text: After the death of Lysimachus, one of his officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city of Pergamum in 282 BC along with Lysimachus' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to Seleucus I while remaining de facto independent. His descendant, Attalus I, defeated the invading Galatians and proclaimed himself an independent king. Attalus I (241–197BC), was a staunch ally of Rome against Philip V of Macedon during the first and second Macedonian Wars. For his support against the Seleucids in 190 BCE, Eumenes II was rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor. Eumenes II turned Pergamon into a centre of culture and science by establishing the library of Pergamum which was said to be second only to the library of Alexandria with 200,000 volumes according to Plutarch. It included a reading room and a collection of paintings. Eumenes II also constructed the Pergamum Altar with friezes depicting the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city. Pergamum was also a center of parchment (charta pergamena) production. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.

title: Hellenistic_period

title: Hellenistic_period

text: After

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: Lysimachus

text: one

text: of

text: his

text: officers

text: Philetaerus

text: took

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: of

text: Pergamum

text: in

text: BC

text: along

text: with

text: Lysimachus

text: war

text: chest

text: of

text: talents

text: and

text: declared

text: himself

text: loyal

text: to

text: Seleucus

text: I

text: while

text: remaining

text: de

text: facto

text: independent

text: His

text: descendant

text: Attalus

text: I

text: defeated

text: the

text: invading

text: Galatians

text: and

text: proclaimed

text: himself

text: an

text: independent

text: king

text: Attalus

text: I

text: was

text: a

text: staunch

text: ally

text: of

text: Rome

text: against

text: Philip

text: V

text: of

text: Macedon

text: during

text: the

text: first

text: and

text: second

text: Macedonian

text: Wars

text: For

text: his

text: support

text: against

text: the

text: Seleucids

text: in

text: BCE

text: Eumenes

text: II

text: was

text: rewarded

text: with

text: all

text: the

text: former

text: Seleucid

text: domains

text: in

text: Asia

text: Minor

text: Eumenes

text: II

text: turned

text: Pergamon

text: into

text: a

text: centre

text: of

text: culture

text: and

text: science

text: by

text: establishing

text: the

text: library

text: of

text: Pergamum

text: which

text: was

text: said

text: to

text: be

text: second

text: only

text: to

text: the

text: library

text: of

text: Alexandria

text: with

text: volumes

text: according

text: to

text: Plutarch

text: It

text: included

text: a

text: reading

text: room

text: and

text: a

text: collection

text: of

text: paintings

text: Eumenes

text: II

text: also

text: constructed

text: the

text: Pergamum

text: Altar

text: with

text: friezes

text: depicting

text: the

text: Gigantomachy

text: on

text: the

text: acropolis

text: of

text: the

text: city

text: Pergamum

text: was

text: also

text: a

text: center

text: of

text: parchment

text: charta

text: pergamena

text: production

text: The

text: Attalids

text: ruled

text: Pergamon

text: until

text: Attalus

text: III

text: bequeathed

text: the

text: kingdom

text: to

text: the

text: Roman

text: Republic

text: in

text: BC

text: to

text: avoid

text: a

text: likely

text: succession

text: crisis

question: Which officer took control of Pergamum in 282 BC?

answer: Philetaerus

text: Philetaerus

question: Who did Philetaerus declare himself loyal to?

answer: Seleucus I

text: Seleucus I

question: Attalus I was a strong ally of Rome and which ruler?

answer: Philip V of Macedon

text: Philip V of Macedon

question: Where was the library of Pergamum located?

answer: Pergamon

text: Pergamon

question: What depicts the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city?

answer: Pergamum Altar

text: Pergamum Altar


text: The official language of the Republic is Modern Standard Arabic. Arabic was adopted by the Egyptians after the Arab invasion of Egypt. The spoken languages are: Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%), Sudanese Arabic (0.6%), Domari (0.3%), Nobiin (0.3%), Beja (0.1%), Siwi and others. Additionally, Greek, Armenian and Italian are the main languages of immigrants. In Alexandria in the 19th century there was a large community of Italian Egyptians and Italian was the "lingua franca" of the city.

title: Egypt

title: Egypt

text: The

text: official

text: language

text: of

text: the

text: Republic

text: is

text: Modern

text: Standard

text: Arabic

text: Arabic

text: was

text: adopted

text: by

text: the

text: Egyptians

text: after

text: the

text: Arab

text: invasion

text: of

text: Egypt

text: The

text: spoken

text: languages

text: are

text: Egyptian

text: Arabic

text: Sa'idi

text: Arabic

text: Eastern

text: Egyptian

text: Bedawi

text: Arabic

text: Sudanese

text: Arabic

text: Domari

text: Nobiin

text: Beja

text: Siwi

text: and

text: others

text: Additionally

text: Greek

text: Armenian

text: and

text: Italian

text: are

text: the

text: main

text: languages

text: of

text: immigrants

text: In

text: Alexandria

text: in

text: the

text: century

text: there

text: was

text: a

text: large

text: community

text: of

text: Italian

text: Egyptians

text: and

text: Italian

text: was

text: the

text: lingua

text: franca

text: of

text: the

text: city

question: What is official language of Egypt?

answer: Modern Standard Arabic

text: Modern Standard Arabic

question: What are main laguages of immigrants?

answer: Greek, Armenian and Italian

text: Greek, Armenian and Italian

question: In the 19th century, what city of Egypt was a large community of Italian Egyptians?

answer: Alexandria

text: Alexandria

question: What are the three most spoken languages in Egypt?

answer: Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%)

text: Egyptian Arabic (68%), Sa'idi Arabic (29%), Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic (1.6%)


text: The original city council line-up of 14 members (nine district-based and five at-large positions) was based on a U.S. Justice Department mandate which took effect in 1979. At-large council members represent the entire city. Under the city charter, once the population in the city limits exceeded 2.1 million residents, two additional districts were to be added. The city of Houston's official 2010 census count was 600 shy of the required number; however, as the city was expected to grow beyond 2.1 million shortly thereafter, the two additional districts were added for, and the positions filled during, the August 2011 elections.

title: Houston

title: Houston

text: The

text: original

text: city

text: council

text: line

text: up

text: of

text: members

text: nine

text: district

text: based

text: and

text: five

text: at

text: large

text: positions

text: was

text: based

text: on

text: a

text: U.S.

text: Justice

text: Department

text: mandate

text: which

text: took

text: effect

text: in

text: At

text: large

text: council

text: members

text: represent

text: the

text: entire

text: city

text: Under

text: the

text: city

text: charter

text: once

text: the

text: population

text: in

text: the

text: city

text: limits

text: exceeded

text: million

text: residents

text: two

text: additional

text: districts

text: were

text: to

text: be

text: added

text: The

text: city

text: of

text: Houston

text: 's

text: official

text: census

text: count

text: was

text: shy

text: of

text: the

text: required

text: number

text: however

text: as

text: the

text: city

text: was

text: expected

text: to

text: grow

text: beyond

text: million

text: shortly

text: thereafter

text: the

text: two

text: additional

text: districts

text: were

text: added

text: for

text: and

text: the

text: positions

text: filled

text: during

text: the

text: August

text: elections

question: How many members did the original Houston city council have?

answer: 14

question: How many at-large positions were there originally?

answer: five

text: five

question: What areas do at-large council members represent?

answer: entire city

text: entire city

question: What population figure needs to be passed to add at large council members?

answer: 2.1 million

text: 2.1 million

question: How many at-large council members were added in the 2011 elections?

answer: two

text: two

question: How many members did the original Texas city council have?

question: How many at-small positions were there originally?

text: five

question: What areas do at-small council members represent?

text: entire city

question: What population figure needs to be passed to add at small council members?

text: 2.1 million residents

question: How many at-large council members were added in the 2001 elections?

text: two


text: The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can transport and pump up to 2.1 million barrels (330,000 m3) of crude oil per day, more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States. Additionally, substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska's bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal basins. The United States Geological Survey estimates that there are 85.4 trillion cubic feet (2,420 km3) of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas from natural gas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope. Alaska also offers some of the highest hydroelectric power potential in the country from its numerous rivers. Large swaths of the Alaskan coastline offer wind and geothermal energy potential as well.

title: Alaska

title: Alaska

text: The

text: Trans

text: Alaska

text: Pipeline

text: can

text: transport

text: and

text: pump

text: up

text: to

text: million

text: barrels

text: of

text: crude

text: oil

text: per

text: day

text: more

text: than

text: any

text: other

text: crude

text: oil

text: pipeline

text: in

text: the

text: United

text: States

text: Additionally

text: substantial

text: coal

text: deposits

text: are

text: found

text: in

text: Alaska

text: 's

text: bituminous

text: sub

text: bituminous

text: and

text: lignite

text: coal

text: basins

text: The

text: United

text: States

text: Geological

text: Survey

text: estimates

text: that

text: there

text: are

text: trillion

text: cubic

text: feet

text: of

text: undiscovered

text: technically

text: recoverable

text: gas

text: from

text: natural

text: gas

text: hydrates

text: on

text: the

text: Alaskan

text: North

text: Slope

text: Alaska

text: also

text: offers

text: some

text: of

text: the

text: highest

text: hydroelectric

text: power

text: potential

text: in

text: the

text: country

text: from

text: its

text: numerous

text: rivers

text: Large

text: swaths

text: of

text: the

text: Alaskan

text: coastline

text: offer

text: wind

text: and

text: geothermal

text: energy

text: potential

text: as

text: well

question: How much oil can the Trans-Alaska Pipeline transport per day?

answer: up to 2.1 million barrels

text: up to 2.1 million barrels

question: How much recoverable gas is still undiscovered in Alaska, according to the US Geological Survey?

answer: 85.4 trillion cubic feet

text: 85.4 trillion cubic feet

question: Alaska's coastline also has potential in which two environmentally friendly energy types?

answer: wind and geothermal energy

text: wind and geothermal energy

question: Alaska's large rivers have potential for what environmentally friendly type of energy production?

answer: hydroelectric

text: hydroelectric

question: How much oil can't the Trans-Alaska Pipeline transport per day?

text: up to 2.1 million barrels

question: How much oil can the Trans-Alaska Pipeline transport per week?

text: 2.1 million barrels

question: How much unrecoverable gas is still undiscovered in Alaska, according to the US Geological Survey?

text: 85.4 trillion cubic feet

question: Alaska's coastline also has potential in which three environmentally friendly energy types?

text: wind and geothermal energy

question: Alaska's small rivers have potential for what environmentally friendly type of energy production?

text: hydroelectric


text: After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott, the manuscript, at that point titled "Go Set a Watchman", fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey — known professionally as Tay Hohoff — a small, wiry veteran editor in her late 50s. Hohoff was impressed. “[T]he spark of the true writer flashed in every line,” she would later recount in a corporate history of Lippincott. But as Hohoff saw it, the manuscript was by no means fit for publication. It was, as she described it, “more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel.” During the next couple of years, she led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form and was retitled To Kill a Mockingbird.

