text: On 21 April, Communist forces crossed the Yangtze River. On April 23, 1949, the Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA) captured Nanjing. The KMT government retreated to Canton (Guangzhou) until October 15, Chongqing until November 25, and then Chengdu before retreating to Taiwan on December 10. By late 1949, the PLA was pursuing remnants of KMT forces southwards in southern China, and only Tibet was left. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in October 1949, Nanjing was initially a province-level municipality, but it was soon merged into Jiangsu province and again became the provincial capital by replacing Zhenjiang which was transferred in 1928, and retains that status to this day.

title: Nanjing

title: Nanjing

text: On

text: April

text: Communist

text: forces

text: crossed

text: the

text: Yangtze

text: River

text: On

text: April

text: the

text: Communist

text: People

text: 's

text: Liberation

text: Army

text: PLA

text: captured

text: Nanjing

text: The

text: KMT

text: government

text: retreated

text: to

text: Canton

text: Guangzhou

text: until

text: October

text: Chongqing

text: until

text: November

text: and

text: then

text: Chengdu

text: before

text: retreating

text: to

text: Taiwan

text: on

text: December

text: By

text: late

text: the

text: PLA

text: was

text: pursuing

text: remnants

text: of

text: KMT

text: forces

text: southwards

text: in

text: southern

text: China

text: and

text: only

text: Tibet

text: was

text: left

text: After

text: the

text: establishment

text: of

text: the

text: People

text: 's

text: Republic

text: of

text: China

text: in

text: October

text: Nanjing

text: was

text: initially

text: a

text: province

text: level

text: municipality

text: but

text: it

text: was

text: soon

text: merged

text: into

text: Jiangsu

text: province

text: and

text: again

text: became

text: the

text: provincial

text: capital

text: by

text: replacing

text: Zhenjiang

text: which

text: was

text: transferred

text: in

text: and

text: retains

text: that

text: status

text: to

text: this

text: day

question: When did the Communist troops cross the Yangtze River?

answer: 21 April

text: 21 April

question: When was Nanjing conquered by the Communist People's Liberation Army (PLA)?

answer: April 23, 1949

text: April 23, 1949

question: Where did the KMT government stay until October 15?

answer: Canton (Guangzhou)

text: Canton (Guangzhou)

question: When did the KMT government head to Taiwan?

answer: December 10

text: December 10

question: When was the People's Republic of China formed?

answer: October 1949

text: October 1949


text: In 1906, the tungsten filament was introduced. Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires. Filaments made from sintered tungsten powder were quite fragile. By 1910, a process was developed by William D. Coolidge at General Electric for production of a ductile form of tungsten. The process required pressing tungsten powder into bars, then several steps of sintering, swaging, and then wire drawing. It was found that very pure tungsten formed filaments that sagged in use, and that a very small "doping" treatment with potassium, silicon, and aluminium oxides at the level of a few hundred parts per million greatly improved the life and durability of the tungsten filaments.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: In

text: the

text: tungsten

text: filament

text: was

text: introduced

text: Tungsten

text: metal

text: was

text: initially

text: not

text: available

text: in

text: a

text: form

text: that

text: allowed

text: it

text: to

text: be

text: drawn

text: into

text: fine

text: wires

text: Filaments

text: made

text: from

text: sintered

text: tungsten

text: powder

text: were

text: quite

text: fragile

text: By

text: a

text: process

text: was

text: developed

text: by

text: William

text: D.

text: Coolidge

text: at

text: General

text: Electric

text: for

text: production

text: of

text: a

text: ductile

text: form

text: of

text: tungsten

text: The

text: process

text: required

text: pressing

text: tungsten

text: powder

text: into

text: bars

text: then

text: several

text: steps

text: of

text: sintering

text: swaging

text: and

text: then

text: wire

text: drawing

text: It

text: was

text: found

text: that

text: very

text: pure

text: tungsten

text: formed

text: filaments

text: that

text: sagged

text: in

text: use

text: and

text: that

text: a

text: very

text: small

text: doping

text: treatment

text: with

text: potassium

text: silicon

text: and

text: aluminium

text: oxides

text: at

text: the

text: level

text: of

text: a

text: few

text: hundred

text: parts

text: per

text: million

text: greatly

text: improved

text: the

text: life

text: and

text: durability

text: of

text: the

text: tungsten

text: filaments

question: When was the tungsten filament introduced?

answer: 1906

question: What was the problem with manufacturing the tungsten filament?

answer: Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires.

text: Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires.

question: Who developed the ductile form of tungsten?

answer: William D. Coolidge

text: William D. Coolidge

question: When was the ductile form of tungsten invented?

answer: 1910

question: What other materials were combined with tungsten?

answer: potassium, silicon, and aluminium oxides

text: potassium, silicon, and aluminium oxides

question: What was introduced in 1900?

text: tungsten filament

question: What was initially available in a form that allowed it to drawn into fine wires?

text: Tungsten metal

question: What made filaments quite strong?

text: sintered tungsten powder

question: Who did not develop the ductile form of tungsten?

text: William D. Coolidge

question: Where was William D. Coolidge employed in 1902?

text: General Electric


text: Following the death of Grand Prince Igor in 945, his wife Olga ruled as regent in Kiev until their son Sviatoslav reached maturity (ca. 963). His decade-long reign over Rus' was marked by rapid expansion through the conquest of the Khazars of the Pontic steppe and the invasion of the Balkans. By the end of his short life, Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe, eventually moving his capital from Kiev to Pereyaslavets on the Danube in 969. In contrast with his mother's conversion to Christianity, Sviatoslav, like his druzhina, remained a staunch pagan. Due to his abrupt death in an ambush in 972, Sviatoslav's conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to a fratricidal feud among his sons, which resulted in two of his three sons being killed.

title: Kievan_Rus%27

title: Kievan_Rus%27

text: Following

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Grand

text: Prince

text: Igor

text: in

text: his

text: wife

text: Olga

text: ruled

text: as

text: regent

text: in

text: Kiev

text: until

text: their

text: son

text: Sviatoslav

text: reached

text: maturity

text: ca

text: His

text: decade

text: long

text: reign

text: over

text: Rus

text: was

text: marked

text: by

text: rapid

text: expansion

text: through

text: the

text: conquest

text: of

text: the

text: Khazars

text: of

text: the

text: Pontic

text: steppe

text: and

text: the

text: invasion

text: of

text: the

text: Balkans

text: By

text: the

text: end

text: of

text: his

text: short

text: life

text: Sviatoslav

text: carved

text: out

text: for

text: himself

text: the

text: largest

text: state

text: in

text: Europe

text: eventually

text: moving

text: his

text: capital

text: from

text: Kiev

text: to

text: Pereyaslavets

text: on

text: the

text: Danube

text: in

text: In

text: contrast

text: with

text: his

text: mother

text: 's

text: conversion

text: to

text: Christianity

text: Sviatoslav

text: like

text: his

text: druzhina

text: remained

text: a

text: staunch

text: pagan

text: Due

text: to

text: his

text: abrupt

text: death

text: in

text: an

text: ambush

text: in

text: Sviatoslav

text: 's

text: conquests

text: for

text: the

text: most

text: part

text: were

text: not

text: consolidated

text: into

text: a

text: functioning

text: empire

text: while

text: his

text: failure

text: to

text: establish

text: a

text: stable

text: succession

text: led

text: to

text: a

text: fratricidal

text: feud

text: among

text: his

text: sons

text: which

text: resulted

text: in

text: two

text: of

text: his

text: three

text: sons

text: being

text: killed

question: When did Prince Igor past away?

answer: 945

question: Who ruled in Prince Oleg's place following his death?

answer: his wife Olga

text: his wife Olga

question: In what year did Sviatoslav take over as leader?

answer: 963

question: Where did Sviatoslav move the capital to?

answer: Pereyaslavets

text: Pereyaslavets

question: When was Rus marked by rapid expansion?

question: What year did Sviatoslav's mother convert?

question: What was consolidated in functioning empire?

text: Sviatoslav's conquests

question: What year was Sviatoslav's empire consolidated?


text: Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events. An example of a solar-mediated weather event is a hurricane, which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement.

title: Energy

title: Energy

text: Sunlight

text: may

text: be

text: stored

text: as

text: gravitational

text: potential

text: energy

text: after

text: it

text: strikes

text: the

text: Earth

text: as

text: for

text: example

text: water

text: evaporates

text: from

text: oceans

text: and

text: is

text: deposited

text: upon

text: mountains

text: where

text: after

text: being

text: released

text: at

text: a

text: hydroelectric

text: dam

text: it

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: drive

text: turbines

text: or

text: generators

text: to

text: produce

text: electricity

text: Sunlight

text: also

text: drives

text: many

text: weather

text: phenomena

text: save

text: those

text: generated

text: by

text: volcanic

text: events

text: An

text: example

text: of

text: a

text: solar

text: mediated

text: weather

text: event

text: is

text: a

text: hurricane

text: which

text: occurs

text: when

text: large

text: unstable

text: areas

text: of

text: warm

text: ocean

text: heated

text: over

text: months

text: give

text: up

text: some

text: of

text: their

text: thermal

text: energy

text: suddenly

text: to

text: power

text: a

text: few

text: days

text: of

text: violent

text: air

text: movement

question: When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy?

answer: after it strikes the Earth

text: after it strikes the Earth

question: This drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events.

answer: Sunlight

text: Sunlight

question: What is an example of a solar-mediated weather event?

answer: hurricane

text: hurricane

question: What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement?

answer: hurricane

text: hurricane

question: When may sunlight be stored as gravitational kinetic energy?

text: after it strikes the Earth

question: This drives no weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events.

text: Sunlight

question: What is an example of a water-mediated weather event?

text: hurricane

question: after being released at a wind powered dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce what?

text: electricity

question: What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement?

