text: According to the writer of Luke, Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, wife of the priest Zechariah of the priestly division of Abijah, who was herself part of the lineage of Aaron and so of the tribe of Levi.[Luke 1:5;1:36] Some of those who consider that the relationship with Elizabeth was on the maternal side, consider that Mary, like Joseph, to whom she was betrothed, was of the House of David and so of the Tribe of Judah, and that the genealogy of Jesus presented in Luke 3 from Nathan, third son of David and Bathsheba, is in fact the genealogy of Mary,[need quotation to verify] while the genealogy from Solomon given in Matthew 1 is that of Joseph. (Aaron's wife Elisheba was of the tribe of Judah, so all their descendants are from both Levi and Judah.)[Num.1:7 & Ex.6:23]

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: writer

text: of

text: Luke

text: Mary

text: was

text: a

text: relative

text: of

text: Elizabeth

text: wife

text: of

text: the

text: priest

text: Zechariah

text: of

text: the

text: priestly

text: division

text: of

text: Abijah

text: who

text: was

text: herself

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: lineage

text: of

text: Aaron

text: and

text: so

text: of

text: the

text: tribe

text: of

text: Levi.[Luke

text: Some

text: of

text: those

text: who

text: consider

text: that

text: the

text: relationship

text: with

text: Elizabeth

text: was

text: on

text: the

text: maternal

text: side

text: consider

text: that

text: Mary

text: like

text: Joseph

text: to

text: whom

text: she

text: was

text: betrothed

text: was

text: of

text: the

text: House

text: of

text: David

text: and

text: so

text: of

text: the

text: Tribe

text: of

text: Judah

text: and

text: that

text: the

text: genealogy

text: of

text: Jesus

text: presented

text: in

text: Luke

text: from

text: Nathan

text: third

text: son

text: of

text: David

text: and

text: Bathsheba

text: is

text: in

text: fact

text: the

text: genealogy

text: of

text: Mary,[need

text: quotation

text: to

text: verify

text: while

text: the

text: genealogy

text: from

text: Solomon

text: given

text: in

text: Matthew

text: is

text: that

text: of

text: Joseph

text: Aaron

text: 's

text: wife

text: Elisheba

text: was

text: of

text: the

text: tribe

text: of

text: Judah

text: so

text: all

text: their

text: descendants

text: are

text: from

text: both

text: Levi

text: and

question: What was Zechariah's occupation?

answer: priest

text: priest

question: Which tribe did Elizabeth belong to?

answer: Levi

text: Levi

question: Who was Aaron's wife?

answer: Elisheba

text: Elisheba

question: Which tribe did Elisheba belong to?

answer: Judah

text: Judah

question: Who was the third son of David and Bathsheba?

answer: Nathan

text: Nathan

question: What tribe did Luke belong to?

text: the Tribe of Judah

question: Who was Mary's sister?

text: Elizabeth

question: What priestly division did Luke belong to?

text: Abijah

question: Who was Zechariah's sister in law?

text: Mary

question: What tribe did Matthew belong to?

text: Levi


text: The PlayStation 3 Slim received extremely positive reviews as well as a boost in sales; less than 24 hours after its announcement, PS3 Slim took the number-one bestseller spot on Amazon.com in the video games section for fifteen consecutive days. It regained the number-one position again one day later. PS3 Slim also received praise from PC World giving it a 90 out of 100 praising its new repackaging and the new value it brings at a lower price as well as praising its quietness and the reduction in its power consumption. This is in stark contrast to the original PS3's launch in which it was given position number-eight on their "The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006" list.

title: PlayStation_3

title: PlayStation_3

text: The

text: PlayStation

text: Slim

text: received

text: extremely

text: positive

text: reviews

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: a

text: boost

text: in

text: sales

text: less

text: than

text: hours

text: after

text: its

text: announcement

text: Slim

text: took

text: the

text: number

text: one

text: bestseller

text: spot

text: on

text: Amazon.com

text: in

text: the

text: video

text: games

text: section

text: for

text: fifteen

text: consecutive

text: days

text: It

text: regained

text: the

text: number

text: one

text: position

text: again

text: one

text: day

text: later

text: Slim

text: also

text: received

text: praise

text: from

text: PC

text: World

text: giving

text: it

text: a

text: out

text: of

text: praising

text: its

text: new

text: repackaging

text: and

text: the

text: new

text: value

text: it

text: brings

text: at

text: a

text: lower

text: price

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: praising

text: its

text: quietness

text: and

text: the

text: reduction

text: in

text: its

text: power

text: consumption

text: This

text: is

text: in

text: stark

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: original

text: 's

text: launch

text: in

text: which

text: it

text: was

text: given

text: position

text: number

text: eight

text: on

text: their

text: The

text: Top

text: Tech

text: Screwups

text: of

text: list

question: With a day of its release, on what website did the PS3 Slim become the number-one bestseller?

answer: Amazon.com

text: Amazon.com

question: For how many consecutive days did the PS3 Slim hold the number-one spot on Amazon.com?

answer: fifteen

text: fifteen

question: What score did the PS3 Slim earn from PC World?

answer: 90 out of 100

text: 90 out of 100

question: PC World's rave review of the PS3 Slim was a complete turnaround from their thoughts on what older model console?

answer: PS3

question: Along with the PS Slim's value, quietness, and lower power usage, what superficial quality did PC World praise?

answer: repackaging

text: repackaging

question: With a week of its release, on what website did the PS3 Slim become the number-one bestseller?

text: Amazon.com

question: For how many consecutive days did the PS4 Slim hold the number-one spot on Amazon.com?

text: fifteen

question: What score did the PS4 Slim earn from PC World?

text: 90 out of 100

question: PC World's rave review of the PS3 Slim was a complete turnaround from their thoughts on what newer model console?

question: Along with the PS Slim's value, quietness, and high power usage, what superficial quality did PC World praise?

text: repackaging


text: Eventually, when it was more common for electric recordings to be played back electrically in the 1930s and 1940s, the overall tone was much like listening to a radio of the era. Magnetic pickups became more common and were better designed as time went on, making it possible to improve the damping of spurious resonances. Crystal pickups were also introduced as lower cost alternatives. The dynamic or moving coil microphone was introduced around 1930 and the velocity or ribbon microphone in 1932. Both of these high quality microphones became widespread in motion picture, radio, recording, and public address applications.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: Eventually

text: when

text: it

text: was

text: more

text: common

text: for

text: electric

text: recordings

text: to

text: be

text: played

text: back

text: electrically

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: the

text: overall

text: tone

text: was

text: much

text: like

text: listening

text: to

text: a

text: radio

text: of

text: the

text: era

text: Magnetic

text: pickups

text: became

text: more

text: common

text: and

text: were

text: better

text: designed

text: as

text: time

text: went

text: on

text: making

text: it

text: possible

text: to

text: improve

text: the

text: damping

text: of

text: spurious

text: resonances

text: Crystal

text: pickups

text: were

text: also

text: introduced

text: as

text: lower

text: cost

text: alternatives

text: The

text: dynamic

text: or

text: moving

text: coil

text: microphone

text: was

text: introduced

text: around

text: and

text: the

text: velocity

text: or

text: ribbon

text: microphone

text: in

text: Both

text: of

text: these

text: high

text: quality

text: microphones

text: became

text: widespread

text: in

text: motion

text: picture

text: radio

text: recording

text: and

text: public

text: address

text: applications

question: What are two examples of high quality microphones?

answer: moving coil microphone was introduced around 1930 and the velocity or ribbon microphone

text: moving coil microphone was introduced around 1930 and the velocity or ribbon microphone

question: What was used to dampen resonances in recordings?

answer: Magnetic pickups

text: Magnetic pickups

question: When would you have first found the moving coil microphone?

answer: around 1930

text: around 1930

question: What was a more economical option to magnetic pickups?

answer: Crystal pickups

text: Crystal pickups

question: In what years would you find electronic recordings played electronically?

answer: 1930s and 1940s

text: 1930s and 1940s


text: Numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. Others are descendants of the historical Trans-Saharan trade in peoples and/or, and after the Arab invasions of North Africa in the 7th century, descendants of slaves from the Arab Slave Trade in North Africa.

title: Black_people

title: Black_people

text: Numerous

text: communities

text: of

text: dark

text: skinned

text: peoples

text: are

text: present

text: in

text: North

text: Africa

text: some

text: dating

text: from

text: prehistoric

text: communities

text: Others

text: are

text: descendants

text: of

text: the

text: historical

text: Trans

text: Saharan

text: trade

text: in

text: peoples

text: and/or

text: and

text: after

text: the

text: Arab

text: invasions

text: of

text: North

text: Africa

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: descendants

text: of

text: slaves

text: from

text: the

text: Arab

text: Slave

text: Trade

text: in

text: North

text: Africa

question: Where was the Arab Slave Trade?

answer: North Africa

text: North Africa

question: When were the Arab Invasions?

answer: the 7th century

text: the 7th century

question: Where were numerous dark-skinned communities?

answer: North Africa

text: North Africa

question: When did these communities begin?

answer: some dating from prehistoric communities.

text: some dating from prehistoric communities.

question: Who are they descendants of?

