

text: as

text: sexuality

text: aggression

text: or

text: maternal

text: behaviors

text: but

text: many

text: of

text: them

text: relate

text: to

text: homeostasis

text: Several

text: hypothalamic

text: nuclei

text: receive

text: input

text: from

text: sensors

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: lining

text: of

text: blood

text: vessels

text: conveying

text: information

text: about

text: temperature

text: sodium

text: level

text: glucose

text: level

text: blood

text: oxygen

text: level

text: and

text: other

text: parameters

text: These

text: hypothalamic

text: nuclei

text: send

text: output

text: signals

text: to

text: motor

text: areas

text: that

text: can

text: generate

text: actions

text: to

text: rectify

text: deficiencies

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: outputs

text: also

text: go

text: to

text: the

text: pituitary

text: gland

text: a

text: tiny

text: gland

text: attached

text: to

text: the

text: brain

text: directly

text: underneath

text: the

text: hypothalamus

text: The

text: pituitary

text: gland

text: secretes

text: hormones

text: into

text: the

text: bloodstream

text: where

text: they

text: circulate

text: throughout

text: the

text: body

text: and

text: induce

text: changes

text: in

text: cellular

text: activity

question: The hypothalamus is located at the base of what?

answer: the forebrain

text: the forebrain

question: In vertebrates, the most important part of the brain is what?

answer: the hypothalamus,

text: the hypothalamus,

question: A collection of small nuclei at the base of the forebrain is called what?

answer: the hypothalamus,

text: the hypothalamus,

question: The gland directly underneath the hypothalamus is which gland?

answer: the pituitary gland

text: the pituitary gland

question: The pituitary gland sends hormones through what in the body?

answer: the bloodstream

text: the bloodstream


text: Ozawa's "Northern Force" had four aircraft carriers, two obsolete battleships partly converted to carriers, three cruisers and nine destroyers. The carriers had only 108 planes. The force was not spotted by the Allies until 16:40 on 24 October. At 20:00 Toyoda ordered all remaining Japanese forces to attack. Halsey saw an opportunity to destroy the remnants of the Japanese carrier force. The U.S. Third Fleet was formidable – nine large carriers, eight light carriers, six battleships, 17 cruisers, 63 destroyers and 1,000 planes – and completely outgunned Ozawa's force. Halsey's ships set out in pursuit of Ozawa just after midnight. U.S. commanders ignored reports that Kurita had turned back towards San Bernardino Strait. They had taken the bait set by Ozawa. On the morning of 25 October Ozawa launched 75 planes. Most were shot down by U.S. fighter patrols. By 08:00 U.S. fighters had destroyed the screen of Japanese fighters and were hitting ships. By evening, they had sunk the carriers Zuikaku, Zuihō, and Chiyoda, and a destroyer. The fourth carrier, Chitose, and a cruiser were disabled and later sank.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: Ozawa

text: 's

text: Northern

text: Force

text: had

text: four

text: aircraft

text: carriers

text: two

text: obsolete

text: battleships

text: partly

text: converted

text: to

text: carriers

text: three

text: cruisers

text: and

text: nine

text: destroyers

text: The

text: carriers

text: had

text: only

text: planes

text: The

text: force

text: was

text: not

text: spotted

text: by

text: the

text: Allies

text: until

text: on

text: October

text: At

text: Toyoda

text: ordered

text: all

text: remaining

text: Japanese

text: forces

text: to

text: attack

text: Halsey

text: saw

text: an

text: opportunity

text: to

text: destroy

text: the

text: remnants

text: of

text: the

text: Japanese

text: carrier

text: force

text: The

text: U.S.

text: Third

text: Fleet

text: was

text: formidable

text: nine

text: large

text: carriers

text: eight

text: light

text: carriers

text: six

text: battleships

text: cruisers

text: destroyers

text: and

text: planes

text: and

text: completely

text: outgunned

text: Ozawa

text: 's

text: force

text: Halsey

text: 's

text: ships

text: set

text: out

text: in

text: pursuit

text: of

text: Ozawa

text: just

text: after

text: midnight

text: U.S.

text: commanders

text: ignored

text: reports

text: that

text: Kurita

text: had

text: turned

text: back

text: towards

text: San

text: Bernardino

text: Strait

text: They

text: had

text: taken

text: the

text: bait

text: set

text: by

text: Ozawa

text: On

text: the

text: morning

text: of

text: October

text: Ozawa

text: launched

text: planes

text: Most

text: were

text: shot

text: down

text: by

text: U.S.

text: fighter

text: patrols

text: By

text: U.S.