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird

text: After

text: finishing

text: the

text: first

text: draft

text: and

text: returning

text: it

text: to

text: Lippincott

text: the

text: manuscript

text: at

text: that

text: point

text: titled

text: Go

text: Set

text: a

text: Watchman

text: fell

text: into

text: the

text: hands

text: of

text: Therese

text: von

text: Hohoff

text: Torrey

text: known

text: professionally

text: as

text: Tay

text: Hohoff

text: a

text: small

text: wiry

text: veteran

text: editor

text: in

text: her

text: late

text: Hohoff

text: was

text: impressed

text: T]he

text: spark

text: of

text: the

text: true

text: writer

text: flashed

text: in

text: every

text: line

text: she

text: would

text: later

text: recount

text: in

text: a

text: corporate

text: history

text: of

text: Lippincott

text: But

text: as

text: Hohoff

text: saw

text: it

text: the

text: manuscript

text: was

text: by

text: no

text: means

text: fit

text: for

text: publication

text: It

text: was

text: as

text: she

text: described

text: it

text: more

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: anecdotes

text: than

text: a

text: fully

text: conceived

text: novel

text: During

text: the

text: next

text: couple

text: of

text: years

text: she

text: led

text: Lee

text: from

text: one

text: draft

text: to

text: the

text: next

text: until

text: the

text: book

text: finally

text: achieved

text: its

text: finished

text: form

text: and

text: was

text: retitled

text: To

text: Kill

text: a

text: Mockingbird

question: The first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird was named what?

answer: Go Set a Watchman

text: Go Set a Watchman

question: Who was the editor who got their hands on the first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird?

answer: Tay Hohoff

text: Tay Hohoff

question: What was the name of  the editor who helped Lee finish her book?

answer: Therese von Hohoff Torrey

text: Therese von Hohoff Torrey


text: The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the Company gaining control of all India (except for the Punjab and Sindh), and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty. The Indian Princes had become vassals of the Company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the Company's finances. The Company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which, among other things:

title: East_India_Company

title: East_India_Company

text: The

text: aggressive

text: policies

text: of

text: Lord

text: Wellesley

text: and

text: the

text: Marquis

text: of

text: Hastings

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: Company

text: gaining

text: control

text: of

text: all

text: India

text: except

text: for

text: the

text: Punjab

text: and

text: Sindh

text: and

text: some

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: then

text: kingdom

text: of

text: Nepal

text: under

text: the

text: Sugauli

text: Treaty

text: The

text: Indian

text: Princes

text: had

text: become

text: vassals

text: of

text: the

text: Company

text: But

text: the

text: expense

text: of

text: wars

text: leading

text: to

text: the

text: total

text: control

text: of

text: India

text: strained

text: the

text: Company

text: 's

text: finances

text: The

text: Company

text: was

text: forced

text: to

text: petition

text: Parliament

text: for

text: assistance

text: This

text: was

text: the

text: background

text: to

text: the

text: Charter

text: Act

text: of

text: which

text: among

text: other

text: things

question: What Lord helped the EIC through his politics, take control over all of india?

answer: Lord Wellesley

text: Lord Wellesley

question: While the EIc took over all of India there were, two exception the first being Punjab, what was the Second?

answer: Sindh

text: Sindh

question: in the past the deals under the crown strained the finances of EIC  now as they expained throughout India what was the biggest strain on their finances

answer: the expense of wars

text: the expense of wars

question: what treaty  allowed the Eic in to the then kingdom of nepal?

answer: Sugauli Treaty

text: Sugauli Treaty

question: EIC reached out to parliament for help with finances. this lead to which Act?

answer: Charter Act of 1813

text: Charter Act of 1813

question: What Lord helped the EIC through his politics take control over all of America?

text: Lord Wellesley

question: What year was the Charter Act rejected?

question: Who had very relaxed policies?

question: Who lost all control over India?

text: the Company

question: What events had the least amount of expenses?

text: wars


text: In 586 BCE King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered Judah. According to the Hebrew Bible, he destroyed Solomon's Temple and exiled the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded by the Babylonians (see the Babylonian Chronicles). In 538 BCE, Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylon and took over its empire. Cyrus issued a proclamation granting subjugated nations (including the people of Judah) religious freedom (for the original text, which corroborates the biblical narrative only in very broad terms, see the Cyrus Cylinder). According to the Hebrew Bible 50,000 Judeans, led by Zerubabel, returned to Judah and rebuilt the temple. A second group of 5,000, led by Ezra and Nehemiah, returned to Judah in 456 BCE although non-Jews wrote to Cyrus to try to prevent their return.

title: Israel

title: Israel

text: In

text: BCE

text: King

text: Nebuchadnezzar

text: II

text: of

text: Babylon

text: conquered

text: Judah

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: he

text: destroyed

text: Solomon

text: 's

text: Temple

text: and

text: exiled

text: the

text: Jews

text: to

text: Babylon

text: The

text: defeat

text: was

text: also

text: recorded

text: by

text: the

text: Babylonians

text: see

text: the

text: Babylonian

text: Chronicles

text: In

text: BCE

text: Cyrus

text: the

text: Great

text: of

text: Persia

text: conquered

text: Babylon

text: and

text: took

text: over

text: its

text: empire

text: Cyrus

text: issued

text: a

text: proclamation

text: granting

text: subjugated

text: nations

text: including

text: the

text: people

text: of

text: Judah

text: religious

text: freedom

text: for

text: the

text: original

text: text

text: which

text: corroborates

text: the

text: biblical

text: narrative

text: only

text: in

text: very

text: broad

text: terms

text: see

text: the

text: Cyrus

text: Cylinder

text: According

text: to

text: the

text: Hebrew

text: Bible

text: Judeans

text: led

text: by

text: Zerubabel

text: returned

text: to

text: Judah

text: and

text: rebuilt

text: the

text: temple

text: A

text: second

text: group

text: of

text: led

text: by

text: Ezra

text: and

text: Nehemiah

text: returned

text: to

text: Judah

text: in

text: BCE

text: although

text: non

text: Jews

text: wrote

text: to

text: Cyrus

text: to

text: try

text: to

text: prevent

text: their

text: return

question: Who conquered Judah?

answer: King Nebuchadnezzar II

text: King Nebuchadnezzar II

question: How many Judeans did Zerubabel return to Judah?

answer: 50,000

question: How many Judeans did Ezra lead?

answer: 5,000


text: Unwilling to accept and license Columbia's system, in February 1949 RCA Victor, in cooperation of its parent, the Radio Corporation of America, released the first 45 rpm single, 7 inches in diameter with a large center hole. The 45 rpm player included a changing mechanism that allowed multiple disks to be stacked, much as a conventional changer handled 78s. The short playing time of a single 45 rpm side meant that long works, such as symphonies, had to be released on multiple 45s instead of a single LP, but RCA claimed that the new high-speed changer rendered side breaks so brief as to be inaudible or inconsequential. Early 45 rpm records were made from either vinyl or polystyrene. They had a playing time of eight minutes.

title: Gramophone_record

title: Gramophone_record

text: Unwilling

text: to

text: accept

text: and

text: license

text: Columbia

text: 's

text: system

text: in

text: February

text: RCA

text: Victor

text: in

text: cooperation

text: of

text: its

text: parent

text: the

text: Radio

text: Corporation

text: of

text: America

text: released

text: the

text: first

text: rpm

text: single

text: inches

text: in

text: diameter

text: with

text: a

text: large

text: center

text: hole

text: The

text: rpm

text: player

text: included

text: a

text: changing

text: mechanism

text: that

text: allowed

text: multiple

text: disks

text: to

text: be

text: stacked

text: much

text: as

text: a

text: conventional

text: changer

text: handled

text: The

text: short

text: playing

text: time

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: rpm

text: side

text: meant

text: that

text: long

text: works

text: such

text: as

text: symphonies

text: had

text: to

text: be

text: released

text: on

text: multiple

text: instead

text: of

text: a

text: single

text: LP

text: but

text: RCA

text: claimed

text: that

text: the

text: new

text: high

text: speed

text: changer

text: rendered

text: side

text: breaks

text: so

text: brief

text: as

text: to

text: be

text: inaudible

text: or

text: inconsequential

text: Early

text: rpm

text: records

text: were

text: made

text: from

text: either

text: vinyl

text: or

text: polystyrene

text: They

text: had

text: a

text: playing

text: time

text: of

text: eight

text: minutes

question: What did RCA release to complete against Columbia's LP?

answer: The 45 rpm player

text: The 45 rpm player

question: What materials were 45 rpm records made of?

answer: vinyl or polystyrene

text: vinyl or polystyrene

question: What was the play time of a 45 rpm

answer: eight minutes

text: eight minutes

question: What was the size of a RCA Victor 45 rpm?

