text: Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred. He played more frequently at salons, but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends. The musicologist Arthur Hedley has observed that "As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances—few more than thirty in the course of his lifetime." The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts provides an indication of the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on 23 March 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J.S. Bach for three keyboards; and, on 3 March 1838, a concert in which Chopin, his pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of two movements from Beethoven's 7th symphony. Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini's theme. Chopin's music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through his family connections, also in Germany and England.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Chopin

text: seldom

text: performed

text: publicly

text: in

text: Paris

text: In

text: later

text: years

text: he

text: generally

text: gave

text: a

text: single

text: annual

text: concert

text: at

text: the

text: Salle

text: Pleyel

text: a

text: venue

text: that

text: seated

text: three

text: hundred

text: He

text: played

text: more

text: frequently

text: at

text: salons

text: but

text: preferred

text: playing

text: at

text: his

text: own

text: Paris

text: apartment

text: for

text: small

text: groups

text: of

text: friends

text: The

text: musicologist

text: Arthur

text: Hedley

text: has

text: observed

text: that

text: As

text: a

text: pianist

text: Chopin

text: was

text: unique

text: in

text: acquiring

text: a

text: reputation

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: order

text: on

text: the

text: basis

text: of

text: a

text: minimum

text: of

text: public

text: appearances

text: few

text: more

text: than

text: thirty

text: in

text: the

text: course

text: of

text: his

text: lifetime

text: The

text: list

text: of

text: musicians

text: who

text: took

text: part

text: in

text: some

text: of

text: his

text: concerts

text: provides

text: an

text: indication

text: of

text: the

text: richness

text: of

text: Parisian

text: artistic

text: life

text: during

text: this

text: period

text: Examples

text: include

text: a

text: concert

text: on

text: March

text: in

text: which

text: Chopin

text: Liszt

text: and

text: Hiller

text: performed

text: on

text: pianos

text: a

text: concerto

text: by

text: J.S.

text: Bach

text: for

text: three

text: keyboards

text: and

text: on

text: March

text: a

text: concert

text: in

text: which

text: Chopin

text: his

text: pupil

text: Adolphe

text: Gutmann

text: Charles

text: Valentin

text: Alkan

text: and

text: Alkan

text: 's

text: teacher

text: Joseph

text: Zimmermann

text: performed

text: Alkan

text: 's

text: arrangement

text: for

text: eight

text: hands

text: of

text: two

text: movements

text: from

text: Beethoven

text: 's

text: symphony

text: Chopin

text: was

text: also

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: composition

text: of

text: Liszt

text: 's

text: Hexameron

text: he

text: wrote

text: the

text: sixth

text: and

text: final

text: variation

text: on

text: Bellini

text: 's

text: theme

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: music

text: soon

text: found

text: success

text: with

text: publishers

text: and

text: in

text: he

text: contracted

text: with

text: Maurice

text: Schlesinger

text: who

text: arranged

text: for

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: published

text: not

text: only

text: in

text: France

text: but

text: through

text: his

text: family

text: connections

text: also

text: in

text: Germany

text: and

text: England

question: What was Frédéric's favorite environment to perform in?

answer: his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends

text: his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends

question: What instrument did Frédéric play in a performance on 23 March 1833?

answer: pianos

text: pianos

question: Chopin gave a yearly performance where?

answer: Salle Pleyel

text: Salle Pleyel

question: Chopin worked with Liszt on what piece?

answer: Hexameron

text: Hexameron

question: In 1833 with whom with Chopin work to get his music published?

answer: Maurice Schlesinger

text: Maurice Schlesinger

question: What is the name of Chopin's pupil who performed with him?

answer: Adolphe Gutmann

text: Adolphe Gutmann

question: Where did Chopin prefer to play for people?

answer: apartment

text: apartment

question: On March 23, 1833, who headlined and performed with Chopin at a concert?

answer: Liszt and Hiller

text: Liszt and Hiller

question: Who did Chopin contract with for publishing his music?

answer: Maurice Schlesinger

text: Maurice Schlesinger


text: The concept of biological race has declined significantly in frequency of use in physical anthropology in the United States during the 20th century. A majority of physical anthropologists in the United States have rejected the concept of biological races. Since 1932, an increasing number of college textbooks introducing physical anthropology have rejected race as a valid concept: from 1932 to 1976, only seven out of thirty-two rejected race; from 1975 to 1984, thirteen out of thirty-three rejected race; from 1985 to 1993, thirteen out of nineteen rejected race. According to one academic journal entry, where 78 percent of the articles in the 1931 Journal of Physical Anthropology employed these or nearly synonymous terms reflecting a bio-race paradigm, only 36 percent did so in 1965, and just 28 percent did in 1996.

title: Race_(human_categorization)

title: Race_(human_categorization

text: The

text: concept

text: of

text: biological

text: race

text: has

text: declined

text: significantly

text: in

text: frequency

text: of

text: use

text: in

text: physical

text: anthropology

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: A

text: majority

text: of

text: physical

text: anthropologists

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: have

text: rejected

text: the

text: concept

text: of

text: biological

text: races

text: Since

text: an

text: increasing

text: number

text: of

text: college

text: textbooks

text: introducing

text: physical

text: anthropology

text: have

text: rejected

text: race

text: as

text: a

text: valid

text: concept

text: from

text: to

text: only

text: seven

text: out

text: of

text: thirty

text: two

text: rejected

text: race

text: from

text: to

text: thirteen

text: out

text: of

text: thirty

text: three

text: rejected

text: race

text: from

text: to

text: thirteen

text: out

text: of

text: nineteen

text: rejected

text: race

text: According

text: to

text: one

text: academic

text: journal

text: entry

text: where

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: articles

text: in

text: the

text: Journal

text: of

text: Physical

text: Anthropology

text: employed

text: these

text: or

text: nearly

text: synonymous

text: terms

text: reflecting

text: a

text: bio

text: race

text: paradigm

text: only

text: percent

text: did

text: so

text: in

text: and

text: just

text: percent

text: did

text: in

question: What concept's use has declined significantly in the U.S. during the 20th century?

answer: biological race

text: biological race

question: The majority of what group in the U.S. has rejected the concept of biological races?

answer: physical anthropologists

text: physical anthropologists

question: What textbooks introducing anthropology have rejected race as a valid concept since 1932?

answer: college

text: college

question: How many books out of 33, from 1975 to 1984, rejected race?

answer: thirteen

text: thirteen

question: What percentage of articles in 1996 employed a bio-race paradigm?

answer: 28 percent

text: 28 percent


text: Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym. The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard.

title: Plymouth

title: Plymouth

text: Plymouth

text: lies

text: between

text: the

text: River

text: Plym

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: River

text: Tamar

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: both

text: rivers

text: flow

text: into

text: the

text: natural

text: harbour

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: Sound

text: Since

text: the

text: unitary

text: authority

text: of

text: Plymouth

text: has

text: included

text: the

text: once

text: independent

text: towns

text: of

text: Plympton

text: and

text: Plymstock

text: which

text: lie

text: along

text: the

text: east

text: of

text: the

text: River

text: Plym

text: The

text: River

text: Tamar

text: forms

text: the

text: county

text: boundary

text: between

text: Devon

text: and

text: Cornwall

text: and

text: its

text: estuary

text: forms

text: the

text: Hamoaze

text: on

text: which

text: is

text: sited

text: Devonport

text: Dockyard

question: What river is to the west of Plymouth?

answer: River Tamar

text: River Tamar

question: To the east of Plymouth lies which river?

answer: River Plym

text: River Plym

question: The River Tamar is the boundary between Devon and what other county?

answer: Cornwall

text: Cornwall

question: In what body of water do the rivers Plym and Tamar meet?

answer: Plymouth Sound

text: Plymouth Sound

question: When did Plymstock join the unitary authority of Plymouth?

answer: 1967


text: In the generations after emigration from the west, Jewish communities in places like Poland, Russia, and Belarus enjoyed a comparatively stable socio-political environment. A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement as well as major Jewish academic centers. After two centuries of comparative tolerance in the new nations, massive westward emigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries in response to pogroms in the east and the economic opportunities offered in other parts of the world. Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since 1750.

