text: The use of diversionary techniques such as fires had to be made carefully. The fake fires could only begin when the bombing started over an adjacent target and its effects were brought under control. Too early and the chances of success receded; too late and the real conflagration at the target would exceed the diversionary fires. Another innovation was the boiler fire. These units were fed from two adjacent tanks containing oil and water. The oil-fed fires were then injected with water from time to time; the flashes produced were similar to those of the German C-250 and C-500 Flammbomben. The hope was that, if it could deceive German bombardiers, it would draw more bombers away from the real target.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: The

text: use

text: of

text: diversionary

text: techniques

text: such

text: as

text: fires

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: made

text: carefully

text: The

text: fake

text: fires

text: could

text: only

text: begin

text: when

text: the

text: bombing

text: started

text: over

text: an

text: adjacent

text: target

text: and

text: its

text: effects

text: were

text: brought

text: under

text: control

text: Too

text: early

text: and

text: the

text: chances

text: of

text: success

text: receded

text: too

text: late

text: and

text: the

text: real

text: conflagration

text: at

text: the

text: target

text: would

text: exceed

text: the

text: diversionary

text: fires

text: Another

text: innovation

text: was

text: the

text: boiler

text: fire

text: These

text: units

text: were

text: fed

text: from

text: two

text: adjacent

text: tanks

text: containing

text: oil

text: and

text: water

text: The

text: oil

text: fed

text: fires

text: were

text: then

text: injected

text: with

text: water

text: from

text: time

text: to

text: time

text: the

text: flashes

text: produced

text: were

text: similar

text: to

text: those

text: of

text: the

text: German

text: and

text: Flammbomben

text: The

text: hope

text: was

text: that

text: if

text: it

text: could

text: deceive

text: German

text: bombardiers

text: it

text: would

text: draw

text: more

text: bombers

text: away

text: from

text: the

text: real

text: target

question: Fake fires were used as what kind of technique?

answer: diversionary

text: diversionary

question: Two tanks one of oil, one of water fed what kind of fire?

answer: boiler

text: boiler

question: What was injected into the fires from time to time to produce a flash?

answer: water

text: water

question: What did these flashes simulate?

answer: German C-250 and C-500 Flammbomben

text: German C-250 and C-500 Flammbomben

question: What was the purpose of these fires?

answer: deceive German bombardiers

text: deceive German bombardiers


text: With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacements for inspection of anti-counterfeiting UV watermarks in some documents and paper currencies. Shorter-wavelength diodes, while substantially more expensive, are commercially available for wavelengths down to 240 nm. As the photosensitivity of microorganisms approximately matches the absorption spectrum of DNA, with a peak at about 260 nm, UV LED emitting at 250–270 nm are to be expected in prospective disinfection and sterilization devices. Recent research has shown that commercially available UVA LEDs (365 nm) are already effective disinfection and sterilization devices. UV-C wavelengths were obtained in laboratories using aluminium nitride (210 nm), boron nitride (215 nm) and diamond (235 nm).

title: Light-emitting_diode

title: Light

title: emitting_diode

text: With

text: nitrides

text: containing

text: aluminium

text: most

text: often

text: AlGaN

text: and

text: AlGaInN

text: even

text: shorter

text: wavelengths

text: are

text: achievable

text: Ultraviolet

text: LEDs

text: in

text: a

text: range

text: of

text: wavelengths

text: are

text: becoming

text: available

text: on

text: the

text: market

text: Near

text: UV

text: emitters

text: at

text: wavelengths

text: around

text: nm

text: are

text: already

text: cheap

text: and

text: often

text: encountered

text: for

text: example

text: as

text: black

text: light

text: lamp

text: replacements

text: for

text: inspection

text: of

text: anti

text: counterfeiting

text: UV

text: watermarks

text: in

text: some

text: documents

text: and

text: paper

text: currencies

text: Shorter

text: wavelength

text: diodes

text: while

text: substantially

text: more

text: expensive

text: are

text: commercially

text: available

text: for

text: wavelengths

text: down

text: to

text: nm

text: As

text: the

text: photosensitivity

text: of

text: microorganisms

text: approximately

text: matches

text: the

text: absorption

text: spectrum

text: of

text: DNA

text: with

text: a

text: peak

text: at

text: about

text: nm

text: UV

text: LED

text: emitting

text: at

text: nm

text: are

text: to

text: be

text: expected

text: in

text: prospective

text: disinfection

text: and

text: sterilization

text: devices

text: Recent

text: research

text: has

text: shown

text: that

text: commercially

text: available

text: UVA

text: LEDs

text: nm

text: are

text: already

text: effective

text: disinfection

text: and

text: sterilization

text: devices

text: UV

text: C

text: wavelengths

text: were

text: obtained

text: in

text: laboratories

text: using

text: aluminium

text: nitride

text: nm

text: boron

text: nitride

text: nm

text: and

text: diamond

text: nm

question: What substance does nitrides contain?

answer: aluminium

text: aluminium

question: What sort of LEDs are becoming more available on the market?

answer: Ultraviolet

text: Ultraviolet

question: What is the range of wavelengths for cheap UV LEDs?

answer: 375–395 nm

text: 375–395 nm

question: Shorter wavelength diodes provide wavelengths as low as what?

answer: 240 nm

text: 240 nm

question: What UV wavelengths are found in sterilization devices?

answer: 250–270 nm

text: 250–270 nm

question: What substance does nitrides not contain?

text: aluminium

question: What sort of non-LEDs are becoming more available on the market?

text: Ultraviolet

question: What is the range of wavelengths for cheap UV LEEDs?

text: 375–395 nm

question: Longer wavelength diodes provide wavelengths as low as what?

text: 240 nm

question: What UV wavelengths are found in non-sterilization devices?

text: 250–270 nm


text: The Yale Report of 1828 was a dogmatic defense of the Latin and Greek curriculum against critics who wanted more courses in modern languages, mathematics, and science. Unlike higher education in Europe, there was no national curriculum for colleges and universities in the United States. In the competition for students and financial support, college leaders strove to keep current with demands for innovation. At the same time, they realized that a significant portion of their students and prospective students demanded a classical background. The Yale report meant the classics would not be abandoned. All institutions experimented with changes in the curriculum, often resulting in a dual track. In the decentralized environment of higher education in the United States, balancing change with tradition was a common challenge because no one could afford to be completely modern or completely classical. A group of professors at Yale and New Haven Congregationalist ministers articulated a conservative response to the changes brought about by the Victorian culture. They concentrated on developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations from within, yet flexible enough to adjust to the 'isms' (professionalism, materialism, individualism, and consumerism) tempting him from without. William Graham Sumner, professor from 1872 to 1909, taught in the emerging disciplines of economics and sociology to overflowing classrooms. He bested President Noah Porter, who disliked social science and wanted Yale to lock into its traditions of classical education. Porter objected to Sumner's use of a textbook by Herbert Spencer that espoused agnostic materialism because it might harm students.

title: Yale_University

title: Yale_University

text: The

text: Yale

text: Report

text: of

text: was

text: a

text: dogmatic

text: defense

text: of

text: the

text: Latin

text: and

text: Greek

text: curriculum

text: against

text: critics

text: who

text: wanted

text: more

text: courses

text: in

text: modern

text: languages

text: mathematics

text: and

text: science

text: Unlike

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: Europe

text: there

text: was

text: no

text: national

text: curriculum

text: for

text: colleges

text: and

text: universities

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: In

text: the

text: competition

text: for

text: students

text: and

text: financial

text: support

text: college

text: leaders

text: strove

text: to

text: keep

text: current

text: with

text: demands

text: for

text: innovation

text: At

text: the

text: same

text: time

text: they

text: realized

text: that

text: a

text: significant

text: portion

text: of

text: their

text: students

text: and

text: prospective

text: students

text: demanded

text: a

text: classical

text: background

text: The

text: Yale

text: report

text: meant

text: the

text: classics

text: would

text: not

text: be

text: abandoned

text: All

text: institutions

text: experimented

text: with

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: curriculum

text: often

text: resulting

text: in

text: a

text: dual

text: track

text: In

text: the

text: decentralized

text: environment

text: of

text: higher

text: education

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: balancing

text: change

text: with

text: tradition

text: was

text: a

text: common

text: challenge

text: because

text: no

text: one

text: could

text: afford

text: to

text: be

text: completely

text: modern

text: or

text: completely

text: classical

text: A

text: group

text: of

text: professors

text: at

text: Yale

text: and

text: New

text: Haven

text: Congregationalist

text: ministers

text: articulated

text: a

text: conservative

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: changes

text: brought

text: about

text: by

text: the

text: Victorian

text: culture

text: They

text: concentrated

text: on

text: developing

text: a

text: whole

text: man

text: possessed

text: of

text: religious

text: values

text: sufficiently

text: strong

text: to

text: resist

text: temptations

text: from

text: within

text: yet

text: flexible

text: enough

text: to

text: adjust

text: to

text: the

text: isms

text: professionalism

text: materialism

text: individualism

text: and

text: consumerism

text: tempting

text: him

text: from

text: without

text: William

text: Graham

text: Sumner

text: professor

text: from

text: to

text: taught

text: in

text: the

text: emerging

text: disciplines

text: of

text: economics

text: and

text: sociology

text: to

text: overflowing

text: classrooms

text: He

text: bested

text: President

text: Noah

text: Porter

text: who

text: disliked

text: social

text: science

text: and

text: wanted

text: Yale

text: to

text: lock

text: into

text: its

text: traditions

text: of

text: classical

text: education

text: Porter

text: objected

text: to

text: Sumner

text: 's

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: textbook

text: by

text: Herbert

text: Spencer

text: that

text: espoused

text: agnostic

text: materialism

text: because

text: it

text: might

text: harm

text: students

question: When did William Graham Sumner teach?