text: hurricane


text: After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and "Little Walachia" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian–Turkish War, which was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739, resulted in the recovery of Serbia and Oltenia, but the Empire lost the port of Azov, north of the Crimean Peninsula, to the Russians. After this treaty the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace, as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of Prussia.

title: Ottoman_Empire

title: Ottoman_Empire

text: After

text: the

text: Austro

text: Turkish

text: War

text: of

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Passarowitz

text: confirmed

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: the

text: Banat

text: Serbia

text: and

text: Little

text: Walachia

text: Oltenia

text: to

text: Austria

text: The

text: Treaty

text: also

text: revealed

text: that

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: was

text: on

text: the

text: defensive

text: and

text: unlikely

text: to

text: present

text: any

text: further

text: aggression

text: in

text: Europe

text: The

text: Austro

text: Russian

text: Turkish

text: War

text: which

text: was

text: ended

text: by

text: the

text: Treaty

text: of

text: Belgrade

text: in

text: resulted

text: in

text: the

text: recovery

text: of

text: Serbia

text: and

text: Oltenia

text: but

text: the

text: Empire

text: lost

text: the

text: port

text: of

text: Azov

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Crimean

text: Peninsula

text: to

text: the

text: Russians

text: After

text: this

text: treaty

text: the

text: Ottoman

text: Empire

text: was

text: able

text: to

text: enjoy

text: a

text: generation

text: of

text: peace

text: as

text: Austria

text: and

text: Russia

text: were

text: forced

text: to

text: deal

text: with

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: Prussia

question: Oltenia is also known as what?

answer: Little Walachia

text: Little Walachia

question: The Austro-Turkish war took place over what years?

answer: 1716–1718

question: The Austro Turkish War culminated in the signing of what treaty?

answer: Treaty of Passarowitz

text: Treaty of Passarowitz

question: The Treaty of Belgrade was the result of a war known as what?

answer: Austro-Russian–Turkish War

text: Austro-Russian–Turkish War

question: What port was lost by the Ottoman empire as a result of the Treaty of Belgrade?

answer: port of Azov

text: port of Azov


text: The most reliable method for assessing pain in most humans is by asking a question: a person may report pain that cannot be detected by any known physiological measure. However, like infants (Latin infans meaning "unable to speak"), animals cannot answer questions about whether they feel pain; thus the defining criterion for pain in humans cannot be applied to them. Philosophers and scientists have responded to this difficulty in a variety of ways. René Descartes for example argued that animals lack consciousness and therefore do not experience pain and suffering in the way that humans do. Bernard Rollin of Colorado State University, the principal author of two U.S. federal laws regulating pain relief for animals, writes that researchers remained unsure into the 1980s as to whether animals experience pain, and that veterinarians trained in the U.S. before 1989 were simply taught to ignore animal pain. In his interactions with scientists and other veterinarians, he was regularly asked to "prove" that animals are conscious, and to provide "scientifically acceptable" grounds for claiming that they feel pain. Carbone writes that the view that animals feel pain differently is now a minority view. Academic reviews of the topic are more equivocal, noting that although the argument that animals have at least simple conscious thoughts and feelings has strong support, some critics continue to question how reliably animal mental states can be determined. The ability of invertebrate species of animals, such as insects, to feel pain and suffering is also unclear.

title: Pain

title: Pain

text: The

text: most

text: reliable

text: method

text: for

text: assessing

text: pain

text: in

text: most

text: humans

text: is

text: by

text: asking

text: a

text: question

text: a

text: person

text: may

text: report

text: pain

text: that

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: detected

text: by

text: any

text: known

text: physiological

text: measure

text: However

text: like

text: infants

text: Latin

text: infans

text: meaning

text: unable

text: to

text: speak

text: animals

text: can

text: not

text: answer

text: questions

text: about

text: whether

text: they

text: feel

text: pain

text: thus

text: the

text: defining

text: criterion

text: for

text: pain

text: in

text: humans

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: applied

text: to

text: them

text: Philosophers

text: and

text: scientists

text: have

text: responded

text: to

text: this

text: difficulty

text: in

text: a

text: variety

text: of

text: ways

text: René

text: Descartes

text: for

text: example

text: argued

text: that

text: animals

text: lack

text: consciousness

text: and

text: therefore

text: do

text: not

text: experience

text: pain

text: and

text: suffering

text: in

text: the

text: way

text: that

text: humans

text: do

text: Bernard

text: Rollin

text: of

text: Colorado

text: State

text: University

text: the

text: principal

text: author

text: of

text: two

text: U.S.

text: federal

text: laws

text: regulating

text: pain

text: relief

text: for

text: animals

text: writes

text: that

text: researchers

text: remained

text: unsure

text: into

text: the

text: as

text: to

text: whether

text: animals

text: experience

text: pain

text: and

text: that

text: veterinarians

text: trained

text: in

text: the

text: U.S.

text: before

text: were

text: simply

text: taught

text: to

text: ignore

text: animal

text: pain

text: In

text: his

text: interactions

text: with

text: scientists

text: and

text: other

text: veterinarians

text: he

text: was

text: regularly

text: asked

text: to

text: prove

text: that

text: animals

text: are

text: conscious

text: and

text: to

text: provide

text: scientifically

text: acceptable

text: grounds

text: for

text: claiming

text: that

text: they

text: feel

text: pain

text: Carbone

text: writes

text: that

text: the

text: view

text: that

text: animals

text: feel

text: pain

text: differently

text: is

text: now

text: a

text: minority

text: view

text: Academic

text: reviews

text: of

text: the

text: topic

text: are

text: more

text: equivocal

text: noting

text: that

text: although

text: the

text: argument

text: that

text: animals

text: have

text: at

text: least

text: simple

text: conscious

text: thoughts

text: and

text: feelings

text: has

text: strong

text: support

text: some

text: critics

text: continue

text: to

text: question

text: how

text: reliably

text: animal

text: mental

text: states

text: can

text: be

text: determined

text: The

text: ability

text: of

text: invertebrate

text: species

text: of

text: animals

text: such

text: as

text: insects

text: to

text: feel

text: pain

text: and

text: suffering

text: is

text: also

text: unclear

question: What is the most reliable method of learning about pain in a human?

answer: asking a question

text: asking a question

question: What can't animals answer?

answer: whether they feel pain

text: whether they feel pain

question: What did Descartes argue animals lack?

answer: consciousness

text: consciousness

question: What university is Bernard Rollin associated with?

answer: Colorado State University

text: Colorado State University

question: Can invertebrate species of animals like insects feel pain and suffering?

answer: unclear

text: unclear

question: What is the word "infants" mean in Latin?

text: unable to speak

question: What did Rene Rollin argue about animals and pain?

question: What was Bernard Descartes' opinion on animals and pain?

question: What did Rene Carbone write about animals and pain?

question: How clear is the ability of vertebrae species to feel pain?

text: unclear


text: In 1353 Bern joined the Swiss Confederacy, becoming one of the eight cantons of the formative period of 1353 to 1481. Bern invaded and conquered Aargau in 1415 and Vaud in 1536, as well as other smaller territories; thereby becoming the largest city-state north of the Alps, by the 18th century comprising most of what is today the canton of Bern and the canton of Vaud.

title: Bern

title: Bern

text: In

text: Bern

text: joined

text: the

text: Swiss

text: Confederacy

text: becoming

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: eight

text: cantons

text: of

text: the

text: formative

text: period

text: of

text: to

text: Bern

text: invaded

text: and

text: conquered

text: Aargau

text: in

text: and

text: Vaud

text: in

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: other

text: smaller

text: territories

text: thereby

text: becoming

text: the

text: largest

text: city

text: state

text: north

text: of

text: the

text: Alps

text: by

text: the

text: century

text: comprising

text: most

text: of

text: what

text: is

text: today

text: the

text: canton

text: of

text: Bern

text: and

text: the

text: canton

text: of

text: Vaud

question: what year did Bern join the Swiss Confederacy?

answer: 1353

question: How many cantons were there between 1353 to 1481?

answer: 8

question: What year did Bern invade Aargau?

answer: 1415

question: What is the largest city-state north of the Alps?

answer: Bern

text: Bern


text: In a study published in the Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Economics, and reported on in early May 2014, researchers from the University of Portsmouth in the UK discussed findings from examining the illegal downloading behavior of 6,000 Finnish people, aged seven to 84. The list of reasons for downloading given by the study respondents included money saving; the ability to access material not on general release, or before it was released; and assisting artists to avoid involvement with record companies and movie studios.

title: Copyright_infringement

title: Copyright_infringement

text: In

text: a

text: study

text: published

text: in

text: the

text: Journal

text: of

text: Behavioural

text: and

text: Experimental

text: Economics

text: and

text: reported

text: on

text: in

text: early

text: May

text: researchers

text: from

text: the

text: University

text: of

text: Portsmouth

text: in

text: the

text: UK

text: discussed

text: findings

text: from

text: examining

text: the

text: illegal

text: downloading

text: behavior

text: of

text: Finnish

text: people

text: aged

text: seven

text: to

text: The

text: list

text: of

text: reasons

text: for

text: downloading

text: given

text: by

text: the

text: study

text: respondents

text: included

text: money

text: saving

text: the

text: ability

text: to

text: access

text: material

text: not

text: on

text: general

text: release

text: or

text: before

text: it

text: was

text: released

text: and

text: assisting

text: artists

text: to

text: avoid

text: involvement

text: with

text: record

text: companies

text: and

text: movie

text: studios

question: What researchers conducted a study in the early part of May 2014?

answer: University of Portsmouth

text: University of Portsmouth

question: How many people were part of the study?

answer: 6,000

question: What was the age range of people studied?

answer: seven to 84

text: seven to 84

question: Who did downloaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies?

answer: artists

text: artists

question: What researchers conducted a study in the later part of May 2014?

text: University of Portsmouth

question: How many people weren't part of the study?

question: What was the age range of dogs studied?

text: seven to 84

question: Who did uploaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies?