text: fighters

text: had

text: destroyed

text: the

text: screen

text: of

text: Japanese

text: fighters

text: and

text: were

text: hitting

text: ships

text: By

text: evening

text: they

text: had

text: sunk

text: the

text: carriers

text: Zuikaku

text: Zuihō

text: and

text: Chiyoda

text: and

text: a

text: destroyer

text: The

text: fourth

text: carrier

text: Chitose

text: and

text: a

text: cruiser

text: were

text: disabled

text: and

text: later

text: sank

question: How many aircraft carriers were in Ozawa's "Northern Force"?

answer: four

text: four

question: When did the allies spot Ozawa's "Northern Force"?

answer: 16:40 on 24 October

text: 16:40 on 24 October

question: How many planes were in the U.S. 3rd Fleet?

answer: 1,000

question: How many destroyers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?

answer: 63

question: How many cruisers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?

answer: 17


text: A person from Ann Arbor is called an "Ann Arborite", and many long-time residents call themselves "townies". The city itself is often called "A²" ("A-squared") or "A2" ("A two") or "AA", "The Deuce" (mainly by Chicagoans), and "Tree Town". With tongue-in-cheek reference to the city's liberal political leanings, some occasionally refer to Ann Arbor as "The People's Republic of Ann Arbor" or "25 square miles surrounded by reality", the latter phrase being adapted from Wisconsin Governor Lee Dreyfus's description of Madison, Wisconsin. In A Prairie Home Companion broadcast from Ann Arbor, Garrison Keillor described Ann Arbor as "a city where people discuss socialism, but only in the fanciest restaurants." Ann Arbor sometimes appears on citation indexes as an author, instead of a location, often with the academic degree MI, a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan. Ann Arbor has become increasingly gentrified in recent years.

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan

text: A

text: person

text: from

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: is

text: called

text: an

text: Ann

text: Arborite

text: and

text: many

text: long

text: time

text: residents

text: call

text: themselves

text: townies

text: The

text: city

text: itself

text: is

text: often

text: called

text: A²

text: A

text: squared

text: or

text: A

text: two

text: or

text: AA

text: The

text: Deuce

text: mainly

text: by

text: Chicagoans

text: and

text: Tree

text: Town

text: With

text: tongue

text: in

text: cheek

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: liberal

text: political

text: leanings

text: some

text: occasionally

text: refer

text: to

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: as

text: The

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: or

text: square

text: miles

text: surrounded

text: by

text: reality

text: the

text: latter

text: phrase

text: being

text: adapted

text: from

text: Wisconsin

text: Governor

text: Lee

text: Dreyfus

text: 's

text: description

text: of

text: Madison

text: Wisconsin

text: In

text: A

text: Prairie

text: Home

text: Companion

text: broadcast

text: from

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: Garrison

text: Keillor

text: described

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: as

text: a

text: city

text: where

text: people

text: discuss

text: socialism

text: but

text: only

text: in

text: the

text: fanciest

text: restaurants

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: sometimes

text: appears

text: on

text: citation

text: indexes

text: as

text: an

text: author

text: instead

text: of

text: a

text: location

text: often

text: with

text: the

text: academic

text: degree

text: MI

text: a

text: misunderstanding

text: of

text: the

text: abbreviation

text: for

text: Michigan

text: Ann

text: Arbor

text: has

text: become

text: increasingly

text: gentrified

text: in

text: recent

text: years

question: What is a person from Ann Arbor called?

answer: Ann Arborite

text: Ann Arborite

question: In recent years what has Ann Arbor become?

answer: gentrified

text: gentrified

question: Which city is referred to as the "People's Republic of Ann Arbor"?

answer: Ann Arbor

text: Ann Arbor

question: What city is known as 52 square miles surrounded by reality?

text: Ann Arbor

question: What phrase did Wisconsin Governor Lee Dreyfus use to describe Ann Arbor?

text: 25 square miles surrounded by reality

question: What does the academic degree MI stand for?

question: What do they sometimes refer to Ann Arbor as because of the city's conservative political leanings?

text: The People's Republic of Ann Arbor


text: Because of its coastal location, the economy of Plymouth has traditionally been maritime, in particular the defence sector with over 12,000 people employed and approximately 7,500 in the armed forces. The Plymouth Gin Distillery has been producing Plymouth Gin since 1793, which was exported around the world by the Royal Navy. During the 1930s, it was the most widely distributed gin and has a controlled term of origin. Since the 1980s, employment in the defence sector has decreased substantially and the public sector is now prominent particularly in administration, health, education, medicine and engineering.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Because

text: of

text: its

text: coastal

text: location

text: the

text: economy

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: has

text: traditionally

text: been

text: maritime

text: in

text: particular

text: the

text: defence

text: sector

text: with

text: over

text: people

text: employed

text: and

text: approximately

text: in

text: the

text: armed

text: forces

text: The

text: Plymouth

text: Gin

text: Distillery

text: has

text: been

text: producing

text: Plymouth

text: Gin

text: since

text: which

text: was

text: exported

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: by

text: the

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: During

text: the

text: it

text: was

text: the

text: most

text: widely

text: distributed

text: gin

text: and

text: has

text: a

text: controlled

text: term

text: of

text: origin

text: Since

text: the

text: employment

text: in

text: the

text: defence

text: sector

text: has

text: decreased

text: substantially

text: and

text: the

text: public

text: sector

text: is

text: now

text: prominent

text: particularly

text: in

text: administration

text: health

text: education

text: medicine

text: and

text: engineering

question: How many Plymouth residents are employed in defense?