answer: 1872 to 1909

text: 1872 to 1909

question: What did William Graham Sumner teach?

answer: economics and sociology

text: economics and sociology

question: Why was The Yale Report established?

answer: the classics would not be abandoned

text: the classics would not be abandoned

question: What were the group of Yale professors and ministers attempting to achieve?

answer: developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations

text: developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations

question: What changes were the professors and ministers responding to?

answer: Victorian culture

text: Victorian culture

question: When did William Graham Winter teach?

text: 1872 to 1909

question: What didn't William Graham Sumner teach?

text: economics and sociology

question: Why was The Yale Report closed?

text: the classics would not be abandoned

question: What weren't the group of Yale professors and ministers attempting to achieve?

question: What changes weren't the professors and ministers responding to?

text: Victorian culture


text: The variance in prevalence rates is reflected in people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time. Laumann et al., (1994) found that among U.S. adults 20% of those who would be considered homosexual on one component of orientation were homosexual on the other two dimensions and 70% responded in a way that was consistent with homosexuality on only one of the three dimensions. Furthermore, sexuality is fluid such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life. Diamond (2003) found that over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once, with many reporting that the label was not adequate in capturing the diversity of their sexual or romantic feelings. Furthermore, women who relinquished bisexual and lesbian identification did not relinquish same sex sexuality and acknowledged the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour. One woman stated "I'm mainly straight but I'm one of those people who, if the right circumstance came along, would change my viewpoint". Therefore, individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed and when the assessment is made making it difficult to pin point who is homosexual and who is not and what the overall prevalence within a population may be.

title: Sexual_orientation

title: Sexual_orientation

text: The

text: variance

text: in

text: prevalence

text: rates

text: is

text: reflected

text: in

text: people

text: 's

text: inconsistent

text: responses

text: to

text: the

text: different

text: components

text: of

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: within

text: a

text: study

text: and

text: the

text: instability

text: of

text: their

text: responses

text: over

text: time

text: Laumann

text: et

text: al

text: found

text: that

text: among

text: U.S.

text: adults

text: of

text: those

text: who

text: would

text: be

text: considered

text: homosexual

text: on

text: one

text: component

text: of

text: orientation

text: were

text: homosexual

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: two

text: dimensions

text: and

text: responded

text: in

text: a

text: way

text: that

text: was

text: consistent

text: with

text: homosexuality

text: on

text: only

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: dimensions

text: Furthermore

text: sexuality

text: is

text: fluid

text: such

text: that

text: one

text: 's

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: is

text: not

text: necessarily

text: stable

text: or

text: consistent

text: over

text: time

text: but

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: change

text: throughout

text: life

text: Diamond

text: found

text: that

text: over

text: years

text: of

text: the

text: women

text: changed

text: their

text: sexual

text: identity

text: at

text: least

text: once

text: with

text: many

text: reporting

text: that

text: the

text: label

text: was

text: not

text: adequate

text: in

text: capturing

text: the

text: diversity

text: of

text: their

text: sexual

text: or

text: romantic

text: feelings

text: Furthermore

text: women

text: who

text: relinquished

text: bisexual

text: and

text: lesbian

text: identification

text: did

text: not

text: relinquish

text: same

text: sex

text: sexuality

text: and

text: acknowledged

text: the

text: possibility

text: for

text: future

text: same

text: sex

text: attractions

text: and/or

text: behaviour

text: One

text: woman

text: stated

text: I

text: 'm

text: mainly

text: straight

text: but

text: I

text: 'm

text: one

text: of

text: those

text: people

text: who

text: if

text: the

text: right

text: circumstance

text: came

text: along

text: would

text: change

text: my

text: viewpoint

text: Therefore

text: individuals

text: classified

text: as

text: homosexual

text: in

text: one

text: study

text: might

text: not

text: be

text: identified

text: the

text: same

text: way

text: in

text: another

text: depending

text: on

text: which

text: components

text: are

text: assessed

text: and

text: when

text: the

text: assessment

text: is

text: made

text: making

text: it

text: difficult

text: to

text: pin

text: point

text: who

text: is

text: homosexual

text: and

text: who

text: is

text: not

text: and

text: what

text: the

text: overall

text: prevalence

text: within

text: a

text: population

text: may

text: be

question: What reflects the prevalence rates varying?

answer: people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time

text: people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time

question: What does it mean when someones sexualiity is fluid?

answer: such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life.

text: such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life.

question: What did Diamond find about the women?

answer: over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once,

text: over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once,

question: What did women acknowledge who considered themselves as lesbian or bisexual?

answer: the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour

text: the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour

question: What makes it difficult to determine if someone is homosexual or not?

answer: individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed

text: individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed


text: Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn. Food processing is a US$5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents.

title: New_York_City

title: New_York_City

text: Other

text: important

text: sectors

text: include

text: medical

text: research

text: and

text: technology

text: non

text: profit

text: institutions

text: and

text: universities

text: Manufacturing

text: accounts

text: for

text: a

text: significant

text: but

text: declining

text: share

text: of

text: employment

text: although

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: garment

text: industry

text: is

text: showing

text: a

text: resurgence

text: in

text: Brooklyn

text: Food

text: processing

text: is

text: a

text: US$

text: billion

text: industry

text: that

text: employs

text: more

text: than

text: residents

question: How many New Yorkers work in the food processing field?

answer: 19,000

question: What is the annual revenue of the food processing industry?

answer: US$5 billion

text: US$5 billion

question: In what borough is the garment business prominent?

answer: Brooklyn

text: Brooklyn


text: Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London, however the mayor's financial control does not extend to the longer distance rail network that enters London. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. The public transport network is administered by Transport for London (TfL) and is one of the most extensive in the world.

title: London

title: London

text: Transport

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: four

text: main

text: areas

text: of

text: policy

text: administered

text: by

text: the

text: Mayor

text: of

text: London

text: however

text: the

text: mayor

text: 's

text: financial

text: control

text: does

text: not

text: extend

text: to

text: the

text: longer

text: distance

text: rail

text: network

text: that

text: enters

text: London

text: In

text: he

text: assumed

text: responsibility

text: for

text: some

text: local

text: lines

text: which

text: now

text: form

text: the

text: London

text: Overground

text: network

text: adding

text: to

text: the

text: existing

text: responsibility

text: for

text: the

text: London

text: Underground

text: trams

text: and

text: buses

text: The

text: public

text: transport

text: network

text: is

text: administered

text: by

text: Transport

text: for

text: London

text: TfL

text: and

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: extensive

text: in

text: the

text: world

question: Which elected official is financially responsible for public transportation in London, except for long-distance railways?

answer: the Mayor of London

text: the Mayor of London

question: London's public transportation is overseen by which agency?

answer: Transport for London (TfL)

text: Transport for London (TfL)

question: Along with the London Underground, buses and trans, what form of public rail transport was added in 2007 to the Mayor's responsibilities?

answer: the London Overground network

text: the London Overground network


text: During this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton "by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops", and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to be the most prestigious form of art, with Limoges enamel a popular and relatively affordable option for objects such as reliquaries and crosses. In Italy the innovations of Cimabue and Duccio, followed by the Trecento master Giotto (d. 1337), greatly increased the sophistication and status of panel painting and fresco. Increasing prosperity during the 12th century resulted in greater production of secular art; many carved ivory objects such as gaming-pieces, combs, and small religious figures have survived.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: the

text: practice

text: of

text: manuscript

text: illumination

text: gradually

text: passed

text: from

text: monasteries

text: to

text: lay

text: workshops

text: so

text: that

text: according

text: to

text: Janetta

text: Benton

text: by

text: most

text: monks

text: bought

text: their

text: books

text: in

text: shops

text: and

text: the

text: book

text: of

text: hours

text: developed

text: as

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: devotional

text: book

text: for

text: lay

text: people

text: Metalwork

text: continued

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: most

text: prestigious

text: form

text: of

text: art

text: with

text: Limoges

text: enamel

text: a

text: popular

text: and

text: relatively

text: affordable

text: option

text: for

text: objects

text: such

text: as

text: reliquaries

text: and

text: crosses

text: In

text: Italy

text: the

text: innovations

text: of

text: Cimabue

text: and

text: Duccio

text: followed

text: by

text: the

text: Trecento

text: master

text: Giotto

text: d.

text: greatly

text: increased

text: the

text: sophistication

text: and

text: status

text: of

text: panel

text: painting

text: and

text: fresco

text: Increasing

text: prosperity

text: during

text: the

text: century

text: resulted

text: in

text: greater

text: production

text: of

text: secular

text: art

text: many

text: carved

text: ivory

text: objects

text: such

text: as

text: gaming

text: pieces

text: combs

text: and

text: small

text: religious

text: figures

text: have

text: survived

question: Who noted that 14th century monks bought books in shops?

answer: Janetta Benton

text: Janetta Benton

question: What form of art had the most prestige in this era?

answer: Metalwork

text: Metalwork

question: When did Giotto die?

answer: 1337

question: What were many pieces of secular art carved from in this period?