answer: Trans-Saharan trade in peoples

text: Trans-Saharan trade in peoples


text: A dearth of field observations limit our knowledge, but intraspecific conflicts are known to sometimes result in injury or death. The screamers (Anhimidae), some jacanas (Jacana, Hydrophasianus), the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), the torrent duck (Merganetta) and nine species of lapwing (Vanellus) use a sharp spur on the wing as a weapon. The steamer ducks (Tachyeres), geese and swans (Anserinae), the solitaire (Pezophaps), sheathbills (Chionis), some guans (Crax) and stone curlews (Burhinus) use a bony knob on the alular metacarpal to punch and hammer opponents. The jacanas Actophilornis and Irediparra have an expanded, blade-like radius. The extinct Xenicibis was unique in having an elongate forelimb and massive hand which likely functioned in combat or defence as a jointed club or flail. Swans, for instance, may strike with the bony spurs and bite when defending eggs or young.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: A

text: dearth

text: of

text: field

text: observations

text: limit

text: our

text: knowledge

text: but

text: intraspecific

text: conflicts

text: are

text: known

text: to

text: sometimes

text: result

text: in

text: injury

text: or

text: death

text: The

text: screamers

text: Anhimidae

text: some

text: jacanas

text: Jacana

text: Hydrophasianus

text: the

text: spur

text: winged

text: goose

text: Plectropterus

text: the

text: torrent

text: duck

text: Merganetta

text: and

text: nine

text: species

text: of

text: lapwing

text: Vanellus

text: use

text: a

text: sharp

text: spur

text: on

text: the

text: wing

text: as

text: a

text: weapon

text: The

text: steamer

text: ducks

text: Tachyeres

text: geese

text: and

text: swans

text: Anserinae

text: the

text: solitaire

text: Pezophaps

text: sheathbills

text: Chionis

text: some

text: guans

text: Crax

text: and

text: stone

text: curlews

text: Burhinus

text: use

text: a

text: bony

text: knob

text: on

text: the

text: alular

text: metacarpal

text: to

text: punch

text: and

text: hammer

text: opponents

text: The

text: jacanas

text: Actophilornis

text: and

text: Irediparra

text: have

text: an

text: expanded

text: blade

text: like

text: radius

text: The

text: extinct

text: Xenicibis

text: was

text: unique

text: in

text: having

text: an

text: elongate

text: forelimb

text: and

text: massive

text: hand

text: which

text: likely

text: functioned

text: in

text: combat

text: or

text: defence

text: as

text: a

text: jointed

text: club

text: or

text: flail

text: Swans

text: for

text: instance

text: may

text: strike

text: with

text: the

text: bony

text: spurs

text: and

text: bite

text: when

text: defending

text: eggs

text: or

text: young

question: What is known to sometimes result in injury or death?

answer: intraspecific conflicts

text: intraspecific conflicts

question: What is another name for Anhimidae?

answer: screamers

text: screamers

question: What is another name for steamer ducks?

answer: Tachyeres

text: Tachyeres

question: What do stone curlews use to punch and hammer opponents?

answer: bony knob on the alular metacarpal

text: bony knob on the alular metacarpal


text: Seismology: To better prepare for calamities, Zhang Heng invented a seismometer in 132 CE which provided instant alert to authorities in the capital Luoyang that an earthquake had occurred in a location indicated by a specific cardinal or ordinal direction. Although no tremors could be felt in the capital when Zhang told the court that an earthquake had just occurred in the northwest, a message came soon afterwards that an earthquake had indeed struck 400 km (248 mi) to 500 km (310 mi) northwest of Luoyang (in what is now modern Gansu). Zhang called his device the 'instrument for measuring the seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth' (Houfeng didong yi 候风地动仪), so-named because he and others thought that earthquakes were most likely caused by the enormous compression of trapped air. See Zhang's seismometer for further details.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: Seismology

text: To

text: better

text: prepare

text: for

text: calamities

text: Zhang

text: Heng

text: invented

text: a

text: seismometer

text: in

text: CE

text: which

text: provided

text: instant

text: alert

text: to

text: authorities

text: in

text: the

text: capital

text: Luoyang

text: that

text: an

text: earthquake

text: had

text: occurred

text: in

text: a

text: location

text: indicated

text: by

text: a

text: specific

text: cardinal

text: or

text: ordinal

text: direction

text: Although

text: no

text: tremors

text: could

text: be

text: felt

text: in

text: the

text: capital

text: when

text: Zhang

text: told

text: the

text: court

text: that

text: an

text: earthquake

text: had

text: just

text: occurred

text: in

text: the

text: northwest

text: a

text: message

text: came

text: soon

text: afterwards

text: that

text: an

text: earthquake

text: had

text: indeed

text: struck

text: km

text: mi

text: to

text: km

text: mi

text: northwest

text: of

text: Luoyang

text: in

text: what

text: is

text: now

text: modern

text: Gansu

text: Zhang

text: called

text: his

text: device

text: the

text: instrument

text: for

text: measuring

text: the

text: seasonal

text: winds

text: and

text: the

text: movements

text: of

text: the

text: Earth

text: Houfeng

text: didong

text: yi

text: 候风地动仪

text: so

text: named

text: because

text: he

text: and

text: others

text: thought

text: that

text: earthquakes

text: were

text: most

text: likely

text: caused

text: by

text: the

text: enormous

text: compression

text: of

text: trapped

text: air

text: See

text: Zhang

text: 's

text: seismometer

text: for

text: further

text: details

question: What was invented in 132 CE?

answer: a seismometer

text: a seismometer

question: What occurrence is measured by a seismometer?

answer: an earthquake

text: an earthquake

question: What is the Chinese name for a seismometer?

answer: Houfeng didong yi

text: Houfeng didong yi

question: What did the Chinese caused earthquakes?

answer: enormous compression of trapped air

text: enormous compression of trapped air

question: What was Luoyang renamed to?

answer: Gansu

text: Gansu


text: The Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacement by the Abbasid dynasty. The Abbasids moved their capital to Baghdad and were more concerned with the Middle East than Europe, losing control of sections of the Muslim lands. Umayyad descendants took over the Iberian Peninsula, the Aghlabids controlled North Africa, and the Tulunids became rulers of Egypt. By the middle of the 8th century, new trading patterns were emerging in the Mediterranean; trade between the Franks and the Arabs replaced the old Roman patterns of trade. Franks traded timber, furs, swords and slaves in return for silks and other fabrics, spices, and precious metals from the Arabs.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: The

text: Islamic

text: conquests

text: reached

text: their

text: peak

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: defeat

text: of

text: Muslim

text: forces

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Poitiers

text: in

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: reconquest

text: of

text: southern

text: France

text: by

text: the

text: Franks

text: but

text: the

text: main

text: reason

text: for

text: the

text: halt

text: of

text: Islamic

text: growth

text: in

text: Europe

text: was

text: the

text: overthrow

text: of

text: the

text: Umayyad

text: dynasty

text: and

text: its

text: replacement

text: by

text: the

text: Abbasid

text: dynasty

text: The

text: Abbasids

text: moved

text: their

text: capital

text: to

text: Baghdad

text: and

text: were

text: more

text: concerned

text: with

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: than

text: Europe

text: losing

text: control

text: of

text: sections

text: of

text: the

text: Muslim

text: lands

text: Umayyad

text: descendants

text: took

text: over

text: the

text: Iberian

text: Peninsula

text: the

text: Aghlabids

text: controlled

text: North

text: Africa

text: and

text: the

text: Tulunids

text: became

text: rulers

text: of

text: Egypt

text: By

text: the

text: middle

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: new

text: trading

text: patterns

text: were

text: emerging

text: in

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: trade

text: between

text: the

text: Franks

text: and

text: the

text: Arabs

text: replaced

text: the

text: old

text: Roman

text: patterns

text: of

text: trade

text: Franks

text: traded

text: timber

text: furs

text: swords

text: and

text: slaves

text: in

text: return

text: for

text: silks

text: and

text: other

text: fabrics

text: spices

text: and

text: precious

text: metals

text: from

text: the

text: Arabs

question: In what year did the Battle of Poitiers take place?

answer: 732

question: What Islamic dynasty followed the Umayyad?

answer: Abbasid

text: Abbasid

question: What was the capital of the Abbasid state?

answer: Baghdad

text: Baghdad

question: What dynasty ruled Egypt in this period?

answer: Tulunids

text: Tulunids

question: What group conquered southern France from Muslim forces?

answer: the Franks

text: the Franks


text: The current–voltage characteristic of an LED is similar to other diodes, in that the current is dependent exponentially on the voltage (see Shockley diode equation). This means that a small change in voltage can cause a large change in current. If the applied voltage exceeds the LED's forward voltage drop by a small amount, the current rating may be exceeded by a large amount, potentially damaging or destroying the LED. The typical solution is to use constant-current power supplies to keep the current below the LED's maximum current rating. Since most common power sources (batteries, mains) are constant-voltage sources, most LED fixtures must include a power converter, at least a current-limiting resistor. However, the high resistance of three-volt coin cells combined with the high differential resistance of nitride-based LEDs makes it possible to power such an LED from such a coin cell without an external resistor.

title: Light-emitting_diode

title: Light

title: emitting_diode

text: The

text: current

text: voltage

text: characteristic

text: of

text: an

text: LED

text: is

text: similar

text: to

text: other

text: diodes

text: in

text: that

text: the

text: current

text: is

text: dependent

text: exponentially

text: on

text: the

text: voltage

text: see

text: Shockley

text: diode

text: equation

text: This

text: means

text: that

text: a

text: small

text: change

text: in

text: voltage

text: can

text: cause

text: a

text: large

text: change

text: in

text: current

text: If

text: the

text: applied

text: voltage

text: exceeds

text: the

text: LED

text: 's

text: forward

text: voltage

text: drop

text: by

text: a

text: small

text: amount

text: the

text: current

text: rating

text: may

text: be

text: exceeded

text: by

text: a

text: large

text: amount

text: potentially

text: damaging

text: or

text: destroying

text: the

text: LED

text: The

text: typical

text: solution

text: is

text: to

text: use

text: constant

text: current

text: power

text: supplies

text: to

text: keep

text: the

text: current

text: below

text: the

text: LED

text: 's

text: maximum

text: current

text: rating

text: Since

text: most

text: common

text: power

text: sources

text: batteries

text: mains

text: are

text: constant

text: voltage

text: sources

text: most

text: LED

text: fixtures

text: must

text: include

text: a

text: power

text: converter

text: at

text: least

text: a

text: current

text: limiting

text: resistor

text: However

text: the

text: high

text: resistance

text: of

text: three

text: volt

text: coin

text: cells

text: combined

text: with

text: the

text: high

text: differential

text: resistance

text: of

text: nitride

text: based

text: LEDs

text: makes

text: it

text: possible

text: to

text: power

text: such

text: an

text: LED

text: from

text: such

text: a

text: coin

text: cell

text: without

text: an

text: external

text: resistor

question: How are LEDs similar to other diodes?