answer: 12,000

question: About how many Plymouth residents are serving in the military?

answer: 7,500

question: When was Plymouth Gin first distilled?

answer: 1793

question: What company produces Plymouth Gin?

answer: Plymouth Gin Distillery

text: Plymouth Gin Distillery

question: During what decade was Plymouth Gin the most widely consumed in the world?

answer: the 1930s

text: the 1930s


text: Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.

title: Late_Middle_Ages

title: Late_Middle_Ages

text: Combined

text: with

text: this

text: influx

text: of

text: classical

text: ideas

text: was

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: printing

text: which

text: facilitated

text: dissemination

text: of

text: the

text: printed

text: word

text: and

text: democratized

text: learning

text: These

text: two

text: things

text: would

text: later

text: lead

text: to

text: the

text: Protestant

text: Reformation

text: Toward

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: an

text: era

text: of

text: discovery

text: began

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: The

text: rise

text: of

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: culminating

text: in

text: the

text: Fall

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: in

text: eroded

text: the

text: last

text: remnants

text: of

text: the

text: Byzantine

text: Empire

text: and

text: cut

text: off

text: trading

text: possibilities

text: with

text: the

text: east

text: Europeans

text: were

text: forced

text: to

text: seek

text: new

text: trading

text: routes

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: expedition

text: of

text: Columbus

text: to

text: the

text: Americas

text: in

text: and

text: Vasco

text: da

text: Gama

text: ’s

text: circumnavigation

text: of

text: India

text: and

text: Africa

text: in

text: Their

text: discoveries

text: strengthened

text: the

text: economy

text: and

text: power

text: of

text: European

text: nations

question: Which invention resulted in more widespread use of the printed word?

answer: printing

text: printing

question: In what year did Constantinople fall?

answer: 1453

question: In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa?

answer: 1498

question: In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Americas?

answer: 1492

question: The Protestant Reformation is attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?

answer: dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning

text: dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning

question: Which invention resulted in less widespread use of the printed word?

text: printing

question: In what year did Constantinople rise?

question: In what year did Vasco da Gama sail through India and Africa?

question: In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Africas?

question: The Protestant Reformation isn't attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?


text: Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened administration of Tibet." However, Kolmaš states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642, before the Ming collapsed. Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson write that when the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1644–1661) of the subsequent Qing dynasty invited the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso to Beijing in 1652, Shunzhi treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet. Patterson writes that this was an effort of Shunzhi to secure an alliance with Tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of Manchu rule over Mongolia. In this meeting with the Qing emperor, Goldstein asserts that the Dalai Lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with Mongol tribes, some of which were declared enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the "Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim."

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: Meanwhile

text: the

text: Chinese

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: fell

text: to

text: the

text: rebellion

text: of

text: Li

text: Zicheng

text: in

text: yet

text: his

text: short

text: lived

text: Shun

text: dynasty

text: was

text: crushed

text: by

text: the

text: Manchu

text: invasion

text: and

text: the

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: general

text: Wu

text: Sangui

text: China

text: Daily

text: states

text: that

text: when

text: the

text: following

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: replaced

text: the

text: Ming

text: dynasty

text: it

text: merely

text: strengthened

text: administration

text: of

text: Tibet

text: However

text: Kolmaš

text: states

text: that

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: was

text: very

text: observant

text: of

text: what

text: was

text: going

text: on

text: in

text: China

text: and

text: accepted

text: a

text: Manchu

text: invitation

text: in

text: to

text: send

text: envoys

text: to

text: their

text: capital

text: at

text: Mukden

text: in

text: before

text: the

text: Ming

text: collapsed

text: Dawa

text: Norbu

text: William

text: Rockhill

text: and

text: George

text: N.

text: Patterson

text: write

text: that

text: when

text: the

text: Shunzhi

text: Emperor

text: r.