answer: ivory

text: ivory

question: Along with Duccio, what Italian artist was a noted innovator in this period?

answer: Cimabue

text: Cimabue


text: Where old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest, from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists, archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result, typically onto a digital format, which can be copied and manipulated to remove analog flaws without any further damage to the source recording. For example, Nimbus Records uses a specially built horn record player to transfer 78s. Anyone can do this using a standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer. However, for accurate transfer, professional archivists carefully choose the correct stylus shape and diameter, tracking weight, equalisation curve and other playback parameters and use high-quality analogue-to-digital converters.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: Where

text: old

text: disc

text: recordings

text: are

text: considered

text: to

text: be

text: of

text: artistic

text: or

text: historic

text: interest

text: from

text: before

text: the

text: era

text: of

text: tape

text: or

text: where

text: no

text: tape

text: master

text: exists

text: archivists

text: play

text: back

text: the

text: disc

text: on

text: suitable

text: equipment

text: and

text: record

text: the

text: result

text: typically

text: onto

text: a

text: digital

text: format

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: copied

text: and

text: manipulated

text: to

text: remove

text: analog

text: flaws

text: without

text: any

text: further

text: damage

text: to

text: the

text: source

text: recording

text: For

text: example

text: Nimbus

text: Records

text: uses

text: a

text: specially

text: built

text: horn

text: record

text: player

text: to

text: transfer

text: Anyone

text: can

text: do

text: this

text: using

text: a

text: standard

text: record

text: player

text: with

text: a

text: suitable

text: pickup

text: a

text: phono

text: preamp

text: pre

text: amplifier

text: and

text: a

text: typical

text: personal

text: computer

text: However

text: for

text: accurate

text: transfer

text: professional

text: archivists

text: carefully

text: choose

text: the

text: correct

text: stylus

text: shape

text: and

text: diameter

text: tracking

text: weight

text: equalisation

text: curve

text: and

text: other

text: playback

text: parameters

text: and

text: use

text: high

text: quality

text: analogue

text: to

text: digital

text: converters

question: Is it difficult to transfer recording from historic interest to newer technologies?

answer: Anyone can do this

text: Anyone can do this

question: What would offer the highest quality transfers of historic interest?

answer: professional archivists

text: professional archivists

question: What would a hobbiest need to transfer historic recordings to digital formats?

answer: standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer

text: standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer

question: Is an original destroyed when transferred to digital format?

answer: without any further damage to the source recording

text: without any further damage to the source recording

question: What is one benefit of transferring an older format to a newer format?

answer: manipulated to remove analog flaws

text: manipulated to remove analog flaws


text: In 2011, a Welsh club participated in the Premier League for the first time after Swansea City gained promotion. The first Premier League match to be played outside England was Swansea City's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011. In 2012–13, Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup. The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013–14, as Cardiff City gained promotion, but Cardiff City was relegated after its maiden season.

title: Premier_League

title: Premier_League

text: In

text: a

text: Welsh

text: club

text: participated

text: in

text: the

text: Premier

text: League

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: after

text: Swansea

text: City

text: gained

text: promotion

text: The

text: first

text: Premier

text: League

text: match

text: to

text: be

text: played

text: outside

text: England

text: was

text: Swansea

text: City

text: 's

text: home

text: match

text: at

text: the

text: Liberty

text: Stadium

text: against

text: Wigan

text: Athletic

text: on

text: August

text: In

text: Swansea

text: qualified

text: for

text: the

text: Europa

text: League

text: by

text: winning

text: the

text: League

text: Cup

text: The

text: number

text: of

text: Welsh

text: clubs

text: in

text: the

text: Premier

text: League

text: increased

text: to

text: two

text: for

text: the

text: first

text: time

text: in

text: as

text: Cardiff

text: City

text: gained

text: promotion

text: but

text: Cardiff

text: City

text: was

text: relegated

text: after

text: its

text: maiden

text: season

question: When was Swansea City's home match played against Wigan Athletic?

answer: Swansea City's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011.

text: Swansea City's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011.

question: Did Swansea qualify for the Europa Leaque in 2012-13?

answer: In 2012–13, Swansea qualified for the Europa League

text: In 2012–13, Swansea qualified for the Europa League

question: How did Swansea qualify for the Europa League?

answer: Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup.

text: Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup.

question: In 2013-14, how much did the Premier League's Welsh clubs increase by?

answer: The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013–14,

text: The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013–14,

question: Which team gained promotion then but was relegated after its first season?

answer: in 2013–14, as Cardiff City gained promotion, but Cardiff City was relegated after its maiden season.

text: in 2013–14, as Cardiff City gained promotion, but Cardiff City was relegated after its maiden season.

question: In which year did a Welsh club participate in the Premier League for the first time?

answer: 2011

question: Which team was promoted to the Premier League in 2011?

answer: Swansea City

text: Swansea City

question: In which stadium was the first Premier League match played outside of England?

answer: Liberty Stadium

text: Liberty Stadium

question: On which date did Swansea City play its first Premier League game?

answer: 20 August 2011

text: 20 August 2011

question: Against which team did Swansea City play its first Premier League game?

answer: Wigan Athletic

text: Wigan Athletic

question: After Europa City gained promotion, which club participated in the Premier League for the first time?

text: a Welsh club

question: In which year did a Europa city gain promotion and a Welsh club join the league?

question: After which city gained promotion did a Europa club join the Premier League?

text: Swansea City

question: Which city gained promotion in August 2011?

text: Cardiff City

question: Who qualified for the league by being the winner of Wigan Athletic?

text: Swansea


text: Bacteria are further divided into lithotrophs that use inorganic electron donors and organotrophs that use organic compounds as electron donors. Chemotrophic organisms use the respective electron donors for energy conservation (by aerobic/anaerobic respiration or fermentation) and biosynthetic reactions (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation), whereas phototrophic organisms use them only for biosynthetic purposes. Respiratory organisms use chemical compounds as a source of energy by taking electrons from the reduced substrate and transferring them to a terminal electron acceptor in a redox reaction. This reaction releases energy that can be used to synthesise ATP and drive metabolism. In aerobic organisms, oxygen is used as the electron acceptor. In anaerobic organisms other inorganic compounds, such as nitrate, sulfate or carbon dioxide are used as electron acceptors. This leads to the ecologically important processes of denitrification, sulfate reduction, and acetogenesis, respectively.

title: Bacteria

title: Bacteria

text: Bacteria

text: are

text: further

text: divided

text: into

text: lithotrophs

text: that

text: use

text: inorganic

text: electron

text: donors

text: and

text: organotrophs

text: that

text: use

text: organic

text: compounds

text: as

text: electron

text: donors

text: Chemotrophic

text: organisms

text: use

text: the

text: respective

text: electron

text: donors

text: for

text: energy

text: conservation

text: by

text: aerobic

text: anaerobic

text: respiration

text: or

text: fermentation

text: and

text: biosynthetic

text: reactions

text: e.g.

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: fixation

text: whereas

text: phototrophic

text: organisms

text: use

text: them

text: only

text: for

text: biosynthetic

text: purposes

text: Respiratory

text: organisms

text: use

text: chemical

text: compounds

text: as

text: a

text: source

text: of

text: energy

text: by

text: taking

text: electrons

text: from

text: the

text: reduced

text: substrate

text: and

text: transferring

text: them

text: to

text: a

text: terminal

text: electron

text: acceptor

text: in

text: a

text: redox

text: reaction

text: This

text: reaction

text: releases

text: energy

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: synthesise

text: ATP

text: and

text: drive

text: metabolism

text: In

text: aerobic

text: organisms

text: oxygen

text: is

text: used

text: as

text: the

text: electron

text: acceptor

text: In

text: anaerobic

text: organisms

text: other

text: inorganic

text: compounds

text: such

text: as

text: nitrate

text: sulfate

text: or

text: carbon

text: dioxide

text: are

text: used

text: as

text: electron

text: acceptors

text: This

text: leads

text: to

text: the

text: ecologically

text: important

text: processes

text: of

text: denitrification

text: sulfate

text: reduction

text: and

text: acetogenesis

text: respectively

question: What do lithotrophs use ?

answer: inorganic electron donors

text: inorganic electron donors

question: What type of electron donors organotrophs use?

answer: organic compounds

text: organic compounds

question: What do respiratory organisms use as electron donors?

answer: chemical compounds

text: chemical compounds

question: In what organisms is oxygen used as eelectron acceptor?

answer: anaerobic organisms

text: anaerobic organisms


text: In game play, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a team-mate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the rules. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.

title: Association_football

title: Association_football

text: In

text: game

text: play

text: players

text: attempt

text: to

text: create

text: goal

text: scoring

text: opportunities

text: through

text: individual

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: ball

text: such

text: as

text: by

text: dribbling

text: passing

text: the

text: ball

text: to

text: a

text: team

text: mate

text: and

text: by

text: taking

text: shots

text: at

text: the

text: goal

text: which

text: is

text: guarded

text: by

text: the

text: opposing

text: goalkeeper

text: Opposing

text: players

text: may

text: try

text: to

text: regain

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: ball

text: by

text: intercepting

text: a

text: pass

text: or

text: through

text: tackling

text: the

text: opponent

text: in

text: possession

text: of

text: the

text: ball

text: however

text: physical

text: contact

text: between

text: opponents

text: is

text: restricted

text: Football

text: is

text: generally

text: a

text: free

text: flowing

text: game

text: with

text: play

text: stopping

text: only

text: when

text: the

text: ball

text: has

text: left

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: play

text: or

text: when

text: play

text: is

text: stopped

text: by

text: the

text: referee

text: for

text: an

text: infringement

text: of

text: the

text: rules

text: After

text: a

text: stoppage

text: play

text: recommences

text: with

text: a

text: specified

text: restart

question: Who guards the goal?

answer: goalkeeper

text: goalkeeper

question: Who is the only one who has the authority to stop the game when something is wron?

answer: referee

text: referee

question: what is allowed but restricted?

answer: physical contact

text: physical contact

question: Besides a referee interfering, when else is play stopped?

answer: when the ball has left the field of play

text: when the ball has left the field of play

question: Who is not allowed to guard the goal?

text: goalkeeper

question: Who is the only one who does not have the authority to stop the game when something is wrong?

text: referee

question: What is not allowed but restricted?

text: physical contact

question: When is play not allowed to be stopped?

question: What happens before a stoppage?


text: Housekeeping genes are critical for carrying out basic cell functions and so are expressed at a relatively constant level (constitutively). Since their expression is constant, housekeeping genes are used as experimental controls when analysing gene expression. Not all essential genes are housekeeping genes since some essential genes are developmentally regulated or expressed at certain times during the organism's life cycle.