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

title: Ashkenazi_Jews

text: In

text: the

text: generations

text: after

text: emigration

text: from

text: the

text: west

text: Jewish

text: communities

text: in

text: places

text: like

text: Poland

text: Russia

text: and

text: Belarus

text: enjoyed

text: a

text: comparatively

text: stable

text: socio

text: political

text: environment

text: A

text: thriving

text: publishing

text: industry

text: and

text: the

text: printing

text: of

text: hundreds

text: of

text: biblical

text: commentaries

text: precipitated

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: the

text: Hasidic

text: movement

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: major

text: Jewish

text: academic

text: centers

text: After

text: two

text: centuries

text: of

text: comparative

text: tolerance

text: in

text: the

text: new

text: nations

text: massive

text: westward

text: emigration

text: occurred

text: in

text: the

text: and

text: centuries

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: pogroms

text: in

text: the

text: east

text: and

text: the

text: economic

text: opportunities

text: offered

text: in

text: other

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: Ashkenazi

text: Jews

text: have

text: made

text: up

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: the

text: American

text: Jewish

text: community

text: since

question: After emigration from the west, did Jewish communities in places like Poland have a stable or unstable sociopolitical environment?

answer: a comparatively stable socio-political environment

text: a comparatively stable socio-political environment

question: What precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement?

answer: A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries

text: A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries

question: Massive western emigration occurred around what time?

answer: in the 19th and 20th centuries

text: in the 19th and 20th centuries

question: Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since when?

answer: 1750


text: The second decline was not as complete as the first. Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument. Even as the second wave of mandolin popularity declined in the early 20th century, new versions of the mandolin began to be used in new forms of music. Luthiers created the resonator mandolin, the flatback mandolin, the carved-top or arched-top mandolin, the mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin. Musicians began playing it in Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles — and Classical too.

title: Mandolin

title: Mandolin

text: The

text: second

text: decline

text: was

text: not

text: as

text: complete

text: as

text: the

text: first

text: Thousands

text: of

text: people

text: had

text: learned

text: to

text: play

text: the

text: instrument

text: Even

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: wave

text: of

text: mandolin

text: popularity

text: declined

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: new

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: mandolin

text: began

text: to

text: be

text: used

text: in

text: new

text: forms

text: of

text: music

text: Luthiers

text: created

text: the

text: resonator

text: mandolin

text: the

text: flatback

text: mandolin

text: the

text: carved

text: top

text: or

text: arched

text: top

text: mandolin

text: the

text: mandolin

text: banjo

text: and

text: the

text: electric

text: mandolin

text: Musicians

text: began

text: playing

text: it

text: in

text: Celtic

text: Bluegrass

text: Jazz

text: and

text: Rock

text: n

text: Roll

text: styles

text: and

text: Classical

text: too

question: When was the second decline of mandolin popularity?

answer: early 20th century,

text: early 20th century,

question: Why was the second decline in popularity not a strong as the first?

answer: Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument

text: Thousands of people had learned to play the instrument

question: Who created the rasonator mandolin?

answer: Luthiers

text: Luthiers

question: What are two types of new mandolins the Luthiers created?

answer: mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin

text: mandolin-banjo and the electric mandolin

question: What types of music did musicians begin to play the mandolins in?

answer: Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles — and Classical too.

text: Celtic, Bluegrass, Jazz and Rock-n-Roll styles — and Classical too.

question: When did the first wave of mandolin popularity decline?

text: in the early 20th century

question: Who created the resonator mandolin in the early 20th century?

text: Luthiers

question: What old forms of music was the mandolin used in during the 20th century?

question: When was the second rise of mandolin popularity?

text: early 20th century

question: Why was the second rise in popularity not a strong as the first?

question: Who destroyed the resonator mandolin?

text: Luthiers

question: What is the third type of new mandolins the Luthiers created?

text: electric mandolin

question: What types of music did musicians never play the mandolins in?


text: John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death in 1216. John lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of the Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered to be an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom.

title: John,_King_of_England

title: John,_King_of_England

text: John

text: December

text: October

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: John

text: Lackland

text: Norman

text: French

text: Johan

text: sanz

text: Terre

text: was

text: King

text: of

text: England

text: from

text: April

text: until

text: his

text: death

text: in

text: John

text: lost

text: the

text: duchy

text: of

text: Normandy

text: to

text: King

text: Philip

text: II

text: of

text: France

text: which

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: Angevin

text: Empire

text: and

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: subsequent

text: growth

text: in

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: Capetian

text: dynasty

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: baronial

text: revolt

text: at

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: John

text: 's

text: reign

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: sealing

text: of

text: the

text: Magna

text: Carta

text: a

text: document

text: sometimes

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: an

text: early

text: step

text: in

text: the

text: evolution

text: of

text: the

text: constitution

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

question: John lost the duchy of Normandy to who?

answer: King Philip II of France

text: King Philip II of France

question: What led to the sealing of the Magna Carta?

answer: baronial revolt

text: baronial revolt

question: The collapse of the Angevin Empire contributed to the growth in power of what dynasty?

answer: Capetian

text: Capetian


text: In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2742%) and uranium-235 (0.7204%). Isotope separation concentrates (enriches) the fissionable uranium-235 for nuclear weapons and most nuclear power plants, except for gas cooled reactors and pressurised heavy water reactors. Most neutrons released by a fissioning atom of uranium-235 must impact other uranium-235 atoms to sustain the nuclear chain reaction. The concentration and amount of uranium-235 needed to achieve this is called a 'critical mass'.

title: Uranium

title: Uranium

text: In

text: nature

text: uranium

text: is

text: found

text: as

text: and

text: Isotope

text: separation

text: concentrates

text: enriches

text: the

text: fissionable

text: for

text: nuclear

text: weapons

text: and

text: most

text: nuclear

text: power

text: plants

text: except

text: for

text: gas

text: cooled

text: reactors

text: and

text: pressurised

text: heavy

text: water

text: reactors

text: Most

text: neutrons

text: released

text: by

text: a

text: fissioning

text: atom

text: of

text: must

text: impact

text: other

text: atoms

text: to

text: sustain

text: the

text: nuclear

text: chain

text: reaction

text: The

text: concentration

text: and

text: amount

text: of

text: needed

text: to

text: achieve

text: this

text: is

text: called

text: a

text: critical

text: mass

question: What percentage of uranium in nature is uranium-235?

answer: 0.7204%

question: What is the most prevalent natural isotope of uranium?

answer: uranium-238

question: What is the term for the amount of uranium-235 needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction?

answer: critical mass

text: critical mass

question: What percentage of natural uranium is isotope 238?

answer: 99.2742%

question: Along with gas cooled reactors, what type of reactor doesn't use uranium-235?

answer: pressurised heavy water

text: pressurised heavy water

question: What percentage of uranium in nature is uranium-335?

question: What is the most prevalent unnatural isotope of uranium?

question: What is the term for the amount of uranium-335 needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction?

text: critical mass

question: What percentage of unnatural uranium is isotope 238?

question: Along with gas heated reactors, what type of reactor doesn't use uranium-235?

text: pressurised heavy water


text: The earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago, and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous, from 130 to 90 million years ago. A trace fossil consisting of a convoluted burrow partly filled with small fecal pellets may be evidence that earthworms were present in the early Triassic period from 251 to 245 million years ago. Body fossils going back to the mid Ordovician, from 472 to 461 million years ago, have been tentatively classified as oligochaetes, but these identifications are uncertain and some have been disputed.

title: Annelid

title: Annelid

text: The

text: earliest

text: good

text: evidence

text: for

text: oligochaetes

text: occurs

text: in

text: the

text: Tertiary

text: period

text: which

text: began

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: and

text: it

text: has

text: been

text: suggested

text: that

text: these

text: animals

text: evolved

text: around

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: as

text: flowering

text: plants

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: Cretaceous

text: from

text: to

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: A

text: trace

text: fossil

text: consisting

text: of

text: a

text: convoluted

text: burrow

text: partly

text: filled

text: with

text: small

text: fecal

text: pellets

text: may

text: be

text: evidence

text: that

text: earthworms

text: were

text: present

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: Triassic

text: period

text: from

text: to

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: Body

text: fossils

text: going

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: mid

text: Ordovician

text: from

text: to

text: million

text: years

text: ago

text: have

text: been

text: tentatively

text: classified

text: as

text: oligochaetes

text: but

text: these

text: identifications

text: are

text: uncertain

text: and

text: some

text: have

text: been

text: disputed

question: When did the Tertiary period begin?

answer: 65 million years ago

text: 65 million years ago

question: What era did oligochaetes evolve in?

answer: early Cretaceous

text: early Cretaceous

question: What type of annelid fossils have been found from the mid Ordovician period?

answer: oligochaetes

text: oligochaetes

question: When were the earliest annelid fossils found?

answer: 472 to 461 million years ago

text: 472 to 461 million years ago

question: When did the Tertiary period stop existing?

text: 65 million years ago

question: What era did oligochaetes devolve in?

text: early Cretaceous

question: What type of annelid fossils have been lost during the mid Ordovician period?

text: oligochaetes

question: When were the only annelid fossils found?

text: 472 to 461 million years ago


text: The Australian government controls the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and revenue from it extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) around Norfolk Island (roughly 428,000km2) and territorial sea claims to three nautical miles (6 km) from the island. There is a strong belief on the island that some of the revenue generated from Norfolk's EEZ should be available to providing services such as health and infrastructure on the island, which the island has been responsible for, similar to how the Northern Territory is able to access revenue from their mineral resources. The exclusive economic zone provides the islanders with fish, its only major natural resource. Norfolk Island has no direct control over any marine areas but has an agreement with the Commonwealth through the Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) to fish "recreationally" in a small section of the EEZ known locally as "the Box". While there is speculation that the zone may include oil and gas deposits, this is not proven. There are no major arable lands or permanent farmlands, though about 25 per cent of the island is a permanent pasture. There is no irrigated land. The island uses the Australian dollar as its currency.