text: of

text: the

text: subsequent

text: Qing

text: dynasty

text: invited

text: the

text: fifth

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: Lozang

text: Gyatso

text: to

text: Beijing

text: in

text: Shunzhi

text: treated

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: as

text: an

text: independent

text: sovereign

text: of

text: Tibet

text: Patterson

text: writes

text: that

text: this

text: was

text: an

text: effort

text: of

text: Shunzhi

text: to

text: secure

text: an

text: alliance

text: with

text: Tibet

text: that

text: would

text: ultimately

text: lead

text: to

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: Manchu

text: rule

text: over

text: Mongolia

text: In

text: this

text: meeting

text: with

text: the

text: Qing

text: emperor

text: Goldstein

text: asserts

text: that

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: was

text: not

text: someone

text: to

text: be

text: trifled

text: with

text: due

text: to

text: his

text: alliance

text: with

text: Mongol

text: tribes

text: some

text: of

text: which

text: were

text: declared

text: enemies

text: of

text: the

text: Qing

text: Van

text: Praag

text: states

text: that

text: Tibet

text: and

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: 's

text: power

text: was

text: recognized

text: by

text: the

text: Manchu

text: Emperor

text: the

text: Mongolian

text: Khans

text: and

text: Princes

text: and

text: the

text: rulers

text: of

text: Ladakh

text: Nepal

text: India

text: Bhutan

text: and

text: Sikkim

question: Who did the the Chinese Ming dynasty fall to?

answer: the rebellion of Li Zicheng

text: the rebellion of Li Zicheng

question: According to Kolmaš who accepted an invite from a Manchu to send envoys to the capital at Mukden?

answer: the Dalai Lama

text: the Dalai Lama

question: Who was said to have treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet?

answer: Shunzhi

text: Shunzhi


text: Some species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Adélie penguin breeds farther south than any other penguin. The rockhopper penguin has distinctive feathers around the eyes, giving the appearance of elaborate eyelashes. King penguins, chinstrap penguins, and gentoo penguins also breed in the Antarctic.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: Some

text: species

text: of

text: marine

text: animals

text: exist

text: and

text: rely

text: directly

text: or

text: indirectly

text: on

text: the

text: phytoplankton

text: Antarctic

text: sea

text: life

text: includes

text: penguins

text: blue

text: whales

text: orcas

text: colossal

text: squids

text: and

text: fur

text: seals

text: The

text: emperor

text: penguin

text: is

text: the

text: only

text: penguin

text: that

text: breeds

text: during

text: the

text: winter

text: in

text: Antarctica

text: while

text: the

text: Adélie

text: penguin

text: breeds

text: farther

text: south

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: penguin

text: The

text: rockhopper

text: penguin

text: has

text: distinctive

text: feathers

text: around

text: the

text: eyes

text: giving

text: the

text: appearance

text: of

text: elaborate

text: eyelashes

text: King

text: penguins

text: chinstrap

text: penguins

text: and

text: gentoo

text: penguins

text: also

text: breed

text: in

text: the

text: Antarctic

question: What sea plankton doe many sea creatures rely on to live?

answer: phytoplankton

text: phytoplankton

question: What breed of penguin lives in Antarctica?

answer: emperor penguin

text: emperor penguin

question: During what season does the emperor penguin breed?

answer: winter

text: winter

question: What feature does the rockhopper penguin have around its eyes?

answer: feathers

text: feathers

question: Which penguin breeds the furterest south of all the penguin breeds?

answer: Adélie

text: Adélie

question: What do the phytolankton depend on?

text: marine animals

question: What animals live on the continent of Antarctica?

question: What is the only penguin that breeds on Antarctica?

text: emperor penguin

question: What penguin breeds south of Antarctica?

text: the Adélie penguin

question: What type of feathers do king penguins have?

text: feathers around the eyes

question: What do marine animals directly rely on?

text: phytoplankton

question: What is the Adelie penguin the only one to do during winter in Antarctica?

text: breeds

question: What direction does the Emperor penguin go further than any other to breed?

text: south


text: Prior to Confederation in 1867, residents of the colonies in what is now Canada served as regular members of French and British forces and in local militia groups. The latter aided in the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces during the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812, as well as in the Fenian raids, Red River Rebellion, and North-West Rebellion. Consequently, the lineages of some Canadian army units stretch back to the early 19th century, when militia units were formed to assist in the defence of British North America against invasion by the United States.

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

text: Prior

text: to

text: Confederation

text: in

text: residents

text: of

text: the

text: colonies

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: Canada

text: served

text: as

text: regular

text: members

text: of

text: French

text: and

text: British

text: forces

text: and

text: in

text: local

text: militia

text: groups

text: The

text: latter

text: aided

text: in

text: the

text: defence

text: of

text: their

text: respective

text: territories

text: against

text: attacks

text: by

text: other

text: European

text: powers

text: Aboriginal

text: peoples

text: and

text: later

text: American

text: forces

text: during

text: the

text: American

text: Revolutionary

text: War

text: and

text: War

text: of

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: in

text: the

text: Fenian

text: raids

text: Red

text: River

text: Rebellion

text: and

text: North

text: West

text: Rebellion

text: Consequently

text: the

text: lineages

text: of

text: some

text: Canadian

text: army

text: units

text: stretch

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: when

text: militia

text: units

text: were

text: formed

text: to

text: assist

text: in

text: the

text: defence

text: of

text: British

text: North

text: America

text: against

text: invasion

text: by

text: the

text: United

text: States

question: What year was Canada united in a confederation?