answer: 7 inches

text: 7 inches


text: The reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1735–1796) saw the apogee and initial decline in prosperity and imperial control. The population rose to some 400 million, but taxes and government revenues were fixed at a low rate, virtually guaranteeing eventual fiscal crisis. Corruption set in, rebels tested government legitimacy, and ruling elites did not change their mindsets in the face of changes in the world system. Following the Opium War, European powers imposed unequal treaties, free trade, extraterritoriality and treaty ports under foreign control. The Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) and Dungan Revolt (1862–77) in Central Asia led to the deaths of some 20 million people. In spite of these disasters, in the Tongzhi Restoration of the 1860s, Han Chinese elites rallied to the defense of the Confucian order and the Qing rulers. The initial gains in the Self-Strengthening Movement were destroyed in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1895, in which the Qing lost its influence over Korea and the possession of Taiwan. New Armies were organized, but the ambitious Hundred Days' Reform of 1898 was turned back by Empress Dowager Cixi, a ruthless but capable leader. When, in response to the violently anti-foreign Yihetuan ("Boxers"), foreign powers invaded China, the Empress Dowager declared war on them, leading to defeat and the flight of the Imperial Court to Xi'an.

title: Qing_dynasty

title: Qing_dynasty

text: The

text: reign

text: of

text: the

text: Qianlong

text: Emperor

text: saw

text: the

text: apogee

text: and

text: initial

text: decline

text: in

text: prosperity

text: and

text: imperial

text: control

text: The

text: population

text: rose

text: to

text: some

text: million

text: but

text: taxes

text: and

text: government

text: revenues

text: were

text: fixed

text: at

text: a

text: low

text: rate

text: virtually

text: guaranteeing

text: eventual

text: fiscal

text: crisis

text: Corruption

text: set

text: in

text: rebels

text: tested

text: government

text: legitimacy

text: and

text: ruling

text: elites

text: did

text: not

text: change

text: their

text: mindsets

text: in

text: the

text: face

text: of

text: changes

text: in

text: the

text: world

text: system

text: Following

text: the

text: Opium

text: War

text: European

text: powers

text: imposed

text: unequal

text: treaties

text: free

text: trade

text: extraterritoriality

text: and

text: treaty

text: ports

text: under

text: foreign

text: control

text: The

text: Taiping

text: Rebellion

text: and

text: Dungan

text: Revolt

text: in

text: Central

text: Asia

text: led

text: to

text: the

text: deaths

text: of

text: some

text: million

text: people

text: In

text: spite

text: of

text: these

text: disasters

text: in

text: the

text: Tongzhi

text: Restoration

text: of

text: the

text: Han

text: Chinese

text: elites

text: rallied

text: to

text: the

text: defense

text: of

text: the

text: Confucian

text: order

text: and

text: the

text: Qing

text: rulers

text: The

text: initial

text: gains

text: in

text: the

text: Self

text: Strengthening

text: Movement

text: were

text: destroyed

text: in

text: the

text: First

text: Sino

text: Japanese

text: War

text: of

text: in

text: which

text: the

text: Qing

text: lost

text: its

text: influence

text: over

text: Korea

text: and

text: the

text: possession

text: of

text: Taiwan

text: New

text: Armies

text: were

text: organized

text: but

text: the

text: ambitious

text: Hundred

text: Days

text: Reform

text: of

text: was

text: turned

text: back

text: by

text: Empress

text: Dowager

text: Cixi

text: a

text: ruthless

text: but

text: capable

text: leader

text: When

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: violently

text: anti

text: foreign

text: Yihetuan

text: Boxers

text: foreign

text: powers

text: invaded

text: China

text: the

text: Empress

text: Dowager

text: declared

text: war

text: on

text: them

text: leading

text: to

text: defeat

text: and

text: the

text: flight

text: of

text: the

text: Imperial

text: Court

text: to

text: Xi'an

question: What years did the Qianlong Emperor rule?

answer: (1735–1796)

question: When was the Taiping rebellion?

answer: (1850–64)

question: When was the Dungan Revolt?

answer: (1862–77)

question: How many people died during the Taiping Rebellion and the Dungan Revolt?

answer: 20 million people

text: 20 million people

question: When was the first Sino-Japanese War?

answer: 1895


text: Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer.  The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots.

title: Wayback_Machine

title: Wayback_Machine

text: Snapshots

text: usually

text: become

text: available

text: more

text: than

text: six

text: months

text: after

text: they

text: are

text: archived

text: or

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: even

text: later

text: it

text: can

text: take

text: twenty

text: four

text: months

text: or

text: longer

text: The

text: frequency

text: of

text: snapshots

text: is

text: variable

text: so

text: not

text: all

text: tracked

text: web

text: site

text: updates

text: are

text: recorded

text: Sometimes

text: there

text: are

text: intervals

text: of

text: several

text: weeks

text: or

text: years

text: between

text: snapshots

question: What are the saved versions of a site called?

answer: Snapshots

text: Snapshots

question: What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?

answer: six months

text: six months

question: What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?

answer: variable

text: variable

question: What are the saved versions of an update called?

text: Snapshots

question: What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for recording?

text: six months

question: What term characterizes the rate at which intervals of websites are made?

text: variable

question: How many months can it take for intervals to become available?

text: twenty-four months

question: How long are intervals between cases?

text: several weeks or years


text: For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.

title: Multiracial_American

title: Multiracial_American

text: For

text: African

text: Americans

text: the

text: one

text: drop

text: rule

text: was

text: a

text: significant

text: factor

text: in

text: ethnic

text: solidarity

text: African

text: Americans

text: generally

text: shared

text: a

text: common

text: cause

text: in

text: society

text: regardless

text: of

text: their

text: multiracial

text: admixture

text: or

text: social

text: economic

text: stratification

text: Additionally

text: African

text: Americans

text: found

text: it

text: near

text: impossible

text: to

text: learn

text: about

text: their

text: Indigenous

text: American

text: heritage

text: as

text: many

text: family

text: elders

text: withheld

text: pertinent

text: genealogical

text: information

text: Tracing

text: the

text: genealogy

text: of

text: African

text: Americans

text: can

text: be

text: a

text: very

text: difficult

text: process

text: especially

text: for

text: descendants

text: of

text: Indigenous

text: Americans

text: because

text: African

text: Americans

text: who

text: were

text: slaves

text: were

text: forbidden

text: to

text: learn

text: to

text: read

text: and

text: write

text: and

text: a

text: majority

text: of

text: Indigenous

text: Americans

text: neither

text: spoke

text: English

text: nor

text: read

text: or

text: wrote

text: it

question: What brought African Americans together?

answer: the one-drop rule

text: the one-drop rule

question: Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans?

answer: family elders

text: family elders

question: Slaves were not allowed to do what?

answer: to learn to read and write

text: to learn to read and write

question: What did Indigenous Americans not do that makes it difficult to trace their heritage?

answer: spoke English, nor read or wrote it

text: spoke English, nor read or wrote it

question: What factors did not affect racial solidarity amoung African Americans?

answer: their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification

text: their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification

question: What was a factor in ethnic solidarity for whites?

text: the one-drop rule

question: Who was the one-drop rule not a significant factor for?

text: African Americans

question: Who found it easy to learn about their Indigenous American heritage?

text: African Americans

question: Who was forthcoming with genealogical information?

text: family elders

question: Who was encouraged to read and write?

text: African Americans


text: The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League (formerly named the UEFA Cup; until 1998 they entered the Cup Winners' Cup instead). This European place applies even if the team is relegated or is not in the English top flight. In the past, if the FA Cup winning team also qualified for the following season's Champions League or Europa League through their league position, then the losing FA Cup finalist was given the Europa League place instead. FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage. Losing finalists, if they entered the Europa League, began earlier, at the play-off or third qualifying round stage. From the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League season, however, UEFA will not allow the runners-up to qualify for the Europa League through the competition.

title: FA_Cup

title: FA_Cup

text: The

text: FA

text: Cup

text: winners

text: qualify

text: for

text: the

text: following

text: season

text: 's

text: UEFA

text: Europa

text: League

text: formerly

text: named

text: the

text: UEFA

text: Cup

text: until

text: they

text: entered

text: the

text: Cup

text: Winners

text: Cup

text: instead

text: This

text: European

text: place

text: applies

text: even

text: if

text: the

text: team

text: is

text: relegated

text: or

text: is

text: not

text: in

text: the

text: English

text: top

text: flight

text: In

text: the

text: past

text: if

text: the

text: FA

text: Cup

text: winning

text: team

text: also

text: qualified

text: for

text: the

text: following

text: season

text: 's

text: Champions

text: League

text: or

text: Europa

text: League

text: through

text: their

text: league

text: position

text: then

text: the

text: losing

text: FA

text: Cup

text: finalist

text: was

text: given

text: the

text: Europa

text: League

text: place

text: instead

text: FA

text: Cup

text: winners

text: enter

text: the

text: Europa

text: League

text: at

text: the

text: group

text: stage

text: Losing

text: finalists

text: if

text: they

text: entered

text: the

text: Europa

text: League

text: began

text: earlier

text: at

text: the

text: play

text: off

text: or

text: third

text: qualifying

text: round

text: stage

text: From

text: the

text: UEFA

text: Europa

text: League

text: season

text: however

text: UEFA

text: will

text: not

text: allow

text: the

text: runners

text: up

text: to

text: qualify

text: for

text: the

text: Europa

text: League

text: through

text: the

text: competition

question: Do the FA Cup winners qualify for anything?

answer: The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League

text: The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League

question: Did that used to have a different name?

answer: formerly named the UEFA Cup; until 1998

text: formerly named the UEFA Cup; until 1998

question: What is the cup called now?

answer: Cup Winners' Cup

text: Cup Winners' Cup

question: Does the loser of the cup gain anything?

answer: the losing FA Cup finalist was given the Europa League place

text: the losing FA Cup finalist was given the Europa League place

question: what about the FA Cup winner?

answer: FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage.

text: FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage.

question: What do FA Cup losers qualify for?

question: What do UEFA Europa League winners qualify for?

text: The FA Cup

question: What was the FA Cup's former name?

text: the UEFA Cup

question: When do FA Cup winners exit the Europa League?

text: at the group stage

question: In what season did UEFA allow runners-up to qualify for the Europa League?


text: Incandescent light bulbs consist of an air-tight glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) with a filament of tungsten wire inside the bulb, through which an electric current is passed. Contact wires and a base with two (or more) conductors provide electrical connections to the filament. Incandescent light bulbs usually contain a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base that allows the electrical contacts to run through the envelope without air or gas leaks. Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires.