answer: the current is dependent exponentially on the voltage

text: the current is dependent exponentially on the voltage

question: What can cause a large change in current in LEDs?

answer: a small change in voltage

text: a small change in voltage

question: What is a solution to preventing an LED failure?

answer: use constant-current power supplies

text: use constant-current power supplies

question: What feature do most LED fixtures need to have?

answer: a power converter

text: a power converter

question: What is a constant-voltage source?

answer: batteries

text: batteries

question: How are non-LEDs similar to other diodes?

text: current is dependent exponentially

question: What can cause a large change in current in non-LEDs?

text: small change in voltage

question: What is a solution to preventing an non-LED failure?

text: constant-current power supplies

question: What feature do no LED fixtures need to have?

text: power converter


text: While hardware may be a source of insecurity, such as with microchip vulnerabilities maliciously introduced during the manufacturing process, hardware-based or assisted computer security also offers an alternative to software-only computer security. Using devices and methods such as dongles, trusted platform modules, intrusion-aware cases, drive locks, disabling USB ports, and mobile-enabled access may be considered more secure due to the physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access) required in order to be compromised. Each of these is covered in more detail below.

title: Computer_security

title: Computer_security

text: While

text: hardware

text: may

text: be

text: a

text: source

text: of

text: insecurity

text: such

text: as

text: with

text: microchip

text: vulnerabilities

text: maliciously

text: introduced

text: during

text: the

text: manufacturing

text: process

text: hardware

text: based

text: or

text: assisted

text: computer

text: security

text: also

text: offers

text: an

text: alternative

text: to

text: software

text: only

text: computer

text: security

text: Using

text: devices

text: and

text: methods

text: such

text: as

text: dongles

text: trusted

text: platform

text: modules

text: intrusion

text: aware

text: cases

text: drive

text: locks

text: disabling

text: USB

text: ports

text: and

text: mobile

text: enabled

text: access

text: may

text: be

text: considered

text: more

text: secure

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: physical

text: access

text: or

text: sophisticated

text: backdoor

text: access

text: required

text: in

text: order

text: to

text: be

text: compromised

text: Each

text: of

text: these

text: is

text: covered

text: in

text: more

text: detail

text: below

question: Microchips vulnerabilities are introduced when?

answer: during the manufacturing process

text: during the manufacturing process

question: What offers an alternative to soft-ware only computer security?

answer: hardware-based or assisted computer security

text: hardware-based or assisted computer security

question: What can hardware be a source of?

answer: insecurity

text: insecurity

question: What is required in order for hardware to be compromised?

answer: physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access)

text: physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access)

question: What step can increase computer security?

text: physical access

question: What is used in physical access of a computer?

text: devices

question: What causes hardware to be insecure?

text: microchip vulnerabilities

question: How can a cell phone increase computer security?

text: mobile-enabled access

question: What physical device is used as a passkey for your computer?

text: dongles

question: When are microchip vulnerabilities removed?

text: during the manufacturing process

question: Dongles less secure because of what?

question: What is an example of software-only computer security?

question: What is required to compromise a software-only computer?

question: What type of vulnerability is hardware-based computer security impervious to?

text: microchip


text: During the first half of the 1920s, engineers at Western Electric, as well as independent inventors such as Orlando Marsh, developed technology for capturing sound with a microphone, amplifying it with vacuum tubes, then using the amplified signal to drive an electromagnetic recording head. Western Electric's innovations resulted in a greatly expanded and more even frequency response, creating a dramatically fuller, clearer and more natural-sounding recording. Distant or less strong sounds that were impossible to record by the old methods could now be captured. Volume was now limited only by the groove spacing on the record and the limitations of the intended playback device. Victor and Columbia licensed the new electrical system from Western Electric and began issuing electrically recorded discs in 1925. The first classical recording was of Chopin impromptus and Schubert's Litanei by Alfred Cortot for Victor.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: During

text: the

text: first

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: engineers

text: at

text: Western

text: Electric

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: independent

text: inventors

text: such

text: as

text: Orlando

text: Marsh

text: developed

text: technology

text: for

text: capturing

text: sound

text: with

text: a

text: microphone

text: amplifying

text: it

text: with

text: vacuum

text: tubes

text: then

text: using

text: the

text: amplified

text: signal

text: to

text: drive

text: an

text: electromagnetic

text: recording

text: head

text: Western

text: Electric

text: 's

text: innovations

text: resulted

text: in

text: a

text: greatly

text: expanded

text: and

text: more

text: even

text: frequency

text: response

text: creating

text: a

text: dramatically

text: fuller

text: clearer

text: and

text: more

text: natural

text: sounding

text: recording

text: Distant

text: or

text: less

text: strong

text: sounds

text: that

text: were

text: impossible

text: to

text: record

text: by

text: the

text: old

text: methods

text: could

text: now

text: be

text: captured

text: Volume

text: was

text: now

text: limited

text: only

text: by

text: the

text: groove

text: spacing

text: on

text: the

text: record

text: and

text: the

text: limitations

text: of

text: the

text: intended

text: playback

text: device

text: Victor

text: and

text: Columbia

text: licensed

text: the

text: new

text: electrical

text: system

text: from

text: Western

text: Electric

text: and

text: began

text: issuing

text: electrically

text: recorded

text: discs

text: in

text: The

text: first

text: classical

text: recording

text: was

text: of

text: Chopin

text: impromptus

text: and

text: Schubert

text: 's

text: Litanei

text: by

text: Alfred

text: Cortot

text: for

text: Victor

question: What was an early took used to amplify sounds?

answer: vacuum tubes

text: vacuum tubes

question: What company was vital in progression of quality sound recordings?

answer: Western Electric

text: Western Electric

question: How early were electrically recorded discs made available for purchase?

answer: 1925

question: What was new about the way Western Electrics method of capturing sound?

answer: microphone

text: microphone

question: How could the sounds produced by Western Electric be described?

answer: fuller, clearer and more natural

text: fuller, clearer and more natural


text: Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate, and alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship. In 48 BC, Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers. This made his person sacrosanct, gave him the power to veto the senate, and allowed him to dominate the Plebeian Council. In 46 BC, Caesar was given censorial powers, which he used to fill the senate with his own partisans. Caesar then raised the membership of the Senate to 900. This robbed the senatorial aristocracy of its prestige, and made it increasingly subservient to him. While the assemblies continued to meet, he submitted all candidates to the assemblies for election, and all bills to the assemblies for enactment. Thus, the assemblies became powerless and were unable to oppose him.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Caesar

text: held

text: both

text: the

text: dictatorship

text: and

text: the

text: tribunate

text: and

text: alternated

text: between

text: the

text: consulship

text: and

text: the

text: proconsulship

text: In

text: BC

text: Caesar

text: was

text: given

text: permanent

text: tribunician

text: powers

text: This

text: made

text: his

text: person

text: sacrosanct

text: gave

text: him

text: the

text: power

text: to

text: veto

text: the

text: senate

text: and

text: allowed

text: him

text: to

text: dominate

text: the

text: Plebeian

text: Council

text: In

text: BC

text: Caesar

text: was

text: given

text: censorial

text: powers

text: which

text: he

text: used

text: to

text: fill

text: the

text: senate

text: with

text: his

text: own

text: partisans

text: Caesar

text: then

text: raised

text: the

text: membership

text: of

text: the

text: Senate

text: to

text: This

text: robbed

text: the

text: senatorial

text: aristocracy

text: of

text: its

text: prestige

text: and

text: made

text: it

text: increasingly

text: subservient

text: to

text: him

text: While

text: the

text: assemblies

text: continued

text: to

text: meet

text: he

text: submitted

text: all

text: candidates

text: to

text: the

text: assemblies

text: for

text: election

text: and

text: all

text: bills

text: to

text: the

text: assemblies

text: for

text: enactment

text: Thus

text: the

text: assemblies

text: became

text: powerless

text: and

text: were

text: unable

text: to

text: oppose

text: him

question: In Rome during this time who was considered to hold both the dictatorship and the position of the tribunate?

answer: Caesar

text: Caesar

question: What power could Caesar use against the senate should he choose?

answer: power to veto

text: power to veto

question: In what year was Caesar given the power of a censor?

answer: 46 BC

text: 46 BC

question: What is considered to have counteracted the prestige of the senatorial aristocracy?

answer: raised the membership of the Senate to 900

text: raised the membership of the Senate to 900


text: Some "popular" genre musicians have had significant classical training, such as Billy Joel, Elton John, the Van Halen brothers, Randy Rhoads and Ritchie Blackmore. Moreover, formal training is not unique to the classical genre. Many rock and pop musicians have completed degrees in commercial music programs such as those offered by the Berklee College of Music and many jazz musicians have completed degrees in music from universities with jazz programs, such as the Manhattan School of Music and McGill University.

