text: Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century, and have together with vaccination led to the near eradication of diseases such as tuberculosis in the developed world. Their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance. This has led to widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance, so much as to prompt the World Health Organization to classify antimicrobial resistance as a "serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country".

title: Antibiotics

title: Antibiotics

text: Antibiotics

text: revolutionized

text: medicine

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: have

text: together

text: with

text: vaccination

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: near

text: eradication

text: of

text: diseases

text: such

text: as

text: tuberculosis

text: in

text: the

text: developed

text: world

text: Their

text: effectiveness

text: and

text: easy

text: access

text: led

text: to

text: overuse

text: especially

text: in

text: livestock

text: raising

text: prompting

text: bacteria

text: to

text: develop

text: resistance

text: This

text: has

text: led

text: to

text: widespread

text: problems

text: with

text: antimicrobial

text: and

text: antibiotic

text: resistance

text: so

text: much

text: as

text: to

text: prompt

text: the

text: World

text: Health

text: Organization

text: to

text: classify

text: antimicrobial

text: resistance

text: as

text: a

text: serious

text: threat

text: that

text: is

text: no

text: longer

text: a

text: prediction

text: for

text: the

text: future

text: it

text: is

text: happening

text: right

text: now

text: in

text: every

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: has

text: the

text: potential

text: to

text: affect

text: anyone

text: of

text: any

text: age

text: in

text: any

text: country

question: What is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics?

answer: tuberculosis

text: tuberculosis

question: What is one issue that can arise from overuse of antibiotics?

answer: overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance

text: overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance

question: In which century were antibiotics first introduced?

answer: 20th century

text: 20th century

question: What organization called antimicrobial resistance a 'serious threat?'

answer: World Health Organization

text: World Health Organization

question: What can be affected by issues resulting from overuse of antibiotics?

answer: anyone, of any age, in any country

text: anyone, of any age, in any country

question: In what century did antibiotics revolutionized medicine?

answer: 20th

question: What other medicine worked along antibiotics to eradicate diseases like tuberculosis?

answer: vaccination

text: vaccination

question: What does there medicines do for livestock?

answer: develop resistance

text: develop resistance

question: What organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world??

answer: World Health Organization

text: World Health Organization

question: Besides antimicrobial, what did the overused medicine cause?

answer: antibiotic resistance

text: antibiotic resistance

question: When did antibiotics revolutinzed medicine?

answer: 20th century

text: 20th century

question: What happened when antibiotics was over used in livestock?

answer: develop resistance

text: develop resistance

question: What organization stated that the world has this serious problem?

answer: World Health Organization

text: World Health Organization

question: What regions in the world does this apply in?

answer: every region of the world

text: every region of the world

question: When were antibiotics created?

answer: 20th century

text: 20th century

question: What disease did antibiotics help eliminate?

answer: tuberculosis

text: tuberculosis

question: Who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry?

answer: livestock raising

text: livestock raising

question: What is a common problem in antibiotic use?

answer: antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance

text: antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance

question: What is one disease that has been widespread thanks to vaccines and antibiotics?

text: tuberculosis

question: What is one issue that can arise from overuse of predictions?

question: In which century was tuberculosis first introduced?

text: 20th century

question: What organization called bacteria a 'serious threat?'

text: World Health Organization

question: What other medicine worked along antibiotics to classify diseases like tuberculosis?

text: vaccination


text: Politically, the paper's stance was less clear under Prime Minister Gordon Brown who succeeded Blair in June 2007. Its editorials were critical of many of Brown's policies and often more supportive of those of Conservative leader David Cameron. Rupert Murdoch, head of The Sun's parent company News Corporation, speaking at a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, said that he acts as a "traditional proprietor". This means he exercises editorial control on major issues such as which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe.

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom

text: Politically

text: the

text: paper

text: 's

text: stance

text: was

text: less

text: clear

text: under

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: Gordon

text: Brown

text: who

text: succeeded

text: Blair

text: in

text: June

text: Its

text: editorials

text: were

text: critical

text: of

text: many

text: of

text: Brown

text: 's

text: policies

text: and

text: often

text: more

text: supportive

text: of

text: those

text: of

text: Conservative

text: leader

text: David

text: Cameron

text: Rupert

text: Murdoch

text: head

text: of

text: The

text: Sun

text: 's

text: parent

text: company

text: News

text: Corporation

text: speaking

text: at

text: a

text: meeting

text: with

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: Lords

text: Select

text: Committee

text: on

text: Communications

text: which

text: was

text: investigating

text: media

text: ownership

text: and

text: the

text: news

text: said

text: that

text: he

text: acts

text: as

text: a

text: traditional

text: proprietor

text: This

text: means

text: he

text: exercises

text: editorial

text: control

text: on

text: major

text: issues

text: such

text: as

text: which

text: political

text: party

text: to

text: back

text: in

text: a

text: general

text: election

text: or

text: which

text: policy

text: to

text: adopt

text: on

text: Europe

question: Who followed Tony Blair as Prime Minister?

answer: Gordon Brown

text: Gordon Brown

question: Who was the Conservative leader that The Sun often supported?

answer: David Cameron

text: David Cameron

question: What is the name of the company that operates The Sun?

answer: News Corporation

text: News Corporation

question: What was the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications investigating in 2007?

answer: media ownership and the news

text: media ownership and the news

question: On which issues did Murdoch claim he exerted editorial control?

answer: which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe

text: which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe


text: Insects have segmented bodies supported by exoskeletons, the hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are organized into three distinctive but interconnected units, or tagmata: a head, a thorax and an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, and, if present, one to three simple eyes (or ocelli) and three sets of variously modified appendages that form the mouthparts. The thorax has six segmented legs—one pair each for the prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax segments making up the thorax—and, none, two or four wings. The abdomen consists of eleven segments, though in a few species of insects, these segments may be fused together or reduced in size. The abdomen also contains most of the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive internal structures.:22–48 Considerable variation and many adaptations in the body parts of insects occur, especially wings, legs, antenna and mouthparts.

title: Insect

title: Insect

text: Insects

text: have

text: segmented

text: bodies

text: supported

text: by

text: exoskeletons

text: the

text: hard

text: outer

text: covering

text: made

text: mostly

text: of

text: chitin

text: The

text: segments

text: of

text: the

text: body

text: are

text: organized

text: into

text: three

text: distinctive

text: but

text: interconnected

text: units

text: or

text: tagmata

text: a

text: head

text: a

text: thorax

text: and

text: an

text: abdomen

text: The

text: head

text: supports

text: a

text: pair

text: of

text: sensory

text: antennae

text: a

text: pair

text: of

text: compound

text: eyes

text: and

text: if

text: present

text: one

text: to

text: three

text: simple

text: eyes

text: or

text: ocelli

text: and

text: three

text: sets

text: of

text: variously

text: modified

text: appendages

text: that

text: form

text: the

text: mouthparts

text: The

text: thorax

text: has

text: six

text: segmented

text: legs

text: one

text: pair

text: each

text: for

text: the

text: prothorax

text: mesothorax

text: and

text: the

text: metathorax

text: segments

text: making

text: up

text: the

text: thorax

text: and

text: two

text: or

text: four

text: wings

text: The

text: abdomen

text: consists

text: of

text: eleven

text: segments

text: though

text: in

text: a

text: few

text: species

text: of

text: insects

text: these

text: segments

text: may

text: be

text: fused

text: together

text: or

text: reduced

text: in

text: size

text: The

text: abdomen

text: also

text: contains

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: digestive

text: respiratory

text: excretory

text: and

text: reproductive

text: internal

text: Considerable

text: variation

text: and

text: many

text: adaptations

text: in

text: the

text: body

text: parts

text: of

text: insects

text: occur

text: especially

text: wings

text: legs

text: antenna

text: and

text: mouthparts

question: What kind of bodies to insects have?

answer: segmented bodies

text: segmented bodies

question: Insects bodies are supported by what?

answer: exoskeletons

text: exoskeletons

question: Chitin is what kind of outer covering on an insect?

answer: hard

text: hard

question: An insect's body is divided into what kind of units?

answer: interconnected

text: interconnected

question: What is an insects head, throat, and abdomen called?

answer: tagmata

text: tagmata


text: The Muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam (the so-called Muwallad or Muladi) and to a lesser extent Berbers and Arabs. The Arabs were principally noblemen from Oman; and though few in numbers, they constituted the elite of the population. The Berbers were originally from the Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa and were essentially nomads. In Portugal, the Muslim population (or "Moors"), relatively small in numbers, stayed in the Algarve region, and south of the Tagus. Today, there are approximately 800 words in the Portuguese language of Arabic origin. The Muslims were expelled from Portugal 300 years earlier than in neighbouring Spain, which is reflected both in Portuguese culture and the language, which is mostly Celtiberian and Vulgar Latin.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: The

text: Muslim

text: population

text: of

text: the

text: region

text: consisted

text: mainly

text: of

text: native

text: Iberian

text: converts

text: to

text: Islam

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: Muwallad

text: or

text: Muladi

text: and

text: to

text: a

text: lesser

text: extent

text: Berbers

text: and

text: Arabs

text: The

text: Arabs

text: were

text: principally

text: noblemen

text: from

text: Oman

text: and

text: though

text: few

text: in

text: numbers

text: they

text: constituted

text: the

text: elite

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: The

text: Berbers

text: were

text: originally

text: from

text: the

text: Atlas

text: mountains

text: and

text: Rif

text: mountains

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: were

text: essentially

text: nomads

text: In

text: Portugal

text: the

text: Muslim

text: population

text: or

text: Moors

text: relatively

text: small

text: in

text: numbers

text: stayed

text: in

text: the

text: Algarve

text: region

text: and

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Tagus

text: Today

text: there

text: are

text: approximately

text: words

text: in

text: the

text: Portuguese

text: language

text: of

text: Arabic

text: origin

text: The

text: Muslims

text: were

text: expelled

text: from

text: Portugal

text: years

text: earlier

text: than

text: in

text: neighbouring

text: Spain

text: which

text: is

text: reflected

text: both

text: in

text: Portuguese

text: culture

text: and

text: the

text: language

text: which

text: is

text: mostly

text: Celtiberian

text: and

text: Vulgar

text: Latin

question: What are converts to Islam called?