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

title: Incandescent_light_bulb

text: Incandescent

text: light

text: bulbs

text: consist

text: of

text: an

text: air

text: tight

text: glass

text: enclosure

text: the

text: envelope

text: or

text: bulb

text: with

text: a

text: filament

text: of

text: tungsten

text: wire

text: inside

text: the

text: bulb

text: through

text: which

text: an

text: electric

text: current

text: is

text: passed

text: Contact

text: wires

text: and

text: a

text: base

text: with

text: two

text: or

text: more

text: conductors

text: provide

text: electrical

text: connections

text: to

text: the

text: filament

text: Incandescent

text: light

text: bulbs

text: usually

text: contain

text: a

text: stem

text: or

text: glass

text: mount

text: anchored

text: to

text: the

text: bulb

text: 's

text: base

text: that

text: allows

text: the

text: electrical

text: contacts

text: to

text: run

text: through

text: the

text: envelope

text: without

text: air

text: or

text: gas

text: leaks

text: Small

text: wires

text: embedded

text: in

text: the

text: stem

text: in

text: turn

text: support

text: the

text: filament

text: and

text: its

text: lead

text: wires

question: What is the name of the air-tight glass enclosure in an incandescent bulb?

answer: the envelope

text: the envelope

question: What is the filament made of?

answer: tungsten wire

text: tungsten wire

question: How many conductors are present in the bulb's base?

answer: two (or more)

text: two (or more)

question: What prevents air or gas leaks from a light bulb?

answer: a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base

text: a stem or glass mount anchored to the bulb's base

question: What function do small wires in a light bulb's stem perform?

answer: Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires

text: Small wires embedded in the stem in turn support the filament and its lead wires

question: What consists of a non-air-tight glass enclosure?

text: Incandescent light bulbs

question: What is the filament not made of?

text: tungsten wire

question: What allows air or gas leaks in the bulb's base?

question: What does not support the filament and its lead wires?

text: Small wires embedded in the stem

question: What has four conductors that provide electrical connections to the filament?

text: Contact wires and a base


text: Pubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity. These changes lead to increased strength and tolerance for exercise. Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop "larger hearts and lungs, higher systolic blood pressure, a lower resting heart rate, a greater capacity for carrying oxygen to the blood, a greater power for neutralizing the chemical products of muscular exercise, higher blood hemoglobin and more red blood cells".

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: Pubertal

text: development

text: also

text: affects

text: circulatory

text: and

text: respiratory

text: systems

text: as

text: an

text: adolescents

text: heart

text: and

text: lungs

text: increase

text: in

text: both

text: size

text: and

text: capacity

text: These

text: changes

text: lead

text: to

text: increased

text: strength

text: and

text: tolerance

text: for

text: exercise

text: Sex

text: differences

text: are

text: apparent

text: as

text: males

text: tend

text: to

text: develop

text: larger

text: hearts

text: and

text: lungs

text: higher

text: systolic

text: blood

text: pressure

text: a

text: lower

text: resting

text: heart

text: rate

text: a

text: greater

text: capacity

text: for

text: carrying

text: oxygen

text: to

text: the

text: blood

text: a

text: greater

text: power

text: for

text: neutralizing

text: the

text: chemical

text: products

text: of

text: muscular

text: exercise

text: higher

text: blood

text: hemoglobin

text: and

text: more

text: red

text: blood

text: cells

question: How do a person's heart and lungs change during puberty?

answer: increase in both size and capacity

text: increase in both size and capacity

question: Increased size and capacity of the heart and lungs result in what changes to the body?

answer: increased strength and tolerance for exercise

text: increased strength and tolerance for exercise

question: Which sex tends to develop larger hearts and lungs?

answer: males

text: males

question: Which sex tends to have more red blood cells than the other?

answer: males

text: males

question: Which body system are a person's lungs a major proponent of?

answer: respiratory

text: respiratory


text: Other historians believe that conversion during the Roman era was limited in number and did not account for much of the Jewish population growth, due to various factors such as the illegality of male conversion to Judaism in the Roman world from the mid-2nd century. Another factor that would have made conversion difficult in the Roman world was the halakhic requirement of circumcision, a requirement that proselytizing Christianity quickly dropped. The Fiscus Judaicus, a tax imposed on Jews in 70 CE and relaxed to exclude Christians in 96 CE, also limited Judaism's appeal. In addition, historians argue the very figure (4 million) that had been guessed to account for the population of Jews in the ancient Roman Empire is an error that has long been disproven and thus the assumption that conversion impacted Jewish population growth in ancient Rome on a large scale is false. The 8 million figure is also in doubt as it may refer to a census of total Roman citizens.

title: Jews

title: Jews

text: Other

text: historians

text: believe

text: that

text: conversion

text: during

text: the

text: Roman

text: era

text: was

text: limited

text: in

text: number

text: and

text: did

text: not

text: account

text: for

text: much

text: of

text: the

text: Jewish

text: population

text: growth

text: due

text: to

text: various

text: factors

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: illegality

text: of

text: male

text: conversion

text: to

text: Judaism

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: world

text: from

text: the

text: century

text: Another

text: factor

text: that

text: would

text: have

text: made

text: conversion

text: difficult

text: in

text: the

text: Roman

text: world

text: was

text: the

text: halakhic

text: requirement

text: of

text: circumcision

text: a

text: requirement

text: that

text: proselytizing

text: Christianity

text: quickly

text: dropped

text: The

text: Fiscus

text: Judaicus

text: a

text: tax

text: imposed

text: on

text: Jews

text: in

text: CE

text: and

text: relaxed

text: to

text: exclude

text: Christians

text: in

text: CE

text: also

text: limited

text: Judaism

text: 's

text: appeal

text: In

text: addition

text: historians

text: argue

text: the

text: very

text: figure

text: million

text: that

text: had

text: been

text: guessed

text: to

text: account

text: for

text: the

text: population

text: of

text: Jews

text: in

text: the

text: ancient

text: Roman

text: Empire

text: is

text: an

text: error

text: that

text: has

text: long

text: been

text: disproven

text: and

text: thus

text: the

text: assumption

text: that

text: conversion

text: impacted

text: Jewish

text: population

text: growth

text: in

text: ancient

text: Rome

text: on

text: a

text: large

text: scale

text: is

text: false

text: The

text: million

text: figure

text: is

text: also

text: in

text: doubt

text: as

text: it

text: may

text: refer

text: to

text: a

text: census

text: of

text: total

text: Roman

text: citizens

question: What is a tax imposed on Jews in 70 CE?

answer: The Fiscus Judaicus

text: The Fiscus Judaicus

question: When did the FIscus Judaicus relax to exclude Christians?

answer: 96 CE

text: 96 CE

question: Name one reason historians believe the conversion during the Roman era was limited in number and did not account for much of the Jewish population growth?

answer: illegality of male conversion to Judaism

text: illegality of male conversion to Judaism

question: What religion was it legal to convert to in the Roman world from the mid-2nd century?

text: Judaism

question: Where was it legal to convert to Judaism?

text: the Roman world

question: What made conversion easy in the Roman world?

question: When was the Fiscus Judaicus expanded to also include Christians?

text: 96 CE

question: What was a tax imposed on non Jewish citizens in 70 CE?

text: Fiscus Judaicus


text: The city remained in the hands of Christian troops until 1102, when the Almoravids retook the city and restored the Muslim religion. Although the self-styled 'Emperor of All Spain', Alfonso VI of León and Castile, drove them from the city, he was not strong enough to hold it. The Christians set it afire before abandoning it, and the Almoravid Masdali took possession on 5 May 1109. The event was commemorated in a poem by Ibn Khafaja in which he thanked Yusuf ibn Tashfin for the city's liberation.The declining power of the Almoravids coincided with the rise of a new dynasty in North Africa, the Almohads, who seized control of the peninsula from the year 1145, although their entry into Valencia was deterred by Ibn Mardanis, King of Valencia and Murcia until 1171, at which time the city finally fell to the North Africans. The two Muslim dynasties would rule Valencia for more than a century.

title: Valencia

title: Valencia

text: The

text: city

text: remained

text: in

text: the

text: hands

text: of

text: Christian

text: troops

text: until

text: when

text: the

text: Almoravids

text: retook

text: the

text: city

text: and

text: restored

text: the

text: Muslim

text: religion

text: Although

text: the

text: self

text: styled

text: Emperor

text: of

text: All

text: Spain

text: Alfonso

text: VI

text: of

text: León

text: and

text: Castile

text: drove

text: them

text: from

text: the

text: city

text: he

text: was

text: not

text: strong

text: enough

text: to

text: hold

text: it

text: The

text: Christians

text: set

text: it

text: afire

text: before

text: abandoning

text: it

text: and

text: the

text: Almoravid

text: Masdali

text: took

text: possession

text: on

text: May

text: The

text: event

text: was

text: commemorated

text: in

text: a

text: poem

text: by

text: Ibn

text: Khafaja

text: in

text: which

text: he

text: thanked

text: Yusuf

text: ibn

text: Tashfin

text: for

text: the

text: city

text: 's

text: liberation

text: The

text: declining

text: power

text: of

text: the

text: Almoravids

text: coincided

text: with

text: the

text: rise

text: of

text: a

text: new

text: dynasty

text: in

text: North

text: Africa

text: the

text: Almohads

text: who

text: seized

text: control

text: of

text: the

text: peninsula

text: from

text: the

text: year

text: although

text: their

text: entry

text: into

text: Valencia

text: was

text: deterred

text: by

text: Ibn

text: Mardanis

text: King

text: of

text: Valencia

text: and

text: Murcia

text: until

text: at

text: which

text: time

text: the

text: city

text: finally

text: fell

text: to

text: the

text: North

text: Africans

text: The

text: two

text: Muslim

text: dynasties

text: would

text: rule

text: Valencia

text: for

text: more

text: than

text: a

text: century

question: In what year did Christian troops lose control of Valencia?