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: Some

text: popular

text: genre

text: musicians

text: have

text: had

text: significant

text: classical

text: training

text: such

text: as

text: Billy

text: Joel

text: Elton

text: John

text: the

text: Van

text: Halen

text: brothers

text: Randy

text: Rhoads

text: and

text: Ritchie

text: Blackmore

text: Moreover

text: formal

text: training

text: is

text: not

text: unique

text: to

text: the

text: classical

text: genre

text: Many

text: rock

text: and

text: pop

text: musicians

text: have

text: completed

text: degrees

text: in

text: commercial

text: music

text: programs

text: such

text: as

text: those

text: offered

text: by

text: the

text: Berklee

text: College

text: of

text: Music

text: and

text: many

text: jazz

text: musicians

text: have

text: completed

text: degrees

text: in

text: music

text: from

text: universities

text: with

text: jazz

text: programs

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Manhattan

text: School

text: of

text: Music

text: and

text: McGill

text: University

question: What brothers have had significant classical training?

answer: Van Halen brothers

text: Van Halen brothers

question: Billy Joel and Elton John have both had what type of training?

answer: classical

text: classical

question: Rock and pop musicians may have degrees in what type of music?

answer: commercial

text: commercial


text: The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683).

title: Late_Middle_Ages

title: Late_Middle_Ages

text: The

text: term

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: refers

text: to

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: periods

text: of

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: along

text: with

text: the

text: Early

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: and

text: the

text: High

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: Leonardo

text: Bruni

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: historian

text: to

text: use

text: tripartite

text: periodization

text: in

text: his

text: History

text: of

text: the

text: Florentine

text: People

text: Flavio

text: Biondo

text: used

text: a

text: similar

text: framework

text: in

text: Decades

text: of

text: History

text: from

text: the

text: Deterioration

text: of

text: the

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: Tripartite

text: periodization

text: became

text: standard

text: after

text: the

text: German

text: historian

text: Christoph

text: Cellarius

text: published

text: Universal

text: History

text: Divided

text: into

text: an

text: Ancient

text: Medieval

text: and

text: New

text: Period

question: Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages?

answer: Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages

text: Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages

question: When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" published?

answer: 1442

question: What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?

answer: tripartite periodization

text: tripartite periodization

question: Who was the author of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire

answer: Flavio Biondo

text: Flavio Biondo

question: What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?

answer: Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period

text: Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period

question: Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other three period of the Middle Ages?

question: When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" unpublished?

question: What isn't the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?

text: tripartite periodization

question: Who was the reader of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire

text: Flavio Biondo

question: What 1863 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?


text: A Japanese force was sent north to attack the Aleutian Islands. The next stage of the plan called for the capture of Midway, which would give him an opportunity to destroy Nimitz's remaining carriers. In May, Allied codebreakers discovered his intentions. Nagumo was again in tactical command but was focused on the invasion of Midway; Yamamoto's complex plan had no provision for intervention by Nimitz before the Japanese expected him. Planned surveillance of the U.S. fleet by long range seaplane did not happen (as a result of an abortive identical operation in March), so Fletcher's carriers were able to proceed to a flanking position without being detected. Nagumo had 272 planes operating from his four carriers, the U.S. 348 (115 land-based).

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: A

text: Japanese

text: force

text: was

text: sent

text: north

text: to

text: attack

text: the

text: Aleutian

text: Islands

text: The

text: next

text: stage

text: of

text: the

text: plan

text: called

text: for

text: the

text: capture

text: of

text: Midway

text: which

text: would

text: give

text: him

text: an

text: opportunity

text: to

text: destroy

text: Nimitz

text: 's

text: remaining

text: carriers

text: In

text: May

text: Allied

text: codebreakers

text: discovered

text: his

text: intentions

text: Nagumo

text: was

text: again

text: in

text: tactical

text: command

text: but

text: was

text: focused

text: on

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: Midway

text: Yamamoto

text: 's

text: complex

text: plan

text: had

text: no

text: provision

text: for

text: intervention

text: by

text: Nimitz

text: before

text: the

text: Japanese

text: expected

text: him

text: Planned

text: surveillance

text: of

text: the

text: U.S.

text: fleet

text: by

text: long

text: range

text: seaplane

text: did

text: not

text: happen

text: as

text: a

text: result

text: of

text: an

text: abortive

text: identical

text: operation

text: in

text: March

text: so

text: Fletcher

text: 's

text: carriers

text: were

text: able

text: to

text: proceed

text: to

text: a

text: flanking

text: position

text: without

text: being

text: detected

text: Nagumo

text: had

text: planes

text: operating

text: from

text: his

text: four

text: carriers

text: the

text: U.S.

text: land

text: based

question: In Yamamoto's plan, what northern islands were to be attacked?

answer: Aleutian Islands

text: Aleutian Islands

question: What was the second stage objective of Yamaoto's plan?

answer: capture of Midway

text: capture of Midway

question: How many planes did Nagumo have for the Midway invasion?

answer: 272

question: How many planes did the United States have in the Battle of Midway?

answer: 348

question: How many U.S. planes were land-based?

answer: 115


text: The X-ray crystal density method is primarily a method for determining the Avogadro constant NA but as the Avogadro constant is related to the Planck constant it also determines a value for h. The principle behind the method is to determine NA as the ratio between the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance. Crystals of silicon are used, as they are available in high quality and purity by the technology developed for the semiconductor industry. The unit cell volume is calculated from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220. The molar volume Vm(Si) requires a knowledge of the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used. The Planck constant is given by

title: Planck_constant

title: Planck_constant

text: The

text: X

text: ray

text: crystal

text: density

text: method

text: is

text: primarily

text: a

text: method

text: for

text: determining

text: the

text: Avogadro

text: constant

text: but

text: as

text: the

text: Avogadro

text: constant

text: is

text: related

text: to

text: the

text: Planck

text: constant

text: it

text: also

text: determines

text: a

text: value

text: for

text: h.

text: The

text: principle

text: behind

text: the

text: method

text: is

text: to

text: determine

text: as

text: the

text: ratio

text: between

text: the

text: volume

text: of

text: the

text: unit

text: cell

text: of

text: a

text: crystal

text: measured

text: by

text: X

text: ray

text: crystallography

text: and

text: the

text: molar

text: volume

text: of

text: the

text: substance

text: Crystals

text: of

text: silicon

text: are

text: used

text: as

text: they

text: are

text: available

text: in

text: high

text: quality

text: and

text: purity

text: by

text: the

text: technology

text: developed

text: for

text: the

text: semiconductor

text: industry

text: The

text: unit

text: cell

text: volume

text: is

text: calculated

text: from

text: the

text: spacing

text: between

text: two

text: crystal

text: planes

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: The

text: molar

text: volume

text: Vm(Si

text: requires

text: a

text: knowledge

text: of

text: the

text: density

text: of

text: the

text: crystal

text: and

text: the

text: atomic

text: weight

text: of

text: the

text: silicon

text: used

text: The

text: Planck

text: constant

text: is

text: given

text: by

question: What is the primary method for determining the Avogadro constant?

answer: The X-ray crystal density method

text: The X-ray crystal density method

question: The Avogadro constant is determined to be the ratio between what two factors in the X-ray crystal density method?

answer: the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance

text: the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance

question: What element is used typically to establish Avogadro's constant?

answer: Crystals of silicon

text: Crystals of silicon

question: How is unit cell volume calculated?

answer: from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220

text: from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220

question: Calculating molar volume requires knowledge of what two factors?

answer: the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used

text: the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used

question: What is the secondary method for determining the Avogadro equilibrium?

text: X-ray crystal density method

question: What element is typically used to establish Avogadro's formula?

text: Crystals of silicon

question: How is unit nucleus volume calculated?

question: What two factors of knowledge are required to calculate solar volume?

question: What is not available in high quality and purity for the semiconductor industry?

text: Crystals of silicon


text: To promote the film, production continued the trend established during Skyfall's production of releasing still images of clapperboards and video blogs on Eon's official social media accounts.

title: Spectre_(2015_film)

title: Spectre_(2015_film

text: To

text: promote

text: the

text: film

text: production

text: continued

text: the

text: trend

text: established

text: during

text: Skyfall

text: 's

text: production

text: of

text: releasing

text: still

text: images

text: of

text: clapperboards

text: and

text: video

text: blogs

text: on

text: Eon

text: 's

text: official

text: social

text: media

text: accounts

question: Images of what item were posted by Eon while the movie was being made?

answer: clapperboards

text: clapperboards

question: For what film did Eon first use this method of promotion?

answer: Skyfall

text: Skyfall

question: On which social media accounts was the film promoted?

answer: Eon's official social media accounts.

text: Eon's official social media accounts.

question: What other Bond film was promoted on social media?

answer: Skyfall

text: Skyfall

question: Who released moving images to promote the film?

text: production

question: Who released still images of motherboards to promote the film?

text: production

question: On whose unofficial social media account did production promote the film?

text: Eon's

question: Production released text blogs to do what?

text: promote the film


text: Feynman alludes to his thoughts on the justification for getting involved in the Manhattan project in The Pleasure of Finding Things Out. He felt the possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies was a compelling reason to help with its development for the U.S. He goes on to say that it was an error on his part not to reconsider the situation once Germany was defeated. In the same publication, Feynman also talks about his worries in the atomic bomb age, feeling for some considerable time that there was a high risk that the bomb would be used again soon, so that it was pointless to build for the future. Later he describes this period as a "depression".

title: Richard_Feynman

title: Richard_Feynman

text: Feynman

text: alludes

text: to

text: his

text: thoughts

text: on

text: the

text: justification

text: for

text: getting

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: Manhattan

text: project

text: in

text: The

text: Pleasure

text: of

text: Finding

text: Things

text: Out

text: He

text: felt

text: the

text: possibility

text: of

text: Nazi

text: Germany

text: developing

text: the

text: bomb

text: before

text: the

text: Allies

text: was

text: a

text: compelling

text: reason

text: to

text: help

text: with

text: its

text: development

text: for

text: the

text: U.S.