answer: Muwallad or Muladi

text: Muwallad or Muladi

question: Who did the Arabs principally consist of?

answer: noblemen from Oman

text: noblemen from Oman

question: Where were the Berbers originally from?

answer: Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa

text: Atlas mountains and Rif mountains of North Africa

question: In which region of Portugal did the Muslim population stay?

answer: Algarve region, and south of the Tagus

text: Algarve region, and south of the Tagus

question: How many modern Portugese words have Arabic origins?

answer: 800


text: The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha. These empires saw advancements in ancient India's science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy and were considered the Indian "Golden Age". The Magadha kingdom included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called Gramakas. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions.

title: History_of_India

title: History_of_India

text: The

text: earliest

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: Magadha

text: people

text: occurs

text: in

text: the

text: Atharva

text: Veda

text: where

text: they

text: are

text: found

text: listed

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Angas

text: Gandharis

text: and

text: Mujavats

text: Magadha

text: played

text: an

text: important

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: Jainism

text: and

text: Buddhism

text: and

text: two

text: of

text: India

text: 's

text: greatest

text: empires

text: the

text: Maurya

text: Empire

text: and

text: Gupta

text: Empire

text: originated

text: from

text: Magadha

text: These

text: empires

text: saw

text: advancements

text: in

text: ancient

text: India

text: 's

text: science

text: mathematics

text: astronomy

text: religion

text: and

text: philosophy

text: and

text: were

text: considered

text: the

text: Indian

text: Golden

text: Age

text: The

text: Magadha

text: kingdom

text: included

text: republican

text: communities

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: community

text: of

text: Rajakumara

text: Villages

text: had

text: their

text: own

text: assemblies

text: under

text: their

text: local

text: chiefs

text: called

text: Gramakas

text: Their

text: administrations

text: were

text: divided

text: into

text: executive

text: judicial

text: and

text: military

text: functions

question: Where is the earliest mention of Magadha people?

answer: Atharva-Veda

text: Atharva-Veda

question: In the development of which religions did Magadha participate?

answer: Jainism and Buddhism

text: Jainism and Buddhism

question: Where was the location origin of the Maurya and Gupta empires?

answer: Magadha

text: Magadha

question: Due to advances in science and culture, what are the Magadha region empires considered to represent?

answer: Golden Age

text: Golden Age

question: What were local villages' assemblies called in the Magadha kingdoms?

answer: Gramakas

text: Gramakas


text: The assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan–Boltzmann law (1879–84). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object changes with the temperature, so that "white hot" is hotter than "red hot". Nevertheless, Wilhelm Wien discovered the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures, by using the principle of adiabatic invariance. At each different temperature, the curve is moved over by Wien's displacement law (1893). Wien also proposed an approximation for the spectrum of the object, which was correct at high frequencies (short wavelength) but not at low frequencies (long wavelength). It still was not clear why the spectrum of a hot object had the form that it has (see diagram).

title: Planck_constant

title: Planck_constant

text: The

text: assumption

text: that

text: black

text: body

text: radiation

text: is

text: thermal

text: leads

text: to

text: an

text: accurate

text: prediction

text: the

text: total

text: amount

text: of

text: emitted

text: energy

text: goes

text: up

text: with

text: the

text: temperature

text: according

text: to

text: a

text: definite

text: rule

text: the

text: Stefan

text: Boltzmann

text: law

text: But

text: it

text: was

text: also

text: known

text: that

text: the

text: colour

text: of

text: the

text: light

text: given

text: off

text: by

text: a

text: hot

text: object

text: changes

text: with

text: the

text: temperature

text: so

text: that

text: white

text: hot

text: is

text: hotter

text: than

text: red

text: hot

text: Nevertheless

text: Wilhelm

text: Wien

text: discovered

text: the

text: mathematical

text: relationship

text: between

text: the

text: peaks

text: of

text: the

text: curves

text: at

text: different

text: temperatures

text: by

text: using

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: adiabatic

text: invariance

text: At

text: each

text: different

text: temperature

text: the

text: curve

text: is

text: moved

text: over

text: by

text: Wien

text: 's

text: displacement

text: law

text: Wien

text: also

text: proposed

text: an

text: approximation

text: for

text: the

text: spectrum

text: of

text: the

text: object

text: which

text: was

text: correct

text: at

text: high

text: frequencies

text: short

text: wavelength

text: but

text: not

text: at

text: low

text: frequencies

text: long

text: wavelength

text: It

text: still

text: was

text: not

text: clear

text: why

text: the

text: spectrum

text: of

text: a

text: hot

text: object

text: had

text: the

text: form

text: that

text: it

text: has

text: see

text: diagram

question: What assumption that black-body radiation is what leads to an accurate prediction?

answer: thermal

text: thermal

question: What does the Stefan-Boltzmann law state?

answer: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule

text: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule

question: What about a hot object changes with the temperature?

answer: the colour of the light

text: the colour of the light

question: What color is hotter than "red hot"?

answer: white hot

text: white hot

question: What did Wilhelm Wien discover?

answer: the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures

text: the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures

question: What rule predicts that emitted energy increases with temperature?

answer: the Stefan–Boltzmann law

text: the Stefan–Boltzmann law

question: What characteristic of the light emitted by a hot object changes with temperature?

answer: the colour of the light given off

text: the colour of the light given off

question: Who discovered the mathematical relationship between peaks and curves of light at different temperatures?

answer: Wilhelm Wien

text: Wilhelm Wien

question: The rule that adjust the curve at different temperatures is known as what?

answer: Wien's displacement law

text: Wien's displacement law

question: Wien's spectrum model could not predict accurate at what end of the spectrum?

answer: at low frequencies (long wavelength)

text: at low frequencies (long wavelength)

question: What do scientists assume black body radiation is never made from?

text: thermal

question: What law describes the changes in light emitted by a frozen object?

text: Stefan–Boltzmann law

question: What about a frozen object changes with the temperature?

text: the colour of the light

question: What rule predicts that emitted energy decreases with temperature?

text: the Stefan–Boltzmann law

question: What law adjusts the curve at the same temperatures?

text: Wien's displacement law


text: In 1858, the French emperor Napoleon III successfully gained the possession, in the name of the French government, of Longwood House and the lands around it, last residence of Napoleon I (who died there in 1821). It is still French property, administered by a French representative and under the authority of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

title: Saint_Helena

title: Saint_Helena

text: In

text: the

text: French

text: emperor

text: Napoleon

text: III

text: successfully

text: gained

text: the

text: possession

text: in

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: government

text: of

text: Longwood

text: House

text: and

text: the

text: lands

text: around

text: it

text: last

text: residence

text: of

text: Napoleon

text: I

text: who

text: died

text: there

text: in

text: It

text: is

text: still

text: French

text: property

text: administered

text: by

text: a

text: French

text: representative

text: and

text: under

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: French

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Foreign

text: Affairs

question: Which french emperor gained possession of Longwood house and the land surrounding it?

answer: Napoleon III

text: Napoleon III

question: What year did the French Emperor Napoleon III take control of Longwood house?

answer: 1858

question: Who was the last resident of Longwood house before Napoleon III took it over?

answer: Napoleon I

text: Napoleon I

question: Who has authority over Longwood house?

answer: French Ministry of Foreign Affairs

text: French Ministry of Foreign Affairs


text: Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh). The annual mean temperature is 26.6 °C (79.9 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 21–33 °C (70–91 °F). Summers (March–June) are hot and humid, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius; maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) between April and June. The coolest temperatures occur in December and January, when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 °C (50 °F). May is the hottest month, when daily temperatures range from 26 to 39 °C (79–102 °F); December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from 14.5 to 28 °C (57–82 °F).

title: Hyderabad

title: Hyderabad

text: Hyderabad

text: has

text: a

text: tropical

text: wet

text: and

text: dry

text: climate

text: Köppen

text: Aw

text: bordering

text: on

text: a

text: hot

text: semi

text: arid

text: climate

text: Köppen

text: BSh

text: The

text: annual

text: mean

text: temperature

text: is

text: C

text: F

text: monthly

text: mean

text: temperatures

text: are

text: C

text: F

text: Summers

text: March

text: June

text: are

text: hot

text: and

text: humid

text: with

text: average

text: highs

text: in

text: the

text: mid

text: to

text: high

text: Celsius

text: maximum

text: temperatures

text: often

text: exceed

text: C

text: F

text: between

text: April

text: and

text: June

text: The

text: coolest

text: temperatures

text: occur

text: in

text: December

text: and

text: January

text: when

text: the

text: lowest

text: temperature

text: occasionally

text: dips

text: to

text: C

text: F

text: May

text: is

text: the

text: hottest

text: month

text: when

text: daily

text: temperatures

text: range

text: from

text: to

text: C

text: F

text: December

text: the

text: coldest

text: has

text: temperatures

text: varying

text: from

text: to

text: C

text: F

question: What is the mean yearly temperature in Hyderabad in Celsius?