answer: 1102

question: Who called himself the Emperor of All Spain?

answer: Alfonso VI of León and Castile

text: Alfonso VI of León and Castile

question: Who wrote poetry about Valencia's capture by the Almoravids?

answer: Ibn Khafaja

text: Ibn Khafaja

question: When did the Almohads gain control of the peninsula?

answer: 1145

question: Who prevented the Almohads from entering Valencia?

answer: Ibn Mardanis

text: Ibn Mardanis


text: Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They are intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players and any computer with the suitable software irrespective of the operating system. The images can also be printed out on photographic paper with a special Kodak machine. This format is not to be confused with Kodak Picture CD, which is a consumer product in CD-ROM format.

title: Compact_disc

title: Compact_disc

text: Photo

text: CD

text: is

text: a

text: system

text: designed

text: by

text: Kodak

text: for

text: digitizing

text: and

text: storing

text: photos

text: on

text: a

text: CD

text: Launched

text: in

text: the

text: discs

text: were

text: designed

text: to

text: hold

text: nearly

text: high

text: quality

text: images

text: scanned

text: prints

text: and

text: slides

text: using

text: special

text: proprietary

text: encoding

text: Photo

text: CDs

text: are

text: defined

text: in

text: the

text: Beige

text: Book

text: and

text: conform

text: to

text: the

text: CD

text: ROM

text: XA

text: and

text: CD

text: i

text: Bridge

text: specifications

text: as

text: well

text: They

text: are

text: intended

text: to

text: play

text: on

text: CD

text: i

text: players

text: Photo

text: CD

text: players

text: and

text: any

text: computer

text: with

text: the

text: suitable

text: software

text: irrespective

text: of

text: the

text: operating

text: system

text: The

text: images

text: can

text: also

text: be

text: printed

text: out

text: on

text: photographic

text: paper

text: with

text: a

text: special

text: Kodak

text: machine

text: This

text: format

text: is

text: not

text: to

text: be

text: confused

text: with

text: Kodak

text: Picture

text: CD

text: which

text: is

text: a

text: consumer

text: product

text: in

text: CD

text: ROM

text: format

question: Who created Photo CDs?

answer: Kodak

text: Kodak

question: When were Photo CDs initially released?

answer: 1992

question: How many images could Photo CDs initially contain?

answer: 100

question: What type of paper can Photo CD images be produced on?

answer: photographic paper

text: photographic paper

question: In what book are Photo CD standards defined?

answer: Beige Book

text: Beige Book

question: When was the Beige Book published?

question: How many photos does the CD-ROM XA hold?

text: 100 high-quality images

question: Who invented CD-i Players?

text: Kodak

question: Why can't Photo CDs work on any computer?

text: special Kodak machine

question: When was the Kodak Picture CD released?


text: Nanjing borders Yangzhou to the northeast, one town downstream when following the north bank of the Yangtze, Zhenjiang to the east, one town downstream when following the south bank of the Yangtze, and Changzhou to the southeast. On its western boundary is Anhui province, where Nanjing borders five prefecture-level cities, Chuzhou to the northwest, Wuhu, Chaohu and Maanshan to the west and Xuancheng to the southwest.

title: Nanjing

title: Nanjing

text: Nanjing

text: borders

text: Yangzhou

text: to

text: the

text: northeast

text: one

text: town

text: downstream

text: when

text: following

text: the

text: north

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Yangtze

text: Zhenjiang

text: to

text: the

text: east

text: one

text: town

text: downstream

text: when

text: following

text: the

text: south

text: bank

text: of

text: the

text: Yangtze

text: and

text: Changzhou

text: to

text: the

text: southeast

text: On

text: its

text: western

text: boundary

text: is

text: Anhui

text: province

text: where

text: Nanjing

text: borders

text: five

text: prefecture

text: level

text: cities

text: Chuzhou

text: to

text: the

text: northwest

text: Wuhu

text: Chaohu

text: and

text: Maanshan

text: to

text: the

text: west

text: and

text: Xuancheng

text: to

text: the

text: southwest

question: What city is northeast of Nanjing?

answer: Yangzhou

text: Yangzhou

question: What is southeast of Nanjing?

answer: Changzhou

text: Changzhou

question: What province is to the west of Nanjing?

answer: Anhui province

text: Anhui province

question: How many prefecture-size cities are in the province of Anhui?

answer: five

text: five

question: What city is on the border of Nanjing to the East?

answer: Zhenjiang

text: Zhenjiang


text: Two common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior (shorter reading) and lectio difficilior (more difficult reading). The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit, more often than they removed them. The second, lectio difficilior potior (the harder reading is stronger), recognizes the tendency for harmonization—resolving apparent inconsistencies in the text. Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult (unharmonized) reading as being more likely to be the original. Such cases also include scribes simplifying and smoothing texts they did not fully understand.

title: Textual_criticism

title: Textual_criticism

text: Two

text: common

text: considerations

text: have

text: the

text: Latin

text: names

text: lectio

text: brevior

text: shorter

text: reading

text: and

text: lectio

text: difficilior

text: more

text: difficult

text: reading

text: The

text: first

text: is

text: the

text: general

text: observation

text: that

text: scribes

text: tended

text: to

text: add

text: words

text: for

text: clarification

text: or

text: out

text: of

text: habit

text: more

text: often

text: than

text: they

text: removed

text: them

text: The

text: second

text: lectio

text: difficilior

text: potior

text: the

text: harder

text: reading

text: is

text: stronger

text: recognizes

text: the

text: tendency

text: for

text: harmonization

text: resolving

text: apparent

text: inconsistencies

text: in

text: the

text: text

text: Applying

text: this

text: principle

text: leads

text: to

text: taking

text: the

text: more

text: difficult

text: unharmonized

text: reading

text: as

text: being

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: be

text: the

text: original

text: Such

text: cases

text: also

text: include

text: scribes

text: simplifying

text: and

text: smoothing

text: texts

text: they

text: did

text: not

text: fully

text: understand

question: Define "lectio brevior"

answer: shorter reading

text: shorter reading

question: Define "lectio difficilior"

answer: more difficult reading

text: more difficult reading

question: What is the main principle of lectio brevior?

answer: scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit

text: scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit

question: What is the main principle of lectio difficilior?

answer: the tendency for harmonization—resolving apparent inconsistencies in the text.

text: the tendency for harmonization—resolving apparent inconsistencies in the text.

question: Is a lectio brevrio or lectio difficilior approach more akin to the original text?

answer: Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult (unharmonized) reading as being more likely to be the original.

text: Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult (unharmonized) reading as being more likely to be the original.

question: What's the term for "longer reading"?

text: lectio brevior

question: What's the term for "easier reading"?

text: lectio difficilior

question: What is the term for when words are deducted for clarification?

text: lectio brevior

question: What is the term for when there are consistencies in the text?

text: lectio difficilior


text: The timing of puberty can have important psychological and social consequences. Early maturing boys are usually taller and stronger than their friends. They have the advantage in capturing the attention of potential partners and in becoming hand-picked for sports. Pubescent boys often tend to have a good body image, are more confident, secure, and more independent. Late maturing boys can be less confident because of poor body image when comparing themselves to already developed friends and peers. However, early puberty is not always positive for boys; early sexual maturation in boys can be accompanied by increased aggressiveness due to the surge of hormones that affect them. Because they appear older than their peers, pubescent boys may face increased social pressure to conform to adult norms; society may view them as more emotionally advanced, despite the fact that their cognitive and social development may lag behind their appearance. Studies have shown that early maturing boys are more likely to be sexually active and are more likely to participate in risky behaviors.

title: Adolescence

title: Adolescence

text: The

text: timing

text: of

text: puberty

text: can

text: have

text: important

text: psychological

text: and

text: social

text: consequences

text: Early

text: maturing

text: boys

text: are

text: usually

text: taller

text: and

text: stronger

text: than

text: their

text: friends

text: They

text: have

text: the

text: advantage

text: in

text: capturing

text: the

text: attention

text: of

text: potential

text: partners

text: and

text: in

text: becoming

text: hand

text: picked

text: for

text: sports

text: Pubescent

text: boys

text: often

text: tend

text: to

text: have

text: a

text: good

text: body

text: image

text: are

text: more

text: confident

text: secure

text: and

text: more

text: independent

text: Late

text: maturing

text: boys

text: can

text: be

text: less

text: confident

text: because

text: of

text: poor

text: body

text: image

text: when

text: comparing

text: themselves

text: to

text: already

text: developed

text: friends

text: and

text: peers

text: However

text: early

text: puberty

text: is

text: not

text: always

text: positive

text: for

text: boys

text: early

text: sexual

text: maturation

text: in

text: boys

text: can

text: be

text: accompanied

text: by

text: increased

text: aggressiveness

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: surge

text: of

text: hormones

text: that

text: affect

text: them

text: Because

text: they

text: appear

text: older

text: than

text: their

text: peers

text: pubescent

text: boys

text: may

text: face

text: increased

text: social

text: pressure

text: to

text: conform

text: to

text: adult

text: norms

text: society

text: may

text: view

text: them

text: as

text: more

text: emotionally

text: advanced

text: despite

text: the

text: fact

text: that

text: their

text: cognitive

text: and

text: social

text: development

text: may

text: lag

text: behind

text: their

text: appearance

text: Studies

text: have

text: shown

text: that

text: early

text: maturing

text: boys

text: are

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: be

text: sexually

text: active

text: and

text: are

text: more

text: likely

text: to

text: participate

text: in

text: risky

text: behaviors

question: Are sexual actvity and risky behaviors more likely in boys that mature early or later?