text: He

text: goes

text: on

text: to

text: say

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: an

text: error

text: on

text: his

text: part

text: not

text: to

text: reconsider

text: the

text: situation

text: once

text: Germany

text: was

text: defeated

text: In

text: the

text: same

text: publication

text: Feynman

text: also

text: talks

text: about

text: his

text: worries

text: in

text: the

text: atomic

text: bomb

text: age

text: feeling

text: for

text: some

text: considerable

text: time

text: that

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: high

text: risk

text: that

text: the

text: bomb

text: would

text: be

text: used

text: again

text: soon

text: so

text: that

text: it

text: was

text: pointless

text: to

text: build

text: for

text: the

text: future

text: Later

text: he

text: describes

text: this

text: period

text: as

text: a

text: depression

question: In which book did Feynman talk about the Manhattan project?

answer: The Pleasure of Finding Things Out

text: The Pleasure of Finding Things Out

question: What was his reasoning in helping make the atomic bomb?

answer: possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies

text: possibility of Nazi Germany developing the bomb before the Allies

question: After feeling guilty for helping make an atomic bomb, Feynman went through what mental disorder?

answer: depression

text: depression

question: What did Feynman think of his part in making the bomb after Germany had been defeated?

answer: error on his part

text: error on his part

question: Which book did Feynman avoid about the Manhattan project?

text: The Pleasure of Finding Things Out

question: What was his reasoning in helping destroy the atomic bomb?

question: What disorder was Feynman falsely diagnosed with?

text: depression

question: What did Feynman think of his part in making the bomb after Spain had been defeated?

text: error on his part


text: The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.

title: Pub

title: Pub

text: The

text: first

text: beer

text: pump

text: known

text: in

text: England

text: is

text: believed

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: invented

text: by

text: John

text: Lofting

text: b.

text: Netherlands

text: Great

text: Marlow

text: Buckinghamshire

text: an

text: inventor

text: manufacturer

text: and

text: merchant

text: of

text: London

question: Who invented the beer pump in England?

answer: John Lofting

text: John Lofting

question: In what city was the beer pump invented?

answer: London

text: London

question: In what country was John Lofting born?

answer: Netherlands

text: Netherlands

question: What was the death year of John Lofting?

answer: 1742

question: When was John Lofting born?

answer: 1659


text: The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

text: The

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Congo

text: French

text: République

text: du

text: Congo

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: Congo

text: Congo

text: Republic

text: West

text: Congo[citation

text: needed

text: or

text: Congo

text: Brazzaville

text: is

text: a

text: country

text: located

text: in

text: Central

text: Africa

text: It

text: is

text: bordered

text: by

text: five

text: countries

text: Gabon

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: Cameroon

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: the

text: Central

text: African

text: Republic

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: the

text: Democratic

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Congo

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: south

text: and

text: the

text: Angolan

text: exclave

text: of

text: Cabinda

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

question: What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo?

answer: République du Congo

text: République du Congo

question: Which country lies on Congo's northeast border?

answer: Central African Republic

text: Central African Republic

question: Whic country lies on Congo's western border?

answer: Gabon

text: Gabon

question: Which country lies on Congo's northwest border?

answer: Cameroon

text: Cameroon

question: In what part of Africa is the Congo located?

answer: Central Africa

text: Central Africa

question: What is the Angolan name for The Republic of the Congo?

text: République du Congo

question: What country borders the west of Gabon?

text: The Republic of the Congo

question: What borders northwest Cameroon?

text: the Central African Republic

question: What is the French name for Gabon?

text: République du Congo

question: What is the Central African Republic also known as?

text: Congo-Brazzaville


text: Portuguese pavement (in Portuguese, Calçada Portuguesa) is a kind of two-tone stone mosaic paving created in Portugal, and common throughout the Lusosphere. Most commonly taking the form of geometric patterns from the simple to the complex, it also is used to create complex pictorial mosaics in styles ranging from iconography to classicism and even modern design. In Portuguese-speaking countries, many cities have a large amount of their sidewalks and even, though far more occasionally, streets done in this mosaic form. Lisbon in particular maintains almost all walkways in this style.

title: Mosaic

title: Mosaic

text: Portuguese

text: pavement

text: in

text: Portuguese

text: Calçada

text: Portuguesa

text: is

text: a

text: kind

text: of

text: two

text: tone

text: stone

text: mosaic

text: paving

text: created

text: in

text: Portugal

text: and

text: common

text: throughout

text: the

text: Lusosphere

text: Most

text: commonly

text: taking

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: geometric

text: patterns

text: from

text: the

text: simple

text: to

text: the

text: complex

text: it

text: also

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: create

text: complex

text: pictorial

text: mosaics

text: in

text: styles

text: ranging

text: from

text: iconography

text: to

text: classicism

text: and

text: even

text: modern

text: design

text: In

text: Portuguese

text: speaking

text: countries

text: many

text: cities

text: have

text: a

text: large

text: amount

text: of

text: their

text: sidewalks

text: and

text: even

text: though

text: far

text: more

text: occasionally

text: streets

text: done

text: in

text: this

text: mosaic

text: form

text: Lisbon

text: in

text: particular

text: maintains

text: almost

text: all

text: walkways

text: in

text: this

text: style

question: Portuguese pavement is known by what other name?

answer: Calçada Portuguesa

text: Calçada Portuguesa

question: What is Portuguese pavement?

answer: two-tone stone mosaic paving

text: two-tone stone mosaic paving

question: What is the most common pattern for Portuguese pavement?

answer: geometric

text: geometric

question: Which city has almost all of its sidewalks in Portuguese pavement?

answer: Lisbon

text: Lisbon

question: What other cityscape is done with Portuguese pavement?

answer: streets

text: streets


text: The structure of the Swiss militia system stipulates that the soldiers keep their Army issued equipment, including all personal weapons, at home. Some organizations and political parties find this practice controversial but mainstream Swiss opinion is in favour of the system. Compulsory military service concerns all male Swiss citizens; women can serve voluntarily. Men usually receive military conscription orders for training at the age of 18. About two thirds of the young Swiss are found suited for service; for those found unsuited, various forms of alternative service exist. Annually, approximately 20,000 persons are trained in recruit centres for a duration from 18 to 21 weeks. The reform "Army XXI" was adopted by popular vote in 2003, it replaced the previous model "Army 95", reducing the effectives from 400,000 to about 200,000. Of those, 120,000 are active in periodic Army training and 80,000 are non-training reserves.

title: Switzerland

title: Switzerland

text: The

text: structure

text: of

text: the

text: Swiss

text: militia

text: system

text: stipulates

text: that

text: the

text: soldiers

text: keep

text: their

text: Army

text: issued

text: equipment

text: including

text: all

text: personal

text: weapons

text: at

text: home

text: Some

text: organizations

text: and

text: political

text: parties

text: find

text: this

text: practice

text: controversial

text: but

text: mainstream

text: Swiss

text: opinion

text: is

text: in

text: favour

text: of

text: the

text: system

text: Compulsory

text: military

text: service

text: concerns

text: all

text: male

text: Swiss

text: citizens

text: women

text: can

text: serve

text: voluntarily

text: Men

text: usually

text: receive

text: military

text: conscription

text: orders

text: for

text: training

text: at

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: About

text: two

text: thirds

text: of

text: the

text: young

text: Swiss

text: are

text: found

text: suited

text: for

text: service

text: for

text: those

text: found

text: unsuited

text: various

text: forms

text: of

text: alternative

text: service

text: exist

text: Annually

text: approximately

text: persons

text: are

text: trained

text: in

text: recruit

text: centres

text: for

text: a

text: duration

text: from

text: to

text: weeks

text: The

text: reform

text: Army

text: XXI

text: was

text: adopted

text: by

text: popular

text: vote

text: in

text: it

text: replaced

text: the

text: previous

text: model

text: Army

text: reducing

text: the

text: effectives

text: from

text: to

text: about

text: Of

text: those

text: are

text: active

text: in

text: periodic

text: Army

text: training

text: and

text: are

text: non

text: training

text: reserves

question: Where do Swiss militia keep their Army issued equipment?

answer: at home

text: at home

question: Who has compulsory military service in Switzerland?

answer: all male Swiss citizens

text: all male Swiss citizens

question: Who can serve in the Swiss military voluntarily?

answer: women

text: women

question: What replaced Army 95 in 2003?

answer: Army XXI

text: Army XXI

question: In Army XXI, how many are active in periodic army training?

answer: 120,000


text: Alaska's economy depends heavily on increasingly expensive diesel fuel for heating, transportation, electric power and light. Though wind and hydroelectric power are abundant and underdeveloped, proposals for statewide energy systems (e.g. with special low-cost electric interties) were judged uneconomical (at the time of the report, 2001) due to low (less than 50¢/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population. The cost of a gallon of gas in urban Alaska today is usually 30–60¢ higher than the national average; prices in rural areas are generally significantly higher but vary widely depending on transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure and many other factors.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: Alaska

text: 's

text: economy

text: depends

text: heavily

text: on

text: increasingly

text: expensive

text: diesel

text: fuel

text: for

text: heating

text: transportation

text: electric

text: power

text: and

text: light

text: Though

text: wind

text: and

text: hydroelectric

text: power

text: are

text: abundant

text: and

text: underdeveloped

text: proposals

text: for

text: statewide

text: energy

text: systems

text: e.g.

text: with

text: special

text: low

text: cost

text: electric

text: interties

text: were

text: judged

text: uneconomical

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: the

text: report

text: due

text: to

text: low

text: less

text: than

text: fuel

text: prices

text: long

text: distances

text: and

text: low

text: population

text: The

text: cost

text: of

text: a

text: gallon

text: of

text: gas

text: in

text: urban

text: Alaska

text: today

text: is

text: usually

text: higher

text: than

text: the

text: national

text: average

text: prices

text: in

text: rural

text: areas

text: are

text: generally

text: significantly

text: higher

text: but

text: vary

text: widely

text: depending

text: on

text: transportation

text: costs

text: seasonal

text: usage

text: peaks

text: nearby

text: petroleum

text: development

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: many

text: other

text: factors

question: Why were alternative energy sources judged uneconomical in 2001?