answer: 26.6 °C

text: 26.6 °C

question: Köppen Aw refers to what kind of climate?

answer: tropical wet and dry climate

text: tropical wet and dry climate

question: During what months does summer occur in Hyderabad?

answer: March–June

text: March–June

question: What is the typical lowest temperature in Celsius during winter in Hyderabad?

answer: 10 °C

text: 10 °C

question: What is generally the hottest month in Hyderabad?

answer: May

text: May


text: The Allied army relocated without problems to the south and the heavy artillery was brought ashore with batteries and connecting trenches built so that by 10 October some batteries were ready and by 17 October—when the bombardment commenced—126 guns were firing, 53 of them French.:430 The fleet at the same time engaged the shore batteries. The British bombardment worked better than the French, who had smaller caliber guns. The fleet suffered high casualties during the day. The British wanted to attack that afternoon, but the French wanted to defer the attack. A postponement was agreed, but on the next day the French were still not ready. By 19 October the Russians had transferred some heavy guns to the southern defenses and outgunned the allies.:431

title: Crimean_War

title: Crimean_War

text: The

text: Allied

text: army

text: relocated

text: without

text: problems

text: to

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: heavy

text: artillery

text: was

text: brought

text: ashore

text: with

text: batteries

text: and

text: connecting

text: trenches

text: built

text: so

text: that

text: by

text: October

text: some

text: batteries

text: were

text: ready

text: and

text: by

text: October

text: when

text: the

text: bombardment

text: guns

text: were

text: firing

text: of

text: them

text: The

text: fleet

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: engaged

text: the

text: shore

text: batteries

text: The

text: British

text: bombardment

text: worked

text: better

text: than

text: the

text: French

text: who

text: had

text: smaller

text: caliber

text: guns

text: The

text: fleet

text: suffered

text: high

text: casualties

text: during

text: the

text: day

text: The

text: British

text: wanted

text: to

text: attack

text: that

text: afternoon

text: but

text: the

text: French

text: wanted

text: to

text: defer

text: the

text: attack

text: A

text: postponement

text: was

text: agreed

text: but

text: on

text: the

text: next

text: day

text: the

text: French

text: were

text: still

text: not

text: ready

text: By

text: October

text: the

text: Russians

text: had

text: transferred

text: some

text: heavy

text: guns

text: to

text: the

text: southern

text: defenses

text: and

text: outgunned

text: the

question: When did the continuous attack start?

answer: 17 October

text: 17 October

question: When the continuous attack started, how many guns were firing?

answer: 126 guns

text: 126 guns

question: Who was not ready to start the attack?

answer: the French

text: the French

question: Who was outgunned due to heavy guns at a southern defense?

answer: the allies

text: the allies

question: Who wanted to commence with the attack during the afternoon?

answer: The British

text: The British


text: In 1952, Thomas Watson, Sr., stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm; his son, Thomas Watson, Jr., was named president. In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of artificial intelligence when Arthur L. Samuel of IBM's Poughkeepsie, New York, laboratory programmed an IBM 704 not merely to play checkers but "learn" from its own experience. In 1957, the FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., was elected chairman of the board and Albert L. Williams became company president. The same year IBM developed the SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business-Related Environment) reservation system for American Airlines and introduced the highly successful Selectric typewriter.

title: IBM

title: IBM

text: In

text: Thomas

text: Watson

text: Sr

text: stepped

text: down

text: after

text: almost

text: years

text: at

text: the

text: company

text: helm

text: his

text: son

text: Thomas

text: Watson

text: Jr.

text: was

text: named

text: president

text: In

text: the

text: company

text: demonstrated

text: the

text: first

text: practical

text: example

text: of

text: artificial

text: intelligence

text: when

text: Arthur

text: L.

text: Samuel

text: of

text: IBM

text: 's

text: Poughkeepsie

text: New

text: York

text: laboratory

text: programmed

text: an

text: IBM

text: not

text: merely

text: to

text: play

text: checkers

text: but

text: learn

text: from

text: its

text: own

text: experience

text: In

text: the

text: FORTRAN

text: FORmula

text: TRANslation

text: scientific

text: programming

text: language

text: was

text: developed

text: In

text: Thomas

text: J.

text: Watson

text: Jr.

text: was

text: elected

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: board

text: and

text: Albert

text: L.

text: Williams

text: became

text: company

text: president

text: The

text: same

text: year

text: IBM

text: developed

text: the

text: SABRE

text: Semi

text: Automatic

text: Business

text: Related

text: Environment

text: reservation

text: system

text: for

text: American

text: Airlines

text: and

text: introduced

text: the

text: highly

text: successful

text: Selectric

text: typewriter

question: Thomas Watson Sr. stepped down in what year?

answer: 1952

question: In 1956 the company demonstrated the first example of what?

answer: artificial intelligence

text: artificial intelligence

question: What computer did Arthur L. Samuel program to play checkers in 1957?

answer: an IBM 704

text: an IBM 704

question: In 1957 the FORTRAN language was created, what is FORTRAN short for?

answer: FORmula TRANslation

text: FORmula TRANslation

question: In 1961 who became the president of IBM?

answer: Albert L. Williams

text: Albert L. Williams

question: In what year did Albert L. Williams step down from the company?

question: What did Albert L. Willaims program to learn from its experience when playing checkers?

text: an IBM 704

question: What machine was created by FORTRAN in 1952?

text: Selectric typewriter

question: What system was developed for FORTRAN in 1952 to help it play checkers?

text: SABRE

question: In what year did IBM open its first office in Poughkeepsie?


text: Historically, pubs have been socially and culturally distinct from cafés, bars and German beer halls. Most pubs offer a range of beers, wines, spirits, and soft drinks and snacks. Traditionally the windows of town pubs were of smoked or frosted glass to obscure the clientele from the street but from the 1990s onwards, there has been a move towards clear glass, in keeping with brighter interiors.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: Historically

text: pubs

text: have

text: been

text: socially

text: and

text: culturally

text: distinct

text: from

text: cafés

text: bars

text: and

text: German

text: beer

text: halls

text: Most

text: pubs

text: offer

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: beers

text: wines

text: spirits

text: and

text: soft

text: drinks

text: and

text: snacks

text: Traditionally

text: the

text: windows

text: of

text: town

text: pubs

text: were

text: of

text: smoked

text: or

text: frosted

text: glass

text: to

text: obscure

text: the

text: clientele

text: from

text: the

text: street

text: but

text: from

text: the

text: onwards

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: move

text: towards

text: clear

text: glass

text: in

text: keeping

text: with

text: brighter

text: interiors

question: What are traditional pub windows made out of?

answer: smoked or frosted glass

text: smoked or frosted glass

question: What are the windows of 1990s and later pubs often made of?

answer: clear glass

text: clear glass

question: Aside from beverages, what types of food do pubs typically offer?

answer: snacks

text: snacks


text: The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its population rise from 55,000 in 1800 to 160,000 in 1912 and İzmir which had a population of 150,000 in 1800 grew to 300,000 by 1914. Some regions conversely had population falls – Belgrade saw its population drop from 25,000 to 8,000 mainly due to political strife.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: The

text: rise

text: of

text: port

text: cities

text: saw

text: the

text: clustering

text: of

text: populations

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: steamships

text: and

text: railroads

text: Urbanization

text: increased

text: from

text: to

text: with

text: towns

text: and

text: cities

text: growing

text: Improvements

text: in

text: health

text: and

text: sanitation

text: made

text: them

text: more

text: attractive

text: to

text: live

text: and

text: work

text: in

text: Port

text: cities

text: like

text: Salonica

text: in

text: Greece

text: saw

text: its

text: population

text: rise

text: from

text: in

text: to

text: in

text: and

text: İzmir

text: which

text: had

text: a

text: population

text: of

text: in

text: grew

text: to

text: by

text: Some

text: regions

text: conversely

text: had

text: population

text: falls

text: Belgrade

text: saw

text: its

text: population

text: drop

text: from

text: to

text: mainly

text: due

text: to

text: political

text: strife

question: The rise of ports caused what in populations?

answer: the clustering of populations

text: the clustering of populations

question: Steamships and railroads rose with what else?

answer: The rise of port cities

text: The rise of port cities

question: In what year did urbanization in the Ottoman empire begin to increase?

answer: 1700

question: What were two improvements that made cities more desirable to live in?

answer: Improvements in health and sanitation

text: Improvements in health and sanitation

question: What was the population of Salonica in 1800?

answer: 55,000


text: Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917, and later had two more boys, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi. Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the "Arab notion of glory", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to "Glory of the Arabs"—a rare name in Egypt.