answer: early

text: early

question: Increased aggresiveness and early sexual maturation in adolescent boys are due to a surge of what?

answer: hormones

text: hormones

question: Are early or late maturing boys generally taller and stronger than their friends?

answer: Early

text: Early

question: What is one reason a late maturing boy may be less confident when comparing himself to others?

answer: poor body image

text: poor body image


text: Antarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,000,000 square kilometres (5,400,000 square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 ft) in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.

title: Antarctica

title: Antarctica

text: Antarctica

text: US

text: English

text: i

text: æntˈɑːrktɪkə/

text: UK

text: English

text: /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/

text: or

text: /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/

text: or

text: /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note

text: is

text: Earth

text: 's

text: southernmost

text: continent

text: containing

text: the

text: geographic

text: South

text: Pole

text: It

text: is

text: situated

text: in

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: region

text: of

text: the

text: Southern

text: Hemisphere

text: almost

text: entirely

text: south

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Circle

text: and

text: is

text: surrounded

text: by

text: the

text: Southern

text: Ocean

text: At

text: square

text: kilometres

text: square

text: miles

text: it

text: is

text: the

text: fifth

text: largest

text: continent

text: in

text: area

text: after

text: Asia

text: Africa

text: North

text: America

text: and

text: South

text: America

text: For

text: comparison

text: Antarctica

text: is

text: nearly

text: twice

text: the

text: size

text: of

text: Australia

text: About

text: of

text: Antarctica

text: is

text: covered

text: by

text: ice

text: that

text: averages

text: km

text: mi

text: ft

text: in

text: thickness

text: which

text: extends

text: to

text: all

text: but

text: the

text: northernmost

text: reaches

text: of

text: the

text: Antarctic

text: Peninsula

question: What is the Earth's most southern continent?

answer: Antarctica

text: Antarctica

question: Which pole is located in Antarctica?

answer: South Pole

text: South Pole

question: What ocean surrounds Antarctica?

answer: Southern Ocean

text: Southern Ocean

question: What is the size of Antarctica?

answer: 14,000,000 square kilometres

text: 14,000,000 square kilometres

question: How much of Antarctica is ice covered?

answer: 98%

question: What is the earths northernmost continent?

text: South Pole

question: What continent is almost entirely south of the Arctic Circle?

text: Antarctica

question: What Ocean does Antarctica surround?

text: Southern Ocean

question: What continents is Antarctica larger than?

question: How thick is the ice at the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula?

text: 1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 ft)

question: What continent is 14,000,000 square miles?

text: Antarctica

question: What continents are largest after Antarctica?

question: What continent is Australia twice the size of?

text: Antarctica

question: What averages 1.9 mi in thickness?

text: ice

question: How much of Australia is covered by ice?


text: The stress of the war had taken its toll on the King's health, exacerbated by his heavy smoking and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments, including arteriosclerosis and thromboangiitis obliterans. A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the King suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg, which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949. His elder daughter Elizabeth, the heir presumptive, took on more royal duties as her father's health deteriorated. The delayed tour was re-organised, with Elizabeth and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, taking the place of the King and Queen. The King was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951, but on 23 September 1951, his left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found. In October 1951, Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh went on a month-long tour of Canada; the trip had been delayed for a week due to the King's illness. At the State Opening of Parliament in November, the King's speech from the throne was read for him by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Simonds. His Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections, and then edited together.

title: George_VI

title: George_VI

text: The

text: stress

text: of

text: the

text: war

text: had

text: taken

text: its

text: toll

text: on

text: the

text: King

text: 's

text: health

text: exacerbated

text: by

text: his

text: heavy

text: smoking

text: and

text: subsequent

text: development

text: of

text: lung

text: cancer

text: among

text: other

text: ailments

text: including

text: arteriosclerosis

text: and

text: thromboangiitis

text: obliterans

text: A

text: planned

text: tour

text: of

text: Australia

text: and

text: New

text: Zealand

text: was

text: postponed

text: after

text: the

text: King

text: suffered

text: an

text: arterial

text: blockage

text: in

text: his

text: right

text: leg

text: which

text: threatened

text: the

text: loss

text: of

text: the

text: leg

text: and

text: was

text: treated

text: with

text: a

text: right

text: lumbar

text: sympathectomy

text: in

text: March

text: His

text: elder

text: daughter

text: Elizabeth

text: the

text: heir

text: presumptive

text: took

text: on

text: more

text: royal

text: duties

text: as

text: her

text: father

text: 's

text: health

text: deteriorated

text: The

text: delayed

text: tour

text: was

text: re

text: organised

text: with

text: Elizabeth

text: and

text: her

text: husband

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Edinburgh

text: taking

text: the

text: place

text: of

text: the

text: King

text: and

text: Queen

text: The

text: King

text: was

text: well

text: enough

text: to

text: open

text: the

text: Festival

text: of

text: Britain

text: in

text: May

text: but

text: on

text: September

text: his

text: left

text: lung

text: was

text: removed

text: by

text: Clement

text: Price

text: Thomas

text: after

text: a

text: malignant

text: tumour

text: was

text: found

text: In

text: October

text: Princess

text: Elizabeth

text: and

text: the

text: Duke

text: of

text: Edinburgh

text: went

text: on

text: a

text: month

text: long

text: tour

text: of

text: Canada

text: the

text: trip

text: had

text: been

text: delayed

text: for

text: a

text: week

text: due

text: to

text: the

text: King

text: 's

text: illness

text: At

text: the

text: State

text: Opening

text: of

text: Parliament

text: in

text: November

text: the

text: King

text: 's

text: speech

text: from

text: the

text: throne

text: was

text: read

text: for

text: him

text: by

text: the

text: Lord

text: Chancellor

text: Lord

text: Simonds

text: His

text: Christmas

text: broadcast

text: of

text: was

text: recorded

text: in

text: sections

text: and

text: then

text: edited

text: together

question: What kind of cancer did the King develop?

answer: lung cancer

text: lung cancer

question: What developed in the King's right leg that prevented him from touring Australia?

answer: arterial blockage

text: arterial blockage

question: What treatment helped prevent the loss of the King's right leg?

answer: right lumbar sympathectomy

text: right lumbar sympathectomy

question: Who was the King's heir presumptive?

answer: Elizabeth

text: Elizabeth

question: Who was Elizabeth's spouse?

answer: Duke of Edinburgh

text: Duke of Edinburgh

question: Who performed the right lumbar sympathectomy on George?

text: Clement Price Thomas

question: On what date in March 1949 did George undergo a right lumbar sympathectomy procedure?

question: What was George's younger daughters name?

text: Elizabeth

question: Who was the Duke of Edinburgh?

text: Clement Price Thomas

question: In what year was Lord Simonds made the Lord Chancellor?


text: The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as laboratory scientists, immunologists, bacteriologists and other specialists.

title: Infection

title: Infection

text: The

text: medical

text: treatment

text: of

text: infectious

text: diseases

text: falls

text: into

text: the

text: medical

text: field

text: of

text: Infectious

text: Disease

text: and

text: in

text: some

text: cases

text: the

text: study

text: of

text: propagation

text: pertains

text: to

text: the

text: field

text: of

text: Epidemiology

text: Generally

text: infections

text: are

text: initially

text: diagnosed

text: by

text: primary

text: care

text: physicians

text: or

text: internal

text: medicine

text: specialists

text: For

text: example

text: an

text: uncomplicated

text: pneumonia

text: will

text: generally

text: be

text: treated

text: by

text: the

text: internist

text: or

text: the

text: pulmonologist

text: lung

text: physician

text: The

text: work

text: of

text: the

text: infectious

text: diseases

text: specialist

text: therefore

text: entails

text: working

text: with

text: both

text: patients

text: and

text: general

text: practitioners

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: laboratory

text: scientists

text: immunologists

text: bacteriologists

text: and

text: other

text: specialists

question: What medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into?

answer: field of Infectious Disease

text: field of Infectious Disease

question: Disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study?

answer: Epidemiology

text: Epidemiology

question: Who tends to initially diagnose an infection?

answer: primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists

text: primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists

question: What is the non-medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist?

answer: lung physician

text: lung physician

question: Who works with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease?

answer: infectious diseases specialist

text: infectious diseases specialist

question: What psychological field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into?

text: field of Infectious Disease

question: What field of war can disease propagation can fall under the purview of?

text: Epidemiology

question: Who tends to initially ignore an infection?

question: What is the imaginary term for a pulmonologist?

text: lung physician

question: Who fights with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease?

text: infectious diseases specialist


text: London is one of the major classical and popular music capitals of the world and is home to major music corporations, such as EMI and Warner Music Group as well as countless bands, musicians and industry professionals. The city is also home to many orchestras and concert halls, such as the Barbican Arts Centre (principal base of the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Symphony Chorus), Cadogan Hall (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) and the Royal Albert Hall (The Proms). London's two main opera houses are the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum. The UK's largest pipe organ is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are at the cathedrals and major churches. Several conservatoires are within the city: Royal Academy of Music, Royal College of Music, Guildhall School of Music and Drama and Trinity Laban.

title: London

title: London

text: London

text: is

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: major

text: classical

text: and

text: popular

text: music

text: capitals

text: of

text: the

text: world

text: and

text: is

text: home

text: to

text: major

text: music

text: corporations

text: such

text: as

text: EMI

text: and

text: Warner

text: Music

text: Group

text: as

text: well

text: as

text: countless

text: bands

text: musicians

text: and

text: industry

text: professionals

text: The

text: city

text: is

text: also

text: home

text: to

text: many

text: orchestras

text: and

text: concert

text: halls

text: such

text: as

text: the

text: Barbican

text: Arts

text: Centre

text: principal

text: base

text: of

text: the

text: London

text: Symphony

text: Orchestra

text: and

text: the

text: London

text: Symphony

text: Chorus

text: Cadogan

text: Hall

text: Royal

text: Philharmonic

text: Orchestra

text: and

text: the

text: Royal

text: Albert

text: Hall

text: The

text: Proms

text: London

text: 's

text: two

text: main

text: opera

text: houses

text: are

text: the

text: Royal

text: Opera

text: House

text: and

text: the

text: London

text: Coliseum

text: The

text: UK

text: 's

text: largest

text: pipe

text: organ

text: is

text: at

text: the

text: Royal

text: Albert

text: Hall

text: Other

text: significant

text: instruments

text: are

text: at

text: the

text: cathedrals

text: and

text: major

text: churches

text: Several

text: conservatoires

text: are

text: within

text: the

text: city

text: Royal

text: Academy

text: of

text: Music

text: Royal

text: College

text: of

text: Music

text: Guildhall

text: School

text: of

text: Music

text: and

text: Drama

text: and

text: Trinity

text: Laban

question: What musical instrument is situated at Royal Albert Hall?