answer: low (less than 50¢/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population

text: low (less than 50¢/gal) fuel prices, long distances and low population

question: How much does gas cost in Alaska, in comparison to the national average?

answer: 30–60¢ higher

text: 30–60¢ higher

question: What are some reasons why gas prices may vary in Alaska, especially?

answer: transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure

text: transportation costs, seasonal usage peaks, nearby petroleum development infrastructure

question: What does Alaska's economy heavily rely on?

answer: diesel fuel

text: diesel fuel

question: What purpose does diesel fuel have in Alaska?

answer: heating, transportation, electric power and light

text: heating, transportation, electric power and light

question: Why were alternative energy sources judged uneconomical in 2010?

question: Why were alternative energy sources judged economical in 2001?

question: How much does gas cost in Alaska, in comparison to the international average?

text: 30–60¢ higher

question: What are some reasons why gas prices may be stable in Alaska, especially?

question: What does Alaska's economy not rely on?

text: diesel fuel


text: On 17th Street (40°44′08″N 73°59′12″W / 40.735532°N 73.986575°W / 40.735532; -73.986575), traffic runs one way along the street, from east to west excepting the stretch between Broadway and Park Avenue South, where traffic runs in both directions. It forms the northern borders of both Union Square (between Broadway and Park Avenue South) and Stuyvesant Square. Composer Antonín Dvořák's New York home was located at 327 East 17th Street, near Perlman Place. The house was razed by Beth Israel Medical Center after it received approval of a 1991 application to demolish the house and replace it with an AIDS hospice. Time Magazine was started at 141 East 17th Street.

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan

text: On

text: Street

text: N

text: W

text: traffic

text: runs

text: one

text: way

text: along

text: the

text: street

text: from

text: east

text: to

text: west

text: excepting

text: the

text: stretch

text: between

text: Broadway

text: and

text: Park

text: Avenue

text: South

text: where

text: traffic

text: runs

text: in

text: both

text: directions

text: It

text: forms

text: the

text: northern

text: borders

text: of

text: both

text: Union

text: Square

text: between

text: Broadway

text: and

text: Park

text: Avenue

text: South

text: and

text: Stuyvesant

text: Square

text: Composer

text: Antonín

text: Dvořák

text: 's

text: New

text: York

text: home

text: was

text: located

text: at

text: East

text: Street

text: near

text: Perlman

text: Place

text: The

text: house

text: was

text: razed

text: by

text: Beth

text: Israel

text: Medical

text: Center

text: after

text: it

text: received

text: approval

text: of

text: a

text: application

text: to

text: demolish

text: the

text: house

text: and

text: replace

text: it

text: with

text: an

text: AIDS

text: hospice

text: Time

text: Magazine

text: was

text: started

text: at

text: East

text: Street

question: What is unusual about the traffic between Broadway and Park Avenue South on 17th Street?

answer: runs in both directions

text: runs in both directions

question: Does traffic on 17th Street generally run one way or two ways?

answer: one way

text: one way

question: What was the job of the person who lived at 327 East 17th Street?

answer: Composer

text: Composer

question: Where was Time Magazine started?

answer: 141 East 17th Street

text: 141 East 17th Street

question: What was Antonin Dvorak's New York home replaced with after it was demolished?

answer: AIDS hospice

text: AIDS hospice


text: Calls are used for a variety of purposes, including mate attraction, evaluation of potential mates, bond formation, the claiming and maintenance of territories, the identification of other individuals (such as when parents look for chicks in colonies or when mates reunite at the start of breeding season), and the warning of other birds of potential predators, sometimes with specific information about the nature of the threat. Some birds also use mechanical sounds for auditory communication. The Coenocorypha snipes of New Zealand drive air through their feathers, woodpeckers drum territorially, and palm cockatoos use tools to drum.

title: Bird

title: Bird

text: Calls

text: are

text: used

text: for

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: purposes

text: including

text: mate

text: attraction

text: evaluation

text: of

text: potential

text: mates

text: bond

text: formation

text: the

text: claiming

text: and

text: maintenance

text: of

text: territories

text: the

text: identification

text: of

text: other

text: individuals

text: such

text: as

text: when

text: parents

text: look

text: for

text: chicks

text: in

text: colonies

text: or

text: when

text: mates

text: reunite

text: at

text: the

text: start

text: of

text: breeding

text: season

text: and

text: the

text: warning

text: of

text: other

text: birds

text: of

text: potential

text: predators

text: sometimes

text: with

text: specific

text: information

text: about

text: the

text: nature

text: of

text: the

text: threat

text: Some

text: birds

text: also

text: use

text: mechanical

text: sounds

text: for

text: auditory

text: communication

text: The

text: Coenocorypha

text: snipes

text: of

text: New

text: Zealand

text: drive

text: air

text: through

text: their

text: feathers

text: woodpeckers

text: drum

text: territorially

text: and

text: palm

text: cockatoos

text: use

text: tools

text: to

text: drum

question: What do birds use for evaluation of potential mates and mate attraction?

answer: Calls

text: Calls

question: What do some birds use for auditory communication?

answer: mechanical sounds

text: mechanical sounds

question: Which type of birds use tools to drum?

answer: palm

text: palm

question: Which birds drum territorially?

answer: woodpeckers

text: woodpeckers


text: Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmodern approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may loosely be regarded as an approach incorporating cultural analysis and critical theory. Cultural sociologists tend to reject scientific methods,[citation needed] instead hermeneutically focusing on words, artifacts and symbols. "Culture" has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis. As a result, there has been a recent influx of quantitative sociologists to the field. Thus there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of social psychology and cognitive science. "Cultural sociology" is one of the largest sections of the American Sociological Association. The British establishment of cultural studies means the latter is often taught as a loosely distinct discipline in the UK.

title: Culture

title: Culture

text: Cultural

text: sociology

text: first

text: emerged

text: in

text: Weimar

text: Germany

text: where

text: sociologists

text: such

text: as

text: Alfred

text: Weber

text: used

text: the

text: term

text: Kultursoziologie

text: cultural

text: sociology

text: Cultural

text: sociology

text: was

text: then

text: reinvented

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: speaking

text: world

text: as

text: a

text: product

text: of

text: the

text: cultural

text: turn

text: of

text: the

text: which

text: ushered

text: in

text: structuralist

text: and

text: postmodern

text: approaches

text: to

text: social

text: science

text: This

text: type

text: of

text: cultural

text: sociology

text: may

text: loosely

text: be

text: regarded

text: as

text: an

text: approach

text: incorporating

text: cultural

text: analysis

text: and

text: critical

text: theory

text: Cultural

text: sociologists

text: tend

text: to

text: reject

text: scientific

text: methods,[citation

text: needed

text: instead

text: hermeneutically

text: focusing

text: on

text: words

text: artifacts

text: and

text: symbols

text: Culture

text: has

text: since

text: become

text: an

text: important

text: concept

text: across

text: many

text: branches

text: of

text: sociology

text: including

text: resolutely

text: scientific

text: fields

text: like

text: social

text: stratification

text: and

text: social

text: network

text: analysis

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: there

text: has

text: been

text: a

text: recent

text: influx

text: of

text: quantitative

text: sociologists

text: to

text: the

text: field

text: Thus

text: there

text: is

text: now

text: a

text: growing

text: group

text: of

text: sociologists

text: of

text: culture

text: who

text: are

text: confusingly

text: not

text: cultural

text: sociologists

text: These

text: scholars

text: reject

text: the

text: abstracted

text: postmodern

text: aspects

text: of

text: cultural

text: sociology

text: and

text: instead

text: look

text: for

text: a

text: theoretical

text: backing

text: in

text: the

text: more

text: scientific

text: vein

text: of

text: social

text: psychology

text: and

text: cognitive

text: science

text: Cultural

text: sociology

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: largest

text: sections

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Sociological

text: Association

text: The

text: British

text: establishment

text: of

text: cultural

text: studies

text: means

text: the

text: latter

text: is

text: often

text: taught

text: as

text: a

text: loosely

text: distinct

text: discipline

text: in

text: the

text: UK

question: Where did sociology culture stem from?

answer: Weimar Germany

text: Weimar Germany

question: Who was the first to refer to culture as sociology?

answer: Alfred Weber

text: Alfred Weber

question: What do cultural  sociologist tend to reject as key attribute of culture?

answer: scientific methods

text: scientific methods

question: Where did sociology culture become rejected?

text: Weimar Germany

question: Who was the last to refer to culture as sociology?

text: Alfred Weber

question: Which sociologists tend to accept scientific methods?

text: Cultural

question: What has never been an important concept across many branches of sociology?

text: Culture


text: This influx was compounded by the decline of the Western Sudanic Mali Empire in 1375 and the Songhai Empire in 1591. Additionally, as inland regions underwent desertification, inhabitants moved to the wetter coast. These new inhabitants brought skills such as cotton spinning, cloth weaving, iron smelting, rice and sorghum cultivation, and social and political institutions from the Mali and Songhai empires. Shortly after the Mane conquered the region, the Vai people of the former Mali Empire immigrated into the Grand Cape Mount region. The ethnic Kru opposed the influx of Vai, forming an alliance with the Mane to stop further influx of Vai.[citation needed]

title: Liberia

title: Liberia

text: This

text: influx

text: was

text: compounded

text: by

text: the

text: decline

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Sudanic

text: Mali

text: Empire

text: in

text: and

text: the

text: Songhai

text: Empire

text: in

text: Additionally

text: as

text: inland

text: regions

text: underwent

text: desertification

text: inhabitants

text: moved

text: to

text: the

text: wetter

text: coast

text: These

text: new

text: inhabitants

text: brought

text: skills

text: such

text: as

text: cotton

text: spinning

text: cloth

text: weaving

text: iron

text: smelting

text: rice

text: and

text: sorghum

text: cultivation

text: and

text: social

text: and

text: political

text: institutions

text: from

text: the

text: Mali

text: and

text: Songhai

text: empires

text: Shortly

text: after

text: the

text: Mane

text: conquered

text: the

text: region

text: the

text: Vai

text: people

text: of

text: the

text: former

text: Mali

text: Empire

text: immigrated

text: into

text: the

text: Grand

text: Cape

text: Mount

text: region

text: The

text: ethnic

text: Kru

text: opposed

text: the

text: influx

text: of

text: Vai

text: forming

text: an

text: alliance

text: with

text: the

text: Mane

text: to

text: stop

text: further

text: influx

text: of

text: Vai.[citation

text: needed

question: What empire was o the decline on 1375?