answer: 1867

question: The forces of what countries did people serve before the unification?

answer: French and British forces

text: French and British forces

question: What is one of the threats that faced them?

answer: European powers

text: European powers

question: What American war threatened Canada?

answer: the American Revolutionary War

text: the American Revolutionary War

question: Early on, what did they defend against with the British?

answer: invasion by the United States

text: invasion by the United States

question: When was the Confederation established?

question: What year did the American Revolutionary War take place?

question: Who aided in defence during the Fenian Rebellion?

text: British forces

question: Who aided in defence during the Red River Raids?

text: British forces

question: When were Canadian army units formed?

text: early 19th century

question: What year wasn't Canada united in a confederation?

question: The forces of what countries didn't people serve before the unification?

text: French and British forces

question: What is one of the threats that didn't faced them?

text: European powers

question: What Asian war threatened Canada?

text: American Revolutionary War

question: Early on, what didn't they defend against with the British?

text: invasion by the United States


text: Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny. His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from Żywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother. It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Fryderyk

text: may

text: have

text: had

text: some

text: piano

text: instruction

text: from

text: his

text: mother

text: but

text: his

text: first

text: professional

text: music

text: tutor

text: from

text: to

text: was

text: the

text: Czech

text: pianist

text: Wojciech

text: Żywny

text: His

text: elder

text: sister

text: Ludwika

text: also

text: took

text: lessons

text: from

text: Żywny

text: and

text: occasionally

text: played

text: duets

text: with

text: her

text: brother

text: It

text: quickly

text: became

text: apparent

text: that

text: he

text: was

text: a

text: child

text: prodigy

text: By

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: seven

text: Fryderyk

text: had

text: begun

text: giving

text: public

text: concerts

text: and

text: in

text: he

text: composed

text: two

text: polonaises

text: in

text: G

text: minor

text: and

text: B

text: flat

text: major

text: His

text: next

text: work

text: a

text: polonaise

text: in

text: A

text: flat

text: major

text: of

text: dedicated

text: to

text: Żywny

text: is

text: his

text: earliest

text: surviving

text: musical

text: manuscript

question: Who was Frédéric's first professional teacher in music?

answer: Wojciech Żywny

text: Wojciech Żywny

question: Which sister did Frédéric play duets with sometimes while being tutored at this time?

answer: Ludwika

text: Ludwika

question: At what age did Frédéric start giving public concerts?

answer: 7

question: What did Frédéric compose during the year of 1817?

answer: two polonaises

text: two polonaises

question: What is the earliest surviving musical notation composed by Frédéric?

answer: a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821

text: a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821

question: Who was Chopin's initial piano teacher?

answer: Wojciech Żywny

text: Wojciech Żywny

question: Which of his sisters did Chopin sometimes duet with?

answer: Ludwika

text: Ludwika

question: At what age did Chopin start playing publicly?

answer: 7

question: What year did Chopin compose his first work?

answer: 1817

question: During what years did Chopin receive instruction from  Żywny?

answer: 1816 to 1821

text: 1816 to 1821

question: What is the name of Chopin's first music teacher that was not an amateur musician?

answer: Wojciech Żywny

text: Wojciech Żywny

question: Which of Chopin's sisters would play music with him?

answer: Ludwika

text: Ludwika

question: How old was Chopin when he began to perform for the public?

answer: 7

question: Who was Chopin's earliest piece of music, that there is a record of, dedicated to?

answer: Wojciech Żywny

text: Wojciech Żywny


text: The Sichuanese are proud of their cuisine, known as one of the Four Great Traditions of Chinese cuisine. The cuisine here is of "one dish, one shape, hundreds of dishes, hundreds of tastes", as the saying goes, to describe its acclaimed diversity. The most prominent traits of Sichuanese cuisine are described by four words: spicy, hot, fresh and fragrant. Sichuan cuisine is popular in the whole nation of China, so are Sichuan chefs. Two well-known Sichuan chefs are Chen Kenmin and his son Chen Kenichi, who was Iron Chef Chinese on the Japanese television series "Iron Chef".