answer: The UK's largest pipe organ

text: The UK's largest pipe organ

question: London-based EMI is a corporation focused on what industry?

answer: music

text: music

question: In which facility is the London Symphony Orchestra based?

answer: the Barbican Arts Centre

text: the Barbican Arts Centre

question: What are the names of London's two primary opera houses?

answer: the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum

text: the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum

question: Royal Academy of Music and Royal College of Music are examples of what?

answer: conservatoires

text: conservatoires


text: Sixty-two percent of islanders are Christians. After the death of the first chaplain Rev G. H. Nobbs in 1884, a Methodist church was formed and in 1891 a Seventh-day Adventist congregation led by one of Nobbs' sons. Some unhappiness with G. H. Nobbs, the more organised and formal ritual of the Church of England service arising from the influence of the Melanesian Mission, decline in spirituality, the influence of visiting American whalers, literature sent by Christians overseas impressed by the Pitcairn story, and the adoption of Seventh-day Adventism by the descendants of the mutineers still on Pitcairn, all contributed to these developments. The Roman Catholic Church began work in 1957 and in the late 1990s a group left the former Methodist (then Uniting Church) and formed a charismatic fellowship. In 2011, 34 percent of the ordinary residents identified as Anglican, 13 percent as Uniting Church, 12 percent as Roman Catholic and three percent as Seventh-day Adventist. Nine percent were from other religions. Twenty four percent had no religion, and seven percent did not indicate a religion. Typical ordinary congregations in any church do not exceed 30 local residents as of 2010[update]. The three older denominations have good facilities. Ministers are usually short-term visitors.

title: Norfolk_Island

title: Norfolk_Island

text: Sixty

text: two

text: percent

text: of

text: islanders

text: are

text: Christians

text: After

text: the

text: death

text: of

text: the

text: first

text: chaplain

text: Rev

text: G.

text: H.

text: Nobbs

text: in

text: a

text: Methodist

text: church

text: was

text: formed

text: and

text: in

text: a

text: Seventh

text: day

text: Adventist

text: congregation

text: led

text: by

text: one

text: of

text: Nobbs

text: sons

text: Some

text: unhappiness

text: with

text: G.

text: H.

text: Nobbs

text: the

text: more

text: organised

text: and

text: formal

text: ritual

text: of

text: the

text: Church

text: of

text: England

text: service

text: arising

text: from

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: the

text: Melanesian

text: Mission

text: decline

text: in

text: spirituality

text: the

text: influence

text: of

text: visiting

text: American

text: whalers

text: literature

text: sent

text: by

text: Christians

text: overseas

text: impressed

text: by

text: the

text: Pitcairn

text: story

text: and

text: the

text: adoption

text: of

text: Seventh

text: day

text: Adventism

text: by

text: the

text: descendants

text: of

text: the

text: mutineers

text: still

text: on

text: Pitcairn

text: all

text: contributed

text: to

text: these

text: developments

text: The

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: Church

text: began

text: work

text: in

text: and

text: in

text: the

text: late

text: a

text: group

text: left

text: the

text: former

text: Methodist

text: then

text: Uniting

text: Church

text: and

text: formed

text: a

text: charismatic

text: fellowship

text: In

text: percent

text: of

text: the

text: ordinary

text: residents

text: identified

text: as

text: Anglican

text: percent

text: as

text: Uniting

text: Church

text: percent

text: as

text: Roman

text: Catholic

text: and

text: three

text: percent

text: as

text: Seventh

text: day

text: Adventist

text: Nine

text: percent

text: were

text: from

text: other

text: religions

text: Twenty

text: four

text: percent

text: had

text: no

text: religion

text: and

text: seven

text: percent

text: did

text: not

text: indicate

text: a

text: religion

text: Typical

text: ordinary

text: congregations

text: in

text: any

text: church

text: do

text: not

text: exceed

text: local

text: residents

text: as

text: of

text: The

text: three

text: older

text: denominations

text: have

text: good

text: facilities

text: Ministers

text: are

text: usually

text: short

text: term

text: visitors

question: Christians make up what percentage of the population of Norfolk Island?

answer: Sixty-two percent

text: Sixty-two percent

question: Who was the first chaplain of Norfolk Island?

answer: Rev G. H. Nobbs

text: Rev G. H. Nobbs

question: What type of church was formed after Rev G.H. Nobbs' death in 1884?

answer: a Methodist church

text: a Methodist church

question: Who led Norfolk Island's first Seventh-day Adventist church?

answer: one of Nobbs' sons

text: one of Nobbs' sons

question: Typical church congregations on Norfolk Island as of 2010 don't exceed what number?

answer: 30

question: What percentage of the population of Norfolk Island do Christians avoid?

text: Sixty-two percent

question: Who was the first chaplain of Norfolk Island to be exiled?

text: Rev G. H. Nobbs

question: What type of church was forbidden after Rev G.H. Nobbs' death in 1882?

text: a Methodist church

question: Who led Norfolk Island's first Sixth-day Adventist church?

text: one of Nobbs' sons

question: What number is always exceeded by typical church congregations on Norfolk Island as of 2010?


text: In November 1956, Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis, receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of Hungary in response to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He publicly disavowed his allies at the United Nations, and used financial and diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt. Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, which were published in 1965.

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower

text: In

text: November

text: Eisenhower

text: forced

text: an

text: end

text: to

text: the

text: combined

text: British

text: French

text: and

text: Israeli

text: invasion

text: of

text: Egypt

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: Suez

text: Crisis

text: receiving

text: praise

text: from

text: Egyptian

text: president

text: Gamal

text: Abdel

text: Nasser

text: Simultaneously

text: he

text: condemned

text: the

text: brutal

text: Soviet

text: invasion

text: of

text: Hungary

text: in

text: response

text: to

text: the

text: Hungarian

text: Revolution

text: of

text: He

text: publicly

text: disavowed

text: his

text: allies

text: at

text: the

text: United

text: Nations

text: and

text: used

text: financial

text: and

text: diplomatic

text: pressure

text: to

text: make

text: them

text: withdraw

text: from

text: Egypt

text: Eisenhower

text: explicitly

text: defended

text: his

text: strong

text: position

text: against

text: Britain

text: and

text: France

text: in

text: his

text: memoirs

text: which

text: were

text: published

text: in

question: Along with the British and Israelis, what forces invaded Egypt in 1956?

answer: French

text: French

question: What was the combined Israeli-British-French invasion in response to?

answer: Suez Crisis

text: Suez Crisis

question: Who was the leader of Egypt at the time of the Suez Crisis?

answer: Gamal Abdel Nasser

text: Gamal Abdel Nasser

question: Who invaded Hungary in 1956?

answer: Soviet

text: Soviet

question: What year saw the publication of Eisenhower's memoirs?

answer: 1965


text: The rotating armature consists of one or more coils of wire wound around a laminated, magnetically "soft" ferromagnetic core. Current from the brushes flows through the commutator and one winding of the armature, making it a temporary magnet (an electromagnet). The magnetic field produced by the armature interacts with a stationary magnetic field produced by either PMs or another winding a field coil, as part of the motor frame. The force between the two magnetic fields tends to rotate the motor shaft. The commutator switches power to the coils as the rotor turns, keeping the magnetic poles of the rotor from ever fully aligning with the magnetic poles of the stator field, so that the rotor never stops (like a compass needle does), but rather keeps rotating as long as power is applied.

title: Electric_motor

title: Electric_motor

text: The

text: rotating

text: armature

text: consists

text: of

text: one

text: or

text: more

text: coils

text: of

text: wire

text: wound

text: around

text: a

text: laminated

text: magnetically

text: soft

text: ferromagnetic

text: core

text: Current

text: from

text: the

text: brushes

text: flows

text: through

text: the

text: commutator

text: and

text: one

text: winding

text: of

text: the

text: armature

text: making

text: it

text: a

text: temporary

text: magnet

text: an

text: electromagnet

text: The

text: magnetic

text: field

text: produced

text: by

text: the

text: armature

text: interacts

text: with

text: a

text: stationary

text: magnetic

text: field

text: produced

text: by

text: either

text: PMs

text: or

text: another

text: winding

text: a

text: field

text: coil

text: as

text: part

text: of

text: the

text: motor

text: frame

text: The

text: force

text: between

text: the

text: two

text: magnetic

text: fields

text: tends

text: to

text: rotate

text: the

text: motor

text: shaft

text: The

text: commutator

text: switches

text: power

text: to

text: the

text: coils

text: as

text: the

text: rotor

text: turns

text: keeping

text: the

text: magnetic

text: poles

text: of

text: the

text: rotor

text: from

text: ever

text: fully

text: aligning

text: with

text: the

text: magnetic

text: poles

text: of

text: the

text: stator

text: field

text: so

text: that

text: the

text: rotor

text: never

text: stops

text: like

text: a

text: compass

text: needle

text: does

text: but

text: rather

text: keeps

text: rotating

text: as

text: long

text: as

text: power

text: is

text: applied

question: Current flowing to create a temporary magent is called what?

answer: electromagnet

text: electromagnet

question: What rotates the motor shaft?

answer: force between the two magnetic fields

text: force between the two magnetic fields

question: What element of the motor keeps the poles from alligning?