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

text: Gamal

text: Abdel

text: Nasser

text: was

text: born

text: on

text: January

text: in

text: Bakos

text: Alexandria

text: the

text: first

text: son

text: of

text: Fahima

text: and

text: Abdel

text: Nasser

text: Hussein

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: father

text: was

text: a

text: postal

text: worker

text: born

text: in

text: Beni

text: Mur

text: in

text: Upper

text: Egypt

text: and

text: raised

text: in

text: Alexandria

text: and

text: his

text: mother

text: 's

text: family

text: came

text: from

text: Mallawi

text: el

text: Minya

text: His

text: parents

text: married

text: in

text: and

text: later

text: had

text: two

text: more

text: boys

text: Izz

text: al

text: Arab

text: and

text: al

text: Leithi

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: biographers

text: Robert

text: Stephens

text: and

text: Said

text: Aburish

text: wrote

text: that

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: family

text: believed

text: strongly

text: in

text: the

text: Arab

text: notion

text: of

text: glory

text: since

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: Nasser

text: 's

text: brother

text: Izz

text: al

text: Arab

text: translates

text: to

text: Glory

text: of

text: the

text: Arabs

text: a

text: rare

text: name

text: in

text: Egypt

question: What was Nasser's father's occupation?

answer: postal worker

text: postal worker

question: In what city was Nasser raised?

answer: Alexandria

text: Alexandria

question: What year was Nasser born?

answer: 1918

question: What does Nasser's brother's name translate to?

answer: Glory of the Arabs

text: Glory of the Arabs

question: What siblings did Nasser have?

answer: two more boys

text: two more boys


text: The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division and there have only been eight winners who weren't in the top flight: Notts County (1894); Tottenham Hotspur (1901); Wolverhampton Wanderers (1908); Barnsley (1912); West Bromwich Albion (1931); Sunderland (1973), Southampton (1976) and West Ham United (1980). With the exception of Tottenham, these clubs were all playing in the second tier (the old Second Division) - Tottenham were playing in the Southern League and were only elected to the Football League in 1908, meaning they are the only non-league winners of the FA Cup. Other than Tottenham's victory, only 24 finalists have come from outside English football's top tier, with a record of 7 wins and 17 runners-up: and none at all from the third tier or lower, Southampton (1902) being the last finalist from outside the top two tiers.

title: FA_Cup

title: FA_Cup

text: The

text: final

text: has

text: never

text: been

text: contested

text: by

text: two

text: teams

text: from

text: outside

text: the

text: top

text: division

text: and

text: there

text: have

text: only

text: been

text: eight

text: winners

text: who

text: were

text: n't

text: in

text: the

text: top

text: flight

text: Notts

text: County

text: Tottenham

text: Hotspur

text: Wolverhampton

text: Wanderers

text: Barnsley

text: West

text: Bromwich

text: Albion

text: Sunderland

text: Southampton

text: and

text: West

text: Ham

text: United

text: With

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: Tottenham

text: these

text: clubs

text: were

text: all

text: playing

text: in

text: the

text: second

text: tier

text: the

text: old

text: Second

text: Division

text: Tottenham

text: were

text: playing

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: League

text: and

text: were

text: only

text: elected

text: to

text: the

text: Football

text: League

text: in

text: meaning

text: they

text: are

text: the

text: only

text: non

text: league

text: winners

text: of

text: the

text: FA

text: Cup

text: Other

text: than

text: Tottenham

text: 's

text: victory

text: only

text: finalists

text: have

text: come

text: from

text: outside

text: English

text: football

text: 's

text: top

text: tier

text: with

text: a

text: record

text: of

text: wins

text: and

text: runners

text: up

text: and

text: at

text: all

text: from

text: the

text: third

text: tier

text: or

text: lower

text: Southampton

text: being

text: the

text: last

text: finalist

text: from

text: outside

text: the

text: top

text: two

text: tiers

question: Has the final been played by a two clubs outside of the top divisions?

answer: The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division

text: The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division

question: Has the final been won by a club outside of the top divisions?

answer: there have only been eight winners who weren't in the top flight

text: there have only been eight winners who weren't in the top flight

question: Who was the first outside club to win?

answer: Notts County

text: Notts County

question: What year did that take place?

answer: 1894

question: How many second tier have made the finals?

answer: only 24 finalists have come from outside English football's top tier

text: only 24 finalists have come from outside English football's top tier

question: How many winners have been in the top flight?

text: eight

question: What team has never won the final?

text: Notts County

question: How many finalists have come from inside English football's top tier?

question: What year did the first inside club win?

question: What was the last finalist from inside the top two tiers?

text: Southampton


text: The predominant school of thought in the 13th century was the Thomistic reconciliation of the teachings of Aristotle with Christian theology. The Condemnation of 1277, enacted at the University of Paris, placed restrictions on ideas that could be interpreted as heretical; restrictions that had implication for Aristotelian thought. An alternative was presented by William of Ockham, who insisted that the world of reason and the world of faith had to be kept apart. Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony – or Occam's razor – whereby a simple theory is preferred to a more complex one, and speculation on unobservable phenomena is avoided.

title: Late_Middle_Ages

title: Late_Middle_Ages

text: The

text: predominant

text: school

text: of

text: thought

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: was

text: the

text: Thomistic

text: reconciliation

text: of

text: the

text: teachings

text: of

text: Aristotle

text: with

text: Christian

text: theology

text: The

text: Condemnation

text: of

text: enacted

text: at

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Paris

text: placed

text: restrictions

text: on

text: ideas

text: that

text: could

text: be

text: interpreted

text: as

text: heretical

text: restrictions

text: that

text: had

text: implication

text: for

text: Aristotelian

text: thought

text: An

text: alternative

text: was

text: presented

text: by

text: William

text: of

text: Ockham

text: who

text: insisted

text: that

text: the

text: world

text: of

text: reason

text: and

text: the

text: world

text: of

text: faith

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: kept

text: apart

text: Ockham

text: introduced

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: parsimony

text: or

text: Occam

text: 's

text: razor

text: whereby

text: a

text: simple

text: theory

text: is

text: preferred

text: to

text: a

text: more

text: complex

text: one

text: and

text: speculation

text: on

text: unobservable

text: phenomena

text: is

text: avoided

question: Which philosophy attempted to reconcile Aristotelian teachings and Christian theology in the 13th century?

answer: Thomistic

text: Thomistic

question: Where was the Condemnation of 1277 enacted?

answer: University of Paris

text: University of Paris

question: Which philosopher believed that reason and faith were to be kept separate?

answer: William of Ockham

text: William of Ockham

question: What is the common name for William of Ockham's principle of parsimony?

answer: Occam's razor

text: Occam's razor

question: On what types of ideas did the Condemnation of 1277 place restrictions?

answer: heretical

text: heretical

question: Which philosophy attempted to reconcile Aristotelian teachings and Christian theology in the 12th century?

text: Thomistic

question: Where was the Condemnation of 1727 enacted?

text: University of Paris

question: Which philosopher believed that reason and faith were to be kept together?

text: William of Ockham

question: What is the uncommon name for William of Ockham's principle of parsimony?

text: Occam's razor

question: On what types of ideas did the Condemnation of 1272 place restrictions?

text: heretical


text: Armenian literature dates back to 400 AD, when Mesrop Mashtots first invented the Armenian alphabet. This period of time is often viewed as the Golden Age of Armenian literature. Early Armenian literature was written by the "father of Armenian history", Moses of Chorene, who authored The History of Armenia. The book covers the time-frame from the formation of the Armenian people to the fifth century AD. The nineteenth century beheld a great literary movement that was to give rise to modern Armenian literature. This period of time, during which Armenian culture flourished, is known as the Revival period (Zartonki sherchan). The Revivalist authors of Constantinople and Tiflis, almost identical to the Romanticists of Europe, were interested in encouraging Armenian nationalism. Most of them adopted the newly created Eastern or Western variants of the Armenian language depending on the targeted audience, and preferred them over classical Armenian (grabar). This period ended after the Hamidian massacres, when Armenians experienced turbulent times. As Armenian history of the 1920s and of the Genocide came to be more openly discussed, writers like Paruyr Sevak, Gevork Emin, Silva Kaputikyan and Hovhannes Shiraz began a new era of literature.

title: Armenians

title: Armenians

text: Armenian

text: literature

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: AD

text: when

text: Mesrop

text: Mashtots

text: first

text: invented

text: the

text: Armenian

text: alphabet

text: This

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: is

text: often

text: viewed

text: as

text: the

text: Golden

text: Age

text: of

text: Armenian

text: literature

text: Early

text: Armenian

text: literature

text: was

text: written

text: by

text: the

text: father

text: of

text: Armenian

text: history

text: Moses

text: of

text: Chorene

text: who

text: authored

text: The

text: History

text: of

text: Armenia

text: The

text: book

text: covers

text: the

text: time

text: frame

text: from

text: the

text: formation

text: of

text: the

text: Armenian

text: people

text: to

text: the

text: fifth

text: century

text: AD

text: The

text: nineteenth

text: century

text: beheld

text: a

text: great

text: literary

text: movement

text: that

text: was

text: to

text: give

text: rise

text: to

text: modern

text: Armenian

text: literature

text: This

text: period

text: of

text: time

text: during

text: which

text: Armenian

text: culture

text: flourished

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Revival

text: period

text: Zartonki

text: sherchan

text: The

text: Revivalist

text: authors

text: of

text: Constantinople

text: and

text: Tiflis

text: almost

text: identical

text: to

text: the

text: Romanticists

text: of

text: Europe

text: were

text: interested

text: in

text: encouraging

text: Armenian

text: nationalism

text: Most

text: of

text: them

text: adopted

text: the

text: newly

text: created

text: Eastern

text: or

text: Western

text: variants

text: of

text: the

text: Armenian

text: language

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: targeted

text: audience

text: and

text: preferred

text: them

text: over

text: classical

text: Armenian

text: grabar

text: This

text: period

text: ended

text: after

text: the

text: Hamidian

text: massacres

text: when

text: Armenians

text: experienced

text: turbulent

text: times

text: As

text: Armenian

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: and

text: of

text: the

text: Genocide

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: more

text: openly

text: discussed

text: writers

text: like

text: Paruyr

text: Sevak

text: Gevork

text: Emin

text: Silva

text: Kaputikyan

text: and

text: Hovhannes

text: Shiraz

text: began

text: a

text: new

text: era

text: of

text: literature

question: Who came up with the Armenian alphabet?

answer: Mesrop Mashtots

text: Mesrop Mashtots

question: When did Armenian writing begin?

answer: 400 AD

text: 400 AD

question: Who was the 'father of Armenian history'?

answer: Moses of Chorene

text: Moses of Chorene

question: Who wrote 'The History of Armenia'?

answer: Moses of Chorene

text: Moses of Chorene

question: Which European movement were the Revivalist authors similar to?

answer: Romanticists

text: Romanticists

question: When did Gevork Emin invent the Armenian alphabet?

text: 400 AD

question: When did European writing begin?

text: 400 AD

question: What other name was given to Paruyr Sevak?

text: the "father of Armenian history"

question: What work was written by Silva Kaputikyan?

text: The History of Armenia

question: What was Zartonki Sherchan interested in openly discussing?


text: In 1880, Bell received the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately US$250,000 in today's dollars) for the invention of the telephone from the Académie française, representing the French government. Among the luminaries who judged were Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas. The Volta Prize was conceived by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801, and named in honor of Alessandro Volta, with Bell receiving the third grand prize in its history. Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. These included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the Volta Laboratory and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', and which eventually led to the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness which is still in operation in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The Volta Laboratory became an experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year it improved Edison's phonograph by substituting wax for tinfoil as the recording medium and incising the recording rather than indenting it, key upgrades that Edison himself later adopted. The laboratory was also the site where he and his associate invented his "proudest achievement", "the photophone", the "optical telephone" which presaged fibre optical telecommunications, while the Volta Bureau would later evolve into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (the AG Bell), a leading center for the research and pedagogy of deafness.