title: Sichuan

title: Sichuan

text: The

text: Sichuanese

text: are

text: proud

text: of

text: their

text: cuisine

text: known

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: Four

text: Great

text: Traditions

text: of

text: Chinese

text: cuisine

text: The

text: cuisine

text: here

text: is

text: of

text: one

text: dish

text: one

text: shape

text: hundreds

text: of

text: dishes

text: hundreds

text: of

text: tastes

text: as

text: the

text: saying

text: goes

text: to

text: describe

text: its

text: acclaimed

text: diversity

text: The

text: most

text: prominent

text: traits

text: of

text: Sichuanese

text: cuisine

text: are

text: described

text: by

text: four

text: words

text: spicy

text: hot

text: fresh

text: and

text: fragrant

text: Sichuan

text: cuisine

text: is

text: popular

text: in

text: the

text: whole

text: nation

text: of

text: China

text: so

text: are

text: Sichuan

text: chefs

text: Two

text: well

text: known

text: Sichuan

text: chefs

text: are

text: Chen

text: Kenmin

text: and

text: his

text: son

text: Chen

text: Kenichi

text: who

text: was

text: Iron

text: Chef

text: Chinese

text: on

text: the

text: Japanese

text: television

text: series

text: Iron

text: Chef

question: Who is proud of their chefs?

text: The Sichuanese

question: What is popular in the whole nation of Japan?

text: Sichuan cuisine

question: Who is Sichuan's son?

text: Chen Kenichi

question: What are the most prominent traits of Japanese cuisine?

text: spicy, hot, fresh and fragrant

question: Who were featured on the Chinese television series "Iron Chef"?

text: Chen Kenmin and his son Chen Kenichi


text: After 1937 the Lord Mayor and the state commissioners of Hanover were members of the NSDAP (Nazi party). A large Jewish population then existed in Hanover. In October 1938, 484 Hanoverian Jews of Polish origin were expelled to Poland, including the Grynszpan family. However, Poland refused to accept them, leaving them stranded at the border with thousands of other Polish-Jewish deportees, fed only intermittently by the Polish Red Cross and Jewish welfare organisations. The Gryszpan's son Herschel Grynszpan was in Paris at the time. When he learned of what was happening, he drove to the German embassy in Paris and shot the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath, who died shortly afterwards.

title: Hanover

title: Hanover

text: After

text: the

text: Lord

text: Mayor

text: and

text: the

text: state

text: commissioners

text: of

text: Hanover

text: were

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: NSDAP

text: Nazi

text: party

text: A

text: large

text: Jewish

text: population

text: then

text: existed

text: in

text: Hanover

text: In

text: October

text: Hanoverian

text: Jews

text: of

text: Polish

text: origin

text: were

text: expelled

text: to

text: Poland

text: including

text: the

text: Grynszpan

text: family

text: However

text: Poland

text: refused

text: to

text: accept

text: them

text: leaving

text: them

text: stranded

text: at

text: the

text: border

text: with

text: thousands

text: of

text: other

text: Polish

text: Jewish

text: deportees

text: fed

text: only

text: intermittently

text: by

text: the

text: Polish

text: Red

text: Cross

text: and

text: Jewish

text: welfare

text: organisations

text: The

text: Gryszpan

text: 's

text: son

text: Herschel

text: Grynszpan

text: was

text: in

text: Paris

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: When

text: he

text: learned

text: of

text: what

text: was

text: happening

text: he

text: drove

text: to

text: the

text: German

text: embassy

text: in

text: Paris

text: and

text: shot

text: the

text: German

text: diplomat

text: Eduard

text: Ernst

text: vom

text: Rath

text: who

text: died

text: shortly

text: afterwards

question: What does the NSDAP stand for?

answer: Nazi party

text: Nazi party

question: After which year did the Lord Mayor join the NSDAP?

answer: 1937

question: How many Hanoverian Jews were expelled in 1938?

answer: 484

question: Who assassinated the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath?

answer: Herschel Grynszpan

text: Herschel Grynszpan

question: Which city was the German diplomat in when he got assassinated?

answer: Paris

text: Paris

question: Who belong to the Nazi party prior to 1937?

question: What city had a large Polish population in 1937?

text: Hanover

question: How many Hanoverian Jews were sent to Paris?

question: Who negotiated with the German diplomat?

text: Herschel Grynszpan


text: Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) in its own plane and six others at a greater distance of 290.6 pm. The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 °C. Above 210 °C, the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating. Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity. For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting (419.5 °C) and boiling points (907 °C). Its melting point is the lowest of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium.