text: artists

question: Who did downloaders want to hurt by avoiding studios and record companies?

text: artists


text: Some high-speed black-and-white films, such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200, are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method. For example, the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film, according to its data sheet. The manufacturers do not indicate that the 3200 number is an ISO rating on their packaging. Kodak and Fuji also marketed E6 films designed for pushing (hence the "P" prefix), such as Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600, both with a base speed of ISO 400.

title: Film_speed

title: Film_speed

text: Some

text: high

text: speed

text: black

text: and

text: white

text: films

text: such

text: as

text: Ilford

text: Delta

text: and

text: Kodak

text: T

text: MAX

text: are

text: marketed

text: with

text: film

text: speeds

text: in

text: excess

text: of

text: their

text: true

text: ISO

text: speed

text: as

text: determined

text: using

text: the

text: ISO

text: testing

text: method

text: For

text: example

text: the

text: Ilford

text: product

text: is

text: actually

text: an

text: ISO

text: film

text: according

text: to

text: its

text: data

text: sheet

text: The

text: manufacturers

text: do

text: not

text: indicate

text: that

text: the

text: number

text: is

text: an

text: ISO

text: rating

text: on

text: their

text: packaging

text: Kodak

text: and

text: Fuji

text: also

text: marketed

text: films

text: designed

text: for

text: pushing

text: hence

text: the

text: P

text: prefix

text: such

text: as

text: Ektachrome

text: and

text: Fujichrome

text: both

text: with

text: a

text: base

text: speed

text: of

text: ISO

question: What are two examples of films that are marketed with speeds above their true ISO speed?

answer: Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200

text: Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200

question: What speed of film is the Ilford Delta 3200?

answer: ISO 1000

text: ISO 1000

question: Which two companies produced E6 films meant for "pushing"?

answer: Kodak and Fuji

text: Kodak and Fuji

question: What is the base speed of Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600?

answer: ISO 400

text: ISO 400

question: What type of films are Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200?

answer: high-speed black-and-white films

text: high-speed black-and-white films

question: What cameras have speeds above what they are marketed as?

text: Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200

question: 3200 is the true ISO of what film?

text: the Ilford

question: What is the true speed of the Kodak T-MAX P3200 according to the data sheet?

question: What is the Delta 3200 designed for?

text: pushing

question: Ilford Delta and Fuji marketed what kind of film?


text: It was imperative for Japanese commanders to hold Saipan. The only way to do this was to destroy the U.S. Fifth Fleet, which had 15 fleet carriers and 956 planes, 7 battleships, 28 submarines, and 69 destroyers, as well as several light and heavy cruisers. Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa attacked with nine-tenths of Japan's fighting fleet, which included nine carriers with 473 planes, 5 battleships, several cruisers, and 28 destroyers. Ozawa's pilots were outnumbered 2:1 and their aircraft were becoming or were already obsolete. The Japanese had considerable antiaircraft defenses but lacked proximity fuzes or good radar. With the odds against him, Ozawa devised an appropriate strategy. His planes had greater range because they were not weighed down with protective armor; they could attack at about 480 km (300 mi)[citation needed], and could search a radius of 900 km[citation needed] (560 mi). U.S. Navy Hellcat fighters could only attack within 200 miles (320 km) and only search within a 325-mile (523 km)[citation needed] radius. Ozawa planned to use this advantage by positioning his fleet 300 miles (480 km)[citation needed] out. The Japanese planes would hit the U.S. carriers, land at Guam to refuel, then hit the enemy again when returning to their carriers. Ozawa also counted on about 500 land-based planes at Guam and other islands.

title: Pacific_War

title: Pacific_War

text: It

text: was

text: imperative

text: for

text: Japanese

text: commanders

text: to

text: hold

text: Saipan

text: The

text: only

text: way

text: to

text: do

text: this

text: was

text: to

text: destroy

text: the

text: U.S.

text: Fifth

text: Fleet

text: which

text: had

text: fleet

text: carriers

text: and

text: planes

text: battleships

text: submarines

text: and

text: destroyers

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: several

text: light

text: and

text: heavy

text: cruisers

text: Vice

text: Admiral

text: Jisaburo

text: Ozawa

text: attacked

text: with

text: nine

text: tenths

text: of

text: Japan

text: 's

text: fighting

text: fleet

text: which

text: included

text: nine

text: carriers

text: with

text: planes

text: battleships

text: several

text: cruisers

text: and

text: destroyers

text: Ozawa

text: 's

text: pilots

text: were

text: outnumbered

text: and

text: their

text: aircraft

text: were

text: becoming

text: or

text: were

text: already

text: obsolete

text: The

text: Japanese

text: had

text: considerable

text: antiaircraft

text: defenses

text: but

text: lacked

text: proximity

text: fuzes

text: or

text: good

text: radar

text: With

text: the

text: odds

text: against

text: him

text: Ozawa

text: devised

text: an

text: appropriate

text: strategy

text: His

text: planes

text: had

text: greater

text: range

text: because

text: they

text: were

text: not

text: weighed

text: down

text: with

text: protective

text: armor

text: they

text: could

text: attack

text: at

text: about

text: km

text: mi)[citation

text: needed

text: and

text: could

text: search

text: a

text: radius

text: of

text: km[citation

text: needed

text: mi

text: U.S.

text: Navy

text: Hellcat

text: fighters

text: could

text: only

text: attack

text: within

text: miles

text: km

text: and

text: only

text: search

text: within

text: a

text: km)[citation

text: needed

text: radius

text: Ozawa

text: planned

text: to

text: use

text: this

text: advantage

text: by

text: positioning

text: his

text: fleet

text: miles

text: km)[citation

text: needed

text: out

text: The

text: Japanese

text: planes

text: would

text: hit

text: the

text: U.S.

text: carriers

text: land

text: at

text: Guam

text: to

text: refuel

text: then

text: hit

text: the

text: enemy

text: again

text: when

text: returning

text: to

text: their

text: carriers

text: Ozawa

text: also

text: counted

text: on

text: about

text: land

text: based

text: planes

text: at

text: Guam

text: and

text: other

text: islands

question: What was it imperative for the Japanese to hold?

answer: Saipan

text: Saipan

question: How many fleet carriers did the U.S. Fifth Fleet have?

answer: 15

question: How many fleet planes did the U.S. Fifth Fleet have?

answer: 956

question: What was the search radius of U.S. Navy Hellcat fighters?

answer: 325-mile

question: How many carriers did Ozawa have?

answer: nine

text: nine


text: It is best for the receiving antenna to match the polarization of the transmitted wave for optimum reception. Intermediate matchings will lose some signal strength, but not as much as a complete mismatch. A circularly polarized antenna can be used to equally well match vertical or horizontal linear polarizations. Transmission from a circularly polarized antenna received by a linearly polarized antenna (or vice versa) entails a 3 dB reduction in signal-to-noise ratio as the received power has thereby been cut in half.

title: Antenna_(radio)

title: Antenna_(radio

text: It

text: is

text: best

text: for

text: the

text: receiving

text: antenna

text: to

text: match

text: the

text: polarization

text: of

text: the

text: transmitted

text: wave

text: for

text: optimum

text: reception

text: Intermediate

text: matchings

text: will

text: lose

text: some

text: signal

text: strength

text: but

text: not

text: as

text: much

text: as

text: a

text: complete

text: mismatch

text: A

text: circularly

text: polarized

text: antenna

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: to

text: equally

text: well

text: match

text: vertical

text: or

text: horizontal

text: linear

text: polarizations

text: Transmission

text: from

text: a

text: circularly

text: polarized

text: antenna

text: received

text: by

text: a

text: linearly

text: polarized

text: antenna

text: or

text: vice

text: versa

text: entails

text: a

text: dB

text: reduction

text: in

text: signal

text: to

text: noise

text: ratio

text: as

text: the

text: received

text: power

text: has

text: thereby

text: been

text: cut

text: in

text: half

question: What is the best for an recieving antenna for optimum reception?

answer: match the polarization

text: match the polarization

question: What loses signal strength?

answer: Intermediate matchings

text: Intermediate matchings

question: What is used to match vertical and horizontal linear polarizations?

answer: circularly polarized

text: circularly polarized

question: A transmission can cause reduction in what?

answer: signal-to-noise ratio

text: signal-to-noise ratio


text: Time is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities in both the International System of Units and International System of Quantities. Time is used to define other quantities—such as velocity—so defining time in terms of such quantities would result in circularity of definition. An operational definition of time, wherein one says that observing a certain number of repetitions of one or another standard cyclical event (such as the passage of a free-swinging pendulum) constitutes one standard unit such as the second, is highly useful in the conduct of both advanced experiments and everyday affairs of life. The operational definition leaves aside the question whether there is something called time, apart from the counting activity just mentioned, that flows and that can be measured. Investigations of a single continuum called spacetime bring questions about space into questions about time, questions that have their roots in the works of early students of natural philosophy.

title: Time

title: Time

text: Time

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: seven

text: fundamental

text: physical

text: quantities

text: in

text: both

text: the

text: International

text: System

text: of

text: Units

text: and

text: International

text: System

text: of

text: Quantities

text: Time

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: define

text: other

text: quantities

text: such

text: as

text: velocity

text: so

text: defining

text: time

text: in

text: terms

text: of

text: such

text: quantities

text: would

text: result

text: in

text: circularity

text: of

text: definition

text: An

text: operational

text: definition

text: of

text: time

text: wherein

text: one

text: says

text: that

text: observing

text: a

text: certain

text: number

text: of

text: repetitions

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: another

text: standard

text: cyclical

text: event

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: passage

text: of

text: a

text: free

text: swinging

text: pendulum

text: constitutes

text: one

text: standard

text: unit

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: second

text: is

text: highly

text: useful

text: in

text: the

text: conduct

text: of

text: both

text: advanced

text: experiments

text: and

text: everyday

text: affairs

text: of

text: life

text: The

text: operational

text: definition

text: leaves

text: aside

text: the

text: question

text: whether

text: there

text: is

text: something

text: called

text: time

text: apart

text: from

text: the

text: counting

text: activity

text: just

text: mentioned

text: that

text: flows

text: and

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: measured

text: Investigations

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: continuum

text: called

text: spacetime

text: bring

text: questions

text: about

text: space

text: into

text: questions

text: about

text: time

text: questions

text: that

text: have

text: their

text: roots

text: in

text: the

text: works

text: of

text: early

text: students

text: of

text: natural

text: philosophy

question: Time is one of how many fundamental physical quantities?