answer: Western Sudanic Mali Empire

text: Western Sudanic Mali Empire

question: What happened when regions underwent desertification?

answer: inhabitants moved to the wetter coast

text: inhabitants moved to the wetter coast

question: Where did the people of the Mali empire immigrate to?

answer: the Grand Cape Mount region.

text: the Grand Cape Mount region.

question: Who opposed the influx of vai forming an alliance with maine?

answer: The ethnic Kru

text: The ethnic Kru

question: When did the Western Sudanic Mali Empire begin?

question: When did the Songhai Empire Begin?

question: Who conquered Mongolia?

text: the Mane

question: What group wanted to extend the influence of the Vai?

text: The ethnic Kru

question: What skills were the Yun Song Empire known for?


text: The responsibility for military command remained with the British Crown-in-Council, with a commander-in-chief for North America stationed at Halifax until the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units from that city in 1906. Thereafter, the Royal Canadian Navy was formed, and, with the advent of military aviation, the Royal Canadian Air Force. These forces were organised under the Department of Militia and Defence, and split into the Permanent and Non-Permanent Active Militias—frequently shortened to simply The Militia. By 1923, the department was merged into the Department of National Defence, but land forces in Canada were not referred to as the Canadian Army until November 1940.

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

title: Canadian_Armed_Forces

text: The

text: responsibility

text: for

text: military

text: command

text: remained

text: with

text: the

text: British

text: Crown

text: in

text: Council

text: with

text: a

text: commander

text: in

text: chief

text: for

text: North

text: America

text: stationed

text: at

text: Halifax

text: until

text: the

text: final

text: withdrawal

text: of

text: British

text: Army

text: and

text: Royal

text: Navy

text: units

text: from

text: that

text: city

text: in

text: Thereafter

text: the

text: Royal

text: Canadian

text: Navy

text: was

text: formed

text: and

text: with

text: the

text: advent

text: of

text: military

text: aviation

text: the

text: Royal

text: Canadian

text: Air

text: Force

text: These

text: forces

text: were

text: organised

text: under

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: Militia

text: and

text: Defence

text: and

text: split

text: into

text: the

text: Permanent

text: and

text: Non

text: Permanent

text: Active

text: Militias

text: frequently

text: shortened

text: to

text: simply

text: The

text: Militia

text: By

text: the

text: department

text: was

text: merged

text: into

text: the

text: Department

text: of

text: National

text: Defence

text: but

text: land

text: forces

text: in

text: Canada

text: were

text: not

text: referred

text: to

text: as

text: the

text: Canadian

text: Army

text: until

text: November

question: Who initially had military command?

answer: the British Crown-in-Council

text: the British Crown-in-Council

question: Where was the commander-in-chief stationed?

answer: Halifax

text: Halifax

question: When did the British Army and Royal Navy withdraw from Halifax?

answer: 1906

question: The Canadian Armed Forces were initially organized under what department?

answer: the Department of Militia and Defence

text: the Department of Militia and Defence

question: When did the unification complete of all the Canadian forces to be called the Canadian Army?

answer: November 1940

text: November 1940

question: What responsibility remained with a commander-in-chief for North America?

text: The responsibility for military command

question: Where was the British Crown-in-Council stationed?

text: Halifax

question: What year was the Royal Canadian Navy formed?

question: When were land forces referred to as the Army of Canada?

text: November 1940

question: Who initially didn't have military command?

text: British Crown-in-Council

question: Where was the secretary-in-chief stationed?

text: Halifax

question: When did the French Army and Royal Navy withdraw from Halifax?

question: The Canadian Armed Forces were initially disorganized under what department?

text: Department of Militia and Defence

question: When did the unification complete of all the Canadian forces to be called the French Army?

text: November 1940


text: The tourism industry began in the early 19th century when foreigners visited the Alps, traveled to the bases of the mountains to enjoy the scenery, and stayed at the spa-resorts. Large hotels were built during the Belle Époque; cog-railways, built early in the 20th century, brought tourists to ever higher elevations, with the Jungfraubahn terminating at the Jungfraujoch, well above the eternal snow-line, after going through a tunnel in Eiger. During this period winter sports were slowly introduced: in 1882 the first figure skating championship was held in St. Moritz, and downhill skiing became a popular sport with English visitors early in the 20th century, as the first ski-lift was installed in 1908 above Grindelwald.

title: Alps

title: Alps

text: The

text: tourism

text: industry

text: began

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: when

text: foreigners

text: visited

text: the

text: Alps

text: traveled

text: to

text: the

text: bases

text: of

text: the

text: mountains

text: to

text: enjoy

text: the

text: scenery

text: and

text: stayed

text: at

text: the

text: spa

text: resorts

text: Large

text: hotels

text: were

text: built

text: during

text: the

text: Belle

text: Époque

text: cog

text: railways

text: built

text: early

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: brought

text: tourists

text: to

text: ever

text: higher

text: elevations

text: with

text: the

text: Jungfraubahn

text: terminating

text: at

text: the

text: Jungfraujoch

text: well

text: above

text: the

text: eternal

text: snow

text: line

text: after

text: going

text: through

text: a

text: tunnel

text: in

text: Eiger

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: winter

text: sports

text: were

text: slowly

text: introduced

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: figure

text: skating

text: championship

text: was

text: held

text: in

text: St.

text: Moritz

text: and

text: downhill

text: skiing

text: became

text: a

text: popular

text: sport

text: with

text: English

text: visitors

text: early

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: ski

text: lift

text: was

text: installed

text: in

text: above

text: Grindelwald

question: When did the tourism industry begin?

answer: the early 19th century

text: the early 19th century

question: When were large hotels built in the Alps?

answer: during the Belle Époque

text: during the Belle Époque

question: When were cog-railways built in the Alps?

answer: early in the 20th century

text: early in the 20th century

question: When was the first figure skating championship held?

answer: 1882

question: Where was the first figure skating championship held?

answer: St. Moritz

text: St. Moritz


text: The story takes place during three years (1933–35) of the Great Depression in the fictional "tired old town" of Maycomb, Alabama, the seat of Maycomb County. It focuses on six-year-old Jean Louise Finch (Scout), who lives with her older brother, Jem, and their widowed father, Atticus, a middle-aged lawyer. Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill, who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer. The three children are terrified of, and fascinated by, their neighbor, the reclusive Arthur "Boo" Radley. The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo, and, for many years few have seen him. The children feed one another's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden, and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house. After two summers of friendship with Dill, Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place. Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children, but, to their disappointment, he never appears in person.

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

text: The

text: story

text: takes

text: place

text: during

text: three

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: Great

text: Depression

text: in

text: the

text: fictional

text: tired

text: old

text: town

text: of

text: Maycomb

text: Alabama

text: the

text: seat

text: of

text: Maycomb

text: County

text: It

text: focuses

text: on

text: six

text: year

text: old

text: Jean

text: Louise

text: Finch

text: Scout

text: who

text: lives

text: with

text: her

text: older

text: brother

text: Jem

text: and

text: their

text: widowed

text: father

text: Atticus

text: a

text: middle

text: aged

text: lawyer

text: Jem

text: and

text: Scout

text: befriend

text: a

text: boy

text: named

text: Dill

text: who

text: visits

text: Maycomb

text: to

text: stay

text: with

text: his

text: aunt

text: each

text: summer

text: The

text: three

text: children

text: are

text: terrified

text: of

text: and

text: fascinated

text: by

text: their

text: neighbor

text: the

text: reclusive

text: Arthur

text: Boo

text: Radley

text: The

text: adults

text: of

text: Maycomb

text: are

text: hesitant

text: to

text: talk

text: about

text: Boo

text: and

text: for

text: many

text: years

text: few

text: have

text: seen

text: him

text: The

text: children

text: feed

text: one

text: another

text: 's

text: imagination

text: with

text: rumors

text: about

text: his

text: appearance

text: and

text: reasons

text: for

text: remaining

text: hidden

text: and

text: they

text: fantasize

text: about

text: how

text: to

text: get

text: him

text: out

text: of

text: his

text: house

text: After

text: two

text: summers

text: of

text: friendship

text: with

text: Dill

text: Scout

text: and

text: Jem

text: find

text: that

text: someone

text: leaves

text: them

text: small

text: gifts

text: in

text: a

text: tree

text: outside

text: the

text: Radley

text: place

text: Several

text: times

text: the

text: mysterious

text: Boo

text: makes

text: gestures

text: of

text: affection

text: to

text: the

text: children

text: but

text: to

text: their

text: disappointment

text: he

text: never

text: appears

text: in

text: person

question: Where is the setting for To Kill a Mockingbird?

answer: Maycomb, Alabama

text: Maycomb, Alabama

question: How many years does the story of To Kill a Mockingbird take place?

answer: three

text: three

question: How many children does the protagonist, Atticus Finch, have?

answer: two

text: two

question: Atticus Finch's children make friends with whom during the story?

answer: Dill

text: Dill

question: What is the name of the town the story takes place in?

answer: Maycomb, Alabama

text: Maycomb, Alabama

question: In what historical era does the book take place?

answer: the Great Depression

text: the Great Depression

question: Who is the main character of the book?