title: Zinc

title: Zinc

text: Zinc

text: is

text: a

text: bluish

text: white

text: lustrous

text: diamagnetic

text: metal

text: though

text: most

text: common

text: commercial

text: grades

text: of

text: the

text: metal

text: have

text: a

text: dull

text: finish

text: It

text: is

text: somewhat

text: less

text: dense

text: than

text: iron

text: and

text: has

text: a

text: hexagonal

text: crystal

text: structure

text: with

text: a

text: distorted

text: form

text: of

text: hexagonal

text: close

text: packing

text: in

text: which

text: each

text: atom

text: has

text: six

text: nearest

text: neighbors

text: at

text: pm

text: in

text: its

text: own

text: plane

text: and

text: six

text: others

text: at

text: a

text: greater

text: distance

text: of

text: pm

text: The

text: metal

text: is

text: hard

text: and

text: brittle

text: at

text: most

text: temperatures

text: but

text: becomes

text: malleable

text: between

text: and

text: C

text: Above

text: C

text: the

text: metal

text: becomes

text: brittle

text: again

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: pulverized

text: by

text: beating

text: Zinc

text: is

text: a

text: fair

text: conductor

text: of

text: electricity

text: For

text: a

text: metal

text: zinc

text: has

text: relatively

text: low

text: melting

text: C

text: and

text: boiling

text: points

text: C

text: Its

text: melting

text: point

text: is

text: the

text: lowest

text: of

text: all

text: the

text: transition

text: metals

text: aside

text: from

text: mercury

text: and

text: cadmium

question: What color is zinc?

answer: bluish-white

text: bluish-white

question: Is iron more dense than zinc?

answer: It is somewhat less dense than iron

text: It is somewhat less dense than iron

question: At what temperature does the metal become malleable?

answer: 100 and 150 °C

text: 100 and 150 °C

question: At what temperature to zinc become brittle?

answer: 210 °C

text: 210 °C

question: What is the boiling point of zinc?

answer: 907 °C

text: 907 °C

question: In it's pre commercial state, what color is zinc?

answer: bluish-white

text: bluish-white

question: What is the crystalline structure of sync?

answer: hexagonal

text: hexagonal

question: What happens to zinc when it is manipulated to the temperatures between 100 and 150 Celsius?

answer: becomes malleable

text: becomes malleable

question: At what temperature can zinc be pulverized?

answer: 210 °C

text: 210 °C

question: What color is rotten zinc?

text: bluish

question: What temperature does the metal become liquid?

text: 100 and 150 °C

question: What temperature does zinc become unbreakable?

text: 210 °C

question: What is the cooking temperature of zinc?

text: 907 °C

question: What is the impossible structure of zinc?

text: hexagonal


text: In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply; she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for "wickedly" estranging her from her mother. To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief, Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble. In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son, the Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying in Killarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland. Appalled, Albert travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him. By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell. He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated. She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales's philandering. He had been "killed by that dreadful business", she said. She entered a state of mourning and wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances, and rarely set foot in London in the following years. Her seclusion earned her the nickname "widow of Windsor".

title: Queen_Victoria

title: Queen_Victoria

text: In

text: March

text: Victoria

text: 's

text: mother

text: died

text: with

text: Victoria

text: at

text: her

text: side

text: Through

text: reading

text: her

text: mother

text: 's

text: papers

text: Victoria

text: discovered

text: that

text: her

text: mother

text: had

text: loved

text: her

text: deeply

text: she

text: was

text: heart

text: broken

text: and

text: blamed

text: Conroy

text: and

text: Lehzen

text: for

text: wickedly

text: estranging

text: her

text: from

text: her

text: mother

text: To

text: relieve

text: his

text: wife

text: during

text: her

text: intense

text: and

text: deep

text: grief

text: Albert

text: took

text: on

text: most

text: of

text: her

text: duties

text: despite

text: being

text: ill

text: himself

text: with

text: chronic

text: stomach

text: trouble

text: In

text: August

text: Victoria

text: and

text: Albert

text: visited

text: their

text: son

text: the

text: Prince

text: of

text: Wales

text: who

text: was

text: attending

text: army

text: manoeuvres

text: near

text: Dublin

text: and

text: spent

text: a

text: few

text: days

text: holidaying

text: in

text: Killarney

text: In

text: November

text: Albert

text: was

text: made

text: aware

text: of

text: gossip

text: that

text: his

text: son

text: had

text: slept

text: with

text: an

text: actress

text: in

text: Ireland

text: Appalled

text: Albert

text: travelled

text: to

text: Cambridge

text: where

text: his

text: son

text: was

text: studying

text: to

text: confront

text: him

text: By

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: December

text: Albert

text: was

text: very

text: unwell

text: He

text: was

text: diagnosed

text: with

text: typhoid

text: fever

text: by

text: William

text: Jenner

text: and

text: died

text: on

text: December

text: Victoria

text: was

text: devastated

text: She

text: blamed

text: her

text: husband

text: 's

text: death

text: on

text: worry

text: over

text: the

text: Prince

text: of

text: Wales

text: 's

text: philandering

text: He

text: had

text: been

text: killed

text: by

text: that

text: dreadful

text: business

text: she

text: said

text: She

text: entered

text: a

text: state

text: of

text: mourning

text: and

text: wore

text: black

text: for

text: the

text: remainder

text: of

text: her

text: life

text: She

text: avoided

text: public

text: appearances

text: and

text: rarely

text: set

text: foot

text: in

text: London

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: years

text: Her

text: seclusion

text: earned

text: her

text: the

text: nickname

text: widow

text: of

text: Windsor

question: During which year did Victoria's mother die?