title: Norfolk_Island

title: Norfolk_Island

text: The

text: Australian

text: government

text: controls

text: the

text: exclusive

text: economic

text: zone

text: EEZ

text: and

text: revenue

text: from

text: it

text: extending

text: nautical

text: miles

text: km

text: around

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: roughly

text: and

text: territorial

text: sea

text: claims

text: to

text: three

text: nautical

text: miles

text: km

text: from

text: the

text: island

text: There

text: is

text: a

text: strong

text: belief

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: that

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: revenue

text: generated

text: from

text: Norfolk

text: 's

text: EEZ

text: should

text: be

text: available

text: to

text: providing

text: services

text: such

text: as

text: health

text: and

text: infrastructure

text: on

text: the

text: island

text: which

text: the

text: island

text: has

text: been

text: responsible

text: for

text: similar

text: to

text: how

text: the

text: Northern

text: Territory

text: is

text: able

text: to

text: access

text: revenue

text: from

text: their

text: mineral

text: resources

text: The

text: exclusive

text: economic

text: zone

text: provides

text: the

text: islanders

text: with

text: fish

text: its

text: only

text: major

text: natural

text: resource

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: has

text: no

text: direct

text: control

text: over

text: any

text: marine

text: areas

text: but

text: has

text: an

text: agreement

text: with

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: through

text: the

text: Australian

text: Fisheries

text: Management

text: Authority

text: AFMA

text: to

text: fish

text: recreationally

text: in

text: a

text: small

text: section

text: of

text: the

text: EEZ

text: known

text: locally

text: as

text: the

text: Box

text: While

text: there

text: is

text: speculation

text: that

text: the

text: zone

text: may

text: include

text: oil

text: and

text: gas

text: deposits

text: this

text: is

text: not

text: proven

text: There

text: are

text: no

text: major

text: arable

text: lands

text: or

text: permanent

text: farmlands

text: though

text: about

text: per

text: cent

text: of

text: the

text: island

text: is

text: a

text: permanent

text: pasture

text: There

text: is

text: no

text: irrigated

text: land

text: The

text: island

text: uses

text: the

text: Australian

text: dollar

text: as

text: its

text: currency

question: What services do Norfolk Island residents believe should be made available from the Norfolk Island's EEZ profit?

answer: health and infrastructure

text: health and infrastructure

question: What is Norfolk Island's only major natural resource?

answer: fish

text: fish

question: What is the name of the area residents of Norfolk Island are permitted to fish recreationally?

answer: the Box

text: the Box

question: What is speculated to be available in Norfolk Island's EEZ zone?

answer: oil and gas deposits

text: oil and gas deposits

question: What percentage of Norfolk Island is a permanent pasture?

answer: 25

question: What services do Norfolk Island residents believe should be made unavailable from the Norfolk Island's EEZ profit?

text: health and infrastructure

question: What is Norfolk Island's only resource?

text: fish

question: What is the name of the area residents of Norfolk Island are permitted to fish illegally?

text: the Box

question: What is speculated to be forbidden in Norfolk Island's EEZ zone?

text: oil and gas deposits

question: What percentage of Norfolk Island is no longer a permanent pasture?


text: Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made "Marquis of Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal’s "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.

title: Portugal

title: Portugal

text: Following

text: the

text: Távora

text: affair

text: the

text: new

text: Count

text: of

text: Oeiras

text: knew

text: no

text: opposition

text: Made

text: Marquis

text: of

text: Pombal

text: in

text: he

text: effectively

text: ruled

text: Portugal

text: until

text: Joseph

text: I

text: 's

text: death

text: in

text: However

text: historians

text: also

text: argue

text: that

text: Pombal

text: ’s

text: enlightenment

text: while

text: far

text: reaching

text: was

text: primarily

text: a

text: mechanism

text: for

text: enhancing

text: autocracy

text: at

text: the

text: expense

text: of

text: individual

text: liberty

text: and

text: especially

text: an

text: apparatus

text: for

text: crushing

text: opposition

text: suppressing

text: criticism

text: and

text: furthering

text: colonial

text: economic

text: exploitation

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: intensifying

text: book

text: censorship

text: and

text: consolidating

text: personal

text: control

text: and

text: profit

question: Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?

answer: knew no opposition

text: knew no opposition

question: In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal?

answer: 1770

question: How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal?

answer: until Joseph I's death in 1779

text: until Joseph I's death in 1779

question: What did Pombal's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty?

answer: autocracy

text: autocracy

question: What was Pombal's "enlightenment" an apparatus for?

answer: crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation

text: crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation


text: Chopin's output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski opines that "his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual."

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: output

text: as

text: a

text: composer

text: throughout

text: this

text: period

text: declined

text: in

text: quantity

text: year

text: by

text: year

text: Whereas

text: in

text: he

text: had

text: written

text: a

text: dozen

text: works

text: only

text: six

text: were

text: written

text: in

text: and

text: six

text: shorter

text: pieces

text: in

text: In

text: he

text: wrote

text: only

text: the

text: Op

text: sonata

text: saw

text: the

text: completion

text: of

text: three

text: mazurkas

text: Op

text: Although

text: these

text: works

text: were

text: more

text: refined

text: than

text: many

text: of

text: his

text: earlier

text: compositions

text: Zamoyski

text: opines

text: that

text: his

text: powers

text: of

text: concentration

text: were

text: failing

text: and

text: his

text: inspiration

text: was

text: beset

text: by

text: anguish

text: both

text: emotional

text: and

text: intellectual

question: What was the name of the single piece of work he wrote in 1844?

answer: Op. 58 sonata

text: Op. 58 sonata

question: What can be said of these works compared to his work in other years even though the quantity was less?

answer: more refined than many of his earlier compositions

text: more refined than many of his earlier compositions

question: How many pieces did Chopin write in 1841?

answer: a dozen

text: a dozen

question: How many pieces did Chopin compose in 1842?

answer: six

text: six

question: What piece did Chopin compose in 1844?

answer: Op. 58 sonata

text: Op. 58 sonata

question: How many works did Chopin write in 1842?

answer: six

text: six

question: How many works did Chopin write in 1843?

answer: six shorter pieces

text: six shorter pieces

question: How many works did Chopin write in 1845?

answer: three mazurkas

text: three mazurkas


text: Subsequently, seven other chiefs on seven other islands signed a treaty in German and Marshallese and a final copy witnessed by Rötger on November 1 was sent to the German Foreign Office. The Germans erected a sign declaring a "Imperial German Protectorate" at Jaluit. It has been speculated that the crisis over the Carolines with Spain, which almost provoked a war, was in fact "a feint to cover the acquisition of the Marshall Islands", which went almost unnoticed at the time, despite the islands being the largest source of copra in Micronesia. Spain sold the islands to Germany in 1884 through papal mediation.

title: Marshall_Islands

title: Marshall_Islands

text: Subsequently

text: seven

text: other

text: chiefs

text: on

text: seven

text: other

text: islands

text: signed

text: a

text: treaty

text: in

text: German

text: and

text: Marshallese

text: and

text: a

text: final

text: copy

text: witnessed

text: by

text: Rötger

text: on

text: November

text: was

text: sent

text: to

text: the

text: German

text: Foreign

text: Office

text: The

text: Germans

text: erected

text: a

text: sign

text: declaring

text: a

text: Imperial

text: German

text: Protectorate

text: at

text: Jaluit

text: It

text: has

text: been

text: speculated

text: that

text: the

text: crisis

text: over

text: the

text: Carolines

text: with

text: Spain

text: which

text: almost

text: provoked

text: a

text: war

text: was

text: in

text: fact

text: a

text: feint

text: to

text: cover

text: the

text: acquisition

text: of

text: the

text: Marshall

text: Islands

text: which

text: went

text: almost

text: unnoticed

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: despite

text: the

text: islands

text: being

text: the

text: largest

text: source

text: of

text: copra

text: in

text: Micronesia

text: Spain

text: sold

text: the

text: islands

text: to

text: Germany

text: in

text: through

text: papal

text: mediation

question: On what day was a final treaty signed between the Marshall Islands chiefs and the Germans?

answer: November 1

text: November 1

question: What status did the Marshall Islands have in Germany?

answer: Imperial German Protectorate

text: Imperial German Protectorate

question: What nation had control of the Carolines?

answer: Spain

text: Spain

question: What notable resource was available in the Marshall Islands?

answer: copra

text: copra

question: In what year did Germany buy the Marshalls from Spain?

answer: 1884


text: The National Museum is located in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building. This building was constructed in the early 19th century by General Bhimsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of historic and cultural importance. The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silkhana, meaning "the stone house of arms and ammunition". Given its focus, the museum contains many weapons, including locally made firearms used in wars, leather cannons from the 18th–19th century, and medieval and modern works in wood, bronze, stone and paintings.

title: Kathmandu

title: Kathmandu

text: The

text: National

text: Museum

text: is

text: located

text: in

text: the

text: western

text: part

text: of

text: Kathmandu

text: near

text: the

text: Swayambhunath

text: stupa

text: in

text: an

text: historical

text: building

text: This

text: building

text: was

text: constructed

text: in

text: the

text: early

text: century

text: by

text: General

text: Bhimsen

text: Thapa

text: It

text: is

text: the

text: most

text: important

text: museum

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: housing

text: an

text: extensive

text: collection

text: of

text: weapons

text: art

text: and

text: antiquities

text: of

text: historic

text: and

text: cultural

text: importance

text: The

text: museum

text: was

text: established

text: in

text: as

text: a

text: collection

text: house

text: of

text: war

text: trophies

text: and

text: weapons

text: and

text: the

text: initial

text: name

text: of

text: this

text: museum

text: was

text: Chhauni

text: Silkhana

text: meaning

text: the

text: stone

text: house

text: of

text: arms

text: and

text: ammunition

text: Given

text: its

text: focus

text: the

text: museum

text: contains

text: many

text: weapons

text: including

text: locally

text: made

text: firearms

text: used

text: in

text: wars

text: leather

text: cannons

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: and

text: medieval

text: and

text: modern

text: works

text: in

text: wood

text: bronze

text: stone

text: and

text: paintings

question: In what area of Kathmandu is the National Museum?

answer: western

text: western

question: What stupa is close to the National Museum?

answer: Swayambhunath

text: Swayambhunath

question: Who built the building that contains the National Museum?

answer: Bhimsen Thapa

text: Bhimsen Thapa

question: When was the National Museum founded?

answer: 1928

question: What does Chhauni Silkhana mean?

answer: the stone house of arms and ammunition

text: the stone house of arms and ammunition


text: For years Burke pursued impeachment efforts against Warren Hastings, formerly Governor-General of Bengal, that resulted in the trial during 1786. His interaction with the British dominion of India began well before Hastings' impeachment trial. For two decades prior to the impeachment, Parliament had dealt with the Indian issue. This trial was the pinnacle of years of unrest and deliberation. In 1781 Burke was first able to delve into the issues surrounding the East India Company when he was appointed Chairman of the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs—from that point until the end of the trial; India was Burke's primary concern. This committee was charged "to investigate alleged injustices in Bengal, the war with Hyder Ali, and other Indian difficulties". While Burke and the committee focused their attention on these matters, a second 'secret' committee was formed to assess the same issues. Both committee reports were written by Burke. Among other purposes, the reports conveyed to the Indian princes that Britain would not wage war on them, along with demanding that the HEIC recall Hastings. This was Burke's first call for substantive change regarding imperial practices. When addressing the whole House of Commons regarding the committee report, Burke described the Indian issue as one that "began 'in commerce' but 'ended in empire.'"

title: Edmund_Burke

title: Edmund_Burke

text: For

text: years

text: Burke

text: pursued

text: impeachment

text: efforts

text: against

text: Warren

text: Hastings

text: formerly

text: Governor

text: General

text: of

text: Bengal

text: that

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: trial

text: during

text: His

text: interaction

text: with

text: the

text: British

text: dominion

text: of

text: India

text: began

text: well

text: before

text: Hastings

text: impeachment

text: trial

text: For

text: two

text: decades

text: prior

text: to

text: the

text: impeachment

text: Parliament

text: had

text: dealt

text: with

text: the

text: Indian

text: issue

text: This

text: trial

text: was

text: the

text: pinnacle

text: of

text: years

text: of

text: unrest

text: and

text: deliberation

text: In

text: Burke

text: was

text: first

text: able

text: to

text: delve

text: into

text: the

text: issues

text: surrounding

text: the

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: when

text: he

text: was

text: appointed

text: Chairman

text: of

text: the

text: Commons

text: Select

text: Committee

text: on

text: East

text: Indian

text: Affairs

text: from

text: that

text: point

text: until

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: trial

text: India

text: was

text: Burke

text: 's

text: primary

text: concern

text: This

text: committee

text: was

text: charged

text: to

text: investigate

text: alleged

text: injustices

text: in

text: Bengal

text: the

text: war

text: with

text: Hyder

text: Ali

text: and

text: other

text: Indian

text: difficulties

text: While

text: Burke

text: and

text: the

text: committee

text: focused

text: their

text: attention

text: on

text: these

text: matters

text: a

text: second

text: secret

text: committee

text: was

text: formed

text: to

text: assess

text: the

text: same

text: issues

text: Both

text: committee

text: reports

text: were

text: written

text: by

text: Burke

text: Among

text: other

text: purposes

text: the

text: reports

text: conveyed

text: to

text: the

text: Indian

text: princes

text: that

text: Britain

text: would

text: not

text: wage

text: war

text: on

text: them

text: along

text: with

text: demanding

text: that

text: the

text: HEIC

text: recall

text: Hastings

text: This

text: was

text: Burke

text: 's

text: first

text: call

text: for

text: substantive

text: change

text: regarding

text: imperial

text: practices

text: When

text: addressing

text: the

text: whole

text: House

text: of

text: Commons

text: regarding

text: the

text: committee

text: report

text: Burke

text: described

text: the

text: Indian

text: issue

text: as

text: one

text: that

text: began

text: in

text: commerce

text: but

text: ended

text: in

text: empire

question: When was Warren Hastings impeached?

answer: 1786

question: Where was Hastings formerly the governor?

answer: Bengal

text: Bengal

question: How long before Hastings's trial had Britain been dealing with Indian unrest?

answer: two decades

text: two decades

question: What was Burke made chairman of in 1781?

answer: the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs

text: the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs

question: When Burke said the Indian problems 'began in commerce', where did he say the problems ended in?

answer: empire

text: empire

question: Who attempted to impeach Burke?

text: Warren Hastings

question: When was Burke taken to trial?

question: What was Hastings the governor of during his impeachment?

text: Bengal

question: When did the war with Hyder Ali begin?

question: Who did Burke want Hastings to recall?

text: HEIC


text: The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han. As mentioned by Huan Tan in about 20 AD, they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers, and were used in pounding, threshing and polishing grain. However, there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century. The Nanyang Commandery Administrator Du Shi (d. 38 AD) created a waterwheel-powered reciprocator that worked the bellows for the smelting of iron. Waterwheels were also used to power chain pumps that lifted water to raised irrigation ditches. The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st-century-AD Balanced Discourse.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: The

text: waterwheel

text: appeared

text: in

text: Chinese

text: records

text: during

text: the

text: Han

text: As

text: mentioned

text: by

text: Huan

text: Tan

text: in

text: about

text: AD

text: they

text: were

text: used

text: to

text: turn

text: gears

text: that

text: lifted

text: iron

text: trip

text: hammers

text: and

text: were

text: used

text: in

text: pounding

text: threshing

text: and

text: polishing

text: grain

text: However

text: there

text: is

text: no

text: sufficient

text: evidence

text: for

text: the

text: watermill

text: in

text: China

text: until

text: about

text: the

text: century

text: The

text: Nanyang

text: Commandery

text: Administrator

text: Du

text: Shi

text: d.

text: AD

text: created

text: a

text: waterwheel

text: powered

text: reciprocator

text: that

text: worked

text: the

text: bellows

text: for

text: the

text: smelting

text: of

text: iron

text: Waterwheels

text: were

text: also

text: used

text: to

text: power

text: chain

text: pumps

text: that

text: lifted

text: water

text: to

text: raised

text: irrigation

text: ditches

text: The

text: chain

text: pump

text: was

text: first

text: mentioned

text: in

text: China

text: by

text: the

text: philosopher

text: Wang

text: Chong

text: in

text: his

text: century

text: AD

text: Balanced

text: Discourse

question: What was used to power chain pumps to raise water to irrigation ditches?

answer: Waterwheels

text: Waterwheels

question: What commandery was the creator of the waterwheel-powered reciprocator from?

answer: Nanyang

text: Nanyang

question: Who was the author of the essay entitled Balance Discourse?

answer: Wang Chong

text: Wang Chong

question: During what century is it likely that the watermill made an appearance in China?

answer: about the 5th century

text: about the 5th century

question: During what era did the waterwheel first appear in recordings?

answer: Han

text: Han


text: Families throughout Han China made ritual sacrifices of animals and food to deities, spirits, and ancestors at temples and shrines, in the belief that these items could be utilized by those in the spiritual realm. It was thought that each person had a two-part soul: the spirit-soul (hun 魂) which journeyed to the afterlife paradise of immortals (xian), and the body-soul (po 魄) which remained in its grave or tomb on earth and was only reunited with the spirit-soul through a ritual ceremony. These tombs were commonly adorned with uniquely decorated hollow clay tiles that function also as a doorjamb to the tomb. Otherwise known as tomb tiles, these artifacts feature holes in the top and bottom of the tile allowing it to pivot. Similar tiles have been found in the Chengdu area of Sichuan province in south-central China.

title: Han_dynasty

title: Han_dynasty

text: Families

text: throughout

text: Han

text: China

text: made

text: ritual

text: sacrifices

text: of

text: animals

text: and

text: food

text: to

text: deities

text: spirits

text: and

text: ancestors

text: at

text: temples

text: and

text: shrines

text: in

text: the

text: belief

text: that

text: these

text: items

text: could

text: be

text: utilized

text: by

text: those

text: in

text: the

text: spiritual

text: realm

text: It

text: was

text: thought

text: that

text: each

text: person

text: had

text: a

text: two

text: part

text: soul

text: the

text: spirit

text: soul

text: hun

text: 魂

text: which

text: journeyed

text: to

text: the

text: afterlife

text: paradise

text: of

text: immortals

text: xian

text: and

text: the

text: body

text: soul

text: po

text: 魄

text: which

text: remained

text: in

text: its

text: grave

text: or

text: tomb

text: on

text: earth

text: and

text: was

text: only

text: reunited

text: with

text: the

text: spirit

text: soul

text: through

text: a

text: ritual

text: ceremony

text: These

text: tombs

text: were

text: commonly

text: adorned

text: with

text: uniquely

text: decorated

text: hollow

text: clay

text: tiles

text: that

text: function

text: also

text: as

text: a

text: doorjamb

text: to

text: the

text: tomb

text: Otherwise

text: known

text: as

text: tomb

text: tiles

text: these

text: artifacts

text: feature

text: holes

text: in

text: the

text: top

text: and

text: bottom

text: of

text: the

text: tile

text: allowing

text: it

text: to

text: pivot

text: Similar

text: tiles

text: have

text: been

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: Chengdu

text: area

text: of

text: Sichuan

text: province

text: in

text: south

text: central

text: China

question: What type of decoration was often seen in tombs?

answer: hollow clay tiles

text: hollow clay tiles

question: What could be used to prevent a door from closing in a place of burial?

answer: hollow clay tiles

text: hollow clay tiles

question: What was the afterlife of the immortals called during this period?

answer: xian

text: xian

question: What is the commonly held notion regarding the dual nature of the soul called?

answer: two-part soul

text: two-part soul

question: What function did the holes in the top and bottom of the tomb tiles enable them to do?

answer: allowing it to pivot

text: allowing it to pivot


text: Seizing the opportunity to increase his presence on Fleet Street, he made an agreement with the print unions, promising fewer redundancies if he acquired the newspaper. He assured IPC that he would publish a "straightforward, honest newspaper" which would continue to support Labour. IPC, under pressure from the unions, rejected Maxwell's offer, and Murdoch bought the paper for £800,000, to be paid in instalments. He would later remark: "I am constantly amazed at the ease with which I entered British newspapers."

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom

text: Seizing

text: the

text: opportunity

text: to

text: increase

text: his

text: presence

text: on

text: Fleet

text: Street

text: he

text: made

text: an

text: agreement

text: with

text: the

text: print

text: unions

text: promising

text: fewer

text: redundancies

text: if

text: he

text: acquired

text: the

text: newspaper

text: He

text: assured

text: IPC

text: that

text: he

text: would

text: publish

text: a

text: straightforward

text: honest

text: newspaper

text: which

text: would

text: continue

text: to

text: support

text: Labour

text: IPC

text: under

text: pressure

text: from

text: the

text: unions

text: rejected

text: Maxwell

text: 's

text: offer

text: and

text: Murdoch

text: bought

text: the

text: paper

text: for

text: to

text: be

text: paid

text: in

text: instalments

text: He

text: would

text: later

text: remark

text: I

text: am

text: constantly

text: amazed

text: at

text: the

text: ease

text: with

text: which

text: I

text: entered

text: British

text: newspapers

question: What did the prospective owner of the paper promise?

answer: fewer redundancies

text: fewer redundancies

question: How did the prospective publisher describe the newspaper he would produce?

answer: a "straightforward, honest newspaper"

text: a "straightforward, honest newspaper"

question: Which party would the newspaper endorse?

answer: Labour

text: Labour

question: What was the price paid for the newspaper?

answer: £800,000

question: Whose offer to buy the paper was turned down?

answer: Maxwell's offer

text: Maxwell's offer


text: The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues.

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

title: Republic_of_the_Congo

text: The

text: political

text: stability

text: and

text: development

text: of

text: hydrocarbon

text: production

text: made

text: Republic

text: of

text: Congo

text: the

text: fourth

text: largest

text: oil

text: producer

text: in

text: the

text: Gulf

text: of

text: Guinea

text: and

text: provided

text: the

text: country

text: with

text: a

text: relative

text: prosperity

text: despite

text: the

text: poor

text: state

text: of

text: its

text: infrastructure

text: and

text: public

text: services

text: and

text: an

text: unequal

text: distribution

text: of

text: oil

text: revenues

question: What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea?

answer: fourth

text: fourth

question: What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo?

answer: oil revenues

text: oil revenues

question: What factors led to the Republic of Congo being the third largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea?

question: What is the Congo's rank among all the oil generating nations of the world?

text: fourth

question: What income is evenly distributed in the Congo?

text: oil revenues

question: What economic status did oil revenue fail to provide for the Congo?

text: relative prosperity

question: What kind of services in the Congo are in good shape?

text: public


text: Sven-Göran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006, and was the first non–English manager of England. Despite controversial press coverage of his personal life, Eriksson was consistently popular with the majority of fans.[citation needed] He guided England to the quarter-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2004, and the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He lost only five competitive matches during his tenure, and England rose to an No.4 world ranking under his guidance. His contract was extended by the Football Association by two years, to include UEFA Euro 2008. However, it was terminated by them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup's conclusion.

title: England_national_football_team

title: England_national_football_team

text: Sven

text: Göran

text: Eriksson

text: took

text: charge

text: of

text: the

text: team

text: between

text: and

text: and

text: was

text: the

text: first

text: non

text: English

text: manager

text: of

text: England

text: Despite

text: controversial

text: press

text: coverage

text: of

text: his

text: personal

text: life

text: Eriksson

text: was

text: consistently

text: popular

text: with

text: the

text: majority

text: of

text: fans.[citation

text: needed

text: He

text: guided

text: England

text: to

text: the

text: quarter

text: finals

text: of

text: the

text: FIFA

text: World

text: Cup

text: UEFA

text: Euro

text: and

text: the

text: FIFA

text: World

text: Cup

text: He

text: lost

text: only

text: five

text: competitive

text: matches

text: during

text: his

text: tenure

text: and

text: England

text: rose

text: to

text: an

text: world

text: ranking

text: under

text: his

text: guidance

text: His

text: contract

text: was

text: extended

text: by

text: the

text: Football

text: Association

text: by

text: two

text: years

text: to

text: include

text: UEFA

text: Euro

text: However

text: it

text: was

text: terminated

text: by

text: them

text: at

text: the

text: FIFA

text: World

text: Cup

text: 's

text: conclusion

question: Who was the first non-English person to manage England's football team?

answer: Sven-Göran Eriksson

text: Sven-Göran Eriksson

question: How many competitive matches were lost under the tenure of manager Sven-Göran Eriksson?

answer: five

text: five

question: What was the highest world ranking achieved by England under management by Sven-Göran Eriksson?

answer: No.4

question: In what year was the contract of Sven-Göran Eriksson terminated?

answer: 2006

question: In what year did Sven-Göran Eriksson become the manager of England's football team?

answer: 2001

question: Who was the first English manager of England's football team?

text: Sven-Göran Eriksson

question: What was the world ranking of England's team prior to Sven-Goran Eriksson taking over?

question: Who won the 2006 FIFA World Cup?

text: England

question: In what country was the 2006 FIFA World Cup played?

text: England

question: In what year was the Football Association established?


text: Although there were a number of department stores in Australia for much of the 20th Century, including chains such as Grace Bros. and Waltons, many disappeared during the 1980s and 1990s. Today Myer and David Jones, located nationally, are practically the national department stores duopoly in Australia. When Russian-born migrant, Sidney Myer, came to Australia in 1899 he formed the Myer retail group with his brother, Elcon Myer. In 1900, they opened the first Myer department store, in Bendigo, Victoria. Since then, the Myer retail group has grown to be Australia's largest retailer. Both, Myer and David Jones, are up-market chains, offering a wide variety of products from mid-range names to luxury brands. Other retail chain stores such as Target (unrelated to the American chain of the same name), Venture (now defunct), Kmart and Big W, also located nationally, are considered to be Australia's discount department stores. Harris Scarfe, though only operating in four states and one territory, is a department store using both the large full-line and small discount department store formats. Most department stores in Australia have their own credit card companies, each having their own benefits while the discount department stores do not have their own credit card rights.

title: Department_store

title: Department_store

text: Although

text: there

text: were

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: department

text: stores

text: in

text: Australia

text: for

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: Century

text: including

text: chains

text: such

text: as

text: Grace

text: Bros.

text: and

text: Waltons

text: many

text: disappeared

text: during

text: the

text: and

text: Today

text: Myer

text: and

text: David

text: Jones

text: located

text: nationally

text: are

text: practically

text: the

text: national

text: department

text: stores

text: duopoly

text: in

text: Australia

text: When

text: Russian

text: born

text: migrant

text: Sidney

text: Myer

text: came

text: to

text: Australia

text: in

text: he

text: formed

text: the

text: Myer

text: retail

text: group

text: with

text: his

text: brother

text: Elcon

text: Myer

text: In

text: they

text: opened

text: the

text: first

text: Myer

text: department

text: store

text: in

text: Bendigo

text: Victoria

text: Since

text: then

text: the

text: Myer

text: retail

text: group

text: has

text: grown

text: to

text: be

text: Australia

text: 's

text: largest

text: retailer

text: Both

text: Myer

text: and

text: David

text: Jones

text: are

text: up

text: market

text: chains

text: offering

text: a

text: wide

text: variety

text: of

text: products

text: from

text: mid

text: range

text: names

text: to

text: luxury

text: brands

text: Other

text: retail

text: chain

text: stores

text: such

text: as

text: Target

text: unrelated

text: to

text: the

text: American

text: chain

text: of

text: the

text: same

text: name

text: Venture

text: now

text: defunct

text: Kmart

text: and

text: Big

text: W

text: also

text: located

text: nationally

text: are

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: Australia

text: 's

text: discount

text: department

text: stores

text: Harris

text: Scarfe

text: though

text: only

text: operating

text: in

text: four

text: states

text: and

text: one

text: territory

text: is

text: a

text: department

text: store

text: using

text: both

text: the

text: large

text: full

text: line

text: and

text: small

text: discount

text: department

text: store

text: formats

text: Most

text: department

text: stores

text: in

text: Australia

text: have

text: their

text: own

text: credit

text: card

text: companies

text: each

text: having

text: their

text: own

text: benefits

text: while

text: the

text: discount

text: department

text: stores

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: their

text: own

text: credit

text: card

text: rights

question: What were some of the original Australian department stores?

answer: Grace Bros. and Waltons

text: Grace Bros. and Waltons

question: When did Sydney Myer come to Australia?

answer: 1899

question: Where did the Myer Retail Group open it's first store?

answer: Bendigo, Victoria

text: Bendigo, Victoria

question: What type of department stores are Myer and David Jones?

answer: up-market chains

text: up-market chains

question: What department store brand is now out of business in Australia?

answer: Venture

text: Venture

question: What were some of the unoriginal Australian department stores?

text: Grace Bros. and Waltons

question: When did Sydney Myer come to Austria?

question: Where did the Myer Retail Group open its last store?

text: Bendigo, Victoria

question: What type of hardware stores are Myer and David Jones?

text: up-market chains

question: What department store brand is now out of business in Austria?

text: Venture


text: The Olympic Torch is based on traditional scrolls and uses a traditional Chinese design known as "Lucky Cloud". It is made from aluminum. It is 72 centimetres high and weighs 985 grams. The torch is designed to remain lit in 65 kilometre per hour (37 mile per hour) winds, and in rain of up to 50 millimetres (2 inches) per hour. An ignition key is used to ignite and extinguish the flame. The torch is fueled by cans of propane. Each can will light the torch for 15 minutes. It is designed by a team from Lenovo Group. The Torch is designed in reference to the traditional Chinese concept of the 5 elements that make up the entire universe.

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

text: The

text: Olympic

text: Torch

text: is

text: based

text: on

text: traditional

text: scrolls

text: and

text: uses

text: a

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: design

text: known

text: as

text: Lucky

text: Cloud

text: It

text: is

text: made

text: from

text: aluminum

text: It

text: is

text: centimetres

text: high

text: and

text: weighs

text: grams

text: The

text: torch

text: is

text: designed

text: to

text: remain

text: lit

text: in

text: kilometre

text: per

text: hour

text: mile

text: per

text: hour

text: winds

text: and

text: in

text: rain

text: of

text: up

text: to

text: millimetres

text: inches

text: per

text: hour

text: An

text: ignition

text: key

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: ignite

text: and

text: extinguish

text: the

text: flame

text: The

text: torch

text: is

text: fueled

text: by

text: cans

text: of

text: propane

text: Each

text: can

text: will

text: light

text: the

text: torch

text: for

text: minutes

text: It

text: is

text: designed

text: by

text: a

text: team

text: from

text: Lenovo

text: Group

text: The

text: Torch

text: is

text: designed

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: the

text: traditional

text: Chinese

text: concept

text: of

text: the

text: elements

text: that

text: make

text: up

text: the

text: entire

text: universe

question: What is the Chinese design used on the Olympic Torch?

answer: Lucky Cloud

text: Lucky Cloud

question: What is the Olympic Torch made from?

answer: aluminum.

text: aluminum.

question: How much does the Olympic Torch weigh?

answer: 985 grams

text: 985 grams

question: What is used to light the flame on the Olympic Torch?

answer: An ignition key

text: An ignition key

question: What was the design name of the Chinese Olympic Torch?

answer: Lucky Cloud

text: Lucky Cloud

question: What metal is the torch constructed from?

answer: aluminum.

text: aluminum.

question: What wind speed will the torch flame still stay lit in MPH?

answer: 37

question: How much rainfall in inches per hour can the torch stay lit under?

answer: 2

question: What fuel is used for the torch?

answer: propane.

text: propane.


text: Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage.

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Chopin

text: made

text: his

text: last

text: public

text: appearance

text: on

text: a

text: concert

text: platform

text: at

text: London

text: 's

text: Guildhall

text: on

text: November

text: when

text: in

text: a

text: final

text: patriotic

text: gesture

text: he

text: played

text: for

text: the

text: benefit

text: of

text: Polish

text: refugees

text: By

text: this

text: time

text: he

text: was

text: very

text: seriously

text: ill

text: weighing

text: under

text: pounds

text: i.e.

text: less

text: than

text: kg

text: and

text: his

text: doctors

text: were

text: aware

text: that

text: his

text: sickness

text: was

text: at

text: a

text: terminal

text: stage

question: When did Chopin last appear in public?

answer: 16 November 1848

text: 16 November 1848

question: Where was Chopin's last public performance?

answer: Guildhall

text: Guildhall

question: Who were the beneficiaries of his last public concert?

answer: Polish refugees.

text: Polish refugees.

question: What was the diagnosis of Chopin's health condition at this time?

answer: terminal

text: terminal

question: Where was Chopin's last public performance?

answer: London's Guildhall

text: London's Guildhall


text: After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna ("civil war"). Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, a relative of Uthman ibn al-Affan and Marwan I, wanted the culprits arrested. Marwan I manipulated everyone and created conflict. Aisha, the wife of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the companions of Muhammad, went to Basra to tell Ali to arrest the culprits who murdered Uthman. Marwan I and other people who wanted conflict manipulated everyone to fight. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory.

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

title: Umayyad_Caliphate

text: After

text: the

text: assassination

text: of

text: Uthman

text: in

text: Ali

text: a

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Quraysh

text: tribe

text: and

text: the

text: cousin

text: and

text: son

text: in

text: law

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: was

text: elected

text: as

text: the

text: caliph

text: He

text: soon

text: met

text: with

text: resistance

text: from

text: several

text: factions

text: owing

text: to

text: his

text: relative

text: political

text: inexperience

text: Ali

text: moved

text: his

text: capital

text: from

text: Medina

text: to

text: Kufa

text: The

text: resulting

text: conflict

text: which

text: lasted

text: from

text: until

text: is

text: known

text: as

text: the

text: First

text: Fitna

text: civil

text: war

text: Muawiyah

text: I

text: the

text: governor

text: of

text: Syria

text: a

text: relative

text: of

text: Uthman

text: ibn

text: al

text: Affan

text: and

text: Marwan

text: I

text: wanted

text: the

text: culprits

text: arrested

text: Marwan

text: I

text: manipulated

text: everyone

text: and

text: created

text: conflict

text: Aisha

text: the

text: wife

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: and

text: Talhah

text: and

text: Al

text: Zubayr

text: two

text: of

text: the

text: companions

text: of

text: Muhammad

text: went

text: to

text: Basra

text: to

text: tell

text: Ali

text: to

text: arrest

text: the

text: culprits

text: who

text: murdered

text: Uthman

text: Marwan

text: I

text: and

text: other

text: people

text: who

text: wanted

text: conflict

text: manipulated

text: everyone

text: to

text: fight

text: The

text: two

text: sides

text: clashed

text: at

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: the

text: Camel

text: in

text: where

text: Ali

text: won

text: a

text: decisive

text: victory

question: When did Uthman die?

answer: 656

question: What tribe did Ali belong to?

answer: Quraysh

text: Quraysh

question: Along with being his cousin, what relationship did Ali have to Muhammad?

answer: son-in-law

text: son-in-law

question: Where was the capital before Ali changed it?

answer: Medina

text: Medina

question: What does Fitna mean?

answer: civil war

text: civil war

question: When was Uthman born?

question: Why did Ali meet with little resistance?

text: political inexperience

question: When did the Second Fitna occur?

text: 656 until 661

question: Who was the wife of Marwan I?

text: Aisha

question: Who did not want conflict?

text: Marwan I


text: After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944.

title: Norfolk_Island

title: Norfolk_Island

text: After

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: the

text: Commonwealth

text: of

text: Australia

text: in

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: was

text: placed

text: under

text: the

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: new

text: Commonwealth

text: government

text: to

text: be

text: administered

text: as

text: an

text: external

text: territory

text: During

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: the

text: island

text: became

text: a

text: key

text: airbase

text: and

text: refuelling

text: depot

text: between

text: Australia

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: and

text: the

text: Solomon

text: Islands

text: The

text: airstrip

text: was

text: constructed

text: by

text: Australian

text: New

text: Zealand

text: and

text: United

text: States

text: servicemen

text: during

text: Since

text: Norfolk

text: Island

text: fell

text: within

text: New

text: Zealand

text: 's

text: area

text: of

text: responsibility

text: it

text: was

text: garrisoned

text: by

text: a

text: New

text: Zealand

text: Army

text: unit

text: known

text: as

text: N

text: Force

text: at

text: a

text: large

text: Army

text: camp

text: which

text: had

text: the

text: capacity

text: to

text: house

text: a

text: strong

text: force

text: N

text: Force

text: relieved

text: a

text: company

text: of

text: the

text: Second

text: Australian

text: Imperial

text: Force

text: The

text: island

text: proved

text: too

text: remote

text: to

text: come

text: under

text: attack

text: during

text: the

text: war

text: and

text: N

text: Force

text: left

text: the

text: island

text: in

text: February

question: When was the Commonwealth of Australia created?

answer: 1901

question: During what major event did Norfolk Island become an important airbase and refuelling station?

answer: World War II

text: World War II

question: Who contructed the airbase used on Norfolk Island during World War II?

answer: Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen

text: Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen

question: Norfolk Island fell under whose responsibility during World War II?

answer: New Zealand

text: New Zealand

question: When did N Force leave Norfolk Island during the time of World War II?

answer: February 1944

text: February 1944

question: When was the Commonwealth of Australia hidden?

question: What minor event did Norfolk Island become an important airbase and refueling station during?

text: World War II

question: Who removed the airbase used on Norfolk Island during World War II?

question: Whose responsibility did Norfolk Island avoid during World War II?

text: New Zealand

question: When did N Force leave Norfolk Island during the time of World War I?

text: February 1944


text: The Riigikogu elects and appoints several high officials of the state, including the President of the Republic. In addition to that, the Riigikogu appoints, on the proposal of the President of Estonia, the Chairman of the National Court, the chairman of the board of the Bank of Estonia, the Auditor General, the Legal Chancellor and the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces. A member of the Riigikogu has the right to demand explanations from the Government of the Republic and its members. This enables the members of the parliament to observe the activities of the executive power and the above-mentioned high officials of the state.

title: Estonia

title: Estonia

text: The

text: Riigikogu

text: elects

text: and

text: appoints

text: several

text: high

text: officials

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: including

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: In

text: addition

text: to

text: that

text: the

text: Riigikogu

text: appoints

text: on

text: the

text: proposal

text: of

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: Estonia

text: the

text: Chairman

text: of

text: the

text: National

text: Court

text: the

text: chairman

text: of

text: the

text: board

text: of

text: the

text: Bank

text: of

text: Estonia

text: the

text: Auditor

text: General

text: the

text: Legal

text: Chancellor

text: and

text: the

text: Commander

text: in

text: Chief

text: of

text: the

text: Defence

text: Forces

text: A

text: member

text: of

text: the

text: Riigikogu

text: has

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: demand

text: explanations

text: from

text: the

text: Government

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: and

text: its

text: members

text: This

text: enables

text: the

text: members

text: of

text: the

text: parliament

text: to

text: observe

text: the

text: activities

text: of

text: the

text: executive

text: power

text: and

text: the

text: above

text: mentioned

text: high

text: officials

text: of

text: the

text: state

question: Who chooses high state officials of Estonia?

answer: The Riigikogu

text: The Riigikogu

question: Who does the government have to explain their actions to?

answer: the Riigikogu

text: the Riigikogu

question: What can the Riigikogu monitor for abuse of influence?

answer: activities of the executive power

text: activities of the executive power


text: A common cause of software failure (real or perceived) is a lack of its compatibility with other application software, operating systems (or operating system versions, old or new), or target environments that differ greatly from the original (such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be run on the desktop now being required to become a web application, which must render in a web browser). For example, in the case of a lack of backward compatibility, this can occur because the programmers develop and test software only on the latest version of the target environment, which not all users may be running. This results in the unintended consequence that the latest work may not function on earlier versions of the target environment, or on older hardware that earlier versions of the target environment was capable of using. Sometimes such issues can be fixed by proactively abstracting operating system functionality into a separate program module or library.

title: Software_testing

title: Software_testing

text: A

text: common

text: cause

text: of

text: software

text: failure

text: real

text: or

text: perceived

text: is

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: its

text: compatibility

text: with

text: other

text: application

text: software

text: operating

text: systems

text: or

text: operating

text: system

text: versions

text: old

text: or

text: new

text: or

text: target

text: environments

text: that

text: differ

text: greatly

text: from

text: the

text: original

text: such

text: as

text: a

text: terminal

text: or

text: GUI

text: application

text: intended

text: to

text: be

text: run

text: on

text: the

text: desktop

text: now

text: being

text: required

text: to

text: become

text: a

text: web

text: application

text: which

text: must

text: render

text: in

text: a

text: web

text: browser

text: For

text: example

text: in

text: the

text: case

text: of

text: a

text: lack

text: of

text: backward

text: compatibility

text: this

text: can

text: occur

text: because

text: the

text: programmers

text: develop

text: and

text: test

text: software

text: only

text: on

text: the

text: latest

text: version

text: of

text: the

text: target

text: environment

text: which

text: not

text: all

text: users

text: may

text: be

text: running

text: This

text: results

text: in

text: the

text: unintended

text: consequence

text: that

text: the

text: latest

text: work

text: may

text: not

text: function

text: on

text: earlier

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: target

text: environment

text: or

text: on

text: older

text: hardware

text: that

text: earlier

text: versions

text: of

text: the

text: target

text: environment

text: was

text: capable

text: of

text: using

text: Sometimes

text: such

text: issues

text: can

text: be

text: fixed

text: by

text: proactively

text: abstracting

text: operating

text: system

text: functionality

text: into

text: a

text: separate

text: program

text: module

text: or

text: library

question: What is the most common reason for software failure?

answer: compatibility with other application software

text: compatibility with other application software

question: What do developers commonly do when creating software that can lead to failures?

answer: lack of backward compatibility

text: lack of backward compatibility

question: What is the most common cause for software failure?

answer: lack of its compatibility with other application software

text: lack of its compatibility with other application software

question: What often lacks in software developed when its released that can eventually lead to errors?

answer: a lack of backward compatibility

text: a lack of backward compatibility

question: What does backwards compatibility always seem to be the cause of errors and bugs after a release?

answer: test software only on the latest version of the target environment

text: test software only on the latest version of the target environment

question: Lack of compatibility with other application software is an uncommon cause of what?

text: software failure

question: Programmers develop software on the earliest version of what environment?

text: the target

question: What is the most uncommon reason for software failure?

question: Target environments rarely differ greatly from the what?

text: original


text: Although it is not known exactly when Chopin first met Liszt after arriving in Paris, on 12 December 1831 he mentioned in a letter to his friend Woyciechowski that "I have met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc.—also Kalkbrenner. You would not believe how curious I was about Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Liszt was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: "The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art."

title: Frédéric_Chopin

title: Frédéric_Chopin

text: Although

text: it

text: is

text: not

text: known

text: exactly

text: when

text: Chopin

text: first

text: met

text: Liszt

text: after

text: arriving

text: in

text: Paris

text: on

text: December

text: he

text: mentioned

text: in

text: a

text: letter

text: to

text: his

text: friend

text: Woyciechowski

text: that

text: I

text: have

text: met

text: Rossini

text: Cherubini

text: Baillot

text: etc

text: also

text: Kalkbrenner

text: You

text: would

text: not

text: believe

text: how

text: curious

text: I

text: was

text: about

text: Herz

text: Liszt

text: Hiller

text: etc

text: Liszt

text: was

text: in

text: attendance

text: at

text: Chopin

text: 's

text: Parisian

text: debut

text: on

text: February

text: at

text: the

text: Salle

text: Pleyel

text: which

text: led

text: him

text: to

text: remark

text: The

text: most

text: vigorous

text: applause

text: seemed

text: not

text: to

text: suffice

text: to

text: our

text: enthusiasm

text: in

text: the

text: presence

text: of

text: this

text: talented

text: musician

text: who

text: revealed

text: a

text: new

text: phase

text: of

text: poetic

text: sentiment

text: combined

text: with

text: such

text: happy

text: innovation

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: his

text: art

question: Who was the recipient of Frédéric's letter he wrote on 12 December 1831?

answer: Woyciechowski

text: Woyciechowski

question: What are the three names stated in Frédéric's letter that he had shown interest and curiosity in?

answer: Herz, Liszt, Hiller

text: Herz, Liszt, Hiller

question: Who is stated as being in attendance of Frédéric's first performance at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832?

answer: Liszt

text: Liszt

question: What was the date that LIszt first saw Chopin perform?

answer: 26 February 1832

text: 26 February 1832

question: Which friend received the letter in which Chopin referenced Liszt?

answer: Woyciechowski

text: Woyciechowski

question: Where was Chopin's first concert in Paris held?

answer: the Salle Pleyel

text: the Salle Pleyel


text: The University of Notre Dame has made being a sustainability leader an integral part of its mission, creating the Office of Sustainability in 2008 to achieve a number of goals in the areas of power generation, design and construction, waste reduction, procurement, food services, transportation, and water.As of 2012[update] four building construction projects were pursuing LEED-Certified status and three were pursuing LEED Silver. Notre Dame's dining services sources 40% of its food locally and offers sustainably caught seafood as well as many organic, fair-trade, and vegan options. On the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2010, University of Notre Dame received a "B" grade. The university also houses the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. Father Gustavo Gutierrez, the founder of Liberation Theology is a current faculty member.

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

title: University_of_Notre_Dame

text: The

text: University

text: of

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: has

text: made

text: being

text: a

text: sustainability

text: leader

text: an

text: integral

text: part

text: of

text: its

text: mission

text: creating

text: the

text: Office

text: of

text: Sustainability

text: in

text: to

text: achieve

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: goals

text: in

text: the

text: areas

text: of

text: power

text: generation

text: design

text: and

text: construction

text: waste

text: reduction

text: procurement

text: food

text: services

text: transportation

text: and

text: water

text: As

text: of

text: four

text: building

text: construction

text: projects

text: were

text: pursuing

text: LEED

text: Certified

text: status

text: and

text: three

text: were

text: pursuing

text: LEED

text: Silver

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: 's

text: dining

text: services

text: sources

text: of

text: its

text: food

text: locally

text: and

text: offers

text: sustainably

text: caught

text: seafood

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: many

text: organic

text: fair

text: trade

text: and

text: vegan

text: options

text: On

text: the

text: Sustainable

text: Endowments

text: Institute

text: 's

text: College

text: Sustainability

text: Report

text: Card

text: University

text: of

text: Notre

text: Dame

text: received

text: a

text: B

text: grade

text: The

text: university

text: also

text: houses

text: the

text: Kroc

text: Institute

text: for

text: International

text: Peace

text: Studies

text: Father

text: Gustavo

text: Gutierrez

text: the

text: founder

text: of

text: Liberation

text: Theology

text: is

text: a

text: current

text: faculty

text: member

question: In what year did Notre Dame create the Office of Sustainability?

answer: 2008

question: What percentage of the food served at Notre Dame is locally grown?

answer: 40%

question: Notre Dame got a "B" for its sustainability practices from which entity?

answer: Sustainable Endowments Institute

text: Sustainable Endowments Institute

question: Gustavo Gutierrez is faculty of which institute?

answer: Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies

text: Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies


text: Burke took a leading role in the debate regarding the constitutional limits to the executive authority of the king. He argued strongly against unrestrained royal power and for the role of political parties in maintaining a principled opposition capable of preventing abuses, either by the monarch, or by specific factions within the government. His most important publication in this regard was his Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770. Burke identified the "discontents" as stemming from the "secret influence" of a neo-Tory group he labelled as, the "king's friends", whose system "comprehending the exterior and interior administrations, is commonly called, in the technical language of the Court, Double Cabinet". Britain needed a party with "an unshaken adherence to principle, and attachment to connexion, against every allurement of interest". Party divisions "whether operating for good or evil, are things inseparable from free government".

title: Edmund_Burke

title: Edmund_Burke

text: Burke

text: took

text: a

text: leading

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: debate

text: regarding

text: the

text: constitutional

text: limits

text: to

text: the

text: executive

text: authority

text: of

text: the

text: king

text: He

text: argued

text: strongly

text: against

text: unrestrained

text: royal

text: power

text: and

text: for

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: political

text: parties

text: in

text: maintaining

text: a

text: principled

text: opposition

text: capable

text: of

text: preventing

text: abuses

text: either

text: by

text: the

text: monarch

text: or

text: by

text: specific

text: factions

text: within

text: the

text: government

text: His

text: most

text: important

text: publication

text: in

text: this

text: regard

text: was

text: his

text: Thoughts

text: on

text: the

text: Cause

text: of

text: the

text: Present

text: Discontents

text: of

text: April

text: Burke

text: identified

text: the

text: discontents

text: as

text: stemming

text: from

text: the

text: secret

text: influence

text: of

text: a

text: neo

text: Tory

text: group

text: he

text: labelled

text: as

text: the

text: king

text: 's

text: friends

text: whose

text: system

text: comprehending

text: the

text: exterior

text: and

text: interior

text: administrations

text: is

text: commonly

text: called

text: in

text: the

text: technical

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: Court

text: Double

text: Cabinet

text: Britain

text: needed

text: a

text: party

text: with

text: an

text: unshaken

text: adherence

text: to

text: principle

text: and

text: attachment

text: to

text: connexion

text: against

text: every

text: allurement

text: of

text: interest

text: Party

text: divisions

text: whether

text: operating

text: for

text: good

text: or

text: evil

text: are

text: things

text: inseparable

text: from

text: free

text: government

question: Who did Burke want constitutional limits on the power of?

answer: the king

text: the king

question: What type of institution did Burke think could offer opposition to abuses of power?

answer: political parties

text: political parties

question: What type of group were the "king's friends"?

answer: neo-Tory

text: neo-Tory

question: What was Burke's most important publication about limiting royal power?

answer: Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770

text: Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770

question: Who wanted to limit the powers of the political parties?

text: Burke

question: What was the name of the paper the neo-Tories published?

question: When did Burke take the leading role in the debate?

text: 23 April 1770

question: What party did Burke believe would have strong principles?

text: a neo-Tory group

question: What were Burke and his friends nicknamed?

text: king's friends


text: Qur'anic schools (also known as dugsi) remain the basic system of traditional religious instruction in Somalia. They provide Islamic education for children, thereby filling a clear religious and social role in the country. Known as the most stable local, non-formal system of education providing basic religious and moral instruction, their strength rests on community support and their use of locally made and widely available teaching materials. The Qur'anic system, which teaches the greatest number of students relative to other educational sub-sectors, is oftentimes the only system accessible to Somalis in nomadic as compared to urban areas. A study from 1993 found, among other things, that "unlike in primary schools where gender disparity is enormous, around 40 per cent of Qur'anic school pupils are girls; but the teaching staff have minimum or no qualification necessary to ensure intellectual development of children." To address these concerns, the Somali government on its own part subsequently established the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs, under which Qur'anic education is now regulated.

title: Somalis

title: Somalis

text: Qur'anic

text: schools

text: also

text: known

text: as

text: dugsi

text: remain

text: the

text: basic

text: system

text: of

text: traditional

text: religious

text: instruction

text: in

text: Somalia

text: They

text: provide

text: Islamic

text: education

text: for

text: children

text: thereby

text: filling

text: a

text: clear

text: religious

text: and

text: social

text: role

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: Known

text: as

text: the

text: most

text: stable

text: local

text: non

text: formal

text: system

text: of

text: education

text: providing

text: basic

text: religious

text: and

text: moral

text: instruction

text: their

text: strength

text: rests

text: on

text: community

text: support

text: and

text: their

text: use

text: of

text: locally

text: made

text: and

text: widely

text: available

text: teaching

text: materials

text: The

text: Qur'anic

text: system

text: which

text: teaches

text: the

text: greatest

text: number

text: of

text: students

text: relative

text: to

text: other

text: educational

text: sub

text: sectors

text: is

text: oftentimes

text: the

text: only

text: system

text: accessible

text: to

text: Somalis

text: in

text: nomadic

text: as

text: compared

text: to

text: urban

text: areas

text: A

text: study

text: from

text: found

text: among

text: other

text: things

text: that

text: unlike

text: in

text: primary

text: schools

text: where

text: gender

text: disparity

text: is

text: enormous

text: around

text: per

text: cent

text: of

text: Qur'anic

text: school

text: pupils

text: are

text: girls

text: but

text: the

text: teaching

text: staff

text: have

text: minimum

text: or

text: no

text: qualification

text: necessary

text: to

text: ensure

text: intellectual

text: development

text: of

text: children

text: To

text: address

text: these

text: concerns

text: the

text: Somali

text: government

text: on

text: its

text: own

text: part

text: subsequently

text: established

text: the

text: Ministry

text: of

text: Endowment

text: and

text: Islamic

text: Affairs

text: under

text: which

text: Qur'anic

text: education

text: is

text: now

text: regulated

question: What is another name for a Qur'anic school?

answer: dugsi

text: dugsi

question: What percentage of students at Qur'anic schools are female?

answer: 40

question: What government body regulates Qur'anic education?

answer: the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs

text: the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs


text: Boston is an intellectual, technological, and political center but has lost some important regional institutions, including the acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times, and the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial, which was acquired by Charlotte-based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both been merged into the Cincinnati–based Macy's. Boston has experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s. Living expenses have risen, and Boston has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and was ranked the 129th most expensive major city in the world in a 2011 survey of 214 cities. Despite cost of living issues, Boston ranks high on livability ratings, ranking 36th worldwide in quality of living in 2011 in a survey of 221 major cities.

title: Boston

title: Boston

text: Boston

text: is

text: an

text: intellectual

text: technological

text: and

text: political

text: center

text: but

text: has

text: lost

text: some

text: important

text: regional

text: institutions

text: including

text: the

text: acquisition

text: of

text: The

text: Boston

text: Globe

text: by

text: The

text: New

text: York

text: Times

text: and

text: the

text: loss

text: to

text: mergers

text: and

text: acquisitions

text: of

text: local

text: financial

text: institutions

text: such

text: as

text: FleetBoston

text: Financial

text: which

text: was

text: acquired

text: by

text: Charlotte

text: based

text: Bank

text: of

text: America

text: in

text: Boston

text: based

text: department

text: stores

text: Jordan

text: Marsh

text: and

text: Filene

text: 's

text: have

text: both

text: been

text: merged

text: into

text: the

text: Cincinnati

text: based

text: Macy

text: 's

text: Boston

text: has

text: experienced

text: gentrification

text: in

text: the

text: latter

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: century

text: with

text: housing

text: prices

text: increasing

text: sharply

text: since

text: the

text: Living

text: expenses

text: have

text: risen

text: and

text: Boston

text: has

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: costs

text: of

text: living

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: and

text: was

text: ranked

text: the

text: most

text: expensive

text: major

text: city

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: in

text: a

text: survey

text: of

text: cities

text: Despite

text: cost

text: of

text: living

text: issues

text: Boston

text: ranks

text: high

text: on

text: livability

text: ratings

text: ranking

text: worldwide

text: in

text: quality

text: of

text: living

text: in

text: in

text: a

text: survey

text: of

text: major

text: cities

question: The New York Times bought what famous Boston newspaper?

answer: The Boston Globe

text: The Boston Globe

question: Who bought FleetBoston Financial?

answer: Bank of America

text: Bank of America

question: What year did Bank of America buy FleetBoston Fonancial?

answer: 2004

question: Two Boston department stores merged to form what Cincinnati based department store?

answer: Macy's

text: Macy's

question: What department stores merged to form Macy's?

answer: Jordan Marsh and Filene's

text: Jordan Marsh and Filene's