answer: commutator

text: commutator

question: What non-motor device demonstrates why a commutator is needed?

answer: compass

text: compass

question: Current flowing to create a non-temporary magent is called what?

text: electromagnet

question: What doesn't rotate the motor shaft?

question: What element of the motor makes the poles alligning?

text: commutator

question: What motor device demonstrates why a commutator is needed?

text: compass


text: The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror is the common name for a series of elevator attractions at the Disney's Hollywood Studios park in Orlando, the Disney California Adventure Park park in Anaheim, the Walt Disney Studios Park in Paris and the Tokyo DisneySea park in Tokyo. The central element of this attraction is a simulated free-fall achieved through the use of a high-speed elevator system. For safety reasons, passengers are seated and secured in their seats rather than standing. Unlike most traction elevators, the elevator car and counterweight are joined using a rail system in a continuous loop running through both the top and the bottom of the drop shaft. This allows the drive motor to pull down on the elevator car from underneath, resulting in downward acceleration greater than that of normal gravity. The high-speed drive motor is used to rapidly lift the elevator as well.

title: Elevator

title: Elevator

text: The

text: Twilight

text: Zone

text: Tower

text: of

text: Terror

text: is

text: the

text: common

text: name

text: for

text: a

text: series

text: of

text: elevator

text: attractions

text: at

text: the

text: Disney

text: 's

text: Hollywood

text: Studios

text: park

text: in

text: Orlando

text: the

text: Disney

text: California

text: Adventure

text: Park

text: park

text: in

text: Anaheim

text: the

text: Walt

text: Disney

text: Studios

text: Park

text: in

text: Paris

text: and

text: the

text: Tokyo

text: DisneySea

text: park

text: in

text: Tokyo

text: The

text: central

text: element

text: of

text: this

text: attraction

text: is

text: a

text: simulated

text: free

text: fall

text: achieved

text: through

text: the

text: use

text: of

text: a

text: high

text: speed

text: elevator

text: system

text: For

text: safety

text: reasons

text: passengers

text: are

text: seated

text: and

text: secured

text: in

text: their

text: seats

text: rather

text: than

text: standing

text: Unlike

text: most

text: traction

text: elevators

text: the

text: elevator

text: car

text: and

text: counterweight

text: are

text: joined

text: using

text: a

text: rail

text: system

text: in

text: a

text: continuous

text: loop

text: running

text: through

text: both

text: the

text: top

text: and

text: the

text: bottom

text: of

text: the

text: drop

text: shaft

text: This

text: allows

text: the

text: drive

text: motor

text: to

text: pull

text: down

text: on

text: the

text: elevator

text: car

text: from

text: underneath

text: resulting

text: in

text: downward

text: acceleration

text: greater

text: than

text: that

text: of

text: normal

text: gravity

text: The

text: high

text: speed

text: drive

text: motor

text: is

text: used

text: to

text: rapidly

text: lift

text: the

text: elevator

text: as

text: well

question: What is the name of the elevator attraction at the Disney World parks across the world?

answer: The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror

text: The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror

question: What is the main feature of this attraction?

answer: a simulated free-fall achieved through the use of a high-speed elevator system

text: a simulated free-fall achieved through the use of a high-speed elevator system

question: Do ride goers stand or sit?

answer: passengers are seated and secured in their seats rather than standing

text: passengers are seated and secured in their seats rather than standing

question: What unique feature does this ride provide guests?

answer: downward acceleration greater than that of normal gravity

text: downward acceleration greater than that of normal gravity

question: What type of motor is used?

answer: high-speed drive motor

text: high-speed drive motor


text: By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain. People under the age of 18 are also barred from public religious practice.

title: Tajikistan

title: Tajikistan

text: By

text: law

text: religious

text: communities

text: must

text: register

text: by

text: the

text: State

text: Committee

text: on

text: Religious

text: Affairs

text: SCRA

text: and

text: with

text: local

text: authorities

text: Registration

text: with

text: the

text: SCRA

text: requires

text: a

text: charter

text: a

text: list

text: of

text: or

text: more

text: members

text: and

text: evidence

text: of

text: local

text: government

text: approval

text: prayer

text: site

text: location

text: Religious

text: groups

text: who

text: do

text: not

text: have

text: a

text: physical

text: structure

text: are

text: not

text: allowed

text: to

text: gather

text: publicly

text: for

text: prayer

text: Failure

text: to

text: register

text: can

text: result

text: in

text: large

text: fines

text: and

text: closure

text: of

text: place

text: of

text: worship

text: There

text: are

text: reports

text: that

text: registration

text: on

text: the

text: local

text: level

text: is

text: sometimes

text: difficult

text: to

text: obtain

text: People

text: under

text: the

text: age

text: of

text: are

text: also

text: barred

text: from

text: public

text: religious

text: practice

question: What do religions communities have to register with?

answer: State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities

text: State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities

question: What does the SCRA require?

answer: a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location

text: a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location

question: What do you have to have to gather for public prayer?

answer: a physical structure

text: a physical structure

question: What can happen if you do not register?

answer: can result in large fines and closure of place of worship

text: can result in large fines and closure of place of worship

question: Religious groups that have a physical structure are not allowed to do what?

text: gather publicly for prayer

question: Failure to do what results in small fines?

text: register

question: People under the age of 16 are barred from what?

text: public religious practice

question: Registration with the ASPCA requires what?


text: Madonna's look and style of dressing, her performances, and her music videos influenced young girls and women. Her style became one of the female fashion trends of the 1980s. Created by stylist and jewelry designer Maripol, the look consisted of lace tops, skirts over capri pants, fishnet stockings, jewelry bearing the crucifix, bracelets, and bleached hair. Madonna achieved global recognition after the release of her second studio album, Like a Virgin, in November 1984. It topped the charts in several countries and became her first number one album on the Billboard 200. The title track, "Like a Virgin", topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks. It attracted the attention of organizations who complained that the song and its accompanying video promoted premarital sex and undermined family values, and moralists sought to have the song and video banned.

title: Madonna_(entertainer)

title: Madonna_(entertainer

text: Madonna

text: 's

text: look

text: and

text: style

text: of

text: dressing

text: her

text: performances

text: and

text: her

text: music

text: videos

text: influenced

text: young

text: girls

text: and

text: women

text: Her

text: style

text: became

text: one

text: of

text: the

text: female

text: fashion

text: trends

text: of

text: the

text: Created

text: by

text: stylist

text: and

text: jewelry

text: designer

text: Maripol

text: the

text: look

text: consisted

text: of

text: lace

text: tops

text: skirts

text: over

text: capri

text: pants

text: fishnet

text: stockings

text: jewelry

text: bearing

text: the

text: crucifix

text: bracelets

text: and

text: bleached

text: hair

text: Madonna

text: achieved

text: global

text: recognition

text: after

text: the

text: release

text: of

text: her

text: second

text: studio

text: album

text: Like

text: a

text: Virgin

text: in

text: November

text: It

text: topped

text: the

text: charts

text: in

text: several

text: countries

text: and

text: became

text: her

text: first

text: number

text: one

text: album

text: on

text: the

text: Billboard

text: The

text: title

text: track

text: Like

text: a

text: Virgin

text: topped

text: the

text: Billboard

text: Hot

text: chart

text: for

text: six

text: consecutive

text: weeks

text: It

text: attracted

text: the

text: attention

text: of

text: organizations

text: who

text: complained

text: that

text: the

text: song

text: and

text: its

text: accompanying

text: video

text: promoted

text: premarital

text: sex

text: and

text: undermined

text: family

text: values

text: and

text: moralists

text: sought

text: to

text: have

text: the

text: song

text: and

text: video

text: banned

question: Who did Madonna's look and style of dressing influence?

answer: young girls and women

text: young girls and women

question: When did Madonna's style become a fashion trend?

answer: 1980s

question: Who is the stylist and jewellery designer that created Madonna's look?

answer: Maripol

text: Maripol

question: When did Madonna achieve global recognition?

answer: November 1984

text: November 1984

question: How long did "Like a Virgin" stayed on the Billboard 100?

answer: six consecutive weeks

text: six consecutive weeks


text: Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called "inquisitorial", from the Latin "inquirere", to enquire. This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges.

title: Canon_law

title: Canon_law

text: Much

text: of

text: the

text: legislative

text: style

text: was

text: adapted

text: from

text: the

text: Roman

text: Law

text: Code

text: of

text: Justinian

text: As

text: a

text: result

text: Roman

text: ecclesiastical

text: courts

text: tend

text: to

text: follow

text: the

text: Roman

text: Law

text: style

text: of

text: continental

text: Europe

text: with

text: some

text: variation

text: featuring

text: collegiate

text: panels

text: of

text: judges

text: and

text: an

text: investigative

text: form

text: of

text: proceeding

text: called

text: inquisitorial

text: from

text: the

text: Latin

text: inquirere

text: to

text: enquire

text: This

text: is

text: in

text: contrast

text: to

text: the

text: adversarial

text: form

text: of

text: proceeding

text: found

text: in

text: the

text: common

text: law

text: system

text: of

text: English

text: and

text: U.S.

text: law

text: which

text: features

text: such

text: things

text: as

text: juries

text: and

text: single

text: judges

question: What ancient law served as the precursor to the type of legislation seen in the Roman Catholics?

answer: Roman Law Code of Justinian

text: Roman Law Code of Justinian

question: What word characterizes the type of procedure found in American and British courts?

answer: adversarial

text: adversarial

question: What term characterizes the type of procedure used in Roman Church courts?

answer: inquisitorial

text: inquisitorial

question: What is the English meaning of inquirere?

answer: to enquire

text: to enquire

question: What was adapted from the Roman law code of Julius Caesar?

text: legislative style

question: What courts follow the room and law style found in Eurasia?

text: ecclesiastical

question: What other law system do ecclesiastical courts share an adversarial form with?

question: What do ecclesiastical courts have rather then collegiate panels of judges?

text: single judges