answer: Jean Louise Finch (Scout)

text: Jean Louise Finch (Scout)


text: Matter commonly exists in four states (or phases): solid, liquid and gas, and plasma. However, advances in experimental techniques have revealed other previously theoretical phases, such as Bose–Einstein condensates and fermionic condensates. A focus on an elementary-particle view of matter also leads to new phases of matter, such as the quark–gluon plasma. For much of the history of the natural sciences people have contemplated the exact nature of matter. The idea that matter was built of discrete building blocks, the so-called particulate theory of matter, was first put forward by the Greek philosophers Leucippus (~490 BC) and Democritus (~470–380 BC).

title: Matter

title: Matter

text: Matter

text: commonly

text: exists

text: in

text: four

text: states

text: or

text: phases

text: solid

text: liquid

text: and

text: gas

text: and

text: plasma

text: However

text: advances

text: in

text: experimental

text: techniques

text: have

text: revealed

text: other

text: previously

text: theoretical

text: phases

text: such

text: as

text: Bose

text: Einstein

text: condensates

text: and

text: fermionic

text: condensates

text: A

text: focus

text: on

text: an

text: elementary

text: particle

text: view

text: of

text: matter

text: also

text: leads

text: to

text: new

text: phases

text: of

text: matter

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: quark

text: gluon

text: plasma

text: For

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: natural

text: sciences

text: people

text: have

text: contemplated

text: the

text: exact

text: nature

text: of

text: matter

text: The

text: idea

text: that

text: matter

text: was

text: built

text: of

text: discrete

text: building

text: blocks

text: the

text: so

text: called

text: particulate

text: theory

text: of

text: matter

text: was

text: first

text: put

text: forward

text: by

text: the

text: Greek

text: philosophers

text: Leucippus

text: BC

text: and

text: Democritus

text: BC

question: How many forms of solids are there?

text: four

question: What theory states that matter can exist in four states?

text: Bose–Einstein

question: Who suggested the Bose-Einstein theory?

text: Leucippus

question: What new form of plasma did Democritus discover?

text: quark–gluon

question: How long have scientists focused on an elementary-particle view?

text: much of the history


text: A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt bidding. For example, suppose that a politician is in charge of choosing how to spend some public funds. He can give a contract to a company that is not the best bidder, or allocate more than they deserve. In this case, the company benefits, and in exchange for betraying the public, the official receives a kickback payment, which is a portion of the sum the company received. This sum itself may be all or a portion of the difference between the actual (inflated) payment to the company and the (lower) market-based price that would have been paid had the bidding been competitive.

title: Political_corruption

title: Political_corruption

text: A

text: kickback

text: is

text: an

text: official

text: 's

text: share

text: of

text: misappropriated

text: funds

text: allocated

text: from

text: his

text: or

text: her

text: organization

text: to

text: an

text: organization

text: involved

text: in

text: corrupt

text: bidding

text: For

text: example

text: suppose

text: that

text: a

text: politician

text: is

text: in

text: charge

text: of

text: choosing

text: how

text: to

text: spend

text: some

text: public

text: funds

text: He

text: can

text: give

text: a

text: contract

text: to

text: a

text: company

text: that

text: is

text: not

text: the

text: best

text: bidder

text: or

text: allocate

text: more

text: than

text: they

text: deserve

text: In

text: this

text: case

text: the

text: company

text: benefits

text: and

text: in

text: exchange

text: for

text: betraying

text: the

text: public

text: the

text: official

text: receives

text: a

text: kickback

text: payment

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: sum

text: the

text: company

text: received

text: This

text: sum

text: itself

text: may

text: be

text: all

text: or

text: a

text: portion

text: of

text: the

text: difference

text: between

text: the

text: actual

text: inflated

text: payment

text: to

text: the

text: company

text: and

text: the

text: lower

text: market

text: based

text: price

text: that

text: would

text: have

text: been

text: paid

text: had

text: the

text: bidding

text: been

text: competitive

question: What is the public official's share called when involved in corrupt bidding?

answer: kickback

text: kickback

question: A contract can be given to someone who is not the best what?

answer: bidder

text: bidder


text: In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does not experience a force, because it is following a geodesic. An object standing on the earth, however, will experience a force, as it is being held against the geodesic by the surface of the planet. In light of this, the bucket of water rotating in empty space will experience a force because it rotates with respect to the geodesic. The water will become concave, not because it is rotating with respect to the distant stars, but because it is rotating with respect to the geodesic.

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time

text: In

text: classical

text: physics

text: an

text: inertial

text: reference

text: frame

text: is

text: one

text: in

text: which

text: an

text: object

text: that

text: experiences

text: no

text: forces

text: does

text: not

text: accelerate

text: In

text: general

text: relativity

text: an

text: inertial

text: frame

text: of

text: reference

text: is

text: one

text: that

text: is

text: following

text: a

text: geodesic

text: of

text: space

text: time

text: An

text: object

text: that

text: moves

text: against

text: a

text: geodesic

text: experiences

text: a

text: force

text: An

text: object

text: in

text: free

text: fall

text: does

text: not

text: experience

text: a

text: force

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: following

text: a

text: geodesic

text: An

text: object

text: standing

text: on

text: the

text: earth

text: however

text: will

text: experience

text: a

text: force

text: as

text: it

text: is

text: being

text: held

text: against

text: the

text: geodesic

text: by

text: the

text: surface

text: of

text: the

text: planet

text: In

text: light

text: of

text: this

text: the

text: bucket

text: of

text: water

text: rotating

text: in

text: empty

text: space

text: will

text: experience

text: a

text: force

text: because

text: it

text: rotates

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: the

text: geodesic

text: The

text: water

text: will

text: become

text: concave

text: not

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: rotating

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: the

text: distant

text: stars

text: but

text: because

text: it

text: is

text: rotating

text: with

text: respect

text: to

text: the

text: geodesic

question: In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object without force does what?

answer: does not accelerate

text: does not accelerate

question: What follows a geodesic of space-time?

answer: an inertial frame of reference

text: an inertial frame of reference

question: An object in free fall does not experience what?

answer: force

text: force

question: What holds an object standing on earth against the geodesic?

answer: the surface of the planet

text: the surface of the planet

question: Why will water become concave, according to the relativity theory?

answer: it is rotating with respect to the geodesic.

text: it is rotating with respect to the geodesic.

question: What kind of frame includes objects that do not accelerate when force in applied to them?

text: inertial reference frame

question: What does an external frame of refrence follow?

text: geodesic of space-time

question: What is not experienced by objects moving against a geodesic?

text: force

question: What is an object in free fall moving against?

text: a geodesic of space-time.

question: What is experienced by objects in free-fall?

text: force


text: Prior to Einstein's paper, electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave: hence the use of the terms "frequency" and "wavelength" to characterise different types of radiation. The energy transferred by a wave in a given time is called its intensity. The light from a theatre spotlight is more intense than the light from a domestic lightbulb; that is to say that the spotlight gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space(and hence consumes more electricity) than the ordinary bulb, even though the colour of the light might be very similar. Other waves, such as sound or the waves crashing against a seafront, also have their own intensity. However, the energy account of the photoelectric effect didn't seem to agree with the wave description of light.

title: Planck_constant

title: Planck_constant

text: Prior

text: to

text: Einstein

text: 's

text: paper

text: electromagnetic

text: radiation

text: such

text: as

text: visible

text: light

text: was

text: considered

text: to

text: behave

text: as

text: a

text: wave

text: hence

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: the

text: terms

text: frequency

text: and

text: wavelength

text: to

text: characterise

text: different

text: types

text: of

text: radiation

text: The

text: energy

text: transferred

text: by

text: a

text: wave

text: in

text: a

text: given

text: time

text: is

text: called

text: its

text: intensity

text: The

text: light

text: from

text: a

text: theatre

text: spotlight

text: is

text: more

text: intense

text: than

text: the

text: light

text: from

text: a

text: domestic

text: lightbulb

text: that

text: is

text: to

text: say

text: that

text: the

text: spotlight

text: gives

text: out

text: more

text: energy

text: per

text: unit

text: time

text: and

text: per

text: unit

text: space(and

text: hence

text: consumes

text: more

text: electricity

text: than

text: the

text: ordinary

text: bulb

text: even

text: though

text: the

text: colour

text: of

text: the

text: light

text: might

text: be

text: very

text: similar

text: Other

text: waves

text: such

text: as

text: sound

text: or

text: the

text: waves

text: crashing

text: against

text: a

text: seafront

text: also

text: have

text: their

text: own

text: intensity

text: However

text: the

text: energy

text: account

text: of

text: the

text: photoelectric

text: effect

text: did

text: n't

text: seem

text: to

text: agree

text: with

text: the

text: wave

text: description

text: of

text: light

question: Before Einstein, electromagnetic radiation was considered to behave as what?

answer: a wave

text: a wave

question: What terms describe different types of radiation?

answer: "frequency" and "wavelength"

text: "frequency" and "wavelength"

question: What is the energy transferred by a wave in a given time called?

answer: intensity

text: intensity

question: What other types of wave besides light has its own intensity?

answer: sound

text: sound

question: Prior to Einstein's work, light behavior was modeled as what?

answer: a wave

text: a wave

question: What is the name for the amount of energy transfered by a wave in a given time?

answer: intensity

text: intensity

question: What portion of the photoelectric effect was in disagreement with the believed description of light behavior?

answer: the energy account

text: the energy account

question: What does it mean for a light source to be more intense than another?

answer: gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space

text: gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space

question: What terms describe the same types of radiation?

text: "frequency" and "wavelength"

question: What is the energy lost by a wave in a long time called?

text: intensity

question: What other types of wave besides light doesn't have its own intensity?

text: sound

question: What is the name for the amount of energy disappearing by a wave in a given time?

text: intensity

question: What does it mean for a light source to be equally intense?