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

title: Alexander_Graham_Bell

text: In

text: Bell

text: received

text: the

text: Volta

text: Prize

text: with

text: a

text: purse

text: of

text: francs

text: approximately

text: US$

text: in

text: today

text: 's

text: dollars

text: for

text: the

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: telephone

text: from

text: the

text: Académie

text: française

text: representing

text: the

text: French

text: government

text: Among

text: the

text: luminaries

text: who

text: judged

text: were

text: Victor

text: Hugo

text: and

text: Alexandre

text: Dumas

text: The

text: Volta

text: Prize

text: was

text: conceived

text: by

text: Napoleon

text: Bonaparte

text: in

text: and

text: named

text: in

text: honor

text: of

text: Alessandro

text: Volta

text: with

text: Bell

text: receiving

text: the

text: third

text: grand

text: prize

text: in

text: its

text: history

text: Since

text: Bell

text: was

text: becoming

text: increasingly

text: affluent

text: he

text: used

text: his

text: prize

text: money

text: to

text: create

text: endowment

text: funds

text: the

text: Volta

text: Fund

text: and

text: institutions

text: in

text: and

text: around

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: capital

text: of

text: Washington

text: D.C

text: These

text: included

text: the

text: prestigious

text: Volta

text: Laboratory

text: Association

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Volta

text: Laboratory

text: and

text: as

text: the

text: Alexander

text: Graham

text: Bell

text: Laboratory

text: and

text: which

text: eventually

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: Volta

text: Bureau

text: as

text: a

text: center

text: for

text: studies

text: on

text: deafness

text: which

text: is

text: still

text: in

text: operation

text: in

text: Georgetown

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: The

text: Volta

text: Laboratory

text: became

text: an

text: experimental

text: facility

text: devoted

text: to

text: scientific

text: discovery

text: and

text: the

text: very

text: next

text: year

text: it

text: improved

text: Edison

text: 's

text: phonograph

text: by

text: substituting

text: wax

text: for

text: tinfoil

text: as

text: the

text: recording

text: medium

text: and

text: incising

text: the

text: recording

text: rather

text: than

text: indenting

text: it

text: key

text: upgrades

text: that

text: Edison

text: himself

text: later

text: adopted

text: The

text: laboratory

text: was

text: also

text: the

text: site

text: where

text: he

text: and

text: his

text: associate

text: invented

text: his

text: proudest

text: achievement

text: the

text: photophone

text: the

text: optical

text: telephone

text: which

text: presaged

text: fibre

text: optical

text: telecommunications

text: while

text: the

text: Volta

text: Bureau

text: would

text: later

text: evolve

text: into

text: the

text: Alexander

text: Graham

text: Bell

text: Association

text: for

text: the

text: Deaf

text: and

text: Hard

text: of

text: Hearing

text: the

text: AG

text: Bell

text: a

text: leading

text: center

text: for

text: the

text: research

text: and

text: pedagogy

text: of

text: deafness

question: Adjusted for inflation, how many dollars were awarded to Bell alongside the Volta Prize?

answer: $250,000

question: Victor Hugo and what other author helped judge the Volta Prize in 1880?

answer: Alexandre Dumas

text: Alexandre Dumas

question: Who first established the Volta Prize?

answer: Napoleon Bonaparte

text: Napoleon Bonaparte

question: The Volta lab improved the phonograph by replacing tinfoil with what substance?

answer: wax

text: wax

question: Which Bell-founded institution still operates in Georgetown today?

answer: Volta Bureau

text: Volta Bureau


text: Historically, major professional orchestras have been mostly or entirely composed of male musicians. Some of the earliest cases of women being hired in professional orchestras was in the position of harpist. The Vienna Philharmonic, for example, did not accept women to permanent membership until 1997, far later than the other orchestras ranked among the world's top five by Gramophone in 2008. The last major orchestra to appoint a woman to a permanent position was the Berlin Philharmonic. As late as February 1996, the Vienna Philharmonic's principal flute, Dieter Flury, told Westdeutscher Rundfunk that accepting women would be "gambling with the emotional unity (emotionelle Geschlossenheit) that this organism currently has". In April 1996, the orchestra's press secretary wrote that "compensating for the expected leaves of absence" of maternity leave would be a problem.

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: Historically

text: major

text: professional

text: orchestras

text: have

text: been

text: mostly

text: or

text: entirely

text: composed

text: of

text: male

text: musicians

text: Some

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: cases

text: of

text: women

text: being

text: hired

text: in

text: professional

text: orchestras

text: was

text: in

text: the

text: position

text: of

text: harpist

text: The

text: Vienna

text: Philharmonic

text: for

text: example

text: did

text: not

text: accept

text: women

text: to

text: permanent

text: membership

text: until

text: far

text: later

text: than

text: the

text: other

text: orchestras

text: ranked

text: among

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: top

text: five

text: by

text: Gramophone

text: in

text: The

text: last

text: major

text: orchestra

text: to

text: appoint

text: a

text: woman

text: to

text: a

text: permanent

text: position

text: was

text: the

text: Berlin

text: Philharmonic

text: As

text: late

text: as

text: February

text: the

text: Vienna

text: Philharmonic

text: 's

text: principal

text: flute

text: Dieter

text: Flury

text: told

text: Westdeutscher

text: Rundfunk

text: that

text: accepting

text: women

text: would

text: be

text: gambling

text: with

text: the

text: emotional

text: unity

text: emotionelle

text: Geschlossenheit

text: that

text: this

text: organism

text: currently

text: has

text: In

text: April

text: the

text: orchestra

text: 's

text: press

text: secretary

text: wrote

text: that

text: compensating

text: for

text: the

text: expected

text: leaves

text: of

text: absence

text: of

text: maternity

text: leave

text: would

text: be

text: a

text: problem

question: What gender of musician has historically made up a large amount of professional orchestras?

answer: male

text: male

question: Women were first hired in professional orchestras for what position?

answer: harpist

text: harpist

question: What year did the Vienna Philharmonic first accept women?

answer: 1997

question: Which major orchestra was the last to appoint a woman to a permanent position?

answer: the Berlin Philharmonic

text: the Berlin Philharmonic

question: Who was the principal flute for the Vienna Philharmonic in 1996?

answer: Dieter Flury

text: Dieter Flury


text: In 1565, the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers, Karma Tseten who styled himself as the Tsangpa, "the one of Tsang", and established his base of power at Shigatse. The second successor of this first Tsang king, Karma Phuntsok Namgyal, took control of the whole of Central Tibet (Ü-Tsang), reigning from 1611–1621. Despite this, the leaders of Lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the Phagmodru as well as the Gelug, while the Ü-Tsang king allied with the Karmapa. Tensions rose between the nationalistic Ü-Tsang ruler and the Mongols who safeguarded their Mongol Dalai Lama in Lhasa. The fourth Dalai Lama refused to give an audience to the Ü-Tsang king, which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting Gelug monasteries. Chen writes of the speculation over the fourth Dalai Lama's mysterious death and the plot of the Ü-Tsang king to have him murdered for "cursing" him with illness, although Chen writes that the murder was most likely the result of a feudal power struggle. In 1618, only two years after Yonten Gyatso died, the Gelug and the Karma Kargyu went to war, the Karma Kargyu supported by the secular Ü-Tsang king. The Ü-Tsang ruler had a large number of Gelugpa lamas killed, occupied their monasteries at Drepung and Sera, and outlawed any attempts to find another Dalai Lama. In 1621, the Ü-Tsang king died and was succeeded by his young son Karma Tenkyong, an event which stymied the war effort as the latter accepted the six-year-old Lozang Gyatso as the new Dalai Lama. Despite the new Dalai Lama's diplomatic efforts to maintain friendly relations with the new Ü-Tsang ruler, Sonam Rapten (1595–1657), the Dalai Lama's chief steward and treasurer at Drepung, made efforts to overthrow the Ü-Tsang king, which led to another conflict. In 1633, the Gelugpas and several thousand Mongol adherents defeated the Ü-Tsang king's troops near Lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled. Goldstein writes that in this the "Mongols were again playing a significant role in Tibetan affairs, this time as the military arm of the Dalai Lama."

title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty

title: Sino

text: In

text: the

text: powerful

text: Rinbung

text: princes

text: were

text: overthrown

text: by

text: one

text: of

text: their

text: own

text: ministers

text: Karma

text: Tseten

text: who

text: styled

text: himself

text: as

text: the

text: Tsangpa

text: the

text: one

text: of

text: Tsang

text: and

text: established

text: his

text: base

text: of

text: power

text: at

text: Shigatse

text: The

text: second

text: successor

text: of

text: this

text: first

text: Tsang

text: king

text: Karma

text: Phuntsok

text: Namgyal

text: took

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: whole

text: of

text: Central

text: Tibet

text: Ü

text: Tsang

text: reigning

text: from

text: Despite

text: this

text: the

text: leaders

text: of

text: Lhasa

text: still

text: claimed

text: their

text: allegiance

text: to

text: the

text: Phagmodru

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: Gelug

text: while

text: the

text: Ü

text: Tsang

text: king

text: allied

text: with

text: the

text: Karmapa

text: Tensions

text: rose

text: between

text: the

text: nationalistic

text: Ü

text: Tsang

text: ruler

text: and

text: the

text: Mongols

text: who

text: safeguarded

text: their

text: Mongol

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: in

text: Lhasa

text: The

text: fourth

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: refused

text: to

text: give

text: an

text: audience

text: to

text: the

text: Ü

text: Tsang

text: king

text: which

text: sparked

text: a

text: conflict

text: as

text: the

text: latter

text: began

text: assaulting

text: Gelug

text: monasteries

text: Chen

text: writes

text: of

text: the

text: speculation

text: over

text: the

text: fourth

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: 's

text: mysterious

text: death

text: and

text: the

text: plot

text: of

text: the

text: Ü

text: Tsang

text: king

text: to

text: have

text: him

text: murdered

text: for

text: cursing

text: him

text: with

text: illness

text: although

text: Chen

text: writes

text: that

text: the

text: murder

text: was

text: most

text: likely

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: a

text: feudal

text: power

text: struggle

text: In

text: only

text: two

text: years

text: after

text: Yonten

text: Gyatso

text: died

text: the

text: Gelug

text: and

text: the

text: Karma

text: Kargyu

text: went

text: to

text: war

text: the

text: Karma

text: Kargyu

text: supported

text: by

text: the

text: secular

text: Ü

text: Tsang

text: king

text: The

text: Ü

text: Tsang

text: ruler

text: had

text: a

text: large

text: number

text: of

text: Gelugpa

text: lamas

text: killed

text: occupied

text: their

text: monasteries

text: at

text: Drepung

text: and

text: Sera

text: and

text: outlawed

text: any

text: attempts

text: to

text: find

text: another

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: In

text: the

text: Ü

text: Tsang

text: king

text: died

text: and

text: was

text: succeeded

text: by

text: his

text: young

text: son

text: Karma

text: Tenkyong

text: an

text: event

text: which

text: stymied

text: the

text: war

text: effort

text: as

text: the

text: latter

text: accepted

text: the

text: six

text: year

text: old

text: Lozang

text: Gyatso

text: as

text: the

text: new

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: Despite

text: the

text: new

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: 's

text: diplomatic

text: efforts

text: to

text: maintain

text: friendly

text: relations

text: with

text: the

text: new

text: Ü

text: Tsang

text: ruler

text: Sonam

text: Rapten

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

text: 's

text: chief

text: steward

text: and

text: treasurer

text: at

text: Drepung

text: made

text: efforts

text: to

text: overthrow

text: the

text: Ü

text: Tsang

text: king

text: which

text: led

text: to

text: another

text: conflict

text: In

text: the

text: Gelugpas

text: and

text: several

text: thousand

text: Mongol

text: adherents

text: defeated

text: the

text: Ü

text: Tsang

text: king

text: 's

text: troops

text: near

text: Lhasa

text: before

text: a

text: peaceful

text: negotiation

text: was

text: settled

text: Goldstein

text: writes

text: that

text: in

text: this

text: the

text: Mongols

text: were

text: again

text: playing

text: a

text: significant

text: role

text: in

text: Tibetan

text: affairs

text: this

text: time

text: as

text: the

text: military

text: arm

text: of

text: the

text: Dalai

text: Lama

question: When were the Rinbung princes overthrown?

answer: 1565

question: Who took control of the whole of Central Tibet?

answer: Karma Phuntsok Namgyal

text: Karma Phuntsok Namgyal

question: When did Karma Phuntsok Namgyal reign?

answer: 1611–1621

question: Who did Ü-Tsang king have an alliance with?

answer: the Karmapa

text: the Karmapa

question: Who refused an audience with the Ü-Tsang king?

answer: The fourth Dalai Lama

text: The fourth Dalai Lama


text: Two battle-hardened Australian divisions were steaming from the Mid-East for Singapore. Churchill wanted them diverted to Burma, but Curtin insisted on a return to Australia. In early 1942 elements of the Imperial Japanese Navy proposed an invasion of Australia. The Japanese Army opposed the plan and it was rejected in favour of a policy of isolating Australia from the United States via blockade by advancing through the South Pacific. The Japanese decided upon a seaborne invasion of Port Moresby, capital of the Australian Territory of Papua which would put Northern Australia within range of Japanese bomber aircraft.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: Two

text: battle

text: hardened

text: Australian

text: divisions

text: were

text: steaming

text: from

text: the

text: Mid

text: East

text: for

text: Singapore

text: Churchill

text: wanted

text: them

text: diverted

text: to

text: Burma

text: but

text: Curtin

text: insisted

text: on

text: a

text: return

text: to

text: Australia

text: In

text: early

text: elements

text: of

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Japanese

text: Navy

text: proposed

text: an

text: invasion

text: of

text: Australia

text: The

text: Japanese

text: Army

text: opposed

text: the

text: plan

text: and

text: it

text: was

text: rejected

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: a

text: policy

text: of

text: isolating

text: Australia

text: from

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: via

text: blockade

text: by

text: advancing

text: through

text: the

text: South

text: Pacific

text: The

text: Japanese

text: decided

text: upon

text: a

text: seaborne

text: invasion

text: of

text: Port

text: Moresby

text: capital

text: of

text: the

text: Australian

text: Territory

text: of

text: Papua

text: which

text: would

text: put

text: Northern

text: Australia

text: within

text: range

text: of

text: Japanese

text: bomber

text: aircraft

question: How many Australian divisions steamed from the Mid-East for Singapore?

answer: Two

text: Two

question: Where did Churchill want the Australian divisions bound for Singapore to be diverted to?

answer: Burma

text: Burma

question: What Japanese group opposed an invasion of Australia?

answer: Japanese Army

text: Japanese Army

question: What was the capital of Papua?

answer: Port Moresby

text: Port Moresby

question: What country did Japan isolate Australia from with a blockade?

answer: United States

text: United States


text: Mali (i/ˈmɑːli/; French: [maˈli]), officially the Republic of Mali (French: République du Mali), is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of just over 1,240,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi). The population of Mali is 14.5 million. Its capital is Bamako. Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert, while the country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, features the Niger and Senegal rivers. The country's economy centers on agriculture and fishing. Some of Mali's prominent natural resources include gold, being the third largest producer of gold in the African continent, and salt. About half the population lives below the international poverty line of $1.25 (U.S.) a day. A majority of the population (55%) are non-denominational Muslims.

title: Mali

title: Mali

text: Mali

text: i/ˈmɑːli/

text: French

text: maˈli

text: officially

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: Mali

text: French

text: République

text: du

text: Mali

text: is

text: a

text: landlocked

text: country

text: in

text: West

text: Africa

text: Mali

text: is

text: the

text: eighth

text: largest

text: country

text: in

text: Africa

text: with

text: an

text: area

text: of

text: just

text: over

text: square

text: kilometres

text: sq

text: mi

text: The

text: population

text: of

text: Mali

text: is

text: million

text: Its

text: capital

text: is

text: Bamako

text: Mali

text: consists

text: of

text: eight

text: regions

text: and

text: its

text: borders

text: on

text: the

text: north

text: reach

text: deep

text: into

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: Sahara

text: Desert

text: while

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: southern

text: part

text: where

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: inhabitants

text: live

text: features

text: the

text: Niger

text: and

text: Senegal

text: rivers

text: The

text: country

text: 's

text: economy

text: centers

text: on

text: agriculture

text: and

text: fishing

text: Some

text: of

text: Mali

text: 's

text: prominent

text: natural

text: resources

text: include

text: gold

text: being

text: the

text: third

text: largest

text: producer

text: of

text: gold

text: in

text: the

text: African

text: continent

text: and

text: salt

text: About

text: half

text: the

text: population

text: lives

text: below

text: the

text: international

text: poverty

text: line

text: of

text: U.S.

text: a

text: day

text: A

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: are

text: non

text: denominational

text: Muslims

question: Of Africa what rank in size country is Mali?

answer: Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa

text: Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa

question: What is Mali's capital named?

answer: Bamako

text: Bamako

question: What are two major rivers located inside of Mali?

answer: Niger and Senegal rivers

text: Niger and Senegal rivers

question: Besides salt what other major natural resources does Mali produce?

answer: prominent natural resources include gold

text: prominent natural resources include gold

question: More than half of the population is what religion?

answer: (55%) are non-denominational Muslims

text: (55%) are non-denominational Muslims

question: What is the eighth largest country in the world?

text: the Republic of Mali

question: Which African coast is Mali?

text: West

question: What country has an area of 1,240,000 mi.²?

text: the Republic of Mali

question: What desert does Mali just touch the edge of?

text: Sahara Desert,

question: What is basal agriculture in deep-sea fishing?

text: The country's economy


title: Spanish_language_in_the_United_States

title: Spanish_language_in_the_United_States

text: The

text: exodus

text: of

text: Salvadorans

text: was

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: both

text: economic

text: and

text: political

text: problems

text: The

text: largest

text: immigration

text: wave

text: occurred

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: the

text: Salvadoran

text: Civil

text: War

text: in

text: the

text: in

text: which

text: of

text: El

text: Salvador

text: 's

text: population

text: emigrated

text: About

text: or

text: up

text: to

text: of

text: those

text: who

text: escaped

text: headed

text: to

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: which

text: was

text: already

text: home

text: to

text: over

text: Salvadorans

text: making

text: Salvadorans

text: Americans

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: Hispanic

text: and

text: Latino

text: American

text: group

text: after

text: the

text: Mexican

text: American

text: majority

text: stateside

text: Puerto

text: Ricans

text: and

text: Cubans

question: Why did Salvadorans come to America?

answer: The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems.

text: The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems.

question: When did Salvadorans come to America?

answer: The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s

text: The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s

question: How many Salvadorans immigrated?

answer: 20–30% of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50%, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States,

text: 20–30% of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50%, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States,

question: What is the population of Salvadorans living in America?

answer: United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group

text: United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group

question: Where do Salvadorans fall on the scale for Hispanic living in America?

answer: Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.

text: Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.

question: Why did Salvadorans begin an exodus?

text: economic and political problems

question: What caused the largest immigration of Salvadorans?

text: Salvadoran Civil War

question: How many Salvadorans came to the US?

question: What year did the Salvadorans come to the US?

question: What's the fourth-largest Hispanic-Latino American group?

text: Salvadorans

question: Why did Slavadorians come to Mexico?

text: The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems

question: When did Salvadorians come to Mexico?

text: The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s

question: What is the population of Salvadorans living in Mexico?

question: Who is the are the fifth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group?

text: Salvadorans Americans

question: How many of El Salvador's population escaped to Mexico?

text: 50%, or up to 500,000


text: The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, she was inspired by the name of the river, in preference to terms such as "Central Sudan". The origin of the name ''Nigeria'' came from the name of the Niger River. The word ( Niger )  is an alteration of the Tuareg name egerew n-igerewen used by inhabitants along the middle reaches of the river around Timbuktu prior to 19th-century European colonialism. Egerew n-igerewen means River of the Rivers.

title: Nigeria

title: Nigeria

text: The

text: name

text: Nigeria

text: was

text: taken

text: from

text: the

text: Niger

text: River

text: running

text: through

text: the

text: country

text: This

text: name

text: was

text: allegedly

text: coined

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: century

text: by

text: British

text: journalist

text: Flora

text: Shaw

text: she

text: was

text: inspired

text: by

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: in

text: preference

text: to

text: terms

text: such

text: as

text: Central

text: Sudan

text: The

text: origin

text: of

text: the

text: name

text: Nigeria

text: came

text: from

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: Niger

text: River

text: The

text: word

text: Niger

text: is

text: an

text: alteration

text: of

text: the

text: Tuareg

text: name

text: egerew

text: n

text: igerewen

text: used

text: by

text: inhabitants

text: along

text: the

text: middle

text: reaches

text: of

text: the

text: river

text: around

text: Timbuktu

text: prior

text: to

text: century

text: European

text: colonialism

text: Egerew

text: n

text: igerewen

text: means

text: River

text: of

text: the

text: Rivers

question: What is Nigeria named after?

answer: the Niger River

text: the Niger River

question: Who came up with the name Nigeria in the 19th century?

answer: Flora Shaw

text: Flora Shaw

question: What was Nigeria's region called by the British before the name Nigeria?

answer: Central Sudan

text: Central Sudan

question: What language does the name of the Niger River come from?

answer: Tuareg

text: Tuareg

question: Which river reaches Timbuktu?

answer: Niger

text: Niger


text: In the United States, an almost extinct dialect of Dutch, Jersey Dutch, spoken by descendants of 17th-century Dutch settlers in Bergen and Passaic counties, was still spoken as late as 1921. Other Dutch-based creole languages once spoken in the Americas include Mohawk Dutch (in Albany, New York), Berbice (in Guyana), Skepi (in Essequibo, Guyana) and Negerhollands (in the United States Virgin Islands). Pennsylvania Dutch is not a member of the set of Dutch dialects and is less misleadingly called Pennsylvania German.

title: Dutch_language

title: Dutch_language

text: In

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: an

text: almost

text: extinct

text: dialect

text: of

text: Dutch

text: Jersey

text: Dutch

text: spoken

text: by

text: descendants

text: of

text: century

text: Dutch

text: settlers

text: in

text: Bergen

text: and

text: Passaic

text: counties

text: was

text: still

text: spoken

text: as

text: late

text: as

text: Other

text: Dutch

text: based

text: creole

text: languages

text: once

text: spoken

text: in

text: the

text: Americas

text: include

text: Mohawk

text: Dutch

text: in

text: Albany

text: New

text: York

text: Berbice

text: in

text: Guyana

text: Skepi

text: in

text: Essequibo

text: Guyana

text: and

text: Negerhollands

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Virgin

text: Islands

text: Pennsylvania

text: Dutch

text: is

text: not

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: set

text: of

text: Dutch

text: dialects

text: and

text: is

text: less

text: misleadingly

text: called

text: Pennsylvania

text: German

question: What's the year that Jersey Dutch was last spoken, according to records?

answer: 1921

question: What Dutch-based language popped up in the area of Albany, New York?

answer: Mohawk Dutch

text: Mohawk Dutch

question: What's a more accurate name for Pennsylvania Dutch since it's not a Dutch dialect?

answer: Pennsylvania German

text: Pennsylvania German

question: Which Dutch dialect was once spoken in the U.S. Virgin Islands?

answer: Negerhollands

text: Negerhollands

question: In what country were the Berbice and Skepi dialects spoken?

answer: Guyana

text: Guyana


text: Vladimir's choice of Eastern Christianity may also have reflected his close personal ties with Constantinople, which dominated the Black Sea and hence trade on Kiev's most vital commercial route, the Dnieper River. Adherence to the Eastern Church had long-range political, cultural, and religious consequences. The church had a liturgy written in Cyrillic and a corpus of translations from Greek that had been produced for the Slavic peoples. This literature facilitated the conversion to Christianity of the Eastern Slavs and introduced them to rudimentary Greek philosophy, science, and historiography without the necessity of learning Greek (there were some merchants who did business with Greeks and likely had an understanding of contemporary business Greek). In contrast, educated people in medieval Western and Central Europe learned Latin. Enjoying independence from the Roman authority and free from tenets of Latin learning, the East Slavs developed their own literature and fine arts, quite distinct from those of other Eastern Orthodox countries.[citation needed] (See Old East Slavic language and Architecture of Kievan Rus for details ). Following the Great Schism of 1054, the Rus' church maintained communion with both Rome and Constantinople for some time, but along with most of the Eastern churches it eventually split to follow the Eastern Orthodox. That being said, unlike other parts of the Greek world, Kievan Rus' did not have a strong hostility to the Western world.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: Vladimir

text: 's

text: choice

text: of

text: Eastern

text: Christianity

text: may

text: also

text: have

text: reflected

text: his

text: close

text: personal

text: ties

text: with

text: Constantinople

text: which

text: dominated

text: the

text: Black

text: Sea

text: and

text: hence

text: trade

text: on

text: Kiev

text: 's

text: most

text: vital

text: commercial

text: route

text: the

text: Dnieper

text: River

text: Adherence

text: to

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Church

text: had

text: long

text: range

text: political

text: cultural

text: and

text: religious

text: consequences

text: The

text: church

text: had

text: a

text: liturgy

text: written

text: in

text: Cyrillic

text: and

text: a

text: corpus

text: of

text: translations

text: from

text: Greek

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: produced

text: for

text: the

text: Slavic

text: peoples

text: This

text: literature

text: facilitated

text: the

text: conversion

text: to

text: Christianity

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Slavs

text: and

text: introduced

text: them

text: to

text: rudimentary

text: Greek

text: philosophy

text: science

text: and

text: historiography

text: without

text: the

text: necessity

text: of

text: learning

text: Greek

text: there

text: were

text: some

text: merchants

text: who

text: did

text: business

text: with

text: Greeks

text: and

text: likely

text: had

text: an

text: understanding

text: of

text: contemporary

text: business

text: Greek

text: In

text: contrast

text: educated

text: people

text: in

text: medieval

text: Western

text: and

text: Central

text: Europe

text: learned

text: Latin

text: Enjoying

text: independence

text: from

text: the

text: Roman

text: authority

text: and

text: free

text: from

text: tenets

text: of

text: Latin

text: learning

text: the

text: East

text: Slavs

text: developed

text: their

text: own

text: literature

text: and

text: fine

text: arts

text: quite

text: distinct

text: from

text: those

text: of

text: other

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: countries.[citation

text: needed

text: See

text: Old

text: East

text: Slavic

text: language

text: and

text: Architecture

text: of

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: for

text: details

text: Following

text: the

text: Great

text: Schism

text: of

text: the

text: Rus

text: church

text: maintained

text: communion

text: with

text: both

text: Rome

text: and

text: Constantinople

text: for

text: some

text: time

text: but

text: along

text: with

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Eastern

text: churches

text: it

text: eventually

text: split

text: to

text: follow

text: the

text: Eastern

text: Orthodox

text: That

text: being

text: said

text: unlike

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: Greek

text: world

text: Kievan

text: Rus

text: did

text: not

text: have

text: a

text: strong

text: hostility

text: to

text: the

text: Western

text: world

question: What was considered too be Kiev's most important route for trade?

answer: Dnieper River

text: Dnieper River

question: What language did the church write  the liturgy in?

answer: Cyrillic

text: Cyrillic

question: What did this literature help with that was written in Cyrillic?

answer: facilitated the conversion to Christianity

text: facilitated the conversion to Christianity

question: Why did Vladimir chose Western Christianity?

question: What was considered the least important route for trade?

text: Dnieper River

question: What language were the corpus of translations translated into?

text: Cyrillic

question: What did the literature that was written in Cyrillic not help with?

text: the conversion to Christianity

question: What did the West Slavs develop?

text: their own literature and fine arts


text: There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.

title: Aspirated_consonant

title: Aspirated_consonant

text: There

text: were

text: aspirated

text: stops

text: at

text: three

text: places

text: of

text: articulation

text: labial

text: coronal

text: and

text: velar

text: /pʰ

text: tʰ

text: kʰ/.

text: Earlier

text: Greek

text: represented

text: by

text: Mycenaean

text: Greek

text: likely

text: had

text: a

text: labialized

text: velar

text: aspirated

text: stop

text: /kʷʰ/

text: which

text: later

text: became

text: labial

text: coronal

text: or

text: velar

text: depending

text: on

text: dialect

text: and

text: phonetic

text: environment

question: What is the representation for the three places of articulation?

answer: /pʰ tʰ kʰ/

text: /pʰ tʰ kʰ/

question: Earlier Greek was represented by what?

answer: Mycenaean Greek

text: Mycenaean Greek

question: Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?

answer: dialect and phonetic environment

text: dialect and phonetic environment

question: Unaspirated stops were at which three places of articulation?

text: labial, coronal, and velar

question: Early Greece was represented by what?

text: Mycenaean Greek

question: What likely had a velar unaspirated stop?

text: Earlier Greek

question: The three places of articulation are the labial, cortical and what?

text: velar

question: The labialized velar unaspirated stop is represented by what?

text: /kʷʰ/


text: Corruption and Trikoupis' increased spending to create necessary infrastructure like the Corinth Canal overtaxed the weak Greek economy, forcing the declaration of public insolvency in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country's debtors. Another political issue in 19th-century Greece was uniquely Greek: the language question. The Greek people spoke a form of Greek called Demotic. Many of the educated elite saw this as a peasant dialect and were determined to restore the glories of Ancient Greek.

title: Greece

title: Greece

text: Corruption

text: and

text: Trikoupis

text: increased

text: spending

text: to

text: create

text: necessary

text: infrastructure

text: like

text: the

text: Corinth

text: Canal

text: overtaxed

text: the

text: weak

text: Greek

text: economy

text: forcing

text: the

text: declaration

text: of

text: public

text: insolvency

text: in

text: and

text: to

text: accept

text: the

text: imposition

text: of

text: an

text: International

text: Financial

text: Control

text: authority

text: to

text: pay

text: off

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: debtors

text: Another

text: political

text: issue

text: in

text: century

text: Greece

text: was

text: uniquely

text: Greek

text: the

text: language

text: question

text: The

text: Greek

text: people

text: spoke

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: Greek

text: called

text: Demotic

text: Many

text: of

text: the

text: educated

text: elite

text: saw

text: this

text: as

text: a

text: peasant

text: dialect

text: and

text: were

text: determined

text: to

text: restore

text: the

text: glories

text: of

text: Ancient

text: Greek

question: In 1893 Greece announced what?

answer: public insolvency

text: public insolvency

question: To pay off the people they owed, Greece had to accept what?

answer: International Financial Control authority

text: International Financial Control authority

question: The people of Greece that had higher education saw what dialect as beneath them?

answer: Demotic

text: Demotic

question: A hot topic in Greece in the 19th century was what?

answer: language

text: language


text: During World War II he worked on the Manhattan Project with J. Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller, developing the mathematical models behind the explosive lenses used in the implosion-type nuclear weapon. After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and later as one of its commissioners. He was a consultant to a number of organizations, including the United States Air Force, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Along with theoretical physicist Edward Teller, mathematician Stanislaw Ulam, and others, he worked out key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb.

title: John_von_Neumann

title: John_von_Neumann

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: he

text: worked

text: on

text: the

text: Manhattan

text: Project

text: with

text: J.

text: Robert

text: Oppenheimer

text: and

text: Edward

text: Teller

text: developing

text: the

text: mathematical

text: models

text: behind

text: the

text: explosive

text: lenses

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: implosion

text: type

text: nuclear

text: weapon

text: After

text: the

text: war

text: he

text: served

text: on

text: the

text: General

text: Advisory

text: Committee

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Atomic

text: Energy

text: Commission

text: and

text: later

text: as

text: one

text: of

text: its

text: commissioners

text: He

text: was

text: a

text: consultant

text: to

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: organizations

text: including

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Air

text: Force

text: the

text: Armed

text: Forces

text: Special

text: Weapons

text: Project

text: and

text: the

text: Lawrence

text: Livermore

text: National

text: Laboratory

text: Along

text: with

text: theoretical

text: physicist

text: Edward

text: Teller

text: mathematician

text: Stanislaw

text: Ulam

text: and

text: others

text: he

text: worked

text: out

text: key

text: steps

text: in

text: the

text: nuclear

text: physics

text: involved

text: in

text: thermonuclear

text: reactions

text: and

text: the

text: hydrogen

text: bomb

question: With whom did Von Neumann work on the Manhattan Project?

answer: J. Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller

text: J. Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller

question: Post World War II, in what role did Von Neumann work?

answer: General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission

text: General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission

question: For what organizations was Von Neumann a consultant after World War II?

answer: United States Air Force, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

text: United States Air Force, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

question: What keys steps did Von Neumann work out that contributed to weapons of war?

answer: key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb

text: key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb


text: The most important Galician fishing port is the Port of Vigo; It is one of the world's leading fishing ports, second only to Tokyo, with an annual catch worth 1,500 million euros. In 2007 the port took in 732,951 metric tons (721,375 long tons; 807,940 short tons) of fish and seafood, and about 4,000,000 metric tons (3,900,000 long tons; 4,400,000 short tons) of other cargoes. Other important ports are Ferrol, A Coruña, and the smaller ports of Marín and Vilagarcía de Arousa, as well as important recreational ports in Pontevedra and Burela. Beyond these, Galicia has 120 other organized ports.

title: Galicia_(Spain)

title: Galicia_(Spain

text: The

text: most

text: important

text: Galician

text: fishing

text: port

text: is

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: Vigo

text: It

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: leading

text: fishing

text: ports

text: second

text: only

text: to

text: Tokyo

text: with

text: an

text: annual

text: catch

text: worth

text: million

text: euros

text: In

text: the

text: port

text: took

text: in

text: metric

text: tons

text: long

text: tons

text: short

text: tons

text: of

text: fish

text: and

text: seafood

text: and

text: about

text: metric

text: tons

text: long

text: tons

text: short

text: tons

text: of

text: other

text: cargoes

text: Other

text: important

text: ports

text: are

text: Ferrol

text: A

text: Coruña

text: and

text: the

text: smaller

text: ports

text: of

text: Marín

text: and

text: Vilagarcía

text: de

text: Arousa

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: important

text: recreational

text: ports

text: in

text: Pontevedra

text: and

text: Burela

text: Beyond

text: these

text: Galicia

text: has

text: other

text: organized

text: ports

question: Which port is Galicia's most important?

answer: Vigo

text: Vigo

question: Which Japanese fishing port is Galicia's second to?

answer: Tokyo

text: Tokyo

question: Aside from the larger ports, roughly how many other organized ports are there?

answer: 120


text: After Cao's defeat at the naval Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD, China was divided into three spheres of influence, with Cao Cao dominating the north, Sun Quan (182–252 AD) dominating the south, and Liu Bei (161–223 AD) dominating the west. Cao Cao died in March 220 AD. By December his son Cao Pi (187–226 AD) had Emperor Xian relinquish the throne to him and is known posthumously as Emperor Wen of Wei. This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states: Cao Wei, Eastern Wu, and Shu Han.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: After

text: Cao

text: 's

text: defeat

text: at

text: the

text: naval

text: Battle

text: of

text: Red

text: Cliffs

text: in

text: AD

text: China

text: was

text: divided

text: into

text: three

text: spheres

text: of

text: influence

text: with

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: dominating

text: the

text: north

text: Sun

text: Quan

text: AD

text: dominating

text: the

text: south

text: and

text: Liu

text: Bei

text: AD

text: dominating

text: the

text: west

text: Cao

text: Cao

text: died

text: in

text: March

text: AD

text: By

text: December

text: his

text: son

text: Cao

text: Pi

text: AD

text: had

text: Emperor

text: Xian

text: relinquish

text: the

text: throne

text: to

text: him

text: and

text: is

text: known

text: posthumously

text: as

text: Emperor

text: Wen

text: of

text: Wei

text: This

text: formally

text: ended

text: the

text: Han

text: dynasty

text: and

text: initiated

text: an

text: age

text: of

text: conflict

text: between

text: three

text: states

text: Cao

text: Wei

text: Eastern

text: Wu

text: and

text: Shu

text: Han

question: Who was defeated at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD?

answer: Cao

text: Cao

question: Who did Emperor Xian give his throne to?

answer: Cao Pi

text: Cao Pi

question: What state was in a conflict with Eastern Wu, and Shu Han?

answer: Cao Wei

text: Cao Wei

question: Who was in control of the south of China?

answer: Sun Quan

text: Sun Quan

question: In what month did Cao Cao die?

answer: March

text: March