answer: seven

text: seven

question: Time is one of the fundamental physical quantities in which two systems?

answer: the International System of Units and International System of Quantities

text: the International System of Units and International System of Quantities

question: What is an example of a quantity that time is used to define, mentioned in the paragraph?

answer: velocity

text: velocity

question: Investigations of what brought questions of space into questions about time?

answer: a single continuum called spacetime

text: a single continuum called spacetime

question: Philosophy is one of how many fundamental physical quantities?

text: seven

question: In what two systems is philosophy considered a fundamental physical quantity?

question: What is something else that philosophy is used to define?

text: velocity

question: What kind of experiments can be used when understanding philosophy?

text: advanced experiments

question: Who first used philosophy to understand everyday affairs of life?

text: early students of natural philosophy

question: Philosophy is one of how many fundamental physical quantities?

text: seven

question: Philosophy is one of the fundamental physical quantities in which two systems?

question: What is an example of a quantity that philosophy is used to define, mentioned in the paragraph?

text: velocity

question: Investigations of what brought questions of space into questions about philosophy?

text: a single continuum called spacetime

question: What do questions about velocity have their roots in?


text: Unlike vermilion or red ochre, made from minerals, red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes, made from insects or plants, with white chalk or alum. Red lac was made from the gum lac, the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects, particularly the Laccifer lacca from India. Carmine lake was made from the cochineal insect from Central and South America, Kermes lake came from a different scale insect, kermes vermilio, which thrived on oak trees around the Mediterranean. Other red lakes were made from the rose madder plant and from the brazilwood tree.

title: Red

title: Red

text: Unlike

text: vermilion

text: or

text: red

text: ochre

text: made

text: from

text: minerals

text: red

text: lake

text: pigments

text: are

text: made

text: by

text: mixing

text: organic

text: dyes

text: made

text: from

text: insects

text: or

text: plants

text: with

text: white

text: chalk

text: or

text: alum

text: Red

text: lac

text: was

text: made

text: from

text: the

text: gum

text: lac

text: the

text: dark

text: red

text: resinous

text: substance

text: secreted

text: by

text: various

text: scale

text: insects

text: particularly

text: the

text: Laccifer

text: lacca

text: from

text: India

text: Carmine

text: lake

text: was

text: made

text: from

text: the

text: cochineal

text: insect

text: from

text: Central

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: Kermes

text: lake

text: came

text: from

text: a

text: different

text: scale

text: insect

text: kermes

text: vermilio

text: which

text: thrived

text: on

text: oak

text: trees

text: around

text: the

text: Mediterranean

text: Other

text: red

text: lakes

text: were

text: made

text: from

text: the

text: rose

text: madder

text: plant

text: and

text: from

text: the

text: brazilwood

text: tree

question: What was red ochre composed of?

answer: minerals

text: minerals

question: How were pigments like red lake created?

answer: mixing organic dyes

text: mixing organic dyes

question: What was red lake composed of?

answer: insects or plants, with white chalk or alum

text: insects or plants, with white chalk or alum

question: What was the source of color in Red lac?

answer: the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects

text: the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects

question: The Laccifer lacca was crucial to making what pigment?

answer: Red lac

text: Red lac

question: What color lake pigments were made from minerals?

text: red

question: What was made from red gum?

text: Red lac

question: What continent is Laccifer lacca found on?

text: South America

question: What country was carmine found?

text: India


text: One adaptation helping both predators and prey avoid detection is camouflage, a form of crypsis where species have an appearance that helps them blend into the background. Camouflage consists of not only color but also shape and pattern. The background upon which the organism is seen can be both its environment (e.g., the praying mantis to the right resembling dead leaves) or other organisms (e.g., zebras' stripes blend in with each other in a herd, making it difficult for lions to focus on a single target). The more convincing camouflage is, the more likely it is that the organism will go unseen.

title: Predation

title: Predation

text: One

text: adaptation

text: helping

text: both

text: predators

text: and

text: prey

text: avoid

text: detection

text: is

text: camouflage

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: crypsis

text: where

text: species

text: have

text: an

text: appearance

text: that

text: helps

text: them

text: blend

text: into

text: the

text: background

text: Camouflage

text: consists

text: of

text: not

text: only

text: color

text: but

text: also

text: shape

text: and

text: pattern

text: The

text: background

text: upon

text: which

text: the

text: organism

text: is

text: seen

text: can

text: be

text: both

text: its

text: environment

text: e.g.

text: the

text: praying

text: mantis

text: to

text: the

text: right

text: resembling

text: dead

text: leaves

text: or

text: other

text: organisms

text: e.g.

text: zebras

text: stripes

text: blend

text: in

text: with

text: each

text: other

text: in

text: a

text: herd

text: making

text: it

text: difficult

text: for

text: lions

text: to

text: focus

text: on

text: a

text: single

text: target

text: The

text: more

text: convincing

text: camouflage

text: is

text: the

text: more

text: likely

text: it

text: is

text: that

text: the

text: organism

text: will

text: go

text: unseen

question: Which adaptation helps both predators and prey?

answer: camouflage

text: camouflage

question: What term is used for an adaptation that enables species to blend into the background?

answer: camouflage

text: camouflage

question: Camoflauge consists of what else, in addition to color?

answer: shape and pattern

text: shape and pattern

question: Ogranisms use camoflauge to blend with their habitat and what else?

answer: other organisms

text: other organisms

question: What characteristic helps only prey not be seen?

text: camouflage

question: What else can be used to describe dead leaves besides their color?

text: shape and pattern

question: What is it a form of when lions can see a single zebra?

text: crypsis

question: What does a praying mantis use to build its home?

text: dead leaves

question: What method does a praying mantis use when hunting?

text: focus on a single target


text: A state's consent may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion, which formed the "essential basis" of the state's consent. Consent will not be invalidated if the misunderstanding was due to the state's own conduct, or if the truth should have been evident.

title: Treaty

title: Treaty

text: A

text: state

text: 's

text: consent

text: may

text: be

text: invalidated

text: if

text: there

text: was

text: an

text: erroneous

text: understanding

text: of

text: a

text: fact

text: or

text: situation

text: at

text: the

text: time

text: of

text: conclusion

text: which

text: formed

text: the

text: essential

text: basis

text: of

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: consent

text: Consent

text: will

text: not

text: be

text: invalidated

text: if

text: the

text: misunderstanding

text: was

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: state

text: 's

text: own

text: conduct

text: or

text: if

text: the

text: truth

text: should

text: have

text: been

text: evident

question: What on behalf of a state cannot invalidate that state's consent to a treaty?

answer: own conduct

text: own conduct

question: Consent to a treaty will not be invalidated if what should have been evident?

answer: the truth

text: the truth

question: What may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion of a treaty?

answer: A state's consent

text: A state's consent

question: An erroneous understanding of a fact or situation may only invalidate a state's consent to a treaty if what is also true about the erroneous understanding?

answer: formed the "essential basis" of the state's consent

text: formed the "essential basis" of the state's consent

question: What, if it formed the "essential basis" of a state's consent to a treaty, may invalidate that consent?

answer: an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation

text: an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation


text: The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed as the history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, often draws on the historical methods of both intellectual history and social history.

title: History_of_science

title: History_of_science

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: science

text: is

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: science

text: and

text: scientific

text: knowledge

text: including

text: both

text: the

text: natural

text: sciences

text: and

text: social

text: sciences

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: the

text: arts

text: and

text: humanities

text: is

text: termed

text: as

text: the

text: history

text: of

text: scholarship

text: Science

text: is

text: a

text: body

text: of

text: empirical

text: theoretical

text: and

text: practical

text: knowledge

text: about

text: the

text: natural

text: world

text: produced

text: by

text: scientists

text: who

text: emphasize

text: the

text: observation

text: explanation

text: and

text: prediction

text: of

text: real

text: world

text: phenomena

text: Historiography

text: of

text: science

text: in

text: contrast

text: often

text: draws

text: on

text: the

text: historical

text: methods

text: of

text: both

text: intellectual

text: history

text: and

text: social

text: history

question: What are natural and social sciences a subcategory of?

answer: The history of science

text: The history of science

question: What is the history of arts and humanities called?

answer: the history of scholarship

text: the history of scholarship

question: What kind of phenomena does science study?

answer: real world

text: real world

question: Intellectual history and social history are used in what?

answer: Historiography of science

text: Historiography of science


text: The constitution of Jordan grants its monarch the right to withhold assent to laws passed by its parliament. Article 93 of that document gives the Jordanian sovereign six months to sign or veto any legislation sent to him from the National Assembly; if he vetoes it within that timeframe, the assembly may override his veto by a two-thirds vote of both houses; otherwise, the law does not go into effect (but it may be reconsidered in the next session of the assembly). If the monarch fails to act within six months of the bill being presented to him, it becomes law without his signature.

title: Royal_assent

title: Royal_assent

text: The

text: constitution

text: of

text: Jordan

text: grants

text: its

text: monarch

text: the

text: right

text: to

text: withhold

text: assent

text: to

text: laws

text: passed

text: by

text: its

text: parliament

text: Article

text: of

text: that

text: document

text: gives

text: the

text: Jordanian

text: sovereign

text: six

text: months

text: to

text: sign

text: or

text: veto

text: any

text: legislation

text: sent

text: to

text: him

text: from

text: the

text: National

text: Assembly

text: if

text: he

text: vetoes

text: it

text: within

text: that

text: timeframe

text: the

text: assembly

text: may

text: override

text: his

text: veto

text: by

text: a

text: two

text: thirds

text: vote

text: of

text: both

text: houses

text: otherwise

text: the

text: law

text: does

text: not

text: go

text: into

text: effect

text: but

text: it

text: may

text: be

text: reconsidered

text: in

text: the

text: next

text: session

text: of

text: the

text: assembly

text: If

text: the

text: monarch

text: fails

text: to

text: act

text: within

text: six

text: months

text: of

text: the

text: bill

text: being

text: presented

text: to

text: him

text: it

text: becomes

text: law

text: without

text: his

text: signature

question: How much time does a Jordinian leader have to sign or veto legislation?

answer: six months

text: six months

question: What majority is required to override a veto from the soverign?

answer: two-thirds

text: two-thirds

question: What happens if the soverign doesn't sign the bill within the six-month time frame?

answer: , it becomes law without his signature

text: , it becomes law without his signature

question: The constitution of Jordan does not grant the monarch the right to do what?

text: withhold assent

question: Article 83 gives the Jordanian sovereign how much time to signor veto legislation?

text: six months

question: What kind of vote from either house is required to override the Jordanian sovereign?

text: two-thirds

question: If the monarch fails to act within four months what happens?

text: it becomes law without his signature


text: The Classical era, from about 1750 to 1820, established many of the norms of composition, presentation, and style, and was also when the piano became the predominant keyboard instrument. The basic forces required for an orchestra became somewhat standardized (although they would grow as the potential of a wider array of instruments was developed in the following centuries). Chamber music grew to include ensembles with as many as 8 to 10 performers for serenades. Opera continued to develop, with regional styles in Italy, France, and German-speaking lands. The opera buffa, a form of comic opera, rose in popularity. The symphony came into its own as a musical form, and the concerto was developed as a vehicle for displays of virtuoso playing skill. Orchestras no longer required a harpsichord (which had been part of the traditional continuo in the Baroque style), and were often led by the lead violinist (now called the concertmaster).

title: Classical_music

title: Classical_music

text: The

text: Classical

text: era

text: from

text: about

text: to

text: established

text: many

text: of

text: the

text: norms

text: of

text: composition

text: presentation

text: and

text: style

text: and

text: was

text: also

text: when

text: the

text: piano

text: became

text: the

text: predominant

text: keyboard

text: instrument

text: The

text: basic

text: forces

text: required

text: for

text: an

text: orchestra

text: became

text: somewhat

text: standardized

text: although

text: they

text: would

text: grow

text: as

text: the

text: potential

text: of

text: a

text: wider

text: array

text: of

text: instruments

text: was

text: developed

text: in

text: the

text: following

text: centuries

text: Chamber

text: music

text: grew

text: to

text: include

text: ensembles

text: with

text: as

text: many

text: as

text: to

text: performers

text: for

text: serenades

text: Opera

text: continued

text: to

text: develop

text: with

text: regional

text: styles

text: in

text: Italy

text: France

text: and

text: German

text: speaking

text: lands

text: The

text: opera

text: buffa

text: a

text: form

text: of

text: comic

text: opera

text: rose

text: in

text: popularity

text: The

text: symphony

text: came

text: into

text: its

text: own

text: as

text: a

text: musical

text: form

text: and

text: the

text: concerto

text: was

text: developed

text: as

text: a

text: vehicle

text: for

text: displays

text: of

text: virtuoso

text: playing

text: skill

text: Orchestras

text: no

text: longer

text: required

text: a

text: harpsichord

text: which

text: had

text: been

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: traditional

text: continuo

text: in

text: the

text: Baroque

text: style

text: and

text: were

text: often

text: led

text: by

text: the

text: lead

text: violinist

text: now

text: called

text: the

text: concertmaster

question: When was the Classical era?

answer: 1750 to 1820

text: 1750 to 1820

question: What instrument became the predominant keyboard during the classical era?

answer: the piano

text: the piano

question: What became more standardized during the classical era?

answer: The basic forces required for an orchestra

text: The basic forces required for an orchestra

question: How many muscians, at most, could make up a chamber ensemble during the classical period?

answer: 10

question: What is an opera buffa?

answer: a form of comic opera

text: a form of comic opera


text: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. It was launched in 2000 and is said to be the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world. The primary aims of the foundation are, globally, to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, and in America, to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology. The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington, is controlled by its three trustees: Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. Other principal officers include Co-Chair William H. Gates, Sr. and Chief Executive Officer Susan Desmond-Hellmann.

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

text: Bill

text: Melinda

text: Gates

text: Foundation

text: or

text: the

text: Gates

text: Foundation

text: abbreviated

text: as

text: BMGF

text: is

text: the

text: largest

text: private

text: foundation

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: founded

text: by

text: Bill

text: and

text: Melinda

text: Gates

text: It

text: was

text: launched

text: in

text: and

text: is

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: largest

text: transparently

text: operated

text: private

text: foundation

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: The

text: primary

text: aims

text: of

text: the

text: foundation

text: are

text: globally

text: to

text: enhance

text: healthcare

text: and

text: reduce

text: extreme

text: poverty

text: and

text: in

text: America

text: to

text: expand

text: educational

text: opportunities

text: and

text: access

text: to

text: information

text: technology

text: The

text: foundation

text: based

text: in

text: Seattle

text: Washington

text: is

text: controlled

text: by

text: its

text: three

text: trustees

text: Bill

text: Gates

text: Melinda

text: Gates

text: and

text: Warren

text: Buffett

text: Other

text: principal

text: officers

text: include

text: Co

text: Chair

text: William

text: H.

text: Gates

text: Sr

text: and

text: Chief

text: Executive

text: Officer

text: Susan

text: Desmond

text: Hellmann

question: What is the largest private foundation in the world?

answer: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world

text: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world

question: Where is the Bill and Melinda gates foundation based?

answer: The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington

text: The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington

question: What is the largest private foundation in America?

text: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

question: Where is the Susan-Desmond Hellmann foundation based?

question: What are the names of the trustees for the foundation based in America?

question: What are the primary goals of the foundation in Seattle?

question: What does the principal officer Melinda Gates control?

text: The foundation


text: Copper occurs naturally as native copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. It has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old, and estimates of its discovery place it at 9000 BC in the Middle East; a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. There is evidence that gold and meteoric iron (but not iron smelting) were the only metals used by humans before copper. The history of copper metallurgy is thought to have followed the following sequence: 1) cold working of native copper, 2) annealing, 3) smelting, and 4) the lost wax method. In southeastern Anatolia, all four of these metallurgical techniques appears more or less simultaneously at the beginning of the Neolithic c. 7500 BC. However, just as agriculture was independently invented in several parts of the world, copper smelting was invented locally in several different places. It was probably discovered independently in China before 2800 BC, in Central America perhaps around 600 AD, and in West Africa about the 9th or 10th century AD. Investment casting was invented in 4500–4000 BC in Southeast Asia and carbon dating has established mining at Alderley Edge in Cheshire, UK at 2280 to 1890 BC. Ötzi the Iceman, a male dated from 3300–3200 BC, was found with an axe with a copper head 99.7% pure; high levels of arsenic in his hair suggest his involvement in copper smelting. Experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals; in particular, copper smelting led to the discovery of iron smelting. Production in the Old Copper Complex in Michigan and Wisconsin is dated between 6000 and 3000 BC. Natural bronze, a type of copper made from ores rich in silicon, arsenic, and (rarely) tin, came into general use in the Balkans around 5500 BC.[citation needed]

title: Copper

title: Copper

text: Copper

text: occurs

text: naturally

text: as

text: native

text: copper

text: and

text: was

text: known

text: to

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: oldest

text: civilizations

text: on

text: record

text: It

text: has

text: a

text: history

text: of

text: use

text: that

text: is

text: at

text: least

text: years

text: old

text: and

text: estimates

text: of

text: its

text: discovery

text: place

text: it

text: at

text: BC

text: in

text: the

text: Middle

text: East

text: a

text: copper

text: pendant

text: was

text: found

text: in

text: northern

text: Iraq

text: that

text: dates

text: to

text: BC

text: There

text: is

text: evidence

text: that

text: gold

text: and

text: meteoric

text: iron

text: but

text: not

text: iron

text: smelting

text: were

text: the

text: only

text: metals

text: used

text: by

text: humans

text: before

text: copper

text: The

text: history

text: of

text: copper

text: metallurgy

text: is

text: thought

text: to

text: have

text: followed

text: the

text: following

text: sequence

text: cold

text: working

text: of

text: native

text: copper

text: annealing

text: smelting

text: and

text: the

text: lost

text: wax

text: method

text: In

text: southeastern

text: Anatolia

text: all

text: four

text: of

text: these

text: metallurgical

text: techniques

text: appears

text: more

text: or

text: less

text: simultaneously

text: at

text: the

text: beginning

text: of

text: the

text: Neolithic

text: c.

text: BC

text: However

text: just

text: as

text: agriculture

text: was

text: independently

text: invented

text: in

text: several

text: parts

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: copper

text: smelting

text: was

text: invented

text: locally

text: in

text: several

text: different

text: places

text: It

text: was

text: probably

text: discovered

text: independently

text: in

text: China

text: before

text: BC

text: in

text: Central

text: America

text: perhaps

text: around

text: AD

text: and

text: in

text: West

text: Africa

text: about

text: the

text: or

text: century

text: AD

text: Investment

text: casting

text: was

text: invented

text: in

text: BC

text: in

text: Southeast

text: Asia

text: and

text: carbon

text: dating

text: has

text: established

text: mining

text: at

text: Alderley

text: Edge

text: in

text: Cheshire

text: UK

text: at

text: to

text: BC

text: Ötzi

text: the

text: Iceman

text: a

text: male

text: dated

text: from

text: BC

text: was

text: found

text: with

text: an

text: axe

text: with

text: a

text: copper

text: head

text: pure

text: high

text: levels

text: of

text: arsenic

text: in

text: his

text: hair

text: suggest

text: his

text: involvement

text: in

text: copper

text: smelting

text: Experience

text: with

text: copper

text: has

text: assisted

text: the

text: development

text: of

text: other

text: metals

text: in

text: particular

text: copper

text: smelting

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: discovery

text: of

text: iron

text: smelting

text: Production

text: in

text: the

text: Old

text: Copper

text: Complex

text: in

text: Michigan

text: and

text: Wisconsin

text: is

text: dated

text: between

text: and

text: BC

text: Natural

text: bronze

text: a

text: type

text: of

text: copper

text: made

text: from

text: ores

text: rich

text: in

text: silicon

text: arsenic

text: and

text: rarely

text: tin

text: came

text: into

text: general

text: use

text: in

text: the

text: Balkans

text: around

text: BC.[citation

text: needed

question: When was copper first known to have been used?

answer: 9000 BC

text: 9000 BC

question: In what area is the first recorded use of copper?

answer: Middle East

text: Middle East

question: When was copper thought to have been discovered in China?

answer: 2800 BC

text: 2800 BC

question: Copper smelting resulted in the development of what other metal smelting?

answer: iron smelting

text: iron smelting

question: When did Natural bronze start to be used by the general public?

answer: 5500 BC

text: 5500 BC

question: When was copper last known to have been used?

text: 9000 BC

question: What area is the only recorded use of copper?

text: Middle East

question: When was copper thought to have been discovered in Japan?

text: 2800 BC

question: When did natural bronze stop being used by the general public?

text: 5500 BC

question: What type of material can't be produced?

text: copper


text: The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century.

title: Prime_minister

title: Prime_minister

text: The

text: term

text: prime

text: minister

text: in

text: the

text: sense

text: that

text: we

text: know

text: it

text: originated

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: Kingdom

text: when

text: members

text: of

text: parliament

text: disparagingly

text: used

text: the

text: title

text: in

text: reference

text: to

text: Sir

text: Robert

text: Walpole

text: Over

text: time

text: the

text: title

text: became

text: honorific

text: and

text: remains

text: so

text: in

text: the

text: century

question: When did the modern usage of prime minister come into being?

answer: 18th century

text: 18th century

question: Who was referenced as prime minister in a negative manner when the term was first used in its modern sense?

answer: Sir Robert Walpole

text: Sir Robert Walpole

question: What came into use in the 1800's?

question: Who was the first person to be called Prime Minister?

text: Sir Robert Walpole

question: What title is no longer honorific?

text: prime minister

question: What term was used negatively in the 1800's?

text: prime minister


text: World War II (1939-1945) devastated the country's economy, but the high levels of economic growth that followed from 1950 to 1980 have been called the Greek economic miracle. From 2000 Greece saw high levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average, peaking at 5.8% in 2003 and 5.7% in 2006. The subsequent Great Recession and Greek government-debt crisis, a central focus of the wider European debt crisis, plunged the economy into a sharp downturn, with real GDP growth rates of −0.3% in 2008, −4.3% in 2009, −5.5% in 2010, −9.1% in 2011, −7.3% in 2012 and −3.2% in 2013. In 2011, the country's public debt reached €356 billion (172% of nominal GDP). After negotiating the biggest debt restructuring in history with the private sector, Greece reduced its sovereign debt burden to €280 billion (137% of GDP) in the first quarter of 2012. Greece achieved a real GDP growth rate of 0.7% in 2014 after 6 years of economic decline, but fell back into recession in 2015.

title: Economy_of_Greece

title: Economy_of_Greece

text: World

text: War

text: II

text: devastated

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: economy

text: but

text: the

text: high

text: levels

text: of

text: economic

text: growth

text: that

text: followed

text: from

text: to

text: have

text: been

text: called

text: the

text: Greek

text: economic

text: miracle

text: From

text: Greece

text: saw

text: high

text: levels

text: of

text: GDP

text: growth

text: above

text: the

text: Eurozone

text: average

text: peaking

text: at

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: The

text: subsequent

text: Great

text: Recession

text: and

text: Greek

text: government

text: debt

text: crisis

text: a

text: central

text: focus

text: of

text: the

text: wider

text: European

text: debt

text: crisis

text: plunged

text: the

text: economy

text: into

text: a

text: sharp

text: downturn

text: with

text: real

text: GDP

text: growth

text: rates

text: of

text: in

text: in

text: in

text: in

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: In

text: the

text: country

text: 's

text: public

text: debt

text: reached

text: billion

text: of

text: nominal

text: GDP

text: After

text: negotiating

text: the

text: biggest

text: debt

text: restructuring

text: in

text: history

text: with

text: the

text: private

text: sector

text: Greece

text: reduced

text: its

text: sovereign

text: debt

text: burden

text: to

text: billion

text: of

text: GDP

text: in

text: the

text: first

text: quarter

text: of

text: Greece

text: achieved

text: a

text: real

text: GDP

text: growth

text: rate

text: of

text: in

text: after

text: years

text: of

text: economic

text: decline

text: but

text: fell

text: back

text: into

text: recession

text: in

question: What years of economic growth was called Greece's economic miracle?

answer: 1950 to 1980

text: 1950 to 1980

question: From what year was Greece's levels of GDP growth above the Eurozone average?

answer: 2000

question: What was the GDP growth rate of Greece in 2013?

answer: −3.2%

question: How much public debt did Greece have in 2011?

answer: €356 billion

text: €356 billion

question: What year did Greece fall back into recession?

answer: 2015

question: What years of economic growth were called Greece's economic hell?

text: 1950 to 1980

question: What year was Greece's levels of GDP growth the same as the Eurozone average?

question: What was the GDP reduction rate of Greece in 2011?

question: How much public profit did Greece have in 2011?

text: €356 billion

question: What year did Greece become immune to recessions?


text: An additional extension to MPEG-2 is named MPEG-2.5 audio, as MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered MP3 patent holders. Like MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 adds new sampling rates exactly half of that previously possible with MPEG-2. It thus widens the scope of MP3 to include human speech and other applications requiring only 25% of the frequency reproduction possible with MPEG-1. While not an ISO recognized standard, MPEG-2.5 is widely supported by both inexpensive and brand name digital audio players as well as computer software based MP3 encoders and decoders. A sample rate comparison between MPEG-1, 2 and 2.5 is given further down. MPEG-2.5 was not developed by MPEG and was never approved as an international standard. MPEG-2.5 is thus an unofficial or proprietary extension to the MP3 format.

title: MP3

title: MP3

text: An

text: additional

text: extension

text: to

text: is

text: named

text: audio

text: as

text: already

text: had

text: a

text: different

text: meaning

text: This

text: extension

text: was

text: developed

text: at

text: Fraunhofer

text: IIS

text: the

text: registered

text: patent

text: holders

text: Like

text: adds

text: new

text: sampling

text: rates

text: exactly

text: half

text: of

text: that

text: previously

text: possible

text: with

text: It

text: thus

text: widens

text: the

text: scope

text: of

text: to

text: include

text: human

text: speech

text: and

text: other

text: applications

text: requiring

text: only

text: of

text: the

text: frequency

text: reproduction

text: possible

text: with

text: While

text: not

text: an

text: ISO

text: recognized

text: standard

text: is

text: widely

text: supported

text: by

text: both

text: inexpensive

text: and

text: brand

text: name

text: digital

text: audio

text: players

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: computer

text: software

text: based

text: encoders

text: and

text: decoders

text: A

text: sample

text: rate

text: comparison

text: between

text: and

text: is

text: given

text: further

text: down

text: was

text: not

text: developed

text: by

text: MPEG

text: and

text: was

text: never

text: approved

text: as

text: an

text: international

text: standard

text: is

text: thus

text: an

text: unofficial

text: or

text: proprietary

text: extension

text: to

text: the

text: format

question: As MPEG-3 had a different meaning, what was the name given to the extension of MPEG-2?

answer: MPEG-2.5 audio

text: MPEG-2.5 audio

question: Where was this extension developed?

answer: Fraunhofer IIS

text: Fraunhofer IIS

question: The new sampling rates widened the scope of MP3 to be able to include what?

answer: human speech

text: human speech

question: What is not an ISO recognized standard?

answer: MPEG-2.5

question: As MPEG-2.5 is unofficial, it is considered what kind of extension to the MP3 format?

answer: proprietary

text: proprietary


text: Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional, some academics and researchers, especially in queer studies, have argued that it is a historical and social construction. In 1976, philosopher and historian Michel Foucault argued in The History of Sexuality that homosexuality as an identity did not exist in the eighteenth century; that people instead spoke of "sodomy," which referred to sexual acts. Sodomy was a crime that was often ignored, but sometimes punished severely (see sodomy law). He wrote, "'Sexuality' is an invention of the modern state, the industrial revolution, and capitalism."

title: Sexual_orientation

title: Sexual_orientation

text: Because

text: sexual

text: orientation

text: is

text: complex

text: and

text: multi

text: dimensional

text: some

text: academics

text: and

text: researchers

text: especially

text: in

text: queer

text: studies

text: have

text: argued

text: that

text: it

text: is

text: a

text: historical

text: and

text: social

text: construction

text: In

text: philosopher

text: and

text: historian

text: Michel

text: Foucault

text: argued

text: in

text: The

text: History

text: of

text: Sexuality

text: that

text: homosexuality

text: as

text: an

text: identity

text: did

text: not

text: exist

text: in

text: the

text: eighteenth

text: century

text: that

text: people

text: instead

text: spoke

text: of

text: sodomy

text: which

text: referred

text: to

text: sexual

text: acts

text: Sodomy

text: was

text: a

text: crime

text: that

text: was

text: often

text: ignored

text: but

text: sometimes

text: punished

text: severely

text: see

text: sodomy

text: law

text: He

text: wrote

text: Sexuality

text: is

text: an

text: invention

text: of

text: the

text: modern

text: state

text: the

text: industrial

text: revolution

text: and

text: capitalism

question: Why do researches in homosexual studies argued that it is a social and historical constuction?

answer: Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional

text: Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional

question: Which philosopher argued homosexuality did not exist as an idenity in the eighteenth century?

answer: Michel Foucault

text: Michel Foucault

question: In what year did Michel Foucalt publish The History Of Sexuality?

answer: 1976

question: What did he state was an invention of the modern state?

answer: 'Sexuality

text: 'Sexuality

question: What was a crime in the eighteenth century that could cause severe punishment but was mostly ignored?

answer: Sodomy

text: Sodomy


text: The goal of the Burmese constitutional referendum of 2008, held on 10 May 2008, is the creation of a "discipline-flourishing democracy". As part of the referendum process, the name of the country was changed from the "Union of Myanmar" to the "Republic of the Union of Myanmar", and general elections were held under the new constitution in 2010. Observer accounts of the 2010 election describe the event as mostly peaceful; however, allegations of polling station irregularities were raised, and the United Nations (UN) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent.

title: Myanmar

title: Myanmar

text: The

text: goal

text: of

text: the

text: Burmese

text: constitutional

text: referendum

text: of

text: held

text: on

text: May

text: is

text: the

text: creation

text: of

text: a

text: discipline

text: flourishing

text: democracy

text: As

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: referendum

text: process

text: the

text: name

text: of

text: the

text: country

text: was

text: changed

text: from

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Myanmar

text: to

text: the

text: Republic

text: of

text: the

text: Union

text: of

text: Myanmar

text: and

text: general

text: elections

text: were

text: held

text: under

text: the

text: new

text: constitution

text: in

text: Observer

text: accounts

text: of

text: the

text: election

text: describe

text: the

text: event

text: as

text: mostly

text: peaceful

text: however

text: allegations

text: of

text: polling

text: station

text: irregularities

text: were

text: raised

text: and

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: UN

text: and

text: a

text: number

text: of

text: Western

text: countries

text: condemned

text: the

text: elections

text: as

text: fraudulent

question: Where the elections of 2010 conducted fairly in Burma?

answer: allegations of polling station irregularities were raised

text: allegations of polling station irregularities were raised

question: Were the results of the 2010 elections accepted by the United Nations?

answer: the United Nations (UN) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent.

text: the United Nations (UN) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent.

question: What is the name that Burma held before 2010?

answer: Union of Myanmar

text: Union of Myanmar

question: Why was the referendum in 2008 ?

answer: the creation of a "discipline-flourishing democracy"

text: the creation of a "discipline-flourishing democracy"


text: Charleston has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with mild winters, hot, humid summers, and significant rainfall all year long. Summer is the wettest season; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers. Fall remains relatively warm through November. Winter is short and mild, and is characterized by occasional rain. Measurable snow (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) only occurs several times per decade at the most, with the last such event occurring December 26, 2010. However, 6.0 in (15 cm) fell at the airport on December 23, 1989, the largest single-day fall on record, contributing to a single-storm and seasonal record of 8.0 in (20 cm) snowfall.

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

title: Charleston,_South_Carolina

text: Charleston

text: has

text: a

text: humid

text: subtropical

text: climate

text: Köppen

text: climate

text: classification

text: Cfa

text: with

text: mild

text: winters

text: hot

text: humid

text: summers

text: and

text: significant

text: rainfall

text: all

text: year

text: long

text: Summer

text: is

text: the

text: wettest

text: season

text: almost

text: half

text: of

text: the

text: annual

text: rainfall

text: occurs

text: from

text: June

text: to

text: September

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: thundershowers

text: Fall

text: remains

text: relatively

text: warm

text: through

text: November

text: Winter

text: is

text: short

text: and

text: mild

text: and

text: is

text: characterized

text: by

text: occasional

text: rain

text: Measurable

text: snow

text: in

text: or

text: cm

text: only

text: occurs

text: several

text: times

text: per

text: decade

text: at

text: the

text: most

text: with

text: the

text: last

text: such

text: event

text: occurring

text: December

text: However

text: in

text: cm

text: fell

text: at

text: the

text: airport

text: on

text: December

text: the

text: largest

text: single

text: day

text: fall

text: on

text: record

text: contributing

text: to

text: a

text: single

text: storm

text: and

text: seasonal

text: record

text: of

text: in

text: cm

text: snowfall

question: What season is the wettest in Charleston?

answer: Summer

text: Summer

question: In what form does half of Charleston's annual rainfall occur?

answer: thundershowers

text: thundershowers

question: What season is characterized as short in Charleston?

answer: Winter

text: Winter

question: What is Charleston's seasonal record of snowfall?

answer: 8.0 in (20 cm)

text: 8.0 in (20 cm)

question: What season is considered short in Charleston?

answer: Winter

text: Winter

question: What is the wettest season in Charleston?

answer: Summer

text: Summer

question: Half of Charleston's annual rainfall occurs in what form?

answer: thundershowers

text: thundershowers

question: How much snow did Charleston's Airport recieve on December, 23 1989?

answer: 6.0 in (15 cm

text: 6.0 in (15 cm

question: What season is the dryest in Charleston?

text: Summer

question: In what form does all of Charleston's annual rainfall occur?

text: thundershowers

question: What season is characterized as long in Charleston?

text: Winter

question: What is Charleston's seasonal record of windfall?

text: 8.0 in

question: How much snow did Charleston's Airport recieve on December, 23 1998?

text: 6.0 in (15 cm)


text: Renaissance humanism took a close study of the Latin and Greek classical texts, and was antagonistic to the values of scholasticism with its emphasis on the accumulated commentaries; and humanists were involved in the sciences, philosophies, arts and poetry of classical antiquity. They self-consciously imitated classical Latin and deprecated the use of medieval Latin. By analogy with the perceived decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning.

title: Modern_history

title: Modern_history

text: Renaissance

text: humanism

text: took

text: a

text: close

text: study

text: of

text: the

text: Latin

text: and

text: Greek

text: classical

text: texts

text: and

text: was

text: antagonistic

text: to

text: the

text: values

text: of

text: scholasticism

text: with

text: its

text: emphasis

text: on

text: the

text: accumulated

text: commentaries

text: and

text: humanists

text: were

text: involved

text: in

text: the

text: sciences

text: philosophies

text: arts

text: and

text: poetry

text: of

text: classical

text: antiquity

text: They

text: self

text: consciously

text: imitated

text: classical

text: Latin

text: and

text: deprecated

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: medieval

text: Latin

text: By

text: analogy

text: with

text: the

text: perceived

text: decline

text: of

text: Latin

text: they

text: applied

text: the

text: principle

text: of

text: ad

text: fontes

text: or

text: back

text: to

text: the

text: sources

text: across

text: broad

text: areas

text: of

text: learning

question: What did renaissance humanism reference?

answer: Latin and Greek classical texts

text: Latin and Greek classical texts

question: renaissance humanism was antagonistic to what?

answer: scholasticism

text: scholasticism

question: What did renaissance humanism place an emphasis on?

answer: accumulated commentaries

text: accumulated commentaries


text: Feeding structures in the mouth region vary widely, and have little correlation with the animals' diets. Many polychaetes have a muscular pharynx that can be everted (turned inside out to extend it). In these animals the foremost few segments often lack septa so that, when the muscles in these segments contract, the sharp increase in fluid pressure from all these segments everts the pharynx very quickly. Two families, the Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae, have evolved jaws, which can be used for seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter. On the other hand, some predatory polychaetes have neither jaws nor eversible pharynges. Selective deposit feeders generally live in tubes on the sea-floor and use palps to find food particles in the sediment and then wipe them into their mouths. Filter feeders use "crowns" of palps covered in cilia that wash food particles towards their mouths. Non-selective deposit feeders ingest soil or marine sediments via mouths that are generally unspecialized. Some clitellates have sticky pads in the roofs of their mouths, and some of these can evert the pads to capture prey. Leeches often have an eversible proboscis, or a muscular pharynx with two or three teeth.

title: Annelid

title: Annelid

text: Feeding

text: structures

text: in

text: the

text: mouth

text: region

text: vary

text: widely

text: and

text: have

text: little

text: correlation

text: with

text: the

text: animals

text: diets

text: Many

text: polychaetes

text: have

text: a

text: muscular

text: pharynx

text: that

text: can

text: be

text: everted

text: turned

text: inside

text: out

text: to

text: extend

text: it

text: In

text: these

text: animals

text: the

text: foremost

text: few

text: segments

text: often

text: lack

text: septa

text: so

text: that

text: when

text: the

text: muscles

text: in

text: these

text: segments

text: contract

text: the

text: sharp

text: increase

text: in

text: fluid

text: pressure

text: from

text: all

text: these

text: segments

text: everts

text: the

text: pharynx

text: very

text: quickly

text: Two

text: families

text: the

text: Eunicidae

text: and

text: Phyllodocidae

text: have

text: evolved

text: jaws

text: which

text: can

text: be

text: used

text: for

text: seizing

text: prey

text: biting

text: off

text: pieces

text: of

text: vegetation

text: or

text: grasping

text: dead

text: and

text: decaying

text: matter

text: On

text: the

text: other

text: hand

text: some

text: predatory

text: polychaetes

text: have

text: neither

text: jaws

text: nor

text: eversible

text: pharynges

text: Selective

text: deposit

text: feeders

text: generally

text: live

text: in

text: tubes

text: on

text: the

text: sea

text: floor

text: and

text: use

text: palps

text: to

text: find

text: food

text: particles

text: in

text: the

text: sediment

text: and

text: then

text: wipe

text: them

text: into

text: their

text: mouths

text: Filter

text: feeders

text: use

text: crowns

text: of

text: palps

text: covered

text: in

text: cilia

text: that

text: wash

text: food

text: particles

text: towards

text: their

text: mouths

text: Non

text: selective

text: deposit

text: feeders

text: ingest

text: soil

text: or

text: marine

text: sediments

text: via

text: mouths

text: that

text: are

text: generally

text: unspecialized

text: Some

text: clitellates

text: have

text: sticky

text: pads

text: in

text: the

text: roofs

text: of

text: their

text: mouths

text: and

text: some

text: of

text: these

text: can

text: evert

text: the

text: pads

text: to

text: capture

text: prey

text: Leeches

text: often

text: have

text: an

text: eversible

text: proboscis

text: or

text: a

text: muscular

text: pharynx

text: with

text: two

text: or

text: three

text: teeth

question: What does 'everted' mean?