answer: 1861

question: How did Victoria realize that her mother deeply loved her?

answer: Through reading her mother's papers

text: Through reading her mother's papers

question: What was Albert ill with?

answer: chronic stomach trouble

text: chronic stomach trouble

question: What was Prince of Wales attending to in Dublin?

answer: army manoeuvres

text: army manoeuvres

question: What did Victoria blame Albert's death on?

answer: Prince of Wales's philandering

text: Prince of Wales's philandering

question: What year did Victoria's mother die?

answer: 1861

question: Who did Victoria blame for her poor relationship with her mother?

answer: Conroy and Lehzen

text: Conroy and Lehzen

question: Who took on most of Victoria's duties while she grieved her mothers death?

answer: Albert

text: Albert

question: What illness was Albert suffering from while he helped Victoria through her grief?

answer: chronic stomach trouble

text: chronic stomach trouble

question: What year did Albert die?

answer: 1861

question: When did Victoria's mother die?

answer: March 1861

text: March 1861

question: What disease was Albert diagnosed with?

answer: typhoid fever

text: typhoid fever

question: When did Albert die of his illness?

answer: 14 December 1861

text: 14 December 1861

question: What was Victoria's nickname following Alberts death?

answer: widow of Windsor

text: widow of Windsor

question: Who was the Prince of Wales suspected to be having an affair with?

answer: an actress in Ireland

text: an actress in Ireland

question: When did the Duchess die?

answer: 1861

question: Who did Victoria blame for the problems between herself and the Duchess?

answer: Conroy and Lehzen

text: Conroy and Lehzen

question: What caused Prince Albert's death?

answer: typhoid fever

text: typhoid fever

question: Who did Victoria blame for Prince Albert's death?

answer: their son, the Prince of Wales

text: their son, the Prince of Wales

question: What gossip did Prince Albert hear about their son?

answer: had slept with an actress in Ireland

text: had slept with an actress in Ireland

question: During which year did Victoria's mother live?

question: How did Victoria realize that her mother slightly loved her?

text: Through reading her mother's papers

question: What wasn't Albert ill with?

text: chronic stomach trouble

question: What wasn't Princess of Wales attending to in Dublin?

text: Prince of Wales's philandering

question: What didn't Victoria blame Albert's death on?

text: Prince of Wales's philandering


text: Despite the rampant romanticism of the 20th century, samurai could be disloyal and treacherous (e.g., Akechi Mitsuhide), cowardly, brave, or overly loyal (e.g., Kusunoki Masashige). Samurai were usually loyal to their immediate superiors, who in turn allied themselves with higher lords. These loyalties to the higher lords often shifted; for example, the high lords allied under Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣秀吉) were served by loyal samurai, but the feudal lords under them could shift their support to Tokugawa, taking their samurai with them. There were, however, also notable instances where samurai would be disloyal to their lord or daimyo, when loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy.

title: Samurai

title: Samurai

text: Despite

text: the

text: rampant

text: romanticism

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: samurai

text: could

text: be

text: disloyal

text: and

text: treacherous

text: e.g.

text: Akechi

text: Mitsuhide

text: cowardly

text: brave

text: or

text: overly

text: loyal

text: e.g.

text: Kusunoki

text: Masashige

text: Samurai

text: were

text: usually

text: loyal

text: to

text: their

text: immediate

text: superiors

text: who

text: in

text: turn

text: allied

text: themselves

text: with

text: higher

text: lords

text: These

text: loyalties

text: to

text: the

text: higher

text: lords

text: often

text: shifted

text: for

text: example

text: the

text: high

text: lords

text: allied

text: under

text: Toyotomi

text: Hideyoshi

text: 豊臣秀吉

text: were

text: served

text: by

text: loyal

text: samurai

text: but

text: the

text: feudal

text: lords

text: under

text: them

text: could

text: shift

text: their

text: support

text: to

text: Tokugawa

text: taking

text: their

text: samurai

text: with

text: them

text: There

text: were

text: however

text: also

text: notable

text: instances

text: where

text: samurai

text: would

text: be

text: disloyal

text: to

text: their

text: lord

text: or

text: daimyo

text: when

text: loyalty

text: to

text: the

text: Emperor

text: was

text: seen

text: to

text: have

text: supremacy

question: Who was an example of a disloyal samurai?

answer: Akechi Mitsuhide

text: Akechi Mitsuhide

question: Who was an example of an excessively loyal samurai?

answer: Kusunoki Masashige)

text: Kusunoki Masashige)

question: Some feudal lords shifted loyalties from Toyotomi to whom?

answer: Tokugawa

text: Tokugawa

question: What sometimes overrode samurais' loyalty to the daimyo?

answer: loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy

text: loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy