text: Sport forms an integral part of German life, as demonstrated by the fact that 27 million Germans are members of a sports club and an additional twelve million pursue such an activity individually. Football is by far the most popular sport, and the German Football Federation (Deutscher Fußballbund) with more than 6.3 million members is the largest athletic organisation in the country. It also attracts the greatest audience, with hundreds of thousands of spectators attending Bundesliga matches and millions more watching on television.

title: Germans

title: Germans

text: Sport

text: forms

text: an

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: German

text: life

text: as

text: demonstrated

text: by

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: million

text: Germans

text: are

text: members

text: of

text: a

text: sports

text: club

text: and

text: an

text: additional

text: twelve

text: million

text: pursue

text: such

text: an

text: activity

text: individually

text: Football

text: is

text: by

text: far

text: the

text: most

text: popular

text: sport

text: and

text: the

text: German

text: Football

text: Federation

text: Deutscher

text: Fußballbund

text: with

text: more

text: than

text: million

text: members

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: athletic

text: organisation

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: It

text: also

text: attracts

text: the

text: greatest

text: audience

text: with

text: hundreds

text: of

text: thousands

text: of

text: spectators

text: attending

text: Bundesliga

text: matches

text: and

text: millions

text: more

text: watching

text: on

text: television

question: How many Germans are members of sports clubs?

answer: 27 million

text: 27 million

question: What is the most popular sport in Germany?

answer: Football

text: Football

question: What is the largest athletic organisation in the country?

answer: German Football Federation

text: German Football Federation

question: How many members are in the German Football Federation?

answer: 6.3 million

text: 6.3 million

question: What kind of clubs do 12 million Germans belong to?

text: sports club

question: What Federation has 6.3 thousand members?

text: German Football Federation (

question: What has thousands of television spectators?

text: German Football Federation


text: Most mutations within genes are neutral, having no effect on the organism's phenotype (silent mutations). Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid (synonymous mutations). Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence changes, but the protein still functions similarly with the new amino acid (e.g. conservative mutations). Many mutations, however, are deleterious or even lethal, and are removed from populations by natural selection. Genetic disorders are the result of deleterious mutations and can be due to spontaneous mutation in the affected individual, or can be inherited. Finally, a small fraction of mutations are beneficial, improving the organism's fitness and are extremely important for evolution, since their directional selection leads to adaptive evolution.:7.6

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: Most

text: mutations

text: within

text: genes

text: are

text: neutral

text: having

text: no

text: effect

text: on

text: the

text: organism

text: 's

text: phenotype

text: silent

text: mutations

text: Some

text: mutations

text: do

text: not

text: change

text: the

text: amino

text: acid

text: sequence

text: because

text: multiple

text: codons

text: encode

text: the

text: same

text: amino

text: acid

text: synonymous

text: mutations

text: Other

text: mutations

text: can

text: be

text: neutral

text: if

text: they

text: lead

text: to

text: amino

text: acid

text: sequence

text: changes

text: but

text: the

text: protein

text: still

text: functions

text: similarly

text: with

text: the

text: new

text: amino

text: acid

text: e.g.

text: conservative

text: mutations

text: Many

text: mutations

text: however

text: are

text: deleterious

text: or

text: even

text: lethal

text: and

text: are

text: removed

text: from

text: populations

text: by

text: natural

text: selection

text: Genetic

text: disorders

text: are

text: the

text: result

text: of

text: deleterious

text: mutations

text: and

text: can

text: be

text: due

text: to

text: spontaneous

text: mutation

text: in

text: the

text: affected

text: individual

text: or

text: can

text: be

text: inherited

text: Finally

text: a

text: small

text: fraction

text: of

text: mutations

text: are

text: beneficial

text: improving

text: the

text: organism

text: 's

text: fitness

text: and

text: are

text: extremely

text: important

text: for

text: evolution

text: since

text: their

text: directional

text: selection

text: leads

text: to

text: adaptive

question: What are mutations that have no effect on an organism's phenotype called?

answer: silent mutations

text: silent mutations

question: What are mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence called?

answer: synonymous mutations

text: synonymous mutations

question: What are mutations that lead to amino acid sequence changes but leave the protein functioning similarly called?

answer: conservative mutations

text: conservative mutations

question: What is a result of deleterious mutations?

answer: Genetic disorders

text: Genetic disorders

question: What does the directional selection of beneficial mutations lead to?

answer: adaptive evolution

text: adaptive evolution


text: Sometime in the early medieval period, the Jews of central and eastern Europe came to be called by this term. In conformity with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was denominated Sefarad (Obadiah 20), France was called Tsarefat (1 Kings 17:9), and Bohemia was called the Land of Canaan. By the high medieval period, Talmudic commentators like Rashi began to use Ashkenaz/Eretz Ashkenaz to designate Germany, earlier known as Loter, where, especially in the Rhineland communities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz, the most important Jewish communities arose. Rashi uses leshon Ashkenaz (Ashkenazi language) to describe German speech, and Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters referred to the Crusaders as Ashkenazim. Given the close links between the Jewish communities of France and Germany following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to both the Jews of medieval Germany and France.

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

text: Sometime

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: medieval

text: period

text: the

text: Jews

text: of

text: central

text: and

text: eastern

text: Europe

text: came

text: to

text: be

text: called

text: by

text: this

text: term

text: In

text: conformity

text: with

text: the

text: custom

text: of

text: designating

text: areas

text: of

text: Jewish

text: settlement

text: with

text: biblical

text: names

text: Spain

text: was

text: denominated

text: Sefarad

text: Obadiah

text: France

text: was

text: called

text: Tsarefat

text: Kings

text: and

text: Bohemia

text: was

text: called

text: the

text: Land

text: of

text: Canaan

text: By

text: the

text: high

text: medieval

text: period

text: Talmudic

text: commentators

text: like

text: Rashi

text: began

text: to

text: use

text: Ashkenaz

text: Eretz

text: Ashkenaz

text: to

text: designate

text: Germany

text: earlier

text: known

text: as

text: Loter

text: where

text: especially

text: in

text: the

text: Rhineland

text: communities

text: of

text: Speyer

text: Worms

text: and

text: Mainz

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: Jewish

text: communities

text: arose

text: Rashi

text: uses

text: leshon

text: Ashkenaz

text: Ashkenazi

text: language

text: to

text: describe

text: German

text: speech

text: and

text: Byzantium

text: and

text: Syrian

text: Jewish

text: letters

text: referred

text: to

text: the

text: Crusaders

text: as

text: Ashkenazim

text: Given

text: the

text: close

text: links

text: between

text: the

text: Jewish

text: communities

text: of

text: France

text: and

text: Germany

text: following

text: the

text: Carolingian

text: unification

text: the

text: term

text: Ashkenazi

text: came

text: to

text: refer

text: to

text: both

text: the

text: Jews

text: of

text: medieval

text: Germany

text: and

text: France

question: The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that Spain was referred to as what?

answer: Sefarad

text: Sefarad

question: The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that France was called?

answer: Tsarefat

text: Tsarefat

question: The reference to France as Tsarefat was taken from which biblical passage?

answer: 1 Kings 17:9

text: 1 Kings 17:9

question: How did Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters refer to the Crusaders?

answer: as Ashkenazim

text: as Ashkenazim

question: Following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to the Jews of what two places?

answer: medieval Germany and France

text: medieval Germany and France


text: The battle of Iwo Jima ("Operation Detachment") in February 1945 was one of the bloodiest battles fought by the Americans in the Pacific War. Iwo Jima was an 8 sq mile (21 km2) island situated halfway between Tokyo and the Mariana Islands. Holland Smith, the commander of the invasion force, aimed to capture the island, and utilize its three airfields as bases to carry out air attacks against the Home Islands. Lt. General Tadamichi Kuribayashi, the commander of the island's defense, knew that he could not win the battle, but he hoped to make the Americans suffer far more than they could endure.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: The

text: battle

text: of

text: Iwo

text: Jima

text: Operation

text: Detachment

text: in

text: February

text: was

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: bloodiest

text: battles

text: fought

text: by

text: the

text: Americans

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: War

text: Iwo

text: Jima

text: was

text: an

text: sq

text: mile

text: island

text: situated

text: halfway

text: between

text: Tokyo

text: and

text: the

text: Mariana

text: Islands

text: Holland

text: Smith

text: the

text: commander

text: of

text: the

text: invasion

text: force

text: aimed

text: to

text: capture

text: the

text: island

text: and

text: utilize

text: its

text: three

text: airfields

text: as

text: bases

text: to

text: carry

text: out

text: air

text: attacks

text: against

text: the

text: Home

text: Islands

text: Lt

text: General

text: Tadamichi

text: Kuribayashi

text: the

text: commander

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: 's

text: defense

text: knew

text: that

text: he

text: could

text: not

text: win

text: the

text: battle

text: but

text: he

text: hoped

text: to

text: make

text: the

text: Americans

text: suffer

text: far

text: more

text: than

text: they

text: could

text: endure

question: What was "Operation Detachment"?

answer: battle of Iwo Jima

text: battle of Iwo Jima

question: When did "Operation Detachment" occur?

answer: February 1945

text: February 1945

question: How many square miles is the island of Iwo Jima?

answer: 8

question: Iwo Jima is halfway between the Mariana Islands and what city?

answer: Tokyo

text: Tokyo

question: How many airfields were on Iwo Jima?

answer: three

text: three


text: Roughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases were active. In 2010, 8.8 million new cases of TB were diagnosed, and 1.20–1.45 million deaths occurred, most of these occurring in developing countries. Of these 1.45 million deaths, about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV.

title: Tuberculosis

title: Tuberculosis

text: Roughly

text: one

text: third

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: 's

text: population

text: has

text: been

text: infected

text: with

text: M.

text: tuberculosis

text: with

text: new

text: infections

text: occurring

text: in

text: about

text: of

text: the

text: population

text: each

text: year

text: However

text: most

text: infections

text: with

text: M.

text: tuberculosis

text: do

text: not

text: cause

text: TB

text: disease

text: and

text: of

text: infections

text: remain

text: asymptomatic

text: In

text: an

text: estimated

text: million

text: chronic

text: cases

text: were

text: active

text: In

text: million

text: new

text: cases

text: of

text: TB

text: were

text: diagnosed

text: and

text: million

text: deaths

text: occurred

text: most

text: of

text: these

text: occurring

text: in

text: developing

text: countries

text: Of

text: these

text: million

text: deaths

text: about

text: million

text: occur

text: in

text: those

text: also

text: infected

text: with

text: HIV

question: At any given time, about how much of all the people in the world has M. tuberculosis?

answer: one-third

text: one-third

question: Approximately how many active TB cases were there in 2012?

answer: 8.6 million

text: 8.6 million

question: How many patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2010?

answer: 8.8 million

text: 8.8 million

question: About how many people died in 2010 carrying both HIV and TB?

answer: 0.35 million

text: 0.35 million

question: What percentage of the world's total population gets infected with tuberculosis every year?

answer: 1%

question: How many people died from TB in 2012?

text: 8.6 million

question: What percentage of TB deaths result in death?

question: How many people died in developing countries from TB?

text: 1.20–1.45 million

question: What percentage of the population is infected by HIV each year?

question: How many chronic cases of TB were there total in 2012?

text: 8.8 million


text: As Muslim institutions of higher learning, the madrasa had the legal designation of waqf. In central and eastern Islamic lands, the view that the madrasa, as a charitable endowment, will remain under the control of the donor (and their descendent), resulted in a "spurt" of establishment of madaris in the 11th and 12th centuries. However, in Western Islamic lands, where the Maliki views prohibited donors from controlling their endowment, madaris were not as popular. Unlike the corporate designation of Western institutions of higher learning, the waqf designation seemed to have led to the exclusion of non-orthodox religious subjects such a philosophy and natural science from the curricula. The madrasa of al-Qarawīyīn, one of the two surviving madaris that predate the founding of the earliest medieval universities and are thus claimed to be the "first universities" by some authors, has acquired official university status as late as 1947. The other, al-Azhar, did acquire this status in name and essence only in the course of numerous reforms during the 19th and 20th century, notably the one of 1961 which introduced non-religious subjects to its curriculum, such as economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture. It should also be noted that many medieval universities were run for centuries as Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools prior to their formal establishment as universitas scholarium; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the university dates back to the 6th century AD, thus well preceding the earliest madaris. George Makdisi, who has published most extensively on the topic concludes in his comparison between the two institutions:

title: Madrasa

title: Madrasa

text: As

text: Muslim

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: learning

text: the

text: madrasa

text: had

text: the

text: legal

text: designation

text: of

text: waqf

text: In

text: central

text: and

text: eastern

text: Islamic

text: lands

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: the

text: madrasa

text: as

text: a

text: charitable

text: endowment

text: will

text: remain

text: under

text: the

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: donor

text: and

text: their

text: descendent

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: spurt

text: of

text: establishment

text: of

text: madaris

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: However

text: in

text: Western

text: Islamic

text: lands

text: where

text: the

text: Maliki

text: views

text: prohibited

text: donors

text: from

text: controlling

text: their

text: endowment

text: madaris

text: were

text: not

text: as

text: popular

text: Unlike

text: the

text: corporate

text: designation

text: of

text: Western

text: institutions

text: of

text: higher

text: learning

text: the

text: waqf

text: designation

text: seemed

text: to

text: have

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: exclusion

text: of

text: non

text: orthodox

text: religious

text: subjects

text: such

text: a

text: philosophy

text: and

text: natural

text: science

text: from

text: the

text: curricula

text: The

text: madrasa

text: of

text: al

text: Qarawīyīn

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: two

text: surviving

text: madaris

text: that

text: predate

text: the

text: founding

text: of

text: the

text: earliest

text: medieval

text: universities

text: and

text: are

text: thus

text: claimed

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: first

text: universities

text: by

text: some

text: authors

text: has

text: acquired

text: official

text: university

text: status

text: as

text: late

text: as

text: The

text: other

text: al

text: Azhar

text: did

text: acquire

text: this

text: status

text: in

text: name

text: and

text: essence

text: only

text: in

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: numerous

text: reforms

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: century

text: notably

text: the

text: one

text: of

text: which

text: introduced

text: non

text: religious

text: subjects

text: to

text: its

text: curriculum

text: such

text: as

text: economics

text: engineering

text: medicine

text: and

text: agriculture

text: It

text: should

text: also

text: be

text: noted

text: that

text: many

text: medieval

text: universities

text: were

text: run

text: for

text: centuries

text: as

text: Christian

text: cathedral

text: schools

text: or

text: monastic

text: schools

text: prior

text: to

text: their

text: formal

text: establishment

text: as

text: universitas

text: scholarium

text: evidence

text: of

text: these

text: immediate

text: forerunners

text: of

text: the

text: university

text: dates

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: AD

text: thus

text: well

text: preceding

text: the

text: earliest

text: madaris

text: George

text: Makdisi

text: who

text: has

text: published

text: most

text: extensively

text: on

text: the

text: topic

text: concludes

text: in

text: his

text: comparison

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: institutions

question: When did more madaris begin to form more rapidly?

answer: 11th and 12th centuries

text: 11th and 12th centuries

question: Where are madaris considered less desirable?

answer: Western Islamic lands

text: Western Islamic lands

question: When did the al-Qarawiyin officially become a university?

answer: 1947

question: When the madaris are considered as a charity, who controls the school?

answer: the donor

text: the donor

question: What disciplines were introduced at al-Azhar in 1961?

answer: economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture

text: economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture

question: When did more madaris begin to form more slowly?

text: 11th and 12th centuries

question: Where are madaris considered more desirable?

text: Western Islamic lands

question: When did the al-Qarawiyin officially stop being a university?

question: When the madaris are considered as a charity, who controls the students?

text: the donor

question: What disciplines were destroyed at al-Azhar in 1961?


text: The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.

title: Infrared

title: Infrared

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: emissivity

text: is

text: important

text: in

text: understanding

text: the

text: infrared

text: emissions

text: of

text: objects

text: This

text: is

text: a

text: property

text: of

text: a

text: surface

text: that

text: describes

text: how

text: its

text: thermal

text: emissions

text: deviate

text: from

text: the

text: ideal

text: of

text: a

text: black

text: body

text: To

text: further

text: explain

text: two

text: objects

text: at

text: the

text: same

text: physical

text: temperature

text: will

text: not

text: show

text: the

text: same

text: infrared

text: image

text: if

text: they

text: have

text: differing

text: emissivity

text: For

text: example

text: for

text: any

text: pre

text: set

text: emissivity

text: value

text: objects

text: with

text: higher

text: emissivity

text: will

text: appear

text: hotter

text: and

text: those

text: with

text: a

text: lower

text: emissivity

text: will

text: appear

text: cooler

text: For

text: that

text: reason

text: incorrect

text: selection

text: of

text: emissivity

text: will

text: give

text: inaccurate

text: results

text: when

text: using

text: infrared

text: cameras

text: and

text: pyrometers

question: What is the term for the property that describes how a surface's thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body?

answer: emissivity

text: emissivity

question: How will the infrared image of an object with a higher emissivity appear in relation to one with lower emissivity?

answer: hotter

text: hotter

question: Along with pyrometers, what devices can receive inaccurate results if emissivity is not set correctly?

answer: infrared cameras

text: infrared cameras

question: What property describes how a surfaces thermal emissions give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers?

text: emissivity

question: What shows the same image of two objects with differing emissivity?

text: infrared image

question: What ideal shows inaccurate results when using infrared cameras?

text: black body

question: How does pre-set emissivity help infrared cameras give accurate results?

question: How does comparing two differing objects to a black body give you accurate results?


text: The Cambrian is a major division of the geologic timescale that begins about 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma. Cambrian continents are thought to have resulted from the breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent called Pannotia. The waters of the Cambrian period appear to have been widespread and shallow. Continental drift rates may have been anomalously high. Laurentia, Baltica and Siberia remained independent continents following the break-up of the supercontinent of Pannotia. Gondwana started to drift toward the South Pole. Panthalassa covered most of the southern hemisphere, and minor oceans included the Proto-Tethys Ocean, Iapetus Ocean and Khanty Ocean.

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

text: The

text: Cambrian

text: is

text: a

text: major

text: division

text: of

text: the

text: geologic

text: timescale

text: that

text: begins

text: about

text: Ma

text: Cambrian

text: continents

text: are

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: resulted

text: from

text: the

text: breakup

text: of

text: a

text: Neoproterozoic

text: supercontinent

text: called

text: Pannotia

text: The

text: waters

text: of

text: the

text: Cambrian

text: period

text: appear

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: widespread

text: and

text: shallow

text: Continental

text: drift

text: rates

text: may

text: have

text: been

text: anomalously

text: high

text: Laurentia

text: Baltica

text: and

text: Siberia

text: remained

text: independent

text: continents

text: following

text: the

text: break

text: up

text: of

text: the

text: supercontinent

text: of

text: Pannotia

text: Gondwana

text: started

text: to

text: drift

text: toward

text: the

text: South

text: Pole

text: Panthalassa

text: covered

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: southern

text: hemisphere

text: and

text: minor

text: oceans

text: included

text: the

text: Proto

text: Tethys

text: Ocean

text: Iapetus

text: Ocean

text: and

text: Khanty

text: Ocean

question: At what rough time did the Cambrian era start?

answer: 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma.

text: 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma.

question: What were the continents of the Cambrian area believed to have formerly been a part of?

answer: Pannotia

text: Pannotia

question: What continent moved to the southern-most part of the earth in the Cambrian era?

answer: Gondwana

text: Gondwana

question: What continent ranged over the majority of the southern hemisphere of earth in the Cambrian?

answer: Panthalassa

text: Panthalassa

question: Baltica and Sibera are examples of what thing, during the Cambrian era?

answer: independent continents

text: independent continents

question: What period is a minor division in the geologic timescale?

text: The Cambrian

question: What supercontinent was formed from the coninents of the Cambrian?

text: Pannotia

question: During what period were the oceans widespread and deep?

text: Cambrian

question: What drift rates were high during the Cambrian?

text: Continental

question: When did Pannotia begin to drift towards the South Pole?

text: Cambrian


text: During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and keeping global temperatures high. But when Australia split from the southern continent around 45 Ma, the warm equatorial currents were deflected away from Antarctica, and an isolated cold water channel developed between the two continents. The Antarctic region cooled down, and the ocean surrounding Antarctica began to freeze, sending cold water and ice floes north, reinforcing the cooling. The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 million years ago.[citation needed]

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

title: Geological_history_of_Earth

text: During

text: the

text: Eocene

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: the

text: continents

text: continued

text: to

text: drift

text: toward

text: their

text: present

text: positions

text: At

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: period

text: Australia

text: and

text: Antarctica

text: remained

text: connected

text: and

text: warm

text: equatorial

text: currents

text: mixed

text: with

text: colder

text: Antarctic

text: waters

text: distributing

text: the

text: heat

text: around

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: keeping

text: global

text: temperatures

text: high

text: But

text: when

text: Australia

text: split

text: from

text: the

text: southern

text: continent

text: around

text: Ma

text: the

text: warm

text: equatorial

text: currents

text: were

text: deflected

text: away

text: from

text: Antarctica

text: and

text: an

text: isolated

text: cold

text: water

text: channel

text: developed

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: continents

text: The

text: Antarctic

text: region

text: cooled

text: down

text: and

text: the

text: ocean

text: surrounding

text: Antarctica

text: began

text: to

text: freeze

text: sending

text: cold

text: water

text: and

text: ice

text: floes

text: north

text: reinforcing

text: the

text: cooling

text: The

text: present

text: pattern

text: of

text: ice

text: ages

text: began

text: about

text: million

text: years

text: ago.[citation

text: needed

question: During what years did the Eocene period take place?

answer: 56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago

text: 56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago

question: Australia was connected to which other continent at the start of the Eocene?

answer: Antarctica

text: Antarctica

question: How long ago did Antarctica and Australia split?

answer: around 45 Ma

text: around 45 Ma

question: Around how many years ago is the current ice age pattern believed to have begun?

answer: 40 million years

text: 40 million years

question: The mixing of equatorial currents with Antarctic waters in the Eocene resulted in what?

answer: keeping global temperatures high

text: keeping global temperatures high

question: What reached their final positions during the Eocene?

text: the continents

question: What was Australia seperated from at the begining of the Eocene?

text: Antarctica

question: What pattern ended 45 million years ago

text: pattern of ice ages

question: What steared warm waters towards the Artic?


text: Color in glass may be obtained by addition of electrically charged ions (or color centers) that are homogeneously distributed, and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles (such as in photochromic glasses). Ordinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron(II) oxide (FeO) impurities of up to 0.1 wt% produce a green tint, which can be viewed in thick pieces or with the aid of scientific instruments. Further FeO and Cr2O3 additions may be used for the production of green bottles. Sulfur, together with carbon and iron salts, is used to form iron polysulfides and produce amber glass ranging from yellowish to almost black. A glass melt can also acquire an amber color from a reducing combustion atmosphere. Manganese dioxide can be added in small amounts to remove the green tint given by iron(II) oxide. When used in art glass or studio glass is colored using closely guarded recipes that involve specific combinations of metal oxides, melting temperatures and 'cook' times. Most colored glass used in the art market is manufactured in volume by vendors who serve this market although there are some glassmakers with the ability to make their own color from raw materials.

title: Glass

title: Glass

text: Color

text: in

text: glass

text: may

text: be

text: obtained

text: by

text: addition

text: of

text: electrically

text: charged

text: ions

text: or

text: color

text: centers

text: that

text: are

text: homogeneously

text: distributed

text: and

text: by

text: precipitation

text: of

text: finely

text: dispersed

text: particles

text: such

text: as

text: in

text: photochromic

text: glasses

text: Ordinary

text: soda

text: lime

text: glass

text: appears

text: colorless

text: to

text: the

text: naked

text: eye

text: when

text: it

text: is

text: thin

text: although

text: iron(II

text: oxide

text: FeO

text: impurities

text: of

text: up

text: to

text: wt%

text: produce

text: a

text: green

text: tint

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: viewed

text: in

text: thick

text: pieces

text: or

text: with

text: the

text: aid

text: of

text: scientific

text: instruments

text: Further

text: FeO

text: and

text: additions

text: may

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: the

text: production

text: of

text: green

text: bottles

text: Sulfur

text: together

text: with

text: carbon

text: and

text: iron

text: salts

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: form

text: iron

text: polysulfides

text: and

text: produce

text: amber

text: glass

text: ranging

text: from

text: yellowish

text: to

text: almost

text: black

text: A

text: glass

text: melt

text: can

text: also

text: acquire

text: an

text: amber

text: color

text: from

text: a

text: reducing

text: combustion

text: atmosphere

text: Manganese

text: dioxide

text: can

text: be

text: added

text: in

text: small

text: amounts

text: to

text: remove

text: the

text: green

text: tint

text: given

text: by

text: iron(II

text: oxide

text: When

text: used

text: in

text: art

text: glass

text: or

text: studio

text: glass

text: is

text: colored

text: using

text: closely

text: guarded

text: recipes

text: that

text: involve

text: specific

text: combinations

text: of

text: metal

text: oxides

text: melting

text: temperatures

text: and

text: cook

text: times

text: Most

text: colored

text: glass

text: used

text: in

text: the

text: art

text: market

text: is

text: manufactured

text: in

text: volume

text: by

text: vendors

text: who

text: serve

text: this

text: market

text: although

text: there

text: are

text: some

text: glassmakers

text: with

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: make

text: their

text: own

text: color

text: from

text: raw

text: materials

question: What can give glass a faint green tinge?

answer: iron(II) oxide

text: iron(II) oxide

question: What can prevent a green color in glass?

answer: Manganese dioxide

text: Manganese dioxide

question: What other than additives can give glass a yellow color?

answer: reducing combustion atmosphere

text: reducing combustion atmosphere

question: What chemical compounds can make glass nearly black?

answer: iron polysulfides

text: iron polysulfides

question: Charged ions can be used to produce what in glass?

answer: Color

text: Color

question: What can give glass a metal?

text: iron(II) oxide

question: What can prevent an amber color in glass?

text: Manganese dioxide

question: What other additives can give glass a sulfur tint?

text: reducing combustion atmosphere

question: What chemical compounds can make glass thin?

text: iron polysulfides

question: Charged ions can be used to produce what in precipitates?

text: Color


text: T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: By Constantius's order, the sole ruler of The Roman Empire at the death of his brother Constans, the Council of Arles in 353, was held, which was presided over by Vincent, Bishop of Capua, in the name of Pope Liberius. The fathers terrified of the threats of the Emperor, an avowed Arian, they consented to the condemnation of Athanasius. The Pope refused to accept their decision, and requested the Emperor to hold another Council, in which the charges against Athanasius could be freely investigated. To this Constantius consented, for he felt able to control it, at Milan. Milan was named as the place, here three hundred bishops assembled, most from the West, only a few from the East, in 355. They met in the Church of Milan. Shortly, the Emperor ordered them to a hall in the Imperial Palace, thus ending any free debate. He presented an Arian formula of faith for their acceptance. He threatened any who refused with exile and death. All, with the exception of Dionysius (bishop of Milan), and the two Papal Legates, viz., Eusebius of Vercelli and Lucifer of Cagliari, consented to the Arian Creed and the condemnation of Athanasius. Those who refused were sent into exile. The decrees were forwarded to the Pope for approval, but were rejected, because of the violence to which the bishops were subjected.

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria

text: T.

text: Gilmartin

text: Professor

text: of

text: History

text: Maynooth

text: writes

text: in

text: Church

text: History

text: Vol

text: Ch

text: XVII

text: By

text: Constantius

text: 's

text: order

text: the

text: sole

text: ruler

text: of

text: The

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: at

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: his

text: brother

text: Constans

text: the

text: Council

text: of

text: Arles

text: in

text: was

text: held

text: which

text: was

text: presided

text: over

text: by

text: Vincent

text: Bishop

text: of

text: Capua

text: in

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: Pope

text: Liberius

text: The

text: fathers

text: terrified

text: of

text: the

text: threats

text: of

text: the

text: Emperor

text: an

text: avowed

text: Arian

text: they

text: consented

text: to

text: the

text: condemnation

text: of

text: Athanasius

text: The

text: Pope

text: refused

text: to

text: accept

text: their

text: decision

text: and

text: requested

text: the

text: Emperor

text: to

text: hold

text: another

text: Council

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: charges

text: against

text: Athanasius

text: could

text: be

text: freely

text: investigated

text: To

text: this

text: Constantius

text: consented

text: for

text: he

text: felt

text: able

text: to

text: control

text: it

text: at

text: Milan

text: Milan

text: was

text: named

text: as

text: the

text: place

text: here

text: three

text: hundred

text: bishops

text: assembled

text: most

text: from

text: the

text: West

text: only

text: a

text: few

text: from

text: the

text: East

text: in

text: They

text: met

text: in

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: Milan

text: Shortly

text: the

text: Emperor

text: ordered

text: them

text: to

text: a

text: hall

text: in

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Palace

text: thus

text: ending

text: any

text: free

text: debate

text: He

text: presented

text: an

text: Arian

text: formula

text: of

text: faith

text: for

text: their

text: acceptance

text: He

text: threatened

text: any

text: who

text: refused

text: with

text: exile

text: and

text: death

text: All

text: with

text: the

text: exception

text: of

text: Dionysius

text: bishop

text: of

text: Milan

text: and

text: the

text: two

text: Papal

text: Legates

text: viz

text: Eusebius

text: of

text: Vercelli

text: and

text: Lucifer

text: of

text: Cagliari

text: consented

text: to

text: the

text: Arian

text: Creed

text: and

text: the

text: condemnation

text: of

text: Athanasius

text: Those

text: who

text: refused

text: were

text: sent

text: into

text: exile

text: The

text: decrees

text: were

text: forwarded

text: to

text: the

text: Pope

text: for

text: approval

text: but

text: were

text: rejected

text: because

text: of

text: the

text: violence

text: to

text: which

text: the

text: bishops

text: were

text: subjected

question: Why did the Bishops condemn Athanasius?

answer: threats of the Emperor

text: threats of the Emperor

question: Did the Pope agree with this order?

answer: Pope refused to accept

text: Pope refused to accept

question: Did the Emperor agree to a new trial for Athanasius?

answer: Constantius consented

text: Constantius consented

question: What oath did the Bishops have to take at the trial?

answer: Arian formula of faith

text: Arian formula of faith

question: What happened to the Bishops who did not take the oath?

answer: sent into exile

text: sent into exile

question: Why didn't the Bishops condemn Athanasius?

text: threats of the Emperor

question: Who agreed with the order?

text: Pope

question: Who did not consent to a new trial?

text: Constantius

question: What oath was not taken at the trial?

text: formula of faith


text: Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes; such as gold, silver, copper iron and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides.

title: Copper

title: Copper

text: Chromobacterium

text: violaceum

text: and

text: Pseudomonas

text: fluorescens

text: can

text: both

text: mobilize

text: solid

text: copper

text: as

text: a

text: cyanide

text: compound

text: The

text: ericoid

text: mycorrhizal

text: fungi

text: associated

text: with

text: Calluna

text: Erica

text: and

text: Vaccinium

text: can

text: grow

text: in

text: copper

text: metalliferous

text: soils

text: The

text: ectomycorrhizal

text: fungus

text: Suillus

text: luteus

text: protects

text: young

text: pine

text: trees

text: from

text: copper

text: toxicity

text: A

text: sample

text: of

text: the

text: fungus

text: Aspergillus

text: niger

text: was

text: found

text: growing

text: from

text: gold

text: mining

text: solution

text: and

text: was

text: found

text: to

text: contain

text: cyano

text: metal

text: complexes

text: such

text: as

text: gold

text: silver

text: copper

text: iron

text: and

text: zinc

text: The

text: fungus

text: also

text: plays

text: a

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: solubilization

text: of

text: heavy

text: metal

text: sulfides

question: Name a compond that can mobilize sold copper?

answer: Chromobacterium violaceum

text: Chromobacterium violaceum

question: What fungi can grow in copper metalliferous soils?

answer: ericoid mycorrhizal fungi

text: ericoid mycorrhizal fungi

question: What fungus protects pine trees from copper toxicity?

answer: Suillus luteus

text: Suillus luteus

question: What fungus grows from gold mining solution?

answer: Aspergillus niger

text: Aspergillus niger

question: What fungus helps to soften heavy metal sulfides?

answer: fungus Aspergillus

text: fungus Aspergillus

question: What is the only compound that can mobilize solid copper?

text: Pseudomonas fluorescens

question: What fungi can speak in copper metalliferous soils?

text: ericoid mycorrhizal fungi

question: What fungus makes pine trees vulnerable to copper toxicity?

text: Suillus luteus

question: What fungus grows from diamond mining solution?

text: Aspergillus niger

question: What fungus helps to toxify heavy metal sulfides?

text: fungus Aspergillus niger


text: The Flying Fathers, a Canadian group of Catholic priests, regularly toured North America playing exhibition hockey games for charity. One of the organization's founders, Les Costello, was a onetime NHL player who was ordained as a priest after retiring from professional hockey. Another prominent exhibition hockey team is the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team, which is composed almost entirely of retired NHL players, the majority of whom (as the name suggests) played at least a portion of their career for the Buffalo Sabres.

title: Exhibition_game

title: Exhibition_game

text: The

text: Flying

text: Fathers

text: a

text: Canadian

text: group

text: of

text: Catholic

text: priests

text: regularly

text: toured

text: North

text: America

text: playing

text: exhibition

text: hockey

text: games

text: for

text: charity

text: One

text: of

text: the

text: organization

text: 's

text: founders

text: Les

text: Costello

text: was

text: a

text: onetime

text: NHL

text: player

text: who

text: was

text: ordained

text: as

text: a

text: priest

text: after

text: retiring

text: from

text: professional

text: hockey

text: Another

text: prominent

text: exhibition

text: hockey

text: team

text: is

text: the

text: Buffalo

text: Sabres

text: Alumni

text: Hockey

text: Team

text: which

text: is

text: composed

text: almost

text: entirely

text: of

text: retired

text: NHL

text: players

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: whom

text: as

text: the

text: name

text: suggests

text: played

text: at

text: least

text: a

text: portion

text: of

text: their

text: career

text: for

text: the

text: Buffalo

text: Sabres

question: What nationality is the Flying Fathers team?

answer: Canadian

text: Canadian

question: What religion is the Flying Fathers team?

answer: Catholic

text: Catholic

question: Who founded the Flying Fathers?

answer: Les Costello

text: Les Costello

question: What league were most members of the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team from?

answer: NHL

text: NHL

question: Where are the Saores based?

answer: Buffalo

text: Buffalo

question: What is what is the name of the team of North American priests?

text: The Flying Fathers

question: What nationality with the Protestant priests of the flying fathers?

text: Canadian

question: Which founder of the flying fathers was once an AHL player?

text: Les Costello

question: What exhibition team is made up of almost all NHL players?

text: Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team,

question: What is the name of the NHL team from Buffalo?

text: Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team


text: At a general level, self-psychology is compelled to investigate the question of how the personal self relates to the social environment. To the extent that these theories place themselves in the tradition of "psychological" social psychology, they focus on explaining an individual's actions within a group in terms of mental events and states. However, some "sociological" social psychology theories go further by attempting to deal with the issue of identity at both the levels of individual cognition and of collective behavior.

title: Identity_(social_science)

title: Identity_(social_science

text: At

text: a

text: general

text: level

text: self

text: psychology

text: is

text: compelled

text: to

text: investigate

text: the

text: question

text: of

text: how

text: the

text: personal

text: self

text: relates

text: to

text: the

text: social

text: environment

text: To

text: the

text: extent

text: that

text: these

text: theories

text: place

text: themselves

text: in

text: the

text: tradition

text: of

text: psychological

text: social

text: psychology

text: they

text: focus

text: on

text: explaining

text: an

text: individual

text: 's

text: actions

text: within

text: a

text: group

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: mental

text: events

text: and

text: states

text: However

text: some

text: sociological

text: social

text: psychology

text: theories

text: go

text: further

text: by

text: attempting

text: to

text: deal

text: with

text: the

text: issue

text: of

text: identity

text: at

text: both

text: the

text: levels

text: of

text: individual

text: cognition

text: and

text: of

text: collective

text: behavior

question: Self-psychology is compelled to investigate how personal self relates to what?

answer: the social environment

text: the social environment

question: What two factors are focused on when explaining an individual's actions within a group?

answer: mental events and states

text: mental events and states

question: What are individual cognition and collective behavior are levels of?

answer: identity

text: identity

question: What is compelled to investigate how social self relates to the social environment?

text: self-psychology

question: What two factors are focused on explaining an individual's actions towards a group?

text: mental events and states

question: What are collective cognition and individual behavior levels of?

text: identity

question: What focuses on explaining the group's actions?


text: In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been "illustrissimo" and "reverendissimo")  and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince, making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs.

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)

title: Cardinal_(Catholicism

text: In

text: Pope

text: Urban

text: VIII

text: decreed

text: their

text: title

text: to

text: be

text: Eminence

text: previously

text: it

text: had

text: been

text: illustrissimo

text: and

text: reverendissimo

text: and

text: decreed

text: that

text: their

text: secular

text: rank

text: would

text: equate

text: to

text: Prince

text: making

text: them

text: secondary

text: only

text: to

text: the

text: Pope

text: and

text: crowned

text: monarchs

question: In was year was the title decreed Eminence?

answer: 1630

question: Who decreed this?

answer: Pope Urban VIII

text: Pope Urban VIII

question: What rank did the Eminece decree assigned?

answer: Prince

text: Prince

question: Who held more power then the cardinal?

answer: the Pope and crowned monarchs

text: the Pope and crowned monarchs

question: Which pope decided that being pope was equal to being a prince?

answer: Pope Urban VIII

text: Pope Urban VIII

question: What year did Pope Pious II decree their title to be Eminence?

question: What did was the title of the pope before 1630?

question: Who decreed that their secular rank would equate to king?

text: Pope Urban VIII

question: Who held less power then the cardinal?

text: Pope and crowned monarchs.


text: At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015, Beyoncé was nominated for six awards, ultimately winning three: Best R&B Performance and Best R&B Song for "Drunk in Love", and Best Surround Sound Album for Beyoncé. She was nominated for Album of the Year but the award was won by Beck for his Morning Phase album. In August, the cover of the September issue of Vogue magazine was unveiled online, Beyoncé as the cover star, becoming the first African-American artist and third African-American woman in general to cover the September issue. She headlined the 2015 Made in America festival in early September and also the Global Citizen Festival later that month. Beyoncé made an uncredited featured appearance on the track "Hymn for the Weekend" by British rock band Coldplay, on their seventh studio album A Head Full of Dreams (2015), which saw release in December. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi announced Beyoncé would perform alongside Coldplay at Super Bowl 50 in February. Knowles has previously performed at four Super Bowl shows throughout her career, serving as the main headliner of the 47th Super Bowl halftime show in 2013.

title: Beyoncé

title: Beyoncé

text: At

text: the

text: Annual

text: Grammy

text: Awards

text: in

text: February

text: Beyoncé

text: was

text: nominated

text: for

text: six

text: awards

text: ultimately

text: winning

text: three

text: Best

text: R&B

text: Performance

text: and

text: Best

text: R&B

text: Song

text: for

text: Drunk

text: in

text: Love

text: and

text: Best

text: Surround

text: Sound

text: Album

text: for

text: Beyoncé

text: She

text: was

text: nominated

text: for

text: Album

text: of

text: the

text: Year

text: but

text: the

text: award

text: was

text: won

text: by

text: Beck

text: for

text: his

text: Morning

text: Phase

text: album

text: In

text: August

text: the

text: cover

text: of

text: the

text: September

text: issue

text: of

text: Vogue

text: magazine

text: was

text: unveiled

text: online

text: Beyoncé

text: as

text: the

text: cover

text: star

text: becoming

text: the

text: first

text: African

text: American

text: artist

text: and

text: third

text: African

text: American

text: woman

text: in

text: general

text: to

text: cover

text: the

text: September

text: issue

text: She

text: headlined

text: the

text: Made

text: in

text: America

text: festival

text: in

text: early

text: September

text: and

text: also

text: the

text: Global

text: Citizen

text: Festival

text: later

text: that

text: month

text: Beyoncé

text: made

text: an

text: uncredited

text: featured

text: appearance

text: on

text: the

text: track

text: Hymn

text: for

text: the

text: Weekend

text: by

text: British

text: rock

text: band

text: Coldplay

text: on

text: their

text: seventh

text: studio

text: album

text: A

text: Head

text: Full

text: of

text: Dreams

text: which

text: saw

text: release

text: in

text: December

text: On

text: January

text: Pepsi

text: announced

text: Beyoncé

text: would

text: perform

text: alongside

text: Coldplay

text: at

text: Super

text: Bowl

text: in

text: February

text: Knowles

text: has

text: previously

text: performed

text: at

text: four

text: Super

text: Bowl

text: shows

text: throughout

text: her

text: career

text: serving

text: as

text: the

text: main

text: headliner

text: of

text: the

text: Super

text: Bowl

text: halftime

text: show

text: in

question: How many awards did Beyonce take home with her at the 57th Grammy Awards?

answer: three

text: three

question: Which artist beat Beyonce out for Album of the year?

answer: Beck

text: Beck

question: Which magazine did Beyonce pose on the cover for in August of 2015?

answer: Vogue

text: Vogue

question: Beyonce would perform with who at Superbowl 50?

answer: Coldplay

text: Coldplay

question: Beyonce took home how many awards at the 57th Grammy Awards?

answer: three

text: three

question: Beyonce lost to which artist for Album of the year?

answer: Beck

text: Beck

question: Who did Beyonce perform next to during Superbowl 50?

answer: Coldplay

text: Coldplay

question: If Beyonce won three Grammies in 2015, how many was she nominated for?

answer: six awards

text: six awards

question: On what magazine was she the cover model?

answer: Vogue

text: Vogue

question: Who would she perform with at Superbowl 50?

answer: Coldplay

text: Coldplay

question: With what British band did Beyonce perform on their album?

answer: Coldplay

text: Coldplay

question: How many awards was Beyoncé nominated for at the 57th annual Grammys?

answer: six

text: six

question: How many awards did Beyoncé win at the 57th Annual Grammys?

answer: three

text: three

question: Beyoncé lost the Album of the Year award to which entertainer?

answer: Beck

text: Beck

question: Which magazine did Beyoncé pose for the cover, making her the first black female artist to do so?

answer: Vogue

text: Vogue

question: Who did Beyonce perform with at Super Bowl 50?

answer: Coldplay

text: Coldplay


text: The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or "Pub" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: The

text: inhabitants

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: Isles

text: have

text: been

text: drinking

text: ale

text: since

text: the

text: Bronze

text: Age

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: with

text: the

text: arrival

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: in

text: its

text: shores

text: in

text: the

text: Century

text: and

text: the

text: construction

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: road

text: networks

text: that

text: the

text: first

text: inns

text: called

text: tabernae

text: in

text: which

text: travellers

text: could

text: obtain

text: refreshment

text: began

text: to

text: appear

text: After

text: the

text: departure

text: of

text: Roman

text: authority

text: in

text: the

text: Century

text: and

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: the

text: Romano

text: British

text: kingdoms

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Saxons

text: established

text: alehouses

text: that

text: grew

text: out

text: of

text: domestic

text: dwellings

text: the

text: Anglo

text: Saxon

text: alewife

text: would

text: put

text: a

text: green

text: bush

text: up

text: on

text: a

text: pole

text: to

text: let

text: people

text: know

text: her

text: brew

text: was

text: ready

text: These

text: alehouses

text: quickly

text: evolved

text: into

text: meeting

text: houses

text: for

text: the

text: folk

text: to

text: socially

text: congregate

text: gossip

text: and

text: arrange

text: mutual

text: help

text: within

text: their

text: communities

text: Herein

text: lies

text: the

text: origin

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: public

text: house

text: or

text: Pub

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: colloquially

text: called

text: in

text: England

text: They

text: rapidly

text: spread

text: across

text: the

text: Kingdom

text: becoming

text: so

text: commonplace

text: that

text: in

text: King

text: Edgar

text: decreed

text: that

text: there

text: should

text: be

text: no

text: more

text: than

text: one

text: alehouse

text: per

text: village

question: During what historical epoch did Britons begin drinking ale?

answer: the Bronze Age

text: the Bronze Age

question: In what century did the Romans arrive in Britain?

answer: the 1st Century

text: the 1st Century

question: What was the Latin term for the Roman inns?

answer: tabernae

text: tabernae

question: In what century did the Romans leave Britain?

answer: 5th Century

text: 5th Century

question: What color bush did an Anglo-Saxon woman raise to indicate that her ale was done brewing?

answer: green

text: green


text: For horizontal propagation between transmitting and receiving antennas situated near the ground reasonably far from each other, the distances traveled by tne direct and reflected rays are nearly the same. There is almost no relative phase shift. If the emission is polarized vertically, the two fields (direct and reflected) add and there is maximum of received signal. If the signal is polarized horizontally, the two signals subtract and the received signal is largely cancelled. The vertical plane radiation patterns are shown in the image at right. With vertical polarization there is always a maximum for θ=0, horizontal propagation (left pattern). For horizontal polarization, there is cancellation at that angle. Note that the above formulae and these plots assume the ground as a perfect conductor. These plots of the radiation pattern correspond to a distance between the antenna and its image of 2.5λ. As the antenna height is increased, the number of lobes increases as well.

title: Antenna_(radio)

title: Antenna_(radio

text: For

text: horizontal

text: propagation

text: between

text: transmitting

text: and

text: receiving

text: antennas

text: situated

text: near

text: the

text: ground

text: reasonably

text: far

text: from

text: each

text: other

text: the

text: distances

text: traveled

text: by

text: tne

text: direct

text: and

text: reflected

text: rays

text: are

text: nearly

text: the

text: same

text: There

text: is

text: almost

text: no

text: relative

text: phase

text: shift

text: If

text: the

text: emission

text: is

text: polarized

text: vertically

text: the

text: two

text: fields

text: direct

text: and

text: reflected

text: add

text: and

text: there

text: is

text: maximum

text: of

text: received

text: signal

text: If

text: the

text: signal

text: is

text: polarized

text: horizontally

text: the

text: two

text: signals

text: subtract

text: and

text: the

text: received

text: signal

text: is

text: largely

text: cancelled

text: The

text: vertical

text: plane

text: radiation

text: patterns

text: are

text: shown

text: in

text: the

text: image

text: at

text: right

text: With

text: vertical

text: polarization

text: there

text: is

text: always

text: a

text: maximum

text: for

text: horizontal

text: propagation

text: left

text: pattern

text: For

text: horizontal

text: polarization

text: there

text: is

text: cancellation

text: at

text: that

text: angle

text: Note

text: that

text: the

text: above

text: formulae

text: and

text: these

text: plots

text: assume

text: the

text: ground

text: as

text: a

text: perfect

text: conductor

text: These

text: plots

text: of

text: the

text: radiation

text: pattern

text: correspond

text: to

text: a

text: distance

text: between

text: the

text: antenna

text: and

text: its

text: image

text: of

text: As

text: the

text: antenna

text: height

text: is

text: increased

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: lobes

text: increases

text: as

text: well

question: What is between recieving and transmitting antenna's?

answer: horizontal propagation

text: horizontal propagation

question: When is the emission at maximized recieved signal?

answer: polarized vertically

text: polarized vertically

question: Where is the radiation patterns in the vertical plane shown?

answer: image at right

text: image at right

question: What is also increased along with the antenna's height?

answer: lobes

text: lobes


text: By the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population had reached 85,050 in 5 square miles (13 km2), making it the most densely populated city in the Southern United States. In 1900, the Census Bureau reported Richmond's population as 62.1% white and 37.9% black. Freed slaves and their descendants created a thriving African-American business community, and the city's historic Jackson Ward became known as the "Wall Street of Black America." In 1903, African-American businesswoman and financier Maggie L. Walker chartered St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, and served as its first president, as well as the first female bank president in the United States. Today, the bank is called the Consolidated Bank and Trust Company, and it is the oldest surviving African-American bank in the U.S. Other figures from this time included John Mitchell, Jr. In 1910, the former city of Manchester was consolidated with the city of Richmond, and in 1914, the city annexed Barton Heights, Ginter Park, and Highland Park areas of Henrico County. In May 1914, Richmond became the headquarters of the Fifth District of the Federal Reserve Bank.

title: Richmond,_Virginia

title: Richmond,_Virginia

text: By

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: population

text: had

text: reached

text: in

text: square

text: miles

text: making

text: it

text: the

text: most

text: densely

text: populated

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: Southern

text: United

text: States

text: In

text: the

text: Census

text: Bureau

text: reported

text: Richmond

text: 's

text: population

text: as

text: white

text: and

text: black

text: Freed

text: slaves

text: and

text: their

text: descendants

text: created

text: a

text: thriving

text: African

text: American

text: business

text: community

text: and

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: historic

text: Jackson

text: Ward

text: became

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: Wall

text: Street

text: of

text: Black

text: America

text: In

text: African

text: American

text: businesswoman

text: and

text: financier

text: Maggie

text: L.

text: Walker

text: chartered

text: St.

text: Luke

text: Penny

text: Savings

text: Bank

text: and

text: served

text: as

text: its

text: first

text: president

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: female

text: bank

text: president

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Today

text: the

text: bank

text: is

text: called

text: the

text: Consolidated

text: Bank

text: and

text: Trust

text: Company

text: and

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: oldest

text: surviving

text: African

text: American

text: bank

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Other

text: figures

text: from

text: this

text: time

text: included

text: John

text: Mitchell

text: Jr.

text: In

text: the

text: former

text: city

text: of

text: Manchester

text: was

text: consolidated

text: with

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Richmond

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: annexed

text: Barton

text: Heights

text: Ginter

text: Park

text: and

text: Highland

text: Park

text: areas

text: of

text: Henrico

text: County

text: In

text: May

text: Richmond

text: became

text: the

text: headquarters

text: of

text: the

text: Fifth

text: District

text: of

text: the

text: Federal

text: Reserve

text: Bank

question: When the 1900s began, how many people lived in Richmond?

answer: 85,050

question: How many square kilometers was Richmond at the start of the 20th century?

answer: 13

question: What percentage of Richmond's 1900 population was African American?

answer: 37.9

question: What was another name for Richmond's Jackson Ward?

answer: Wall Street of Black America

text: Wall Street of Black America

question: Who was the inaugural president of the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank?

answer: Maggie L. Walker

text: Maggie L. Walker


text: Copper, silver and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table, and they share certain attributes: they have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell and are characterized by high ductility and electrical conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements do not contribute much to the interatomic interactions, which are dominated by the s-electrons through metallic bonds. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in copper are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak. This explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of copper. At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the crystal lattice, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form, which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms.

title: Copper

title: Copper

text: Copper

text: silver

text: and

text: gold

text: are

text: in

text: group

text: of

text: the

text: periodic

text: table

text: and

text: they

text: share

text: certain

text: attributes

text: they

text: have

text: one

text: s

text: orbital

text: electron

text: on

text: top

text: of

text: a

text: filled

text: d

text: electron

text: shell

text: and

text: are

text: characterized

text: by

text: high

text: ductility

text: and

text: electrical

text: conductivity

text: The

text: filled

text: d

text: shells

text: in

text: these

text: elements

text: do

text: not

text: contribute

text: much

text: to

text: the

text: interatomic

text: interactions

text: which

text: are

text: dominated

text: by

text: the

text: s

text: electrons

text: through

text: metallic

text: bonds

text: Unlike

text: metals

text: with

text: incomplete

text: d

text: shells

text: metallic

text: bonds

text: in

text: copper

text: are

text: lacking

text: a

text: covalent

text: character

text: and

text: are

text: relatively

text: weak

text: This

text: explains

text: the

text: low

text: hardness

text: and

text: high

text: ductility

text: of

text: single

text: crystals

text: of

text: copper

text: At

text: the

text: macroscopic

text: scale

text: introduction

text: of

text: extended

text: defects

text: to

text: the

text: crystal

text: lattice

text: such

text: as

text: grain

text: boundaries

text: hinders

text: flow

text: of

text: the

text: material

text: under

text: applied

text: stress

text: thereby

text: increasing

text: its

text: hardness

text: For

text: this

text: reason

text: copper

text: is

text: usually

text: supplied

text: in

text: a

text: fine

text: grained

text: polycrystalline

text: form

text: which

text: has

text: greater

text: strength

text: than

text: monocrystalline

text: forms

question: What group of the periodic table is copper in?

answer: group 11

text: group 11

question: Name a property that copper, silver and gold have in common.

answer: one s-orbital electron

text: one s-orbital electron

question: What makes copper bondings weaker than other metals?

answer: filled d-electron shell

text: filled d-electron shell

question: How is copper normally supplied?

answer: fine-grained polycrystalline form

text: fine-grained polycrystalline form

question: What is a weaker form of copper than fine-grained polycrystalline?

answer: monocrystalline forms

text: monocrystalline forms

question: What group of the periodic table is copper no longer in?

text: group 11

question: What is the only property that copper, silver and gold have in common?

text: one s-orbital electron

question: What makes copper bondings stronger than other metals?

text: filled d-electron shell

question: What is copper normally missing?

text: fine-grained polycrystalline form

question: What is a better form of copper than fine-grained polycrystalline?

text: monocrystalline forms


text: New Haven was the host of the 1995 Special Olympics World Summer Games; then-President Bill Clinton spoke at the opening ceremonies. The city is home to the Pilot Pen International tennis event, which takes place every August at the Connecticut Tennis Center, one of the largest tennis venues in the world. New Haven biannually hosts "The Game" between Yale and Harvard, the country's second-oldest college football rivalry. Numerous road races take place in New Haven, including the USA 20K Championship during the New Haven Road Race.

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

title: New_Haven,_Connecticut

text: New

text: Haven

text: was

text: the

text: host

text: of

text: the

text: Special

text: Olympics

text: World

text: Summer

text: Games

text: then

text: President

text: Bill

text: Clinton

text: spoke

text: at

text: the

text: opening

text: ceremonies

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: the

text: Pilot

text: Pen

text: International

text: tennis

text: event

text: which

text: takes

text: place

text: every

text: August

text: at

text: the

text: Connecticut

text: Tennis

text: Center

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: tennis

text: venues

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: New

text: Haven

text: biannually

text: hosts

text: The

text: Game

text: between

text: Yale

text: and

text: Harvard

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: second

text: oldest

text: college

text: football

text: rivalry

text: Numerous

text: road

text: races

text: take

text: place

text: in

text: New

text: Haven

text: including

text: the

text: USA

text: K

text: Championship

text: during

text: the

text: New

text: Haven

text: Road

text: Race

question: In what year did New Haven host the Special Olympic Summer World Games?

answer: 1995

question: What major tennis event take place annually every August in New Haven?

answer: Pilot Pen International

text: Pilot Pen International

question: What is the name of the tennis complex, cited as one of the largest worldwide, located in New Haven?

answer: Connecticut Tennis Center

text: Connecticut Tennis Center

question: What is the nickname of the historic football rivalry between Yale and Harvard hosted annually in New Haven?

answer: "The Game"

text: "The Game"

question: What year did New Haven became a host for the Specials Olympics?

answer: 1995

question: The city also host a large international tennis event, when does it usually take place?

answer: every August

text: every August

question: "The Game" is a special event that focus on what sort of rivalry between the colleges?

answer: college football

text: college football

question: What is the name of major road race that places within the city?

answer: USA 20K Championship

text: USA 20K Championship


text: As the primary former Capital of the Confederate States of America, Richmond is home to many museums and battlefields of the American Civil War. Near the riverfront is the Richmond National Battlefield Park Visitors Center and the American Civil War Center at Historic Tredegar, both housed in the former buildings of the Tredegar Iron Works, where much of the ordnance for the war was produced. In Court End, near the Virginia State Capitol, is the Museum of the Confederacy, along with the Davis Mansion, also known as the White House of the Confederacy; both feature a wide variety of objects and material from the era. The temporary home of former Confederate General Robert E. Lee still stands on Franklin Street in downtown Richmond. The history of slavery and emancipation are also increasingly represented: there is a former slave trail along the river that leads to Ancarrow's Boat Ramp and Historic Site which has been developed with interpretive signage, and in 2007, the Reconciliation Statue was placed in Shockoe Bottom, with parallel statues placed in Liverpool and Benin representing points of the Triangle Trade.

title: Richmond,_Virginia

title: Richmond,_Virginia

text: As

text: the

text: primary

text: former

text: Capital

text: of

text: the

text: Confederate

text: States

text: of

text: America

text: Richmond

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: many

text: museums

text: and

text: battlefields

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Civil

text: War

text: Near

text: the

text: riverfront

text: is

text: the

text: Richmond

text: National

text: Battlefield

text: Park

text: Visitors

text: Center

text: and

text: the

text: American

text: Civil

text: War

text: Center

text: at

text: Historic

text: Tredegar

text: both

text: housed

text: in

text: the

text: former

text: buildings

text: of

text: the

text: Tredegar

text: Iron

text: Works

text: where

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: ordnance

text: for

text: the

text: war

text: was

text: produced

text: In

text: Court

text: End

text: near

text: the

text: Virginia

text: State

text: Capitol

text: is

text: the

text: Museum

text: of

text: the

text: Confederacy

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Davis

text: Mansion

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: White

text: House

text: of

text: the

text: Confederacy

text: both

text: feature

text: a

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: objects

text: and

text: material

text: from

text: the

text: era

text: The

text: temporary

text: home

text: of

text: former

text: Confederate

text: General

text: Robert

text: E.

text: Lee

text: still

text: stands

text: on

text: Franklin

text: Street

text: in

text: downtown

text: Richmond

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: slavery

text: and

text: emancipation

text: are

text: also

text: increasingly

text: represented

text: there

text: is

text: a

text: former

text: slave

text: trail

text: along

text: the

text: river

text: that

text: leads

text: to

text: Ancarrow

text: 's

text: Boat

text: Ramp

text: and

text: Historic

text: Site

text: which

text: has

text: been

text: developed

text: with

text: interpretive

text: signage

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: Reconciliation

text: Statue

text: was

text: placed

text: in

text: Shockoe

text: Bottom

text: with

text: parallel

text: statues

text: placed

text: in

text: Liverpool

text: and

text: Benin

text: representing

text: points

text: of

text: the

text: Triangle

text: Trade

question: In what former industrial facility is the Richmond National Battlefield Park Visitors Center located?

answer: Tredegar Iron Works

text: Tredegar Iron Works

question: What government building is the Museum of the Confederacy located near?

answer: Virginia State Capitol

text: Virginia State Capitol

question: What is another name for the Davis Mansion?

answer: White House of the Confederacy

text: White House of the Confederacy

question: On what Richmond street did General Lee live for a while?

answer: Franklin

text: Franklin

question: Where are the Reconciliation Statues outside Richmond located?

answer: Liverpool and Benin

text: Liverpool and Benin


text: Queen's last album featuring Mercury, titled Made in Heaven, was finally released in 1995, four years after his death. Featuring tracks such as "Too Much Love Will Kill You" and "Heaven for Everyone", it was constructed from Mercury's final recordings in 1991, material left over from their previous studio albums and re-worked material from May, Taylor, and Mercury's solo albums. The album also featured the song "Mother Love", the last vocal recording Mercury made prior to his death, which he completed using a drum machine, over which May, Taylor and Deacon later added the instrumental track. After completing the penultimate verse, Mercury had told the band he "wasn't feeling that great" and stated, "I will finish it when I come back, next time"; however, he never made it back into the studio, so May later recorded the final verse of the song. Both stages of recording, before and after Mercury's death, were completed at the band's studio in Montreux, Switzerland. The album reached No. 1 on the UK charts immediately following its release, and has sold 20 million copies worldwide. On 25 November 1996, a statue of Mercury was unveiled in Montreux overlooking Lake Geneva, almost five years to the day since his death.

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: Queen

text: 's

text: last

text: album

text: featuring

text: Mercury

text: titled

text: Made

text: in

text: Heaven

text: was

text: finally

text: released

text: in

text: four

text: years

text: after

text: his

text: death

text: Featuring

text: tracks

text: such

text: as

text: Too

text: Much

text: Love

text: Will

text: Kill

text: You

text: and

text: Heaven

text: for

text: Everyone

text: it

text: was

text: constructed

text: from

text: Mercury

text: 's

text: final

text: recordings

text: in

text: material

text: left

text: over

text: from

text: their

text: previous

text: studio

text: albums

text: and

text: re

text: worked

text: material

text: from

text: May

text: Taylor

text: and

text: Mercury

text: 's

text: solo

text: albums

text: The

text: album

text: also

text: featured

text: the

text: song

text: Mother

text: Love

text: the

text: last

text: vocal

text: recording

text: Mercury

text: made

text: prior

text: to

text: his

text: death

text: which

text: he

text: completed

text: using

text: a

text: drum

text: machine

text: over

text: which

text: May

text: Taylor

text: and

text: Deacon

text: later

text: added

text: the

text: instrumental

text: track

text: After

text: completing

text: the

text: penultimate

text: verse

text: Mercury

text: had

text: told

text: the

text: band

text: he

text: was

text: n't

text: feeling

text: that

text: great

text: and

text: stated

text: I

text: will

text: finish

text: it

text: when

text: I

text: come

text: back

text: next

text: time

text: however

text: he

text: never

text: made

text: it

text: back

text: into

text: the

text: studio

text: so

text: May

text: later

text: recorded

text: the

text: final

text: verse

text: of

text: the

text: song

text: Both

text: stages

text: of

text: recording

text: before

text: and

text: after

text: Mercury

text: 's

text: death

text: were

text: completed

text: at

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: studio

text: in

text: Montreux

text: Switzerland

text: The

text: album

text: reached

text: No

text: on

text: the

text: UK

text: charts

text: immediately

text: following

text: its

text: release

text: and

text: has

text: sold

text: million

text: copies

text: worldwide

text: On

text: November

text: a

text: statue

text: of

text: Mercury

text: was

text: unveiled

text: in

text: Montreux

text: overlooking

text: Lake

text: Geneva

text: almost

text: five

text: years

text: to

text: the

text: day

text: since

text: his

text: death

question: What was Queen's final album featuring Mercury vocals compiled from earlier recordings called?

answer: Made in Heaven

text: Made in Heaven

question: How many copies worldwide has Queen's 1995 album sold?

answer: 20 million

text: 20 million

question: In what year was a statue dedicated to Freddie Mercury unveiled in Montreux?

answer: 1996

question: Where was Queen's studio located in Switzerland?

answer: Montreux

text: Montreux


text: With the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer be maintained. For instance Werner Heisenberg said "The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct 'actuality' of the world around us, can be extrapolated into the atomic range. This extrapolation, however, is impossible... atoms are not things." Likewise, some philosophers[which?] feel that these dichotomies necessitate a switch from materialism to physicalism. Others use the terms "materialism" and "physicalism" interchangeably.

title: Materialism

title: Materialism

text: With

text: the

text: advent

text: of

text: quantum

text: physics

text: some

text: scientists

text: believed

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: matter

text: had

text: merely

text: changed

text: while

text: others

text: believed

text: the

text: conventional

text: position

text: could

text: no

text: longer

text: be

text: maintained

text: For

text: instance

text: Werner

text: Heisenberg

text: said

text: The

text: ontology

text: of

text: materialism

text: rested

text: upon

text: the

text: illusion

text: that

text: the

text: kind

text: of

text: existence

text: the

text: direct

text: actuality

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: around

text: us

text: can

text: be

text: extrapolated

text: into

text: the

text: atomic

text: range

text: This

text: extrapolation

text: however

text: is

text: impossible

text: atoms

text: are

text: not

text: things

text: Likewise

text: some

text: philosophers[which

text: feel

text: that

text: these

text: dichotomies

text: necessitate

text: a

text: switch

text: from

text: materialism

text: to

text: physicalism

text: Others

text: use

text: the

text: terms

text: materialism

text: and

text: physicalism

text: interchangeably

question: Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what?

answer: things

text: things

question: Werner Heisenberg believes that atoms are defined as what?

text: things

question: Who do not believe a switch from materialism to physicalism is necessary?

text: philosophers

question: Who said "This extrapolation, however, is impossible... atoms are lots of things"

text: Werner Heisenberg

question: Scientists believed that the concept of matter did not change when what physics started?

text: quantum physics


text: During the period of the Napoleonic Wars, the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson. This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships, privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China (that they could do without permission) but so that, should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy. Similarly, the Earl of Mornington, an East India Company packet ship of only six guns, also sailed under a letter of marque.

title: East_India_Company

title: East_India_Company

text: During

text: the

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: Napoleonic

text: Wars

text: the

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: arranged

text: for

text: letters

text: of

text: marque

text: for

text: its

text: vessels

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Lord

text: Nelson

text: This

text: was

text: not

text: so

text: that

text: they

text: could

text: carry

text: cannon

text: to

text: fend

text: off

text: warships

text: privateers

text: and

text: pirates

text: on

text: their

text: voyages

text: to

text: India

text: and

text: China

text: that

text: they

text: could

text: do

text: without

text: permission

text: but

text: so

text: that

text: should

text: they

text: have

text: the

text: opportunity

text: to

text: take

text: a

text: prize

text: they

text: could

text: do

text: so

text: without

text: being

text: guilty

text: of

text: piracy

text: Similarly

text: the

text: Earl

text: of

text: Mornington

text: an

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: packet

text: ship

text: of

text: only

text: six

text: guns

text: also

text: sailed

text: under

text: a

text: letter

text: of

text: marque

question: During what war Did the EIC get letter of marque for its vessels

answer: Napoleonic Wars

text: Napoleonic Wars

question: Why did EIC want tthe letters of marque most?

answer: should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy

text: should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy

question: With out the letters of marque what wepon did  they have to protect themself that was a part of their ship?

answer: cannon

text: cannon

question: The Earl of Mornington would have how many ___ guns on the EIc ships?

answer: six

text: six

question: What celebration did the EIC get a letter of marque for its vessels?

text: Napoleonic Wars

question: Why did the EIC not want the letters of marque?

question: What weapon did they have for protection that was a part of their body?

text: cannon

question: How many guns were taken from the Earl of Mornington?

text: six

question: What was not allowed to sail under a letter of marque?

text: the Earl of Mornington


text: In bulk, matter can exist in several different forms, or states of aggregation, known as phases, depending on ambient pressure, temperature and volume. A phase is a form of matter that has a relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties (such as density, specific heat, refractive index, and so forth). These phases include the three familiar ones (solids, liquids, and gases), as well as more exotic states of matter (such as plasmas, superfluids, supersolids, Bose–Einstein condensates, ...). A fluid may be a liquid, gas or plasma. There are also paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases of magnetic materials. As conditions change, matter may change from one phase into another. These phenomena are called phase transitions, and are studied in the field of thermodynamics. In nanomaterials, the vastly increased ratio of surface area to volume results in matter that can exhibit properties entirely different from those of bulk material, and not well described by any bulk phase (see nanomaterials for more details).

title: Matter

title: Matter

text: In

text: bulk

text: matter

text: can

text: exist

text: in

text: several

text: different

text: forms

text: or

text: states

text: of

text: aggregation

text: known

text: as

text: phases

text: depending

text: on

text: ambient

text: pressure

text: temperature

text: and

text: volume

text: A

text: phase

text: is

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: matter

text: that

text: has

text: a

text: relatively

text: uniform

text: chemical

text: composition

text: and

text: physical

text: properties

text: such

text: as

text: density

text: specific

text: heat

text: refractive

text: index

text: and

text: so

text: forth

text: These

text: phases

text: include

text: the

text: three

text: familiar

text: ones

text: solids

text: liquids

text: and

text: gases

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: more

text: exotic

text: states

text: of

text: matter

text: such

text: as

text: plasmas

text: superfluids

text: supersolids

text: Bose

text: Einstein

text: condensates

text: A

text: fluid

text: may

text: be

text: a

text: liquid

text: gas

text: or

text: plasma

text: There

text: are

text: also

text: paramagnetic

text: and

text: ferromagnetic

text: phases

text: of

text: magnetic

text: materials

text: As

text: conditions

text: change

text: matter

text: may

text: change

text: from

text: one

text: phase

text: into

text: another

text: These

text: phenomena

text: are

text: called

text: phase

text: transitions

text: and

text: are

text: studied

text: in

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: thermodynamics

text: In

text: nanomaterials

text: the

text: vastly

text: increased

text: ratio

text: of

text: surface

text: area

text: to

text: volume

text: results

text: in

text: matter

text: that

text: can

text: exhibit

text: properties

text: entirely

text: different

text: from

text: those

text: of

text: bulk

text: material

text: and

text: not

text: well

text: described

text: by

text: any

text: bulk

text: phase

text: see

text: nanomaterials

text: for

text: more

text: details

question: What are phases known as?

text: states of aggregation

question: What is a phase not dependent on?

question: How many phases are there total?

text: three

question: What are examples of paramagnetic phases?

question: What field studies nanomaterials?

text: thermodynamics


text: A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from.

title: Computer

title: Computer

text: A

text: key

text: component

text: common

text: to

text: all

text: CPUs

text: is

text: the

text: program

text: counter

text: a

text: special

text: memory

text: cell

text: a

text: register

text: that

text: keeps

text: track

text: of

text: which

text: location

text: in

text: memory

text: the

text: next

text: instruction

text: is

text: to

text: be

text: read

text: from

question: A special memory cell of a CPU is called what?

answer: a register

text: a register

question: A register of a CPU keeps track of what?

answer: which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from

text: which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from

question: What is a component that all CPUs have?

answer: the program counter

text: the program counter


text: Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects on humans or other mammals before approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and most are well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a range of adverse side effects. Side-effects range from mild to very serious depending on the antibiotics used, the microbial organisms targeted, and the individual patient. Side effects may reflect the pharmacological or toxicological properties of the antibiotic or may involve hypersensitivity reactions or anaphylaxis. Safety profiles of newer drugs are often not as well established as for those that have a long history of use. Adverse effects range from fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis. Common side-effects include diarrhea, resulting from disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora, resulting, for example, in overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridium difficile. Antibacterials can also affect the vaginal flora, and may lead to overgrowth of yeast species of the genus Candida in the vulvo-vaginal area. Additional side-effects can result from interaction with other drugs, such as elevated risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid. Some scientists have hypothesized that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics alter the host microbiota and this has been associated with chronic disease.

title: Antibiotics

title: Antibiotics

text: Antibiotics

text: are

text: screened

text: for

text: any

text: negative

text: effects

text: on

text: humans

text: or

text: other

text: mammals

text: before

text: approval

text: for

text: clinical

text: use

text: and

text: are

text: usually

text: considered

text: safe

text: and

text: most

text: are

text: well

text: tolerated

text: However

text: some

text: antibiotics

text: have

text: been

text: associated

text: with

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: adverse

text: side

text: effects

text: Side

text: effects

text: range

text: from

text: mild

text: to

text: very

text: serious

text: depending

text: on

text: the

text: antibiotics

text: used

text: the

text: microbial

text: organisms

text: targeted

text: and

text: the

text: individual

text: patient

text: Side

text: effects

text: may

text: reflect

text: the

text: pharmacological

text: or

text: toxicological

text: properties

text: of

text: the

text: antibiotic

text: or

text: may

text: involve

text: hypersensitivity

text: reactions

text: or

text: anaphylaxis

text: Safety

text: profiles

text: of

text: newer

text: drugs

text: are

text: often

text: not

text: as

text: well

text: established

text: as

text: for

text: those

text: that

text: have

text: a

text: long

text: history

text: of

text: use

text: Adverse

text: effects

text: range

text: from

text: fever

text: and

text: nausea

text: to

text: major

text: allergic

text: reactions

text: including

text: photodermatitis

text: and

text: anaphylaxis

text: Common

text: side

text: effects

text: include

text: diarrhea

text: resulting

text: from

text: disruption

text: of

text: the

text: species

text: composition

text: in

text: the

text: intestinal

text: flora

text: resulting

text: for

text: example

text: in

text: overgrowth

text: of

text: pathogenic

text: bacteria

text: such

text: as

text: Clostridium

text: difficile

text: Antibacterials

text: can

text: also

text: affect

text: the

text: vaginal

text: flora

text: and

text: may

text: lead

text: to

text: overgrowth

text: of

text: yeast

text: species

text: of

text: the

text: genus

text: Candida

text: in

text: the

text: vulvo

text: vaginal

text: area

text: Additional

text: side

text: effects

text: can

text: result

text: from

text: interaction

text: with

text: other

text: drugs

text: such

text: as

text: elevated

text: risk

text: of

text: tendon

text: damage

text: from

text: administration

text: of

text: a

text: quinolone

text: antibiotic

text: with

text: a

text: systemic

text: corticosteroid

text: Some

text: scientists

text: have

text: hypothesized

text: that

text: the

text: indiscriminate

text: use

text: of

text: antibiotics

text: alter

text: the

text: host

text: microbiota

text: and

text: this

text: has

text: been

text: associated

text: with

text: chronic

text: disease

question: What are two examples of minor side effects caused by some antibiotics?

answer: fever and nausea

text: fever and nausea

question: What causes diarrhea?

answer: disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora

text: disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora

question: What negative effects can antibiotics have on the vaginal area?

answer: yeast

text: yeast

question: What is one example of antibiotics that may have a possible side effect of tendon damage?

answer: a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid

text: a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid

question: What is one possible serious side effect of over-using antibiotics?

answer: alter the host microbiota

text: alter the host microbiota

question: What are antibiotics screened for on mammals and humans?

answer: negative effects

text: negative effects

question: What do antibiotics need approval for?

answer: clinical use

text: clinical use

question: What besides the individual patient is targeted when antibiotics is being used?

answer: microbial organisms

text: microbial organisms

question: Photodermatitis, nausea, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are all what type of side effect?

answer: Adverse effects

text: Adverse effects

question: What was altered during the hypothesis of indiscriminate use of antibiotics?

answer: host microbiota

text: host microbiota

question: Why are antibiotics checked before use?

answer: negative effects on humans or other mammals

text: negative effects on humans or other mammals

question: Name some adverse effects?

answer: fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis

text: fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis

question: Name some side-effects?

answer: diarrhea

text: diarrhea

question: What can happen to vaginal flora?

answer: overgrowth of yeast

text: overgrowth of yeast

question: What can happen when antibiotics are used with other drugs?

answer: Additional side-effects

text: Additional side-effects

question: What are two examples of anitbacterials caused by some antibiotics?

text: fever and nausea

question: What causes anaphylaxis?

question: What is one possible side effect of antibiotics that do not have a side effect of tendon damage?

question: What are antibiotics screened for on microbiota and chronic disease?

text: negative effects