answer: turned inside out to extend

text: turned inside out to extend

question: What part of a polychaete can be everted?

answer: pharynx

text: pharynx

question: What types of annelids have evolved jaws?

answer: Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae

text: Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae

question: What do annelids use jaws for?

answer: seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter

text: seizing prey, biting off pieces of vegetation, or grasping dead and decaying matter

question: What do some annelids have 'crowns' of?

answer: palps covered in cilia

text: palps covered in cilia

question: What part of a polychaete can be inverted?

text: pharynx

question: What types of annelids are missing jaws?

text: Eunicidae and Phyllodocidae

question: What do annelids use robots for?

question: What do some annelids have 'trophies' of?

text: palps covered in cilia


text: Everton's second successful era started when Harry Catterick was made manager in 1961. In 1962–63, his second season in charge, Everton won the League title and in 1966 the FA Cup followed with a 3–2 win over Sheffield Wednesday. Everton again reached the final in 1968, but this time were unable to overcome West Bromwich Albion at Wembley. Two seasons later in 1969–70, Everton won the League championship, nine points clear of nearest rivals Leeds United. During this period, Everton were the first English club to achieve five consecutive years in European competitions—seasons 1961–62 to 1966–67.

title: Everton_F.C.

title: Everton_F.C.

text: Everton

text: 's

text: second

text: successful

text: era

text: started

text: when

text: Harry

text: Catterick

text: was

text: made

text: manager

text: in

text: In

text: his

text: second

text: season

text: in

text: charge

text: Everton

text: won

text: the

text: League

text: title

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: FA

text: Cup

text: followed

text: with

text: a

text: win

text: over

text: Sheffield

text: Wednesday

text: Everton

text: again

text: reached

text: the

text: final

text: in

text: but

text: this

text: time

text: were

text: unable

text: to

text: overcome

text: West

text: Bromwich

text: Albion

text: at

text: Wembley

text: Two

text: seasons

text: later

text: in

text: Everton

text: won

text: the

text: League

text: championship

text: nine

text: points

text: clear

text: of

text: nearest

text: rivals

text: Leeds

text: United

text: During

text: this

text: period

text: Everton

text: were

text: the

text: first

text: English

text: club

text: to

text: achieve

text: five

text: consecutive

text: years

text: in

text: European

text: competitions

text: seasons

text: to

question: In what year did Everton's second successful era begin?

answer: 1961

question: Who was the manager when Everton's second successful era began in 1961?

answer: Harry Catterick

text: Harry Catterick

question: In what year did Everton win the FA cup in a 3-2 win over Sheffield?

answer: 1966

question: In what year did Everton lose the FA cup final to West Bromwich Albion?

answer: Wembley

text: Wembley

question: What was the last year that Harry Catterick managed Everton?

question: What was the score of the first Everton game Harry Catterick managed?

question: What was the score of the final game between Everton and West Bromwich Albion in 1968?

question: Who coached Everton during the 1969-70 season?

text: Harry Catterick

question: Who coached Everton during the 1966-67 season?

text: Harry Catterick


text: There are some theories on emotions arguing that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur. A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert C. Solomon (for example, The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life, 1993). Solomon claims that emotions are judgments. He has put forward a more nuanced view which response to what he has called the ‘standard objection’ to cognitivism, the idea that a judgment that something is fearsome can occur with or without emotion, so judgment cannot be identified with emotion. The theory proposed by Nico Frijda where appraisal leads to action tendencies is another example.

title: Emotion

title: Emotion

text: There

text: are

text: some

text: theories

text: on

text: emotions

text: arguing

text: that

text: cognitive

text: activity

text: in

text: the

text: form

text: of

text: judgments

text: evaluations

text: or

text: thoughts

text: are

text: necessary

text: in

text: order

text: for

text: an

text: emotion

text: to

text: occur

text: A

text: prominent

text: philosophical

text: exponent

text: is

text: Robert

text: C.

text: Solomon

text: for

text: example

text: The

text: Passions

text: Emotions

text: and

text: the

text: Meaning

text: of

text: Life

text: Solomon

text: claims

text: that

text: emotions

text: are

text: judgments

text: He

text: has

text: put

text: forward

text: a

text: more

text: nuanced

text: view

text: which

text: response

text: to

text: what

text: he

text: has

text: called

text: the

text: standard

text: objection’

text: to

text: cognitivism

text: the

text: idea

text: that

text: a

text: judgment

text: that

text: something

text: is

text: fearsome

text: can

text: occur

text: with

text: or

text: without

text: emotion

text: so

text: judgment

text: can

text: not

text: be

text: identified

text: with

text: emotion

text: The

text: theory

text: proposed

text: by

text: Nico

text: Frijda

text: where

text: appraisal

text: leads

text: to

text: action

text: tendencies

text: is

text: another

text: example

question: Who wrote The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life?

answer: Robert C. Solomon

text: Robert C. Solomon

question: In what year was The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life published?

answer: 1993

question: What does Solomon believe emotions to be?

answer: judgments

text: judgments

question: Whose theory discussed action tendencies?

answer: Nico Frijda

text: Nico Frijda

question: The idea that judgment can't be identified with emotion is an objection to what school of thought?

answer: cognitivism

text: cognitivism

question: Who sang The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life?

text: Robert C. Solomon

question: In what year was The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life rejected?

question: What does Solomon believe emotions not to be?

text: judgments

question: Whose theory didn't discuss action tendencies?

text: Nico Frijda

question: The idea that judgment can be identified with emotion is an objection to what school of thought?

text: cognitivism


text: Spanish explorers traveling inland in the 16th century met Mississippian culture people at Joara, a regional chiefdom near present-day Morganton. Records of Hernando de Soto attested to his meeting with them in 1540. In 1567 Captain Juan Pardo led an expedition to claim the area for the Spanish colony and to establish another route to protect silver mines in Mexico. Pardo made a winter base at Joara, which he renamed Cuenca. His expedition built Fort San Juan and left a contingent of 30 men there, while Pardo traveled further, and built and garrisoned five other forts. He returned by a different route to Santa Elena on Parris Island, South Carolina, then a center of Spanish Florida. In the spring of 1568, natives killed all but one of the soldiers and burned the six forts in the interior, including the one at Fort San Juan. Although the Spanish never returned to the interior, this effort marked the first European attempt at colonization of the interior of what became the United States. A 16th-century journal by Pardo's scribe Bandera and archaeological findings since 1986 at Joara have confirmed the settlement.

title: North_Carolina

title: North_Carolina

text: Spanish

text: explorers

text: traveling

text: inland

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: met

text: Mississippian

text: culture

text: people

text: at

text: Joara

text: a

text: regional

text: chiefdom

text: near

text: present

text: day

text: Morganton

text: Records

text: of

text: Hernando

text: de

text: Soto

text: attested

text: to

text: his

text: meeting

text: with

text: them

text: in

text: In

text: Captain

text: Juan

text: Pardo

text: led

text: an

text: expedition

text: to

text: claim

text: the

text: area

text: for

text: the

text: Spanish

text: colony

text: and

text: to

text: establish

text: another

text: route

text: to

text: protect

text: silver

text: mines

text: in

text: Mexico

text: Pardo

text: made

text: a

text: winter

text: base

text: at

text: Joara

text: which

text: he

text: renamed

text: Cuenca

text: His

text: expedition

text: built

text: Fort

text: San

text: Juan

text: and

text: left

text: a

text: contingent

text: of

text: men

text: there

text: while

text: Pardo

text: traveled

text: further

text: and

text: built

text: and

text: garrisoned

text: five

text: other

text: forts

text: He

text: returned

text: by

text: a

text: different

text: route

text: to

text: Santa

text: Elena

text: on

text: Parris

text: Island

text: South

text: Carolina

text: then

text: a

text: center

text: of

text: Spanish

text: Florida

text: In

text: the

text: spring

text: of

text: natives

text: killed

text: all

text: but

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: soldiers

text: and

text: burned

text: the

text: six

text: forts

text: in

text: the

text: interior

text: including

text: the

text: one

text: at

text: Fort

text: San

text: Juan

text: Although

text: the

text: Spanish

text: never

text: returned

text: to

text: the

text: interior

text: this

text: effort

text: marked

text: the

text: first

text: European

text: attempt

text: at

text: colonization

text: of

text: the

text: interior

text: of

text: what

text: became

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: A

text: century

text: journal

text: by

text: Pardo

text: 's

text: scribe

text: Bandera

text: and

text: archaeological

text: findings

text: since

text: at

text: Joara

text: have

text: confirmed

text: the

text: settlement

question: In the 16th century, where did Spanish explorers meet Mississipian cultureal people?

answer: Joara

text: Joara

question: What is Joara?

answer: a regional chiefdom

text: a regional chiefdom

question: Where would present day Joara be?

answer: near present-day Morganton

text: near present-day Morganton

question: What was the name of the Spanish man that met the people in Joara?

answer: Hernando de Soto

text: Hernando de Soto

question: What year did hernando de Soto arrive in Joara?

answer: 1540