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: Housekeeping

text: genes

text: are

text: critical

text: for

text: carrying

text: out

text: basic

text: cell

text: functions

text: and

text: so

text: are

text: expressed

text: at

text: a

text: relatively

text: constant

text: level

text: constitutively

text: Since

text: their

text: expression

text: is

text: constant

text: housekeeping

text: genes

text: are

text: used

text: as

text: experimental

text: controls

text: when

text: analysing

text: gene

text: expression

text: Not

text: all

text: essential

text: genes

text: are

text: housekeeping

text: genes

text: since

text: some

text: essential

text: genes

text: are

text: developmentally

text: regulated

text: or

text: expressed

text: at

text: certain

text: times

text: during

text: the

text: organism

text: 's

text: life

text: cycle

question: What type of genes are necessary for performing basic cell functions?

answer: Housekeeping genes

text: Housekeeping genes

question: At what relative level are housekeeping genes expressed at?

answer: constant

text: constant

question: When investigating gene expression, what type of genes are used as a control for experiments?

answer: housekeeping genes

text: housekeeping genes

question: How are some essential genes regulated?

answer: developmentally

text: developmentally

question: When are some essential genes expressed?

answer: at certain times during the organism's life cycle

text: at certain times during the organism's life cycle


text: Moisture absorption occurs when the material is exposed to high humidity or water. Both the resin and the reinforcement may absorb water; water may be also soaked by capillary forces through voids in the materials and along the reinforcement. Epoxies of the FR-4 materials aren't too susceptible, with absorption of only 0.15%. Teflon has very low absorption of 0.01%. Polyimides and cyanate esters, on the other side, suffer from high water absorption. Absorbed water can lead to significant degradation of key parameters; it impairs tracking resistance, breakdown voltage, and dielectric parameters. Relative dielectric constant of water is about 73, compared to about 4 for common circuitboard materials. Absorbed moisture can also vaporize on heating and cause cracking and delamination, the same effect responsible for "popcorning" damage on wet packaging of electronic parts. Careful baking of the substrates may be required.

title: Printed_circuit_board

title: Printed_circuit_board

text: Moisture

text: absorption

text: occurs

text: when

text: the

text: material

text: is

text: exposed

text: to

text: high

text: humidity

text: or

text: water

text: Both

text: the

text: resin

text: and

text: the

text: reinforcement

text: may

text: absorb

text: water

text: water

text: may

text: be

text: also

text: soaked

text: by

text: capillary

text: forces

text: through

text: voids

text: in

text: the

text: materials

text: and

text: along

text: the

text: reinforcement

text: Epoxies

text: of

text: the

text: materials

text: are

text: n't

text: too

text: susceptible

text: with

text: absorption

text: of

text: only

text: Teflon

text: has

text: very

text: low

text: absorption

text: of

text: Polyimides

text: and

text: cyanate

text: esters

text: on

text: the

text: other

text: side

text: suffer

text: from

text: high

text: water

text: absorption

text: Absorbed

text: water

text: can

text: lead

text: to

text: significant

text: degradation

text: of

text: key

text: parameters

text: it

text: impairs

text: tracking

text: resistance

text: breakdown

text: voltage

text: and

text: dielectric

text: parameters

text: Relative

text: dielectric

text: constant

text: of

text: water

text: is

text: about

text: compared

text: to

text: about

text: for

text: common

text: circuitboard

text: materials

text: Absorbed

text: moisture

text: can

text: also

text: vaporize

text: on

text: heating

text: and

text: cause

text: cracking

text: and

text: delamination

text: the

text: same

text: effect

text: responsible

text: for

text: popcorning

text: damage

text: on

text: wet

text: packaging

text: of

text: electronic

text: parts

text: Careful

text: baking

text: of

text: the

text: substrates

text: may

text: be

text: required

question: What will happen to the materials when a board gets wet or is in a humid area?

answer: Moisture absorption

text: Moisture absorption

question: If materials absorb moisture and then are heated enough to vaporize the water, the board might show delamination or what other type of damage?

answer: cracking

text: cracking

question: What percentage absorption do F-4 epoxies have?

answer: 0.15%

question: What's the approximate relative dielectric constant of most materials in circuit boards?

answer: 4

question: What material has an absorption rate of only 0.01%?

answer: Teflon

text: Teflon

question: What may also repel water?

text: the resin and the reinforcement

question: Teflon has a high absorption rate of what?

question: What suffers from low water absorption?

text: Polyimides and cyanate esters

question: Repelled water can lead to what?

question: Careful barking of the substrates may be what?

text: required


text: In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader." However, this assertion is subject to dispute. On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker. Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J. Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress. Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader. He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries." Keifer received "the empty honor of the minority nomination. But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously." Representative Thomas Reed, R-ME, who later became Speaker, assumed the de facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer's stead. "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's candidate for Speaker, Reed became its acknowledged leader, and ever after, so long as he served in the House, remained the most conspicuous member of his party.

title: Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

text: In

text: the

text: judgment

text: of

text: political

text: scientist

text: Randall

text: Ripley

text: since

text: the

text: candidate

text: for

text: Speaker

text: nominated

text: by

text: the

text: minority

text: party

text: has

text: clearly

text: been

text: the

text: Minority

text: Leader

text: However

text: this

text: assertion

text: is

text: subject

text: to

text: dispute

text: On

text: December

text: the

text: House

text: elected

text: Democrat

text: John

text: G.

text: Carlisle

text: of

text: Kentucky

text: as

text: Speaker

text: Republicans

text: placed

text: in

text: nomination

text: for

text: the

text: speakership

text: J.

text: Warren

text: Keifer

text: of

text: Ohio

text: who

text: was

text: Speaker

text: the

text: previous

text: Congress

text: Clearly

text: Keifer

text: was

text: not

text: the

text: Republicans

text: minority

text: leader

text: He

text: was

text: a

text: discredited

text: leader

text: in

text: part

text: because

text: as

text: Speaker

text: he

text: arbitrarily

text: handed

text: out

text: choice

text: jobs

text: to

text: close

text: relatives

text: all

text: at

text: handsome

text: salaries

text: Keifer

text: received

text: the

text: empty

text: honor

text: of

text: the

text: minority

text: nomination

text: But

text: with

text: it

text: came

text: a

text: sting

text: for

text: while

text: this

text: naturally

text: involves

text: the

text: floor

text: leadership

text: he

text: was

text: deserted

text: by

text: his

text: partisan

text: associates

text: and

text: his

text: career

text: as

text: a

text: national

text: figure

text: terminated

text: ingloriously

text: Representative

text: Thomas

text: Reed

text: R

text: ME

text: who

text: later

text: became

text: Speaker

text: assumed

text: the

text: de

text: facto

text: role

text: of

text: minority

text: floor

text: leader

text: in

text: Keifer

text: 's

text: stead

text: A]lthough

text: Keifer

text: was

text: the

text: minority

text: 's

text: candidate

text: for

text: Speaker

text: Reed

text: became

text: its

text: acknowledged

text: leader

text: and

text: ever

text: after

text: so

text: long

text: as

text: he

text: served

text: in

text: the

text: House

text: remained

text: the

text: most

text: conspicuous

text: member

text: of

text: his

text: party

question: Who's contention is it that the minority party candidate is clearly Minority Leader since 1883?

answer: Randall Ripley

text: Randall Ripley

question: Why was Keifer discredited/empty leader?

answer: arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries.

text: arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries.

question: Although Keifer held minority leader role, who was actual gloof leader?

answer: Thomas Reed,

text: Thomas Reed,

question: Why was Randall Ripley discredited as Speaker in 1883?

question: What nomination did Ripley receive?

question: Who was Ripley deserted by?

text: his [partisan] associates

question: What happened to Ripley's career becaue of this desertion?

question: Who assumed the role as Speaker after Randall Ripley?

text: Representative Thomas Reed


text: The importance of Southampton to the cruise industry was indicated by P&O Cruises's 175th anniversary celebrations, which included all seven of the company's liners visiting Southampton in a single day. Adonia, Arcadia, Aurora, Azura, Oceana, Oriana and Ventura all left the city in a procession on 3 July 2012.

title: Southampton

title: Southampton

text: The

text: importance

text: of

text: Southampton

text: to

text: the

text: cruise

text: industry

text: was

text: indicated

text: by

text: P&O

text: Cruises

text: 's

text: anniversary

text: celebrations

text: which

text: included

text: all

text: seven

text: of

text: the

text: company

text: 's

text: liners

text: visiting

text: Southampton

text: in

text: a

text: single

text: day

text: Adonia

text: Arcadia

text: Aurora

text: Azura

text: Oceana

text: Oriana

text: and

text: Ventura

text: all

text: left

text: the

text: city

text: in

text: a

text: procession

text: on

text: July

question: What cruise line celebrated a landmark anniversary in Southampton in July of 2012?

answer: P&O Cruises

text: P&O Cruises

question: Which anniversary did P&O celebrate in Southampton?

answer: 175th

question: How many P&O liners visited Southampton on the day of the 175th anniversary celebrations?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: Which of the seven P&O cruise liners has a name that begins with "V"?

answer: Ventura

text: Ventura

question: Along with the Oriana, what's the other P&O liner with a name that starts with the same letter?

answer: Oceana

text: Oceana


text: Although it had equipment capable of doing serious damage, the problem for the Luftwaffe was its unclear strategy and poor intelligence. OKL had not been informed that Britain was to be considered a potential opponent until early 1938. It had no time to gather reliable intelligence on Britain's industries. Moreover, OKL could not settle on an appropriate strategy. German planners had to decide whether the Luftwaffe should deliver the weight of its attacks against a specific segment of British industry such as aircraft factories, or against a system of interrelated industries such as Britain's import and distribution network, or even in a blow aimed at breaking the morale of the British population. The Luftwaffe's strategy became increasingly aimless over the winter of 1940–1941. Disputes among the OKL staff revolved more around tactics than strategy. This method condemned the offensive over Britain to failure before it began.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: Although

text: it

text: had

text: equipment

text: capable

text: of

text: doing

text: serious

text: damage

text: the

text: problem

text: for

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: was

text: its

text: unclear

text: strategy

text: and

text: poor

text: intelligence

text: OKL

text: had

text: not

text: been

text: informed

text: that

text: Britain

text: was

text: to

text: be

text: considered

text: a

text: potential

text: opponent

text: until

text: early

text: It

text: had

text: no

text: time

text: to

text: gather

text: reliable

text: intelligence

text: on

text: Britain

text: 's

text: industries

text: Moreover

text: OKL

text: could

text: not

text: settle

text: on

text: an

text: appropriate

text: strategy

text: German

text: planners

text: had

text: to

text: decide

text: whether

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: should

text: deliver

text: the

text: weight

text: of

text: its

text: attacks

text: against

text: a

text: specific

text: segment

text: of

text: British

text: industry

text: such

text: as

text: aircraft

text: factories

text: or

text: against

text: a

text: system

text: of

text: interrelated

text: industries

text: such

text: as

text: Britain

text: 's

text: import

text: and

text: distribution

text: network

text: or

text: even

text: in

text: a

text: blow

text: aimed

text: at

text: breaking

text: the

text: morale

text: of

text: the

text: British

text: population

text: The

text: Luftwaffe

text: 's

text: strategy

text: became

text: increasingly

text: aimless

text: over

text: the

text: winter

text: of

text: Disputes

text: among

text: the

text: OKL

text: staff

text: revolved

text: more

text: around

text: tactics

text: than

text: strategy

text: This

text: method

text: condemned

text: the

text: offensive

text: over

text: Britain

text: to

text: failure

text: before

text: it

text: began

question: Poor intelligence and what other problem made it difficult for the Luftwaffe to do extreme damage?

answer: unclear strategy

text: unclear strategy

question: What year did the OKL become aware that Britain would be a possible target?

answer: early 1938

text: early 1938

question: What disagreements did the  Luftwaffe staff center around?

answer: tactics

text: tactics

question: What did the disputes between the staff cause to happen to the strategy against Britain?

answer: failure before it began

text: failure before it began


text: In 1954, Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America. He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism, from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to India. Likewise, the fall of Guatemala would end with the fall of neighboring Mexico. That year the loss of North Vietnam to the communists and the rejection of his proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were serious defeats, but he remained optimistic in his opposition to the spread of communism, saying "Long faces don't win wars". As he had threatened the French in their rejection of EDC, he afterwards moved to restore West Germany, as a full NATO partner.

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: In

text: Eisenhower

text: articulated

text: the

text: domino

text: theory

text: in

text: his

text: outlook

text: towards

text: communism

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: also

text: in

text: Central

text: America

text: He

text: believed

text: that

text: if

text: the

text: communists

text: were

text: allowed

text: to

text: prevail

text: in

text: Vietnam

text: this

text: would

text: cause

text: a

text: succession

text: of

text: countries

text: to

text: fall

text: to

text: communism

text: from

text: Laos

text: through

text: Malaysia

text: and

text: Indonesia

text: ultimately

text: to

text: India

text: Likewise

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: Guatemala

text: would

text: end

text: with

text: the

text: fall

text: of

text: neighboring

text: Mexico

text: That

text: year

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: North

text: Vietnam

text: to

text: the

text: communists

text: and

text: the

text: rejection

text: of

text: his

text: proposed

text: European

text: Defence

text: Community

text: EDC

text: were

text: serious

text: defeats

text: but

text: he

text: remained

text: optimistic

text: in

text: his

text: opposition

text: to

text: the

text: spread

text: of

text: communism

text: saying

text: Long

text: faces

text: do

text: n't

text: win

text: wars

text: As

text: he

text: had

text: threatened

text: the

text: French

text: in

text: their

text: rejection

text: of

text: EDC

text: he

text: afterwards

text: moved

text: to

text: restore

text: West

text: Germany

text: as

text: a

text: full

text: NATO

text: partner

question: What country did Eisenhower believe communists would conquer if they took over Guatemala?

answer: Mexico

text: Mexico

question: The domino theory was applied to Central America and what other region?

answer: Southeast Asia

text: Southeast Asia

question: In what year was Eisenhower's EDC rejected?

answer: 1954

question: What country was made a full partner in NATO as the result of the failure of EDC?

answer: West Germany

text: West Germany

question: According to Eisenhower, all of Southeast Asia would become communist if the communist insurgency won in what country?

answer: Vietnam

text: Vietnam


text: But although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. Most artificial satellites operate in this region called low Earth orbit and must fire their engines every few days to maintain orbit.[citation needed] The drag here is low enough that it could theoretically be overcome by radiation pressure on solar sails, a proposed propulsion system for interplanetary travel.[citation needed] Planets are too massive for their trajectories to be significantly affected by these forces, although their atmospheres are eroded by the solar winds.

title: Vacuum

title: Vacuum

text: But

text: although

text: it

text: meets

text: the

text: definition

text: of

text: outer

text: space

text: the

text: atmospheric

text: density

text: within

text: the

text: first

text: few

text: hundred

text: kilometers

text: above

text: the

text: Kármán

text: line

text: is

text: still

text: sufficient

text: to

text: produce

text: significant

text: drag

text: on

text: satellites

text: Most

text: artificial

text: satellites

text: operate

text: in

text: this

text: region

text: called

text: low

text: Earth

text: orbit

text: and

text: must

text: fire

text: their

text: engines

text: every

text: few

text: days

text: to

text: maintain

text: orbit.[citation

text: needed

text: The

text: drag

text: here

text: is

text: low

text: enough

text: that

text: it

text: could

text: theoretically

text: be

text: overcome

text: by

text: radiation

text: pressure

text: on

text: solar

text: sails

text: a

text: proposed

text: propulsion

text: system

text: for

text: interplanetary

text: travel.[citation

text: needed

text: Planets

text: are

text: too

text: massive

text: for

text: their

text: trajectories

text: to

text: be

text: significantly

text: affected

text: by

text: these

text: forces

text: although

text: their

text: atmospheres

text: are

text: eroded

text: by

text: the

text: solar

text: winds

question: Where do most satellites operate?

answer: low Earth orbit

text: low Earth orbit

question: What system could possibly be used for interplanetary travel?

answer: solar sails

text: solar sails

question: why do satellites need to fire engines every few day to keep orbit?

answer: atmospheric density

text: atmospheric density

question: above what line location in outer space to satellites orbit?

answer: Kármán line

text: Kármán line

question: How often does Earth's orbit position change?

text: every few days

question: What are satellites eroded by?

text: solar winds

question: What are satellites too large for their engines to be affected by?

text: these forces

question: How long is the Karman line?

text: few hundred kilometers

question: What have satellite engines been suggested to be used for?

text: interplanetary travel


text: The modernist views hold that classical music is considered primarily a written musical tradition, preserved in music notation, as opposed to being transmitted orally, by rote, or by recordings of particular performances.[citation needed] While there are differences between particular performances of a classical work, a piece of classical music is generally held to transcend any interpretation of it. The use of musical notation is an effective method for transmitting classical music, since the written music contains the technical instructions for performing the work.

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: The

text: modernist

text: views

text: hold

text: that

text: classical

text: music

text: is

text: considered

text: primarily

text: a

text: written

text: musical

text: tradition

text: preserved

text: in

text: music

text: notation

text: as

text: opposed

text: to

text: being

text: transmitted

text: orally

text: by

text: rote

text: or

text: by

text: recordings

text: of

text: particular

text: performances.[citation

text: needed

text: While

text: there

text: are

text: differences

text: between

text: particular

text: performances

text: of

text: a

text: classical

text: work

text: a

text: piece

text: of

text: classical

text: music

text: is

text: generally

text: held

text: to

text: transcend

text: any

text: interpretation

text: of

text: it

text: The

text: use

text: of

text: musical

text: notation

text: is

text: an

text: effective

text: method

text: for

text: transmitting

text: classical

text: music

text: since

text: the

text: written

text: music

text: contains

text: the

text: technical

text: instructions

text: for

text: performing

text: the

text: work

question: What type of view is that classical music is primarily written musical tradition?

answer: modernist

text: modernist

question: Musical notation is effective for what?

answer: transmitting classical music

text: transmitting classical music

question: Why is written musical notation effective?

answer: contains the technical instructions for performing the work

text: contains the technical instructions for performing the work


text: The Richmond area also has two railroad stations served by Amtrak. Each station receives regular service from north of Richmond including Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and New York. The suburban Staples Mill Road Station is located on a major north-south freight line and receives all service to and from all points south including, Raleigh, Durham, Savannah, Newport News, Williamsburg and Florida. Richmond's only railway station located within the city limits, the historic Main Street Station, was renovated in 2004. As of 2010, the station only receives trains headed to and from Newport News and Williamsburg due to track layout. As a result, the Staples Mill Road station receives more trains and serves more passengers overall.

title: Richmond,_Virginia

title: Richmond,_Virginia

text: The

text: Richmond

text: area

text: also

text: has

text: two

text: railroad

text: stations

text: served

text: by

text: Amtrak

text: Each

text: station

text: receives

text: regular

text: service

text: from

text: north

text: of

text: Richmond

text: including

text: Washington

text: D.C.

text: Philadelphia

text: and

text: New

text: York

text: The

text: suburban

text: Staples

text: Mill

text: Road

text: Station

text: is

text: located

text: on

text: a

text: major

text: north

text: south

text: freight

text: line

text: and

text: receives

text: all

text: service

text: to

text: and

text: from

text: all

text: points

text: south

text: including

text: Raleigh

text: Durham

text: Savannah

text: Newport

text: News

text: Williamsburg

text: and

text: Florida

text: Richmond

text: 's

text: only

text: railway

text: station

text: located

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: limits

text: the

text: historic

text: Main

text: Street

text: Station

text: was

text: renovated

text: in

text: As

text: of

text: the

text: station

text: only

text: receives

text: trains

text: headed

text: to

text: and

text: from

text: Newport

text: News

text: and

text: Williamsburg

text: due

text: to

text: track

text: layout

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: the

text: Staples

text: Mill

text: Road

text: station

text: receives

text: more

text: trains

text: and

text: serves

text: more

text: passengers

text: overall

question: What station services all southern rail traffic passing through Richmond?

answer: Staples Mill Road Station

text: Staples Mill Road Station

question: What is the name of the railroad station inside Richmond proper?

answer: Main Street Station

text: Main Street Station

question: In what year was Richmond's railroad station renovated?

answer: 2004

question: Along with Williamsburg, what city's rail traffic uses the Main Street Station?

answer: Newport News

text: Newport News

question: Why does the Main Street Station only receive rail traffic from Newport News and Williamsburg?

answer: track layout

text: track layout


text: Queen are one of the most bootlegged bands ever, according to Nick Weymouth, who manages the band's official website. A 2001 survey discovered the existence of 12,225 websites dedicated to Queen bootlegs, the highest number for any band. Bootleg recordings have contributed to the band's popularity in certain countries where Western music is censored, such as Iran. In a project called Queen: The Top 100 Bootlegs, many of these have been made officially available to download for a nominal fee from Queen's website, with profits going to the Mercury Phoenix Trust. Rolling Stone ranked Queen at number 52 on its list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time", while ranking Mercury the 18th greatest singer, and May the twenty-sixth greatest guitarist. Queen were named 13th on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock list, and in 2010 were ranked 17th on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list. In 2012, Gigwise readers named Queen the best band of past 60 years.

title: Queen_(band)

title: Queen_(band

text: Queen

text: are

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: most

text: bootlegged

text: bands

text: ever

text: according

text: to

text: Nick

text: Weymouth

text: who

text: manages

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: official

text: website

text: A

text: survey

text: discovered

text: the

text: existence

text: of

text: websites

text: dedicated

text: to

text: Queen

text: bootlegs

text: the

text: highest

text: number

text: for

text: any

text: band

text: Bootleg

text: recordings

text: have

text: contributed

text: to

text: the

text: band

text: 's

text: popularity

text: in

text: certain

text: countries

text: where

text: Western

text: music

text: is

text: censored

text: such

text: as

text: Iran

text: In

text: a

text: project

text: called

text: Queen

text: The

text: Top

text: Bootlegs

text: many

text: of

text: these

text: have

text: been

text: made

text: officially

text: available

text: to

text: download

text: for

text: a

text: nominal

text: fee

text: from

text: Queen

text: 's

text: website

text: with

text: profits

text: going

text: to

text: the

text: Mercury

text: Phoenix

text: Trust

text: Rolling

text: Stone

text: ranked

text: Queen

text: at

text: number

text: on

text: its

text: list

text: of

text: the

text: Greatest

text: Artists

text: of

text: All

text: Time

text: while

text: ranking

text: Mercury

text: the

text: greatest

text: singer

text: and

text: May

text: the

text: twenty

text: sixth

text: greatest

text: guitarist

text: Queen

text: were

text: named

text: on

text: 's

text: Greatest

text: Artists

text: of

text: Hard

text: Rock

text: list

text: and

text: in

text: were

text: ranked

text: on

text: 's

text: Greatest

text: Artists

text: of

text: All

text: Time

text: list

text: In

text: Gigwise

text: readers

text: named

text: Queen

text: the

text: best

text: band

text: of

text: past

text: years

question: How many Queen bootleg sites were discovered in 2001?

answer: 12,225

question: Where did Queen rank on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2001?

answer: number 52

text: number 52

question: In 2010 VH1 ranked Queen at what number on their Greatest Artist of All Time List?

answer: 17th

question: What country is a popular site for Queen bootlegs because it is outlawed?

answer: Iran

text: Iran


text: Towards the end of the war as the role of strategic bombing became more important, a new command for the U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific was created to oversee all U.S. strategic bombing in the hemisphere, under United States Army Air Forces General Curtis LeMay. Japanese industrial production plunged as nearly half of the built-up areas of 67 cities were destroyed by B-29 firebombing raids. On 9–10 March 1945 alone, about 100,000 people were killed in a conflagration caused by an incendiary attack on Tokyo. LeMay also oversaw Operation Starvation, in which the inland waterways of Japan were extensively mined by air, which disrupted the small amount of remaining Japanese coastal sea traffic. On 26 July 1945, the President of the United States Harry S. Truman, the President of the Nationalist Government of China Chiang Kai-shek and the Prime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill issued the Potsdam Declaration, which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan as agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference. This ultimatum stated that, if Japan did not surrender, it would face "prompt and utter destruction."

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: Towards

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: as

text: the

text: role

text: of

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: became

text: more

text: important

text: a

text: new

text: command

text: for

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Strategic

text: Air

text: Forces

text: in

text: the

text: Pacific

text: was

text: created

text: to

text: oversee

text: all

text: U.S.

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: in

text: the

text: hemisphere

text: under

text: United

text: States

text: Army

text: Air

text: Forces

text: General

text: Curtis

text: LeMay

text: Japanese

text: industrial

text: production

text: plunged

text: as

text: nearly

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: built

text: up

text: areas

text: of

text: cities

text: were

text: destroyed

text: by

text: firebombing

text: raids

text: On

text: March

text: alone

text: about

text: people

text: were

text: killed

text: in

text: a

text: conflagration

text: caused

text: by

text: an

text: incendiary

text: attack

text: on

text: Tokyo

text: LeMay

text: also

text: oversaw

text: Operation

text: Starvation

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: inland

text: waterways

text: of

text: Japan

text: were

text: extensively

text: mined

text: by

text: air

text: which

text: disrupted

text: the

text: small

text: amount

text: of

text: remaining

text: Japanese

text: coastal

text: sea

text: traffic

text: On

text: July

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Harry

text: S.

text: Truman

text: the

text: President

text: of

text: the

text: Nationalist

text: Government

text: of

text: China

text: Chiang

text: Kai

text: shek

text: and

text: the

text: Prime

text: Minister

text: of

text: Great

text: Britain

text: Winston

text: Churchill

text: issued

text: the

text: Potsdam

text: Declaration

text: which

text: outlined

text: the

text: terms

text: of

text: surrender

text: for

text: the

text: Empire

text: of

text: Japan

text: as

text: agreed

text: upon

text: at

text: the

text: Potsdam

text: Conference

text: This

text: ultimatum

text: stated

text: that

text: if

text: Japan

text: did

text: not

text: surrender

text: it

text: would

text: face

text: prompt

text: and

text: utter

text: destruction

question: Who was over the new U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific command?

answer: General Curtis LeMay

text: General Curtis LeMay

question: How many people were killed in the incendry attack on Tokyo on March 9-10, 1945?

answer: 100,000

question: Who oversaw Operation Starvation?

answer: General Curtis LeMay

text: General Curtis LeMay

question: When was the Potsdam Declaration issued?

answer: 26 July 1945

text: 26 July 1945

question: What ultimatum stated that Japan would face "prompt and utter destruction" if it did not surrender?

answer: Potsdam Declaration

text: Potsdam Declaration


text: The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the "Louis XVI style" of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel (Petit Trianon, 1762–68); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and "Empire", might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam, the second by those of Sir John Soane. The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style, the "Goût grec" ("Greek style") not a court style. Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1771 did Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, bring the "Louis XVI" style to court.

title: Neoclassical_architecture

title: Neoclassical_architecture

text: The

text: first

text: phase

text: of

text: neoclassicism

text: in

text: France

text: is

text: expressed

text: in

text: the

text: Louis

text: XVI

text: style

text: of

text: architects

text: like

text: Ange

text: Jacques

text: Gabriel

text: Petit

text: Trianon

text: the

text: second

text: phase

text: in

text: the

text: styles

text: called

text: Directoire

text: and

text: Empire

text: might

text: be

text: characterized

text: by

text: Jean

text: Chalgrin

text: 's

text: severe

text: astylar

text: Arc

text: de

text: Triomphe

text: designed

text: in

text: In

text: England

text: the

text: two

text: phases

text: might

text: be

text: characterized

text: first

text: by

text: the

text: structures

text: of

text: Robert

text: Adam

text: the

text: second

text: by

text: those

text: of

text: Sir

text: John

text: Soane

text: The

text: interior

text: style

text: in

text: France

text: was

text: initially

text: a

text: Parisian

text: style

text: the

text: Goût

text: grec

text: Greek

text: style

text: not

text: a

text: court

text: style

text: Only

text: when

text: the

text: young

text: king

text: acceded

text: to

text: the

text: throne

text: in

text: did

text: Marie

text: Antoinette

text: his

text: fashion

text: loving

text: Queen

text: bring

text: the

text: Louis

text: XVI

text: style

text: to

text: court

question: What is the name of the first wave of neoclassicism in France?

answer: Louis XVI style

text: Louis XVI style

question: France's second phase of neoclassic is known as what?

answer: Directoire and "Empire"

text: Directoire and "Empire"

question: What architect typifies the first style of neoclassical in England?

answer: Robert Adam

text: Robert Adam

question: Structure of whom characterize England's second phase of neoclassical?

answer: Sir John Soane

text: Sir John Soane

question: Who styled the court in France for more modern design after 1771?

answer: Marie Antoinette

text: Marie Antoinette

question: What style marked the first phase of neoclassicism in continental Europe?

text: Louis XVI style

question: What style replace neoclassicism in 1806?

text: Empire

question: What style was originally a court style and not a Parisien style?

text: Goût grec

question: What King brought the Louis XVI style to court?

text: Louis XVI


text: In European history, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history: Antiquity, Medieval period, and Modern period. The Medieval period is itself subdivided into the Early, the High, and the Late Middle Ages.

title: Middle_Ages

title: Middle_Ages

text: In

text: European

text: history

text: the

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: or

text: medieval

text: period

text: lasted

text: from

text: the

text: to

text: the

text: century

text: It

text: began

text: with

text: the

text: collapse

text: of

text: the

text: Western

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: and

text: merged

text: into

text: the

text: Renaissance

text: and

text: the

text: Age

text: of

text: Discovery

text: The

text: Middle

text: Ages

text: is

text: the

text: middle

text: period

text: of

text: the

text: three

text: traditional

text: divisions

text: of

text: Western

text: history

text: Antiquity

text: Medieval

text: period

text: and

text: Modern

text: period

text: The

text: Medieval

text: period

text: is

text: itself

text: subdivided

text: into

text: the

text: Early

text: the

text: High

text: and

text: the

text: Late

text: Middle

text: Ages

question: In what century did the Middle Ages begin?

answer: 5th

question: What century saw the end of the Middle Ages?

answer: 15th

question: What event marked the beginning of the Middle Ages?

answer: the collapse of the Western Roman Empire

text: the collapse of the Western Roman Empire

question: Along with the Renaissance, what era occurred at the end of the Middle Ages?

answer: Age of Discovery

text: Age of Discovery

question: What is the first period of the three that Western history is traditionally divided into?

answer: Antiquity

text: Antiquity


text: In 1803, an Act of Parliament, promoted by the East India Company, established the East India Dock Company, with the aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India. The existing Brunswick Dock, part of the Blackwall Yard site, became the Export Dock; while a new Import Dock was built to the north. In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company. The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909, and closed in 1967.

title: East_India_Company

title: East_India_Company

text: In

text: an

text: Act

text: of

text: Parliament

text: promoted

text: by

text: the

text: East

text: India

text: Company

text: established

text: the

text: East

text: India

text: Dock

text: Company

text: with

text: the

text: aim

text: of

text: establishing

text: a

text: new

text: set

text: of

text: docks

text: the

text: East

text: India

text: Docks

text: primarily

text: for

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: ships

text: trading

text: with

text: India

text: The

text: existing

text: Brunswick

text: Dock

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: Blackwall

text: Yard

text: site

text: became

text: the

text: Export

text: Dock

text: while

text: a

text: new

text: Import

text: Dock

text: was

text: built

text: to

text: the

text: north

text: In

text: the

text: East

text: India

text: Dock

text: Company

text: merged

text: with

text: the

text: West

text: India

text: Dock

text: Company

text: The

text: docks

text: were

text: taken

text: over

text: by

text: the

text: Port

text: of

text: London

text: Authority

text: in

text: and

text: closed

text: in

question: in 1803 was act of parliament supported by  EIC?

answer: promoted by the East India Company

text: promoted by the East India Company

question: the 1803 act created what dock program?

answer: East India Dock Company

text: East India Dock Company

question: The goal of the East in dock company was  first what?

answer: aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India

text: aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India

question: What was the name of the export dock of the EIC after the 1803 act?

answer: Brunswick Dock

text: Brunswick Dock

question: in 1838 what company did the  East india dock company merge with?

answer: West India Dock Company

text: West India Dock Company

question: What act of parliament was opposed by EIC in 1803?

text: promoted by the East India Company

question: What dock company was destroyed by the 1803 Act?

text: East India Dock Company

question: What was the name of the export dock of the EIC after the 1903 act?

text: Brunswick Dock

question: What company did the East India Dock Company split off from in 1838?

text: West India Dock Company

question: Which dock company was never taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909?

text: West India Dock Company


text: Around 66 BC, a movement to use constitutional, or at least peaceful, means to address the plight of various classes began. After several failures, the movement's leaders decided to use any means that were necessary to accomplish their goals. The movement coalesced under an aristocrat named Lucius Sergius Catilina. The movement was based in the town of Faesulae, which was a natural hotbed of agrarian agitation. The rural malcontents were to advance on Rome, and be aided by an uprising within the city. After assassinating the consuls and most of the senators, Catiline would be free to enact his reforms. The conspiracy was set in motion in 63 BC. The consul for the year, Marcus Tullius Cicero, intercepted messages that Catiline had sent in an attempt to recruit more members. As a result, the top conspirators in Rome (including at least one former consul) were executed by authorisation (of dubious constitutionality) of the senate, and the planned uprising was disrupted. Cicero then sent an army, which cut Catiline's forces to pieces.

title: Roman_Republic

title: Roman_Republic

text: Around

text: BC

text: a

text: movement

text: to

text: use

text: constitutional

text: or

text: at

text: least

text: peaceful

text: means

text: to

text: address

text: the

text: plight

text: of

text: various

text: classes

text: began

text: After

text: several

text: failures

text: the

text: movement

text: 's

text: leaders

text: decided

text: to

text: use

text: any

text: means

text: that

text: were

text: necessary

text: to

text: accomplish

text: their

text: goals

text: The

text: movement

text: coalesced

text: under

text: an

text: aristocrat

text: named

text: Lucius

text: Sergius

text: Catilina

text: The

text: movement

text: was

text: based

text: in

text: the

text: town

text: of

text: Faesulae

text: which

text: was

text: a

text: natural

text: hotbed

text: of

text: agrarian

text: agitation

text: The

text: rural

text: malcontents

text: were

text: to

text: advance

text: on

text: Rome

text: and

text: be

text: aided

text: by

text: an

text: uprising

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: After

text: assassinating

text: the

text: consuls

text: and

text: most

text: of

text: the

text: senators

text: Catiline

text: would

text: be

text: free

text: to

text: enact

text: his

text: reforms

text: The

text: conspiracy

text: was

text: set

text: in

text: motion

text: in

text: BC

text: The

text: consul

text: for

text: the

text: year

text: Marcus

text: Tullius

text: Cicero

text: intercepted

text: messages

text: that

text: Catiline

text: had

text: sent

text: in

text: an

text: attempt

text: to

text: recruit

text: more

text: members

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: the

text: top

text: conspirators

text: in

text: Rome

text: including

text: at

text: least

text: one

text: former

text: consul

text: were

text: executed

text: by

text: authorisation

text: of

text: dubious

text: constitutionality

text: of

text: the

text: senate

text: and

text: the

text: planned

text: uprising

text: was

text: disrupted

text: Cicero

text: then

text: sent

text: an

text: army

text: which

text: cut

text: Catiline

text: 's

text: forces

text: to

text: pieces

question: When did the movement that considered the use of peaceful means to solve the plight of lesser classes begin?

answer: Around 66 BC

text: Around 66 BC

question: How many former consuls in Rome were executed as a result of a conspiracy?

answer: one former consul

text: one former consul

question: What town was a common site of agitation within the area?

answer: Faesulae

text: Faesulae

question: Who can lay claim to the destruction of Lucius Sergius Catilina's forces?

answer: Cicero

text: Cicero

question: Which individual had planned an uprising that ideally would see the death of most of the Roman senators?

answer: Lucius Sergius Catilina

text: Lucius Sergius Catilina


text: De novo or "orphan" genes, whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes, are extremely rare. Estimates of the number of de novo genes in the human genome range from 18 to 60. Such genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes, with few if any introns. Two primary sources of orphan protein-coding genes are gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change, such that the original relationship is undetectable by sequence comparisons, and formation through mutation of "cryptic" transcription start sites that introduce a new open reading frame in a region of the genome that did not previously code for a protein.

title: Gene

title: Gene

text: De

text: novo

text: or

text: orphan

text: genes

text: whose

text: sequence

text: shows

text: no

text: similarity

text: to

text: existing

text: genes

text: are

text: extremely

text: rare

text: Estimates

text: of

text: the

text: number

text: of

text: de

text: novo

text: genes

text: in

text: the

text: human

text: genome

text: range

text: from

text: to

text: Such

text: genes

text: are

text: typically

text: shorter

text: and

text: simpler

text: in

text: structure

text: than

text: most

text: eukaryotic

text: genes

text: with

text: few

text: if

text: any

text: introns

text: Two

text: primary

text: sources

text: of

text: orphan

text: protein

text: coding

text: genes

text: are

text: gene

text: duplication

text: followed

text: by

text: extremely

text: rapid

text: sequence

text: change

text: such

text: that

text: the

text: original

text: relationship

text: is

text: undetectable

text: by

text: sequence

text: comparisons

text: and

text: formation

text: through

text: mutation

text: of

text: cryptic

text: transcription

text: start

text: sites

text: that

text: introduce

text: a

text: new

text: open

text: reading

text: frame

text: in

text: a

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: genome

text: that

text: did

text: not

text: previously

text: code

text: for

text: a

text: protein

question: What is a gene whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes called?

answer: De novo or "orphan" genes

text: De novo or "orphan" genes

question: What is the estimate of the number of orphan genes in the human genome?

answer: 18 to 60

text: 18 to 60

question: How do the lengths of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?

answer: typically shorter

text: typically shorter

question: How does the structure of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?

answer: simpler in structure

text: simpler in structure

question: What is one primary source of orphan protein-coding genes?

answer: gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change

text: gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change


text: USB 2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of 5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed (480 Mbit/s). The primary reason for this limit is the maximum allowed round-trip delay of about 1.5 μs. If USB host commands are unanswered by the USB device within the allowed time, the host considers the command lost. When adding USB device response time, delays from the maximum number of hubs added to the delays from connecting cables, the maximum acceptable delay per cable amounts to 26 ns. The USB 2.0 specification requires that cable delay be less than 5.2 ns per meter (192 000 km/s, which is close to the maximum achievable transmission speed for standard copper wire).

title: USB

title: USB

text: USB

text: provides

text: for

text: a

text: maximum

text: cable

text: length

text: of

text: meters

text: for

text: devices

text: running

text: at

text: Hi

text: Speed

text: Mbit

text: s

text: The

text: primary

text: reason

text: for

text: this

text: limit

text: is

text: the

text: maximum

text: allowed

text: round

text: trip

text: delay

text: of

text: about

text: μs

text: If

text: USB

text: host

text: commands

text: are

text: unanswered

text: by

text: the

text: USB

text: device

text: within

text: the

text: allowed

text: time

text: the

text: host

text: considers

text: the

text: command

text: lost

text: When

text: adding

text: USB

text: device

text: response

text: time

text: delays

text: from

text: the

text: maximum

text: number

text: of

text: hubs

text: added

text: to

text: the

text: delays

text: from

text: connecting

text: cables

text: the

text: maximum

text: acceptable

text: delay

text: per

text: cable

text: amounts

text: to

text: ns

text: The

text: USB

text: specification

text: requires

text: that

text: cable

text: delay

text: be

text: less

text: than

text: ns

text: per

text: meter

text: km

text: s

text: which

text: is

text: close

text: to

text: the

text: maximum

text: achievable

text: transmission

text: speed

text: for

text: standard

text: copper

text: wire

question: How long is the maximum cable length the USB 2.0 provides?

answer: 5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed

text: 5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed

question: What is the maximum acceptable delay per cable?

answer: 26 ns

text: 26 ns

question: What does theUSB 2.0 specification require?

answer: cable delay be less than 5.2 ns per meter

text: cable delay be less than 5.2 ns per meter


text: Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic, but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent "pristine" conditions found in uncontacted peoples.

title: Hunter-gatherer

title: Hunter

title: gatherer

text: Hunting

text: gathering

text: was

text: the

text: common

text: human

text: mode

text: of

text: subsistence

text: throughout

text: the

text: Paleolithic

text: but

text: the

text: observation

text: of

text: current

text: day

text: hunters

text: and

text: gatherers

text: does

text: not

text: necessarily

text: reflect

text: Paleolithic

text: societies

text: the

text: hunter

text: gatherer

text: cultures

text: examined

text: today

text: have

text: had

text: much

text: contact

text: with

text: modern

text: civilization

text: and

text: do

text: not

text: represent

text: pristine

text: conditions

text: found

text: in

text: uncontacted

text: peoples

question: How do modern hunters and gathers differ from early ones?

answer: contact with modern civilization

text: contact with modern civilization

question: What type of conditions are not present in modern societies?

answer: pristine

text: pristine

question: Where do you find groups that represent pristine conditions?

answer: in uncontacted peoples

text: in uncontacted peoples

question: What do modern hunter-gatherers not reflect?

answer: Paleolithic societies

text: Paleolithic societies

question: Hunting-gathering was the uncommon human mode of subsistence throughout what?

text: the Paleolithic

question: Hunter-gatherer cultures today represent what?

question: Observation of ancient hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect what?

text: Paleolithic societies

question: Hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have almost no contact with who?

text: modern civilization

question: What cultures represent "pristine" conditions found in uncontacted peoples?

text: hunter-gatherer


text: Directive 23 was the only concession made by Göring to the Kriegsmarine over the strategic bombing strategy of the Luftwaffe against Britain. Thereafter, he would refuse to make available any air units to destroy British dockyards, ports, port facilities, or shipping in dock or at sea, lest Kriegsmarine gain control of more Luftwaffe units. Raeder's successor—Karl Dönitz—would—on the intervention of Hitler—gain control of one unit (KG 40), but Göring would soon regain it. Göring's lack of cooperation was detrimental to the one air strategy with potentially decisive strategic effect on Britain. Instead, he wasted aircraft of Fliegerführer Atlantik (Flying Command Atlantic) on bombing mainland Britain instead of attacks against convoys. For Göring, his prestige had been damaged by the defeat in the Battle of Britain, and he wanted to regain it by subduing Britain by air power alone. He was always reluctant to cooperate with Raeder.

title: The_Blitz

title: The_Blitz

text: Directive

text: was

text: the

text: only

text: concession

text: made

text: by

text: Göring

text: to

text: the

text: Kriegsmarine

text: over

text: the

text: strategic

text: bombing

text: strategy

text: of

text: the

text: Luftwaffe

text: against

text: Britain

text: Thereafter

text: he

text: would

text: refuse

text: to

text: make

text: available

text: any

text: air

text: units

text: to

text: destroy

text: British

text: dockyards

text: ports

text: port

text: facilities

text: or

text: shipping

text: in

text: dock

text: or

text: at

text: sea

text: lest

text: Kriegsmarine

text: gain

text: control

text: of

text: more

text: Luftwaffe

text: units

text: Raeder

text: 's

text: successor

text: Karl

text: Dönitz

text: would

text: on

text: the

text: intervention

text: of

text: Hitler

text: gain

text: control

text: of

text: one

text: unit

text: KG

text: but

text: Göring

text: would

text: soon

text: regain

text: it

text: Göring

text: 's

text: lack

text: of

text: cooperation

text: was

text: detrimental

text: to

text: the

text: one

text: air

text: strategy

text: with

text: potentially

text: decisive

text: strategic

text: effect

text: on

text: Britain

text: Instead

text: he

text: wasted

text: aircraft

text: of

text: Fliegerführer

text: Atlantik

text: Flying

text: Command

text: Atlantic

text: on

text: bombing

text: mainland

text: Britain

text: instead

text: of

text: attacks

text: against

text: convoys

text: For

text: Göring

text: his

text: prestige

text: had

text: been

text: damaged

text: by

text: the

text: defeat

text: in

text: the

text: Battle

text: of

text: Britain

text: and

text: he

text: wanted

text: to

text: regain

text: it

text: by

text: subduing

text: Britain

text: by

text: air

text: power

text: alone

text: He

text: was

text: always

text: reluctant

text: to

text: cooperate

text: with

text: Raeder

question: What was the concession Goring made with the strategic bombing against Britain?

answer: Directive 23

text: Directive 23

question: What did Goring believe the Kriegsmarine would gain with further support?

answer: control of more Luftwaffe units

text: control of more Luftwaffe units

question: Who was Raeder's successor?

answer: Karl Dönitz

text: Karl Dönitz

question: What was detrimental to the success of a strategic effect against Britain?

answer: Göring's lack of cooperation

text: Göring's lack of cooperation

question: How did Goring expect to regain prestige?

answer: by subduing Britain by air power alone

text: by subduing Britain by air power alone